,BOOK #d1 ,*APT] #a 
,( ,SELF-LOVE & ,B5EVOL5CE 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X 

,( ,S,E,L,F-,L,O,V,E ,& ,B,5,E,V,O,L,5,C,E 

,QUE/ION /AT$4 -- ,NATURE ( VOLUNT>Y ACTION4 -- ,ORIG9 ( B5EVOL5CE4 -- ,OP]ATION ( HABIT -- ( OP9ION4 -- ,REFLEX OP]ATION ( 5JOYM5T4 -- ,COMPLEXITY ( MOTIVES4 -- ,( MALEVOL5CE4 -- ,S*EME ( SELF-LOVE 9COMPATIBLE ) VIRTUE4 -- ,CONCLUSION4 

,! SUBJECT ( ! ME*ANISM ( ! HUMAN M9D1 IS ! OBVI\S C\NT]P>T ( ?AT :I* WE >E N[ TO EXAM9E4 ,UND] ! =M] ( !SE TOPICS WE HAVE 5T]$1 ) CONSID]ABLE M9UT5ESS1 9TO ! NATURE ( \R 9VOLUNT>Y ACTIONS2 ! DECISION ( ! LATT] WILL1 9 A GREAT DEGREE1 DEP5D UPON AN ACCURATE CONCEPTION ( SU* AS >E VOLUNT>Y4 ,! QUE/ION ( SELF-LOVE & B5EVOL5CE1 IS A QUE/ION RELATIVE TO ! FEEL+S & IDEAS BY :I* WE \<T TO BE GOV]N$1 9 \R 9T]C\RSE ) \R FELL[ M51 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 9 \R MORAL CONDUCT4 ,BUT IT IS UNIV]SALLY ADMITT$1 ?AT !RE CAN BE NO MORAL CONDUCT1 ?AT WE CAN BE NEI!R VIRTU\S NOR VICI\S1 EXCEPT 9 9/ANCES :]E \R ACTIONS FL[ FROM 9T5TION1 & >E DIRECT$ BY =ESI<T1 OR :]E !Y MI<T HAVE BE5 SO DIRECT$2 & ?IS IS ! DEF9ITION ( VOLUNT>Y ACTIONS#a4 ,! QUE/ION !RE=E ( SELF-LOVE & B5EVOL5CE1 IS A QUE/ION ( VOLUNT>Y ACTION4 

,! 9QUIRY H]E PROPOS$1 IS ! SAME 9 EFFECT1 AS ! QUE/ION1 :E!R WE >E CAPABLE ( BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY DIS9T]E/$ CONSID]ATIONS4 ,ONCE ADMIT ?AT WE >E1 & IT WILL NOT BE DISPUT$ ?AT IT IS BY SU* CONSID]ATIONS WE \<T TO BE 9FLU5C$1 9 CASES :]E \R NEI<BOR OR ! PUBLIC IS TO BE EM95TLY B5EFIT$4 

,?IS QUE/ION HAS BE5 LONG & EAG]LY CONTE/$1 & ! MAJORITY ( P]SONS :O >E ACCU/OM$ TO GIVE SOME ATT5TION TO SPECULATIONS ( ?IS SORT1 HAVE RANG$ !MSELVES ON ! SIDE ( SELF-LOVE4 ,AMONG ! ,FR5*1 NOT A SIGNLE WRIT] UPON ?AT NATURE ( ! HUMAN M9D1 IS TO BE F\ND1 :O DOES NOT1 ) MORE OR LESS EXPLICITNESS1 DECL>E = ?IS HYPO!SIS4 ,AMONG \RSELVES1 SEV]AL AU?ORS ( EM95CE1 HAVE UND]TAK5 TO SUPPORT ! PRACTICABILITY ( DIS9T]E/$ ACTION#b4 

,ONE ( ! WRIT]S :O FIR/ CONTRIBUT$ TO R5D] ?IS 9QUIRY A SUBJECT ( G5]AL ATT5TION1 WAS ! DUKE DE LA ,R\*EF\CAULT4 ,HE ASS]T$ ! SY/EM ( SELF-LOVE 9 ITS GROSSE/ =M2 & HIS EXPOSITION ( IT AM\NTS TO LITTLE LESS1 ?AN 0?AT1 9 EV]Y ACTION ( \R LIVES1 WE >E DIRECT$ BY A CALCULATION ( P]SONAL 9T]E/40 ,?IS NOTION HAS BE5 GRADUALLY S(T5$ D[N BY HIS SUCCESSORS2 & ! HYPO!SIS ( SELF-LOVE IS N[ FREQU5TLY EXPLA9$ TO MEAN ONLY1 0?AT1 AS EV]Y /ATE ( A P]CIPI5T BE+ HAS 9 IT A MIXTURE ( PLEASURE OR PA91 ! IMM$IATE S5SATION 9 EI!R ( !SE K9DS IS TO BE REG>D$ AS ! SOLE1 PROP]1 & NECESS>Y CAUSE ( ! SUBSEQU5T ACTION40 ,?IS FLUCTUATION AMONG ! ADH]5TS ( SELF-LOVE1 HAS HAD ! EFFECT1 ( MAK+ SOME ( ! >GUM5TS ) :I* !IR PR9CIPLE HAS BE5 ATTACK$1 APP>5TLY 9MAPPLICABLE TO ! NEWE/ /ATE ( ! QUE/ION4 ,LET US SEE :E!R ! PO9T MAY NOT BE PUT UPON A SIMPL] ISSUE ?AN HAS USUALLY BE5 ATTEMPT$4 

