,*APT] #d 
,DEFLAT+ ,NATIONALISM & ,FUNDAM5TALISM 

#bdbd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

,! AN>*I/S CLAIM ?AT POPUL> SELF-ORGANIZATION C\LD PROVIDE 
?OSE NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I*1 AS ,KROPOTK9 PUT IT 9 
AN OBS]VATION ,I HAVE CIT$ E>LI]1 W\LD UND]TAKE '?OSE SOCIAL 
FUNCTIONS ?AT ! /ATE FULFILLS ?R\< ! BUREAUCRACY'4 ,H[EV]1 
!SE >E NOT ! ONLY ISSUES ?AT >E RAIS$ :5 SKEPTICS DISMISS 
AN>*ISM AS A PRIMITIVE IDEOLOGY ?AT IS SIMPLY NOT RELEVANT TO ! 
MOD]N WORLD4 ,!Y HAVE A DIFF]5T REASON1 AS !Y OBS]VE ! 
MOD]N NATION /ATE & ! 9T5SE HO/ILITIES & RIVALRIES >IS+ 
BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T ( ANY MAJOR /ATE & O!RS4 ,OR1 9DE$1 
! LE?AL HATR$S VISIBLE AMONG DIFF]5T FACTIONS )9 ONE 
T]RITORY ?AT HAS BE5 DESIGNAT$ AS A /ATE1 & ! FRI<T5+ 
ANTAGONISMS ?AT EM]GE BETWE5 ! ADH]5TS ( DIFF]5T 
RELIGIONS4 ,!Y MAY NOTICE ESPECIALLY ! POISON\S LEGACY ( 
,EUROPEAN IMP]IALISM TO ! T]RITORIES ?AT ! EMPIRE-BUILD+ 
P[]S SEIZ$ & COLONIZ$4 

,IT IS PROBABLY /ILL IMPORTANT TO REM9D ! ,BRITI%1 ,FR5*1 
,BELGIANS1 ,G]MANS1 ,SPANI%1 ,PORTUGUESE1 ,ITALIANS1 ,DUT*1 
,AU/RIANS1 ,GREEKS1 ,TURKS1 ,RUSSIANS1 & ,AM]ICANS1 AMONG O!RS1 
?AT MO/ ( ! 9TRACTABLE DISPUTES >\ND ! GLOBE TODAY >E A 
DIRECT RESULT ( ! IMP]IALI/ POLICIES ( !IR ONE-TIME RUL]S1 ) 
!IR FATAL FASC9ATION = SEIZ+ SOME O!R P>T ( ! WORLD1 & 
!IR CYNICAL APPLICATION ( ! SLOGAN ',DIVIDE & ,RULE'4 ,ALL >\ND 
! WORLD PEOPLE >E SUFF]+ TODAY AS A RESULT ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! 
EMPIRE-BUILD]S1 & MILITANT ATTITUDES USUALLY SUCCE$ 9 MAK+ 
MATT]S WORSE4 ,= NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS1 AS ,AVI ,%LAIM HAS 
EXPRESS$ IT1 

HAVE AN 9-BUILT T5D5CY T[>DS EXTREMISM & X5OPHOBIA1 
T[>DS SELF-RI<TE\SNESS ON ! ONE H& & DEMONIZ+ ! 
5EMY ON ! O!R4 ,HI/ORY IS (T5 FALSIFI$ & EV5 FABRICAT$ TO 
S]VE A NATIONALI/ POLITICAL AG5DA4 

,IT IS H>D TO SEE H[ ! AN>*I/S1 ) AN ABSOLUTE HO/ILITY TO 
BO? RELIGI\S RIVALRIES & T]RITORIAL POLITICS1 CAN 5GAGE 9 !SE 
DISPUTES1 BEYOND ! DIRECT REJECTION ( IMP]IALISM1 EXCEPT TO WI% 
?AT !Y W]E 9 ! PA/4 ,AB/5TION ITSELF CAN BE A P]IL\S1 
?\< NECESS>Y1 ATTITUDE1 & WE HAVE ALL OBS]V$ >\ND ! 
GLOBE 9/ANCES :5 ! ZEALOTS HAVE TURN$ !IR MO/ VICI\S 
ATT5TION TO ?OSE :O D>E TO ATTEMPT AN ACCOMMODATION ) 
! PEOPLE ON '! O!R SIDE'4 ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 :O1 HALF A C5TURY AGO1 
MADE SOME VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN ASSESSM5T ( AN>*ISM1 
W>N$ HIS FELL[ ,ZIONI/S AS LONG AGO AS #aiba ?AT IF ! ,JEWS 9 
,PALE/9E DID NOT LIVE ) ! ,>ABS AS WELL AS NEXT TO !M1 
!Y W\LD F9D !MSELVES LIV+ 9 5MITY ) !M4 ,:5 
HE DI$1 #dd YE>S LAT]1 ! OBITU>I/S NOT$ ?AT HIS ADVOCACY ( 
BI-NATIONALISM CAUS$ HIM TO BE O/RACIZ$ BY ! OR?ODOX AS 
'AN 5EMY ( ! PEOPLE'4 

