,BOOK #f1 ,*APT] #g 
,( ,CON/ITUTIONS 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,B,O,O,K ,V,I 

,OP9ION AS A ,SUBJECT ( ,POLITICAL ,9/ITUTION 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I,I 

  

,( ,C,O,N,/,I,T,U,T,I,O,N,S 

 ,DI/9CTION ( REGULATIONS CON/ITU5T &  
 LEGISLATIVE4 - ,SUPPOS$ *>ACT] ( P]MAN5CE  
 ?AT \<T TO BE GIV5 TO ! =M] - 9CONSI/- 
 5T ) ! NATURE ( MAN4 - ,S\RCE ( !  
 ]ROR4 - ,REM>K4 - ,ABSURDITY ( ! SY/EM (  
 P]MAN5CE4 - ,ITS FUTILITY4 - ,MODE TO BE PURSU$  
 9 FRAM+ A CON/ITUTION4 - ,CON/ITU5T LAWS  
 NOT MORE IMPORTANT ?AN O!RS4 - ,9 :AT  
 MANN] ! CONS5T ( ! DI/RICTS IS TO BE DE- 
 CL>$4 - ,T5D5CY ( ! PR9CIPLE :I* RE- 
 QUIRES ?IS CONS5T4 - ,IT W\LD R$UCE !  
 NUMB] ( CON/ITUTIONAL >TICLES - P>CEL \T  
 ! LEGISLATIVE P[] - & PRODUCE ! GRADUAL  
  EXT9CTION ( LAW4 - ,OBJECTION4 - ANSW]4 

,A ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) ! POLITICAL SUP]9T5D5CE ( OP9ION IS PRES5T$ TO US RELATIVE TO A DOCTR9E :I* HAS LATELY BE5 TAU<T UPON ! SUBJECT ( CON/ITUTIONS4 ,IT HAS BE5 SAID '?AT ! LAWS ( EV]Y REGUL> /ATE NATURALLY DI/RIBUTE !MSELVES UND] TWO HEADS1 FUNDAM5TAL & TEMPOR>Y2 LAWS ! OBJECT ( :I* IS ! DI/RIBUTION ( POLITICAL P[]1 & DIRECT+ ! P]MAN5T =MS ACCORD+ TO :I* PUBLIC BUS9ESS IS TO BE CONDUCT$2 & LAWS ! RESULT ( ! DELIB]ATIONS ( P[]S ALREADY CON/ITUT$4' ,?IS DI/9CTION BE+ E/ABLI%$ 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 IT HAS BE5 9F]R$ '?AT !SE LAWS >E ( V]Y UNEQUAL IMPORTANCE1 & ?AT1 ( CONSEQU5CE1 ?OSE ( ! FIR/ CLASS \<T TO BE ORIG9AT$ ) MU* GREAT] SOLEMNITY1 & TO BE DECL>$ MU* LESS SUSCEPTIBLE ( V>IATION1 ?AN ?OSE ( ! SECOND'4 ,! ,FR5* NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ( #a<i PU%$ ?IS PR9CIPLE TO ! GREATE/ EXTREMITY1 & SEEM$ DESIR\S ( PROVID+ EV]Y IMAG9ABLE SECURITY = R5D]+ ! WORK !Y HAD =M$ IMMORTAL4 ,IT WAS NOT TO BE T\*$1 UPON ANY ACC\NT1 UND] ! T]M ( T5 YE>S2 EV]Y ALT]ATION IT WAS TO RECEIVE MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ AS NECESS>Y BY TWO SUCCESSIVE NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES ( ! ORD9>Y K9D2 AFT] !SE =MALITIES AN ASSEMBLY ( REVISION WAS TO BE ELECT$1 & !Y TO BE =BIDD5 TO AM5D ! CON/ITUTION 9 ANY O!R PO9TS ?AN ?OSE :I* HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY M>K$ \T = !IR CONSID]ATION4 