,AN UNANSW]ABLE >GUM5T = ! SY/EM ( DIS9T]E/$NESS1 IS CONTA9$ 9 A PROPOSITION SO OBVI\S1 AS = ITS V]Y PLA9NESS TO BE EXPOS$ TO ! RISQUE ( CONTEMPT1 VIZ4 ?AT ! MOTIVE ( EV]Y VOLUNT>Y ACTION1 CONSI/S 9 ! VIEW PRES5T TO ! M9D ( ! AG5T AT ! TIME ( HIS DET]M9ATION14 ,?IS IS AN 9F]5CE :I* IMM$IATELY RESULTS FROM ! NATURE ( VOLITION4 ,VOLITION IS AN AFFAIR ( =ESI<T#c4 0,NO MOTION IS VOLUNT>Y1 ANY FUR!R ?AN IT IS ACCOMPANI$ ) 9T5TION & DESIGN1 & HAS = ITS PROP] ANTEC$5T ! APPREH5SION ( AN 5D TO BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,SO F> AS IT FL[S 9 ANY DEGREE FROM ANO!R S\RCE1 IT IS 9VOLUNT>Y#d40 ,BUT IF ?IS BE A JU/ DESCRIPTION ( VOLUNT>Y ACTION1 !N ! CONV]SE ( ?IS ASS]TION MU/ ALSO BE TRUE2 ?AT :ATEV] IS PROPOS$ BY ! M9D AS AN 5D TO BE ACCOMPLI%$1 :E!R IT BE LIFE OR DEA?1 PLEASURE OR PA91 & RELATE TO MYSELF OR MY NEI<BOR1 HAS 9 IT ! TRUE ESS5CE ( A MOTIVE4 -- ,TO ILLU/RATE ?IS 9 RELATION TO ! SUBJECT 9 H&4 

,VOLUNT>Y ACTION CANNOT EXI/ BUT AS ! RESULT ( EXP]I5CE4 ,NEI!R DESIRE NOR AV]SION CAN HAVE PLACE1 TILL WE HAVE HAD A CONSCI\SNESS ( AGREEABLE & DISAGREEABLE S5SATIONS4 ,VOLUNT>Y ACTION IMPLIES DESIRE1 & ! IDEA ( C]TA9 MEANS TO BE EMPLOY$ = ! ATTA9M5T ( ! ?+ DESIR$4 

,! ?+S FIR/ DESIR$ BY EV]Y ?9K+ BE+1 WILL BE AGREEABLE S5SATION1 & ! MEANS ( AGREEABLE S5SATION4 ,IF HE =SEE ANY ?+ ?AT IS NOT APPREH5D$ TO BE PLEASURE OR PA91 OR ! MEANS ( PELASURE OR PA91 ?IS WILL EXCITE NO DESIRE1 & LEAD TO NO VOLUNT>Y ACTION4 

,A DISPOSITION TO PROMOTE ! B5EFIT ( ANO!R1 MY *ILD1 MY FRI5D1 MY RELATION1 OR MY FELL[ BE+1 IS ONE ( ! PASSIONS2 UND]/&+ BY ! T]M PASSION1 A P]MAN5T & HABITUAL T5D5CY T[RADS A C]TA9 C\RSE ( ACTION4 ,IT IS ( ! SAME G5]AL NATURE1 AS AV>ICE1 OR ! LOVE ( FAME4 ,! GOOD ( MY NEI<BOR C\LD NOT1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 HAVE BE5 *O51 BUT AS ! MEANS ( AGREEABLE S5SATION4 ,HIS CRIES1 OR ! SPECTACLE ( HIS DI/RESS IMPORTUNE ME1 & ,I AM IRRESI/IBLY IMPELL$ TO ADOPT MEANS TO REMOVE ?IS IMPORTUNITY4 ,! *ILD P]CEIVES1 9 HIS [N CASE1 ?AT M5ACES OR SOO?+ T5D TO /OP HIS CRIES1 & HE IS 9DUC$ TO EMPLOY1 9 A SIMIL> 9/ANCE1 ?AT MODE ( ! TWO :I* SEEMS MO/ )9 HIS REA*4 ,HE ?9KS LITTLE ( ! SUFF]+S 5DUR$1 & IS ONLY UNEASY AT ! IMPRESSION MADE UPON HIS ORGANS4 ,TO ?IS MOTIVE1 HE SPE$ILY ADDS ! IDEA ( E/EEM & GRATITUDE1 :I* >E TO BE PUR*AS$ BY ?IS B5EFIC5CE4 ,?US ! GOOD ( \R NEI<BOR1 LIKE ! POSSESSION ( MONEY1 IS ORIG9ALLY PURSU$ = ! SAKE ( ITS ADVANTAGE TO \RSELVES4 

,BUT IT IS ! NATURE ( ! PASSIONS1 SPE$ILY TO CONV]T :AT AT FIR/ W]E MEANS1 9TO 5DS4 ,! AV>ICI\S MAN =GETS ! UTILITY ( MONEY :I* FIR/ 9CIT$ HIM TO PURSUE IT1 FIXES HIS PASSION UPON ! MONEY ITSELF1 & C\NTS HIS GOLD1 )\T HAV+ 9 HIS M9D ANY IDEA BUT ?AT ( SEE+ & H&L+ IT4 ,SOME?+ ( ?IS SORT HAPP5S V]Y E>LY 9 ! HI/ORY ( EV]Y PASSION4 ,! MOM5T WE BECOMNE ATTA*$ TO A P>TICUL> S\RCE ( PLEASURE1 BEYOND ANY IDEA WE HAVE ( ! RANK IT HOLDS 9 ! CATALOG ( S\RCES1 IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT IT IS LOV$ = ITS [N SAKE4 ,! MAN :O PURSUES WEAL? OR FAME ) ANY DEGREE ( >DOR1 SOON COMES TO CONC5T] HIS ATT5TION 9 ! WEAL? OR ! FAME1 )\T C>RY+ HIS M9D BEYOND1 OR ?9K+ ( ANY ?+ ?AT IS TO RESULT FROM !M4 

