,*APT] #f 
,FRE$OM 9 ,$UCATION 

#bdbd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

,! $ITORS ( A WELL-KN[N AN?OLOGY ( AN>*I/ WRIT+S 
REM>K ?AT1 FROM ! S*OOL PROSPECTUS ISSU$ BY ,WILLIAM 
,GODW9 9 #a<c TO ,PAUL ,GOODMAN'S BOOK ( #aifd ON ,COMPULSORY 
,MIS$UCATION1 'NO O!R MOVEM5T :ATEV] HAS ASSIGN$ TO 
$UCATIONAL PR9CIPLES1 CONCEPTS1 EXP]IM5TS & PRACTICES A 
MORE SIGNIFICANT PLACE 9 ITS WRIT+S & ACTIVITIES'4 ,GODW9'S 
TRACT WAS PUBLI%$ AS ,AN ,ACC\NT ( ! ,SEM9>Y ?AT WILL BE 
,OP5$ ON ,MONDAY ! ,F\R? ,DAY ( ,AUGU/1 AT ,EPSOM 9 
,SURREY1 = ! ,9/RUCTION ( ,TWELVE ,PUPILS4 ,IT FAIL$ TO CONV9CE 
5\< P>5TS1 & ! S*OOL NEV] OP5$4 ,9 ?IS PAMPHLET 
HE DECL>$ ?AT 

MOD]N $UCATION NOT ONLY CORRUPTS ! HE>T ( \R Y\?1 BY 
! RIGID SLAV]Y TO :I* IT CONDEMNS !M1 IT ALSO UND]M9ES 
!IR REASON1 BY ! UN9TELLIGIBLE J>GON ) :I* !Y >E 
OV]:ELM$ 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 & ! LITTLE ATT5TION ?AT IS 
GIV5 TO ACCOMMODAT+ !IR PURSUITS TO !IR CAPACITIES 9 ! 
SECOND4 

,& HE ADD$ ?AT 

!RE IS NOT 9 ! WORLD A TRU] OBJECT ( PITY ?AN A *ILD T]RIFI$ AT 
EV]Y GLANCE1 & WAT*+ ) ANXI\S UNC]TA9TY ! CAPRICES ( 
A P$AGOGUE4 

,A LAT] BOOK ( ,GODW9'S1 ,! ,5QUIR] 7#a#g#i#g71 CONTA9S1 AS 
HIS BIOGRAPH] RI<TLY SAYS1 'SOME ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE & 
ADVANC$ IDEAS ON $UCATION EV] WRITT5'4 ,ITS OP5+ WORDS >E 
! SPL5DID AFFIRMATION ?AT ',! TRUE OBJECT ( $UCATION1 LIKE 
?AT ( EV]Y O!R MORAL PROCESS1 IS ! G5]ATION ( HAPP9ESS'4 
,& IT GOES ON TO ASS]T ! RI<TS ( ! *ILD AGA9/ ! AUTOMATIC 
ASSUMPTIONS ( AU?ORITY BY ! ADULT WORLD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE 
OBS]V$ ?AT 

,*ILDR51 IT IS SAID1 >E FREE FROM ! C>ES ( ! WORLD4 ,>E !Y 
)\T !IR C>ES8 ,( ALL C>ES1 ?OSE ?AT BR+ ) !M ! 
GREATE/ CONSOLATION >E ! C>ES ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,!RE IS NO MORE 
C]TA9 S\RCE ( EXULTATION ?AN ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ,I AM ( 
SOME IMPORTANCE 9 ! WORLD4 ,A *ILD USUALLY FEELS ?AT HE IS A 
NOBODY4 ,P>5TS1 9 ! ABUNDANCE ( !IR PROVID5CE1 TAKE GOOD 
C>E TO ADM9I/] TO !M ?IS BITT] RECOLLECTION4 ,H[ SUDD5LY 
DOES A *ILD RISE TO AN 5VIABLE DEGREE ( HAPP9ESS1 :O FEELS ?AT 
HE HAS ! HONOR TO BE TRU/$ & CONSULT$ BY HIS SUP]IORS8 

