,AGA9/ ! ,LOGIC ( ! ,GUILLOT9E 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

#adh YE>S AGO ?IS WEEK1 ON ,APRIL #f1 #a#h#g#a1 >M$ P>TICIPANTS 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS ,COMMUNE SEIZ$ ! GUILLOT9E ?AT WAS /OR$ NE> ! PRISON 9 ,P>IS4 ,!Y BR\<T IT TO ! FOOT ( ! /ATUE ( ,VOLTAIRE1 :]E !Y SMA%$ IT 9TO PIECES & BURN$ IT 9 A BONFIRE1 TO ! APPLAUSE ( AN IMM5SE CR[D4.<#a.> ,?IS WAS A POPUL> ACTION >IS+ FROM ! GRASSROOTS1 NOT A SPECTACLE COORD9AT$ BY POLITICIANS4 ,AT ! TIME1 ! ,COMMUNE CONTROLL$ ,P>IS1 :I* WAS /ILL 9HABIT$ BY PEOPLE ( ALL CLASSES2 ! ,FR5* & ,PRUSSIAN >MIES SURR\ND$ ! CITY & W]E PREP>+ TO 9VADE IT 9 ORD] TO IMPOSE ! CONS]VATIVE ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ( ,ADOLPHE ,?I]S4 ,9 !SE CONDITIONS1 BURN+ ! GUILLOT9E WAS A BRAVE GE/URE REPUDIAT+ ! ,REIGN ( ,T]ROR & ! IDEA ?AT POSITIVE SOCIAL *ANGE CAN BE A*IEV$ BY SLAU<T]+ PEOPLE4 

0,:AT80 Y\ SAY1 9 %OCK1 0,! ,COMMUN>DS BURN$ ! GUILLOT9E8 ,:Y ON E>? W\LD !Y DO ?AT8 ,I ?\<T ! GUILLOT9E WAS A SYMBOL ( LIB]ATION60 

,:Y 9DE$8 ,IF ! GUILLOT9E IS NOT A SYMBOL ( LIB]ATION1 !N :Y HAS IT BECOME SU* A /&>D MOTIF = ! RADICAL LEFT OV] ! PA/ FEW YE>S8 ,:Y IS ! 9T]NET REPLETE ) GUILLOT9E MEMES8 ,:Y DOES ,! ,C\P S+ 0,WE GOT ! GUILLOT9E1 Y\ BETT] RUN08 ,! MO/ POPUL> SOCIALI/ P]IODICAL IS NAM$ ,JACOB91 AFT] ! ORIG9AL PROPON5TS ( ! GUILLOT9E4 ,SURELY ?IS CAN'T ALL BE JU/ AN IRONIC S5DUP ( L+]+ RI<T-W+ ANXIETIES AB\T ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 

HTTPS3_/_/TWITT]4COM_/ITSMIKEBIV9S_//ATUS_/#h#e#i#a#e#d#c#h#a#i#b#h#a#c#e#f 

,! GUILLOT9E HAS COME TO OCCUPY \R COLLECTIVE IMAG9ATION4 ,9 A TIME :5 ! RIFTS 9 \R SOCIETY >E WID5+ T[>DS CIVIL W>1 IT REPRES5TS UNCOMPROMIS+ BLOODY REV5GE4 ,IT REPRES5TS ! IDEA ?AT ! VIOL5CE ( ! /ATE C\LD BE A GOOD ?+ IF ONLY ! RI<T PEOPLE W]E 9 *>GE4 

,?OSE :O TAKE !IR [N P[]LESSNESS = GRANT$ ASSUME ?AT !Y CAN PROMOTE GRUESOME REV5GE FANTASIES )\T CONSEQU5CES4 ,BUT IF WE >E S]I\S AB\T *ANG+ ! WORLD1 WE [E IT TO \RSELVES TO MAKE SURE ?AT \R PROPOSALS >E NOT EQUALLY GRUESOME4 

,A PO/] 9 ,SEATTLE1 ,WA%+TON4 ,! QUOTATION IS FROM ,K>L ,M>X4 

,V5GEANCE 

,IT'S NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT PEOPLE WANT BLOODY REV5GE TODAY4 ,CAPITALI/ PR(ITE]+ IS RAPIDLY R5D]+ ! PLANET UN9HABITABLE4 ,U,S ,BORD] ,PATROL IS KIDNAPP+1 DRUGG+1 & IMPRISON+ *ILDR54 ,9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( RACI/ & MISOGYNI/ VIOL5CE OCCUR REGUL>LY4 ,= MANY PEOPLE1 DAILY LIFE IS 9CREAS+LY HUMILIAT+ & DISEMP[]+4 

,?OSE :O DON'T DESIRE REV5GE BECAUSE !Y >E NOT COMPASSIONATE 5\< TO BE \TRAG$ AB\T 9JU/ICE OR BECAUSE !Y >E SIMPLY NOT PAY+ ATT5TION DES]VE NO CR$IT = ?IS4 ,!RE IS LESS VIRTUE 9 APA?Y ?AN 9 ! WOR/ EXCESSES ( V5GEFULNESS4 

,DO ,I WANT TO TAKE REV5GE ON ! POLICE (FIC]S :O MURD] PEOPLE ) IMPUNITY1 ON ! BILLIONAIRES :O CA% 9 ON EXPLOITATION & G5TRIFICATION1 ON ! BIGOTS :O H>ASS & DOX PEOPLE8 ,YES1 ( C\RSE ,I DO4 ,!Y HAVE KILL$ PEOPLE ,I KNEW2 !Y >E TRY+ TO DE/ROY EV]Y?+ ,I LOVE4 ,:5 ,I ?9K AB\T ! H>M ?AT !Y >E CAUS+1 ,I FEEL READY TO BREAK !IR BONES1 TO KILL !M ) MY B>E H&S4 

,BUT ?AT DESIRE IS DI/9CT FROM MY POLITICS4 ,I CAN WANT SOME?+ )\T HAV+ TO REV]SE-5G9E] A POLITICAL JU/IFICATION = IT4 ,I CAN WANT SOME?+ & *OOSE NOT TO PURSUE IT1 IF ,I WANT SOME?+ ELSE EV5 MORE--9 ?IS CASE1 AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION ?AT IS NOT BAS$ 9 REV5GE4 ,I DON'T JUDGE O!R PEOPLE = WANT+ REV5GE1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y HAVE BE5 ?R\< WORSE ?AN ,I HAVE4 ,BUT ,I ALSO DON'T CONFUSE ?AT DESIRE ) A PROPOSAL = LIB]ATION4 

,IF ! SORT ( BLOODLU/ ,I DESCRIBE SC>ES Y\1 OR IF IT SIMPLY SEEMS UNSEEMLY1 !N Y\ ABSOLUTELY HAVE NO BUS9ESS JOK+ AB\T O!R PEOPLE C>RY+ \T 9DU/RIALIZ$ MURD] ON Y\R BEHALF4 