,?IS IS M]ELY ONE CASE ( ! PH5OM5A ( HABIT#e4 ,ALL 9DULG5CE ( ! S5SES1 IS ORIG9ALLY *OS51 = ! SAKE ( ! PLEASURE ?AT ACCRUES4 ,BUT ! QUANTITY ( ACCRU+ PLEASURE OR PA91 IS CONT9UALLY *AN+4 ,?IS H[EVEV] IS SELDOM ADV]T$ TO2 & :5 IT IS1 ! P[] ( HABIT IS FREQU5TLY TOO /RONG TO BE ?US SUBDU$4 ,! PROP5SITY TO DO AGA9 :AT WE HAVE BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO DO1 RECURS1 :5 ! MOTIVE ?AT %\LD RE/RA9 US HAS ESCAP$ FROM \R ?\<TS4 ,?US ! DRUNK>D & ! LET*] CONT9UE TO PURSUE ! SAME C\RSE ( ACTION1 LONG AFT] ! PA9S HAVE \TWEI<$ ! PLEASURES1 & EV5 AFT] !Y CONFESS & KN[ ?IS TO BE ! REAL /ATE ( ! CASE4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS MANN] ?AT M5 WILL (T51 = ! SAKE ( ?AT :I* HAS B5OME ! OBJECT ( A FAVORITE PASSION1 CONS5T TO SACRIFICE :AT !Y G5]ALLY KN[ TO CONTA9 9 IT A GREAT] SUM ( AGREEABLE S5SATIONS4 ,IT IS A TRITE & 9CONTROV]TIBLE AXIOM1 0?AT !Y WILL RA!R DIE1 ?AN P>T ) IT40 

,IF ?IS BE ! CASE 9 ! PASSION ( AV>ICE OR ! LOVE ( FAME1 IT MU/ ALSO BE TRUE 9 ! 9/ANCE ( B5EFIC5CE1 ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ HABITUAT$ \RSELVES TO PROMOTE ! HAPP9ESS ( \R *ILD1 \R FAMILY1 \R C\NTRY OR \R SPECIES1 WE >E AT L5G? BR\<T TO APPROVE & DESIRE !IR HAPP9ESS )\T RETROSPECT TO \RSELVES4 ,IT HAPP5S 9 ?IS 9/ANCE1 AS 9 ! =M]1 ?AT WE >E OCCASIONALLY ACTUAT$ BY ! MO/ P]FECT DIS9T]E/$NESS1 & WILL+LY SUBMIT TO TORTURES & DEA?1 RA!R ?AN SEE 9JURY COMMITT$ UPON ! OBJECT ( \R AFFECTIONS4 

,?US F> !RE IS A P>ALLEL NATURE 9 AV>ICE & B5EVOL5CE4 ,BUT ULTIMATELY !RE IS A WIDE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M4 ,:5 ONCE WE HAVE 5T]$ 9TO SO AUSPICIONS A PA? AS ?AT ( DIS9T]E/$NES1 REFLECTION CONFIRMS \R *OICE1 9 A S5SE 9 :I* IT NEV] CAN CONFIRM ANY ( ! FACTITI\S PASSIONS WE HAVE NAM$4 ,WE F9D BY OBS]VATION1 ?AT WE >E SURR\ND$ BY BE+S ( ! SAME NATURE ) \RSELVES4 ,!Y HAVE ! SAME S5SES1 >E SUSCEPTIBLE ( ! SAME PLEASURES & PA9S1 CAPABLE ( BE+ RAIS$ TO ! SAME EXCELL5CE1 & EMPLOY$ 9 ! SAME USEFULNESS#f4 ,WE >E ABLE 9 IMAG9ATION TO GO \T ( \RSELVES1 & BECOME IMP>TIAL SPECTATORS ( ! SY/EM ( :I* WE >E A P>T4 ,WE CAN !N MAKE AN E/IMATE ( \R 9TR9SIC & ABSOLUTE VALUE2 & DETECT ! IMPOSITION ( ?AT SELF-REG>D1 :I* W\LD REPRES5T \R [N 9T]E/ AS ( AS MU* VALUE AS ?AT ( ALL ! WORLD BESIDE4 ,! DELUSION BE+ ?US SAPP$1 WE CAN1 FROM TIME TO TIME AT LEA/1 FALL BACK 9 IDEA 9TO \R PROP] PO/1 & CULTIVATE ?OSE VIEWS & AFFECTIONS :I* MU/ BE MO/ FAMILI> TO ! MO/ P]FECT 9TELLIG5CE4 

,IT IS ADMITT$ ON ALL H&S ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE = A MAN TO SACRIFICE HIS [N EXI/5CE TO ?AT ( TW5TY O!RS4 ,H]E !N IS AN ACTION POSSESS+ V>I\S RECOMM5DATIONS3 ! ADVANTAGE TO >ISE TO TW5TY M52 !IR TRANQUILITY & HAPP9ESS ?R\< A LONG P]IOD ( REMA9+ EXI/5CE2 ! B5EFITS !Y WILL NOT FAIL TO CONF] ON ?\S&S ( !IR CONTEMPOR>IES1 & ?R\< !M ON MILLIONS ( PO/]ITY2 & LA/LY HIS [N ESCAPE FROM UNEAS9ESS1 & MOM5T>Y EXULTATION 9 AN ACT ( VIRTUE4  