,BETWE5 !SE TWO RES\ND+ MANIFE/OS CAME ,GODW9'S 
BE/-KN[N BOOK1 HIS ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7#a#g#i#c74 
,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS BOOK HE DIV]G$ %>PLY FROM PROGRESSIVE 
OP9ION 9 ,BRITA9 & FROM ! ,5LI<T5M5T PHILOSOPH]S 
,R\SSEAU1 ,HELVETIUS1 ,DID]OT1 & ,CONDORCET1 ALL ( :OM PUT 
=W>D S*EMES = NATIONAL SY/EMS ( S*OOL+1 PO/ULAT+ AN 
IDEAL /ATE1 :I* 9 ,GODW9'S VIEW WAS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 
,HE \TL9$ HIS ?REE MAJOR OBJECTIONS ?US3 

,! 9JURIES ?AT RESULT FROM A SY/EM ( NATIONAL $UCATION >E1 9 
! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT ALL PUBLIC E/ABLI%M5TS 9CLUDE 9 !M ! 
IDEA ( P]MAN5CE 4 4 4 PUBLIC $UCATION HAS ALWAYS EXP5D$ ITS 
5]GIES 9 ! SUPPORT ( PREJUDICE 4 4 4 ,?IS FEATURE RUNS ?R\< 
EV]Y SPECIES ( PUBLIC E/ABLI%M5T2 & EV5 9 ! PETTY 
9/ITUTION ( ,SUNDAY S*OOLS1 ! *IEF LESSONS TO BE TAU<T >E A 
SUP]/ITI\S V5]ATION = ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL&1 & TO B[ TO 
EV]Y MAN 9 A H&SOME COAT 4 4 4 

,SECONDLY1 ! IDEA ( NATIONAL $UCATION IS F\ND$ 9 AN 9ATT5TION 
TO ! NATURE ( M9D4 ,:ATEV] EA* MAN DOES = HIMSELF IS DONE 
WELL2 :ATEV] HIS NEI<BORS OR HIS C\NTRY UND]TAKE TO DO = 
HIM IS DONE ILL4 ,IT IS \R WISDOM TO 9CITE M5 TO ACT = !MSELVES1 
NOT TO RETA9 !M 9 A /ATE ( P]PETUAL PUPILAGE 4 4 4 

,?IRDLY1 ! PROJECT ( A NATIONAL $UCATION \<T UNI=MLY TO BE 
DISC\RAG$ ON ACC\NT ( ITS OBVI\S ALLIANCE ) NATIONAL 
GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS IS AN ALLIANCE ( A MORE =MIDABLE NATURE ?AN 
! OLD & MU* CONTE/$ ALLIANCE ( *UR* & /ATE4 ,BE=E WE 
PUT SO P[]FUL A MA*9E UND] ! DIRECTION ( SO AMBITI\S AN 
AG5T1 IT BEHOOVES US TO CONSID] WELL :AT WE DO4 ,GOV]NM5T WILL 
NOT FAIL TO EMPLOY IT TO /R5G!N ITS H& & P]PETUATE ITS 
9/ITUTIONS 4 4 4 ,!IR VIEWS AS 9/IGATORS ( A SY/EM ( $UCATION 
WILL NOT FAIL TO BE ANALOG\S TO !IR VIEWS 9 !IR POLITICAL CAPACITY 
4 4 4 .<,EV5.> 9 ! C\NTRIES :]E LIB]TY *IEFLY PREVAILS1 IT IS 
REASONABLY TO BE ASSUM$ ?AT !RE >E IMPORTANT ]RORS1 & A 
NATIONAL SY/EM HAS ! MO/ DIRECT T5D5CY TO P]PETUATE ?OSE 
]RORS & TO =M ALL M9DS ON ONE MODEL4 

