,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #bc 
,( ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLIES 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

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,!Y PRODUCE A FICTITI\S UNANIMITY -- AN UN- 
NATURAL UNI=MITY ( OP9ION4 -- ,CAUSES ( ?IS 
UNI=MITY4 -- ,CONSEQU5CES ( ! MODE ( 
DECISION BY VOTE --#a4 P]V]SION ( REASON -- #b4 
CONT5TI\S DISPUTES -- #c4 ! TRIUMPH ( IGNOR- 
ANCE & VISE4 -- ,SOCIETY 9CAPABLE ( ACT+  
FROM ITSELF -- ( BE+ WELL CONDUCT$ BY O!RS4 
 -- ,CONCLUSION4 -- ,MODIFICATION ( DEMOCRACY ?AT 
 RESULTS FROM !SE CONSID]ATIONS4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! EXI/5CE ( A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 9TRODUCES ! EVILS ( A FICTITI\S UNANIMITY4 ,! PUBLIC1 GUID$ BY SU* AN ASSEMBLY1 MU/ ACT ) CONC]T1 OR ! ASSEMBLY IS A NUGATORY EXCRESC5CE4 ,BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ?IS UNANIMITY CAN REALLY EXI/4 ,! 9DIVIDUALS :O CON/ITUTE A NATION CANNOT TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION A V>IETY ( IMPORTANT QUE/IONS )\T =M+ DIFF]5T S5TIM5TS RESPECT+ !M4 ,9 REALITY1 ALL QUE/IONS ?AT >E BR\<T BE=E SU* AN ASSEMBLY >E DECID$ BY A MAJORITY ( VOTES1 & ! M9ORITY1 AFT] HAV+ EXPOS$1 ) ALL ! P[] ( ELOQU5CE1 & =CE ( REASON+1 ( :I* !Y >E CAPABLE1 ! 9JU/ICE & FOLLY ( ! MEASURES ADOPT$1 >E OBLIG$1 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 TO ASSI/ 9 C>RY+ !M 9TO EXECUTION4 ,NO?+ CAN MORE DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEPRAVATION ( ! HUMAN UND]/&+ & *>ACT]4 ,IT 9EVITABLY R5D]S MANK9D TIMID1 DISSEMBL+ & CORRUPT4 ,HE ?AT IS NOT ACCU/OM$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ACT UPON ! DICTATES ( HIS [N UND]/&+ MU/ FALL 9EXPRESSIBLY %ORT ( ?AT 5]GY & SIMPLICITY ( :I* \R NATURE IS CAPABLE4 ,HE ?AT CONTRIBUTES HIS P]SONAL EX]TIONS1 OR HIS PROP]TY1 TO ! SUPPORT ( A CAUSE :I* HE BELIEVES TO BE UNJU/ WILL QUICKLY LOSE ?AT ACCURATE DISCRIM9ATION1 & NICE S5SIBILITY ( MORAL RECTITUDE1 :I* >E ! PR9CIPAL ORNAM5TS ( REASON4 

,SECONDLY1 ! EXI/5CE ( NATIONAL C\NCILS PRODUCES A C]TA9 SPECIES ( REAL UNANIMITY1 UNNATURAL 9 ITS *>ACT]1 & P]NICI\S 9 ITS EFFECTS4 ,! G5U9E & :OLESOME /ATE ( M9D IS TO BE UNLOOS$ FROM %ACKLES1 & TO EXP& EV]Y FIB] ( ITS FRAME1 ACCORD+ TO ! 9DEP5D5T & 9DIVIDUAL IMPRESSIONS ( TRU? UPON ?AT M9D4 ,H[ GREAT W\LD BE ! PROGRESS ( 9TELLECTUAL IMPROVEM5T IF M5 W]E UNFETT]$ BY ! PREJUDICES ( $UCATION1 UNS$UC$ BY ! 9FLU5CE ( A CORRUPT /ATE ( SOCIETY1 & ACCU/OM$ TO YIELD )\T FE>1 TO ! GUIDANCE ( TRU?1 H[EV] UNEXPLOR$ MI<T BE ! REGIONS1 & UNEXPECT$ ! CONCLUSIONS TO :I* %E CONDUCT$ US8 ,WE CANNOT ADVANCE 9 ! VOYAGE ( HAPP9ESS UNLESS WE BE :OLLY AT L>GE UPON ! /REAM ?AT C>RY US ?I!R3 ! AN*OR ?AT WE AT FIR/ LOOK$ UPON AS ! 9/RUM5T ( \R SAFETY WILL1 AT LA/1 BE F\ND TO BE ! MEANS ( DETA9+ \R PROGRESS4 ,UNANIMITY ( A C]TA9 SORT IS ! RESULT TO :I* P]FECT FRE$OM ( 9QUIRY IS CALCULAT$ TO CONDUCT US2 & ?IS UNANIMITY W\LD1 9 A /ATE ( P]FECT FRE$OM1 BECOME H\RLY MORE CONSPICU\S4 ,BUT ! UNANIMITY ?AT RESULTS FROM M5'S HAV+ A VISIBLE /&>D BY :I* TO ADJU/ !IR S5TIM5TS IS DECEITFUL & P]NICI\S4 