,! ADVOCATES ( ! SY/EM ( SELF-LOVE >E COMPELL$ TO ASS]T ?AT ! LA/ CONSID]ATION ONLY IS ( ANY VALUE ) HIM2 & ?AT HE P]CEIVES ! REAL /ATE ( ! CASE )\T FEEL+ HIMSELF 9 ! SMALLE/ DEGREE DIRECTLY & PROP]LY AFFECT$ BY IT4 ,HE 5GAGES 9 AN ACT ( G5]OSITY )\T ONE ATOM ( TRUE SYMPA?Y1 & :OLLY & EXCLUSIVELY 9FLU5C$ BY CONSID]ATIONS ( ! MO/ SELFI% DESCRIPTION4 

,IT IS NOT EASILY TO CONCEIVE AN HYPO!SIS MORE S+UL> ?AN ?IS4 ,IT IS 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO EXP]I5CE1 & :AT EV]Y MAN SEEMS TO KN[ ( HIMSELF4 ,IT UND]TAKES TO MA9TA9 ?AT WE >E UND] A DELUSION ( ! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y SORT2 & :I* W\LD APPE> TO A P]SON NOT TRA9$ 9 A PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM ( ALL O!RS ! MO/ IMPROBABLE4 ,IT AFFIRMS ?AT WE >E :OLLY 9CAPABLE ( BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY MOTIVES :I* SEEM TO HAVE AN ABSOLUTE P[]2 ?AT ! PHILAN?ROPI/ HAS NO LOVE = MANK9D1 NOR ! PATRIOT = HIS C\NTRY2 9 A WORD ?AT1 :5 WE IMAG9E WE >E MO/ G5]\SLY CONC]N$ = ANO!R1 WE HAVE NO CONC]N = HIM1 BUT >E ANXI\S ONLY = \RSELVES4 ,UND\BT$LY A !SIS ( ?IS SORT IS 9 NE$ ( V]Y COG5T >GUM5TS TO SUPPORT IT4 

,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ 9DE$ AS *>ACT]I/IC ( EV]Y DET]M9ATION ( ! M9D ?AT1 :5 MADE1 WE FEEL UNEAS9ESS 9 ! APPREH5SION ( ANY OB/ACLE1 & PLEASURE 9 9DULG+ ! DESIRE1 & SEE+ EV5TS TURN \T CON=MABLY TO ! DESIRE4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO SAY3 '?AT ! MOTIVE ( \R PROCE$+1 9 ?IS CASE1 IS IMPATI5CE & UNEAS9ESS1 & ?AT WE >E IMPELL$ TO ! SACRIFICES :I* >E FREQU5TLY MADE1 BY ! M]E WI% TO FREE \RSELVES FROM 9TOL]ABLE PA9'4 ,IMPATI5CE & UNEAS9ESS >E ONLY G5]AT$ BY OB/ACLES TO ! ATTA9M5T ( \R DESIRES2 & WE (T5 FULFILL \R PURPOSES ) A SWIFTNESS & IMPETUOSITY ?AT LEAVE NO LEISURE = ! RECURR5CE ( PA94 ,! UNEAS9ESS ( UNFULFILL$ DESIRE IMPLIES ! DESIRE ITSELF AS ! ANTEC$5T & P>5T ( 

! UNEAS9ESS4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ,I WI% MY NEI<BOR'S ADVANTAGE ?AT ,I AM UNEASY AT HIS MIS=TUNE4 ,I %\LD NO MORE BE UNEASY AB\T ?IS ?AN AB\T ! NUMB] ( SYLLABLES CONTA9$ 9 ! PRES5T P>AGRAPH1 IF ,I HAD NOT PREVI\SLY LOV$ IT = ITS [N SAKE4 

,?IS PLEASURE & PA9 H[EV]1 ?\< NOT ! AU?ORS ( MY DET]M9ATION1 UND\BT$LY T5D TO P]PETUATE & /R5G!N IT4 ,SU* IS CONSPICU\SLY ! CASE 9 ! PRES5T 9/ANCE4 ,! MAN :O VIGILANTLY CON=MS HIS AFFECTIONS TO ! /&>D ( JU/ICE1 :O LOSES ! VIEW ( P]SONAL REG>DS 9 ! GREAT] OBJECTS ?AT 5GROSS HIS ATT5TION1 :O1 FROM MOTIVES ( B5EVOL5CE1 SITS LOOSE TO LIFE & ALL ITS PLEASURES1 & IS READY )\T A SI<1 TO SACRIFICE !M TO ! PUBLIC GOOD1 HAS AN UNCOMMONLY EXQUISITE S\RCE ( HAPP9ESS4 ,:5 HE LOOKS BACK1 HE APPLAUDS ! /ATE ( HIS [N AFFECTIONS2 &1 :5 HE LOOKS \T ( HIMSELF1 HIS S5SATIONS >E REF9$1 9 PROPORTION TO ! COMPREH5SIV5ESS ( HIS S5TIM5TS4 ,HE IS FILL$ ) H>MONY )92 & ! /ATE ( HIS ?\<TS IS UNCOMMONLY FAVORABLE TO :AT WE MAY V5TURE TO /YLE ! SUBLIME EMOTIONS ( TRANQUILITY4 ,IT IS NOT TO BE SUPPOS$ ?AT AN EXP]I5CE ( ! PLEASURES ( B5EVOL5CE %\LD NOT T5D TO CONFIRM 9 US A B5EVOL5T PROP5SITY4 

