,AM]ICA'S ,W> 9 ,9DO*9A ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,TEXT 3 ,S\RCE3 ,ROOT & ,BRAN*1 #a#i#g#a1 ,NO4 #c1 PP4 #a#i-#b#f4 ,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,?OMAS ,S*MIDT2 ,! ORIG9S ( ! W> 9 ,9DO*9A >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! RESULTS ( ! SECOND WORLD W>4 ,WAG$ 9 ,EUROPE1 ,AFRICA1 & ,EA/ ,ASIA1 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I TURN$ ,AM]ICA 9TO ! /RONGE/ CAPITALI/ P[] 9 BO? ! ,ATLANTIC & ! ,PACIFIC >EAS ( ! WORLD4 ,! DEFEAT ( ! IMP]IALI/ AMBITIONS ( ,G]MANY & ,JAPAN PROMIS$ ! OP5+ UP ( NEW IMP]IALI/ OPPORTUNITIES = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* EM]G$ FROM ! CONFLICT NOT ONLY UNIMPAIR$ BUT 5ORM\SLY /R5G!N$4 ,AM]ICA'S OPPORTUNITIES W]E NOT LIMITLESS1 H[EV]2 CONCESSIONS HAD TO BE MADE TO ! ,RUSSIAN W>-TIME ALLY1 :I* =M$ ! BASIS = NEW IMP]IALI/IC RIVALRIES & = ! 5SU+ 0COLD W>40 ,! PO/W> YE>S W]E M>K$ BY ! TWO GREAT P[]S' ATTEMPTS TO CONSOLIDATE !IR GA9S4 ,?IS EXCLUD$ FUR!R UNILAT]AL EXPANSION ?AT W\LD DE/ROY ! NEW P[] RELATION%IPS4 ,TO ?AT 5D1 ,AM]ICA ASSI/$ 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN ECONOMIES & ! REVIVAL ( !IR MILIT>Y CAPACITIES1 AS WELL AS 9 ! REBUILD+ ( ,JAPAN UND] H] TUTELAGE4 ,! SECOND WORLD W> PROVID$ AN OPPORTUNITY = ! COLONIAL & SEMI-COLONIAL NATIONS ( ,EA/ ,ASIA TO GA9 !IR POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! ,BRITI%1 ,FR5*1 ,DUT*1 & ,JAPANESE COLONIZ]S LO/ !IR POSSESSIONS4 ,AT FIR/1 ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T WAS WELCOM$ BY ! ,AM]ICANS AS AN AID 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,JAPAN1 JU/ AS AT FIR/ ! ,JAPANESE HAD SUPPORT$ ?IS MOVEM5T AS A MEANS TO DE/ROY ! ,EUROPEAN COLONIZ]S4 ,EV5 AFT] ! ,JAPANESE DEFEAT1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DISPLAY$ NO S]I\S 9T5TIONS TO HELP ! ,EUROPEAN NATIONS TO REGA9 !IR COLONIES4 ,! ,AM]ICANS W]E FULLY CONV9C$ ?AT !Y W\LD 9H]IT :AT !IR ,EUROPEAN ALLIES HAD LO/1 IF NOT 9 ! POLITICAL !N 9 AN ECONOMIC S5SE4 ,! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION ALT]$ ! :OLE SITUATION1 P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE AT ?AT TIME IT APPE>$ AS AN EXT5SION ( ! P[] ( ! NEW ,RUSSIAN ADV]S>Y & AS ! EXPANSION ( A SOCIO-ECONOMIC SY/EM NO LONG] SUSCEPTIBLE TO =EIGN EXPLOITATION ?R\< ! RUL+ WORLD M>KET RELATIONS4 ,! NE$S ( ! ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALI/S W]E CLE>3 %ORT ( W>1 !Y W\LD HAVE TO CONTA9 ,*9A 9 ,ASIA1 AS !Y CONTA9$ ,RUSSIA 9 ,EUROPE4 ,?IS NECESSITAT$ A SY/EM ( ,ASIAN ALLIANCES SU* AS ! ,ATLANTIC ,PACT PROVID$ = ,EUROPE4 ,CAPITAL IS 9T]NATIONAL4 ,! FACT ?AT ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T P>ALLEL$ ?AT ( ! NATION /ATE DID NOT PREV5T ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD M>KET4 ,H[EV]1 DUE TO POLITICAL 9T]V5TIONS 9 DEF5SE ( ONE NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ COMPETITOR NATIONS1 ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL WAS1 & IS1 MORE DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE ON AN 9T]NATIONAL ?AN ON A NATIONAL SCALE4 ,EV5 CAPITALI/ CRISES1 WORLD-EMBRAC+ ACCEL]ATORS ( ! CONC5TRATION PROCESS1 NE$$ ! ADDITIONAL MEASURES ( IMP]IALI/IC W>S TO EXT5D ! NATIONAL CONC5TRATION PROCESS TO ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E4 ,! CAPITALI/IC ORGANIZATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY IS ?US A CONTRADICTORY PROCESS4 ,:AT IT BR+S AB\T IS NOT ! F9AL ACCOMPLI%M5T ( CAPITALI/ WORLD UNITY BUT CAPITAL 5TITIES COMPET+ MORE & MORE DE/RUCTIVELY = ! CONTROL ( ALWAYS L>G] P>TS ( ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,?IS PROCESS IS 9H]5T 9 CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 :I* REPRODUCES ! FUNDAM5TAL CAPITALI/ CONTRADICTIONS ON AN ALWAYS L>G] SCALE4 ,) CAPITAL ACCUMULATION /ILL ! DET]M9+ FACTOR ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 WE REEEXP]I5CE MORE EXT5SIVELY & MORE 9T5SELY ! EXP]I5CES ( ! PA/ ) RESPECT TO BO? COMPETITION & ! 9T]NATIONALIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,TO REG>D ! WORLD AS DE/9$ = PRIVATE EXPLOITATION IS :AT CAPITALISM IS ALL AB\T4 ,IF1 AT ! BEG9N+1 IT WAS PR$OM9ANTLY A QUE/ION ( EXPORT+ COMMODITIES & IMPORT+ *EAP RAW MAT]IALS1 IT SOON TURN$ 9TO ! EXPORT ( CAPITAL = ! DIRECT EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR P[] ( O!R NATIONS & !RE) TO COLONIZATION 9 ORD] TO MONOPOLIZE ! NEW PR(IT S\RCES4 ,! 5D ( ! COLONIAL SY/EM DID NOT REMOVE ! TW(OLD CAPITALI/ NE$ TO EXP& 9T]NATIONALLY & TO CONC5TRATE ! PR(ITS !REBY GA9$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! DOM9ANT NATIONAL CAPITAL 5TITIES4 ,BECAUSE CAPITALISM IS BO? NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL IT IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE IMP]IALI/IC4 ,IMP]IALISM S]VES AS ! 9/RUM5TALITY = BRIDG+ NATIONAL LIMITATIONS 9 ! FACE ( PRESS+ 9T]NATIONAL NE$S4 ,IT IS !RE=E SILLY TO ASSUME ! POSSIBILITY ( A CAPITALISM :I* IS NOT IMP]IALI/IC4 ,( C\RSE1 !RE >E SMALL CAPITALI/ NATIONS :I* FL\RI% )\T DIRECTLY 5GAG+ 9 IMP]IALI/IC ACTIVITIES4 ,BUT SU* NATIONS1 OP]AT+ )9 ! FRAME ( ! CAPITALI/IC WORLD M>KET1 P>TAKE1 ALBEIT 9DIRECTLY1 9 ! IMP]IALI/IC EXPLOITS ( ! L>G] CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 JU/ AS - ON ! DOME/IC SCALE - MANY SMALL SUB-CONTRACTORS PR(IT FROM BUS9ESS GIV5 TO !M BY ! L>GE PRIME CONTRACTORS PRODUC+ = ! W> ECONOMY4 ,NOT ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES CAN EXP& IMP]IALI/ICALLY4 ,!Y F9D !MSELVES MORE OR LESS UND] ! CONTROL ( ?OSE NATIONS :I* CAN1 EV5 IF ?IS CONTROL IS RE/RICT$ TO ! ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT SOME ,EUROPEAN OBS]V]S SEE A =M ( NEOCOLONIALISM 9 ! REC5T EXPANSION ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL 9 ,EUROPE1 & O!RS PRESS = A MORE 9TEGRAT$ ,EUROPE ABLE TO ACT AS A 0?IRD =CE0 9 A WORLD DOM9AT$ BY IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! NATIONAL =M ( CAPITAL & ITS NE$ = EXPANSION1 :I* RECOGNIZES NO B\ND>IES1 IS 9T]TW9$ ) ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ITS COMPETITIVE NATURE & ITS URGE = MONOPOLIZATION4 ,9 !ORY1 A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY FL\RI%ES BE/ 9 A FREE WORLD M>KET4 ,ACTUALLY1 H[EV]1 COMPETITION LEADS TO MONOPOLY & MONOPOLI/IC COMPETITION1 & ! FREE WORLD M>KET LEADS TO PROTECT$ M>KETS MONOPOLIZ$ BY POLITICAL MEANS4 ,MONOPOLI/IC COMPETITION IMPLIES IMP]IALI/IC /RUGGLES TO BREAK EXI/+ MONOPOLIES 9 FAVOR ( NEW ONES4 ,! ECONOMIC =M ( COMPETITION TAKES ON POLITICAL EXPRESSIONS & !RE=E IDEOLOGICAL =MS1 :I* COME TO OV]%AD[ ! ECONOMIC PRESSURES :I* >E !IR S\RCE4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION ( ECONOMIC 9TO POLITICAL-IDEOLOGICAL ISSUES HAS BECOME /ILL MORE CONF\ND$ ?R\< ! MODIFICATIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION BR\KET BUT T5D$ TO PREV5T ITS FUR!R EXPANSION UND] PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ AUSPICES4 ,TO BE SURE1 !RE WAS NOT MU* CAPITALIZATION 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL CONC5TRATION RESULT$ 9 ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( EXI/+ CAPITAL AT ! EXP5SE ( POT5TIAL CAPITAL 9 SUBJUGAT$ C\NTRIES4 ,LUCRATIVE M>KETS1 & *EAP FOOD/UFFS & RAW MAT]IALS 9CREAS$ ! PR(IT RATES 9 ! MANUFACTUR+ NATIONS & !RE) HA/5$ !IR CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,BEYOND ?AT1 H[EV]1 IT WAS EXPECT$ ?AT A TIME W\LD COME :5 FUR!R EXPANSION ( CAPITAL W\LD 9CLUDE ITS 9T5SIFI$ EXT5SION 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,CAPITAL IS NOT 9T]E/$ 9 ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( 9DU/RIALLY-UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS P] SE4 ,IT IS 9T]E/$ ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS PROVES TO BE ! MO/ PR(ITABLE4 ,IF A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( BACKW>D C\NTRIES %\LD BE MORE1 'OR EQUALLY1 PR(ITABLE ?AN 9VE/M5TS 9 ADVANC$ NATIONS1 CAPITALI/S WILL NOT HESITATE TO FO/] !IR CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T JU/ AS !Y HA/5$ IT 9 !IR [N C\NTRIES4 ,:E!R OR NOT ?IS C\LD EV] BECOME A REALITY UND] ! CONDITIONS ( PRIVATE-CAPITAL PRODUCTION IS A QUE/ION ! CAPITALI/S CANNOT RAISE = !IR [N CONT9U$ EXI/5CE IS CLE>LY B\ND UP ) ! CAPITALIZATION ( ! UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS4 ,!Y ?US CANNOT HELP SEE+ 9 ! =MATION & EXPANSION ( /ATE-CONTROLL$ SY/EMS A LIMITATION ( !IR [N POSSIBILITIES ( EXPANSION & A ?REAT TO !IR CONTROL ( ! WORLD M>KET4 ,= !M 0COMMUNISM0 MEANS ! =MATION ( SUP]-MONOPOLIES :I* CANNOT BE DEALT ) BY WAY ( MONOPOLI/IC COMPETITION & HAVE TO BE COMBAT$ BY POLITICAL-IDEOLOGICAL MEANS &1 :]E OPPORTUNE1 BY MILIT>Y MEASURES4 ,9 !IR OPPOSITION TO 0COMMUNISM0 ! CAPITALI/S DO NOT M]ELY OBJECT TO A DIFF]5T ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,!Y ALSO CONDEMN IT = POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL REASONS ESPECIALLY S9CE1 CONV9C$ ?AT ! ECONOMIC PR9CIPLES ( CAPITALISM >E UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR1 !IR VIOLATION SEEMS A VIOLATION ( HUMAN NATURE ITSELF4 ,!Y DO NOT & CANNOT AF=D TO UND]/& ! DYNAMICS & LIMITATIONS ( !IR [N SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,!Y SEE ! REASONS = ITS DIFFICULTIES NOT 9 ! SY/EM ITSELF BUT 9 CAUSES EXT]NAL TO IT4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 IT IS ! ]RONE\S & DEPRAV$ CRE$ ( COMMUNISM :I* SUBV]TS SOCIETY & ROBS IT ( ! POSSIBILITY ( WORK+ ITSELF \T ( :ATEV] DIFFICULTIES >ISE4 ,IT IS ?US NOT NECESS>Y ?AT ! CAPITALI/S1 !IR APOLOGI/S1 & ALL ! PEOPLE :O ACCEPT ! CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY BE AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT IT IS ! ORD9>Y BUS9ESS ( PR(IT-MAK+ :I* DET]M9ES ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALI/ POLICIES4 ,NEI!R IS IT NECESS>Y = ! CAPITALI/-DECISION-MAK]S TO COMPREH5D ALL ! IMPLICATIONS ( !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ! DEF5SE ( &1 !RE=E1 ! EXPANSION ( !IR ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[]S4 ,!Y KN[ 9 A G5]AL WAY ?AT :ATEV] LIES \TSIDE !IR CONTROL 5DANG]S !IR 9T]E/S & P]HAPS !IR EXI/5CE & !Y REACT ALMO/ 09/9CTIVELY0 TO ANY DANG] TO !IR PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS4 ,BECAUSE !Y >E ! RUL+ CLASS1 !Y DET]M9E ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY1 :I* SUFFICES TO EXPLA9 !IR [N BEHAVIOR1 AS IT COV]S !IR SPECIAL CLASS 9T]E/S & NO?+ ELSE4 ,!Y WILL ?US EXPLA9 ALL !IR ACTIONS 9 /RICTLY IDEOLOGICAL T]MS1 TAK+ !IR ECONOMIC CONT5T = GRANT$ & AS SOME?