,= ?IS IS :AT DI/+UI%ES ! FANTASY ( ! GUILLOT9E3 IT IS ALL AB\T EFFICI5CY & DI/ANCE4 ,?OSE :O FETI%IZE ! GUILLOT9E DON'T WANT TO KILL PEOPLE ) !IR B>E H&S2 !Y >5'T PREP>$ TO R5D ANYONE'S FLE% ) !IR TEE?4 ,!Y WANT !IR REV5GE AUTOMAT$ & C>RI$ \T = !M4 ,!Y >E LIKE ! CONSUM]S :O BLI!LY EAT ,*ICK5 ,MC,NUGGETS BUT C\LD NEV] P]SONALLY BUT*] A C[ OR CUT D[N A RA9=E/4 ,!Y PREF] = BLOOD%$ TO TAKE PLACE 9 AN ORD]LY MANN]1 ) ALL ! PAP]WORK FILL$ \T PROP]LY1 ACCORD+ TO ! EXAMPLE SET BY ! ,JACOB9S & ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 IMITATION ( ! IMP]SONAL FUNCTION+ ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 

,& ONE MORE ?+3 !Y DON'T WANT TO HAVE TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = IT4 ,!Y PREF] TO EXPRESS !IR FANTASY IRONICALLY1 RETA9+ PLAUSIBLE D5IABILITY4 ,YET ANYONE :O HAS EV] P>TICIPAT$ ACTIVELY 9 SOCIAL UPHEAVAL KN[S H[ N>R[ ! L9E CAN BE BETWE5 FANTASY & REALITY4 ,LET'S LOOK AT ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ROLE ! GUILLOT9E HAS PLAY$ 9 ! PA/4 

0,BUT REV5GE IS UNWOR?Y ( AN AN>*I/6 ,! DAWN1 \R DAWN1 CLAIMS NO QU>RELS1 NO CRIMES1 NO LIES2 IT AFFIRMS LIFE1 LOVE1 KN[L$GE2 WE WORK TO HA/5 ?AT DAY40 

-,KURT ,GU/AV ,WILCK5S--AN>*I/1 PACIFI/1 & ASSASS9 ( ,COLONEL ,HECTOR ,V>ELA1 ! ,>G5T9E (FICIAL :O HAD OV]SE5 ! SLAU<T] ( APPROXIMATELY #ae /RIK+ WORK]S 9 ,PATAGONIA4 

,A ,V]Y ,BRIEF ,HI/ORY ( ! ,GUILLOT9E 

,! GUILLOT9E IS ASSOCIAT$ ) RADICAL POLITICS BECAUSE IT WAS US$ 9 ! ORIG9AL ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION TO BEHEAD MON>* ,L\IS ,X,V,I ON ,JANU>Y #b#a1 #a#g#i#c1 SEV]AL MON?S AFT] HIS >RE/4 ,BUT ONCE Y\ OP5 ! ,P&ORA'S BOX ( EXT]M9ATORY =CE1 IT'S DIFFICULT TO CLOSE IT AGA94 

,HAV+ GOTT5 />T$ US+ ! GUILLOT9E AS AN 9/RUM5T ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 ,MAXIMILI5 DE ,ROBESPI]RE1 SOMETIME ,PRESID5T ( ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB1 CONT9U$ EMPLOY+ IT TO CONSOLIDATE P[] = HIS FACTION ( ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,AS IS CU/OM>Y = DEMAGOGUES1 ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,GEORGES ,DANTON1 & O!R RADICALS AVAIL$ !MSELVES ( ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! SANS-CULOTTES1 ! ANGRY POOR1 TO \/ ! MORE MOD]ATE FACTION1 ! ,GIRONDI/S1 9 ,JUNE #a#g#i#c4 7,! ,GIRONDI/S1 TOO1 W]E ,JACOB9S2 IF Y\ LOVE A ,JACOB91 ! BE/ ?+ Y\ CAN DO = HIM IS TO PREV5T HIS P>TY FROM COM+ TO P[]1 S9CE HE IS C]TA9 TO BE NEXT UP AGA9/ ! WALL AFT] Y\47 ,AFT] GUILLOT9+ ! ,GIRONDI/S 5 MASSE1 ,ROBESPI]RE SET AB\T CONSOLIDAT+ P[] AT ! EXP5SE ( ,DANTON1 ! SANS-CULOTTES1 & EV]YONE ELSE4 

0,! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) AN>*Y4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ITS GOAL IS TO SUPPRESS IT 9 ORD] TO 5SURE & SOLIDIFY ! REIGN ( LAW40 

-,MAXIMILI5 ,ROBESPI]RE1 DI/+UI%+ HIS AUTOCRATIC GOV]NM5T FROM ! MORE RADICAL GRASSROOTS MOVEM5TS ?AT HELP$ TO CREATE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4.<#b.> 

,BY E>LY #a#g#i#d1 ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS ALLIES HAD S5T A GREAT NUMB] ( PEOPLE AT LEA/ AS RADICAL AS !MSELVES TO ! GUILLOT9E1 9CLUD+ ,ANAXAGORAS ,*AUMETTE & ! SO-CALL$ ,5RAGES1 ,JACQUES ,HEB]T & ! SO-CALL$ ,HEB]TI/S1 PROTO-FEM9I/ & ABOLITIONI/ ,OLYMPE DE ,G\GES1 ,CAMILLE ,DESM\L9S 7:O HAD HAD ! GALL TO SUGGE/ TO HIS *ILDHOOD FRI5D ,ROBESPI]RE ?AT 0LOVE IS /RONG] & MORE LA/+ ?AN FE>07--& ,DESM\L9S'S WIFE1 = GOOD MEASURE1 DESPITE H] SI/] HAV+ BE5 ,ROBESPI]RE'S FIANCEE4 ,!Y ALSO >RANG$ = ! GUILLOT9+ ( ,GEORGES ,DANTON & ,DANTON'S SUPPORT]S1 ALONGSIDE V>I\S O!R =M] ALLIES4 ,TO CELEBRATE ALL ?IS BLOODLETT+1 ,ROBESPI]RE ORGANIZ$ ! ,FE/IVAL ( ! ,SUPREME ,BE+1 A M&ATORY PUBLIC C]EMONY 9AUGURAT+ AN 9V5T$ /ATE RELIGION4.<#c.> 

0,H]E LIES ALL ( ,FRANCE10 READS ! 9SCRIPTION ON ! TOMB BEH9D ,ROBESPI]RE 9 ?IS POLITICAL C>TOON REF]5C+ ALL ! EXECUTIONS HE HELP$ >RANGE4 

,AFT] ?IS1 IT WAS ONLY A MON? & A HALF BE=E ,ROBESPI]RE HIMSELF WAS GUILLOT9$1 HAV+ EXT]M9AT$ TOO MANY ( ?OSE :O MI<T HAVE F\<T BESIDE HIM AGA9/ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,?IS SET ! /AGE = A P]IOD ( REACTION ?AT CULM9AT$ ) ,NAPOLEON ,BONAP>TE SEIZ+ P[] & CR[N+ HIMSELF ,EMP]OR4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLICAN ,CAL5D> 7AN 9NOVATION ?AT DID NOT CAT* ON1 BUT WAS BRIEFLY RE9TRODUC$ DUR+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE71 ,ROBESPI]RE'S EXECUTION TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! MON? ( ,!RMIDOR4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! NAME ,!RMIDOR IS =EV] ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ONSET ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 

0,ROBESPI]RE KILL$ ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ?REE BL[S3 ! EXECUTION ( ,HEB]T1 ! EXECUTION ( ,DANTON1 ! ,CULT ( ! ,SUPREME ,BE+444 ,! VICTORY ( ,ROBESPI]RE1 F> FROM SAV+ IT1 W\LD HAVE MEANT ONLY A MORE PR(\ND & IRREP>ABLE FALL40 