,IT IS EASY TO P]CEIVE ?AT !SE PRECAUTIONS >E 9 DIRECT HO/ILITY ) ! PR9CIPLES E/ABLI%$ 9 ?IS WORK4 ',MAN & = EV]6' WAS ! MOTTO ( ! LABORS ( ?IS ASSEMBLY4 JU/ BROK5 LOOSE FROM ! ?ICK D>KNESS ( AN ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 !Y ASSUM$ TO PRESCRIBE LESSONS ( WISDOM TO ALL FUTURE AGES4 ,!Y SEEM NOT SO MU* AS TO HAVE DREAM$ ( ?AT PURIFICATION ( 9TELLECT1 ?AT CLIMAX ( IMPROVEM5T1 :I* MAY V]Y PROBABLY BE ! DE/9Y ( PO/]ITY4 ,! TRUE /ATE ( MAN1 AS HAS BE5 ALREADY SAID1 IS1 NOT TO HAVE HIS OP9IONS B\ND D[N 9 ! FETT]S ( AN ET]NAL QUIETISM1 BUT1 FLEXIBLE & UNRE/RA9$1 TO YIELD ) FACILITY TO ! IMPRESSIONS ( ACCUMULAT+ OBS]VATION & EXP]I5CE4 ,?AT =M ( SOCIETY WILL1 ( CONSEQU5CE1 APPE> MO/ ELIGIBLE :I* IS LEA/ F\ND$ 9 A PR9CIPLE ( P]MAN5CE4 ,BUT1 IF ?IS VIEW ( ! SUBJECT BE JU/1 ! IDEA1 ( GIV+ P]MAN5CE TO :AT IS CALL$ ! CON/ITUTION ( ANY GOV]NM5T1 & R5D]+ ONE CLASS ( LAWS1 UND] ! APPELLATION ( FUNDAM5TAL1 LESS SUSCEPTIBLE ( *ANGE ?AN ANO!R1 MU/ BE F\ND$ 9 MISAPPREH5SION & ]ROR4 

,! ]ROR PROBABLY ORIG9ALLY SPRUNG \T ( ! =MS ( POLITICAL MONOPOLY :I* WE SEE E/ABLI%$ OV] ! :OLE CIVILIZ$ WORLD4 ,GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT JU/LY FL[1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 BUT FROM ! *OICE ( ! PEOPLE2 OR1 P]HAPS MORE ACCURATELY SPEAK+1 \<T TO BE ADJU/$ 9 ITS PROVISIONS TO ! PREVAIL+ APPREH5SIONS ( EQUITY & TRU?4 ,WE SEE GOV]NM5T AS PRES5T ADM9I/]$1 EI!R 9 :OLE OR 9 P>T1 BY A K+ & A BODY ( NOBLESSE2 & WE REASONABLY SAY ?AT ! LAWS MADE BY !SE AU?ORITIES >E ONE ?+1 & ! LAWS FROM :I* !Y D]IV$ !IR EXI/5CE ANO!R4 ,N[ ?IS1 & 9DE$ EV]Y SPECIES ( EXCLUSIVE 9/ITUTION1 PRES5TS US ) A DILEMMA1 MEMORABLE 9 ITS NATURE1 & H>D ( SOLUTION4 ,IF ! PREJUDICES ( A NATION >E DECISIVELY FAVORABLE TO A K+ OR A BODY ( NOBLESSE1 IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT A K+1 OR A BODY ( NOBLESSE1 %\LD NOT =M P>T ( !IR GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT !N1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! MOM5T Y\ ADMIT ?IS SPECIES ( EXCLUSIVE 9/ITUTION1 Y\ C\NT]ACT ! PURPOSE = :I* IT WAS ADMITT$1 & DEPRIVE ! S5TIM5TS ( ! PEOPLE ( !IR G5U9E OP]ATION4 