,!SE #b?-C5TURY RESPONSES W]E C]TA9LY NOT ANTICIPAT$ BY 
! #a#i?-C5TURY AN>*I/S4 ,!IR CLASSICAL /ATEM5T ON RELIGION 
AS A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON CAME FROM ! MO/ WIDELY CIRCULAT$ 
WORK ( ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,GOD & ! 
,/ATE4 ,9 ?IS FRAGM5T1 WRITT5 9 #a#h#g#a1 HE DEPLORES ! FACT ?AT 
BELIEF 9 ,GOD /ILL SURVIV$ AMONG ! PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY1 AS HE PUT 
IT1 '9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS1 :]E IT IS MORE WIDESPREAD ?AN AMONG 
! PROLET>IAT ( ! CITIES'4 ,HE ?\<T ?IS FAI? 9 RELIGION WAS 
ALL TOO NATURAL1 S9CE ALL GOV]NM5TS PR(IT$ FROM ! IGNORANCE 
( ! PEOPLE AS ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( !IR [N 
P[]2 :ILE WEI<$ D[N BY LABOR1 DEPRIV$ ( LEISURE & ( 
9TELLECTUAL 9T]C\RSE1 ! PEOPLE S\<T AN ESCAPE4 ,BAKUN9 
CLAIM$ ?AT !RE W]E ?REE R\TES ( ESCAPE FROM ! MIS]IES 
( LIFE1 TWO ( !M ILLUSORY & ONE REAL4 ,! FIR/ TWO W]E ! 
BOTTLE & ! *UR*1 'DEBAU*]Y ( ! BODY OR DEBAU*]Y ( 
! M9D2 ! ?IRD IS SOCIAL REVOLUTION'4 ,SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 HE 
ASS]T$1 

WILL BE MU* MORE POT5T ?AN ALL ! !OLOGICAL PROPAG&ISM ( 
! FREE?9K]S TO DE/ROY TO !IR LA/ VE/IGE ! RELIGI\S BELIEFS 
& DISSOLUTE HABITS ( ! PEOPLE1 BELIEFS & HABITS MU* MORE 
9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ?AN IS G5]ALLY SUPPOS$4 

,BAKUN9 !N TURN$ TO ! P[]FUL1 DOM9ANT CLASSES 9 SOCIETY 
:O1 :ILE TOO WORLDLY-WISE TO BE BELIEV]S !MSELVES1 'MU/ AT 
LEA/ MAKE A SEMBLANCE ( BELIEV+' BECAUSE ! SIMPLE FAI? ( ! 
PEOPLE WAS A USEFUL FACTOR 9 KEEP+ !M D[N4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ?IS 
P>TICUL> /ATEM5T ( HIS ATTITUDES1 ,BAKUN9 TURNS TO ?OSE 
PROPAG&I/S = RELIGION :O1 :5 Y\ *ALL5GE !M ON ANY 
SPECIFIC ABSURDITY 9 !IR DOGMA1 RELAT+ TO MIRACLES1 VIRG9 BIR?S1 
OR RESURRECTION1 L(TILY EXPLA9 ?AT !Y >E TO BE UND]/OOD AS 
BEAUTIFUL MY?S RA!R ?AN LIT]AL TRU?S1 & ?AT WE >E TO BE 
PITI$ = \R PROSAIC QUE/IONS1 RA!R ?AN !M = PROPAGAT+ 
MY?OLOGY AS TRU?4 

