,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #ad 
,( ! ,G5]AL ,FEATURES ( ,DEMOCRACY 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,B,O,O,K ,V 

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,*,A,P,T,] ,X,I,V 

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,DEF9ITION4 - ,SUPPOS$ EVILS ( ?IS =M ( 
GOV]NM5T - ASC5DANCY ( ! IGNORANT - ( 
! CRAFTY - 9CON/ANCY - RA% CONFID5CE - 
GR\NDLESS SUSPICION4 - ,M]ITS & DEFECTS ( 
DEMOCRACY COMP>$4 - ,ITS MORAL T5D5CY4 - 
,T5D5CY ( TRU?4 - ,REPRES5TATION4 

,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y IS A SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T ACCORD+ TO :I* EV]Y MEMB] ( SOCIETY IS CONSID]$ AS A MAN1 & NO?+ MORE4 ,SO F> AS POSITIVE REGULATION IS CONC]N$1 IF 9DE$ ?AT CAN1 ) ANY PROPRIETY1 BE T]M$ REGULATION1 :I* IS ! M]E RECOGNITION ( ! SIMPLE/ ( ALL MORAL PR9CIPLES1 EV]Y MAN IS REG>D$ AS EQUAL4 ,TAL5TS & WEAL?1 :]EV] !Y EXI/1 WILL NOT FAIL TO OBTA9 A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9FLU5CE1 )\T REQUIR+ POSITIVE 9/ITUTION TO SECOND !IR OP]ATION4 

,BUT !RE >E C]TA9 DISADVANTAGES ?AT MAY SEEM ! NECESS>Y RESULT ( DEMOCRATIC EQUALITY4 ,9 POLITICAL SOCIETY1 IT IS REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! WISE WILL BE \TNUMB]$ BY ! UNWISE2 & IT WILL BE 9F]R$ '?AT ! WELF>E ( ! :OLE WILL !RE=E BE AT ! M]CY ( IGNORANCE & FOLLY'4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! IGNORANT WILL G5]ALLY BE SUFFICI5TLY WILL+ TO LI/5 TO ! JUDICI\S1 'BUT !IR V]Y IGNORANCE WILL 9CAPACITATE !M FROM DISC]N+ ! M]IT ( !IR GUIDES4 ,! TURBUL5T & CRAFTY DEMAGOGUE WILL (T5 POSSESS GREAT] ADVANTAGES = 9VEIGL+ !IR JUDGM5T ?AN ! MAN :O1 ) PUR] 9T5TIONS1 MAY POSSESS A LESS BRILLIANT TAL5T4 ,ADD TO ?IS ?AT ! DEMAGOGUE HAS A NEV] FAIL+ RES\RCE1 9 ! RUL+ IMP]FECTION ( HUMAN NATURE1 ?AT ( PREF]R+ ! SPECI\S PRES5T TO ! SUB/ANTIAL FUTURE4 ,?IS IS :AT IS USUALLY T]M$ PLAY+ UPON ! PASSIONS ( MANK9D4 ,POLITICS HAVE HI!RTO PRES5T$ AN 5IGMA ?AT ALL ! WIT ( MAN HAS BE5 9SUFFICI5T TO SOLVE4 ,IS IT TO BE SUPPOS$ ?AT ! UN9/RUCT$ MULTITUDE %\LD ALWAYS BE ABLE TO RESI/ ! >TFUL SOPHI/RY1 & CAPTIVAT+ ELOQU5CE1 ?AT MAY BE EMPLOY$ TO P]PLEX ! SUBJECT ) /ILL FUR!R OBSCURITY8 ,WILL IT NOT (T5 HAPP5 ?AT ! S*EMES PROPOS$ BY ! AMBITI\S DI/URB] WILL POSSESS A M]ETRICI\S1 ATTRACTION :I* ! SEV]E & SOB] PROJECT ( ! DISC]N+ /ATESMAN %ALL BE UNABLE TO COMP5SATE8 

',ONE ( ! MO/ FRUITFUL S\RCES ( HUMAN HAPP9ESS IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! /EADY & UNI=M OP]ATION ( C]TA9 FIX$ PR9CIPLES4 ,BUT IT IS ! *>ACT]I/IC ( A DEMOCRACY TO BE WAV]+ & 9CON/ANT4 ,! SPECULATOR ONLY1 :O HAS DEEPLY M$ITAT$ HIS PR9CIPLES1 IS 9FLEXIBLE 9 HIS ADH]5CE TO !M4 ,! MASS ( MANK9D1 AS !Y HAVE NEV] >RANG$ !IR REFLECTIONS 9TO SY/EM1 >E AT ! M]CY ( EV]Y MOM5T>Y IMPULSE1 & LIABLE TO *ANGE ) EV]Y W9D4 ,BUT ?IS 9CON/ANCY IS DIRECTLY ! REV]SE ( POLITICAL JU/ICE4 

