,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #ai 
,( ,MILIT>Y ,E/ABLI%M5TS & ,TREATIES 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

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 ,A C\NTRY MAY LOOK = ITS DEF5SE EI!R TO A 
 /&+ >MY1 OR AN UNIV]SAL MILITIA4 - ,! 
 =M] CONDEMN$4 - ,! LATT] OBJECT$ TO1 AS 
 ( P]NICI\S T5D5CY - AS UNNECESS>Y - EI!R 
 9 RESPECT TO C\RAGE - OR DISCIPL9E4 - ,( A 
 COMM&]4 - ,( TREATIES4 - ,CONCLUSION4  

,! LA/ TOPIC :I* IT MAY BE NECESS>Y TO EXAM9E1 AS TO ! SUBJECT ( W>1 IS ! CONDUCT IT BECOMES US TO OBS]VE RESPECT+ IT1 9 A TIME ( PEACE4 ,?IS >TICLE MAY BE DI/RIBUT$ 9TO TWO HEADS1 MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5TS1 & TREATIES ( ALLIANCE4 

,IF MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5TS 9 TIME ( PEACE BE JUDG$ PROP]1 !IR PURPOSE MAY BE EFFECT$ EI!R BY CONSIGN+ ! PRACTICE ( MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E TO A C]TA9 P>T ( ! COMMUNITY1 OR BY MAK+ EV]Y MAN1 :OSE AGE IS SUITABLE = ?AT PURPOSE1 A SOLDI]4 

,! PREF]ABL5ESS ( ! LATT] ( !SE ME?ODS TO ! =M] IS OBVI\S4 ,! MAN ?AT IS M]ELY A SOLDI] MU/ ALWAYS BE UNCOMMONLY DEPRAV$4 ,W>1 9 HIS CASE1 9EVITABLY DEG5]ATES FROM ! NECESS>Y PRECAUTIONS ( A P]SONAL DEF5SE 9TO A TRADE1 BY :I* A MAN SELLS HIS SKILL 9 MURD]1 & ! SAFETY ( HIS EXI/5CE1 = A PECUNI>Y RECOMP5SE4 ,! MAN ?AT IS M]ELY A SOLDI] CEASES TO BE1 9 ! SAME S5SE AS HIS NEI<BORS1 A CITIZ54 ,HE IS CUT (F FROM ! RE/ ( ! COMMUNITY1 & HAS S5TIM5TS & A RULE ( JUDGM5T PECULI> TO HIMSELF4 ,HE CONSID]S HIS C\NTRYM5 AS 9DEBT$ TO HIM = !IR SECURITY2 &1 BY AN UNAVOIDABLE TRANSITION ( REASON+1 BELIEVES ?AT1 9 A D\BLE S5SE1 !Y >E AT HIS M]CY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?AT EV]Y CITIZ5 %\LD EX]CISE 9 HIS TURN ! FUNCTIONS ( A SOLDI] SEEMS PECULI>LY FAVORABLE TO ?AT CONFID5CE 9 HIMSELF1 & 9 ! RES\RCES ( HIS C\NTRY1 :I* IT IS SO DESIRABLE HE %\LD 5T]TA94 ,IT IS CONG5IAL TO ?AT EQUALITY :I* MU/ OP]ATE TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T BE=E MANK9D 9 G5]AL CAN BE EI!R VIRTU\S OR WISE4 ,& IT SEEMS TO MULTIPLY ! P[]S ( DEF5SE 9 A C\NTRY1 SO AS TO R5D] ! IDEA ( ITS FALL+ UND] ! YOKE ( AN 5EMY 9 ! UTMO/ DEGREE IMPROBABLE4 