,IF WE HAD NEV] SE5 >BITR>Y & CAPRICI\S =MS ( GOV]NM5T1 WE %\LD PROBABLY NEV] HAVE ?\<T ( CUTT+ (F C]TA9 LAWS FROM ! CODE1 UND] ! NAME ( CON/ITUTIONAL4 ,:5 WE BEHOLD C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS1 OR BODIES ( M51 EX]CIS+ AN EXCLUSIVE SUP]9T5D5CE OV] ! AFFAIRS ( A NATION1 WE 9EVITABLY ASK H[ !Y CAME BY !IR AU?ORITY1 & ! ANSW] IS1 ,BY ! CON/ITUTION4 ,BUT1 IF WE SAW NO P[] EXI/+ 9 ! /ATE BUT ?AT ( ! PEOPLE1 HAV+ A BODY ( REPRES5TATIVES1 & A C]TA9 NUMB] ( (FICIAL SECRET>IES & CL]KS ACT+ 9 !IR BEHALF1 SUBJECT TO !IR REVIVAL1 & R5EWABLE AT !IR PLEASURE1 ! QUE/ION H[ ! PEOPLE CAME BY ?IS AU?ORITY W\LD NEV] HAVE SUGGE/$ ITSELF4 

,A CELEBRAT$ OBJECTION ?AT HAS BE5 URG$ AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5TS ( MOD]N ,EUROPE IS '?AT !Y HAVE NO CON/ITUTIONS'4#a ,IF1 BY ?IS OBJECTION1 IT BE UND]/OOD ?AT !71 HAVE NO WRITT5 CODE BE>+ ?IS APPELLATION1 & ?AT !IR CON/ITUTIONS HAVE BE5 LESS AN 9/ANTANE\S ?AN A GRADUAL PRODUCTION1 ! CRITICISM SEEMS TO BE RA!R V]BAL ?AN ( ESS5TIAL MOM5T4 ,9 ANY O!R S5SE1 IT IS TO BE SUSPECT$ ?AT ! REM>K W\LD AM\NT TO AN EULOGIUM1 BUT AN EULOGIUM TO :I* !Y >E C]TA9LY BY NO MEANS 5TITL$4 

,BUT TO RETURN TO ! QUE/ION ( P]MAN5CE4 ,:E!R WE ADMIT OR REJECT ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 CON/ITUTIONAL & ORD9>Y LEGISLATION1 IT IS NOT LESS TRUE ?AN ! P[] ( A NATION TO *ANGE ITS CON/ITUTION1 MORALLY CONSID]$1 MU/ BE BRIEFLY & UNIV]SALLY COEVAL ) ! EXI/5CE ( A CON/ITUTION4 ,! LANGUAGES ( P]MAN5CE1 9 ?IS CASE1 IS ! GROSSE/ ABSURDITY4 ,IT IS TO SAY TO A NATION1 ',>E Y\ CONV9C$ ?AT SOME?+ IS RI<T1 P]HAPS IMM$IATELY NECESS>Y1 TO BE DONE8 ,IT %ALL BE DONE T5 YE>S H5CE4' 

,! FOLLY ( ?IS SY/EM MAY BE FUR!R ELUCIDAT$1 IF FUR!R ELUCIDATION BE NECESS>Y1 FROM ! FOLL[+ DILEMMA4 ,EI!R A PEOPLE MU/ BE GOV]N$ ACCORD+ TO !IR [N APPREH5SIONS ( JU/ICE & TRU?1 OR !Y MU/ NOT4 ,! LA/ ( !SE ASS]TIONS CANNOT BE AV[$1 BUT UPON ! UNEQUIVOCAL PR9CIPLES ( TYRANNY4 ,BUT1 IF ! FIR/ BE TRUE1 !N IT IS JU/ AS ABSURD TO SAY TO A NATION1 ',?IS GOV]NM5T1 :I* Y\ *OSE N9E YE>S AGO1 IS ! LEGITIMATE GOV]NM5T1 & ! GOV]NM5T :I* Y\R PRES5T S5TIM5TS APPROVE1 ! ILLEGITIMATE'2 AS TO 9SI/ UPON !IR BE+ GOV]N$ BY ! DICTA ( !IR REMOTE/ ANCE/ORS1 EV5 ( ! MO/ 9SOL5T USURP]4 