,BAKUN9'S OP9IONS W]E MU* ! SAME ON ?IS MATT] AS ?OSE 
( HIS ADV]S>Y ,K>L ,M>X1 ONE ( :OSE BE/-KN[N PHRASES 
WAS HIS DESCRIPTION ( RELIGION AS ! 'OPIUM ( ! PEOPLE'4 ,& 
! HI/ORIANS ( IDEAS W\LD CATEGORIZE LIB]ALISM1 SOCIALISM1 
COMMUNISM1 & AN>*ISM ALL AS PRODUCTS ( ! P]IOD KN[N AS 
! ,5LI<T5M5T1 ! RESULT ( ! ,AGE ( ,REASON1 ! F]M5T ( 
IDEAS & ! SPIRIT ( 9QUIRY BETWE5 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( 
! #a#f#dS & ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS ( ! #a#g#gS 
& #a#g#hS4 

,9 P>O*IAL ,5GLI% T]MS1 ONE SL[1 GRUDG+LY CONC$$ RESULT ( 
! ,5LI<T5M5T WAS RELIGI\S TOL]ATION4 ,WE T5D TO =GET ?AT 
,5GL& HAS A /ATE *UR*1 F\ND$ BECAUSE ( A R[ ?AT ,H5RY 
,V,I,I,I HAD ) ! ,POPE OV] ONE ( HIS DIVORCES4 ,IT TOO CLAIM$ ITS 
M>TYRS1 AS ! LONG HI/ORY ( ! SUPPRESSION ( DISS5T]S 
REM9DS US1 AS DOES ! CONT9UAL /RUGGLE = RELIGI\S FRE$OM4 
,IT WASN'T UNTIL #aheh ?AT LEGAL DISABILITIES W]E LIFT$ FROM BELIEV+ 
,JEWS1 & NOT UNTIL #ahga ?AT PEOPLE :O C\LD NOT SUBSCRIBE 
TO ! #ci ,>TICLES ( ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL& W]E ADMITT$ TO 
! ANCI5T UNIV]SITIES4 ,! ,*UR* ( ,5GL& MAY BE AN 
IRRELEVANCE TO ! MAJORITY ( ! ,BRITI% PEOPLE1 BUT IT IS A 
REM9D] ( AN IMPORTANT SOCIAL & POLITICAL FACT4 ,ONE RESULT ( 
! ,5LI<T5M5T WAS ?AT ! PEOPLE :O WROTE ! CON/ITUTIONS 
( MANY /ATES S\<T TO LE>N ! LESSONS ( HI/ORY & ! 
HORRORS ( RELIGI\S W>S BY 9SI/+ ON ! ABSOLUTE SEP>ATION 
( RELIGI\S PRACTICES FROM PUBLIC LIFE4 ,RELIGION WAS TO BE A PRIVATE 
AFFAIR4 

,?IS WAS TRUE ( ! F\ND+ FA!RS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( 
,AM]ICA1 :OSE ANCE/ORS HAD FL$ RELIGI\S P]SECUTION 9 ,EUROPE2 
IT WAS TRUE ( ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC1 & CONSEQU5TLY ( ?OSE 
C\NTRIES :I*1 ) IMM5SE LOSS ( LIFE1 LIB]AT$ !MSELVES 
FROM ,FR5* IMP]IALISM4 ,& IT IS TRUE ( MANY NEW REPUBLICS 
SIMIL>LY F\ND$ AS A RESULT ( ! COLLAPSE ( IMP]IALISM 9 ! 
#b? C5TURY4 ,SOME KEY EXAMPLES >E ! REPUBLICS ( ,9DIA1 ,TURKEY1 
,EGYPT1 ,ALG]IA1 & ,ISRAEL4 

,N[1 ALL OV] ! WORLD1 ! SECUL> /ATE IS UND] ?REAT4 ,SECUL> 
POLITICAL REGIMES 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ >E 
CONFRONT$ BY MILITANT RELIGI\S MOVEM5TS1 & !RE IS A GR[+ 
FUNDAM5TALI/ ?REAT TO ! SECUL> CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES4 ,?IS ISN'T :AT ,BAKUN9 OR ,M>X1 OR ANY O!R POLITICAL 
?9K] ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 FROM ,ALEXIS DE ,TOCQUEVILLE TO ,JOHN 
,/U>T ,MILL1 PR$ICT$4 