,!RE >E REASONS H[EV] ?AT WILL OBLIGE US TO D\BT RESPECT+ ! PROPRIETY ( CULTIVAT+1 UND] ANY =M1 ! SY/EM ( MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E 9 TIME ( PEACE4 ,IT IS1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ) NATIONS AS IT IS ) 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! MAN ?AT1 ) A PI/OL-BULLET1 IS SURE ( HIS M>K1 OR ?AT EXCELS HIS CONTEMPOR>IES 9 ! EX]CISE ( ! SWORD1 CAN SC>CELY ESCAPE ?OSE OBLIQUITIES ( UND]/&+ :I* ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ?IS SORT >E ADAPT$ TO N\RI%4 ,IT IS NOT TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT HE %\LD 5T]TA9 ALL ?AT CONFID5CE 9 JU/ICE1 & DI/A/E ( VIOL5CE1 :I* REASON PRESCRIBES4 ,IT IS BEYOND ALL CONTROV]SY ?AT W>1 ?\< ! PRACTICE ( IT1 UND] ! PRES5T /ATE ( ! HUMAN SPECIES1 %\LD BE F\ND1 9 SOME 9/ANCES1 UNAVOIDABLE1 IS A PROCE$+ PREGNANT ) CALAMITY & VISE4 ,IT CANNOT BE A MATT] ( 9DIFF]5CE = ! HUMAN M9D TO BE SY/EMATICALLY FAMILI>IZ$ TO ?\<TS ( MURD] & DESOLATION4 ,! PUPIL ( NATURE W\LD NOT FAIL1 AT ! SI<T ( A MUSKET OR A SWORD1 TO BE IMPRESS$ ) S5TIM5TS ( ABHORR5CE4 ,:Y EXPEL !SE S5TIM5TS8 ,:Y CONNECT ! DISCIPL9E ( DEA? ) IDEAS ( FE/IVITY & SPL5DOR2 :I* WILL 9EVITABLY HAPP5 IF ! CITIZ5S1 )\T OPPRESSION1 >E ACCU/OM$ TO BE DRAWN \T TO 5CAMPM5TS & REVIEWS8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT HE :O HAS NOT LE>N$ TO MURD] HIS NEI<BOR ) A GRACE IS IMP]FECT 9 ! TRADE ( MAN8 

,IF IT BE REPLI$ '?AT ! G5]AT+ ( ]ROR IS NOT 9SEP>ABLE FROM MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E1 & ?AT M5 MAY AT SOME TIME BE SUFFICI5TLY GU>D$ AGA9/ ! ABUSE1 EV5 :ILE !Y >E TAU<T ! USE ( >MS'2 IT WILL BE F\ND UPON REFLECTION ?AT ?IS >GUM5T IS ( LITTLE WEI<T4 ,IF ]ROR BE NOT UNALT]ABLY CONNECT$ ) ! SCI5CE ( >MS1 IT WILL = A LONG TIME REMA9 SO4 ,:5 M5 >E SUFFICI5TLY IMPROV$ TO BE ABLE TO H&LE1 FAMILI>LY1 & ) APPLICATION ( M9D1 ! 9/RUM5TS ( DEA?1 )\T 9JURY TO !IR DISPOSITIONS1 !Y WILL ALSO BE SUFFICI5TLY IMPROV$ TO BE ABLE TO MA/] ANY /UDY ) MU* GREAT] FACILITY ?AN AT PRES5T1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! CULTIVATION ( ! >T MILIT>Y 9 TIME ( PEACE WILL HAVE /ILL FEW] 9DUCEM5TS TO RECOMM5D IT TO \R *OICE - ,TO APPLY !SE CONSID]ATIONS TO ! PRES5T SITUATION ( MANK9D4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ?AT ! SY/EM ( A /&+ >MY IS ALTOGE!R 9DEF5SIBLE1 & ?AT A UNIV]SAL MILITIA IS A MORE =MIDABLE DEF5SE1 AS WELL AS MORE AGREEABLE TO ! PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE & POLITICAL HAPP9ESS4 ,IT REMA9S TO BE SE5 :AT W\LD BE ! REAL SITUATION ( A NATION1 SURR\ND$ BY O!R NATIONS1 9 ! MID/ ( :I* /&+ >MIES W]E MA9TA9$1 ?AT %\LD NEV]!LESS1 UPON PR9CIPLE1 :OLLY NEGLECT ! >T MILIT>Y 9 SEASONS ( PEACE4 ,9 SU* A NATION IT WILL PROBABLY BE ADMITT$ ?AT1 SO F> AS RELATES TO M]E NUMB]S1 AN >MY MAY BE RAIS$ UPON ! SPUR ( OCCASION NE>LY AS SOON AS 9 A NATION ! CITIZ5S ( :I* HAD BE5 TAU<T TO BE SOLDI]S4 ,BUT ?IS >MY1 ?\< NUM]\S1 W\LD BE 9 WANT ( MANY ( ?OSE PR9CIPLES ( COMB9ATION & ACTIVITY :I* >E ( MAT]IAL IMPORTANCE 9 A DAY ( BATTLE4 ,!RE IS 9DE$ 9CLUD$ 9 ! SUPPOSITION ?AT ! 9T]NAL /ATE ( ?IS PEOPLE IS MORE EQUAL & FREE ?AN ?AT ( ! PEOPLE BY :OM !Y >E 9VAD$4 ,?IS WILL 9FALLIBLY BE ! CASE 9 A COMP>ISON BETWE5 A PEOPLE ) A /&+ >MY & A PEOPLE )\T ONE2 BETWE5 A PEOPLE :O CAN BE BR\<T BL9DLY & WICK$LY TO ! 9VASION ( !IR PEACEFUL NEI<BORS1 & A PEOPLE :O WILL NOT BE 9DUC$ TO FI<T BUT 9 !IR [N DEF5SE4 ,! LATT] !RE=E WILL BE OBLIG$ TO COMP>E ! /ATE ( SOCIETY & GOV]NM5T1 9 !IR [N C\NTRY1 & AMONG !IR NEI<BORS1 & WILL NOT FAIL TO BE IMPRESS$ ) GREAT >DOR 9 DEF5SE ( ! 9E/IMABLE SUP]IORITY !Y POSSESS4 ,>DOR1 EV5 9 ! DAY ( BATTLE1 MI<T PROVE SUFFICI5T4 ,A BODY ( M51 H[EV] UNDISCIPL9$1 :OM NO?+ C\LD 9DUCE TO QUIT ! FIELD W\LD 9FALLIBLY BE VICTORI\S OV] !IR VET]AN ADV]S>IES :O1 UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! CASE1 C\LD HAVE NO ACCURATE CONCEPTION ( ! OBJECT = :I* !Y W]E FI<T+1 & !RE=E C\LD NOT 5T]TA9 AN 9EXT+UI%ABLE LOVE = IT4 ,IT IS NOT C]TA9 ?AT ACTIVITY & DISCIPL9E1 OPPOS$ TO >DOR1 HAVE EV5 A T5D5CY TO TURN ! BALANCE ( SLAU<T] AGA9/ ! P>TY ?AT WANTS !M4 ,!IR GREAT ADVANTAGE CONSI/S 9 !IR P[] OV] ! IMAG9ATION TO A/ONI%1 TO T]RIFY & CONF\ND4 ,AN 9TREPID C\RAGE 9 ! P>TY ?US ASSAIL$ W\LD SOON CONV]T !M FROM S\RCES ( DESPAIR 9TO OBJECTS ( CONTEMPT4 

