,BOOK #d1 ,*APT] #f1 ,APP5DIX #a 
,ILLU/RATIONS ( ,S9C]ITY 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,! TEXT IS TAK5 FROM MY COPY ( ! F\R? $ITION1 #a#h#d#b4 ,?IS V]SION ( ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE1 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#i#c1 IS BAS$ ON ! CORRECT$ ?IRD $ITION1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#i#h4 

  

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,APP5DIX ,I 

  
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,QUE/ION PROPOS$4 - ,]RONE\S MAXIMS UPON ?IS HEAD REFUT$4 - ,G5]AL  
 PR9CIPLES & !ORIES E/IMAT$4 - ,AN 9JURI\S DI/9CTION EXPOS$ 4 
 - ,LIMITATIONS ( S9C]ITY4 - ,>GUM5TS1 AF@9IRMATIVE & NEGATIVE4 -  
 ,9F]5CE4 - ,CONCLUSION4 

,!,R,E IS AN IMPORTANT 9QUIRY :I* CANNOT FAIL TO SUGGE/ ITSELF 9 ?IS PLACE4 0,UNIV]SAL S9C]ITY HAS BE5 %[N TO BE PREGNANT ) UNSPEAKABLE ADVANTAGES4 ,! 5LI<T5$ FRI5D ( ! HUMAN SPECIES CANNOT FAIL ANXI\SLY TO ANTICIPATE ! TIME :5 EA* MAN %ALL SPEAK TRU? ) HIS NEI<BOR4 ,BUT :AT CONDUCT DOES IT BEHOOVE US TO OBS]VE 9 ! 9T]VAL8 ,>E WE TO PRACTICE AN UNRES]V$ & UNI=M S9C]ITY1 :ILE ! WORLD AB\T US ACTS UPON SO DIFF]5T A PLAN8 ,IF S9C]ITY %\LD EV] BECOME *>ACT]I/IC ( ! COMMUNITY 9 :I* WE LIVE1 \R NEI<BOR WILL !N BE PREP>$ TO HE> ! TRU?1 & TO MAKE USE ( ! COMUNICATION 9 A WAY ?AT %ALL BE MANLY1 G5]\S & JU/4 ,BUT1 AT PRES5T1 WE %ALL BE LIABLE TO WAK5 ! RES5TM5T ( SOME1 & TO SUBJECT TO A TRIAL BEYOND ITS /R5G? ! =TITUDE ( O!RS4 ,BY A DIRECT & ILL-TIM$ TRU? WE MAY NOT ONLY 9CUR ! =FEITURE ( \R WORLDLY PROSPECTS1 BUT ( \R USEFULNESS1 & SOMETIMES ( \R LIVES40 

,ASCETIC & PURITANICAL SY/EMS ( MORALITY HAVE ACCU/OM$ !IR VOT>IES TO GIVE A %ORT ANSW] TO !SE DIFFICULTIES1 BY DIRECT+ US 0TO DO \R DUTY1 )\T REG>D TO CONSEQU5CES1 & UN9FLU5C$ BY A CONSID]ATION ( :AT MAY BE ! CONDUCT ( O!RS40 ,BUT !SE MAXIMS WILL NOT PASS UNEXAM9$ ) ! MAN :O CONSID]S MORALITY AS A SUBJECT ( REASON+1 & PLACES ITS F\NDATION 9 A PR9CIPLE ( UTILITY4 0,TO DO \R DUTY )\T REG>D TO CONSEQU5CES10 IS1 UPON ?IS PR9CIPLE1 A MAXIM COMPLETELY ABSURD & SELF-CONTRADICTORY4 ,MORALITY IS NO?+ ELSE BUT A CALCULATION ( CONSEQU5CES1 & AN ADOPTION ( ?AT MODE ( CONDUCT :I*1 UPON ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE VIEW1 APPE>S TO BE ATT5D$ ) A BALANCE ( G5]AL PLEASURE & HAPP9ESS4 ,NOR WILL ! O!R P>T ( ! PRECEPT ABOVE /AT$ APPE>1 UPON EXAM9ATION1 TO BE LESS ]RONE\S4 ,!RE >E MANY 9/ANCES 9 :I* ! SELECTION ( ! CONDUCT ,I %\LD PURSUE ALTOGE!R DEP5DS UPON A =ESI<T ( 0:AT WILL BE ! CONDUCT ( O!RS40 ,TO :AT PURPOSE CONTRIBUTE MY SUBSCRIPTION TO AN OBJECT ( PUBLIC UTILITY1 A BRIDGE1 = EXAMPLE1 OR A CANAL1 AT A TIME :5 ,I C]TA9LY =EKN[ ?AT ! SUBSCRIPTION WILL NOT BE G5]ALLY C\NT5ANC$8 ,%ALL ,I GO & COMPLETE SU* A PORTION ( MASONRY UPON ! SPOT AS1 IF ALL MY NEI<BORS W\LD DO ! SAME1 W\LD EFFECT ! DESIR$ PURPOSE1 ?\< ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT NO ONE BESIDE MYSELF WILL MOVE A F+] 9 ! UND]TAK+8 ,!RE >E V>I\S REGULATIONS RESPECT+ \R HABITS ( LIV+1 EXP5DITURE & ATTIRE :I*1 IF G5]ALLY ADOPT$1 W\LD PROBABLY BE ( ! HI<E/ B5EFIT1 :I* YET1 IF ACT$ UPON BY A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 MI<T BE PRODUCTIVE ( NO?+ BUT 9JURY4 ,I CANNOT PRET5D TO LAUN* A %IP OR REPEL AN >MY BY MYSELF1 ?\< EI!R ( !SE MI<T BE ?+S1 ABSOLUTELY CONSID]$1 HI<LY PROP] TO BE DONE4 