',NOR IS ?IS ALL4 ,DEMOCRACY IS A MON/R\S & UNWIELDY VESSEL1 LAUN*$ UPON ! SEA ( HUMAN PASSIONS1 )\T BALLA/4 ,LIB]TY1 9 ?IS UNLIMIT$ =M1 IS 9 DANG] TO BE LO/ ALMO/ AS SOON AS IT IS OBTA9$4 ,! AMBITI\S MAN F9DS NO?+1 9 ?IS S*EME ( HUMAN AFFAIRS1 TO SET B\NDS TO HIS DESIRES4 ,HE HAS ONLY TO DAZZLE & DECEIVE ! MULTITUDE1 9 ORD] TO RISE TO ABSOLUTE P[]4 

',A FUR!R ILL CONSEQU5CE FL[S \T ( ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE4 ,! MULTITUDE1 CONSCI\S ( !IR WEAKNESS 9 ?IS RESPECT1 WILL1 9 PROPORTION TO !IR LOVE ( LIB]TY & EQUALITY1 BE P]PETUALLY SUSPICI\S & UNEASY4 ,HAS ANY MAN DISPLAY$ UNCOMMON VIRTUES1 OR R5D]$ EM95T S]VICES TO HIS C\NTRY8 ,HE WILL PRES5TLY BE *>G$ ) SECRETLY AIM+ AT ! TYRANNY4 ,V>I\S CIRCUM/ANCES WILL COME 9 AID ( ?IS ACCUSATION2 ! G5]AL LOVE ( NOVELTY1 5VY ( SUP]IOR M]IT1 & ! 9CAPACITY ( ! MULTITUDE TO UND]/& ! MOTIVES & *>ACT] ( ?OSE :O EXCEL !M4 ,LIKE ! ,A!NIAN1 !Y WILL BE TIR$ ( HE>+ ,>I/IDES CON/ANTLY CALL$ ! JU/4 ,?US WILL M]IT BE TOO FREQU5TLY ! VICTIM ( IGNORANCE & 5VY4 ,?US WILL ALL ?AT IS LIB]AL & REF9$1 :ATEV] ! HUMAN M9D 9 ITS HI<E/ /ATE ( IMPROVEM5T IS ABLE TO CONCEIVE1 BE (T5 OV]P[]$ BY ! TURBUL5CE ( UNBRIDL$ PASSION1 & ! RUDE DICTATES ( SAVAGE FOLLY4' 

,IF ?IS PICTURE MU/ BE 9EVITABLY REALIZ$ :]EV] DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES >E E/ABLI%$1 ! /ATE ( HUMAN NATURE W\LD BE PECULI>LY UN=TUNATE4 ,NO =M ( GOV]NM5T CAN BE DEVIS$ :I* DOES NOT P>TAKE ( MON>*Y1 >I/OCRACY OR DEMOCRACY4 ,WE HAVE TAK5 A COPI\S SURVEY ( ! TWO =M]1 & IT W\LD SEEM IMPOSSIBLE ?AT GREAT] OR MORE 9VET]ATE MIS*IEFS CAN BE 9FLICT$ ON MANK9D ?AN ?OSE :I* >E 9FLICT$ BY !M4 ,NO PORTRAIT ( 9JU/ICE1 DEGRADATION & VISE CAN BE EXHIBIT$ ?AT CAN SURPASS ! FAIR & 9EVITABLE 9F]5CES FROM ! PR9CIPLE UPON :I* !Y >E BUILT4 ,IF !N DEMOCRACY CAN1 BY ANY >GUM5TS1 BE BR\<T D[N TO A LEVEL ) SU* MON/R\S 9/ITUTIONS AS !SE1 9 :I* !RE IS NEI!R 9TEGRITY NOR REASON1 \R PROSPECTS ( ! FUTURE HAPP9ESS ( MANK9D WILL 9DE$ BE DEPLORABLE4 