-,L\IS-,AUGU/E ,BLANQUI1 HIMSELF H>DLY AN OPPON5T ( AU?ORIT>IAN VIOL5CE4 

,BUT IT IS A MI/AKE TO FOCUS ON ,ROBESPI]RE4 ,ROBESPI]RE HIMSELF WAS NOT A SUP]HUMAN TYRANT4 ,AT BE/1 HE WAS A ZEAL\S APP>AT*IK :O FILL$ A ROLE ?AT C\NTLESS REVOLUTION>IES W]E VY+ =1 A ROLE ?AT ANO!R P]SON W\LD HAVE PLAY$ IF HE HAD NOT4 ,! ISSUE WAS SY/EMIC--! COMPETITION = C5TRALIZ$ DICTATORIAL P[]--NOT A MATT] ( 9DIVIDUAL WRONGDO+4 

,! TRAG$Y ( #a#g#i#c-#a#g#i#e CONFIRMS ?AT :ATEV] TOOL Y\ USE TO BR+ AB\T A REVOLUTION WILL SURELY BE US$ AGA9/ Y\4 ,BUT ! PROBLEM IS NOT JU/ ! TOOL1 IT'S ! LOGIC BEH9D IT4 ,RA!R ?AN DEMONIZ+ ,ROBESPI]RE--OR ,L591 ,/AL91 OR ,POL ,POT--WE HAVE TO EXAM9E ! LOGIC ( ! GUILLOT9E4 

,TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 WE CAN UND]/& :Y ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS CONTEMPOR>IES 5D$ UP RELY+ ON MASS MURD] AS A POLITICAL TOOL4 ,!Y W]E ?REAT5$ BY =EIGN MILIT>Y 9VASION1 9T]NAL CONSPIRACIES1 & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S2 !Y W]E MAK+ DECISIONS 9 AN EXTREMELY HI<-/RESS 5VIRONM5T4 ,BUT IF IT IS POSSIBLE TO UND]/& H[ !Y CAME TO EMBRACE ! GUILLOT9E1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT ALL ! KILL+S W]E NECESS>Y TO SECURE !IR POSITION4 ,!IR [N EXECUTIONS REFUTE ?AT >GUM5T ELOQU5TLY 5\<4 

,LIKEWISE1 IT IS WRONG TO IMAG9E ?AT ! GUILLOT9E WAS EMPLOY$ *IEFLY AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASS1 EV5 AT ! HEI<T ( ,JACOB9 RULE4 ,BE+ CONSUMMATE BUREAUCRATS1 ! ,JACOB9S KEPT DETAIL$ RECORDS4 ,BETWE5 ,JUNE #agic & ! 5D ( ,JULY #a#g#i#d1 #a#f1#e#i#d PEOPLE W]E (FICIALLY S5T5C$ TO DEA? 9 ,FRANCE1 9CLUD+ #bfci PEOPLE 9 ,P>IS4 ,( ! =MAL DEA? S5T5CES PASS$ UND] ! ,T]ROR1 ONLY #h P]C5T W]E DOL$ \T TO >I/OCRATS & #f P]C5T TO MEMB]S ( ! CL]GY2 ! RE/ W]E DIVID$ BETWE5 ! MIDDLE CLASS & ! POOR1 ) ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! VICTIMS COM+ FROM ! L[] CLASSES4 

,! EXECUTION ( ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS COLLEAGUES4 ,ROBESPI]RE IS ID5TIFI$ BY ! NUMB] #a2 SITT+ 9 ! C>T1 HE HOLDS A H&K]*IEF TO HIS M\?1 HAV+ BE5 %OT 9 ! JAW DUR+ HIS CAPTURE4 

,! /ORY ?AT PLAY$ \T 9 ! FIR/ ,FR5* REVOLUTION WAS NOT A FLUKE4 ,HALF A C5TURY LAT]1 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh FOLL[$ A SIMIL> TRAJECTORY4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y1 A REVOLUTION L$ BY ANGRY POOR PEOPLE GAVE ,REPUBLICAN POLITICIANS /ATE P[]2 9 ,JUNE1 :5 LIFE UND] ! NEW GOV]NM5T TURN$ \T TO BE LITTLE BETT] ?AN LIFE UND] ! K+1 ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS REVOLT$ ONCE AGA9 & ! POLITICIANS ORD]$ ! >MY TO MASSACRE !M 9 ! NAME ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,?IS SET ! /AGE = ! NEPHEW ( ! ORIG9AL ,NAPOLEON TO W9 ! PRESID5TIAL ELECTION ( ,DECEMB] #a#h#d#h1 PROMIS+ TO 0RE/ORE ORD]40 ,?REE YE>S LAT]1 HAV+ EXIL$ ALL ! ,REPUBLICAN POLITICIANS1 ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I ABOLI%$ ! ,REPUBLIC & CR[N$ HIMSELF ,EMP]OR--PROMPT+ ,M>X'S FAM\S QUIP ?AT HI/ORY REPEATS ITSELF1 0! FIR/ TIME AS TRAG$Y1 ! SECOND TIME AS F>CE40 

,LIKEWISE1 AFT] ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION ( #ahg PUT ,ADOLPHE ,?I]S 9 P[]1 HE RU?LESSLY BUT*]$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 BUT ?IS ONLY PAV$ ! WAY = EV5 MORE REACTION>Y POLITICIANS TO SUPPLANT HIM 9 #a#h#g#c4 ,9 ALL ?REE ( !SE CASES1 WE SEE H[ REVOLUTION>IES :O >E 9T5T ON WIELD+ /ATE P[] MU/ EMBRACE ! LOGIC ( ! GUILLOT9E TO ACQUIRE IT1 & !N1 HAV+ BRUTALLY CRU%$ O!R REVOLUTION>IES 9 HOPES ( CONSOLIDAT+ CONTROL1 >E 9EVITABLY DEFEAT$ BY MORE REACTION>Y =CES4 

,9 ! #b? C5TURY1 ,L59 DESCRIB$ ,ROBESPI]RE AS A ,BOL%EVIK AVANT LA LETTRE1 AFFIRM+ ! ,T]ROR AS AN ANTEC$5T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK PROJECT4 ,HE WAS NOT ! ONLY P]SON TO DRAW ?AT COMP>ISON4 

0,WE'LL BE \R [N ,!RMIDOR10 ,BOL%EVIK APOLOGI/ ,VICTOR ,S]GE RECALLS ,L59 PROCLAIM+ AS HE PREP>$ TO BUT*] ! REBELS ( ,KRON/ADT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HAV+ CRU%$ ! AN>*I/S & EV]YONE ELSE TO ! LEFT ( !M1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD SURVIVE ! REACTION BY BECOM+ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION !MSELVES4 ,!Y HAD ALREADY RE9TRODUC$ FIX$ HI]>*IES 9TO ! ,R$ ,>MY 9 ORD] TO RECRUIT =M] ,CZ>I/ (FIC]S TO JO9 IT2 ALONGSIDE !IR VICTORY OV] ! 9SURG5TS 9 ,KRON/ADT1 !Y RE9TRODUC$ ! FREE M>KET & CAPITALISM1 ALBEIT UND] /ATE CONTROL4 ,EV5TUALLY ,/AL9 ASSUM$ ! POSITION ONCE OCCUPI$ BY ,NAPOLEON4 

