,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #ae 
,( ,POLITICAL ,IMPO/URE 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,B,O,O,K ,V 

,( ,P,R,O,P,],T,Y  

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,V 

,( ,POLITICAL ,IMPO/URE 

,IMPORTANCE ( ?IS TOPIC4 - ,EXAMPLE 9 ! 
DOCTR9E ( ET]NAL PUNI%M5T4 - ,ITS 9UTILITY  
>GU$ - FROM HI/ORY - FROM ! NATURE (  
M9D4 - ,SECOND EXAMPLE3 ! RELIGI\S SANCTION  
( A LEGISLATIVE SY/EM4 - ,?IS IDEA IS1 #a4 9 /RICT  
CON/RUCTION IMPRACTICABLE - #b4 9JURI\S4 -  
,?IRD EXAMPLE3 PR9CIPLE ( POLITICAL ORD]4 - 
,VISE HAS NO ESS5TIAL ADVANTAGE OV] VIRTUE4 -  
,MOTIVES ( POLITICAL IM PO/URE4 - ,EFFECTS ?AT  
ATT5D IT4 - ,SITUATION ( ! ADVOCATES ( ?IS  
SY/EM4 - ,ABSURDITY ( !IR REASON+S4 

,ALL ! >GUM5TS ?AT HAVE BE5 EMPLOY$ TO PROVE ! 9SUFFICI5CY ( DEMOCRACY GR[ \T ( ?IS ONE ROOT1 ! SUPPOS$ NECESSITY 

( DECEPTION & PREJUDICE = RE/RA9+ ! TURBUL5CE ( HUMAN PASSIONS4 ,)\T ! ASSUMPTION ( ?IS PR9CIPLE ! >GUM5T C\LD NOT BE SU/A9$ = A MOM5T4 ,! DIRECT & DECISIVE ANSW] W\LD BE1 ',>E K+S & LORDS 9TR9SICALLY WIS] & BETT] ?AN !IR HUMBL] NEI<BORS8 ,CAN !RE BE ANY SOLID GR\ND ( DI/9CTION EXCEPT :AT IS F\ND$ 9 P]SONAL M]IT8 ,>E NOT M51 REALLY & /RICTLY CONSID]$1 EQUAL1 EXCEPT SO F> AS :AT IS P]SONAL & 9ALI5ABLE1 E/ABLI%ES A DIFF]5CE8' ,TO !SE QUE/IONS !RE CAN BE BUT ONE REPLY1 ',SU* IS ! ORD] ( REASON & ABSOLUTE TRU?1 BUT >TIFICIAL DI/9CTIONS >E NECESS>Y = ! HAPP9ESS ( MANK9D4 ,)\T DECEPTION & PREJUDICE ! TURBUL5CE ( HUMAN PASSIONS CANNOT BE RE/RA9$4' ,LET US !N EXAM9E ! M]ITS ( ?IS !ORY2 & !SE WILL BE BE/ ILLU/RAT$ BY AN 9/ANCE4 

,IT HAS BE5 HELD1 BY SOME DIV9ES & SOME POLITICIANS1 '?AT ! DOCTR9E :I* TEA*ES ?AT M5 WILL BE ET]NALLY TORM5T$ 9 ANO!R WORLD1 = !IR ]RORS & MISCONDUCT 9 ?IS1 IS 9 ITS [N NATURE UNREASONABLE & ABSURD1 BUT ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y1 TO KEEP MANK9D 9 AWE4 ,DO WE NOT SEE'1 SAY !Y1 '?AT1 NOT)/&+ ?IS T]RIBLE D5UNCIATION1 ! WORLD IS OV]RUN ) VISE8 ,:AT !N W\LD BE ! CASE IF ! IRREGUL> PASSIONS ( MANK9D W]E SET FREE FROM !IR PRES5T RE/RA9T1 & !Y HAD NOT ! FE> ( ?IS RETRIBUTION BE=E !IR EYES8' 

,?IS >GUM5T SEEMS TO BE F\ND$ 9 A S+UL> 9ATT5TION TO ! DICTATES ( HI/ORY & EXP]I5CE1 AS WELL AS TO ?OSE ( REASON4 ,! ANCI5T ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS HAD NO?+ ( ?IS DREADFUL APP>ATUS ( FIRE & BRIM/ONE1 & A TORM5T '! SMOKE ( :I* ASC5DS = EV] & EV]'4 ,!IR RELIGION WAS LESS P]SONAL ?AN POLITICAL4 ,!Y CONFID$ 9 ! ,GODS AS PROTECTORS ( ! /ATE1 & ?IS 9SPIR$ !M ) 9V9CIBLE C\RAGE4 ,9 P]IODS ( PUBLIC CALAMITY1 !Y F\ND A READY CONSOLATION 9 EXPIATORY SACRIFICES TO APPEASE ! ANG] ( ! ,GODS4 ,! ATT5TION ( !SE BE+S WAS CONCEIV$ TO BE PR9CIPALLY DIRECT$ TO ! C]EMONIAL ( RELIGION1 & V]Y LITTLE TO ! MORAL EXCELL5CIES & DEFECTS ( !IR VOT>IES1 :I* W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE SUFFICI5LTLY PROVID$ = BY ! 9EVITABLE T5D5CY ( MORAL EXCELL5CE OR DEFECT TO 9CREASE OR DIM9I% 9DIVIDUAL HAPP9ESS4 ,IF !IR SY/EMS 9CLUD$ ! DOCTR9E ( A FUTURE EXI/5CE1 LITTLE ATT5TION WAS PAID BY !M TO ! CONNECT+ ! MORAL DES]TS ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 ?IS LIFE ) !IR COMP>ATIVE SITUATION 9 ANO!R4 ,9 ,HOM]1 ! ,ELYSIAN FIELDS >E A SEAT ( P]PETUAL WE>9ESS & LANGUOR3 ,ELYSIUM & ,T>T>US >E 5CLOS$ 9 ! SAME CIRCUIT2 & ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M1 AS MO/1 AM\NTS TO NO MORE ?AN ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SADNESS & MIS]Y4 ,! SAME OMISSION1 ( FUTURE RETRIBUTION AS ! BASIS ( MORAL OBLIGATION1 RUNS ?R\< ! SY/EMS ( ! ,P]SIANS1 ! ,EGYPTIANS1 ! ,CELTS1 ! ,PH5ICIANS1 ! ,JEWS1 & 9DE$ EV]Y SY/EM :I* HAS NOT BE51 9 SOME MANN] OR O!R1 ! (FSPR+ ( ! ,*RI/IAN4 ,IF WE W]E TO =M \R JUDGM5T ( !SE NATIONS BY ! ABOVE >GUM5T1 WE %\LD EXPECT TO F9D EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL AMONG !M CUTT+ HIS NEI<BOR'S ?ROAT1 & 9UR$ TO ! COMMISSION ( EV]Y 5ORMITY4 ,BUT !Y W]E1 9 REALITY1 AS SUSCEPTIBLE ( ! REGULATIONS ( GOV]NM5T1 & ! ORD] ( SOCIETY1 AS ?OSE :OSE IMAG9ATIONS HAVE BE5 MO/ >TFULLY T]RIFI$ BY ! ?REATS ( FUTURE RETRIBUTION2 & SOME ( !M W]E MU* MORE G5]\S1 DET]M9$ & ATTA*$ TO ! PUBLIC WEAL4 