,! UNEXPECT$ & UNWELCOME *ANGE 9 ! RELIGI\S ATMOSPH]E 
:I* WE CALL FUNDAM5TALISM >OSE FROM A TR5D 9 RELIGI\S 
REVIVALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 :I* 
9SI/$ ON BELIEF 9 ! LIT]AL TRU? ( EV]Y?+ 9 ! ,BIBLE4 ,! 
USE ( ! T]M HAS SPREAD TO DESCRIBE TR5DS 9 ! ,JEWI%1 ,MUSLIM1 
,H9DU1 ,SIKH1 & ,%9TO RELIGIONS :I*1 TO \TSID]S1 PRES5T 
SIMIL> FEATURES4 ,!Y >E A ?REAT NOT ONLY TO ! H>D-WON CONCEPT 
( ! SECUL> /ATE1 :I* AN>*I/S MAY NOT FEEL TO BE IMPORTANT1 
BUT TO ! H>D-WON FRE$OMS ( EV]Y CITIZ54 ,! AN>*I/ & 
SECUL>I/ PROPAG&I/ ,NICOLAS ,WALT] URG$ US TO TAKE ?IS ?REAT 
S]I\SLY1 /RESS+ ?AT 

,FUNDAM5TALI/ ,*RI/IANS >E TRY+ TO SUPPRESS ! /UDY ( 
EVOLUTION & ! PRACTICE ( CONTRACEPTION & ABORTION 9 ! ,WE/ 
& ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,FUNDAM5TALI/ ,JEWS >E TRY+ TO 9CORPOATE 
! :OLE ( ,PALE/9E 9TO ,ISRAEL & TO IMPOSE ! HALA*AH1 ! 
TRADITIONAL LAW ( ,JUDAISM4 ,FUNDAM5TALI/ ,MUSLIMS >E TRY+ TO 
E/ABLI% ,MUSLIM REGIMES 9 ALL C\NTRIES ) ,MUSLIM POPULATIONS 
79CLUD+ ,BRITA97 & TO IMPOSE ! %>IA1 ! TRADITIONAL LAW ( 
,ISLAM4 ,& FUNDAM5TALI/S ( ALL FAI?S >E US+ ASSASS9ATION & 
T]ROR ALL OV] ! WORLD TO SUPPRESS FRE$OM & DISCUSSION ( SU* 
MATT]S4 

,?IS IS AN ABSOLUTE TRAG$Y = ?AT MAJORITY ( CITIZ5S 9 ANY 
C\NTRY :O >E SIMPLY CONC]N$ ) ! ORD9>Y BUS9ESS ( 
LIV+1 FE$+ A FAMILY1 & 5JOY+ ! DAILY PLEASURES ( LIFE1 AS 
WELL AS = ?OSE :O ASPIRE TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS ?R\< 
COMMUNITY ACTION & SOCIAL JU/ICE4 

,GOV]NM5TAL SUPPRESSION ( RELIGION NEV] WORKS4 ,! ,SOVIET 
,UNION WITNESS$ #g YE>S ( /ATE HO/ILITY1 SOMETIMES VIOL5T & 
SOMETIMES B5IGN1 TO RELIGI\S ACTIVITY4 ,:5 ! REGIME COLLAPS$1 
!RE WAS A HUGE REVIVAL ( ! ,OR?ODOX FAI? & A HAPPY HUNT+ 
GR\ND = ,AM]ICAN ,PROTE/ANT EVANGELI/S4 ,9 ,SOVIET ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 
,MALISE ,RU?V5 SUGGE/S1 

! LOCAL ELITES1 ATTA*$ TO ,ISLAMIC CU/OMS & RECOGNIZ+ A 
DEGREE ( AFF9ITY BETWE5 ,ISLAMIC & SOCIAL VALUES1 *EAT$ ON 
!IR ANTI-RELIGI\S ACTIVITIES AS ASSIDU\SLY AS !Y FAK$ !IR 
COTTON-PRODUCTION FIGURES4 ,GA!R+S ( OLD M5 READ+ ! ,KORAN 
W\LD BE DESCRIB$ TO ZEALOTS ( ! ,SOCIETY = ,SCI5TIFIC ,A!ISM AS 
MEET+S ( ,GREAT ,PATRIOTIC ,W> VET]ANS4 