,9 NUM]\S ASSEMBLIES1 A ?\S& MOTIVES 9FLU5CE \R JUDGM5TS1 9DEP5D5TLY ( REASON & EVID5CE4 ,EV]Y MAN LOOKS =W>D TO ! EFFECTS :I* ! OP9IONS HE AV[S WILL PRODUCE ON HIS SUCCESS4 ,EV]Y MAN CONNECTS HIMSELF ) SOME SECT OR P>TY4 ,! ACTIVITY ( HIS ?\<T IS %ACKL$1 AT EV]Y TURN1 BY ! FE> ?AT HIS ASSOCIATES MAY DISCLAIM HIM4 ,?IS EFFECT IS /RIK+LY VISIBLE 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( ! ,BRITI% P>LIAM5T1 :]E M51 :OSE FACULTIES >E COMPREH5SIVE ALMO/ BEYOND ALL =M] EXAMPLE1 MAY PROBABLY BE F\ND 9FLU5C$ BY !SE MOTIVES S9C]ELY TO ESP\SE ! GROSSE/ & MO/ CONTEMPTIBLE ]RORS4 

,?IRDLY1 ! DEBATES ( A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY >E DI/ORT$ FROM !IR REASONABLE T5OR BY ! NECESSITY ( !IR BE+ UNI=MLY T]M9AT$ BY A VOTE4 ,DEBATE & DISCUSSION >E1 9 !IR [N NATURE1 HI<LY CONDUCIVE TO 9TELLECTUAL IMPROVEM5T2 BUT !Y LOSE ?IS SALUT>Y *>ACT]1 ! MOM5T !Y >E SUBJECT$ TO ?IS UN=TUNATE CONDITION4 ,:AT CAN BE MORE UNREASONABLE ?AN TO DEM& ?AT >GUM5T1 ! USUAL QUALITY ( :I* IS GRADUALLY & IMP]CEPTIBLY TO 5LI<T5 ! M9D1 %\LD DECL>E ITS EFFECT 9 ! CLOSE ( A S+LE CONV]SATION8 ,NO SOON] DOES ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE OCCUR ?AN ! :OLE SC5E *ANGES ITS *>ACT]4 ,! ORATOR NO LONG] 9QUIRES AFT] P]MAN5T CONVICTION1 BUT TRANSITORY EFFECT4 ,HE SEEKS RA!R TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( \R PREJUDICES ?AN TO 5LI<T5 \R JUDGM5T4 ,?AT :I* MI<T O!RWISE HAVE BE5 A SC5E ( PATI5T & B5EFIC5T 9QUIRY IS *ANG$ 9TO WRANGL+1 TUMULT & PRECIPITATION4 

,ANO!R CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT >ISES \T ( ! DECISION BY VOTE IS ! NECESSITY ( CON/RUCT+ A =M ( WORDS ?AT %ALL BE/ MEET ! S5TIM5TS1 & BE ADAPT$ TO ! PRE-CONCEIV$ IDEAS1 ( A MULTITUDE ( M54 ,:AT CAN BE CONCEIV$ AT ONCE MORE LUDICR\S & DISGRACEFUL ?AN ! SPECTACLE ( A SET ( RATIONAL BE+S EMPLOY$ = H\RS TOGE!R 9 WEI<+ P>TICLES1 & ADJU/+ COMMAS8 ,SU* IS ! SC5E ?AT IS 9CESSANTLY WITNESS$ 9 CLUBS & PRIVATE SOCIETIES4 ,9 P>LIAM5TS1 ?IS SORT ( BUS9ESS IS USUALLY ADJU/$ BE=E ! MEASURE BECOMES A SUBJECT ( PUBLIC 9SPECTION4 ,BUT IT DOES NOT ! LESS EXI/2 & SOMETIMES IT OCCURS 9 ! O!R MODE1 SO ?AT1 :5 NUM]\S AM5DM5TS HAVE BE5 MADE TO SUIT ! CORRUPT 9T]E/ ( IMP]I\S PRET5D]S1 ! ,H]CULEAN TASK REMA9S AT LA/ TO R$UCE ! *AOS 9TO A GRAMMATICAL & 9TELLIGIBLE =M4 