,BUT IT W\LD BE EXTREMELY UNWISE 9 US TO HAVE NO O!R RES\RCE BUT 9 ! *ANCE ( ?IS 9TREPIDITY4 ,A RES\RCE MU* SUR]1 & MORE AGREEABLE TO JU/ICE1 IS 9 RECOLLECT+ ?AT ! W> ( :I* WE TREAT IS A W> ( DEF5SE4 ,BATTLE IS NOT ! OBJECT ( SU* A W>4 ,AN >MY :I*1 LIKE ?AT ( ,FABIUS1 BY KEEP+ ON ! HILLS1 OR BY :ATEV] O!R MEANS1 R5D]$ IT IMPRACTICABLE = ! 5EMY TO =CE !M TO AN 5GAGEM5T MI<T LOOK ) 9DIFF]5CE UPON HIS IMPOT5T EF=TS TO 5?RALL$ ! C\NTRY4 ,ONE ADVANTAGE 9CLUD$ 9 SU* A SY/EM ( W> IS ?AT1 AS ITS V]Y ESS5CE IS PROTRACTION1 ! DEF5D+ >MY MI<T1 9 A %ORT TIME1 BE R5D]$ AS SKILLFUL AS ! ASSAILANTS4 ,DISCIPL9E1 LIKE EV]Y O!R >T1 HAS BE5 REPRES5T$1 BY VA9 & 9T]E/$ M51 AS SURR\ND$ ) IMAG9>Y DIFFICULTIES1 BUT IS1 9 REALITY EXCE$+LY SIMPLE2 & W\LD BE LE>N$ MU* MORE EFFECTUALLY 9 ! SC5E ( A REAL W> ?AN 9 ! PUPPET-%[ EXHIBITIONS ( A P]IOD ( PEACE4 