,9 ,TURKEY1 ,KEMAL ,ATATURK1 :O ALSO %>$ ,BAKUN9'S VIEWS 
ON RELIGION1 EMB>K$ ON A DICTATORIAL POLICY ( :AT WE MI<T 
CALL 'DE-,ISLAMIFICATION'4 ,HIS CURR5T SUCCESSORS >E PREV5T$ 
FROM 9/ITUT+ EV5 A FACADE ( DEMOCRACY PRECISELY BECAUSE 
( ! ?REAT ( ! RETURN ( RELIGION4 ,ON A DIFF]5T TIME-SCALE1 
! ,%AH ( ,IRAN1 :O WAS A RU?LESS ,WE/]NIZ]1 WAS SUCCE$$ 
BY A FUNDAM5TALI/ REGIME ?AT NO ONE PR$ICT$4 ,EGYPT & 
,ALG]IA >E TORN AP>T BY RIVAL ELITES ( ! SECUL> OR RELIGI\S 
/ATE4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ! MO/ P[]FUL ( ALL POLITICAL 
LOBBIES IS ?AT ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,COALITION1 ) A GR[+ 
9FLU5CE 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY4 ,IT D5IES ANY RESPONSIBILITY = 
! MURD] ( ! LA/ DOCTOR TO P]=M AN ABORTION 9 ! 
,AM]ICAN ,S\?4 

,IT IS DISAPPO9T+ & UNEXPECT$ = SECUL>I/ AN>*I/S1 
:O ?\<T ?AT W>S ( RELIGION BELONG$ TO ! PA/1 N[ 
TO HAVE TO CONFRONT ISSUES ( ! RECOGNITION ( DIFF]5CE1 
:ILE !Y >E TRY+ TO MOVE ON TO ! ISSUES ?AT UNITE RA!R 
?AN DIVIDE US4 ,ONE APPROA* !Y CAN TAKE IS ?AT ( ! 
AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/ ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 A C5TURY AGO1 9 ! 
,JEWI% COMMUNITY ( ,:ITE*APEL 9 EA/ ,LONDON4 ,SOME 
SECUL>I/ ALLIES HAD *OS5 ! PROPAG&A ( PROVOCATIVE 
BEHAVIOR ON ,SABBA? MORN+S \TSIDE ! SYNAGOGUE 9 ,BRICK 
,LANE4 ,ASK$ HIS OP9ION ( !SE DEMON/RATIONS1 ,ROCK] REPLI$ 
?AT ! PLACE = BELIEV]S WAS ! H\SE ( WOR%IP1 & ! PLACE 
= NONBELIEV]S WAS ! RADICAL MEET+4 ,BUT ! SC5E HAS 
*ANG$4 ,= ! SAME BUILD+ ?AT HAS SE5 MANY FAI?S COME & 
GO1 AS A ,HUGU5OT *UR*1 A DISS5T+ MEET+-H\SE1 & A 
,JEWI% SYNAGOGUE1 IS N[ A MOSQUE4 ,ANYONE H>ASS+ ! 
EM]G+ WOR%IP]S TODAY IS NOT A SECUL>I/ ,BANGLADE%I BUT AN 
,5GLI% RACI/1 M5AC+ & HEAVY1 B5T ON 9/ILL+ FE> & 
MAK+ TR\BLE4 

,IT HAS BE5 SAID1 = EXAMPLE1 ( ! ,BH>ATIYA ,JANATA 7',9DIAN 
,PEOPLE'S'7 ,P>TY 7,B,J,P7 9 ,9DIA1 :O SUCCE$$ 9 SPREAD+ 
COMMUNAL VIOL5CE 9TO P>TS ( ! ,PUNJAB :]E DIFF]5T 
COMMUNITIES HAD PREVI\SLY LIV$ 9 H>MONY TOGE!R1 ?AT ! 
NAME ( ! DISEASE IS NOT FUNDAM5TALISM BUT E?NIC NATIONALISM4 
,?IS VIEW FITS O!R P>TS ( ! GLOBE1 & 9 SU* 9/ANCES1 
9CLUD+ MANY >EAS ( ! ,ISLAMIC WORLD1 WE CAN AGA9 *OOSE TO 
BLAME ! 5DLESS HUMILIATIONS & DEVALUATIONS ( ! LOCAL CULTURE 
9FLICT$ BY ,WE/]N IMP]IALISM4 