,! HYPO!SIS ( DIS9T]E/$NESS W\LD NEV] HAVE HAD SO MANY ADV]S>IES IF ! COMPLEXITY ( HUMAN MOTIVES HAD BE5 SUFFICI5TLY CONSID]$4 ,TO ILLU/RATE ?IS1 LET IT BE RECOLLECT$ ?AT EV]Y VOLUNT>Y ACTION HAS 9 IT A MIXTURE ( 9VOLUNT>Y4#g ,9 ! S5SE 9  
:I* WE HAVE US$ ! WORD MOTIVE 9 AN E>LY P>T ( ?IS WORK1#h IT IS EQUALLY DESCRIPTIVE ( ! CAUSE ( ACTION 9 BO? CASES4 ,MOTIVE MAY !RE=E BE DI/+UI%$1 ACCORD+ TO ITS DIFF]5T RELATIONS1 9TO DIRECT & 9DIRECT2 UND]/&+ BY ! DIRECT1 ?AT :I* IS PRES5T TO ! M9D ( ! AG5T AT ! TIME ( HIS DET]M9ATION1 & :I* BELONGS TO EV]Y VOLUNT>Y ACTION1 & TO SO MU* ( EV]Y ACTION AS IS VOLUNT>Y2 & BY ! 9DIRECT1 ?AT 

:I* OP]ATES )\T BE+ ADV]T$ TO BY ! M9D1 :E!R 9 ! CASE ( ACTIONS ORIG9ALLY 9VOLUNT>Y1 OR ?AT HAVE BECOME SO1 9 :OLE1 OR 9 P>T1 BY ! =CE ( HABIT4 ,?US EXPLA9$1 IT IS 9CONTROV]TIBLY EVID5T ?AT ! DIRECT MOTIVE TO MANY ( \R ACTIONS IS PURELY DIS9T]E/$4 ,WE >E CAPABLE ( SELF-OBLIVION1 AS WELL AS ( SACRIFICE4 ,ALL ?AT IS /RICTLY VOLUNT>Y1 9 ! B5EFIC5CE ( A MAN HABITUALLY G5]\S & K9D1 COMM5CES FROM ?IS PO9T3 IF O!R CONSID]ATIONS 9T]V5E 9 ! SEQUEL1 !Y >E 9DEBT$ = !IR 9T]V5TION TO ! DIS9T]E/$ MOTIVE4 ,BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ?IS TRU? IS CLE>LY E/ABLI%$1 IT IS NOT LESS TRUE1 FIR/1 ?AT ! 9DIRECT & ORIG9AL MOTIVE1 ?AT :I* LAID ! F\NDATION ( ALL \R HABITS1 IS ! LOVE ( AGREEABLE S5SATION4 ,SECONDLY1 IT IS ALSO TO BE ADMITT$ ?AT !RE IS PROBABLY SOME?+ P]SONAL DIRECTLY & P]CEPTIBLY MIX+ ITSELF ) SU* ( \R B5EFIC5T ACTIONS AS >E ( A S5SIBLE DURATION4 ,WE >E SO ACCU/OM$ TO FIX \R ATT5TION UPON AGREEABLE S5SATION ?AT WE CAN SC>CELY FAIL TO RECOLLECT1 AT EV]Y  
9T]VAL ! GRATITUDE WE %ALL EXCITE1 OR ! APPROBATION WE %ALL SECURE1 ! PLEASURE ?AT WILL RESULT TO \RSELVES FROM \R NEI<BOR'S WELL-BE+1 ! JOYS ( SELF-APPLAUSE1 OR ! UNEAS9ESS ?AT ATT5DS UPON UNGRATIFI$ DESIRE4 ,YET1 AFT] EV]Y D$UCTION ?AT CAN BE MADE1 ! DIS9T]E/$ & DIRECT MOTIVE1 ! PR(IT & ADVANTAGE ( \R NEI<BOR1 SEEMS TO OCCUPY ! PR9CIPAL PLACE4 ,?IS IS AT LEA/ !  
FIR/1 (T5 ! ONLY1 ?+ 9 ! VIEW ( ! M9D1 AT ! TIME ! ACTION IS *OS54 ,IT IS ?IS FROM :I*1 BY WAY ( EM95CE1 IT D]IVES ! *>ACT] ( VOLUNT>Y ACTION4 

,!RE IS AN OBS]VATION >IS+ 9 ?IS PLACE :I* IT SEEMS ( SOME IMPORTANCE TO M5TION4 ,PURE MALEVOL5CE IS ! C\NT]P>T ( DIS9T]E/$ VIRTUE2 & ALMO/ ALL ! CONSID]ATIONS ?AT PROVE ! EXI/5CE ( ! ONE >E ( EQUAL AVAIL TO PROVE ! EXI/5CE ( ! O!R4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< TO SAY1 ,I *OOSE ! PLEASURE OR PA9 ( MY NEI<H\R = ! SAKE ( ! GRATIFICATION ,I HAVE 9 CONTEMPLAT+ IT4 ,?IS ONLY REMOVES ! DIFFICULTY A S+LE /EP1 & 