,! DUTY ( S9C]ITY IS ONE ( ?OSE G5]AL PR9CIPLES :I* REFLECTION & EXP]I5CE HAVE 5JO9$ UPON US AS CONDUCIVE TO ! HAPP9ESS ( MANK9D4 ,LET US 9QUIRE !N 9TO ! NATURE & ORIG9 ( G5]AL PR9CIPLES4 ,5GAG$1 AS M5 >E1 9 P]PETUAL 9T]C\RSE ) !IR NEI<BORS1 & CON/ANTLY LIABLE TO BE CALL$ UPON )\T ! SMALLE/ PREVI\S NOTICE1 9 CASES :]E ! 9T]E/ ( !IR FELL[S IS DEEPLY 9VOLV$1 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE = !M1 UPON ALL OCCASIONS1 TO D$UCE1 ?R\< A *A9 ( REASON+1 ! JUDGM5T :I* %\LD BE FOLL[$4 ,H5CE ! NECESSITY ( RE/+-PLACES = ! M9D1 ( D$UCTIONS1 ALREADY /OR$ 9 ! MEMORY1 & PREP>$ = APPLICATION AS CIRCUM/ANCES MAY DEM&4 ,WE F9D ?IS NECESSITY EQUALLY URG5T UPON US 9 MATT]S ( SCI5CE & AB/RACTION AS 9 CONDUCT & MORALS4 ,!ORY HAS ALSO A FUR!R USE4 ,IT S]VES AS A P]PETUAL EX]CISE & ALIM5T TO ! UND]/&+1 & R5D]S US COMPET5T & VIGOR\S TO JUDGE 9 EV]Y SITUATION ?AT CAN OCCUR4 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE IDLE & %ALL[ ?AN ! COMPETITION :I* SOME M5 HAVE SET UP BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE CAN NEV] PR$ICT1 FROM !ORY ALONE1 ! SUCCESS ( ANY GIV5 EXP]IM5T4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT NO !ORY1 ACCURATELY SPEAK+1 CAN POSSIBLY BE PRACTICAL4 ,IT IS ! BUS9ESS ( !ORY TO COLLECT ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( A C]TA9 SET ( CASES1 & >RANGE !M4 ,IT W\LD CEASE TO BE !ORY IF IT DID NOT LEAVE \T MANY CIRCUM/ANCES2 IT COLLECTS SU* AS >E G5]AL1 & LEAVES \T SU* AS >E P>TICUL>4 ,9 PRACTICE H[EV]1 ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES 9EVITABLY >ISE :I* >E NECESS>ILY OMITT$ 9 ! G5]AL PROCESS3 !Y CAUSE ! PH5OM5ON1 9 V>I\S WAYS1 TO 9CLUDE FEATURES :I* W]E NOT 9 ! PR$ICTION1 & TO BE DIV]SIFI$ 9 ?OSE ?AT W]E4 ,YET !ORY IS ( ! HI<E/ USE2 & ?OSE :O DECRY IT MAY EV5 BE PROV$ NOT TO UND]/& !MSELVES4 ,!Y DO NOT MEAN ?AT M5 %\LD ALWAYS ACT 9 A P>TICUL> CASE1 )\T ILLU/RATION FROM ANY O!R CASE1 = ?AT W\LD BE TO DEPRIVE US ( ALL UND]/&+4 ,! MOM5T WE BEG9 TO COMP>E CASES1 & 9F]1 WE BEG9 TO !ORIZE2 NO TWO ?+S 9 ! UNIV]SE W]E EV] P]FECTLY ALIKE4 ,! G5U9E EX]CISE ( MAN !RE=E IS TO !ORIZE1 = ?IS IS1 9 O!R WORDS1 TO %>P5 & IMPROVE HIS 9TELLECT2 BUT NOT TO BECOME ! SLAVE ( !ORY1 OR AT ANY TIME TO =GET ?AT IT IS1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 PRECLUD$ FROM COMPREH5D+ ! :OLE ( :AT CLAIMS \R ATT5TION4 