,NO?+ CAN BE MORE CONTR>Y TO A JU/ OBS]VATION ( ! NATURE ( ! HUMAN M9D ?AN TO SUPPOSE ?AT !SE SPECULATIVE T5ETS HAVE MU* 9FLU5CE 9 MAK+ MANK9D MORE VIRTU\S ?AN !Y W\LD O!RWISE BE F\ND4 ,HUMAN BE+S >E PLAC$ 9 ! MID/ ( A SY/EM ( ?+S1 ALL ! P>TS ( :I* >E /RICTLY CONNECT$ ) EA* O!R1 & EXHIBIT A SYMPA?Y & UNISON1 BY MEANS ( :I* ! :OLE IS R5D]$ FAMILI>1 &1 AS IT W]E1 9MATE TO ! M9D4 ,! RESPECT ,I %ALL OBTA91 & ! HAPP9ESS ,I %ALL 5JOY1 = ! REMA9D] ( MY LIFE >E TOPICS ( :I* ,I FEEL ! 5TIRE COMPREH5SION4 ,I UND]/& ! VALUE ( EASE1 LIB]TY & KN[L$GE1 TO MYSELF1 & MY FELL[ M54 ,I P]CEIVE ?AT !SE ?+S1 & A C]TA9 CONDUCT 9T5D+ !M1 >E CONNECT$1 9 ! VISIBLE SY/EM ( ! WORLD1 & NOT BY ANY SUP]NATURAL & UNUSUAL 9T]POSITION4 ,BUT ALL ?AT CAN BE TOLD ME ( A FUTURE WORLD1 A WORLD ( SPIRITS1 OR ( GLORIFI$ BODIES1 :]E ! EMPLOYM5TS >E SPIRITUAL1 & ! FIR/ CAUSE IS TO BE R5D]$ A SUBJECT ( IMM$IATE P]CEPTION1 OR ( A SC5E ( RETRIBUTION1 :]E ! M9D1 DOOM$ TO EV]LA/+ 9ACTIVITY1 %ALL BE :OLLY A PREY TO ! UPBRAID+S ( REMORSE1 & ! S>CASMS ( DEVILS1 IS SO =EIGN TO EV]Y?+ ) :I* ,I AM ACQUA9T$1 ?AT MY M9D 9 VA9 5DEAVORS TO BELIEVE OR TO UND]/& IT4 ,IF DOCTR9ES LIKE !SE OCCUPY ! HABITUAL REFLECTIONS ( ANY1 IT IS NOT ( ! LAWLESS1 ! VIOL5T & UNGOV]NABLE1 BUT ( ! SOB] & CONSCI5TI\S1 OV]:ELM+ !M ) GRATUIT\S ANXIETY1 OR P]SUAD+ !M PASSIVELY TO SUBMIT TO DESPOTISM & 9JU/ICE1 ?AT !Y MAY RECEIVE ! RECOMP5SE ( !IR PATI5CE H]EAFT]4 ,?IS OBJECTION IS EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO EV]Y SPECIES ( DECEPTION4 ,FABLES MAY AMUSE ! IMAG9ATION2 BUT CAN NEV] /& 9 ! PLACE ( REASON & JUDGM5T AS ! PR9CIPLES ( HUMAN CONDUCT4 -,LET US PROCE$ TO A SECOND 9/ANCE4 

,IT IS AFFIRM$ BY ,R\SSEAU1 9 HIS TREATISE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT1 '?AT NO LEGISLATOR C\LD EV] E/ABLI% A GR& POLITICAL SY/EM )\T HAV+ REC\RSE TO RELIGI\S IMPO/URE4 ,TO R5D] A PEOPLE :O >E YET TO RECEIVE ! IMPRESSIONS ( POLITICAL WISDOM SUSCEPTIBLE ( ! EVID5CE ( ?AT WISDOM W\LD BE TO CONV]T ! EFFECT ( CIVILIZATION 9TO ! CAUSE4 ,! LEGISLATOR BE+ DEPRIV$ ( ASSI/ANCE FROM ! TWO GR& OP]ATIVE CAUSES AMONG M51 REASON+ & =CE1 IS OBLIG$ TO HAVE REC\RSE TO AN AU?ORITY ( A DIFF]5T SORT1 :I* MAY DRAW )\T COMPULSION1 & P]SUADE )\T ELUCIDATION4'#a 