+ NOT DEBATABLE4 ,9DE$1 !Y MAY NEV] MAKE A CONSCI\S CONNECTION BETWE5 !IR POLITICAL CONVICTIONS & !IR UND]LY+ ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS1 & MAY 9ADV]T5TLY VIOLATE ! LATT] 9 SATISFY+ !IR IDEOLOGICAL NOTIONS4 ,! CAPITALI/S >E NOT ,M>XI/S1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT !Y MU/ DEF5D1 NOT CRITICIZE1 EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,DEF5SE DOES NOT REQUIRE A PROP] UND]/&+ ( ! SY/EM2 IT M]ELY DEM&S ACTIONS :I* SUPPORT ! /ATUS QUO4 ,M>XI/ RATIONALITY1 :I* 9CLUDES CRITICISM ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 (T5 ASSUMES ?AT ALL CAPITALI/IC ACTIVITIES >E DIRECTLY DET]M9$ BY ITS CAPITALI/IC RATIONALITY1 ?AT IS1 BY ITS IMM$IATE NE$ TO MAKE PR(IT & TO ACCUMULATE CAPITAL4 ,!Y WILL LOOK = DIRECTLY-OBS]VABLE ECONOMIC MOTIVES BEH9D ! POLITICAL ACTIVITIES ( CAPITALI/ /ATES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL FIELD4 ,:5 SU* OBVI\S REASONS >E NOT DIRECTLY DISC]NIBLE1 !Y >E SOME:AT AT A LOSS TO ACC\NT = IMP]IALI/ AGGRESSION4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,9DO*9A1 = EXAMPLE1 ! APP>5T ABS5CE ( IMPORTANT ECONOMIC 9C5TIVES = ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION HAS BE5 A TR\BLESOME FACT = ,M>XI/ W> CRITICS4 ,?IS WAS SEEM+LY MITIGAT$ ONLY BY ! REC5T DISCOV]Y ( (F%ORE OIL POT5TIALS1 :I* >E SUPPOS$ TO EXPLA91 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 ! CONT9U$ 9T]E/ ( BIG BUS9ESS 9 A VICTORI\S CONCLUSION ( ! W>4 ,IT IS CLE>1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! ,9DO*9A W> WAS !RE1 & W\LD BE !RE1 )\T ?IS DISCOV]Y & EXPLANATIONS MU/ BE F\ND O!R ?AN SOME DEF9ITE BUT ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/IC 9T]E/S4 ,! APOLOGI/S ( CAPITALISM UTILIZE ?IS SITUATION TO DEMON/RATE ?AT IT IS NOT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS SU* :I* LEADS TO IMP]IALISM1 BUT SOME AB]RATION ?RU/ UPON IT BY =CES EXT]NAL TO ITSELF4 ,!Y SPEAK ( A 0MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX10 CONSPIR+ )9 ! SY/EM1 TO S]VE ITS P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S AT ! EXP5SE ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,9 !IR VIEWS1 IT IS ONE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY1 NOT CAPITALISM ITSELF1 :I* IS RESPONSIBLE = ! W> ?R\< IT USURPATION ( ! DECISION-MAK+ P[]S ( GOV]NM5T4 ,:]EAS ! W> - F> FROM BE+ WAG$ = PR(ITS1 CURR5T OR EXPECT$ - IS AN 5ORM\S EXP5SE TO ! ,AM]ICAN TAXPAY]S & !RE=E S5SELESS1 IT DOES DIRECTLY B5EFIT ! P>TICUL> GR\P ( W> PR(ITE]S 9 CONTROL ( GOV]NM5T4 ,SPECIFIC PEOPLE1 NOT ! SY/EM1 >E TO BLAME1 = :I* REASON ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO 5D ! AB]RATION IS A *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T & ! EMASCULATION ( ! 09DU/RIAL-MILIT>Y COMPLEX40 ,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 TRU? 9 BO? !SE ASS]TIONS1 NAMELY1 ?AT IMP]IALISM IS ECONOMICALLY MOTIVAT$ & ?AT IT IS SPE>HEAD$ BY GR\PS P>TICUL>LY FAVOR$ BY W>4 ,BUT BY FAIL+ TO RELATE !SE EXPLANATIONS TO ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 !Y FAIL TO DO JU/ICE TO ! COMPLEXITY ( ! PROBLEM ( W> & IMP]IALISM4 ,NEI!R ! PRODUCTION NOR ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL IS A CONSCI\SLY-CONTROLL$ PROCESS ON ! SOCIAL LEVEL4 ,EA* CAPITALI/ 5TITY1 BE IT AN 5TREPR5EUR1 CORPORATION1 CONGLOM]ATE1 OR MULT9ATIONAL 5T]PRISE1 NECESS>ILY LIMITS ITS ACTIVITIES TO ! 5L>GEM5T ( ITS CAPITAL1 )\T REG>D TO OR EV5 ! POSSIBILITY ( HAV+ REG>D = SOCIAL NE$S & ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y >E BL9D TO ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( !IR REL5TLESS NE$ TO 5L>GE !IR CAPITAL4 ,! PR(IT MOTIVE IS !IR ONLY MOTIVE4 ,IT IS :AT DET]M9ES ! DIRECTION ( !IR EXPANSION4 ,!IR 5ORM\S WEIATE CAPITAL 5TITY ) REG>D TO ITS PR(IT NE$S4 ,!Y KN[ :AT !Y >E DO+1 BUT NOT :]E IT WILL LEAD !M2 !Y CANNOT COMPREH5D ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,!SE CONSEQU5CES MAY 9CLUDE W> & W> MAY BE 9ITIAT$ NOT BECAUSE ( SOME DEF9ITE ECONOMIC EXPECTATIONS1 SU* AS POSSESSION ( SPECIFIC RAW MAT]IALS1 5TRY 9TO NEW M>KETS1 OR ! EXPORT ( CAPITAL1 BUT BECAUSE ( PA/ ECONOMIC POLICIES :OSE CONSEQU5CES W]E NOT =ESEEABLE4 ,?IS IS QUITE CLE>1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! CASE ( IMP]IALI/IC 9T]V5TIONS 9 DEF5SE ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY :I* /&S 9 DANG] ( BE+ EXPROPRIAT$1 OR HAS BE5 EXPROPRIAT$1 9 NATIONS :I* TRY TO GA91 OR REGA91 SOME MEASURE ( 9DEP5D5CE 9 ECONOMIC AS WELL AS 9 POLITICAL T]MS4 ,?IS EXPLA9S REC5T 9T]V5TIONS SU* AS ?OSE 9 ,GUATEMALA1 ,CUBA1 ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC1 ! ,CONGO & SO =?4 ,IT IS NOT CLE> ) RESPECT TO ! 9T]V5TION 9 ,9DO*9A1 :]E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATE'S ECONOMIC 9T]E/S W]E M9IMAL & !IR POSSIBLE LOSS ( NO CONSEQU5CE TO H] ECONOMY4 ,YET ?IS 9T]V5TION1 TOO1 WAS ! UN=ESE5 \TCOME ( PA/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5TS1 EV5 ?