,SOME ADMIR]S ( ,GODW9'S ?\<T HAVE BE5 EMB>RASS$ BY ?IS 
REJECTION ( 'PROGRESSIVE' OP9ION4 ,!Y RECALL ! H>D /RUGGLE TO 
A*IEVE FREE1 UNIV]SAL1 COMPULSORY $UCATION = ALL 9 BO? ,BRITA9 
& ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AFT] #a#h#g4 7,!RE IS A CONFUS+ SIMIL>ITY ( 
$UCATIONAL LANGUAGE 9 ,BRITA9 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ! 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES 'PUBLIC' S*OOLS >E ! PRIM>Y & SECOND>Y 
S*OOLS PROVID$ AT ! PUBLIC EXP5SE4 ,9 ,BRITA9 'PRIVATE' & 
'PUBLIC' >E ! WORDS US$ TO DESCRIBE ! JUNIOR & S5IOR S*OOLS 
FUND$ BY AFFLU5T P>5TS = !IR PRIVILEG$ *ILDR52 ! S*OOLS 
DESCRIB$ AS '/ATE' S*OOLS >E ACTUALLY ADM9I/]$ BY LOCAL 
GOV]NM5T AU?ORITIES47 ,9 ,BRITA91 A C5T5>Y PUBLICATION FROM 
! ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,TEA*]S 9 #aig EXPLA9$ ?AT 'AP>T FROM 
RELIGI\S & *>ITABLE S*OOLS1 ''DAME'' OR COMMON S*OOLS W]E 
OP]AT$ BY ! PRIVATE 5T]PRISE ( PEOPLE :O W]E (T5 B>ELY 
LIT]ATE'1 & IT DISMISS$ ! WIDESPREAD WORK+-CLASS HO/ILITY TO 
! ,S*OOL ,BO>DS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY ) ! REM>K ?AT 'P>5TS 
W]E NOT ALWAYS QUICK TO APPRECIATE ! ADVANTAGES ( FULL-TIME 
S*OOL+ AGA9/ ! LOSS ( EXTRA WAGES'4 

,BUT MORE REC5TLY HI/ORIANS HAVE SE5 ?IS RESI/ANCE TO /ATE 
S*OOL+ 9 A QUITE DIFF]5T LI<T4 ,/EPH5 ,HUMPHRIES F\ND ?AT1 
BY ! #a#h#fS1 WORK+-CLASS PRIVATE S*OOLS 7AS OPPOS$ TO :AT IS 
MEANT TODAY BY PRIVATE S*OOLS7 W]E PROVID+ AN ALT]NATIVE 
$UCATION TO ?AT ( ! *>ITABLE OR RELIGI\S ',NATIONAL' OR ',BRITI%' 
S*OOLS = AB\T ONE-?IRD ( ALL WORK+-CLASS *ILDR51 & HE 
SUGGE/S ?AT 

,?IS 5ORM\S DEM& = PRIVATE AS OPPOS$ TO PUBLIC $UCATION 
IS P]HAPS BE/ ILLU/RAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT WORK+-CLASS P>5TS 9 
A NUMB] ( MAJOR CITIES RESPOND$ TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( 
COMPULSORY ATT5DANCE REGULATIONS NOT BY S5D+ !IR *ILDR5 TO 
PROVID$ /ATE S*OOLS1 AS GOV]NM5T 9SPECTORS HAD PR$ICT$1 
BUT BY EXT5D+ ! L5G? ( !IR *ILDR5'S $UCATION 9 PRIVATE 
S*OOLS4 ,P>5TS FAVOR$ !SE S*OOLS = A NUMB] ( REASONS3 
!Y W]E SMALL & CLOSE TO HOME & W]E CONSEQU5TLY MORE 
P]SONAL & MORE CONV5I5T ?AN MO/ PUBLICLY PROVID$ 
S*OOLS2 !Y W]E 9=MAL & TOL]ANT ( IRREGUL> ATT5DANCE 
& UNPUNCTUALITY2 NO ATT5DANCE REGI/]S W]E KEPT2 !Y W]E 
NOT SEGREGAT$ ACCORD+ TO AGE & SEX2 !Y US$ 9DIVIDUAL AS 
OPPOS$ TO AU?ORIT>IAN TEA*+ ME?ODS2 &1 MO/ IMPORTANT1 
!Y BELONG$ TO & W]E CONTROLL$ BY ! LOCAL COMMUNITY 
RA!R ?AN BE+ IMPOS$ ON ! NEI<BORHOOD BY AN ALI5 
AU?ORITY4 