,! :OLE IS !N W\ND UP1 ) ?AT FLAGRANT 9SULT UPON ALL REASON & JU/ICE1 ! DECID+ UPON TRU? BY ! CA/+ UP ( NUMB]S4 ,?US EV]Y?+ ?AT WE HAVE BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO E/EEM MO/ SACR$ IS DET]M9$1 AT BE/1 BY ! WEAKE/ HEADS 9 ! ASSEMBLY1 BUT1 AS IT NOT LESS FREQU5TLY HAPP5S1 ?R\< ! 9FLU5CE ( ! MO/ CORRUPT & DI%ONORABLE 9T5TIONS4 

,9 ! LA/ PLACE1 NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES WILL BY NO MEANS BE ?\<T TO DES]VE \R DIRECT APPROBATION IF WE RECOLLECT1 = A MOM5T1 ! ABSURDITY ( ?AT FICTION BY :I* SOCIETY IS CONSID]$1 AS IT HAS BE5 T]M$1 AS A MORAL 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT WE 5DEAVOR TO C\NT]ACT ! LAWS ( NATURE & NECESSITY4 ,A MULTITUDE ( M51 AFT] ALL \R +5UITY1 WILL /ILL REMA9 A MULTITUDE ( M54 ,NO?+ CAN 9TELLECTUALLY UNITE !M1 %ORT ( EQUAL CAPACITY & ID5TICAL P]CEPTION4 ,SO LONG AS ! V>IETIES ( M9D %ALL REMA91 ! F#fRCE ( SOCIETY CAN NO O!RWISE BE CONC5TRAT$ ?AN BY ONE MAN1 = A %ORT] OR A LONG] T]M1 TAK+ ! LEAD ( ! RE/1 & EMPLOY+ !IR =CE1 :E!R MAT]IAL1 OR DEP5D5T ON ! WEI<T ( !IR *>ACT]1 9 A ME*ANICAL MANN]1 JU/ AS HE W\LD EMPLOY ! =CE ( A TOOL OR A MA*9E4 ,ALL GOV]NM5T CORRESPONDS1 9 A C]TA9 DEGREE1 TO :AT ! ,GREEKS D5OM9AT$ A TYRANNY4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS ?AT1 9 DESPOTIC C\NTRIES1 M9D IS DEPRESS$ BY AN UNI=M USURPATION2 :ILE1 9 REPUBLICS1 IT PRES]VES A GREAT] PORTION ( ITS ACTIVITY1 & ! USURPATION MORE EASILY CON=MS ITSELF TO ! FLUCTUATIONS ( OP9ION4 

,! PRET5SE ( COLLECTIVE WISDOM IS AMONG ! MO/ PALPABLE ( ALL IMPO/URES4 ,! ACTS ( ! SOCIETY CAN NEV] RISE ABOVE ! SUGGE/IONS ( ?IS OR ?AT 9DIVIDUAL1 :O IS A MEMB] ( IT4 ,LET US 9QUIRE :E!R SOCIETY1 CONSID]$ AS AN AG5T1 CAN REALLY BECOME ! EQUAL ( C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS1 ( :OM IT IS COMPOS$4 ,& H]E1 )\T /AY+ TO EXAM9E :AT GR\ND WE HAVE TO EXPECT ?AT ! WISE/ MEMB] ( ! SOCIETY WILL ACTUALLY TAKE ! LEAD 9 IT1 WE F9D TWO OBVI\S REASONS TO P]SUADE US ?AT1 :ATEV] BE ! DEGREE ( WISDOM 9H]5T 9 HIM ?AT REALLY SUP]9T5DS1 ! ACTS :I* HE P]=MS 9 ! NAME ( ! SOCIETY WILL BE BO? LESS VIRTU\S & LESS ABLE ?AN ! ACTS HE MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO P]=M 9 A SIMPL] & MORE UN5CUMB]$ SITUATION4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !RE >E FEW M5 :O1 ) ! CONSCI\SNESS ( BE+ ABLE TO COV] !IR RESPONSIBILITY UND] ! NAME ( A SOCIETY1 WILL NOT V5TURE UPON MEASURES LESS DIRECT 9 !IR MOTIVES1 OR LESS JU/IFIABLE 9 ! EXP]IM5T1 ?AN !Y W\LD HAVE *OS5 TO ADOPT 9 !IR [N P]SONS4 ,SECONDLY1 M5 :O ACT UND] ! NAME ( A SOCIETY >E DEPRIV$ ( ?AT ACTIVITY & 5]GY :I* MAY BELONG TO !M 9 !IR 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT]4 ,!Y HAVE A MULTITUDE ( FOLL[]S TO DRAW AFT] !M1 :OSE HUMORS !Y MU/ CONSULT1 & TO :OSE SL[NESS ( APPREH5SION !Y MU/ ACCOMMODATE !MSELVES4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT WE FREQU5TLY SEE M5 ( ! MO/ ELEVAT$ G5IUS DW9DLE 9TO VULG> LEAD]S :5 !Y BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 ! BUSY SC5ES ( PUBLIC LIFE4 