,!SE >E ! DREAMS ( A F]TILE CONCEPTION1 BUSY 9 ! ]ECTION ( IMAG9>Y SY/EMS4 ,TO A W>Y & SKEPTICAL M9D1 ?AT PROJECT W\LD SEEM TO PROMISE LITTLE SUB/ANTIAL B5EFIT1 :I* SET \T FROM SO ]RONE\S A PR9CIPLE4 ,TO T]RIFY OR S$UCE M5 9TO ! RECEPTION ( A SY/EM ! REASONABL5ESS ( :I* !Y W]E UNABLE TO P]CEIVE IS SURELY A V]Y QUE/IONABLE ME?OD = R5D]+ !M SOB]1 JUDICI\S1 REASONABLE & HAPPY4 

,9 REALITY1 NO GR& POLITICAL SY/EM EV] WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ! MANN] ,R\SSEAU DESCRIBES4 ,LYCURGUS1 AS HE OBS]VES1 OBTA9$ ! SANCTION ( ! ORACLE AT ,DELPHI TO ! CON/ITUTION HE HAD E/ABLI%$4 ,BUT WAS IT BY AN APPEAL TO ,APOLLO ?AT HE P]SUAD$ ! ,SP>TANS TO R5\NCE ! USE ( MONEY1 TO CONS5T TO AN EQUAL DIVISION ( L&1 & TO ADOPT V>I\S O!R REGULATIONS1 ! MO/ CONTR>Y TO !IR PRECONCEIV$ HABITS & IDEAS8 ,NO3 IT WAS BY AN APPEAL TO !IR UND]/&+S1 9 ! MID/ ( LONG DEBATE & P]PETUAL C\NT]ACTION1 & ?R\< ! 9FLEXIBILITY ( HIS C\RAGE & RESOLUTION1 ?AT HE AT LA/ ATTA9$ HIS PURPOSE4 ,LYCURGUS ?\<T PROP]1 AFT] ! :OLE WAS CONCLUD$1 TO OBTA9 ! SANCTION ( ! ORACLE1 CONCEIV+ ?AT IT BECAME HIM TO NEGLECT NO ME?OD ( SUB/ANTIAT+ ! B5EFIT HE HAD CONF]R$ ON HIS C\NTRYM54 ,IT IS 9DE$ SC>CELY POSSIBLE TO P]SUADE A SOCIETY ( M5 TO ADOPT ANY SY/EM )\T CONV9C+ !M ?AT IT IS !IR WISDOM TO ADOPT IT4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE A COMPANY ( SU* MIS]ABLE DUPES1 AS TO RECEIVE A CODE1 )\T ANY IMAG9ATION ?AT IT IS SALUT>Y OR WISE OR JU/1 BUT UPON ?IS S+LE RECOMM5DATION ?AT IT IS DELIV]$ TO !M FROM ! ,GODS4 ,! ONLY REASONABLE1 & 9F9ITELY ! MO/ EFFICACI\S ME?OD ( *ANG+ ! E/ABLI%$ CU/OMS ( ANY PEOPLE IS BY CREAT+ 9 !M A G5]AL OP9ION ( !IR ]RONE\SNESS & 9SUFFICI5CY4 

,BUT1 IF IT BE 9DE$ IMPRACTICABLE TO P]SUADE M5 9TO ! ADOPTION ( ANY SY/EM )\T EMPLOY+ AS \R PR9CIPAL >GUM5T ! 9TR9SIC RECTITUDE ( ?AT SY/EM1 :AT IS ! >GUM5T :I* HE W\LD DESIRE TO USE :O HAD MO/ AT HE>T ! WELF>E & IMPROVEM5T ( ! P]SONS CONC]N$8 ,W\LD HE BEG9 BY TEA*+ !M TO REASON WELL1 OR TO REASON ILL8 BY UNN]V+ !IR M9D ) PREJUDICE1 OR NEW /R++ IT ) TRU?8 

,H[ MANY >TS1 & H[ NOXI\S TO ?OSE T[>DS :OM WE EMPLOY !M1 >E NECESS>Y1 IF WE W\LD SUCCESSFULLY DECEIVE8 ,WE MU/ NOT ONLY LEAVE !IR REASON 9 9DOL5CE AT FIR/1 BUT 5DEAVOR TO SUP]S$E ITS EX]TION 9 ANY FUTURE 9/ANCE4 ,IF M5 BE1 = ! PRES5T1 KEPT RI<T BY PREJUDICE1 :AT WILL BECOME ( !M H]EAFT]1 IF1 BY ANY FUTURE P5ETRATION1 OR ANY ACCID5TAL DISCOV]Y1 ?IS PREJUDICE %ALL BE ANNIHILAT$8 ,DETECTION IS NOT ALWAYS ! FRUIT ( SY/EMATICAL IMPROVEM5T1 BUT MAY BE EFFECT$ BY SOME SOLIT>Y EX]TION ( ! FACULTY1 OR SOME LUM9\S & IRRESI/IBLE >GUM5T1 :ILE EV]Y?+ ELSE REMA9S AS IT WAS4 ,IF WE W\LD FIR/ DECEIVE1 & !N MA9TA9 \R DECEPTION UNIMPAIR$1 WE %ALL NE$ P5AL /ATUTES1 & LIC5S]S ( ! PRESS1 & HIR$ M9I/]S ( FALSEHOOD & IMPO/URE4 ,ADMIRABLE MODES !SE = ! PROPAGATION ( WISDOM & VIRTUE6 