,HUMPHRIES' REM>KABLE OBS]VATION WAS RE9=C$ BY A MASS ( 
CONTEMPOR>Y EVID5CE EXHUM$ BY ,PHILIP ,G>DN] 9 HIS BOOK ON 
,! ,LO/ ,ELEM5T>Y ,S*OOLS ( ,VICTORIAN ,5GL&4 ,?IS RESE>*] 
CONCLUD$ ?AT !SE WORK+-CLASS S*OOLS 

A*IEV$ JU/ :AT ! CU/OM] WANT$3 QUICK RESULTS 9 BASIC SKILLS 
LIKE READ+1 WRIT+ & >I?METIC1 WA/$ NO TIME ON RELIGI\S 
/UDIES & MORAL UPLIFT1 & REPRES5T$ A G5U9ELY ALT]NATIVE 
APPROA* TO *ILDHOOD LE>N+ TO ?AT PRESCRIB$ BY ! $UCATION 
EXP]TS4 

,9 ! VIEW ( ! HI/ORIAN ,PAUL ,?OMPSON1 ! PRICE ( ELIM9AT+ 
!SE S*OOLS ?R\< ! IMPOSITION ( ! NATIONAL $UCATION 
SY/EM WAS 

! SUPPRESSION 9 C\NTLESS WORK+-CLASS *ILDR5 ( ! APPETITE 
= $UCATION & ABILITY TO LE>N 9DEP5D5TLY :I* CONTEMPOR>Y 
PROGRESSIVE $UCATION SEEKS TO REK9DLE4 

,RADICALLY DIFF]5T AS IT IS FROM ! HI/ORY ( $UCATION AS TAU<T TO 
/UD5T TEA*]S1 ?IS APPROA* HELPS US TO LOCATE ! AN>*I/ 
?9K]S 9 ! SPECTRUM ( $UCATIONAL IDEAS4 ,!SE 9CLUDE1 = 
EXAMPLE1 ! SPECULATIONS ( ,LEO ,TOL/OY ON ! S*OOL HE />T$ 
AT ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 & ?OSE ( ,FRANCESCO ,F]R] 7#a#h#e#i-#a#i#i71 
! F\ND] ( ! ',MOD]N ,S*OOL' MOVEM5T4 ,F]R] OP5$ HIS 
FIR/ S*OOL 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#a1 AIM+ AT A SECUL>1 RATIONALI/ 
$UCATION4 ,HE 9SPIR$ EMULATORS 9 SEV]AL C\NTRIES & >\S$ 
! 5MITY ( ! *UR*4 ,:5 ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T CALL$ 
= CONSCRIPTION 9 ,CATALONIA = ITS W> 9 ,MOROCCO 9 #a#i#i1 ,F]R] 
WAS HELD RESPONSIBLE = /REET BATTLES 9 ,B>CELONA 9 :I* #b 
DEMON/RATORS W]E KILL$1 EV5 ?\< HE WAS NOT PRES5T4 ,HE WAS 
EXECUT$1 BUT HIS CAMPAIGN = SECUL> $UCATION DID NOT DIE4 ,AFT] 
! REVOLUTION ( #ai ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 AT LEA/ #f1 *ILDR5 9 ,CATALONIA 
ATT5D$ ,F]R] S*OOLS4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO SEE H[ !IR APPROA* L$ A V>IETY ( AN>*I/S 
TO (F] $UCATIONAL OP9IONS 9 ANTICIPATION ( ! PROGRESSIVE 
PROPAG&I/S ( A C5TURY LAT]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BAKUN91 9 A M]E 
FOOTNOTE TO A POLEMIC ON A DIFF]5T TOPIC1 5VISAG$ ! S*OOL AS A 
LIFELONG RES\RCE = US ALL3 