\< IT CANNOT BE RELAT$ TO ANY IMM$IATE & SPECIFIC ECONOMIC NE$S OR OPPORTUNITY ON ! P>T ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM4 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE WAY TO SECURE ! CAPITALI/ M>KET ECONOMY & ?AT IS ?R\< ! CONT9U\S EXPANSION ( CAPITAL4 ,IT IS ?IS EXPANSION :I* IS ! SECRET ( ITS PROSP]\S /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T1 JU/ AS LACK ( EXPANSION RESULTS 9 ITS P]IODS ( DEPRESSION4 ,CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 AN ALT]NATION BETWE5 PROSP]ITY & DEPRESSION1 ! SO-CALL$ BUS9ESS-CYCLE4 ,= ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL1 H[EV]1 ! LA/ BIG DEPRESSION1 ?AT ( #a#i#b#i1 DID NOT LEAD TO A NEW P]IOD ( PROSP]ITY BUT TO AN ]A ( RELATIVE /AGNATION & DECL9E1 :I* WAS OV]COME ONLY ?R\< ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ECONOMY 9TO A W> ECONOMY1 ?AT IS1 ! GR[? ( PRODUCTION NOT BY WAY ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 BUT ?R\< ! ACCUMULATION ( ! NATIONAL DEBT & PRODUCTION = 0PUBLIC CONSUMPTION0 SU* AS IS REQUIR$ BY W> & PREP>ATION = W>4 ,BUT JU/ LIKE ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION BE=E1 ! W> FAIL$ TO RE/ORE A RATE ( CAPITAL EXPANSION SUFFICI5T TO ASSURE ! FULL UTILIZATION ( PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES & ! AVAILABLE LABOR P[]4 ,! GOV]NM5T SAW ITSELF =C$ TO CONT9UE ITS SUPPORT ( ! ECONOMY BY WAY ( DEFICIT-F9ANC$ PUBLIC EXP5DITURES :I*1 GIV5 ! NATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 >E NECESS>ILY NONCOMPETITIVE ) PRIVATE CAPITAL & !RE=E L>GELY >MS EXP5DITURES4 ,! 0COLD W>0 9 ! WAKE ( ! REAL W> PROVID$ ! RATIONALE = ?IS TYPE ( COMP5SATORY PRODUCTION4 ,TO BE SURE1 PRIVATE CAPITAL CONT9U$ ITS EXPANSION AT HOME & ABROAD1 BUT NOT TO ! EXT5T :I* W\LD HAVE ALL[$ A SIGNIFICANT CURTAILM5T ( NON-PR(ITABLE GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION4 ,9DE$1 9 SPITE ( BO? TYPES ( PRODUCTION - ?AT IS1 = ! M>KET & = EXTRA-M>KET 0PUBLIC CONSUMPTION0 - FULL EMPLOYM5T & FULL USE ( PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES C\LD NOT BE REA*$4 ,DESPITE ! GREAT EXP5DITURES CONNECT$ ) ! W> 9 ,9DO*9A1 AT ! 5D ( #aig ,AM]ICA C\NT$ SIX MILLION UNEMPLOY$ & AN #h.0 UTILIZATION ( H] PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES4 ,W> EXP5DITURES >E1 ( C\RSE1 A D$UCTION FROM ! NATIONAL 9COME & CAN NEI!R BE CAPITALIZ$ NOR BE CONSUM$ 9 ! USUAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,A /EADY GR[? ( EXP5DITURES = W> IS POSSIBLE ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION & LIV+ /&>DS4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 NO SOLUTION = ! PROBLEMS CAUS$ BY AN 9SUFFICI5T RATE ( CAPITAL EXPANSION2 9/EAD IT MAKES A SOLUTION H>D] TO A*IEVE4 ,CAPITALI/ICALLY1 W> MAKES 0S5SE0 ONLY IF IT S]VES AS AN 9/RUM5T = BR++ AB\T CONDITIONS MORE FAVORABLE = A FUR!R EXPANSION & EXT5SION ( CAPITAL4 ,YET AT ! SAME TIME1 UND] PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS1 ABS5CE ( ! W> 9 ,9DO*9A W\LD M]ELY 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( UNEMPLOY$ & 9CREASE ! UNUS$ P>T ( ! PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES4 ,W> OR NO W>1 %ORT ( AN ACCEL]AT$ RATE ( PRIVATE CAPITAL EXPANSION1 !RE IS ONLY ! *OICE BETWE5 A DEEP5+ DEPRESSION & ! AMELIORATION ( CONDITIONS ?R\< ! FUR!R EXT5SION ( NON-PR(ITABLE 0PUBLIC0 EXP5DITURES4 ,BUT :]EAS ! W> MAY EV5TUALLY YIELD ! PRECONDITIONS OR AN ,AM]ICAN P5ETRATION ( ,EA/ ,ASIA1 & ITS PRES5T EXP5SE BE RECOMP5S$ BY FUTURE PR(ITS1 PUBLIC EXP5DITURES = O!R PURPOSES DO NOT HAVE SU* EFFECTS4 ,EXP]I5CE %[S ?AT W> DOES OP5 UP POSSIBILITIES = FUR!R CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,FROM A CONSI/5T CAPITALI/IC /&PO9T A SUCCESSFULLY WAG$ W> IS MORE 0RATIONAL0 ?AN A /EADY DRIFT 9TO ECONOMIC DECL9E4 ,EV5 IF ! 0MIX$ ECONOMY0 HAS F\ND ACCEPTANCE AS A PROBABLY UNAVOIDABLE MODIFICATION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ! 0MIX10 ?AT IS1 GOV]NM5TAL 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ECONOMY1 >E SUPPOS$ TO BE ONLY SU* AS B5EFIT PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,TO KEEP IT ?AT WAY1 9T]F]5CES 9 M>KET RELATIONS MU/ BE LIMIT$ ON ! NATIONAL AS WELL AS ON ! 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,A G5]AL EXPANSION ( GOV]NM5T PRODUCTION 9T]NALLY W\LD SPELL ! C]TA9 5D ( CORPORATE CAPITALI/ PROP]TY RELATIONS1 JU/ AS ! EXT5SION ( A /ATE-DET]M9$ SOCIAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION )9 ! WORLD ECONOMY PO9TS T[>D ! CONTRACTION ( ! FREE-5T]PRISE ECONOMIES4 ,! NECESSITY ( CONTA9+ ! SPREAD ( 0COMMUNISM10 ?AT IS1 ( /ATE-CONTROLL$ SY/EMS1 IS ?US RELAT$ TO ! NECESSITY ( RE/RICT+ GOV]NM5TAL 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ECONOMY )9 EA* PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ NATION4 ,) MORE NATIONS ADOPT+ ! /ATE-CONTROLL$ =M ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION & !REBY LIMIT+ ! EXPANSION ( PRIVATE CAPITAL1 9SUFFICI5T EXPANSION ( ! LATT] CALLS =? MORE 9T5SIVE GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,TO HALT ! TR5D T[>D /ATE-CAPITALISM 9 ! M>KET ECONOMIES REQUIRES ! CONTA9M5T & POSSIBLY ! 