,SO ! GUILLOT9E IS NOT AN 9/RUM5T ( LIB]ATION4 ,?IS WAS ALREADY CLE> 9 #a#g#i#e1 WELL OV] A C5TURY BE=E ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9ITIAT$ !IR [N ,T]ROR1 NE>LY TWO C5TURIES BE=E ! ,KHM] ,R\GE EXT]M9AT$ ALMO/ A QU>T] ( ! POPULATION ( ,CAMBODIA4 

,:Y1 !N1 HAS ! GUILLOT9E COME BACK 9TO FA%ION AS A SYMBOL ( RESI/ANCE TO TYRANNY8 ,! ANSW] TO ?IS WILL TELL US SOME?+ ! PSY*OLOGY ( \R TIME4 

,FETI%IZ+ ! ,VIOL5CE ( ! ,/ATE 

,IT IS %OCK+ ?AT EV5 TODAY1 RADICALS W\LD ASSOCIATE !MSELVES ) ! ,JACOB9S1 A T5D5CY ?AT WAS REACTION>Y BY ! 5D ( #a#g#i#c4 ,BUT ! EXPLANATION ISN'T H>D TO WORK \T4 ,!N1 AS N[1 !RE >E PEOPLE :O WANT TO ?9K ( !MSELVES AS RADICAL )\T HAV+ TO ACTUALLY MAKE A RADICAL BREAK ) ! 9/ITUTIONS & PRACTICES ?AT >E FAMILI> TO !M4 0,! TRADITION ( ALL DEAD G5]ATIONS WEI<S LIKE A NI<TM>E ON ! BRA9S ( ! LIV+10 AS ,M>X SAID4 

,IF--TO USE ,MAX ,WEB]'S FAM\S DEF9ITION--AN ASPIR+ GOV]NM5T QUALIFIES AS REPRES5T+ ! /ATE BY A*IEV+ A MONOPOLY ON ! LEGITIMATE USE ( PHYSICAL =CE )9 A GIV5 T]RITORY1 !N ONE ( ! MO/ P]SUASIVE WAYS IT CAN DEMON/RATE ITS SOV]EIGNTY IS TO WIELD LE?AL =CE ) IMPUNITY4 ,?IS EXPLA9S ! V>I\S REPORTS TO ! EFFECT ?AT PUBLIC BEHEAD+S W]E OBS]V$ AS FE/IVE OR EV5 RELIGI\S OCCASIONS DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION1 BEHEAD+S W]E AFFIRMATIONS ( ! SACR$ AU?ORITY ( ! MON>*2 DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 :5 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,REPUBLIC PRESID$ OV] EXECUTIONS1 ?IS CONFIRM$ ?AT !Y HELD SOV]EIGNTY--9 ! NAME ( ,! ,PEOPLE1 ( C\RSE4 0,L\IS MU/ DIE SO ?AT ! NATION MAY LIVE10 ,ROBESPI]RE HAD PROCLAIM$1 SEEK+ TO SANCTIFY ! BIR? ( B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM BY LIT]ALLY BAPTIZ+ IT 9 ! BLOOD ( ! PREVI\S SOCIAL ORD]4 ,ONCE ! ,REPUBLIC WAS 9AUGURAT$ ON !SE GR\NDS1 IT REQUIR$ CONT9U\S SACRIFICES TO AFFIRM ITS AU?ORITY4 

,H]E WE SEE ! ESS5CE ( ! /ATE3 IT CAN KILL1 BUT IT CANNOT GIVE LIFE4 ,AS ! CONC5TRATION ( POLITICAL LEGITIMACY & CO]CIVE =CE1 IT CAN DO H>M1 BUT IT CANNOT E/ABLI% ! K9D ( POSITIVE FRE$OM ?AT 9DIVIDUALS EXP]I5CE :5 !Y >E GR\ND$ 9 MUTUALLY SUPPORTIVE COMMUNITIES4 ,IT CANNOT CREATE ! K9D ( SOLID>ITY ?AT GIVES RISE TO H>MONY BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,:AT WE USE ! /ATE TO DO TO O!RS1 O!RS CAN USE ! /ATE TO DO TO US--AS ,ROBESPI]RE EXP]I5C$--BUT NO ONE CAN USE ! CO]CIVE APP>ATUS ( ! /ATE = ! CAUSE ( LIB]ATION4 

,= RADICALS1 FETI%IZ+ ! GUILLOT9E IS JU/ LIKE FETI%IZ+ ! /ATE3 IT MEANS CELEBRAT+ AN 9/RUM5T ( MURD] ?AT WILL ALWAYS BE US$ *IEFLY AGA9/ US4 

,?OSE :O HAVE BE5 /RIPP$ ( A POSITIVE RELATION%IP TO !IR [N AG5CY (T5 LOOK >\ND = A SURROGATE TO ID5TIFY )--A LEAD] :OSE VIOL5CE CAN /& 9 = ! REV5GE !Y DESIRE AS A CONSEQU5CE ( !IR [N P[]LESSNESS4 ,9 ! ,TRUMP ]A1 WE >E ALL WELL AW>E ( :AT ?IS LOOKS LIKE AMONG DIS5FRAN*IZ$ PROPON5TS ( F>-RI<T POLITICS4 ,BUT !RE >E ALSO PEOPLE :O FEEL P[]LESS & ANGRY ON ! LEFT1 PEOPLE :O DESIRE REV5GE1 PEOPLE :O WANT TO SEE ! /ATE ?AT HAS CRU%$ !M TURN$ AGA9/ !IR 5EMIES4 

,REM9D+ 0TANKIES0 ( ! ATROCITIES & BETRAYALS /ATE SOCIALI/S P]PETRAT$ FROM #aiag ON IS LIKE CALL+ ,TRUMP RACI/ & SEXI/4 ,PUBLICIZ+ ! FACT ?AT ,TRUMP IS A S]IAL SEXUAL ASSAULT] ONLY MADE HIM MORE POPUL> ) HIS MISOGYNI/IC BASE2 LIKEWISE1 ! BLOOD-DR5*$ HI/ORY ( AU?ORIT>IAN P>TY SOCIALISM CAN ONLY MAKE IT MORE APPEAL+ TO ?OSE :O >E *IEFLY MOTIVAT$ BY ! DESIRE TO ID5TIFY ) SOME?+ P[]FUL4 

-,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,TRUMP ,]A 

,N[ ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAS BE5 DEFUNCT = ALMO/ #c YE>S--& [+ TO ! DIFFICULTY ( RECEIV+ FIR/H& P]SPECTIVES FROM ! EXPLOIT$ ,*9ESE WORK+ CLASS--MANY PEOPLE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA EXP]I5CE AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM AS AN 5TIRELY AB/RACT CONCEPT1 AS DI/ANT FROM !IR LIV$ EXP]I5CE AS MASS EXECUTIONS BY GUILLOT9E4 ,DESIR+ NOT ONLY REV5GE BUT ALSO A DEUS EX MA*9A TO RESCUE !M FROM BO? ! NI<TM>E ( CAPITALISM & ! RESPONSIBILITY TO CREATE AN ALT]NATIVE TO IT !MSELVES1 !Y IMAG9E ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE AS A *AMPION ?AT C\LD FI<T ON !IR BEHALF4 ,RECALL :AT ,GEORGE ,ORWELL SAID ( ! COM=TABLE ,BRITI% ,/AL9I/ WRIT]S ( ! #a#i#cS 9 HIS ESSAY 0,9SIDE ! ,:ALE03 