WILL NOT ACC\NT = ! PH5OM5ON ( HABIT 9 EI!R CASE4 ,BO? ! ONE & ! O!R >E ORIG9ALLY *OS5 ) A VIEW TO AGREEABLE S5SATION2 BUT 9 BO? CASES ! ORIG9AL VIEW IS SOON =GOTT54 ,IT IS AS C]TA9 ?AT !RE >E HUMAN BE+S :O TAKE PLEASURE 9 %RIEKS & AGONY1 )\T A PROSPECT TO ANY?+ FUR!R OR DIFF]5T2 AS ?AT ! MIS] COMES AT LA/ TO REG>D HIS GU9EAS ) DELI<T1 9DEP5D5TLY ( A RECOLLECTION ( ! B5EFITS !Y MAY PUR*ASE4 

,!RE IS ONE FUR!R REM>K :I*1 ?\< BY NO MEANS SO CONCLUSIVE AS MANY ?AT HAVE BE5 ADDUC$1 \<T NOT TO BE OMITT$4 ,IF SELF-LOVE BE ! ONLY PR9CIPLE ( ACTION1 !RE CAN BE NO SU* ?+ AS VIRTUE4 ,B5EVOL5T 9T5TION IS ESS5TIAL TO VIRTUE4#i ,VIRTUE1 :]E IT EXI/S 9  
ANY EM95CE1 IS A SPECIES ( CONDUCT MODEL$ UPON A TRUE E/IMATE ( ! DIFF]5T REASONS 9VIT+ US TO PREF]5CE4 ,HE ?AT MAKES A FALSE E/IMATE1 & PREF]S A TRIVIAL & P>TIAL GOOD TO AN IMPORTANT & COMPREH5SIVE ONE1 IS VICI\S4 ,VIRTUE REQUIRES A C]TA9 DISPOSITION & VIEW ( ! M9D1 & DOES NOT BELONG TO ! GOOD :I* MAY ACCID5TALLY & UN9T5TIONALLY RESULT FROM \R PROCE$+4 ,! CR$ITOR ?AT1 FROM PURE H>DNESS ( DISPOSITION1 %\LD CA/ A MAN 9TO PRISON :O1 UNKN[N TO HIM1 WAS UPON ! PO9T ( COMMITT+ SOME ATROCI\S & SANGU9>Y ACTION1 W\LD BE NOT VIRTU\S BUT VICI\S4 ,! MIS*IEF TO RESULT FROM ! PROJECT ( HIS DEBTOR WAS NO P>T ( HIS MOTIVE2 HE ?\<T ONLY ( GRATIFY+ HIS 9ORD9ATE PASSION4 ,JU/ SO1 9 ! CASE /AT$ A LITTLE BE=E1 ! PUBLIC B5EFACTOR1 UPON ! SY/EM ( SELF-LOVE1 PREF]S A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL TO TW5TY1 OR TO TW5TY MILLIONS4 ,SO F> AS RELATES TO ! REAL M]ITS ( ! CASE1 HIS [N ADVANTAGE OR PLEASURE IS A V]Y 9SIGNIFICANT CONSID]ATION1 & ! B5EFIT TO BE PRODUC$1 SUPPOSE TO A WORLD1 IS 9E/IMABLE4 ,YET HE FALSELY & UNJU/LY PREF]S ! FIR/1 & REG>DS ! LATT]1 SEP>ATELY TAK51 AS NO?+4 ,IF !RE BE SU* A ?+ AS JU/ICE1 IF ,I HAVE A REAL & ABSOLUTE VALUE UPON :I* TRU? CAN 

DECIDE1 & :I* CAN BE COMP>$ ) :AT IS GREAT] OR LESS1 !N1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS SY/EM1 ! BE/ ACTION ?AT EV] WAS P]=M$ MAY1 = ANY?+ WE KN[1 HAVE BE5 ! ACTION1 9 ! :OLE WORLD1 ( ! MO/ EXQUISITE & DELIB]ATE 9JU/ICE4 ,NAY1 IT C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 O!RWISE1 S9CE IT PRODUC$ ! GREATE/ GOOD1 & !RE=E WAS ! 9DIVIDUAL 9/ANCE 9 :I* ! GREATE/ GOOD WAS MO/ DIRECTLY PO/PON$ TO P]SONAL GRATIFICATION4 ,SU* IS ! SPIRIT ( ! DOCTR9E WE HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO REFUTE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! JU/ RESULT ( ! >GUM5TS ABOVE ADDUC$ IS ?AT M5 >E CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ ! BEAUTY ( VIRTUE1 & ! CLAIMS ( O!R M5 UPON !IR B5EVOL5CE2 &1 UND]/&+ !M1 ?AT !SE VIEWS1 AS WELL AS EV]Y O!R P]CEPTION :I* HAS RELATION TO S5SITIVE EXI/5CE1 >E ( ! NATURE ( MOTIVES1 SOMETIMES OV]P[]$ BY O!R CONSID]ATIONS1 & SOMETIMES OV]P[]+ !M1 BUT ALWAYS 9 !IR [N NATURE CAPABLE ( EXCIT+ TO ACTION1 :5 NOT C\NT]ACT$ BY PLEAS ( A DIFF]5T SORT4 ,M5 >E CAPABLE1 NO D\BT1 ( PREF]R+ AN 9F]IOR 9T]E/ ( !IR [N TO A SUP]IOR 9T]E/ ( O!RS2 BUT ?IS PREF]5CE >ISES FROM A COMB9ATION ( CIRCUM/ANCES & IS NOT ! NECESS>Y & 9V>IABLE LAW ( \R NATURE4#a 