,IT IS EXTREMELY PROBABLE ?AT A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY1 *OS5 9 ! ORD9>Y =MS1 IS JU/ AS WELL 5TITL$ TO *ANGE ! FUNDAM5TAL LAWS AS TO *ANGE ANY ( ! LEA/ IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( LEGISLATION4 ,?IS FUNCTION W\LD NEV] P]HAPS BE DANG]\S BUT 9 A C\NTRY ?AT /ILL PRES]V$ A PORTION ( MON>*Y OR >I/OCRACY2 &1 9 SU* A C\NTRY1 A PR9CIPLE ( P]MAN5CE W\LD BE F\ND A V]Y FEEBLE ANTIDOTE AGA9/ ! DANG]4 ,! TRUE PR9CIPLE UPON ! SUBJECT IS ?AT NO ASSEMBLY1 ?\< *OS5 ) ! MO/ UNEXAMPL$ SOLEMNITY1 IS COMPET5T TO IMPOSE ANY REGULATIONS CONTR>Y TO ! PUBLIC APPREH5SION ( RI<T2 & A V]Y ORD9>Y AU?ORITY1 FAIRLY ORIG9AT$1 WILL BE SUFFICI5T TO FACILITATE ! H>MONI\S ADOPTION ( A *ANGE ?AT IS DICTAT$ BY NATIONAL OP9ION4 ,! DI/9CTION ( CON/ITUTIONAL & ORD9>Y TOPICS WILL ALWAYS APPE> 9 PRACTICE UN9TELLIGIBLE & VEXATI\S4 ,! ASSEMBLIES ( MORE FREQU5T RECURR5CE WILL F9D !MSELVES >RE/$ 9 ! 9T5TION ( CONF]+ EM95T B5EFIT ON !IR [N C\NTRY1 BY ! APPREH5SION ?AT !Y %ALL 9VADE ! CON/ITUTION4 ,9 A C\NTRY :]E ! PEOPLE >E HABITUAT$ TO S5TIM5TS ( EQUALITY1 & :]E NO POLITICAL MONOPOLY IS TOL]AT$1 !RE IS LITTLE DANG] ?AT ANY NATIONAL ASSEMBLY %\LD BE DISPOS$ TO 5=CE A P]NICI\S *ANGE1 & !RE IS /ILL LESS ?AT ! PEOPLE %\LD SUBMIT TO ! 9JURY1 OR NOT POSSESS ! MEANS EASILY & ) SMALL 9T]RUPTION ( PUBLIC TRANQUILITY1 TO AV]T IT4 ,! LANGUAGE ( REASON ON ?IS SUBJECT IS1 ',GIVE US EQUALITY & JU/ICE1 BUT NO CON/ITUTION4 ,SUFF] US TO FOLL[1 )\T RE/RA9T1 ! DICTATES ( \R [N JUDGM5T1 & TO *ANGE \R =MS ( SOCIAL ORD]1 AS FA/ AS WE IMPROVE 9 UND]/&+ & KN[L$GE4' 

,! OP9ION UPON ?IS HEAD1 MO/ POPUL> 9 ,FRANCE AT ! TIME 7#a#g#i#b7 ?AT ! NATIONAL CONV5TION 5T]$ UPON ITS FUNCTIONS1 WAS ?AT ! BUS9ESS ( A CONV5TION EXT5D$ ONLY TO ! PRES5T+ ! DRAFT ( A CON/ITUTION1 TO BE SUBMITT$ 9 ! SEQUEL TO ! APPROBATION ( ! DI/RICTS &1 SUBSEQU5TLY ONLY TO ?AT APPROBA-TION1 TO BE CONSID]$ AS LAW4 ,?IS OP9ION IS DES]V+ ( A S]I\S EXAM9ATION4 