,TO APPLY ?IS TO ! CASE ( MORALS4 ,G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY >E SO F> VALUABLE AS !Y TRULY DEL9EATE ! MEANS ( UTILITY1 PLEASURE1 OR HAPP9ESS4 ,BUT EV]Y ACTION ( ANY HUMAN BE+ HAS ITS APPROPRIATE RESULT2 &1 ! MORE CLOSELY IT IS EXAM9$1 ! MORE TRULY WILL ?AT RESULT APPE>4 ,G5]AL RULES & !ORIES >E NOT 9FALLIBLE4 ,IT W\LD BE PREPO/]\S TO SUPPOSE ?AT1 9 ORD] TO JUDGE FAIRLY1 & CONDUCT MYSELF PROP]LY1 ,I \<T ONLY TO LOOK AT A ?+ FROM A C]TA9 DI/ANCE1 & NOT CONSID] IT M9UTELY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I \<T1 AS F> AS LIES 9 MY P[]1 TO EXAM9E EV]Y?+ UPON ITS [N GR\NDS1 & DECIDE CONC]N+ IT UPON ITS [N M]ITS4 ,TO RE/ 9 G5]AL RULES IS SOMETIMES A NECESSITY :I* \R IMP]FECTION IMPOSES UPON US1 & SOMETIMES ! REFUGE ( \R 9DOL5CE2 BUT ! TRUE DIGNITY ( HUMAN REASON IS1 AS MU* AS WE >E ABLE1 TO GO BEYOND !M1 TO HAVE \R FACULTIES 9 ACT UPON EV]Y OCCASION ?AT OCCURS1 & TO CONDUCT \RSELVES ACCORD+LY4 

,!RE IS AN OBS]VATION NECESS>Y TO BE MADE1 TO PREV5T ANY ]RONE\S APPLICATION ( !SE REASON+S4 ,9 ! MORALITY ( EV]Y ACTION TWO ?+S >E TO BE CONSID]$1 ! DIRECT1 & ! REMOTE CONSEQU5CES ) :I* IT IS ATT5D$4 ,!RE >E NUM]\S MODES ( PROCE$+ :I* MI<T BE PRODUCTIVE ( IMM$IATE PLEASURE ?AT W\LD HAVE SO ILL AN EFFECT UPON ! P]MAN5T /ATE ( ONE OR MANY 9DIVIDUALS AS TO R5D] !M1 9 EV]Y RATIONAL E/IMATE1 OBJECTS1 NOT ( *OICE1 BUT ( AV]SION4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY ! CASE 9 RELATION TO ?AT VIEW ( ANY ACTION :]EBY IT BECOMES A M$IUM 5ABL+ ! SPECTATOR TO PR$ICT ! NATURE ( FUTURE ACTIONS4 ,IT IS ) ! CONDUCT ( \R FELL[ BE+S1 AS ) ! C\RSE ( 9ANIMATE NATURE3 IF EV5TS DID NOT SUCCE$ EA* O!R 9 A C]TA9 ORD]1 !RE C\LD BE NEI!R JUDGM5T1 NOR WISDOM1 NOR MORALITY4 ,CONFID5CE1 9 ! ORD] ( ! SEASONS1 & ! PROGRESS ( VEGETATION1 5C\RAGES US TO S[ \R FIELD1 9 EXPECTATION ( A FUTURE H>VE/4 ,CONFID5CE1 9 ! *>ACT]S ( \R FELL[ M51 ?AT !Y WILL = ! MO/ P>T BE GOV]N$ BY ! REASON ( ! CASE1 ?AT !Y WILL NEI!R ROB1 NOR DEFRAUD1 NOR DECEIVE US1 IS NOT LESS ESS5TIAL TO ! EXI/5CE ( CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,H5CE >ISES A SPECIES ( >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( G5]AL RULES1 NOT HI!RTO M5TION$4 ,! REMOTE CONSEQU5CES ( AN ACTION1 ESPECIALLY AS !Y RELATE TO ! FULFILL+1 OR NOT FULFILL+1 ! EXPECTATION EXCIT$1 DEP5D *IEFLY ON G5]AL CIRCUM/ANCES1 & NOT UPON P>TICUL>S2 BELONG TO ! CLASS1 & NOT TO ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BUT ?IS MAKES NO ESS5TIAL ALT]ATION 9 :AT WAS BE=E DELIV]$4 ,IT WILL /ILL BE 9CUMB5T ON US1 :5 CALL$ 9TO ACTION1 TO E/IMATE ! NATURE ( ! P>TICUL> CASE1 ?AT WE MAY ASC]TA9 :]E ! URG5CY ( SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES IS SU* AS TO SUP]S$E RULES ?AT >E G5]ALLY OBLIGATORY4 