,!RE IS NO DOCTR9E 9 :I* ! G5]\S & ELEVAT$ M9D RE/S ) MORE SATISFACTION ?AN 9 ?AT ( :I* WE >E TREAT+4 ,IF IT BE FALSE1 IT IS NO D\BT 9CUMB5T UPON US TO MAKE ! BE/ ( ! SMALL REMNANT ( GOOD ?AT REMA9S4 ,BUT IT IS A DISC\RAG+ PROSPECT = ! MORALI/1 :O1 :5 HE HAS DONE ALL1 HAS NO HOPE 

TO P]SUADE MANK9D TO ONE ATOM ( REAL AFFECTION T[>DS ANY ONE 9DIVIDUAL ( !IR SPECIES4 ,WE MAY BE MADE 9DE$ ! 9/RUM5TS ( GOOD1 BUT 9 A WAY LESS HONORABLE ?AN ?AT 9 :I* A FRAME ( WOOD1 OR A %EET ( PAP]1 MAY BE MADE ! 9/RUM5T ( GOOD4 ,! WOOD1 OR ! PAP]1 IS AT LEA/ NEUTRAL4 ,BUT WE >E DRAWN 9TO ! S]VICE ) AFFECTIONS ( A DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,:5 WE P]=M ! MO/ B5EVOL5T ACTION1 IT IS ) A VIEW ONLY TO \R [N ADVANTAGE1 & ) ! MO/ SOV]EIGN & UNRES]V$ NEGLECT ( ?AT ( O!RS4 ,WE >E 9/RUM5TS ( GOOD1 9 ! SAME MANN] AS BAD M5 >E SAID TO BE ! 9/RUM5TS ( PROVID5CE1 EV5 :5 !IR 9CL9ATIONS >E MO/ REFRACTORY TO ITS DECREES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 WE MAY ADMIRE ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE1 :]E PUBLIC UTILITY RESULTS FROM EA* MAN'S CONTEMPT (  
?AT UTILITY1 & :]E ! MO/ B5EFICIAL ACTIONS1 ( ?OSE :OM WE HAVE BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO T]M ! BE/ M51 >E ONLY 9/ANCES 9 :I* JU/ICE & ! REAL M]ITS ( ! CASE >E MO/ FLAGRANTLY VIOLAT$4 ,BUT WE CAN ?9K ) LITTLE COMPLAC5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ( :OM ?IS UNIV]SE IS COMPOS$4 ,IT IS NO WOND] ?AT PHILOSOPH]S :OSE SY/EM HAS TAU<T !M TO LOOK UPON !IR FELL[ M5 AS ?US P]V]SE & UNJU/ HAVE BE5 FREQU5TLY COLD 9 !IR TEMP]1 OR N>R[ 9 !IR DESIGNS4 ,IT IS NO WOND] ?AT ,R\SSEAU1 ! MO/ B5EVOL5T ( !M1 & :O MO/ ESCAP$ ! G5]AL CONTAGION1 HAS BE5 DRIV5 TO PLACE ! P]FECTION ( VIRTUE 9 DO+ NO 9JURY4#a#a ,NEI!R PHILOSOPHY1 NOR MORALITY1 NOR POLITICS WILL EV] %[ LIKE ITSELF TILL MAN %ALL BE  
ACKN[L$G$ = :AT HE REALLY IS1 A BE+ CAPABLE ( RECTITUDE1 VIRTUE & B5EVOL5CE1 & :O NE$S NOT ALWAYS BE L$ TO ACTIONS ( G5]AL UTILITY1 BY =EIGN & FRIVOL\S CONSID]ATIONS4 

,! SY/EM ( DIS9T]E/$ B5EVOL5CE PROVES TO US ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO BE VIRTU\S1 & NOT M]ELY TO TALK ( VIRTUE2 ?AT ALL :I* HAS BE5 SAID BY PHILOSOPH]S 

& MORALI/S RESPECT+ IMP>TIAL JU/ICE IS NOT AN UNMEAN+ RANT2 & ?AT1 :5 WE CALL UPON MANK9D TO DIVE/ !MSELVES ( SELFI% & P]SONAL CONSID]ATIONS1 WE CALL UPON !M = SOME?+ !Y >E ABLE TO PRACTICE4 ,AN IDEA LIKE ?IS RECONCILES US TO \R SPECIES2 TEA*ES US TO REG>D1 ) 5LI<T5$ ADMIRATION1 ! M5 :O HAVE APPE>$ TO LOSE ! FEEL+ ( !IR P]SONAL EXI/5CE1 9 ! PURSUIT ( G5]AL ADVANTAGE2 & GIVES US REASON TO EXPECT ?AT1 AS M5 COLLECTIVELY ADVANCE 9 SCI5CE & USEFUL 9/ITUTION1 !Y WILL PROCE$ MORE & MORE TO CONSOLIDATE !IR PRIVATE JUDGM5T1 & !IR 9DIVIDUAL WILL1 ) AB/RACT JU/ICE1 & ! UNMIX$ APPROBATION ( G5]AL HAPP9ESS4 