,BUT ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,SUPPOS+ ?AT WE %\LD EV5 BE OBLIG$ TO TAKE DEMOCRACY ) ALL ! DISADVANTAGES ?AT W]E EV] ANNEX$ TO IT1 & ?AT NO REM$Y C\LD BE DISCOV]$ = ANY ( ITS DEFECTS1 IT W\LD /ILL BE PREF]ABLE TO ! EXCLUSIVE SY/EM ( O!R =MS4 ,LET US TAKE ,A!NS1 ) ALL ITS TURBUL5CE & 9/ABILITY2 ) ! POPUL> & TEMP]ATE USURPATIONS ( ,PISI/RATUS & ,P]ICLES2 ) ITS MON/R\S O/RACISM1 BY :I*1 ) UNDISGUIS$ 9JU/ICE1 !Y W]E ACCU/OM$ P]IODICALLY TO BANI% SOME EM95T CITIZ51 )\T ! IMPUTATION ( A CRIME2 ) ! IMPRISONM5T ( ,MILTIADES1 ! EXILE ( ,>I/IDES1 & ! MURD] ( ,PHOCION3 - ) ALL !SE ]RORS ON ITS HEAD1 IT IS 9CONTROV]TIBLE ?AT ,A!NS EXHIBIT$ A MORE ILLU/RI\S & 5VIABLE SPECTACLE ?AN ALL ! MON>*IES & >I/OCRACIES ?AT EV] EXI/$4 ,:O W\LD REJECT !IR GALLANT LOVE ( VIRTUE & 9DEP5D5CE BECAUSE IT WAS ACCOMPANI$ ) IRREGUL>ITIES8 ,:O W\LD PASS AN UNRES]V$ CONDEMNATION UPON !IR P5ETRAT+ M9D1 !IR QUICK DISC]NM5T1 & !IR >D5T FEEL+ BECAUSE !Y W]E SUBJECT OCCASIONALLY TO BE 9TEMP]ATE & IMPETU\S8 ,%ALL WE COMP>E A PEOPLE ( SU* 9CR$IBLE A*IEVEM5TS1 SU* EXQUISITE REF9EM5T1 GAY )\T 9S5SIBILITY1 & SPL5DID )\T 9TEMP]ANCE1 9 ! MID/ ( :OM GREW UP ! GREATE/ POETS1 ! NOBLE/ >TI/S1 ! MO/ F9I%$ ORATORS1 & ! MO/ DIS9T]E/$ PHILOSOPH]S1 ! WORLD EV] SAW - %ALL WE COMP>E ?IS *OS5 SEAT ( PATRIOTISM1 9DEP5D5CE & G5]\S VIRTUE ) ! TORPID & SELFI% REALMS ( MON>*Y & >I/OCRACY8 ,ALL IS NOT HAPP9ESS ?AT LOOKS TRANQUILITY4 ,BETT] W]E A PORTION ( TURBUL5CE & FLUCTUATION ?AN ?AT UN:OLESOME CALM 9 :I* ALL ! BE/ FACULTIES ( ! HUMAN M9D >E TURN$ TO PUTRESC5CE & POISON4 

,9 ! E/IMATE ?AT IS USUALLY MADE ( DEMOCRACY1 ONE ( ! S\RCES ( \R ]RONE\S JUDGM5T LIES 9 \R TAK+ MANK9D SU* AS MON>*Y & >I/OCRACY HAVE MADE !M1 & !NCE JUDG+ H[ FIT !Y >E TO MANAGE = !MSELVES4 ,MON>*Y & >I/OCRACY W\LD BE NO EVILS IF !IR T5D5CY W]E NOT TO UND]M9E ! VIRTUES & ! UND]/&+S ( !IR SUBJECTS4 ,! ?+ MO/ NECESS>Y IS TO REMOVE ALL ?OSE RE/RA9TS :I* PREV5T ! HUMAN M9D FROM ATTA9+ ITS G5U9E /R5G?4 ,IMPLICIT FAI?1 BL9D SUBMISSION TO AU?ORITY1 TIMID FE>1 A DI/RU/ ( \R P[]S1 AN 9ATT5TION TO \R [N IMPORTANCE & ! GOOD PURPOSES WE >E ABLE TO EFFECT1 !SE >E ! *IEF OB/ACLES TO HUMAN IMPROVEM5T4 ,DEMOCRACY RE/ORES TO MAN A CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS VALUE1 TEA*ES HIM1 BY ! REMOVAL ( AU?ORITY & OPPRESSION1 TO LI/5 ONLY TO ! SUGGE/IONS ( REASON1 GIVES HIM CONFID5CE TO TREAT ALL O!R M5 ) FRANKNESS & SIMPLICITY1 & 9DUCES HIM TO REG>D !M NO LONG] AS 5EMIES AGA9/ :OM TO BE UPON HIS GU>D1 BUT AS BRE?R5 :OM IT BECOMES HIM TO ASSI/4 ,! CITIZ5 ( A DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 :5 HE LOOKS UPON ! OPPRESSION & 9JU/ICE ?AT PREVAIL 9 ! C\NTRIES >\ND HIM1 CANNOT BUT 5T]TA9 AN 9EXPRESSIBLE E/EEM = ! ADVANTAGES HE 5JOYS1 & ! MO/ UNALT]ABLE DET]M9ATION TO PRES]VE !M4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( DEMOCRACY UPON ! S5TIM5TS ( ITS MEMB]S IS ALTOGE!R ( ! NEGATIVE SORT1 BUT ITS CONSEQU5CES >E 9E/IMABLE4 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE UNREASONABLE ?AN TO >GUE FROM M5 AS WE N[ F9D !M TO M5 AS !Y MAY H]EAFT] BE MADE4 ,/RICT & ACCURATE REASON+1 9/EAD ( SUFF]+ US TO BE SURPRIS$ ?AT ,A!NS DID SO MU*1 W\LD AT FIR/ 9DUCE US TO WOND] ?AT %E RETA9$ SO MANY IMP]FECTIONS4 