,! FIR/ IDEA ?AT SUGGE/S ITSELF RESPECT+ IT IS ?AT1 IF CON/ITUTIONAL LAWS \<T TO BE SUBJECT$ TO ! REVISION ( ! DI/RICTS1 !N ALL LAWS \<T TO UND]GO ! SAME PROCESS1 UND]/&+ BY LAWS ALL DECL>ATIONS ( A G5]AL PR9CIPLE TO BE APPLI$ TO P>TICUL> CASES AS !Y MAY HAPP5 TO OCCUR1 & EV5 9CLUD+ ALL PROVISIONS = 9DIVIDUAL EM]G5CIES ?AT WILL ADMIT ( ! DELAY 9CID5T TO ! REVISION 9 QUE/ION4 ,IT IS A MI/AKE TO IMAG9E ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( !SE >TICLES IS 9 A DESC5D+ RATIO1 FROM FUNDAM5TAL TO ORD9>Y1 & FROM ORD9>Y TO P>TICUL>4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE = ! MO/ ODI\S 9JU/ICE TO BE P]PETRAT$ BY ! BE/ CON/ITUT$ LEGISLATURE ?AT EV] WAS FRAM$4 ,A LAW R5D]+ IT CAPITAL TO OPPOSE ! DOCTR9E ( TRANSUB/ANTIATION W\LD BE MORE 9JURI\S TO ! PUBLIC WELF>E ?AN A LAW *ANG+ ! DURATION ( ! NATIONAL REPRES5TATIVE FROM TWO YE>S1 TO ONE YE>1 OR TO ?REE4 ,TAXATION HAS BE5 %[N TO BE AN >TICLE RA!R ( EXECUTIVE ?AN LEGISLATIVE ADM9I/RATION#b2 & YET A V]Y OPPRESSIVE & UNEQUAL TAX W\LD BE SC>CELY LESS RU9\S ?AN ANY S+LE MEASURE ?AT C\LD POSSIBLY BE DEVIS$4 

,IT MAY FUR!R BE REM>K$ ?AT AN APPROBATION DEM&$ FROM ! DI/RICTS TO C]TA9 CON/ITUTIONAL >TICLES1 :E!R MORE OR LESS NUM]\S1 WILL BE EI!R REAL OR DELUSIVE1 ACCORD+ TO ! MODE ADOPT$ = ?AT PURPOSE4 ,IF ! DI/RICTS BE REQUIR$ TO DECIDE UPON !SE >TICLES BY A SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE1 IT WILL !N BE DELUSIVE4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ANY MAN OR BODY ( M51 9 ! DUE EX]CISE ( !IR UND]/&+1 TO DECIDE UPON ANY COMPLICAT$ SY/EM 9 ?AT MANN]4 ,IT CAN SC>CELY HAPP5 BUT ?AT !RE WILL BE SOME ?+S ?AT !Y W\LD APPROVE1 & SOME ?AT !Y W\LD DISAPPROVE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! >TICLES BE UNLIMIT$LY PROPOS$ = DISCUSSION 9 ! DI/RICTS1 A TRANSACTION WILL BE BEGUN TO :I* IT IS NOT EASY TO =ESEE T]M9ATION4 ,SOME DI/RICTS WILL OBJECT TO C]TA9 >TICLES2 &1 IF !SE >TICLES BE MODEL$ TO OBTA9 !IR APPROBATION1 IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ! V]Y ALT]ATION1 9TRODUC$ TO PLEASE ONE P>T ( ! COMMUNITY1 MAY T5D] ! CODE LESS ACCEPTABLE TO ANO!R4 ,H[ >E WE TO BE ASSUR$ ?AT ! DISSID5TS WILL NOT SET UP A SEP>ATE GOV]NM5T = !MSELVES8 ,! REASONS ?AT MI<T BE (F]$ TO P]SUADE A M9ORITY ( DI/RICTS TO YIELD TO ! S5SE ( A MAJORITY >E BY NO MEANS SO P]SPICU\S & =CIBLE AS ?OSE :I* SOMETIMES P]SUADE ! M9ORITY ( MEMB]S 9 A GIV5 ASSEMBLY TO ?AT SPECIES ( CONCESSION4 