,TO RETURN TO ! P>TICUL> CASE ( S9C]ITY4 ,S9C]ITY & PLA9 DEAL+ >E OBVI\SLY1 9 ! MAJORITY ( HUMAN ACTIONS1 ! BE/ POLICY1 IF WE CONSID] ONLY ! 9T]E/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & EXT5D \R CALCULATION ( ?AT 9T]E/ ONLY OV] A V]Y %ORT P]IOD4 ,NO MAN WILL BE WILD 5\< TO ASS]T1 EV5 9 ?IS LIMIT$ S5SE1 ?AT IT IS SELDOM] \R POLICY TO SPEAK TRU? ?AN TO LIE4 ,S9C]ITY & PLA9 DEAL+ >E EM95TLY CONDUCIVE TO ! 9T]E/ ( MANK9D AT L>GE1 BECAUSE !Y AF=D GR\ND = ?AT CONFID5CE & REASONABLE EXPECTATION :I* >E ESS5TIAL BO? TO WISDOM & VIRTUE4 ,YET IT MAY ) PROPRIETY BE ASK$1 0,:E!R CASES DO NOT EXI/ ( PECULI> EM]G5CY1 :]E ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( S9C]ITY & SPEAK+ ! TRU?1 \<T TO BE SUP]S$$80 

,UND\BT$LY ?IS IS A QUE/ION1 TO ! TREATM5T ( :I* WE %\LD ADVANCE1 ) SOME DEGREE ( CAUTION & DELICACY4 ,YET IT W\LD BE A /RANGE 9/ANCE ( 9CONSI/5CY ?AT %\LD 9DUCE US1 RI<T OR WRONG1 TO RECOMM5D A UNIV]SAL FRANKNESS1 FROM AN APPREH5SION ( ! ABUSES :I* MAY FOLL[ FROM AN OPPOSITE DOCTR9E2 & ?US 9CUR A *>GE ( DECEPTION1 9 ! V]Y ACT ( P]SUAD+ \R NEI<BORS ?AT DECEPTION IS 9 NO 9/ANCE TO BE ADMITT$4 

,SOME P]SONS1 FROM AN EXTREME T5D]NESS ( C\NT5ANC+ ANY P>TICLE ( 9S9C]ITY1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT !Y FELT ! DIFFICULTY ( RECOMM5D+ ! OPPOSITE PRACTICE 9 EV]Y IMAG9ABLE CASE1 HAVE ?\<T PROP] TO ALLEGE1 0?AT IT IS NOT ! PROPAGATION ( TRU?1 BUT ( FALSEHOOD WE HAVE TO FE>2 & ?AT ! :OLE AGA9/ :I* WE >E B\ND TO BE UPON \R GU>D IS ! TELL+ TRU? 9 SU* A MANN] AS TO PRODUCE ! EFLECTS ( FALSE HOOD40 

,?IS WILL P]HAPS BE F\ND UPON EXAM9ATION TO BE AN 9JUDICI\S & MIS*IEV\S DI/9CTION4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 IT IS ( GREAT B5EFIT TO ! CAUSE ( MORALITY ?AT ?+S %\LD BE CALL$ BY !IR RI<T NAMES1 )\T V>NI% OR SUBT]FUGE4 ,I AM EI!R TO TELL ! SIMPLE & OBVI\S TRU?1 OR ,I AM NOT2 ,I AM TO SUPPRESS1 OR ,I AM NOT TO SUPPRESS3 ?IS IS ! ALT]NATIVE UPON :I* ! PRES5T QUE/ION CALLS US TO DECIDE4 ,IF SUPPRESSION1 CONCEALM5T OR FALSEHOOD CAN 9 ANY CASE BE MY DUTY1 LET IT BE KN[N TO BE SU*2 ,I %ALL AT LEA/ HAVE ?IS ADVANTAGE1 ,I %ALL BE AW>E ?AT IT CAN ONLY BE MY DUTY 9 SOME EXTRAORD9>Y EM]G5CE4 ,SECONDLY1 :ATEV] REASON CAN BE ASSIGN$ = MY NOT COMMUNICAT+ ! TRU? 9 ! =M 9 :I* IT ORIG9ALLY SUGGE/S ITSELF TO MY M9D MU/1 IF IT BE A GOOD REASON1 ULTIMATELY RESOLVE ITSELF 9TO A REASON ( UTILITY4 ,S9C]ITY ITSELF IS A DUTY ONLY = REASONS ( UTILITY2 IT SEEMS ABSURD !RE=E1 IF1 9 ANY CASE1 TRU? IS NOT TO BE COMMUNICAT$ 9 ITS MO/ OBVI\S =M1 TO SEEK = ! REASON RA!R 9 ! SECOND>Y PR9CIPLE ( S9C]ITY ?AN 9 ! P>AM\NT & ORIG9AL PR9CIPLE ( G5]AL UTILITY4 ,LA/LY1 ?IS DI/9CTION IS ( A NATURE ?AT SEEMS TO DES]VE ?AT WE %\LD REG>D IT ) A WAT*FUL & JEAL\S EYE1 ON ACC\NT ( ITS VAGUE & 9DEF9ITE APPLICATION4 ,IF ! QUE/ION W]E RESPECT+ ! MODE ( MY COMMUNICAT+ TRU?1 !RE C\LD NOT P]HAPS BE A BETT] MAXIM ?AN ?AT ,I %\LD TAKE C>E SO TO COMMUNICATE IT1 ?AT IT MI<T HAVE ! EFFECTS ( TRU?1 & NOT ( FALSEHOOD4 ,BUT IT WILL BE EXTREMELY DANG]\S IF ,I ACCU/OM MYSELF TO MAKE ?IS ! TE/ :E!R ,I %ALL COMMUNICATE IT OR NO4 ,IT IS A MAXIM ?AT SEEMS EXACTLY FITT$ TO FALL 9 ) ?AT 9DOL5CE & WANT ( 5T]PRISE :I*1 9 SOME DEGREE OR O!R1 >E *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL HUMAN M9DS4 ,ADD TO :I*1 IT IS A MAXIM :I* MAY BE APPLI$ )\T ! POSSIBILITY ( LIMITATION4 ,!RE IS NO 9/ANCE 9 :I* TRU? CAN BE COMMUNICAT$ ABSOLUTE6Y PURE4 ,WE CAN ONLY MAKE APPROXIMATIONS TO SU* A PROCE$+1 )\T EV] BE+ ABLE FULLY TO >RIVE AT IT4 ,IT WILL BE LIABLE TO SOME MISCON/RUCTION1 TO SOME WANT ( CLE>NESS & PRECISION1 TO ! EXCIT+ SOME PASSIONS ?AT \<T TO LIE = EV] DORMANT4 ,?IS MAXIM !RE=E WILL EI!R PROVE TOO MU*1 OR IS ONE TO :I* NO REC\RSE MU/ BE HAD1 BUT AFT] SU* AN 9VE/IGATION ( ! CAPACITIES ( ! HUMAN M9D 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL 9/ANCE AS TO MAKE ! IDEA ( 9TRODUC+ A G5]AL MAXIM BY WAY ( COMP5DIUM RIDICUL\S4 