0ROLL-BACK0 ( ! ALREADY-E/ABLI%$ /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS4 ,BUT :ILE AT HOME ! CAPITALI/S CONTROL !IR GOV]NM5TS & ?US DET]M9E ! K9D & DEGREE ( ! LATT]'S ECONOMIC 9T]V5TIONS1 !Y CAN ONLY HALT ! DREAD$ TRANS=MATION ABROAD EI!R BY GA9+ CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5TS ( O!R NATIONS OR BY IMP]IALI/IC MILIT>Y MEASURES4 ,!RE IS1 !N1 NO SPECIAL REASON = ,AM]ICA'S 9T]V5TION 9 ,9DO*9A1 AP>T FROM H] G5]AL POLICY ( 9T]V5+ ANY:]E 9 ! WORLD 9 ORD] TO PREV5T POLITICAL & SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT W\LD BE DETRIM5TAL TO ! SO-CALL$ 'FREE WORLD10 & P>TICUL>LY TO ! P[] :I* DOM9ATES IT4 ,LIKE AN OCTOPUS1 ,AM]ICA EXT5DS H] T5TACLES 9TO ALL ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES /ILL UND] ! SWAY ( PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ PROP]TY RELATIONS TO ASSURE !IR CONT9U$ ADH]5CE TO ! FREE 5T]PRISE PR9CIPLE OR1 AT LEA/1 TO ! OLD WORLD M>KET RELATIONS :I* MAKE !M 9TO APP5DAGES ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,%E TRIES TO RALLY ALL PRO-CAPITALI/ =CES 9TO V>I\S REGIONAL ALLIANCES1 >MS & F9ANCES ! MO/ REACTION>Y REGIMES1 P5ETRATES GOV]NM5TS1 & (F]S AID1 ALL TO HALT ANY SOCIAL MOVEM5T :I* MI AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN & ,*9ESE ADV]S>IES4 ,AL?\< NO LONG] A 0COLD W>10 IT IS AS YET F\ATELY1 NONE ( ! SMALL NATIONS :I* EXP]I5C$ ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION 5DANG]$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES'S HEGEMONY 9 WORLD AFFAIRS TO ANY NOTICEABLE EXT5T4 ,IF !Y W]E H9D]$ 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO RID !MSELVES ( =EIGN DOM9ATION & ( !IR [N COLLABORAT+ RUL+ CLASSES1 ?IS WAS BECAUSE ,AM]ICA RECOGNIZES ?AT !IR REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES >E NOT ACCID5TAL PH5OM5A1 BUT SO MANY EXPRESSIONS ( AN AS YET WEAK BUT WORLD-WIDE TR5D TO *ALL5GE ! CAPITALI/ MONOPOLIES ( P[] & EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y MU/1 !RE=E1 BE SUPPRESS$ :]EV] !Y >ISE & CONDITIONS ?AT WILL PREV5T !IR RETURN MU/ BE CREAT$1 QUITE AP>T FROM ALL IMM$IATE PR(IT CONSID]ATIONS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! PRES5T DIFF]S FROM ! PA/ 9 ?AT :ILE IMP]IALI/ 9T]V5TIONS US$ TO S]VE TO CREATE EMPIRES )9 A WORLD SY/EM1 SU* 9T]V5TIONS TODAY S]VE ! DEF5SE ( CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 ,AM]ICA'S GA9S 9 ,ASIA >E QUITE IMPRESSIVE4 ,%E HAS NOT ONLY REGA9$ ! ,PHILIPP9ES & DE/ROY$ ,JAPAN'S 0CO-PROSP]ITY SPH]E10 BUT F\ND 5TRY 9TO NATIONS ?AT ONLY A FEW YE>S AGO HAD BE5 MONOPOLIZ$ BY ,EUROPEAN P[]S4 ,) ! AID ( A RECON/RUCT$ ,JAPAN1 N[ ALLI$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IT SEEM$ RELATIVELY EASY TO KEEP ,*9A \T ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA & SECURE ?IS P>T ( ! GLOBE = ! 0FREE WORLD0 9 G5]AL & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 P>TICUL>4 ,BUT ! 0COMMUNI/0 5EMY WAS TO BE F\ND NOT ONLY 9 ,*9A BUT TO A GREAT] OR LESS] EXT5T 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ! REGION1 A*IEV+ BY SUBV]SION :AT C\LD O/5SIBLY NO LONG] BE A*IEV$ BY MORE DIRECT PROC$URES4 ,SECUR+ ,AM]ICA'S NEWLY-WON POSITION 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA ?US REQUIR$ ! DE/RUCTION ( NATIVE NATIONAL =CES :I* SAW !MSELVES ALSO AS COMMUNI/ MOVEM5TS & WI%$ TO EMULATE ! ,RUSSIAN & ,*9ESE EXAMPLES RA!R ?AN ADAPT !MSELVES TO ! WAYS ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,LIKE ALL C\NTRIES1 ! EM]G+ /ATES 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA W]E DIVID$ BY DIFF]5T CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,DIFF]5T SOCIAL GR\PS F\4 ,ITS RESULTS W\LD DET]M9E :E!R ! LIB]AT$ NATIONS W\LD HAVE SOCIETIES KEEP+ !M )9 ! FOLD ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO 9FLU5CE ! \TCOME ( ! CIVIL W> BY \TSIDE 9T]V5TION4 ,= ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IT WAS ESS5TIAL ?AT :ATEV] ! RESULTS ( ! LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS !Y MU/ NOT LEAD TO NEW 0COMMUNI/0 REGIMES WILL+ TO SIDE ) ! ,*9ESE ADV]S>Y4 ,AM]ICA'S POLITICIANS RIIES1 DISGUIS$ ?\< ?IS DOM9ATION W\LD BE BY IDEOLOGICAL CAM\FLAGE4 ,! SURGE ( NATIONALISM WAS TO BE *ANNEL$ 9TO ANTI-COMMUNISM1 :I* MEANT ! UPHOLD+ OR CREATION ( GOV]NM5TS & 9/ITUTIONS FRI5DLY TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,POLITICAL DECISIONS >E LEFT TO ! DECISION-MAK]S2 SO LONG AS !Y >E SUCCESSFUL !Y F9D SOME K9D ( G5]AL SUPPORT4 ,EV5 IF ! DECISIONS 9VOLVE W>1 !Y WILL BE ACCEPT$ NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! G5]ALLY-%>$ IDEOLOGY1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( ! PRACTICAL 9ABILITY ON ! P>T ( ! POPULATION TO AFFECT ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS 9 ANY WAY4 ,PEOPLE WILL TRY TO MAKE ! BE/ ( A BAD SITUATION - :I* ALSO HAS ITS ADVANTAGES4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! >MAM5TS PRODUC]S WILL NOT OBJECT TO ! EXTRA PR(ITS MADE ?R\< W>4 ,NEI!R WILL ! >MS PRODUCTION WORK]S OBJECT TO IT1 IF IT PROVIDES !M ) JOB SECURITY & /EADY 9COMES1 :I* MIY WILL SEE ! W> AS A BOON TO !IR PR(ESSION2 W> IS !IR BUS9ESS & !Y WILL 5C\RAGE BUS9ESS TO MAKE W>4 ,BECAUSE ! MIX$ ECONOMY HAS BECOME A W> ECONOMY1 MANY NEW PR(ESSIONS HAVE >IS5 :I* >E TI$ TO W> CONDITIONS OR TO PREP>ATION = SU* CONDITIONS4 ,A GR[+ GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACY RELIES = ITS EXI/5CE ON ! P]PETUATION ( ! W> MA*9]Y & ( IMP]IALI/IC ACTIVITIES4 ,WIDE-SPREAD 9T]E/S VE/$ 9 W> & IMP]IALISM ALLY !MSELVES ) ?OSE SPECIFIC TO ! L>GE CORPORATIONS & !IR DEP5D5CY ON =EIGN EXPLOITATION4 ,:ILE = SOME W> & IMP]IALISM SPELL DEA?1 !N1 = MANY MORE !Y CON/ITUTE A WAY ( LIFE1 NOT AS AN EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION BUT AS A P]MAN5T CONDITION4 ,!IR EXI/5CE IS BAS$ ON A =M ( CANNIBALISM1 :I* CO/S ! LIVES ( FRI5D & FOE ALIKE4 ,ONCE ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS EXI/S1 IT T5DS TO REPRODUCE ITSELF & IT BECOMES 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO RETURN TO ! 