,!RE IS ANO!R CASE1 SIMIL> TO ?AT /AT$ BY ,R\SSEAU1 UPON :I* MU* /RESS HAS BE5 LAID BY POLITICAL WRIT]S4 ',OB$I5CE1' SAY !Y1 'MU/ EI!R BE C\RT$ OR COMPELL$4 ,WE MU/ EI!R MAKE A JUDICI\S USE ( ! PREJUDICES & ! IGNORANCE ( MANK9D1 OR BE CONT5T$ TO HAVE NO HOLD UPON !M BUT !IR FE>S1 & TO MA9TA9 SOCIAL ORD] 5TIRELY BY ! SEV]ITY ( PUNI%M5T4 ,TO DISP5SE US FROM ?IS PA9FUL NECESSITY1 AU?ORITY \<T C>EFULLY TO BE 9VE/$ ) A SORT ( MAGIC P]SUASION4 ,CITIZ5S %\LD S]VE !IR C\NTRY1 NOT ) A FRIGID SUBMISSION ?AT SCRUPUL\SLY WEI<S ITS DUTIES1 BUT ) AN 5?USIASM ?AT PLACES ITS HONOR 9 ITS LOYALTY4 ,= ?IS REASON1 \R GOV]NORS & SUP]IORS MU/ NOT BE SPOK5 ( ) LEVITY4 ,!Y MU/ BE CONSID]$1 9DEP5D5TLY ( !IR 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT]1 AS D]IV+ A SACR$NESS FROM !IR (FICE4 ,!Y MU/ BE ACCOMPANI$ ) SPL5DOR & V5]ATION4 ,ADVANTAGE MU/ BE TAK5 ( ! IMP]FECTION ( MANK9D4 ,WE \<T TO GA9 OV] !IR JUDGM5TS ?R\< ! M$IUM ( !IR S5SES1 & NOT LEAVE ! CONCLUSIONS TO BE DRAWN TO ! UNC]TA9 PROCESS ( IMMATURE REASON4#b  

,?IS IS /ILL ! SAME >GUM5T UND] ANO!R =M4 ,IT TAKES = GRANT$ ?AT A TRUE OBS]VATION ( ?+S IS 9ADEQUATE TO TEA* US \R DUTY2 & ( CONSEQU5CE RECOMM5DS AN EQUIVOCAL 5G9E1 :I* MAY ) EQUAL EASE BE EMPLOY$ 9 ! S]VICE ( JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE1 BUT W\LD SURELY APPE> SOME:AT MORE 9 ITS PLACE 9 ! S]VICE ( ! LATT]4 ,IT IS 9JU/ICE ?AT /&S MO/ 9 NE$ ( SUP]/ITION & MY/]Y1 & WILL MO/ FREQU5TLY BE A GA9] BY ! IMPOSITION4 ,?IS HYPO!SIS PROCE$S UPON AN ASSUMPTION :I* Y\NG M5 SOMETIMES IMPUTE TO !IR P>5TS & PRECEPTORS4 ,IT SAYS1 ',MANK9D MU/ BE KEPT 9 IGNORANCE3 IF !Y KN[ VISE1 !Y WILL LOVE IT TOO WELL2 IF !Y P]CEIVE ! *>MS ( ]ROR1 !Y WILL NEV] RETURN TO ! SIMPLICITY ( TRU?4' ,&1 /RANGE AS IT MAY APPE>1 ?IS B>E-FAC$ & IMPLAUSIBLE >GUM5T HAS BE5 ! F\NDATION ( A V]Y POPUL> & G5]ALLY RECEIV$ HYPO!SIS4 ,IT HAS TAU<T POLITICIANS TO BELIEVE ?AT A PEOPLE1 ONCE SUNK 9TO DECREPITUDE1 AS IT HAS BE5 T]M$1 C\LD NEV] AFT]W>DS BE 5DUR$ ) PURITY & VIGOR4#c 

,!RE >E TWO MODES ACCORD+ TO :I* ! M9DS ( HUMAN BE+S MAY BE 9FLU5C$ BY HIM :O IS DESIR\S TO CONDUCT !M4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE IS A /RONG & COMM&+ PICTURE1 TAK+ HOLD ( ! IMAG9ATION1 & SURPRIS+ ! JUDGM5T2 ! SECOND1 A DI/9CT & UNANSW]ABLE /ATEM5T ( REASONS1 :I*1 ! (T5] !Y >E REFLECT$ UPON1 & ! MORE !Y >E SIFT$1 WILL BE F\ND BY SO MU* ! MORE COG5T4 

,ONE ( ! TRITE/ & MO/ G5]AL1 AS WELL AS MO/ SELF-EVID5T1 MAXIMS 9 ! SCI5CE ( ! HUMAN M9D IS ?AT ! =M] ( !SE IS ONLY ADAPT$ TO A TEMPOR>Y PURPOSE1 :ILE ! LATT] ALONE IS ADEQUATE TO A PURPOSE ?AT IS DURABLE4 ,H[ COMES IT !N EH ET1 9 ! BUS9ESS ( POLITICS & GOV]NM5T1 ! PURPOSES ( :I* >E EVID5TLY NOT TEMPOR>Y1 ! FALLACI\S MODE ( PROCE$+ %\LD HAVE BE5 SO G5]ALLY & SO EAG]LY RESORT$ TO8 