0,TO PEOPLE ( ?AT K9D SU* ?+S AS PURGES1 SECRET POLICE1 SUMM>Y EXECUTIONS1 IMPRISONM5T )\T TRIAL ETC41 ETC41 >E TOO REMOTE TO BE T]RIFY+4 ,!Y CAN SWALL[ TOTALIT>IANISM BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO EXP]I5CE ( ANY?+ EXCEPT LIB]ALISM40 

,PUNI%+ ! ,GUILTY 

0,TRU/ VISIONS ?AT DON'T FEATURE BUCKETS ( BLOOD40 

-,J5NY ,HOLZ] 

,BY & L>GE1 WE T5D TO BE MORE AW>E ( ! WRONGS COMMITT$ AGA9/ US ?AN WE >E ( ! WRONGS WE COMMIT AGA9/ O!RS4 ,WE >E MO/ DANG]\S :5 WE FEEL MO/ WRONG$1 BECAUSE WE FEEL MO/ 5TITL$ TO PASS JUDGM5T1 TO BE CRUEL4 ,! MORE JU/IFI$ WE FEEL1 ! MORE C>EFUL WE \<T TO BE NOT TO REPLICATE ! PATT]NS ( ! JU/ICE 9DU/RY1 ! ASSUMPTIONS ( ! C>C]AL /ATE1 ! LOGIC ( ! GUILLOT9E4 ,AGA91 ?IS DOES NOT JU/IFY 9ACTION2 IT IS SIMPLY TO SAY ?AT WE MU/ PROCE$ MO/ CRITICALLY PRECISELY :5 WE FEEL MO/ RI<TE\S1 LE/ WE ASSUME ! ROLE ( \R OPPRESSORS4 

,:5 WE SEE \RSELVES AS FI<T+ AGA9/ SPECIFIC HUMAN BE+S RA!R ?AN SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 IT BECOMES MORE DIFFICULT TO RECOGNIZE ! WAYS ?AT WE \RSELVES P>TICIPATE 9 ?OSE PH5OM5A4 ,WE EXT]NALIZE ! PROBLEM AS SOME?+ \TSIDE \RSELVES1 P]SONIFY+ IT AS AN 5EMY ?AT CAN BE SACRIFIC$ TO SYMBOLICALLY CLEANSE \RSELVES4 ,YET :AT WE DO TO ! WOR/ ( US WILL EV5TUALLY BE DONE TO ! RE/ ( US4 

,AS A SYMBOL ( V5GEANCE1 ! GUILLOT9E TEMPTS US TO IMAG9E \RSELVES /&+ 9 JUDGM5T1 ANO9T$ ) ! BLOOD ( ! WICK$4 ,! ,*RI/IAN ECONOMICS ( RI<TE\SNESS & DAMNATION IS ESS5TIAL TO ?IS TABLEAU4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IF WE USE IT TO SYMBOLIZE ANY?+1 ! GUILLOT9E %\LD REM9D US ( ! DANG] ( BECOM+ :AT WE HATE4 ,! BE/ ?+ W\LD BE TO BE ABLE TO FI<T )\T HATR$1 \T ( AN OPTIMI/IC BELIEF 9 ! TREM5D\S POT5TIAL ( HUMANITY4 

,(T51 ALL IT TAKES TO BE ABLE TO CEASE TO HATE A P]SON IS TO SUCCE$ 9 MAK+ IT IMPOSSIBLE = HIM TO POSE ANY K9D ( ?REAT TO Y\4 ,:5 SOMEONE IS ALREADY 9 Y\R P[]1 IT IS CONTEMPTIBLE TO KILL HIM4 ,?IS IS ! CRUCIAL MOM5T = ANY REVOLUTION1 ! MOM5T :5 ! REVOLUTION>IES HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO TAKE GRATUIT\S REV5GE1 TO EXT]M9ATE RA!R ?AN SIMPLY TO DEFEAT4 ,IF !Y DO NOT PASS ?IS TE/1 !IR VICTORY WILL BE MORE IGNOM9I\S ?AN ANY FAILURE4 

,! WOR/ PUNI%M5T ANYONE C\LD 9FLICT ON ?OSE :O GOV]N & POLICE US TODAY W\LD BE TO COMPEL !M TO LIVE 9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* EV]Y?+ !Y'VE DONE IS REG>D$ AS EMB>RASS+--= !M TO HAVE TO SIT 9 ASSEMBLIES 9 :I* NO ONE LI/5S TO !M1 TO GO ON LIV+ AMONG US )\T ANY SPECIAL PRIVILEGES 9 FULL AW>5ESS ( ! H>M !Y HAVE DONE4 ,IF WE FANTASIZE AB\T ANY?+1 LET US FANTASIZE AB\T MAK+ \R MOVEM5TS SO /RONG ?AT WE WILL H>DLY HAVE TO KILL ANYONE TO OV]?R[ ! /ATE & ABOLI% CAPITALISM4 ,?IS IS MORE BECOM+ ( \R DIGNITY AS P>TISANS ( LIB]ATION4 

,IT IS POSSIBLE TO BE COMMITT$ TO REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE BY ALL MEANS NECESS>Y )\T HOLD+ LIFE *EAP4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO ES*EW ! SANCTIMONI\S MORALISM ( PACIFISM )\T !REBY DEVELOP+ A CYNICAL LU/ = BLOOD4 ,WE NE$ TO DEVELOP ! ABILITY TO WIELD =CE )\T EV] MI/AK+ P[] OV] O!RS = \R TRUE OBJECTIVE1 :I* IS TO COLLECTIVELY CREATE ! CONDITIONS = ! FRE$OM ( ALL4 

0,?AT HUMANITY MI<T BE R$EEM$ FROM REV5GE3 ?AT IS = ME ! BRIDGE TO ! HI<E/ HOPE & A RA9B[ AFT] LA%+ /ORMS40 

-,FRI$RI* ,NIETZS*E 7NOT HIMSELF A P>TISAN ( LIB]ATION1 BUT ONE ( ! =EMO/ !ORI/S ( ! HAZ>DS ( V5GEFULNESS7 

,COMMUN>DS BURN+ ! GUILLOT9E AS A 0S]VILE 9/RUM5T ( MON>*I/ DOM9ATION0 AT ! FOOT ( ! /ATUE ( ,VOLTAIRE 9 ,P>IS ON ,APRIL #f1 #a#h#g#a4 

,9/EAD ( ! ,GUILLOT9E 

,( C\RSE1 IT'S PO9TLESS TO APPEAL TO ! BETT] NATURE ( \R OPPRESSORS UNTIL WE HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ IT IMPOSSIBLE = !M TO B5EFIT FROM OPPRESS+ US4 ,! QUE/ION IS H[ TO ACCOMPLI% ?AT4 

,APOLOGI/S = ! ,JACOB9S WILL PROTE/ ?AT1 UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 AT LEA/ SOME BLOODLETT+ WAS NECESS>Y TO ADVANCE ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE4 ,PRACTICALLY ALL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSACRES 9 HI/ORY HAVE BE5 JU/IFI$ ON ! GR\NDS ( NECESSITY--?AT'S H[ PEOPLE ALWAYS JU/IFY MASSACRES4 ,EV5 IF SOME BLOODLETT+ W]E NECESS>Y1 ?AT IT IS /ILL NO EXCUSE TO CULTIVATE BLOODLU/ & 5TITLEM5T AS REVOLUTION>Y VALUES4 ,IF WE WI% TO WIELD CO]CIVE =CE RESPONSIBLY :5 !RE IS NO O!R *OICE1 WE %\LD CULTIVATE A DI/A/E = IT4 