,FROM !SE REASON+S WE SEEM SUFFICI5TLY AU?ORIZ$ TO CONCLUDE ?AT NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 ASSEMBLIES 9/ITUT$ = ! JO9T PURPOSE ( ADJU/+ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 DI/RICT & DI/RICT1 & ( CONSULT+ RESPECT+ ! BE/ MODE ( REPELL+ =EIGN 9VASION1 H[EV] NECESS>Y TO BE HAD REC\RSE TO UPON C]TA9 OCCASIONS1 \<T TO BE EMPLOY$ AS SP>+LY AS ! NATURE ( ! CASE WILL ADMIT4 ,!Y %\LD EI!R NEV] BE ELECT$ BUT UPON EXTRAORD9>Y EM]G5CIES1 LIKE ! DICTATOR ( ! ANCI5T ,ROMANS1 OR ELSE SIT P]IODICALLY1 ONE DAY = EXAMPLE 9 A YE>1 ) A P[] ( CONT9U+ !IR SESSIONS )9 A C]TA9 LIMIT1 TO HE> ! COMPLA9TS & REPRES5TATIONS ( !IR CON/ITU5TS4 ,! =M] ( !SE MODES IS GREATLY TO BE PREF]R$4 ,SEV]AL ( ! REASONS ALREADY ADDUC$ >E CALCULAT$ TO %[ ?AT ELECTION ITSELF IS ( A NATURE NOT TO BE EMPLOY$ BUT :5 ! OCCASION DEM&S IT4 ,!RE W\LD PROBABLY BE LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 SUGGE/+ EXP$I5TS1 RELATIVE TO ! REGUL> ORIG9AT+ ( NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,IT W\LD BE MO/ SUITABLE TO PA/ HABITS & EXP]I5CE ?AT A G5]AL ELECTION %\LD TAKE PLACE :5EV] A C]TA9 NUMB] ( DI/RICTS DEM&$ IT4 IT W\LD BE MO/ AGREEABLE TO RIGID SIMPLICITY & EQUITY ?AT AN ASSEMBLY ( TWO OR TWO HUNDR$ DI/RICTS %\LD TAKE PLACE1 9 EXACT PROPORTION TO ! NUMB] ( DI/RICTS BY :OM ?AT MEASURE WAS DESIR$4 

,IT WILL SC>CELY BE D5I$ ?AT ! OBJECTIONS :I* HAVE BE5 MO/ L\DLY REIT]AT$ AGA9/ DEMOCRACY BECOME NULL 9 AN APPLICATION TO ! =M ( GOV]NM5T :I* HAS N[ BE5 DEL9EAT$4 ,H]E WE %ALL ) DIFFICULTY F9D AN OP5+ = TUMULT1 = ! TYRANNY ( A MULTITUDE DRUNK ) UNLIMIT$ P[]1 = POLITICAL AMBITION ON ! P>T ( ! FEW1 OR RE/LESS JEAL\SY & PRECAUTION ON ! P>T ( ! MANY4 ,H]E ! DEMAGOGUE W\LD DISCOV] NO SUITABLE OCCASION = R5D]+ ! MULTITUDE ! BL9D 9/RUM5T ( HIS PURPOSES4 ,M51 9 SU* A /ATE ( SOCIETY1 MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO UND]/& !IR HAPP9ESS1 & TO *]I% IT4 ,! TRUE REASON :Y ! MASS ( MANK9D HAS SO (T5 BE5 MADE ! DUPE ( KNAVES HAS BE5 ! MY/]I\S & COMPLICAT$ NATURE ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,ONCE ANNIHILATE ! QUACK]Y ( GOV]NM5T1 & ! MO/ HOMEBR$ UND]/&+ MI<T BE /RONG 5\< TO DETECT ! >TIFICES ( ! /ATE JUGGL] ?AT W\LD MISLEAD HIM4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #agib 3 ,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #bc -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#f1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #bc -- ,ADD$4 

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