,!Y WILL BE S*OOLS NO LONG]2 !Y WILL BE POPUL> ACADEMIES1 9 
:I* NEI!R PUPILS NOR MA/]S WILL BE KN[N1 :]E ! PEOPLE 
WILL COME FREELY TO GET1 IF !Y NE$ IT1 FREE 9/RUCTION1 & 9 :I*1 
RI* 9 !IR [N EXP]I5CE1 !Y WILL TEA* 9 TURN MANY ?+S TO 
! PR(ESSORS :O %ALL BR+ !M KN[L$GE :I* !Y LACK4 
,?IS !N WILL BE A MUTUAL 9/RUCTION1 AN ACT ( 9TELLECTUAL 
FRAT]NITY4 

  

 #a#b4 ,MEALTIME AT A ,F]R] S*OOL 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 AT LEA/ #f1 *ILDR5 ATT5D$ ,F]R] S*OOLS4 

,HE WAS WRIT+ 9 #a#h#g1 & IF HIS >GUM5T IS FAMILI> ?IS IS 
PRECISELY BECAUSE ID5TICAL ASPIRATIONS W]E EXPRESS$ A C5TURY 
LAT] BY PEOPLE LIKE ,IVAN ,ILLI* & ,PAUL ,GOODMAN 9 ,AM]ICA1 OR 
9 ,BRITA9 BY ,MI*AEL ,Y\NG1 & BY ,PR(ESSOR ,H>RY ,REE4 ,9 #aigb 
,REE TOLD AN AUDI5CE ( Y\NG TEA*]S ?AT 

,I ?9K WE >E GO+ TO SEE 9 Y\R LIFETIME ! 5D ( S*OOLS AS WE 
KN[ !M4 ,9/EAD !RE WILL BE A COMMUNITY C5T] ) ! DOORS 
OP5 TWELVE H\RS A DAY1 SEV5 DAYS A WEEK1 :]E ANYBODY CAN 
W&] 9 & \T ( ! LIBR>Y1 WORK%OPS1 SPORTS C5T]1 SELF- 
S]VICE /ORE & B>4 ,9 A HUNDR$ YE>S TIME ! COMPULSORY 
ATT5DANCE LAWS = *ILDR5 TO GO TO S*OOL MAY HAVE GONE ! SAME 
WAY AS ! COMPULSORY LAWS = ATT5DANCE AT *UR*4 

,HIS PROPHECY IS UNLIKELY TO BE FULFILL$1 = )9 T5 YE>S ( HIS 
ADDRESS1 AN 9COM+ GOV]NM5T WAS BLAM+ ! COLLAPSE ( 
! ,BRITI% MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY ON1 ( ALL UNLIKELY SCAPEGOATS1 
! S*OOLS4 ,!RE FOLL[$ A NEW REGIME ( UNPREC$5T$ 
9T]V5TION BY C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 ! MANAGEM5T & 
CURRICULUM ( PRIM>Y & SECOND>Y S*OOLS1 :I* 9 ,BRITA9 >E 
PROVID$ BY LOCAL AU?ORITIES4 ,!SE 9CLUD$ ! IMPOSITION1 = ! 
FIR/ TIME1 ( A ,NATIONAL ,CURRICULUM BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 A 
CONT9U\S PROGRAM ( TE/+ *ILDR5 AT P>TICUL> AGES1 & 
AN AVALAN*E ( =M-FILL+ = TEA*]S4 7,?IS 5DLESS ASSESSM5T 
PROV$ BEYOND D\BT ?AT S*OOLS 9 AFFLU5T DI/RICTS A*IEVE 
HI<] M>KS ?AN S*OOLS 9 POOR >EAS ) A MAJORITY ( *ILDR5 
:OSE NATIVE LANGUAGE IS NOT ,5GLI%4 ,!SE >E SOCIAL FACTS ?AT 
MO/ PEOPLE ALREADY KNEW47 