0NORMAL0 /ATE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,W> ITSELF 9CREASES ! PROP5SITY = W>4 ,! ,AM]ICAN DECISION-MAK]S1 :O DECID$ TO 5T] ! ,9DO*9A CONFLICTS 7OR = ?AT MATT] ANY O!R7 HAVE ?US BE5 ABLE TO C\NT ON ! CONS5SUS ( A L>GE P>T ( ! POPULATION1 A CONS5SUS :I* WAS BY NO MEANS PURELY IDEOLOGICAL 9 NATURE4 ,EV5 SO1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DID NOT1 & HAS NOT AS YET1 DECL>$ W> AGA9/ ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,ALLEG$LY1 %E /ILL IS ONLY DEF5D+ ! 5DANG]$ SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,! ,KOREAN ,W> 9DICAT$ ?AT1 %ORT ( RISK+ A NEW WORLD W>1 ALREADY E/ABLI%$ 0COMMUNI/0 REGIMES C\LD NOT BE DETA*$ FROM !IR PROTECTOR /ATES1 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A4 ,9 O!R RESPECTS1 H[EV]1 ! SITUATION WAS /ILL FLUID4 ,AP>T FROM ,NOR? ,VIETNAM1 O!R ,S\!A/ ,ASIAN NATIONS W]E EI!R ANTI-COMMUNI/1 OR DECL>$ !MSELVES 0NEUTRALI/0 OR 0NONALIGN$10 MEAN+ ?AT !IR CIVIL W>S1 CL&E/9E OR OP51 W]E /ILL UNDECID$4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,LAOS1 ?IS L$ TO A TRIP>TITE >RANGEM5T1 5G9E]$ BY ! GREAT P[]S1 ) 0NEUTRALI/0-1 0COMMUNI/0-1 & 0WE/]N0-ORI5T$ =CES DIVID+ ! C\NTRY BETWE5 !M4 ,?IS TOO WAS ?\Y SOLUTION :I* W\LD P]HAPS BE RESOLV$ AT SOME FUTURE DATE4 ,CAMBODIA MA9TA9$ A PREC>I\S 09DEP5D5CE0 BY CAT]+ TO BO? SIDES ( ! OV]%AD[+ L>G] P[] CONFLICT4 ,ONLY 9 ,?AIL&1 :]E ,AM]ICA HAD REPLAC$ ,BRITA9 AS ! MAJOR =EIGN 9FLU5CE WAS ! COMMITM5T TO ! ,WE/ ALMO/ COMPLETE4 ,H]E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,/ATES S5T MORE ?AN #c1 TROOPS & MU* AID TO BUILD ?IS K+DOM 9TO A BA/ION ( ! 0FREE WORLD40 7,IT HAS BECOME ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,AM]ICAN AIRBASE = ! ,VIETNAM W>47' ,BECAUSE ( ! FLEXIBILITY ( ! SITUATION1 IT SEEM$ ESS5TIAL TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO /OP ANY FUR!R *ANGE 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA BY ASSI/+ ALL 0ANTI-COMMUNI/0 =CES 9 ?AT REGION4 ,?IS HAS BE5 A CONSI/5T POLICY1 FROM :I* NONE (.< ! SUCCESSIVE ,AM]ICAN ADM9I/RATIONS HAS DEVIAT$4 ,OBJECT+ TO ! ,G5EVA ,AGREEM5TS ( #a#i#e#d1 ! ,AM]ICAN-9/ALL$ REGIME ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM REFUS$ TO CONSID] ! PROPOS$ ELECTIONS1 :I* W]E TO DECIDE ! QUE/ION ( UNIFICATION ( ,S\? & ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,TO ASSURE ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES P\R$ MONEY & SOON TROOPS 9TO ! C\NTRY4 ,! RESUM$ CIVIL W> 9 ! ,S\? F\ND SUPPORT FROM ,NOR? ,VIETNAM1 TURN+ ! ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION 9TO A W> AGA9/ BO? ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION =CES 9 ! ,S\? & ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS 9T]V5TION HAS (T5 BE5 F\ND UNJU/IFI$1 BECAUSE IT CONC]N$ ITSELF ) A CIVIL W> 9/EAD (1 AS CLAIM$1 ) ! NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,H[EV] 7AS WAS PO9T$ \T ABOVE7 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,9DO*9A NO DI/9CTION CAN BE MADE BETWE5 9T]NATIONAL W> & CIVIL W>1 BECAUSE H]E ALL W>S = NATIONAL LIB]ATION >E AT ! SAME TIME CIVIL W>S = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! CIVIL-W> *>ACT] ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 5T]$ ! FRAY4 ,AM]ICA'S DET]M9ATION TO RETA9 9FLU5CE 9 ,9DO*9A AT ALL CO/S DID *ECK A POSSIBLE FUR!R EXT5SION ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATIONS SU* AS OCCURR$ 9 ,NOR? ,VIETNAM & 9 A P>T ( ,LAOS4 ,AS IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT NEI!R ,RUSSIA NOR ,*9A W\LD ACTIVELY 9T]V5E 9 ! ,VIETNAMESE W>1 ! 0ANTI-COMMUNI/0 =CES 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA W]E GREATLY /R5G!N$ &1 AID$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BEGAN TO DE/ROY !IR [N 0COMMUNI/0-ORI5T$ MOVEM5TS1 ! MO/ GRUESOME ( !SE UND]TAK+S BE+ ?AT 9 ,9DONESIA4 ,BUT :ILE NEI!R ,RUSSIA NOR ,*9A WAS READY TO RISK W> ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO DRIVE ! LATT] \T ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 !Y TRI$ TO PREV5T ! CONSOLIDATION ( ,AM]ICAN P[] 9 ?AT REGION BY 5ABL+ ! ,VIETNAMESE TO C>RY ON ! W>4 ,! MILIT>Y AID GIV5 TO ! ,VIETNAMESE BY ,RUSSIA & ,*9A C\LD NOT LEAD TO ! DEFEAT ( ! ,AM]ICANS1 BUT PROMIS$ A PROLONG$ W> :I* W\LD DEPRIVE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( 5JOY+ ! SPOILS ( AN E>LY VICTORY4 ,! IMM$IATE & GR[+ EXP5SES ( ! W> W\LD1 9/EAD1 LOOM EV] L>G] 9 COMP>ISON ) ITS POSSIBLE POSITIVE RESULTS1 :I* W\LD REC$E ALWAYS FUR!R TO ! 9DET]M9ATE FUTURE4 ,BY BLE$+ ! PEOPLE ( ,9DO*9A ,AM]ICA W\LD 9 9CREAS+ MEASURE BLE$ H]SELF1 & P]HAPS LOSE CONFID5CE 9 H] ABILITY TO CONCLUDE ! W> ON H] [N T]MS4 ,IT SEEMS QUITE CLE> ?AT ! ,AM]ICANS EXPECT$ LESS RESI/ANCE TO !IR 9T]V5TION ?AN !Y ACTUALLY CAME TO FACE4 ,!Y ASPIR$ TO NO MORE ?AN A REPETITION ( ! \TCOME ( ! ,KOREAN CONFLICT - A MUTUAL RETREAT TO PREVI\SLY DEM>CAT$ FRONTI]S1 :I* MEANT HALT+ ! 