,:AT >E ! 9F]5CES ?AT \<T TO BE MADE FROM ?IS DOCTR9E ) RESPECT TO POLITICAL 9/ITUTION8 ,C]TA9LY NOT ?AT ! 9T]E/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL \<T TO BE MADE 9COMPATIBLE ) ! P>T HE IS EXPECT$ TO TAKE 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! :OLE4 ,?IS IS NEI!R DESIRABLE1 NOR EV5 POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ?AT SOCIAL 9/ITUTION NE$S NOT DESPAIR ( SEE+ M5 9FLU5C$ BY O!R & BETT] MOTIVES4 ,! TRUE POLITICIAN IS B\ND TO RECOLLECT ?AT ! P]FECTION ( M9D CONSI/S 9 DIS9T]E/$NESS4 ,HE %\LD REG>D IT AS ! ULTIMATE OBJECT ( HIS EX]TIONS TO 9DUCE M5 TO E/IMATE !MSELVES AT !IR JU/ VALUE1 & NEI!R TO GRANT TO !MSELVES1 NOR CLAIM FROM O!RS1 A HI<] CONSID]ATION ?AN !Y DES]VE4 ,ABOVE ALL1 HE %\LD BE C>EFUL NOT TO ADD VIGOR TO ! SELFI% PASSIONS4 ,HE %\LD GRADUALLY WEAN M5 FROM CONTEMPLAT+ !IR [N B5EFIT 9 ALL ?AT !Y DO1 & 9DUCE !M TO VIEW ) COMPLAC5CE ! ADVANTAGE ?AT IS TO RESULT TO O!RS4 ,GREAT MIS*IEF1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 HAS PROBABLY BE5 DONE BY ?OSE MORALI/S :O ?9K ONLY ( /IMULAT+ M5 TO GOOD DE$S BY CONSID]ATIONS ( FRIGID PRUD5CE & M]C5>Y SELF-9T]E/1 & NEV] APPLY !MSELVES TO EXCITE ONE G5]\S & MAGNANIM\S S5TIM5T ( \R NATURES4 ,?IS HAS BE5 TOO MU* ! CASE ) ! TEA*]S ( RELIGION1 EV5 ?OSE ( !M :O >E MO/ EAG] 9 !IR HO/ILITY TO RELIGI\S 5?USIASM4 

,! LA/ P]FECTION ( ! S5TIM5T H]E V9DICAT$ CONSI/S 9 ?AT /ATE ( M9D :I* BIDS US REJOICE AS FULLY 9 ! GOOD ?AT IS DONE BY O!RS1 AS IF IT W]E DONE BY \RSELVES4 ,! MAN :O %ALL HAVE ATTA9$ TO ?IS IMPROVEM5T WILL BE ACTUAT$ NEI!R BY 9T]E/ NOR AMBITION1 ! LOVE ( HONOR1 NOR ! LOVE ( FAME4 ,HE HAS A DUTY 9DE$ OBLIG+ HIM TO SEEK ! GOOD ( ! :OLE2 BUT ?AT GOOD IS HIS ONLY OBJECT4 ,IF ?AT GOOD BE EFFECT$ BY ANO!R H&1 HE FEELS NO DISAPPO9TM5T4 ,ALL M5 >E HIS FELL[ LABOR]S1 BUT HE IS ! RIVAL ( NO MAN4 ,LIKE ,P$>ETUS 9 ANCI5T /ORY1 HE IS READY TO EXCLAIM3 ',I ALSO HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO DES]VE2 BUT !RE >E ?REE HUNDR$ CITIZ5S 9 ,SP>TA BETT] ?AN MYSELF1 & ,I REJOICE4' 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a 
,BOOK ,I1 ,*AP4 ,V1 P4 #a#a#i1 #abg 

#b 
,P>TICUL>LY ,%AFTESBURY1 ,BUTL]1 ,HUT*ESON & ,HUME4 ,! ACTIVE & >D5T SPIRIT ( ! F\ND]S ( RELIGION1 HAS P]HAPS ALWAYS C>RI$ !M 9TO ! LIB]AL SY/EM4 ,SEE ,M,A,T,T4 *4 XXII4 V]4 #c#g-#d#a 

#c 
,BOOK ,I1 ,*AP4 ,V1 P4 #aai 

#d 
,BOOK ,I,V1 ,*AP4 ,V,I,I1 P4 #c#g#f"9 

#e 

,BOOK ,I1 ,*AP4 ,V1 P4 #f#d"9 

#f 
,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,I,I,I1 P4 #a#d#f"9 

#g 
,BOOK ,I1 ,*AP4 ,V1 P4 #abg 

#h 
,BOOK ,I1 ,*AP4 ,V1 P4 #aai 

#i 
,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,I,V 

#a 
,SOME P]SONS1 FRI5DLY TO ! DOCTR9E ( ?IS *APT]1 HAVE OBJECT$ TO ! REM>K ?AT 'UPON ! SY/EM ( SELF-LOVE1 !RE CAN BE NO SU* ?+ AS VIRTUE'1 AS TOO BROAD1 OR TOO 9CAUTI\SLY EXPRESS$4 ,UND\BT$LY IT WAS NOT 9T5D$ 9 ?IS PLACE TO ASS]T ?AT ! DIFF]5T T5D5CIES ( ACTIONS W\LD NOT REMA9 UPON BO? SY/EMS1 OR ?AT HABITS CONDUCIVE TO ! G5]AL WELF>E W\LD NOT DES]VE TO BE S$UL\SLY CULTIVAT$1 9 \RSELVES & O!RS1 H[EV] MEAN & IGNOBLE MI<T BE ! MOTIVES FROM :I* !Y SPRUNG4 

#aa 
',LA PLUS SUBLIME V]TU E/ NEGATIVE2 ELLE N[S 9/RUIT DE NE JAMAIS FAIRE DU MAL A P]SONNE4' ,EMILE1 ,LIV4 ,I,I4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #agib 3 ,BOOK #d1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#f1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #d1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/