,?IS MAY BE ACC\NT$ = FROM TWO CONSID]ATIONS3 FIR/ ! DIFFID5CE1 & SECONDLY1 ! VANITY & SELFAPPLAUSE1 ( LEGISLATORS & /ATESM54 ,IT IS AN >DU\S TASK ALWAYS TO ASSIGN REASONS TO ?OSE :OSE CONDUCT WE W\LD DIRECT2 IT IS BY NO MEANS EASY TO ANSW] OBJECTIONS & REMOVE DIFFICULTIES4 ,IT REQUIRES PATI5CE2 IT DEM&S PR(\ND SCI5CE & SEV]E M$ITATION4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y1 9 ! 9/ANCE ALREADY ALLUD$ TO1 P>5TS & PRECEPTORS F9D A REFUGE = !IR 9DOL5CE1 :ILE BY FALSE PRES5CES !Y *EAT ! Y\NG 9TO COMPLIANCE1 9 PREF]5CE TO %[+ !M1 AS F> AS !Y MAY BE CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ IT1 ! TRUE FACE ( ?+S4 

,/ATESM5 SECRETLY DI/RU/ !IR [N P[]S1 & !RE=E SUB/ITUTE QUACK]Y 9 ! ROOM ( PR9CIPLE4 

,BUT1 BESIDE ! RECOMM5DATIONS ?AT QUACK]Y D]IVES FROM 9DOL5CE & IGNORANCE1 IT IS ALSO CALCULAT$ TO GRATIFY ! VANITY ( HIM ?AT EMPLOYS IT4 ,HE ?AT W\LD REASON ) ANO!R1 & HONE/LY EXPLA9 TO HIM ! MOTIVES ( ! ACTION HE RECOMM5DS1 DESC5DS TO A FOOT+ ( EQUALITY4 ,BUT HE :O UND]TAKES TO DELUDE US1 & FA%ION US TO HIS PURPOSE BY A SPECI\S APPE>ANCE1 HAS A FEEL+ ?AT HE IS \R MA/]4 ,?\< HIS TASK IS NEI!R SO DIFFICULT NOR SO HONORABLE AS ?AT ( ! +5U\S DEAL]1 HE REG>DS IT AS MORE FLATT]+4 ,AT EV]Y TURN HE ADMIRES HIS [N DEXT]ITY2 HE TRIUMPHS 9 ! SUCCESS ( HIS >TIFICES1 & DELI<TS TO REM>K H[ COMPLETELY MANK9D >E HIS DUPES4 

,!RE >E DISADVANTAGES ( NO ORD9>Y MAGNITUDE ?AT ATT5D UPON ! PRACTICE ( POLITICAL IMPO/URE4 

,IT IS UTT]LY 9COMPATIBLE ) ! :OLESOME TONE ( ! HUMAN UND]/&+4 ,MAN1 WE HAVE SE5 SOME REASON TO BELIEVE1 IS A BE+ ( PROGRESSIVE NATURE1 & CAPABLE ( UNLIMIT$ IMPROVEM5T4 ,BUT HIS PROGRESS MU/ BE UPON ! PLA9 L9E ( REASON & TRU?4 ,AS LONG AS HE KEEPS ! OP5 ROAD1 HIS J\RNEY IS PROSP]\S & PROMIS+2 BUT1 IF HE TURN ASIDE 9TO BY-PA?S1 HE WILL SOON COME TO A PO9T :]E !RE IS NO LONG] EI!R AV5UE OR TRACK4 ,HE ?AT IS ACCU/OM$ TO A DECEITFUL M$IUM WILL BE IGNORANT ( ! TRUE COLORS ( ?+S4 ,HE ?AT IS (T5 IMPOS$ ON WILL BE NO JUDGE ( ! FAIR & ! G5U9E4 ,HUMAN UND]/&+ CANNOT BE TAMP]$ )1 ) IMPUNITY2 IF WE ADMIT PREJUDICE1 DECEPTION & IMPLICIT FAI? 9 ONE SUBJECT1 ! 9QUISITIVE 5]GIES ( ! M9D WILL BE MORE OR LESS WEAK5$ 9 ALL4 ,?IS IS A FACT SO WELL KN[N ?AT ! P]SONS :O RECOMM5D ! GOV]N+ MANK9D BY DECEPTION >E1 TO A MAN1 ADVOCATES ( ! OP9ION ?AT ! HUMAN SPECIES IS ESS5TIALLY /ATION>Y4 

,A FUR!R DISADVANTAGE ( POLITICAL IMPO/URE IS ?AT ! BUBBLE IS H\RLY 9 DANG] ( BUR/+1 & ! DELUSION ( COM+ TO AN 5D4 ,! PLAY+ UPON \R PASSIONS & \R IMAG9ATION1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 CAN NEV] FULLY ANSW] ANY BUT A TEMPOR>Y PURPOSE4 ,9 DELUSION !RE IS ALWAYS 9CONSI/5CY4 ,IT WIL#a LOOK PLAUSIBLY1 :5 PLAC$ 9 A C]TA9 LI<T2 BUT IT WILL NOT BE> H&L+1 & EXAM9+ ON ALL SIDES4 ,IT SUITS US 9 A C]TA9 ANIMAT$ TONE ( M9D2 BUT1 9 A CALM & TRANQUIL SEASON1 IT IS DE/ITUTE ( P[]4 ,POLITICS & GOV]NM5T >E AFFAIRS ( A DURABLE CONC]N2 !Y %\LD !RE=E RE/ UPON A BASIS ?AT WILL ABIDE ! TE/4 