,IT IS DESIRABLE1 9 ALL CASES ( ! PRACTICAL ADOPTION ( ANY GIV5 PR9CIPLE1 ?AT WE %\LD FULLY UND]/& ! MEAN+ ( ! PR9CIPLE1 & P]CEIVE ! CONCLUSIONS TO :I* IT 9EVITABLY LEADS4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE ( A CONS5T ( DI/RICTS HAS AN IMM$IATE T5D5CY1 BY A SALUT>Y GRADATION P]HAPS1 TO LEAD TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL GOV]NM5T4 ,:AT !N CAN BE MORE ABSURD ?AN TO SEE IT EMBRAC$ BY ?OSE V]Y M5 :O >E1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ADVOCATES = ! COMPLETE LEGISLATIVE UNITY ( A GREAT EMPIRE8 ,IT IS F\ND$ UPON ! SAME BASIS AS ! PR9CIPLE ( PRIVATE JUDGM5T1 :I*1 9 PROPORTION AS IT IMPRESSES ITSELF ON ! M9DS ( M51 MAY BE EXPECT$ P]HAPS TO SUP]S$E ! POSSIBILITY ( ! ACTION ( SOCIETY 9 A COLLECTIVE CAPACITY4 ,IT IS DESIRABLE ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ACTS ( ! NATIONAL REPRES5TATIVES %\LD BE SUBJECT TO ! APPROBATION OR REJECTION ( ! DI/RICTS1 :OSE REPRES5TATIVES !Y >E1 = EXACTLY ! SAME REASON ?AT IT IS DESIRABLE ?AT ! ACTS ( ! DI/RICTS !MSELVES %\LD1 AS SPE$ILY AS PRACTIBILITY WILL ADMIT1 BE 9 =CE ONLY SO F> AS RELATES TO ! 9DIVIDUALS BY :OM ?OSE ACTS >E APPROV$4 

,! FIR/ CONSEQU5CE ?AT W\LD RESULT1 NOT FROM ! DELUSIVE1 BUT ! REAL E/ABLI%M5T ( ?IS PR9CIPLE W\LD BE ! R$UCTION ( ! CON/ITUTION TO A V]Y SMALL NUMB] ( >TICLES4 ,! IMPRACTICABILITY ( OBTA9+ ! DELIB]ATE APPROBATION ( A GREAT NUMB] ( DI/RICTS TO A V]Y COMPLICAT$ CODE W\LD SPE$ILY MANIFE/ ITSELF4 ,9 REALITY1 ! CON/ITUTION ( A /ATE1 GOV]N$ EI!R 9 :OLE OR 9 P>T BY A POLITICAL MONOPOLY1 MU/ NECESS>ILY BE COMPLICAT$4 ,BUT :AT NE$ ( COMPLEXITY 9 A C\NTRY :]E ! PEOPLE >E DE/9$ TO GOV]N !MSELVES8 ,! :OLE CON/ITUTION ( SU* A C\NTRY \<T SC>CELY TO EXCE$ TWO >TICLES2 FIR/1 A S*EME = ! DIVISION ( ! :OLE 9TO P>TS EQUAL 9 !IR POPULATION1 &1 SECONDLY1 ! FIX+ ( /AT$ P]IODS = ! ELECTION ( A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY3 NOT TO SAY ?AT ! LATT] ( !SE >TICLES MAY V]Y PROBABLY BE DISP5S$ )4 