,BY #a#i#i#e1 ,H] ,MAJE/Y'S ,*IEF ,9SPECTOR ( ,S*OOLS WAS DECL>+ 
?AT ! REAL IMP$IM5T TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A BETT] $UCATIONAL 
SY/EM 9 ,BRITA9 WAS 'A COMMITM5T TO P>TICUL> BELIEFS AB\T ! 
PURPOSES & CONDUCT ( $UCATION'1 & ?AT :AT WAS NE$$ WAS 
'LESS LE>N+ BY DO+ & MORE TEA*+ BY TELL+'4 ,HE WAS 
REPUDIAT+ A HUNDR$ YE>S ( PROGRESSIVE 9FLU5CE ON ! (FICIAL1 
COMPULSORY $UCATION SY/EM1 FITFULLY MOV+ UP ! AGE-RANGE 
FROM ! NURS]Y TO ! SECOND>Y S*OOL4 ,ONE IRONY AB\T ! 
REJECTION ( 'PROGRESSIVE' $UCATION BY POLITICIANS ( ! POLITICAL 
,RI<T IS ?AT ! $UCATIONAL AIMS ( MANY AN>*I/S W\LD BE 
COMPLETELY ACCEPTABLE TO !M4 ,MI*AEL ,SMI?1 ! HI/ORIAN ( 
,! ,LIB]T>IANS & ,$UCATION1 REM>KS ?AT ,PR\DHON 

WAS ALWAYS CONSCI\S ( ! FACT ?AT ! *ILDR5 HE WAS TALK+ 
AB\T W]E ! *ILDR5 ( WORK]S4 ,WORK WAS GO+ TO BE !IR LIFE 
:5 !Y GREW UP4 ,PR\DHON SAW NO?+ WRONG ) ?IS4 ,! 
WORK A MAN DID WAS SOME?+ TO BE PR\D (1 IT WAS :AT 
GAVE 9T]E/1 VALUE & DIGNITY TO HIS LIFE4 ,IT WAS RI<T1 !RE=E1 
?AT S*OOL %\LD PREP>E ! Y\NG = A LIFE ( WORK4 ,AN $UCATION 
?AT WAS DIVORC$ FROM ! WORLD ( WORK1 ?AT IS1 AN $UCATION ?AT 
WAS 5TIRELY BOOKI% OR GRAMM>-S*OOLI% 9 CONCEPTION1 WAS 
VALUELESS FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ORD9>Y WORK+-CLASS *ILDR54 
,( C\RSE1 AN $UCATION ?AT W5T TOO F> 9 ! O!R DIRECTION1 
:I* BR\<T UP *ILDR5 M]ELY TO BE FODD] = FACTORIES1 WAS 
EQUALLY UNACCEPTABLE4 ,:AT WAS REQUIR$ WAS AN $UCATION :I* 
W\LD EQUIP A *ILD = ! WORKPLACE BUT W\LD ALSO GIVE HIM A 
DEGREE ( 9DEP5D5CE 9 ! LABOR M>KET4 ,?IS C\LD BE 
A*IEV$ BY GIV+ HIM NOT JU/ ! BASIS ( A TRADE BUT1 AS WELL1 A 
:OLE RANGE ( M>KETABLE SKILLS :I* W\LD 5SURE ?AT HE WAS 
NOT TOTALLY AT ! M]CY ( AN 9DU/RIAL SY/EM :I* REQUIR$ 
SPECIALIZATION ( ITS WORK]S & !N DISC>D$ !M :5 ! 
SPECIALIZATION WAS NO LONG] ( 9T]E/ TO ! FIRM4 ,?US ,PR\DHON 
WAS L$ TO ! IDEA ( AN $UCATION ?AT WAS 'POLYTE*NICAL'4 