,HAV+ CLE>$ ! SUBJECT ( ?OSE AMBIGUITIES 9 :I* IT HAS SOMETIMES BE5 9VOLV$1 LET US PROCE$ TO ! 9VE/IGATION ( ! ORIG9AL QUE/ION2 & = ?IS PURPOSE IT MAY BE USEFUL TO TAKE UP ! SUBJECT A LITTLE HI<]1 & RECUR TO ! BASIS ( MORAL OBLIGATION4 

,ALL JU/ REASON+ 9 SUBJECTS ( MORALITY HAS BE5 F\ND TO DEP5D UPON ?IS AS ITS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE1 ?AT EA* MAN IS B\ND TO CONSID] HIMSELF AS A DEBTOR 9 ALL HIS FACULTIES1 HIS OPPORTUNITIES1 & HIS 9DU/RY1 TO ! G5]AL WELF>E4 ,?IS IS A DEBT :I* MU/ BE ALWAYS PAY+1 NEV] DIS*>G$4 ,EV]Y MOM5T ( MY LIFE CAN BE BETT] EMPLOY$1 OR IT CANNOT2 IF IT CANNOT1 ,I AM 9 ?AT V]Y 9/ANCE1 H[EV] SEEM+LY 9CONSID]ABLE1 PLAY+ ! P>T ( A TRUE PATRIOT ( HUMAN K9D2 IF IT CAN1 ,I !N 9EVITABLY 9CUR SOME PORTION ( DEL9QU5CY4 ,CONSID]+ ! SUBJECT 9 ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 !RE >E TWO >TICLES1 :I* WILL ALWAYS /& AMONG ! LEAD+ PR9CIPLES ( MORAL DECISION1 ! GOOD TO RESULT FROM ! ACTION IMM$IATELY PROPOS$1 & ! ADVANTAGE TO ! PUBLIC ( MY PRES]V+ 9 EXI/5CE & VIGOR ! MEANS ( FUTURE USEFULNESS4 ,EV]Y MAN1 SUFFICICNTLY IMPRESS$ ) A S5SE ( HIS DEBT TO ! SPECIES1 WILL FEEL HIMSELF OBLIG$ TO SCRUPLE ! LAY+ \T HIS 5TIRE /R5G?1 & =FEIT+ HIS LIFE1 UPON ANY S+LE 9/ANCE ( PUBLIC EX]TION4 ,!RE IS A C]TA9 PROCE$+ :I*1 9 ITSELF CONSID]$1 ,I \<T ?IS DAY TO ADOPT2 *ANGE ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 & MAKE IT UNQUE/IONABLE ?AT1 IF ADOPT$1 MY LIFE WILL BE ! =FEIT1 WILL ?AT MAKE NO *ANGE 9 MY DUTY8 ,?IS IS A QUE/ION :I* HAS BE5 PREVI\SLY ANTICIPAT$4#a 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 TO R5D] ! DECISION 9 ! SUBJECT BE=E US /ILL MORE SATISFACTORY1 LET US SUPPOSE A CASE 9 :I* ! UTT]+ A FALSEHOOD %ALL BE ! ONLY MEANS BY :I* ,I CAN ESCAPE FROM A M5ACE ( 9/ANT DE/RUCTION4 ,LET IT BE ?AT ( A VIRTU\S MAN1 PROSCRIB$ & HUNT$ BY ! UNJU/ USURP]S ( ! GOV]NM5T ( HIS C\NTRY1 & :O HAS REASON TO KN[ ?AT1 IF DISCOV]$1 HE WILL FALL AN IMM$IATE VICTIM TO !IR SANGU9>Y POLICY4 ,\<T HE1 IF QUE/ION$ AS TO :O HE IS1 BY !IR MYRMIDONS1 TO R5D] HIMSELF ! 9/RUM5T ( !IR TRIUMPH 9 HIS DEA?1 RA!R ?AN AFFIRM AN UNTRU?8 ,\<T ! MAN TO :OM HE MAY HAVE 5TRU/$ HIS SECRET & HIS LIFE TO PRES]VE HIS S9C]ITY1 AT ! EXP5SE ( BETRAY+ HIS TRU/1 & DE/ROY+ HIS FRI5D8 ,LET US /ATE ! SEV]AL >GUM5TS ?AT (F] !MSELVES ON BO? SIDES ( ?IS QUE/ION4 