,! SY/EM ( POLITICAL IMPO/URE DIVIDES M5 9TO TWO CLASSES1 ONE ( :I* IS TO ?9K & REASON = ! :OLE1 & ! O!R TO TAKE ! CONCLUSIONS ( !IR SUP]IORS ON TRU/4 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS NOT F\ND$ 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S2 !RE IS NO SU* 9H]5T DIFF]5CE BETWE5 MAN & MAN AS IT ?9KS PROP] TO SUPPOSE4 ,NOR IS IT LESS 9JURI\S ?AN IT IS UNF\ND$4 ,! TWO CLASSES :I* IT CREATES MU/ BE MORE & LESS ?AN MAN4 ,IT IS TOO MU* TO EXPECT ( ! =M]1 :ILE WE CONSIGN TO !M AN UNNATURAL MONOPOLY1 ?AT !Y %\LD RIGIDLY CONSULT = ! GOOD ( ! :OLE4 ,IT IS AN 9IQUIT\S REQUISITION UPON ! LATT] ?AT !Y %\LD NEV] EMPLOY !IR UND]/&+S1 OR P5ETRATE 9TO ! ESS5CES ( ?+S1 BUT ALWAYS RE/ 9 A DECEITFUL APPE>ANCE4 ,IT IS 9IQUIT\S TO DEPRIVE !M ( ?AT *ANCE = ADDITIONAL WISDOM :I* W\LD RESULT FROM A GREAT] NUMB] ( M9DS BE+ EMPLOY$ 9 ! 9QUIRY1 & FROM ! DIS9T]E/$ & IMP>TIAL SPIRIT ?AT MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO ACCOMPANY IT4 

,H[ /RANGELY 9CONGRU\S IS ?AT /ATE ( M9D :I* ! SY/EM WE >E H]E EXAM9+ IS ADAPT$ TO RECOMM5D4 ,%ALL ?OSE P]SONS :O GOV]N ! SPR+S1 & C>RY ON ! DECEPTION1 BE !MSELVES 9 ! SECRET ( ! IMPOSITION OR NOT8 ,?IS IS A FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION4 ,IT HAS (T5 BE5 />T$ 9 RELATION TO ! AU?ORS OR ABETTORS ( A NEW FABRIC ( SUP]/ITION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 WE %\LD BE APT TO IMAG9E ?AT1 = A MA*9E TO BE GUID$ WELL1 IT IS DESIRABLE ?AT ?OSE :O GUIDE IT %\LD BE ACQUA9T$ ) ITS PR9CIPLE4 ,WE %\LD SUPPOSE ?AT1 O!RWISE1 ! GOV]NORS WE SPEAK ( W\LD NOT ALWAYS KN[ ! EXT5T & ! P>TICUL>S AS TO :I* ! DECEPTION WAS SALUT>Y & ?AT1 :]E '! BL9D L$ ! BL9D'1 ! PUBLIC WELF>E W\LD NOT BE 9 A MU* BETT] CONDITION ?AN ! GREATE/ ADVOCATES ( IMPO/URE C\LD SUPPOSE IT TO BE UND] ! AUSPICES ( TRU?4 ,BUT !N AGA91 ON ! O!R H&1 NO MAN CAN BE P[]FUL 9 P]SUASION 9 A PO9T :]E HE HAS NOT FIR/ P]SUAD$ HIMSELF4 ,BESIDE ?AT ! SECRET MU/1 FIR/ OR LA/1 BE CONFID$ TO SO MANY H&S ?AT IT WILL BE CONT9UALLY 9 DANG] ( BE+ DISCOV]$ BY ! PUBLIC AT L>GE4 ,SO ?AT = !SE REASONS IT W\LD SEEM BE/ ?AT HE :O FIR/ 9V5T$ ! >T ( LEAD+ MANK9D AT PLEASURE1 & SET ! :EELS ( POLITICAL CRAFT 9 MOTION1 %\LD SUFF] HIS SECRET TO DIE ) HIM4 

,& :AT SORT ( *>ACT] MU/ EXI/ 9 A /ATE ?US MODIFI$8 ,?OSE AT ! HEAD ( AFFAIRS1 IF !Y BE ACQUA9T$ ) ! PR9CIPLE ( ! POLITICAL MA*9E1 MU/ BE P]PETUALLY ANXI\S LE/ MANK9D %\LD UNEXPECT$LY RECOV] ! USE ( !IR FACULTIES4 ,FALSEHOOD MU/ BE !IR DISCIPL9E & 9CESSANT /UDY4 ,WE WILL SUPPOSE ?AT !Y ADOPT ?IS SY/EM ( IMPO/URE1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 FROM ! MO/ B5EVOL5T MOTIVES4 ,BUT WILL ! CONT9UAL PRACTICE ( CONCEALM5T1 HYPOCRISY & >TIFICE MAKE NO BREA*ES 9 !IR *>ACT]8 ,WILL !Y1 9 DESPITE ( HABIT1 RETA9 ALL ?AT +5U\SNESS ( HE>T :I* IS ! FIR/ PR9CIPLE ( VIRTUE8 

,) RESPECT TO ! MULTITUDE1 9 ?IS SY/EM1 !Y >E PLAC$ 9 ! MIDDLE BETWE5 TWO FE>FUL CALAMITIES1 SUSPICION ON ONE SIDE1 & 9FATUATION ON ! O!R4 ,EV5 *ILDR51 :5 !IR P>5TS EXPLA9 TO !M ?AT !RE IS ONE SY/EM ( MORALITY = Y\? & ANO!R = MATURE AGE1 & 5DEAVOR TO *EAT !M 9TO SUBMISSION1 >E G5]ALLY F\ND TO SUSPECT ! TRICK4 ,IT CANNOT REASONABLY BE ?\<T ?AT ! MASS ( ! GOV]N$ 9 ANY C\NTRY %\LD BE LESS CLE> SI<T$ ?AN *ILDR54 ,?US !Y >E KEPT 9 P]PETUAL VIBRATION1 BETWE5 REBELLI\S DISCONT5T1 & 9FATUAT$ CR$ULITY4 ,SOMETIMES !Y SUPPOSE !IR GOV]NORS TO BE ! MESS5G]S & FAVORITES ( HEAV51 A SUP]NATURAL ORD] ( BE+S2 & SOMETIMES !Y SUSPECT !M TO BE A COMB9ATION ( USURP]S TO ROB & OPPRESS !M4 ,= !Y D>E NOT 9DULGE !MSELVES 9 SOLV+ ! DILEMMA1 BECAUSE !Y >E HELD 9 AWE BY OPPRESSION & ! GALL[S4 