,IT IS DESIRABLE 9DE$ ?AT WE %\LD HAVE A COMM&] ( CONSID]ABLE SKILL1 OR RA!R ( CONSID]ABLE WISDOM1 TO R$UCE ?IS PATI5T & 9DEFATIGABLE SY/EM 9TO PRACTICE4 ,?IS IS ( GREAT] IMPORTANCE ?AN ! M]E DISCIPL9E ( ! RANKS4 ,BUT ! NATURE ( MILIT>Y WISDOM HAS BE5 GREATLY MISREPRES5T$4 ,EXP]I5CE 9 ?IS1 AS WELL AS 9 O!R >TS1 HAS BE5 UNREASONABLY MAGNIFI$1 & ! G5]AL P[] ( A CULTIVAT$ M9D BE5 ?R[N 9TO %ADE4 ,IT WILL PROBABLY BE NO LONG TIME BE=E ?IS QUACK]Y ( PR(ESSIONAL M5 WILL BE ?OR\<LY EXPLOD$4 ,H[ (T5 DO WE MEET ) ?OSE :OM EXP]I5CE F9DS 9CORRIGIBLE2 :ILE IT IS RECORD$ ( ONE ( ! GREATE/ G5]ALS ( ANTIQUITY ?AT HE SET \T = HIS APPO9TM5T :OLLY UNACQUA9T$ ) HIS >T1 & WAS 9DEBT$ = ?AT SKILL1 :I* BROKE \T IMM$IATELY UPON HIS >RIVAL1 TO ! ASSIDUITY ( HIS 9QUIRIES1 & A C>EFUL EXAM9ATION ( ?OSE WRIT]S BY :OM ! >T HAD MO/ SUCCESSFULLY BE5 ILLU/RAT$8#a ,9 ALL EV5TS IT WILL BE ADMITT$ ?AT ! MA9T5ANCE ( A /&+ >MY1 OR ! P]PETUAL DISCIPL9E ( A NATION1 IS A V]Y DE> PRICE TO PAY = ! PUR*ASE ( A G5]AL1 AS WELL AS ?AT ! PUR*ASE W\LD BE EXTREMELY PREC>I\S IF WE W]E EV5 P]SUAD$ TO CONS5T TO ! CONDITION4 ,IT MAY P]HAPS BE TRUE1 ?\< ?IS IS NOT ALTOGE!R CLE>1 ?AT A NATION BY :OM MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E WAS :OLLY NEGLECT$ W\LD BE EXPOS$ TO SOME DISADVANTAGE4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 IT BECOMES US TO WEI< ! NEGLECT & CULTIVATION TOGE!R1 & TO CA/ ! BALANCE ON ! SIDE TO :I*1 UPON MATURE EXAM9ATION1 IT %ALL APPE> TO BELONG4 

,A SECOND >TICLE :I* BELONGS TO ! MILIT>Y SY/EM 9 A SEASON ( PEACE IS ?AT ( TREATIES ( ALLIANCE4 ,?IS SUBJECT MAY EASILY BE DISPAT*$4 ,TREATIES ( ALLIANCE1 IF WE EXAM9E & WEI< ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D1 WILL P]HAPS BE F\ND TO HAVE BE51 9 ALL CASES1 NUGATORY1 OR WORSE4 ,GOV]NM5TS1 & PUBLIC M51 WILL NOT1 & \<T NOT1 TO HOLD !MSELVES B\ND TO ! 9JURY ( ! CONC]NS !Y CONDUCT1 BECAUSE A P>*M5T1 TO :I* !Y OR !IR PR$ECESSORS W]E A P>TY1 REQUIRES IT4 ,IF ! CONC]T DEM&$ 9 TIME ( NE$ APPROVE ITSELF TO !IR JUDGM5T1 & CORRESPOND ) !IR 9CL9ATION1 IT WILL BE YIELD$1 ?\< !Y >E UND] NO PREVI\S 5GAGEM5T = ?AT PURPOSE4 ,TREATIES ( ALLIANCE S]VE TO NO O!R 5D ?AN TO EXHIBIT1 BY !IR VIOLATION1 AN APPE>ANCE ( PR(LIGACY & VISE1 :I* UN=TUNATELY BECOMES TOO (T5 A P[]FUL 5C\RAGEM5T TO ! 9CONSI/5CY ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,ADD TO ?IS1 ?AT IF ALLIANCES W]E 5G9ES AS P[]FUL AS !Y >E REALLY IMPORTANT1 !Y C\LD SELDOM BE ( USE TO A NATION UNI=MLY ADH]+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE4 ,!Y W\LD BE USELESS1 BECAUSE !Y >E1 9 REALITY1 ILL CALCULAT$ = ANY O!R PURPOSES ?AN ?OSE ( AMBITION4 ,!Y MI<T BE P]NICI\S1 BECAUSE IT W\LD BE B5EFICIAL = NATIONS1 AS IT IS = 9DIVIDUALS1 TO LOOK = RES\RCES AT HOME1 9/EAD ( DEP5D+ UPON ! PREC>I\S COMPASSION ( !IR NEI<BORS4 