,! FE> & T]ROR 9DUC$ BY ! OV]SCALE IMAGES ( 
'T]RORISM' & 'FUNDAM5TALISM' - CALL !M ! FIGURES ( AN 
9T]NATIONAL OR TRANSNATIONAL IMAG]Y MADE UP ( =EIGN 
DEVILS - HA/5S ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SUBORD9ATION TO ! DOM9ANT 
NORMS ( ! MOM5T4 ,?IS IS AS TRUE 9 ! NEW PO/-COLONIAL 
SOCIETIES AS IT IS 9 ! ,WE/ G5]ALLY & ! ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES P>TICUL>LY4 ,?US TO OPPOSE ! ABNORMALITY & 
EXTREMISM EMB$D$ 9 T]RORISM & FUNDAM5TALISM - MY 
EXAMPLE HAS ONLY A SMALL DEGREE ( P>ODY - IS ALSO TO UPHOLD 
! MOD]ATION1 RATIONALITY1 EXECUTIVE C5TRALITY ( A VAGUELY 
DESIGNAT$ ',WE/]N' 7OR O!RWISE LOCAL & PATRIOTICALLY 
ASSUM$7 E?OS4 ,! IRONY IS ?AT F> FROM 5D[+ ! 
,WE/]N E?OS ) ! CONFID5CE & SECURE 'NORMALITY' WE 
ASSOCIATE ) PRIVILEGE & RECTITUDE1 ?IS DYNAMIC IMBUES 
'US' ) A RI<TE\S ANG] & DEF5SIV5ESS 9 :I* 
'O!RS' >E F9ALLY SE5 AS 5EMIES1 B5T ON DE/ROY+ \R 
CIVILIZATION & WAY ( LIFE4 

,$W>D ,W4 ,SAID1 ,CULTURE & ,IMP]IALISM 

7,LONDON3 ,*ATTO & ,W9DUS1 #a#i#i#c7 

,$W>D ,SAID'S DIFFICULT DIAGNOSIS 7SEE BOX BEL[7 5VELOPS BIG 
TRU?S4 ,! C\NTRIES ( ! ,NE> & ,MIDDLE ,EA/ W]E = 
C5TURIES SUBJECT$ TO ONE IMP]IALISM OR ANO!R1 !IR CULTURES 
RIDICUL$ OR PATRONIZ$1 & EV5 !IR B\ND>IES =M$ BY 
L9ES DRAWN ON ! MAP BY ,EUROPEAN GOV]NM5TS & BUS9ESS4 
,!Y >E VALU$ TODAY ACCORD+ TO !IR OIL RES\RCES OR AS 
POT5TIAL M>KETS1 :ILE !Y >E AWA% ) WEAPONS LEFT OV] 
FROM ,COLD ,W> BRIBES4 ,! ,WE/]N SECUL> RELIGION ( CONSPICU\S 
CONSUMPTION WAS READILY ADOPT$ BY ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N RUL]S1 BUT 
!Y (F]$ NO?+ BUT FRU/RAT$ HOPES TO ! POOR MAJORITY ( 
!IR SUBJECTS4 

,ANO!R VITAL ISSUE WAS RAIS$ BY ! ,MOROCCAN S*OL> ,FATIMA 
,M]NISSI1 :5 %E WAS ASK$ TO PROVIDE A PREFACE = ! ,5GLI% 
TRANSLATION ( H] BOOK ON ,WOM5 & ,ISLAM4 

,:5 ,I F9I%$ WRIT+ ?IS BOOK ,I HAD COME TO UND]/& ONE 
?+3 IF WOM5'S RI<TS >E A PROBLEM = SOME MOD]N ,MUSLIM 
M51 IT IS NEI!R BECAUSE ( ! ,KORAN1 NOR ! ,PROPHET1 NOR ! 
,ISLAMIC TRADITION1 BUT SIMPLY BECAUSE ?OSE RI<TS CONFLICT ) 
! 9T]E/S ( A MALE ELITE4 ,! ELITE FACTION IS TRY+ TO CONV9CE US 
?AT !IR EGOTI/ICAL1 HI<LY SUBJECTIVE & M$IOCRE VIEW ( CULTURE 
& SOCIETY HAS A SACR$ BASIS4 

,9 COMMON ) ALL ! O!R LEFT-W+ FACTIONS ( ! LATE #a#i? & 
E>LY #b? C5TURIES1 ! AN>*I/S SAW T]RITORIAL & RELIGI\S 
SEP>ATISM AS IRRELEVANT PREOCCUPATIONS ?AT HUMAN SOCIETY HAD 
\TGR[N4 ,!IR ONLY POSSIBLE MESSAGE IS ! HOPE ?AT ZEALOTRY WILL 
LOSE ITS IMPETUS :5 ITS LEAD]S F9D !Y HAVE NO FOLL[]S1 AS 
PEOPLE DISCOV] MORE 9T]E/+1 MORE 5JOYABLE1 OR AT ! V]Y 
LEA/ LESS LE?AL1 ISSUES TO DISCUSS ) !IR NEI<BORS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #bc 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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