,HAVE MASS KILL+S EV] HELP$ US ADVANCE \R CAUSE8 ,C]TA9LY1 ! COMP>ATIVELY FEW EXECUTIONS ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE C>RI$ \T--SU* AS ! KILL+S ( PRO-FASCI/ CL]GY DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>--HAVE 5ABL$ \R 5EMIES TO DEPICT US 9 ! WOR/ LI<T1 EV5 IF !Y >E RESPONSIBLE = T5 ?\S& TIMES AS MANY MURD]S4 ,REACTION>IES ?R\<\T HI/ORY HAVE ALWAYS DIS+5U\SLY HELD REVOLUTION>IES TO A D\BLE /&>D1 =GIV+ ! /ATE = MURD]+ CIVILIANS BY ! MILLION :ILE TAK+ 9SURG5TS TO TASK = SO MU* AS BREAK+ A W9D[4 ,! QUE/ION IS NOT :E!R !Y HAVE MADE US POPUL>1 BUT :E!R !Y HAVE A PLACE 9 A PROJECT ( LIB]ATION4 ,IF WE SEEK TRANS=MATION RA!R ?AN CONQUE/1 WE \<T TO APPRAISE \R VICTORIES ACCORD+ TO A DIFF]5T LOGIC ?AN ! POLICE & MILIT>IES WE CONFRONT4 

,?IS IS NOT AN >GUM5T AGA9/ ! USE ( =CE4 ,RA!R1 IT IS A QUE/ION AB\T H[ TO EMPLOY IT )\T CREAT+ NEW HI]>*IES1 NEW =MS ( SY/EMATIC OPPRESSION4 

,A TAXONOMY ( REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE4 

,! IMAGE ( ! GUILLOT9E IS PROPAG&A = ! K9D ( AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION ?AT CAN AVAIL ITSELF ( ?AT P>TICUL> TOOL4 ,EV]Y TOOL IMPLIES ! =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT >E NECESS>Y TO EMPLOY IT4 ,9 HIS MEMOIR1 ,BA% ! ,RI*1 ,CLASS ,W> VET]AN ,IAN ,BONE QUOTES ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE MEMB] ,JOHN ,B>K] TO ! EFFECT ?AT 0PETROL BOMBS >E F> MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN DYNAMITE10 SUGGE/+ ?AT WE %\LD ANALYZE EV]Y TOOL ( RESI/ANCE 9 T]MS ( H[ IT /RUCTURES P[]4 ,CRITIQU+ ! >M$ /RUGGLE MODEL ADOPT$ BY HI]>*ICAL AU?ORIT>IAN GR\PS 9 ,ITALY 9 ! #a#i#gS1 ,ALFR$O ,BONANNO & O!R 9SURRECTIONI/S EMPHASIZ$ ?AT LIB]ATION C\LD ONLY BE A*IEV$ VIA HORIZONTAL1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 & P>TICIPATORY ME?ODS ( RESI/ANCE4 

0,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE ! REVOLUTION ) ! GUILLOT9E ALONE4 ,REV5GE IS ! ANTE*AMB] ( P[]4 ,ANYONE :O WANTS TO AV5GE !MSELVES REQUIRES A LEAD]4 ,A LEAD] TO TAKE !M TO VICTORY & RE/ORE W\ND$ JU/ICE40 

-,ALFR$O ,BONANNO1 ,>M$ ,JOY 

,TOGE!R1 A RIOT+ CR[D CAN DEF5D AN AUTONOM\S ZONE OR EX]T PRESSURE ON AU?ORITIES )\T NE$ ( HI]>*ICAL C5TRALIZ$ LEAD]%IP4 ,:]E ?IS BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE--:5 SOCIETY HAS BROK5 UP 9TO TWO DI/9CT SIDES ?AT >E FULLY PREP>$ TO SLAU<T] EA* O!R VIA MILIT>Y MEANS--ONE MAY NO LONG] SPEAK ( REVOLUTION1 BUT ONLY ( W>4 ,! PREMISE ( REVOLUTION IS ?AT SUBV]SION CAN SPREAD ACROSS ! L9ES ( 5MITY1 DE/ABILIZ+ FIX$ POSITIONS1 UND]M9+ ! ALLEGIANCES & ASSUMPTIONS ?AT UND]P9 AU?ORITY4 ,WE %\LD NEV] HURRY TO MAKE ! TRANSITION FROM REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T TO W>F>E4 ,DO+ SO USUALLY =ECLOSES POSSIBILITIES RA!R ?AN EXP&+ !M4 

,AS A TOOL1 ! GUILLOT9E TAKES = GRANT$ ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TRANS=M ONE'S RELATIONS ) ! 5EMY1 ONLY TO ABOLI% !M4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ! GUILLOT9E ASSUMES ?AT ! VICTIM IS ALREADY COMPLETELY )9 ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE :O EMPLOY IT4 ,BY CONTRA/ ) ! FEATS ( COLLECTIVE C\RAGE WE HAVE SE5 PEOPLE A*IEVE AGA9/ TREM5D\S ODDS 9 POPUL> UPRIS+S1 ! GUILLOT9E IS A WEAPON = C[>DS4 

,BY REFUS+ TO SLAU<T] \R 5EMIES :OLESALE1 WE HOLD OP5 ! POSSIBILITY ?AT !Y MI<T ONE DAY JO9 US 9 \R PROJECT ( TRANS=M+ ! WORLD4 ,SELF-DEF5SE IS NECESS>Y1 BUT :]EV] WE CAN1 WE %\LD TAKE ! RISK ( LEAV+ \R ADV]S>IES ALIVE4 ,NOT DO+ SO GU>ANTEES ?AT WE WILL BE NO BETT] ?AN ! WOR/ ( !M4 ,FROM A MILIT>Y P]SPECTIVE1 ?IS IS A H&ICAP2 BUT IF WE TRULY ASPIRE TO REVOLUTION1 IT IS ! ONLY WAY4 

HTTPS3_/_/TWITT]4COM_/,HI/ORY,MUPPET_//ATUS_/#a#a#h#a#f#g#h#c#i#f#c#g#b#b#e#d#g#b 

,LIB]ATE1 NOT ,EXT]M9ATE 

0,TO GIVE HOPE TO ! MANY OPPRESS$ & FE> TO ! FEW OPPRESSORS1 ?AT IS \R BUS9ESS2 IF WE DO ! FIR/ & GIVE HOPE TO ! MANY1 ! FEW MU/ BE FRI<T5$ BY !IR HOPE4 ,O!RWISE1 WE DO NOT WANT TO FRI<T5 !M2 IT IS NOT REV5GE WE WANT = POOR PEOPLE1 BUT HAPP9ESS2 9DE$1 :AT REV5GE CAN BE TAK5 = ALL ! ?\S&S ( YE>S ( ! SUFF]+S ( ! POOR80 

-,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 0,H[ ,WE ,LIVE & ,H[ ,WE ,MI<T ,LIVE0 