,! ROAD TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( MANK9D IS 9 ! UTMO/ DEGREE SIMPLE1 TO SPEAK & ACT ! TRU?4 ,IF ! ,A!NIANS HAD HAD MORE ( ?IS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE !Y %\LD HAVE BE5 SO FLAGRANTLY ]RONE\S4 ,TO EXPRESS \RSELVES TO ALL M5 ) HONE/Y & UNRES]VE1 & TO ADM9I/] JU/ICE )\T P>TIALITY1 >E PR9CIPLES :I*1 :5 ONCE ?OR\<LY ADOPT$1 >E 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE PROLIFIC4 ,!Y 5LI<T5 ! UND]/&+1 GIVE DECISION TO ! JUDGM5T1 & /RIP MISREPRES5TATION ( ITS SPECI\SNESS4 ,9 ,A!NS1 M5 SUFF]$ !MSELVES TO BE DAZZL$ BY SPL5DOR & %[4 ,IF ! ]ROR 9 !IR CON/ITUTION :I* L$ TO ?IS DEFECT CAN BE DISCOV]$1 IF A =M ( POLITICAL SOCIETY CAN BE DEVIS$ 9 :I* M5 %ALL BE ACCU/OM$ TO JUDGE SIMPLY & SOB]LY1 & BE HABITUALLY EX]CIS$ TO ! MANL9ESS ( TRU?1 DEMOCRACY WILL1 9 ?AT SOCIETY1 CEASE FROM ! TURBUL5CE1 9/ABILITY1 FICKL5ESS & VIOL5CE ?AT HAVE TOO (T5 *>ACT]IZ$ IT4 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE WOR?Y TO BE DEP5D$ ON ?AN ! OMNIPOT5CE ( TRU?1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AN ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! JUDGM5T & ! \TW>D BEHAVIOR4#a ,! CONTE/ BETWE5 TRU? & FALSEHOOD IS ( ITSELF TOO UNEQUAL = ! =M] TO /& 9 NE$ ( SUPPORT FROM ANY POLITICAL ALLY4 ,! MORE IT IS DISCOV]$1 ESPECIALLY ?AT P>T ( IT :I* RELATES TO MAN 9 SOCIETY1 ! MORE SIMPLE & SELF-EVID5T WILL IT APPE>2 & IT WILL BE F\ND IMPOSSIBLE ANY O!RWISE TO ACC\NT = ITS HAV+ BE5 SO LONG CONCEAL$ ?AN FROM ! P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE ( POSITIVE 9/ITUTION4 