,READ]S WILL HAVE GUESS$1 CORRECTLY1 ?AT ,PR\DHON WAS CONC]N+ 
HIMSELF SOLELY ) ! $UCATION ( BOYS1 BUT ?IS WAS NOT TRUE ( 
SU* SUCCESSORS AS ,KROPOTK91 ) HIS HOPES = ! 9TEGRATION ( 
BRA9 WORK & MANUAL WORK1 NOT ONLY 9 $UCATION BUT 9 LIFE2 NOR 
( SU* H]OES AS ,FRANCESCO ,F]R] 9 ,SPA91 :OSE APPROA* WAS 
SIMIL>LY ?AT ( AN $UCATION = EMANCIPATION1 AS OPPOS$ TO 
:AT HE SAW AS $UCATION = SUBS]VI5CE4 ,MI*AEL ,SMI?'S 
MO/ 9T]E/+ PAGES = ! ,5GLI% READ] DESCRIBE ',9TEGRAL 
,$UCATION' 9 PRACTICE1 ?R\< ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,FR5* 
AN>*I/ ,PAUL ,ROB9 & ! S*OOL HE RAN FROM #ahh TO #ahid 
AT ,CEMPIUS4 ,IT WAS BAS$ UPON WORK%OP TRA9+ & ! 
AB&ONM5T ( ! CLASSROOM 9 FAVOR ( :AT WE W\LD N[ 
CALL ! RES\RCE C5T]4 ,COOK+1 NE$LECRAFT1 C>P5TRY1 & 
METALWORK W]E UND]TAK5 BY BO? SEXES1 :ILE '! ,CEMPIUS 
*ILDR51 BO? GIRLS & BOYS1 W]E AMONG ! FIR/ *ILDR5 9 
,FRANCE TO GO 9 = CYCL+'4 

,CO-$UCATION1 SEXUAL EQUALITY1 & A!ISM BR\<T D[N ,ROB9'S 
S*OOL1 BUT ANO!R CELEBRAT$ ,FR5* AN>*I/1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE1 
RAN A FAM\S S*OOL CALL$ ,LA ,RU*E 7',! ,BEEHIVE'74 ,MI*AEL ,SMI? 
COMM5TS ?AT ',FAURE HAD LE>N$ ONE V]Y SIGNIFICANT LESSON FROM 
,ROB9'S D[NFALL3 /AY COMPLETELY \T ( ! /ATE SY/EM & ?US 
BE ASSUR$ ( COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE4' ,BUT 9 ,BRITA9 !RE HAS BE5 
A CONT9UAL EF=T TO 9TRODUCE ! APPROA*ES ( LIB]T>IAN 
$UCATION 9TO ! S*OOL SY/EM FUND$ BY ALL CITIZ5S4 ,ANO!R 
HI/ORIAN1 ,JOHN ,%OTTON1 HAS TRAC$ ! HI/ORY ( !SE ATTEMPTS1 
& ( SIMIL> EF=TS TO HELP ALL ?OSE *ILDR5 :O HAVE BE5 
EXCLUD$ BY ! (FICIAL SY/EM4 