,SO WE REPUDIATE ! LOGIC ( ! GUILLOT9E4 ,WE DON'T WANT TO EXT]M9ATE \R 5EMIES4 ,WE DON'T ?9K ! WAY TO CREATE H>MONY IS TO SUBTRACT EV]YONE :O DOES NOT %>E \R IDEOLOGY FROM ! WORLD4 ,\R VISION IS A WORLD 9 :I* MANY WORLDS FIT1 AS ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,M>COS PUT IT--A WORLD 9 :I* ! ONLY ?+ ?AT IS IMPOSSIBLE IS TO DOM9ATE & OPPRESS4 

,AN>*ISM IS A PROPOSAL = EV]YONE REG>D+ H[ WE MI<T GO AB\T IMPROV+ \R LIVES--WORK]S & UNEMPLOY$ PEOPLE1 PEOPLE ( ALL E?NICITIES & G5D]S & NATIONALITIES OR LACK !RE(1 PAUP]S & BILLIONAIRES ALIKE4 ,! AN>*I/ PROPOSAL IS NOT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ONE CURR5TLY EXI/+ GR\P AGA9/ ANO!R3 IT IS NOT A WAY TO 5RI* ! POOR AT ! EXP5SE ( ! RI*1 OR TO EMP[] ONE E?NICITY1 NATIONALITY1 OR RELIGION AT O!RS' EXP5SE4 ,?AT 5TIRE WAY ( ?9K+ IS P>T ( :AT WE >E TRY+ TO ESCAPE4 ,ALL ( ! 09T]E/S0 ?AT SUPPOS$LY *>ACT]IZE DIFF]5T CATEGORIES ( PEOPLE >E PRODUCTS ( ! PREVAIL+ ORD] & MU/ BE TRANS=M$ ALONG ) IT1 NOT PRES]V$ OR P&]$ TO4 

,FROM \R P]SPECTIVE1 EV5 ! TOPMO/ POSITIONS ( WEAL? & P[] ?AT >E AVAILABLE 9 ! EXI/+ ORD] >E WOR?LESS4 ,NO?+ ?AT CAPITALISM & ! /ATE HAVE TO (F] >E ( ANY VALUE TO US4 ,WE PROPOSE AN>*I/ REVOLUTION ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT C\LD F9ALLY FULFILL LONG+S ?AT ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL ORD] WILL NEV] SATISFY3 ! DESIRE TO BE ABLE TO PROVIDE = ONESELF & ONE'S LOV$ ONES )\T DO+ SO AT ANYONE ELSE'S EXP5SE1 ! WI% TO BE VALU$ = ONE'S CREATIVITY & *>ACT] RA!R ?AN = H[ MU* PR(IT ONE CAN G5]ATE1 ! LONG+ TO /RUCTURE ONE'S LIFE >\ND :AT IS PR(\NDLY JOY\S RA!R ?AN ACCORD+ TO ! IMP]ATIVES ( COMPETITION4 

,WE PROPOSE ?AT EV]YONE N[ LIV+ C\LD GET ALONG--IF NOT WELL1 !N AT LEA/ BETT]--IF WE W]E NOT =C$ TO COMPETE = P[] & RES\RCES 9 ! Z]O-SUM GAMES ( POLITICS & ECONOMICS4 

,LEAVE IT TO ANTI-,SEMITES & O!R BIGOTS TO DESCRIBE ! 5EMY AS A TYPE ( PEOPLE1 TO P]SONIFY EV]Y?+ !Y FE> AS ! ,O!R4 ,\R ADV]S>Y IS NOT A K9D ( HUMAN BE+1 BUT ! =M ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT IMPOSES ANTAGONISM BETWE5 PEOPLE AS ! FUNDAM5TAL MODEL = POLITICS & ECONOMICS4 ,ABOLI%+ ! RUL+ CLASS DOES NOT MEAN GUILLOT9+ EV]YONE :O CURR5TLY [NS A YA*T OR P5?\SE2 IT MEANS MAK+ IT IMPOSSIBLE = ANYONE TO SY/EMATICALLY WIELD CO]CIVE P[] OV] ANYONE ELSE4 ,AS SOON AS ?AT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 NO YA*T OR P5?\SE WILL SIT EMPTY LONG4 

,AS = \R IMM$IATE ADV]S>IES--! SPECIFIC HUMAN BE+S :O >E DET]M9$ TO MA9TA9 ! PREVAIL+ ORD] AT ALL CO/S--WE ASPIRE TO DEFEAT !M1 NOT TO EXT]M9ATE !M4 ,H[EV] SELFI% & RAPACI\S !Y APPE>1 AT LEA/ SOME ( !IR VALUES >E SIMIL> TO \RS1 & MO/ ( !IR ]RORS--LIKE \R [N-->ISE FROM !IR FE>S & WEAKNESSES4 ,9 MANY CASES1 !Y OPPOSE ! PROPOSALS ( ! ,LEFT PRECISELY BECAUSE ( :AT IS 9T]NALLY 9CONSI/5T 9 !M--= EXAMPLE1 ! IDEA ( BR++ AB\T ! FELL[%IP ( HUMANITY BY MEANS ( VIOL5T CO]CION4 

,EV5 :5 WE >E 5GAG$ 9 PIT*$ PHYSICAL /RUGGLE ) \R ADV]S>IES1 WE \<T TO MA9TA9 A PR(\ND FAI? 9 !IR POT5TIAL1 = WE HOPE TO LIVE 9 DIFF]5T RELATIONS ) !M ONE DAY4 ,AS ASPIR+ REVOLUTION>IES1 ?IS HOPE IS \R MO/ PRECI\S RES\RCE1 ! F\NDATION ( EV]Y?+ WE DO4 ,IF REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE IS TO SPREAD ?R\<\T SOCIETY & ACROSS ! WORLD1 ?OSE WE FI<T TODAY WILL HAVE TO BE FI<T+ ALONGSIDE US TOMORR[4 ,WE DO NOT PREA* CONV]SION BY ! SWORD1 NOR DO WE IMAG9E ?AT WE WILL P]SUADE \R ADV]S>IES 9 SOME AB/RACT M>KETPLACE ( IDEAS2 RA!R1 WE AIM TO 9T]RUPT ! WAYS ?AT CAPITALISM & ! /ATE CURR5TLY REPRODUCE !MSELVES :ILE DEMON/RAT+ ! VIRTUES ( \R ALT]NATIVE 9CLUSIVELY & CONTAGI\SLY4 ,!RE >E NO %ORTCUTS :5 IT COMES TO LA/+ *ANGE4 

,PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS SOMETIMES NECESS>Y TO EMPLOY =CE 9 \R CONFLICTS ) ! DEF5D]S ( ! PREVAIL+ ORD]1 IT IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT ?AT WE NEV] LOSE SI<T ( \R ASPIRATIONS1 \R COMPASSION1 & \R OPTIMISM4 ,:5 WE >E COMPELL$ TO USE CO]CIVE =CE1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE JU/IFICATION IS ?AT IT IS A NECESS>Y /EP T[>DS CREAT+ A BETT] WORLD = EV]YONE--9CLUD+ \R 5EMIES1 OR AT LEA/ !IR *ILDR54 ,O!RWISE1 WE RISK BECOM+ ! NEXT ,JACOB9S1 ! NEXT DEFIL]S ( ! REVOLUTION4 

0,! ONLY REAL REV5GE WE C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE W\LD BE BY \R [N EF=TS TO BR+ \RSELVES TO HAPP9ESS40 