0COMMUNI/0 P5ETRATION AT ! ,SEV5TE5? ,P>ALLEL 9 ! CASE ( ,VIETNAM1 & AT ! AGRE$-UPON ZONES 9 ,LAOS4 ,AS 9 ,KOREA1 9 ,VIETNAM TOO !Y HAD NO DESIRE TO TURN ! W> 9TO A NEW WORLD W> BY BR++ ,RUSSIA1 ,*9A1 OR BO? 9TO ! CONFLICT4 ,A W> ( ! GREAT P[]S1 POSSESS+ ATOMIC WEAPONS1 C\LD EASILY LEAD TO MUTUAL DE/RUCTION4 ,! FE> ( SU* A W> HAS UNTIL N[ SET LIMITS TO ! W> 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,IT HAS PREV5T$ A CONC5TRAT$1 ALL-\T ,AM]ICAN ONSLAU TO A VICTORI\S CONCLUSION1 S9CE NEI!R ,RUSSIA NOR ,*9A1 LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES H]SELF1 CAN BE EXPECT$ TO ALL[ ANY T]RITORY ALREADY UND] !IR CONTROL OR 9 !IR SPH]E ( 9T]E/S TO BE LO/1 )\T 5C\RAG+ FUR!R 5CROA*M5TS ON !IR P[] POSITIONS4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! ,WE/]N P[]S DID NOT 9T]V5E ON ! OCCASIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN 9VASIONS ( ,HUNG>Y & ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 & ?AT ,AM]ICA N[ HESITATES TO ATTEMPT ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,( C\RSE1 A NATION'S DET]M9ATION TO HOLD ON TO :AT IT HAS1 OR HAS GA9$1 IS NOT ABSOLUTE4 ,! OV]RID+ FE> ( A POSSIBLE ATOMIC W>1 = 9/ANCE1 KEPT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM RE-CONQU]+ ,CUBA4 ,NATIONS T5D TO AVOID ACTIONS :I* HAVE A V]Y HI< PROBABILITY ( LEAD+ TO UNDESIR$ RESULTS4 ,UNC]TA9TY IS ! RULE1 H[EV]1 & IT IS ! PRESUM$ JOB ( DIPLOMACY TO WEI< ! PROS & CONS ( ANY P>TICUL> POLICY ) REG>D TO LONG-RUN NATIONAL & IMP]IALI/IC 9T]E/S4 ,?IS MAY 9CORPORATE %ORT-RUN DECISIONS :I* NE$ NOT HAVE A DIRECT LOGICAL CONNECTION ) LONG-RUN GOALS4 ,! LATT] >E1 ( C\RSE1 ILLUSORY1 S9CE ! DYNAMICS ( CAPITALISM IMPLY AN EV]-*ANG+ G5]AL SITUATION :I* ESCAPES POLITICAL COMPREH5SION4 ,! IMP]IALI/ /RATEGY REMA9S A POLICY ) REG>D TO LONG-RUN NATIONAL & IMP]IALI/ 9T]E/S4 ,S9CE ! DYNAMICS ( CAPITALISM IMPLY AN EV]-*ANG+ G5]AL SITUATION :I* ESCAPES POLITICAL COMPREH5SION1 LONG-RUN IMP]IALI/ /RATEGY PUT 9TO PRACTICE REMA9S A MATT] ( BL9DLY EXECUT$ ACTIVITY1 9 :I* ALL DIPLOMATIC EXPECTATIONS MAY COME TO NAUY4 ,UNTIL /OPP$1 !Y WILL SEE !IR C\RSE ( ACTION AS ! ONLY 0RATIONAL0 ONE & WILL TRY TO FOLL[ IT UP TO ! 5D4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,9DO*9A1 ! SIMPLE GOAL WAS TO SECURE ?IS P>T ( ! WORLD = ,WE/]N CAPITALISM )\T 9ITIAT+ A NEW WORLD W>4 ,! UNEXPECT$LY EFFECTIVE RESI/ANCE ( ! ADV]S>IES L$ TO A CONT9U\S ESCALATION ( ! W> EF=T & A GR[+ DISCREPANCY BETWE5 ! LIMIT$ OBJECTIVE & ! CO/S 9VOLV$ 9 REA*+ IT4 ,9 ONE S5SE1 TO BE SURE1 ! ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION PROV$ SUCCESSFUL1 9 ?AT IT NOT ONLY PREV5T$ ! UNIFICATION ( ,S\? & ,NOR? ,VIETNAM BUT ALSO SU/A9$ ,WE/]N 9FLU5CE 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA 9 G5]AL4 ,CONFID5CE 9 ! ABILITY TO MA9TA9 ?IS SITUATION IS REFLECT$ 9 NEW EXT5SIVE & PR$OM9ANTLY PRIVATE ,AM]ICAN & ,JAPANESE DIRECT 9VE/M5TS 9 OIL1 TIMB]1 & M9]AL RES\RCES 9 ,TAIWAN1 ,9DONESIA1 ,?AIL&1 & EV5 ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,/ILL1 ! W> GOES ON1 BECAUSE ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE & ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT 9 ! ,S\? >E NOT WILL+ TO ACKN[L$GE DEFEAT & TO ACCEPT PEACE ON ,AM]ICAN T]MS4 ,%ORT ( A SUCCESSFUL 9VASION ( ! ,NOR? OR AN 9T]NAL COLLAPSE ( ! 0COMMUNI/S0 !RE IS NO REASON TO EXPECT A *ANGE 9 ?IS SITUATION1 ?\< AN APP>5T LOSS ( (F5SIVE P[] ON ! P>T ( ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE & ,N,L,F =CES IS ALL[+ A R$UCTION 9 ! NUMB] ( ,AM]ICAN TROOPS 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO D\BT ?AT AT ?IS JUNCTURE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD PREF] A NEGOTIAT$ PEACE1 :I* W\LD HONOR H] MA9 OBJECTIVES1 TO ! CONT9UATION ( ! W>1 IF ONLY TO /ALL ! GR[+ UNRE/ AT HOME4 ,OPPOSITION TO ! W> HAS BEGUN TO AFFECT ! MILIT>Y SITUATION ?R\< AN 9CREAS+ DEMORALIZATION ( ! >M$ =CES4 ,! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T DISPLAYS A V>IETY ( MOTIVATIONS1 BUT HAS GA9$ ITS PRES5T /R5G? & DANG]\S POSSIBILITIES BECAUSE ( DET]IORAT+ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS ALSO ! LONG DURATION ( ! W>1 & ! LACK ( ANY RECOGNIZABLE ADVANTAGES GA9$ BY IT1 :I* TURN MORE & MORE PEOPLE AGA9/ IT4 ,!RE EXI/$ FROM ! W>'S BEG9N+ A MORAL OPPOSITION1 BAS$ ON PACIFI/ & ANTI-IMP]IALI/ IDEOLOGIES1 :I* HAS N[ F\ND MORE G5]AL ADH]5CE - L>GE 5\< TO 9DUCE OPPORTUNI/IC POLITICIANS TO 5T] ! MOVEM5T TO FUR!R !IR P]SONAL AIMS & TO KEEP IT )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( EXI/+ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT EV5 ?\< W> PROTE/S >E AS YET ( A M]ELY V]BAL NATURE1 ) AH OCCASIONAL FIREBOMB ?R[N 91 !Y CONTA9 ! POT5TIALITY ( MORE DECISIVE ACTIONS 9 ! NE> FUTURE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! PRES5T ADM9I/RATION F9DS ITSELF OBLIG$ TO PLACATE ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T1 EV5 ?