,IS ?IS ! G5U9E /ATE ( MAN8 ,IS ?IS A CONDITION SO DESIRABLE ?AT WE %\LD BE ANXI\S TO 5TAIL IT UPON PO/]ITY = EV]8 ,IS IT HI< TREASON TO 9QUIRE :E!R IT MAY BE MELIORAT$8 ,>E WE SURE ?AT EV]Y *ANGE FROM SU* A SITUATION ( ?+S IS SEV]ELY TO BE DEPRECAT$8 ,IS IT NOT WOR? :ILE TO SUFF] ?AT EXP]IM5T :I* %ALL CONSI/ 9 A GRADUAL1 & ALMO/ 9S5SIBLE1 ABOLITION ( SU* MIS*IEV\S 9/ITUTIONS8 

,IT MAY NOT BE UN9/RUCTIVE TO CONSID] :AT SORT ( DISC\RSE MU/ BE HELD1 OR BOOK WRITT51 BY HIM :O %\LD MAKE HIMSELF ! *AMPION ( POLITICAL IMPO/URE4 ,HE CANNOT AVOID SECRETLY WI%+ ?AT ! OCCASION HAD NEV] EXI/$4 ,:AT HE UND]TAKES IS TO L5G!N ! REIGN ( 'SALUT>Y PREJUDICES'4 ,= ?IS 5D1 HE MU/ PROPOSE TO HIMSELF ! TWO OPPOSITE PURPOSES1 ( PROLONG+ ! DECEPTION1 & PROV+ ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO DECEIVE4 ,BY :OM IS IT ?AT HE 9T5DS HIS BOOK %\LD BE READ8 ,*IEFLY BY ! GOV]N$2 ! GOV]NORS NE$ LITTLE 9DUCEM5T TO CONT9UE ! SY/EM4 ,BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HE TELLS US1 WE %\LD *]I% ! MI/AKE AS MI/AKE1 & ! PREJUDICE AS PREJUDICE1 HE IS HIMSELF LIFT+ ! VEIL1 & DE/ROY+ HIS [N SY/EM4 ,:ILE ! AFFAIR ( \R SUP]IORS & ! 5LI<T5$ IS SIMPLY TO IMPOSE UPON US1 ! TASK IS PLA9 & 9TELLIGIBLE4 ,BUT1 ! MOM5T !Y BEG9 TO WRITE BOOKS1 TO P]SUADE US ?AT WE \<T TO BE WILL+ TO BE DECEIV$1 IT MAY WELL BE SUSPECT$ ?AT !IR SY/EM IS UPON ! DECL9E4 ,IT IS NOT TO BE WOND]$ AT IF ! GREATE/ G5IUS1 & ! S9C]E/ & MO/ B5EVOL5T *AMPION1 %\LD FAIL 9 PRODUC+ A P]SPICU\S OR V]Y P]SUASIVE TREATISE1 :5 HE UND]TAKES SO HOPELESS A TASK4 

,! >GUM5T ( SU* A SY/EM MU/1 :5 ATT5TIVELY EXAM9$1 BE ! MO/ UNT5ABLE ?AT CAN BE IMAG9$4 ,IT UND]TAKES TO PROVE ?AT WE MU/ NOT BE GOV]N$ BY REASON4 ,TO PROVE6 ,H[ PROVE8 ,NECESS>ILY1 FROM ! RES\RCES ( REASON4 ,:AT CAN BE MORE CONTRADICTORY8 ,IF ,I MU/ NOT TRU/ ! CONCLUSIONS ( REASON RELATIVE TO ! 9TR9SIC VALUE ( ?+S1 :Y TRU/ TO Y\R REASONS 9 FAVOR ( ! B5EFIT ( BE+ DECEIV$8 ,Y\ CUT UP Y\R [N >GUM5T BY ! ROOTS4 ,IF ,I MU/ REJECT ! DICTATES ( REASON 9 ONE PO9T1 !RE CAN BE NO POSSIBLE CAUSE :Y ,I %\LD ADOPT !M 9 ANO!R4 ,MORAL REASONS & 9DUCEM5TS1 AS WE HAVE REPEAT$LY %[N1 CONSI/ S+LY 9 ?IS1 AN E/IMATE ( CONSEQU5CES4 ,:AT CAN SUP]S$E ?IS E/IMATE8 ,NOT AN OPPOSITE E/IMATE2 =1 BY ! NATURE ( MORALITY1 ! PURPOSE1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 IS TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ALL ! CONSEQU5CES4 ,NOT SOME?+ ELSE1 = A CONSID]ATION ( CONSEQU5CES IS ! ONLY ?+ ) :I* MORALITY & PRACTICAL WISDOM >E DIRECTLY CONC]N$4 ,! MOM5T ,I DISMISS ! 9=MATION ( MY [N EYES & MY [N UND]/&+1 !RE IS1 9 ALL JU/ICE1 AN 5D TO P]SUASION1 EXPO/ULATION OR CONVICTION4 ,!RE IS NO PRES5CE BY :I* ,I CAN DISALL[ ! AU?ORITY ( 9F]5CE & D$UCTION 9 ONE 9/ANCE ?AT WILL NOT JU/IFY A SIMIL> PROCE$+ 9 EV]Y O!R4 ,HE ?AT1 9 ANY CASE1 DESIGN$LY SURR5D]S ! USE ( HIS [N UND]/&+ IS CONDEMN$ TO REMA9 = EV] AT ! BECK ( CONT+5CE & CAPRICE1 & IS EV5 B\ND 9 CONSI/5CY NO MORE TO FRAME HIS C\RSE BY ! RESULTS ( DEMON/RATION ?AN BY ! WILDE/ DREAMS ( DELIRIUM & 9SANITY4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a',P\R QU'UN PEUPLE NAISSANT PUT G\T] LES SE9ES MAXIMES DE LA POLITIQUE ET SUIVRE LES REGLES FONDAM5TALES DE LA RAISON DE L'ETAT1 IL FAUDROIT QUE L'EFFET PUT DEV5IR LA CAUSE1 QUE L'ESPRIT SOCIAL1 QUI DOIT ETRE L'\VRAGE DE L'9/ITUTION1 PRESIDAT A L'9/ITUTION MEME1 ET QUE LES HOMMES FUSS5T AVANT LES LOIS CE QU'ILS DOIV5T DEV5IR P> ELLES4 ,A9SI DONC LE LE^*GISLATEUR NE P\VANT EMPLOY] NI LA =CE NI LE RAISONNEM5T2 C'E/ UNE NECESSITE QU'IL REC\R A UNE AUTORITE D'UN AUTRE ORDRE1 QUI PUISSE 5TRA9] SANS VIOL5CE1 ET P]SUAD] SANS CONVA9CRE4 ' ,DU ,CONTRAT ,SOCIAL1 ,LIV4 ,I,I1 ,*AP4 VII4 