,! ADVANTAGES AFFIRM$ ( S9C]ITY 9 G5]AL WILL BE F\ND EQUALLY TO HOLD 9 ?IS 9/ANCE4 ,ALL FALSEHOOD HAS A T5D5CY TO 5]VATE ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT PRACTICES IT4 ,) :AT S5TIM5TS ( M9D IS HE TO UTT] ! FALSEHOOD 9 QUE/ION8 ,%ALL HE 5DEAVOR TO R5D] IT COMPLETE1 & EFFECTUALLY TO MISLEAD ! P]SONS TO :OM IT RELATES8 ,?IS WILL REQUIRE A SY/EMATICAL HYPOCRISY1 & A VIGILANT ATT5TION LE/ HIS FEATURES & GE/URES %\LD PROVE SO MANY 9DICATIONS ( :AT IS PASS+ 9 HIS M9D4 ,ADD TO ?IS1 ?AT BY SU* A CONDUCT HE IS CONTRIBUT+ HIS P>T TO ! CUTT+ (F ! 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 M5'S TONGUES & !IR S5TIM5TS1 9FUS+ G5]AL DI/RU/1 & TRIFL+ ) ! MO/ SACR$ PL$GE ( HUMAN 9TEGRITY4 ,TO ASS]T1 9 A FIRM & RESOLUTE MANN]1 ! ?+ ?AT IS NOT1 IS AN ACTION FROM :I* ! HUMAN M9D UNCONQU]ABLY REVOLTS4 ,TO AV[ ! TRU? ) A SPIRIT$ DEFIANCE ( CONSEQU5CES HAS SOME?+ 9 IT SO LIB]AL & MAGNANIM\S AS TO PRODUCE A RESPONSIVE FEEL+ 9 EV]Y HUMAN HE>T4 ,NOR IS IT TO BE =GOTT5 ?AT ! ?REAT5$ CONSEQU5CES CAN SC>CELY1 9 ANY 9/ANCE1 BE REG>D$ AS C]TA94 ,! 9TREPIDITY ( HIS BEHAVIOR1 ! SOBRIETY & DIGNIFI$ MOD]ATION ( HIS C>RIAGE1 & ! REASONABL5ESS ( HIS EXPO/ULATIONS MAY BE SU* AS TO DIS>M ! BITT]E/ FOE4 