,IT W\LD BE UNJU/ TO DISMISS ! CONSID]ATION ( ?IS MO/ DREADFUL1 YET P]HAPS1 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( ?+S1 SOMETIMES UNAVOIDABLE1 CALAMITY ( W>1 )\T AGA9 REM9D+ ! READ] ( ITS TRUE *>ACT]4 ,IT IS ?AT /ATE ( ?+S :]E A MAN /&S PREP>$ TO DEAL SLAU<T] & DEA? TO HIS FELL[ M54 ,LET US IMAGE TO \RSELVES A HUMAN BE+1 SURVEY+1 AS SOON AS HIS APPETITE = C>NAGE IS SATIAT$1 ! SC5E ( DEVA/ATION HE HAS PRODUC$4 ,LET US VIEW HIM SURR\ND$ ) ! DY+ & ! DEAD1 HIS >MS BA!D TO ! V]Y ELB[ 9 !IR BLOOD4 ,LET US 9VE/IGATE ALONG ) HIM ! FEATURES ( ! FIELD1 ATTEMPT TO DIVIDE ! W\ND$ FROM ! SLA91 OBS]VE !IR DI/ORT$ C\NT5ANCES1 !IR MUTILAT$ LIMBS1 !IR CONVULS$ & PALPITAT+ FLE%4 ,LET US OBS]VE ! LONG DRAWN M>* ( ! HOSPITAL-WAGONS1 EV]Y MOTION ATT5D$ ) PANGS UNUTT]ABLE1 & %RIEKS ?AT R5D ! AIR4 ,LET US 5T] ! HOSPITAL ITSELF1 & NOTE ! DESP]ATE & DREADFUL CASES ?AT N[ CALL = ! SKILL ( ! SURGEON1 EV5 OMITT+ ?OSE TO :I* NEI!R SKILL NOR C>E IS EV] EXT5D$4 ,:5CE CAME ALL ?IS MIS]Y8 ,:AT MANN] ( CREATURE %ALL WE N[ ADJUDGE ! W>RIOR TO BE8 ,:AT HAD !SE M5 DONE TO HIM8 ,ALAS6 HE KNEW !M NOT2 !Y HAD NEV] (F5D$2 HE SMOTE !M TO ! DEA?1 UNPROVOK$ BY MOM5T>Y ANG]1 COLDLY DELIB]AT+ ON FAULTS ( :I* !Y W]E GUILTLESS1 & EXECUT+ PLANS ( WILLFUL & M$ITAT$ DE/RUCTION4 ,IS NOT ?IS MAN A MURD]]8 ,YET SU* IS ! MAN :O GOES TO BATTLE1 :ATEV] BE ! CAUSE ?AT 9DUCES HIM4 ,:O ?AT REFLECTS ON !SE ?+S DOES NOT FEEL HIMSELF PROMPT$ TO SAY1 ',LET :O WILL 5GAGE 9 ! BUS9ESS ( W>2 NEV] WILL ,I1 ON ANY PRET5SE1 LIFT UP A WORD AGA9/ MY BRO!R'8 

,WE HAVE 5T]$1 9 !SE *APT]S1 SOME:AT MORE AT L>GE 9TO ! SUBJECT ( W> ?AN ! QUE/ION ( DEMOCRACY1 MI<T SEEM TO REQUIRE4 ,SO F> AS ?IS IS A DIGRESSION1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! TOPIC MAY P]HAPS PLEAD \R EXCUSE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,CIC]ONIS ,LUCULLUSS1 FIVE ,ACADEMICORUM ,LIB] ,SECUNDUS4 9IT4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #b#f1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #ai -- ,ADD$4 

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