\< IT HAS NO MORE TO (F] ?AN ! DEMAGOG]Y ( PROMISES :I* IT IS 9 NO POSITION TO KEEP4 ,H[EV]1 ONE %\LD NEI!R UND]- NOR OV]-E/IMATE ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T4 ,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT ITS EXI/5CE HAS =C$ ! GOV]NM5T TO MASQU]ADE ITS CONT9U$ & 9T5SIFI$ W> ACTIVITIES AS SO MANY ATTEMPTS TO REA* AN 0HONORABLE0 PEACE1 9 ITS BROAD MAJORITY ! OPPOSITION TO ! W> DIRECTS ITSELF NOT AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 :I* IS NECESS>ILY IMP]IALI/IC1 BUT M]ELY AGA9/ ?IS P>TICUL> & APP>5TLY UNSUCCESSFUL W> 7N[ VIEW$ AS A 0BIG MI/AKE0 ?AT NE$S BE+ UNDONE74 ,& :ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT ! HI!RTO-DISPLAY$ APA?Y AB\T ! W> ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ POPULATION IS APP>5TLY GIV+ WAY TO A CRITICAL ATTITUDE1 ?IS DOES NOT 9 ITSELF IMPLY 9DEP5D5T WORK+-CLASS ACTIONS SU* AS C\LD BR+ ! W> TO AN 5D4 ,EV5 AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE1 NOT DIRECTLY FAVOR$ BY ! W>1 DISSATISFACTION ) ITS C\RSE & ITS 9T]NAL CONSEQU5CES IS VISIBLY RIS+4 ,BUT ?IS AMORPH\S ANTI-W> S5TIM5T1 AFFECT+ ALL LAY]S ( ! POPULATION1 DOES NOT AS YET CON/ITUTE A REAL ?REAT TO ! ,ADM9I/RATION'S W> POLICY2 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T /ILL COMM&S ! UNSW]V+ LOYALTY ( P]HAPS A MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 :I* W\LD NO D\BT COME TO ITS AID %\LD ?IS BECOME NECESS>Y4 ,! DEVELOP+ POL>IZATION ( PRO- & ANTI-W> =CES PO9TS 9 ! DIRECTION ( CIVIL /RIFE RA!R ?AN TO ! GOV]NM5T'S CAPITULATION TO ! OPPOSITION4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! GOV]NM5T'S DEMAGOG]Y IS TAK5 QUITE S]I\SLY - NAMELY1 ?AT ! W> IS BE+ 0W\ND D[N0 BY WAY ( 0,VIETNAMIZATION0 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 0,NIXON DOCTR9E10 :I* WANTS TO LEAVE ! 7CAPITALI/7 DEF5SE ( ,ASIA TO ! ,ASIANS4 ,?IS DEMAGOG]Y IS SEEM+LY SUB/ANTIAT$ BY A P>TIAL )DRAWAL ( ,AM]ICAN TROOPS & ! SIMULTANE\S 9CREASE ( ! ,VIETNAMESE >MY1 AS WELL AS BY ! 9T5SIFICATION ( ! ,AM]ICAN AIR W> 9 ,LAOS1 ,CAMBODIA1 ,NOR? & ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,)DRAWAL HAS 9 FACT MEANT1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! EXT5SION ( ! W> 9TO ,CAMBODIA & ,LAOS TO PREP>E ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! ,ASIANS !MSELVES WILL BE 5ABL$ TO TAKE C>E ( ALL 0COMMUNI/ AGGRESSION40 ,IT W\LD 9DE$ BE AN 0IDEAL0 SITUATION TO HAVE ,ASIANS FIGE NAVAL & AIR PRES5CE WILL BE MA9TA9$ 9 ANY CASE4 ,EV5 ?IS /RATEGY ASSUMES ! CONT9UATION ( ! PRES5T MILIT>Y /ALEMATE1 :I* FAVORS ! ,AM]ICANS1 S9CE IT CAN BE UTILIZ$ = ! SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION ( 5EMY =CES )9 ! >EAS UND] ,AM]ICAN CONTROL4 ,A RESURG5CE ( RESI/ANCE TO ! ,AM]ICANS & !IR ,9DO*9ESE ALLIES BECOMES 9CREAS+LY MORE PROBLEMATICAL1 AS EV] GREAT] MASSES ( ! POPULATION >E DRIV5 9TO CONTROLL$ 0REFUGEE0 C5T]S & AS ! C\NTRYSIDE IS LAID WA/E4 ,IF ,RUSSIA & ,*9A CONT9UE TO /AY \T ( ! CONFLICT1 ! AID !Y PROVIDE BY ITSELF WILL NOT 5ABLE ,NOR? ,VIETNAM & ! ,N,L,F TO W9 A W> ( ATTRITION ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,CLE>LY1 ! W> WILL GO ON AS LONG AS ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE CONT9UE TO DEFY ! ,AM]ICAN WILL4 ,!Y WILL BE ABLE TO DO SO AS LONG AS !Y RECEIVE SUFFICI5T AID FROM EI!R ,RUSSIA1 ,*9A1 OR BO?4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! W> IS /ILL A W> BETWE5 !SE ,EA/]N P[]S & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 EV5 ?\< ONLY ! LATT] HAS 5GAG$ H] MILIT>Y =CES DUE TO ! WEAKNESS ( H] ,9DO*9ESE ALLIES1 :O W]E NO MAT* = ! NATIONAL-REVOLUTION>Y =CES !Y SET \T TO COMBAT4 ,! RIFT BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A HAS NOT ALT]$ ?IS SITUATION1 AS EA* ( !SE NATIONS HAS ITS [N REASONS = OPPOS+ ! ,AM]ICAN ADVANCE 9 ,ASIA4 ,:ATEV] NATIONAL 9T]E/S & RIVALRIES DIVIDE ,RUSSIA & ,*9A1 !SE 9T]E/S CANNOT BE FUR!R$ = EI!R SIDE ?R\< AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* CANNOT HELP TREAT+ BO? AS IMPLACABLE 5EMIES BECAUSE ( !IR SOCIO-ECONOMIC /RUCTURES & !IR [N DESIRES TO MAKE !MSELVES SECURE BY GA9+ GREAT] P[] & MORE 9FLU5CE )9 ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,9 SUMM+ UP1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ! ,9DO*9A W> HAS TO BE SE5 NOT AS AN ISOLAT$ CONFLICT BETWE5 ,AM]ICA & ,NOR? ,VIETNAM1 BUT AS AN ASPECT ( AN UNFOLD+ WID] /RUGGLE CONC]N+ ! :OLE ( ,ASIA & ! NATURE ( ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4 ,BEYOND ?AT1 IT IS A SPECIAL CASE ( A G5]AL /RUGGLE GO+ ON 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD AGA9/ ! IMP]IALI/ =MS ( PRIVATE CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,OBJECTIVELY & SUBJECTIVELY1 ?IS /RUGGLE CAN AS YET TAKE ON NO O!R =M ?AN ?AT ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 EV5 ?\< ?IS IS NOT A REAL SOLUTION TO ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ?AT BESET ! C\NTRIES SUBJUGAT$ TO ! D\BLE YOKE ( NATIVE & =EIGN EXPLOITATION4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS /RUGGLE IS ITSELF A SIGN ( AN ONGO+ DISSOLUTION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & WILL1 9 TIME1 F9D SUPPORT 9 CLASS /RUGGLES TO BE WAG$ 9 ! IMP]IALI/ NATIONS4 ,= IT IS MORE ?AN D\BTFUL ?AT CAPITALISM WILL BE ABLE TO OV]COME ITS DEEP5+ /RUCTURAL CRISIS BY WAY ( \TW>D EXPANSION1 S9CE IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ALL ATTEMPTS 9 ?AT DIRECTION WILL MEET EV] MORE EFFECTIVE RESI/ANCE4 ,:ATEV] ! \TCOME ( ! /RUGGLE 9 ,9DO*9A1 IT WILL NOT AFFECT ?IS G5]AL SITUATION4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,AM]ICA'S ,W> 9 ,9DO*9A -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,AM]ICA'S ,W> 9 ,9DO*9A -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/