,LET US CONSID] ! >GUM5TS ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! QUE/ION4 ,& H]E IT MAY BE OBS]V$ ?AT !RE IS NO?+ REALLY HUMILIAT+ 9 ! DIS*>GE ( \R DUTY4 ,IF IT CAN BE %[N ?AT COMPLIANCE1 9 ! 9/ANCE DESCRIB$1 IS ?AT :I* IT IS 9CUMB5T TO YIELD1 !N1 )\T D\BT1 WE \<T TO FEEL SELF-APPROBATION1 & NOT C5SURE 9 ! YIELD+ IT4 ,!RE >E MANY DUTIES :I* ! HABITS ( ! WORLD MAKE US FEEL IT HUMILIAT+ TO DIS*>GE1 AS WELL AS MANY VISES 9 :I* WE PRIDE \RSELVES2 BUT ?IS IS ! RESULT ( PREJUDICE1 & \<T TO BE CORRECT$4 ,:ATEV] IT BE ?AT \R DUTY REQUIRES ( US1 ! MAN :O IS SUFFICI5TLY 5LI<T5$ WILL FEEL NO REPUGNANCE TO ! P]=MANCE4 ,AS TO ! 9FLU5CE ( \R CONDUCT UPON O!R M51 NO D\BT1 SO F> AS RELATES TO EXAMPLE1 WE \<T TO SET AN EXAMPLE ( VIRTUE1 ( REAL VIRTUE1 NOT ( ?AT :I* IS M]ELY SPECI\S4 ,IT WILL ALSO FREQU5TLY HAPP51 9 CASES SIMIL> TO ?AT ABOVE DESCRIB$1 ?AT ! MEMORY ( :AT WE DO WILL BE 5TIRELY LO/2 \R PROCE$+ IS ADDRESS$ TO PREJUDIC$ P]SONS1 :O WILL ADMIT NO VIRTUE 9 ! MAN !Y HATE OR DESPISE4 ,IS IT PROBABLE ?AT ! EFFECT ( MY =TITUDE 9 ?IS ACT ( UNV>Y+ S9C]ITY WILL BE MORE EXT5SIVELY B5EFICIAL TO SOCIETY ?AN ALL MY FUTURE LIFE1 H[EV] 9DU/RI\S & H[EV] PURE8 ,CASES MI<T EASILY HAVE BE5 PUT ( PRIVATE ANIMOSITY1 :]E MY G5]\S SELF-DEVOTION W\LD SC>CELY 9 ANY 9/ANCE BE HE>D (4 ,NO MI/AKE CAN BE MORE PA9FUL TO AN IMP>TIAL OBS]V] ?AN TO SEE AN 9DIVIDUAL ( GREAT UTILITY IRRETRIEVABLY ?R[N AWAY UPON A TRIVIAL ADV5TURE4 ,IT MAY ALSO BE WOR? REM>K+ ?AT ! MO/ VIRTU\S MAN ?AT LIVES IS PROBABLY GUILTY ( SOME ACTS ( 9S9C]ITY 9 EV]Y DAY ( HIS LIFE4 ,?\< !RE=E HE \<T NOT LI<TLY TO ADD TO ! CATALOG1 YET SURELY !RE IS SOME?+ EXTREMELY CONTR>Y TO REASON 9 F9D+ ! SAME MAN DEVIAT+ FROM A G5]AL RULE ( CONDUCT = ! MO/ TRIFL+ & CONTEMPTIBLE MOTIVES1 & IMM$IATELY AFT] REPELL+ AN ADDITIONAL DEVIATION AT ! EXP5SE ( HIS LIFE4 ,AS TO ! >GUM5T DRAWN FROM ! UNC]TA9TY ( ! ?REAT5$ CONSEQU5CES1 IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT SOME DEGREE ( ?IS UNC]TA9TY ADH]ES TO ALL HUMAN AFFAIRS2 & ?AT ALL CALCULATION ( CONSEQU5CES1 OR 9 O!R WORDS ALL VIRTUE1 DEP5DS UPON \R ADOPT+ ! GREAT] PROBABILITY1 & REJECT+ ! LESS4 

,NO D\BT CONSID]ABLE SACRIFICES 7NOT ONLY ( ! IMBECILITY ( \R *>ACT]1 :I* \<T 9 ALL 9/ANCES TO BE SACRIFIC$ )\T M]CY1 BUT7 ( ! REAL ADVANTAGES ( LIFE1 \<T TO BE MADE1 = ! SAKE ( PRES]V+1 ) \RSELVES & O!RS1 A CONFID5CE 9 \R V]ACITY4 ,HE :O1 BE+ S5T5C$ BY A C\RT ( JUDICATURE = SOME ACTION ?AT HE E/EEMS LAUDABLE1 IS (F]$ ! REMISSION ( HIS S5T5CE1 PROVID$ HE WILL RECANT HIS VIRTUE1 \<T PROBABLY1 9 EV]Y IMAG9ABLE CASE1 TO RESI/ ! PROPOSAL4 ,MU* SEEMS TO DEP5D UPON ! =MALITY & NOTORIETY ( ! ACTION4 ,IT MAY PROBABLY BE WRONG TO BE M9UTELY SCRUPUL\S ) A DRUNK5 BIGOT 9 A CORN]1 :O %\LD REQUIRE ( ME AN ASS5T TO HIS CRE$ ) A PI/OL AT MY BREA/2 & RI<T P]EMPTORILY TO REFUSE ALL T]MS ( QUALIFICATION1 :5 SOLEMNLY PROPOS$ BY A C\RT ( JUDICATURE 9 ! FACE ( A NATION4 