,A SECOND CONSEQU5CE ?AT RESULTS FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( :I* WE >E TREAT+ IS AS FOLL[S4 ,IT HAS ALREADY APPE>$ ?AT ! REASON IS NO LESS COG5T = SUBMITT+ IMPORTANT LEGISLATIVE >TICLES TO ! REVISAL ( ! DI/RICTS ?AN = SUBMITT+ ! CON/ITUTIONAL >TICLES !MSELVES4 ,BUT1 AFT] A FEW EXP]IM5TS ( ?IS SORT1 IT CANNOT FAIL TO SUGGE/ ITSELF ?AT ! MODE ( S5D+ LAWS TO ! DI/RICTS = !IR REVISION1 UNLESS 9 CASES ESS5TIAL TO ! G5]AL SAFETY1 IS A PROCE$+ UNECESSATILY CIRCUIT\S1 & ?AT IT W\LD BE BETT]1 9 AS MANY 9/ANCES AS POSSIBLE1 TO SUFF] ! DI/RICTS TO MAKE LAWS = !MSELVES1 )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( ! NATIONAL ASSEMBLY4 ,! JU/NESS ( ?IS CONSEQU5CE IS IMPLICITLY ASSUM$ 9 ! PREC$+ P>AGRAPH1 :ILE WE /AT$ ! V]Y N>R[ B\NDS )9 :I* ! CON/ITUTION ( AN EMPIRE1 SU* AS ?AT ( ,FRANCE = EXAMPLE1 MI<T BE CIRCUMSCRIB$4 ,9 REALITY1 PROVID$ ! C\NTRY W]E DIVID$ 9TO CONV5I5T DI/RICTS ) A P[] ( S5D+ REPRES5TATIVES TO ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY1 IT DOES NOT APPE> ?AT ANY ILL CONSEQU5CES W\LD 5SUE TO ! COMMON CAUSE FROM !SE DI/RICTS BE+ P]MITT$ TO REGULATE !IR 9T]NAL AFFAIRS1 9 CON=MITY TO !IR [N APPREH5SIONS ( JU/ICE4 ,?US1 ?AT :I* WAS1 AT FIR/1 A GREAT EMPIRE ) LEGISLATIVE UNITY W\LD SPE$ILY BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A CONF$]ACY ( LESS] REPUBLICS1 ) A G5]AL CONGRESS OR ,AMPHICTYONIC C\NCIL1 ANSW]+ ! PURPOSE ( A PO9T ( COOP]ATION UPON EXTRAORD9>Y OCCASIONS1 ,! IDEAS ( A GREAT EMPIRE1 & LEGISLATIVE UNITY1 >E PLA9LY ! B>B>\S REMA9S ( ! DAYS ( MILIT>Y H]OISM4 ,9 PROPORTION AS POLITICAL P[] IS BR\<T HOME TO ! CITIZ5S1 & SIMPLIFI$ 9TO SOME?+ ( ! NATURE ( P>I% REGULATION1 ! DANG] ( MISUND]/&+ & RIVAL%IP WILL BE NE>LY ANNIHILAT$4 ,9 PROPORTION AS ! SCI5CE ( GOV]NM5T IS DIVE/$ ( ITS PRES5T MY/]I\S APPE>ANCES1 SOCIAL TRU? WILL BECOME OBVI\S1 & ! DI/RICTS PLIANT & FLEXIBLE TO ! DICTATES ( REASON4 

,A ?IRD CONSEQU5CE1 SUFFICI5TLY MEMORABLE1 FROM ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 IS ! GRADUAL EXT9CTION ( LAW4 ,A GREAT ASSEMBLY1 COLLECT$ FROM ! DIFF]5T PROV9CES ( AN EXT5SIVE T]RITORY1 & CON/ITUT$ ! SOLE LEGISLATOR ( ?OSE BY :OM ! T]RITORY IS 9HABIT$1 IMM$IATELY CONJURES UP TO ITSELF AN IDEA ( ! VA/ MULTITUDE ( LAWS ?AT >E NECESS>Y = REGULAT+ ! CONC]NS ( ?OSE :OM IT REPRES5TS4 ,A L>GE CITY1 IMPELL$ BY ! PR9CIPLES ( COMM]CIAL JEAL\SY1 IS NOT SL[ TO DIGE/ ! VOLUME ( ITS BY-LAWS & EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGES4 ,BUT ! 9HABITANTS ( A SMALL P>I%1 LIV+ ) SOME DEGREE ( ?AT SIMPLICITY :I* BE/ CORRESPONDS TO ! REAL NATURE & WANTS ( A HUMAN BE+1 W\LD SOON BE L$ TO SUSPECT ?AT G5]AL LAWS W]E UNNECESS>Y1 & W\LD ADJUDGE ! CAUSES ?AT CAME BE=E !M1 NOT ACCORD+ TO C]TA9 AXIOMS PREVI\SLY WRITT51 BUT ACCORD+ TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES & DEM& ( EA* P>TICUL> CAUSE1 - ,IT WAS PROP] ?AT ?IS CONSEQU5CE %\LD BE M5TION$ 9 ?IS PLACE4 ,! B5EFITS ?AT WILL >ISE FROM ! ABOLITION ( LAW WILL COME TO BE CONSID]$ 9 DETAIL 9 ! FOLL[+ BOOK4#c 