,!RE IS ANO!R OBVI\S CONSID]ATION ?AT HAS FREQU5TLY BE5 ALLEG$ TO ACC\NT = ! IMP]FECTION ( ANCI5T DEMOCRACIES1 :I* IS WOR?Y ( \R ATT5TION1 ?\< IT BE NOT SO IMPORTANT AS ! >GUM5T :I* HAS JU/ BE5 /AT$4 ,! ANCI5TS W]E UNACCU/OM$ TO ! IDEA ( DEPUT$ OR REPRES5TATIVE ASSEMBLIES2 & IT IS REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT AFFAIRS MI<T (T5 BE TRANSACT$ ) ! UTMO/ ORD]1 9 SU* ASSEMBLIES1 :I* MI<T BE PRODUCTIVE ( MU* TUMULT & CONFUSION IF SUBMITT$ TO ! P]SONAL DISCUSSION ( ! CITIZ5S AT L>GE4#b ,BY ?IS HAPPY EXP$I5T1 WE SECURE MANY ( ! PRET5D$ B5EFITS ( >I/OCRACY1 AS WELL AS ! REAL B5EFITS ( DEMOCRACY4 ,! DISCUSSION ( NATIONAL AFFAIRS IS BR\<T BE=E P]SONS ( SUP]IOR $UCATION & WISDOM3 WE MAY CONCEIVE !M1 NOT ONLY ! APPO9T$ M$IUM ( ! S5TIM5TS ( !IR CON/ITU5TS1 BUT AU?ORIZ$1 UPON C]TA9 OCCASIONS1 TO ACT ON !IR P>T1 9 ! SAME MANN] AS AN UNLE>N$ P>5T DELEGATES HIS AU?ORITY OV] HIS *ILD TO A PRECEPTOR ( GREAT] ACCOMPLI%M5TS ?AN HIMSELF4 ,?IS IDEA1 )9 PROP] LIMITS1 MI<T PROBABLY BE 5TITL$ TO APPROBATION1 PROVID$ ! ELECTOR HAD ! WISDOM NOT TO REC$E FROM ! EX]CISE ( HIS [N UND]/&+ 9 POLITICAL CONC]NS1 EX]T$ HIS C5SORIAL P[] OV] HIS REPRES5TATIVE1 & W]E ACCU/OM$1 IF ! REPRES5TATIVE W]E UNABLE1 AFT] ! FULLE/ EXPLANATION1 TO BR+ HIM OV] TO HIS OP9ION1 TO TRANSF] HIS DEPUTATION TO ANO!R4 

,! TRUE VALUE ( ! SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION SEEMS TO BE AS FOLL[S4 ,L>GE PROMISCU\S ASSEMBLIES1 SU* AS ! ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE 9 ,A!NS & ,ROME1 ,MU/ P]HAPS ALWAYS BE SOME:AT TUMULTU\S1 & LIABLE TO MANY ( ! VISES ( DEMOCRACY 5UM]AT$ 9 ! COMM5CEM5T ( ?IS *APT]4 ,A REPRES5TATIVE ASSEMBLY1 DEPUT$ ON ! P>T ( ! MULTITUDE1 WILL ESCAPE MANY ( !IR DEFECTS4 ,BUT REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T IS NECESS>ILY IMP]FECT4 ,IT IS1 AS WAS =M]LY OBS]V$1#c A PO9T TO BE REGRETT$1 9 ! AB/RACT NOTION ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 ?AT A MAJORITY %\LD OV]BE> A M9ORITY1 & ?AT ! M9ORITY1 AFT] HAV+ OPPOS$ & REMON/RAT$1 %\LD BE OBLIG$ PRACTICALLY TO SUBMIT TO ?AT :I* WAS ! SUBJECT ( !IR REMON/RANCE4 ,BUT ?IS EVIL1 9SEP>ABLE FROM POLITICAL GOV]NM5T1 IS AGGRAVAT$ BY REPRES5TATION1 :I* REMOVES ! P[] ( MAK+ REGULATIONS ONE /EP FUR!R FROM ! PEOPLE :OSE LOT IT IS TO OBEY !M4 ,REPRES5TATION !RE=E1 ?\< A REM$Y1 OR RA!R A PALLIATIVE1 = C]TA9 EVILS1 IS NOT A REM$Y SO EXCELL5T OR COMPLETE AS %\LD AU?ORIZE US TO RE/ 9 IT AS ! HI<E/ IMPROVEM5T ( :I* ! SOCIAL ORD] IS CAPABLE4#d 

,SU* >E ! G5]AL FEATURES ( DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T3 BUT ?IS IS A SUBJECT ( TOO MU* IMPORTANCE TO BE DISMISS$ )\T ! FULLE/ EXAM9ATION ( EV]Y?+ ?AT MAY 5ABLE US TO DECIDE UPON ITS M]ITS4 ,WE WILL PROCE$ TO CONSID] ! FUR!R OBJECTIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 ALLEG$ AGA9/ IT4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,BOOK ,I1 ,*AP4 ,V4 

#b ,! G5]AL GR\NDS ( ?IS 9/ITUTION HAVE BE5 /AT$1 ,BOOK #a#a#a1 ,*AP4 ,I,V4 ,! EXCEPTIONS :I* LIMIT ITS VALUE WILL BE SE5 9 ! TW5TY-?IRD *APT] ( ! PRES5T BOOK4 

#c ,BOOK ,I,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,I,I4 

#d ,SEE ?IS SUBJECT PURSU$ 9 ,*AP4 ,X,X,I,I,I1 ,X,X,I,V4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #agib 3 ,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #ad -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#f1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #ad -- ,ADD$4 

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