,IF !RE BE CASES :]E ,I \<T NOT TO SCRUPLE TO VIOLATE ! TRU?1 9ASMU* AS ! ALT]NATIVE CONSI/S 9 MY C]TA9 DE/RUCTION1 IT IS AT LEA/ AS MU* 9CUMB5T ON ME :5 ! LIFE ( MY NEI<BOR IS AT /AKE4 ,9DE$1 ! MOM5T ANY EXCEPTION IS ADMITT$ TO ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( UNRES]V$ S9C]ITY1 IT BECOMES OBVI\SLY IM POSSIBLE TO FIX ! NATURE ( ALL ! EXCEPTIONS4 ,! RULE RESPECT+ !M MU/ BE ?AT1 :]EV] A GREAT & MANIFE/ EVIL >ISES FROM DISCLOS+ ! TRU?1 & ?AT EVIL APPE>S TO BE GREAT] ?AN ! EVIL TO >ISE FROM VIOLAT+1 9 ?IS 9/ANCE1 ! G5]AL B>RI] ( HUMAN CONFID5CE & VIRTURE1 !RE ! OBLIGATION ( S9C]ITY IS SUSP5D$4 

,NOR IS IT A VALID OBJECTION TO SAY0?AT1 BY SU* A RULE1 WE >E MAK+ EV]Y MAN A JUDGE 9 HIS [N CASE40 ,9 ! C\RTS ( MORALITY IT CANNOT BE O!RWISE2 A PURE & JU/ SY/EM ( ?9K+ ADMITS NOT ( ! EXI/5CE ( ANY 9FALLIBLE JUDGE TO :OM WE CAN APPEAL4 ,IT MI<T 9DE$ BE FUR!R OBJECT$ 0?AT1 BY ?IS RULE1 M5 WILL BE CALL$ UPON TO JUDGE 9 ! MOM5T ( PASSION & P>TIALITY1 9/EAD ( BE+ REF]R$ TO ! PA/ DECISIONS ( !IR COOL] REASON40 ,BUT ?IS ALSO IS AN 9CONV5I5CE 9SEP>ABLE FROM HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,WE MU/ & \<T TO KEEP \R SELVES OP51 TO ! LA/ MOM5T1 TO ! 9FLU5CE ( SU* CONSID]ATIONS AS MAY APPE> WOR?Y TO 9FLU5CE US4 ,TO TEA* M5 ?AT !Y MU/ NOT TRU/ !IR [N UND]/&+S IS NOT ! BE/ S*EME = R5D]+ !M VIRTU\S & CONSI/5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO 9URE !M TO CONSULT !IR UND]/&+ IS ! WAY TO R5D] IT WOR?Y ( BECOM+ !IR DIRECTOR & GUIDE4 

,NO?+ :I* HAS BE5 ALLEG$ UND] ?IS HEAD ( EXCEPTION PRODUCES ! SMALLE/ ALT]ATION 9 :AT WAS (F]$ UND] ! G5]AL DISCUSSION4 ,ALL ! ADVANTAGES1 ! SUBLIME & ILLU/RI\S EFFECTS1 :I* ATT5D UPON AN +5U\S CONDUCT1 REMA9 UNIMPEA*$4 ,S9C]ITY1 A G5]\S & 9TREPID FRANKNESS1 WILL /ILL BE F\ND TO OCCUPY P]HAPS ! FIR/ PLACE 9 ! CATALOG ( HUMAN VIRTUES4 ,?IS IS ! TEMP] ?AT \<T TO P]VADE ! :OLE C\RSE ( \R REFLECTIONS & ACTIONS4 ,IT %\LD BE ACT$ UPON EV]Y DAY1 & CONFIRM$ 9 US EV]Y NI<T4 ,!RE IS NO?+ :I* WE \<T TO REJECT ) MORE UNALT]ABLE FIRMNESS ?AN AN ACTION ?AT1 BY ITS CONSEQU5CES1 R$UCES US TO ! NECESSITY ( DUPLICITY & CONCEALM5T4 ,NO MAN CAN BE EM95TLY EI!R RESPECTABLE1 OR AMIABLE1 OR USEFUL1 :O IS NOT DI/+UI%$ = ! FRANKNESS & C&OR ( HIS MANN]S4 ,?IS IS ! GR& FASC9ATION1 BY :I* WE LAY HOLD ( ! HE>TS ( \R NEI<BORS1 CONCILIATE !IR ATT5TION1 & R5D] VIRTUE AN IRRESI/IBLE OBJECT ( IMITATION4 ,HE ?AT IS NOT CONSPICU\SLY S9C]E EI!R V]Y LITTLE P>TAKES ( ! PASSION ( DO+ GOOD1 OR IS PITIABLY IGNORANT ( ! MEANS BY :I* ! PURPOSES ( TRUE B5EVOL5CE >E TO BE EFFECT$4 

  
,FOOTNOTES 

#a,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V,I1 PP4 #b-#b#a2 ,BOOK ,I,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V,I1 P4 #b#d#a4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #agib 3 ,BOOK #d1 ,*APT] #f1 ,APP5DIX #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#f1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #d1 ,*APT] #f1 ,APP5DIX #a -- ,ADD$4 

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