-,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 9 RESPONSE TO CALLS = REV5GE = POLICE ATTACKS ON DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,TRAFALG> ,SQU>E 

,VOLTAIRE APPLAUD+ ! BURN+ ! GUILLOT9E DUR+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,APP5DIX3 ,! ,BEHEAD$ 

,! GUILLOT9E DID NOT 5D ITS C>E] ) ! CONCLUSION ( ! FIR/ ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 NOR :5 IT WAS BURN$ DUR+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS US$ 9 ,FRANCE AS A MEANS = ! /ATE TO C>RY \T CAPITAL PUNI%M5T RI<T UP TO #a#i#g#g4 ,ONE ( ! LA/ WOM5 GUILLOT9$ 9 ,FRANCE WAS EXECUT$ = PROVID+ ABORTIONS4 ,! ,NAZIS GUILLOT9$ AB\T #a#f1#e PEOPLE BETWE5 #aicc & #a#i#d#e--! SAME NUMB] ( PEOPLE KILL$ DUR+ ! PEAK ( ! ,T]ROR 9 ,FRANCE4 

,A FEW VICTIMS ( ! GUILLOT9E3 

,RAVA*OL 7BORN ,FRANCOIS ,CLAUDIUS ,KO5IG/E971 AN>*I/ 

,AUGU/E ,VAILLANT1 AN>*I/ 

,EMILE ,H5RY1 AN>*I/ 

,SANTE ,G]ONIMO ,CAS]IO1 AN>*I/ 

,RAYMOND ,CAILLEM91 ,ETI5NE ,MONI] & ,&RE ,S\DY1 ALL AN>*I/ P>TICIPANTS 9 ! SO-CALL$ ,BONNOT ,GANG 

,MECISLAS ,*>RI]1 AN>*I/ 

,FELICE ,ORS9I1 :O ATTEMPT$ TO ASSASS9ATE ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I 

,HANS & ,SOPHIE ,S*OLL & ,*RI/OPH ,PROB/--MEMB]S ( ,DIE ,WEISSE ,ROSE1 AN UND]GR\ND ANTI-,NAZI Y\? ORGANIZATION ACTIVE 9 ,MUNI* #a#i#d#b-#a#i#d#c4 

,EMILE ,H5RY4 

,SANTE ,G]ONIMO ,CAS]IO4 

,&RE ,S\DY1 ,$\>D ,C>\Y1 ,OCTAVE ,G>NI]1 ,ETI5NE ,MONI]4 

,HANS & ,SOPHIE ,S*OLL & ,*RI/OPH ,PROB/4 

0,I AM AN AN>*I/4 ,WE HAVE BE5 HANG$ 9 ,*ICAGO1 ELECTROCUT$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 GUILLOT9$ 9 ,P>IS & /RANGL$ 9 ,ITALY1 & ,I WILL GO ) MY COMRADES4 ,I AM OPPOS$ TO Y\R ,GOV]NM5T & TO Y\R AU?ORITY4 ,D[N ) !M4 ,DO Y\R WOR/4 ,LONG LIVE ,AN>*Y40 

-,*UMMY ,FLEM+ 

,FUR!R ,READ+ 

,! ,GUILLOT9E ,AT ,WORK1 ,G,P ,MAXIM(F 

,I ,KN[ ,:O ,KILL$ ,*IEF ,SUP]9T5D5T ,LUIGI ,CALABRESI1 ,ALFR$O ,M4 ,BONANNO 

,CRITIQUE'S ,QU>REL ) ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 ,$G> ,BAU] 

.<#a.> ,AS REPORT$ 9 ! (FICIAL J\RNAL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE3 

0,ON ,?URSDAY1 AT N9E O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+1 ! #a#c#g? BATTALION1 BELONG+ TO ! ELEV5? >RONDISSEM5T1 W5T TO ,RUE ,FOLIE-,M]IC\RT2 !Y REQUISITION$ & TOOK ! GUILLOT9E1 BROKE ! HIDE\S MA*9E 9TO PIECES1 & BURN$ IT TO ! APPLAUSE ( AN IMM5SE CR[D4 

0,!Y BURN$ IT AT ! FOOT ( ! /ATUE ( ! DEF5D] ( ,SIRV5 & ,CALAS1 ! APO/LE ( HUMANITY1 ! PRECURSOR ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 AT ! FOOT ( ! /ATUE ( ,VOLTAIRE40 

,?IS HAD BE5 ANN\NC$ E>LI] 9 ! FOLL[+ PROCLAMATION3 

0,CITIZ5S1 

0,WE HAVE BE5 9=M$ ( ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW TYPE ( GUILLOT9E ?AT WAS COMMISSION$ BY ! ODI\S GOV]NM5T .<I4E41 ! CONS]VATIVE ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T UND] ,ADOLPHE ,?I]S.>--ONE ?AT IT IS EASI] TO TRANSPORT & SPE$I]4 ,! ,SUB-,COMMITTEE ( ! #a#a? ,>RONDISSEM5T HAS ORD]$ ! SEIZURE ( !SE S]VILE 9/RUM5TS ( MON>*I/ DOM9ATION & HAS VOT$ ?AT !Y BE DE/ROY$ ONCE & =EV]4 ,!Y WILL !RE=E BE BURN$ AT #a O'CLOCK ON ,APRIL #f1 #a#h#g#a1 ON ! ,PLACE DE LA ,MAIRIES1 = ! PURIFICATION ( ! ,>RONDISSEM5T & ! CONSECRATION ( \R NEW FRE$OM40 

.<#b.> ,AS WE HAVE >GU$ ELSE:]E1 FETI%IZ+ 0! RULE ( LAW0 (T5 S]VES TO LEGITIMIZE ATROCITIES ?AT W\LD O!RWISE BE P]CEIV$ AS <A/LY & UNJU/4 ,HI/ORY %[S AGA9 & AGA9 H[ C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T CAN P]PETRATE VIOL5CE ON A MU* GREAT] SCALE ?AN ANY?+ ?AT >ISES 9 0UNORGANIZ$ *AOS40 

.<#c.> ,NAUSEAT+LY1 AT LEA/ ONE CONTRIBUTOR TO ,JACOB9 MAGAZ9E HAS EV5 ATTEMPT$ TO REHABILITATE ?IS PRECURSOR TO ! WOR/ EXCESSES ( ,/AL9ISM1 PRET5D+ ?AT A /ATE-M&AT$ RELIGION C\LD BE PREF]ABLE TO AU?ORIT>IAN A!ISM4 ,! ALT]NATIVE TO BO? AU?ORIT>IAN RELIGIONS & AU?ORIT>IAN IDEOLOGIES ?AT PROMOTE ,ISLAMOPHOBIA & ! LIKE IS NOT = AN AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE TO IMPOSE A RELIGION ( ITS [N1 BUT TO BUILD GRASSROOTS SOLID>ITY ACROSS POLITICAL & RELIGI\S L9ES 9 DEF5SE ( FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON ,JUNE #a#a1 #bai FROM HTTPS3_/_/CRIME?9C4COM_/#b#a#i_/#d_/#h_/AGA9/-!-LOGIC-(-!-GUILLOT9E-:Y-!-P>IS-COMMUNE-BURN$-!-GUILLOT9E-&-WE-%\LD-TOO47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,AGA9/ ! ,LOGIC ( ! ,GUILLOT9E -- ,ADD$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/