,! PR9CIPAL OBJECTION ?AT IS USUALLY MADE TO ! IDEA ( CONF$]ACY1 CONSID]$ AS ! SUB/ITUTE ( LEGISLATIVE UNITY1 IS '! POSSIBILITY ?AT >ISES ( ! MEMB]S ( ! CONF$]ACY DETA*+ !MSELVES FROM ! SUPPORT ( ! PUBLIC CAUSE'4 ,TO GIVE ?IS OBJECTION EV]Y ADVANTAGE1 LET US SUPPOSE '?AT ! SEAT ( ! CONF$]ACY1 LIKE ,FRANCE1 IS PLAC$ 9 ! MID/ ( SURR\ND+ NATIONS1 & ?AT ! GOV]NM5TS ( !SE NATIONS >E ANXI\S1 BY EV]Y MEANS ( >TIFICE & VIOL5CE1 TO SUPPRESS ! 9SOL5T SPIRIT ( LIB]TY ?AT HAS />T$ UP AMONG ?IS NEI<BOR PEOPLE'4 ,IT IS TO BE BELIEV$ ?AT1 EV5 UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! DANG] IS MORE IMAG9>Y ?AN REAL4 ,! NATIONAL ASSEMBLY1 BE+ PRECLUD$ BY ! SUPPOSITION1 FROM ! USE ( =CE AGA9/ ! MALCONT5T DI/RICTS1 IS OBLIG$ TO CONF9E ITSELF TO EXPO/ULATION2 & IT IS SUFFICI5TLY OBS]VABLE ?AT \R P[]S ( EXPO/ULATION >E T5FOLD 9CREAS$1 ! MOM5T \R HOPES >E CONF9$ TO EXPO/ULATION ALONE4 ,!Y HAVE TO DISPLAY1 ) ! UTMO/ P]SPICUITY & SIMPLICITY1 ! B5EFITS ( 9DEP5D5CE2 TO CONV9CE ! PUBLIC AT L>GE ?AT ALL !Y 9T5D IS TO 5ABLE EV]Y DI/RICT1 &1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 TO PURSUE UNMOLE/$ ITS [N IDEAS ( PROPRIETY2 & ?AT1 UND] !IR AUSPICES1 !RE %ALL BE NO TYRANNY1 NO >BITR>Y PUNI%M5TS1 SU* AS PROCE$ FROM ! JEAL\SY ( C\NCILS & C\RTS1 NO EXACTIONS1 ALMO/ NO TAXATION1 ,SOME IDEAS RESPECT+ ?IS LA/ SUBJECT WILL SPE$ILY OCCUR#d ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE BUT ?AT1 9 A C\NTRY RESCU$ FROM ! 9VET]ATE EVILS ( DESPOTISM1 ! LOVE ( LIB]TY %\LD BE CONSID]ABLY DIFFUS$4 ,! ADH]5TS !RE=E ( ! PUBLIC CAUSE WILL BE MANY3 ! MALCONT5TS FEW4 ,IF A SMALL NUMB] ( DI/RICTS W]E SO F> BL9D$ AS TO BE WILL+ TO SURR5D] !MSELVES TO OPPRESSION & SLAV]Y1 IT IS PROBABLE !Y W\LD SOON REP5T4 ,!IR DES]TION W\LD 9SPIRE ! MORE 5LI<T5$ & C\RAGE\S ) ADDITIONAL 5]GY4 ,IT W\LD BE A FASC9AT+ SPECTACLE1 TO SEE ! *AMPIONS ( ! G5]AL WELF>E EAG]LY DECL>+ ?AT !Y DESIR$ NONE BUT WILL+ SUPPORT]S4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE ?AT SO MAGNANIM\S A PR9CIPLE %\LD NOT CONTRIBUTE MORE TO ! ADVANTAGE ?AN ! 9JURY ( !IR CAUSE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,PA9E'S ,RI<TS ( ,MAN4 

#b,BOOK ,V1 ,*AP4 #a4 

#c,BOOK ,V,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V,I,I,I4 

#dPP4 #f#b#e1 #f#b#f4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #agib 3 ,BOOK #f1 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #f1 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

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