,HAV+ FREQU5TLY QUOT$ ,R\SSEAU 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS WORK1 IT MAY BE ALL[ABLE TO SAY ONE WORD ( HIS G5]AL M]ITS1 AS A MORAL & POLITICAL WRIT]4 ,HE HAS BE5 SUBJECT$ TO CONT9UAL RIDICULE = ! EXTRAVAGANCE ( ! PROPOSITION4 ) :I* HE BEGAN HIS LIT]>Y C>E]2 ?AT ! SAVAGE /ATE WAS ! G5U9E & PROP] CONDITION ( MAN4 ,IT WAS H[EV] BY A V]Y SLI<T MI/AKE ?AT HE MISS$ ! OPPOSITE OP9ION :I* IT IS ! BUS9ESS ( ! PRES5T 9QUIRY TO E/ABLI%4 ,HE ONLY SUB/ITUT$1 AS ! TOPIC ( HIS EULOGIUM1 ! P]IOD ?AT PREC$$ GOV]NM5T & LAWS1 9/EAD ( ! P]IOD ?AT MAY POSSIBLY FOLL[ UPON !IR ABOLITION4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5TLY OBS]VABLE ?AT1 :]E HE DESCRIBES ! 5?USIA/IC 9FLUX ( TRU? ?AT FIR/ MADE HIM A MORAL & POLITICAL WRIT] 79 HIS SECOND LETT] TO ,MALE%]BES71 HE DOES NOT SO MU* AS M5TION HIS FUNDAM5TAL ]ROR1 BUT ONLY ! JU/ PR9CIPLES :I* L$ HIM 9TO IT4 ,HE WAS ! FIR/ TO TEA* ?AT ! IMP]FECTIONS ( GOV]NM5T W]E ! ONLY P]5NIAL S\RCE ( ! VISES ( MANK9D2 & ?IS PR9CIPLE WAS ADOPT$ FROM HIM BY ,HELVETIUS & O!RS4 ,BUT HE SAW FUR!R ?AN ?IS1 ?AT GOV]NM5T1 H[EV] =M$1 WAS LITTLE CAPABLE ( AF=D+ SOLID B5EFIT TO MANK9D1 :I* !Y DID NOT4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE HAS S9CE 7PROBABLY )\T BE+ SUGGE/$ BY ! WRIT+S ( ,R\SSEAU7 BE5 EXPRESS$ ) GREAT P]SPICUITY & 5]GY1 BUT NOT DEVELOP$1 BY ,?OMAS ,PA9E1 9 ! FIR/ PAGE ( HIS ,COMMON ,S5SE4 

,R\SSEAU1 NOT)/&+ HIS GREAT G5IUS1 WAS FULL ( WEAKNESS & PREJUDICE4 ,HIS ,EMILE DES]VES P]HAPS1 UPON ! :OLE1 TO BE REG>D$ AS ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL RES]VOIRS ( PHILOSOPHICAL TRU? AS YET EXI/+ 9 ! WORLD2 ?\< ) A P]PETUAL MIXTURE ( ABSURDITY & MI/AKE4 ,9 HIS WRIT+S EXPRESSLY POLITICAL1 ,DU ,CONTRAT ,SOCIAL & ,CONSID^*]ATIONS SUR LA ,POLOGNE1 ! SUP]IORITY ( HIS G5IUS SEEMS TO DES]T HIM4 ,TO HIS M]ITS AS AN 9VE/IGATOR1 WE %\LD NOT =GET TO ADD ?AT ! T]M ELOQU5CE IS P]HAPS MORE PRECISELY DESCRIPTIVE ( HIS MODE ( COMPOSITION ?AN ( ?AT ( ANY O!R WRIT] ?AT EV] EXI/$4 

#b ,?IS >GUM5T IS ! GREAT COMMON PLACE ( ,MR ,BURKE'S 

,REFLECTIONS ON ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE1 & ( A MULTITUDE ( O!R WORKS1 

ANCI5T & MOD]N1 UPON ! SUBJECT ( GOV]NM5T4 

#c ,BOOK ,I1 ,*AP4 ,V,I,I44  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #agib 3 ,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #ae -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#f1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #ae -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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