,A C5TURY ( PROGRESSIVE EXP]IM5TS HAVE HAD A PR(\ND EFFECT 
ON EV]Y S*OOL1 MO/ EVID5TLY ! PRIM>Y S*OOLS4 ,! ROLE ( 
! TEA*] HAS *ANG$ FROM ?AT ( FE>SOME M>T9ET TO ?AT ( 
FRI5DLY GUIDE1 :ILE CORPORAL PUNI%M5T1 ONCE ! MA9/AY 
( ! S*OOL SY/EM1 HAS BE5 LEGALLY \TLAW$4 ,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 
A DI/9CTION TO BE MADE BETWE5 'PROGRESSIVE' $UCATION & 
'LIB]T>IAN' $UCATION1 :I* 9 PRACTICE REVOLVES >\ND ! 
ISSUE ( COMPULSORY OR VOLUNT>Y ATT5DANCE AT LESSONS4 ,=EMO/ 
AMONG ! LIB]T>IANS WAS ,A4 ,S4 ,NEILL1 :O = MANY DECADES RAN 
,SUMM]HILL ,S*OOL 9 ,SUFFOLK1 :I* SURVIVES TO ?IS DAY1 L$ BY HIS 
DAU<T] ,ZOE ,READHEAD4 

  

 #a#c4 ,BEACON ,HILL ,S*OOL1 RUN BY ,DORA ,RUSSELL FROM #aibg TO #a#i#d#c4 

,NEILL C\LD NOT /& ! HI<-M9D$ & MANIPULATIVE 
PROGRESSIVES4 ,BY ! #a#i#cS HE WAS WRIT+ TO ,DORA ,RUSSELL ( ,BEACON 
,HILL ,S*OOL ?AT %E & HE W]E '! ONLY $UCATORS'4 ,AS ONE ( HIS 
M5TORS1 ,HOM] ,LANE1 PUT IT3 

',GIVE ! *ILD FRE$OM' IS ! 9SI/5T CRY ( ! ,NEW ,$UCATORS1 
BUT !N ITS EXPON5TS USUALLY DEVISE A 'SY/EM' :I*1 AL?\< 
BAS$ ON ! S\NDE/ ( PR9CIPLES1 LIMITS ?AT FRE$OM & 
CONTRADICTS ! PR9CIPLE4 

,LANE WAS E*O+ ! OP9ION ( ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 9 ,! ,5QUIR]1 
:5 HE F\ND ?AT ,R\SSEAU1 EV5 ?\< ! WORLD WAS 9DEBT$ 
TO HIM '= ! IRRESI/IBLE 5]GY ( HIS WRIT+S & ! MAGNITUDE 
( HIS SPECULATIONS'1 HAD FALL5 9TO ! COMMON ]ROR ( 
MANIPULAT+ ! *ILD3 

,HIS :OLE SY/EM ( $UCATION IS A S]IES ( TRICKS1 A PUPPET-%[ 
EXHIBITION1 ( :I* ! MA/] HOLDS ! WIRES1 & ! S*OL> IS 
NEV] TO SUSPECT 9 :AT MANN] !Y >E MOV$4 

,! AN>*I/ APPROA* HAS BE5 MORE 9FLU5TIAL 9 $UCATION ?AN 
9 MO/ O!R FIELDS ( LIFE4 ,IT MAY BE CONTE/$ & DEPLOR$ BY 
AU?ORIT>IANS1 ) !IR [N NO/ALGIA = AN IDEALIZ$ PA/1 BUT IT 
IS DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ?AT Y\NG PEOPLE WILL TOL]ATE 9 ! FUTURE 
! $UCATIONAL REGIME TO :I* ! GR&P>5TS ( !IR RUL]S 
W]E SUBJECT$4 

,9 SOME P>TS ( ! WORLD1 ! BATTLE = ! FRE$OM ( ! Y\NG IS 
9 ! PA/4 ,9 O!RS1 IT HAS /ILL TO BE WON4 ,SOME ( ! ATTEMPTS 9 
,BRITA9 TO PROVIDE AN ALT]NATIVE EXP]I5CE = ! Y\NG PEOPLE 
:O >E EXCLUD$ FROM ! (FICIAL $UCATION SY/EM >E DESCRIB$ 
9 ,*APT] #h4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #bc 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

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