,AN>*ISM & ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS 

#aicb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOLTAIR9E ,DE ,CLEYRE 

,TAGS 3 DECL>ATION ( 9DEP5D5CE1 COMM]CE & MANUFACTURE1 AUGU/E DE CLEYRE1 ESS5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 ESS5CE ( HUMAN1 ESS5CE ( COMM]CE1 SPIRIT ( LIB]TY1 AM]ICAN TRADITION1 UNIT$ /ATES1 /&+ >MY4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY J-,NO1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,ISSU$ ,BY ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,PUBLI%+ ,COMMITTEE ( ,AM]ICA1 ,*ICAGO3 ,FREE ,SOCIETY ,GR\P1 #a#i#c#b4  

,AN>*ISM @& ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS 

BY ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE 

,9TRODUCTION 

0,NATURE HAS ! HABIT ( N[ & !N PRODUC+ A TYPE ( HUMAN BE+ F> 9 ADVANCE ( ! TIMES2 AN IDEAL = US TO EMULATE2 A BE+ DEVOID ( %AM1 UNCOMPROMIS+1 & TO :OM ! TRU? IS SACR$2 A BE+ :OSE SELFI%NESS IS SO L>GE ?AT IT TAKES ! :OLE HUMAN RACE & TREATS SELF ONLY AS ONE ( ! GREAT MASS2 A BE+ KE5 TO S5SE ALL =MS ( WRONG1 & P[]FUL 9 D5UNCIATION ( IT2 ONE :O CAN REA* 9 ! FUTURE & DRAW IT NE>]4 ,SU* A BE+ WAS ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE40 

,:AT C\LD BE ADD$ TO ?IS SPL5DID TRIBUTE BY ,JAY ,FOX TO ! MEMORY ( ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE8  

,! REAL BIOGRAPHY ( ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! LETT]S %E WROTE TO H] COMRADES1 FRI5DS & ADMIRES1 = LIKE MANY O!R WOM5 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 %E WAS A VOLUM9\S WRIT]4 

,BORN %ORTLY AFT] ! CLOSE ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 %E WITNESS$ DUR+ H] LIFE ! MO/ MOM5T\S TRANS=MATION ( ! NATION2 %E SAW ! *ANGE FROM AN AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY 9TO AN 9DU/RIAL EMPIRE2 ! TREM5D\S DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL 9 ?IS C\NTRY ) ! ACCOMPANY+ MIS]Y & DEGRADATION ( LABOR4 ,H] LIFE PA? WAS SKET*$ :5 %E REA*$ ! AGE ( WOMANHOOD2 %E HAD TO BECOME A REBEL6 ,TO /& \TSIDE ( ! /RUGGLE W\LD HAVE MEANT 9TELLECTUAL DEA?4 ,%E *OSE ! ONLY WAY4 

,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE WAS BORN ON ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #a#h#f#f1 9 ! T[N ( ,LESLIE1 ,MI*IGAN4 ,%E DI$ ON ,JUNE #f1 #a#i#a#b1 9 ,*ICAGO4 ,%E CAME FROM ,FR5*-,AM]ICAN /OCK ON H] FA!R'S SIDE1 & ( ,PURITAN ON H] MO!R'S4 ,H] FA!R1 ,AUGU/E DE ,CLEYRE1 WAS A NATIVE ( ,WE/]N ,FL&]S1 BUT ( ,FR5* ORIG94 ,BE+ A FREE?9K] & A GREAT ADMIR] ( ,VOLTAIRE1 HE NAM$ HIS DAU<T] ,VOLTAIR9E4 ,%E DID NOT HAVE A HAPPY *ILDHOOD2 H] E>LIE/ LIFE WAS EMBITT]$ BY WANT ( ! COMMON NECESSITIES1 :I* H] P>5TS1 H>D AS !Y TRI$1 C\LD NOT PROVIDE4 ,A VE9 ( SADNESS CAN BE TRAC$ 9 H] E>LIE/ POEMS--! SONGS ( A *ILD ( TAL5T & GREAT FANTASY4  

,/R5G? ( M9D DID NOT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 A *>ACT]I/IC ( ,AUGU/E DE ,CLEYRE1 = HE RECANT$ HIS LIB]T>IAN IDEAS1 RETURN$ TO ! FOLD ( ! *UR*1 & BECAME OBSESS$ ) ! IDEA ?AT ! HI<E/ VOCATION = A WOMAN WAS ! LIFE ( A NUN2 SO HE S5T H] TO ! ,CONV5T ( ,\R ,LADY ( ,LAKE ,HURON AT ,S>NIA1 ,PROV9CE ( ,ONT>IO1 ,CANADA4 ,BUT ,VOLTAIR9E'S SPIRIT C\LD NOT BE IMPRISON$ 9 A CONV5T4 ,AFT] %E WAS !RE A FEW WEEKS %E RAN AWAY4 ,%E CROSS$ ! RIV] TO ,PORT ,HURON BUT AS %E HAD NO MONEY %E />T$ TO WALK HOME4 ,AFT] COV]+3 SEV5TE5 MILES1 %E REALIZ$ ?AT %E C\LD NEV] DO IT2 SO %E TURN$ >\ND & WALK$ BACK1 & 5T]+ ! H\SE ( AN ACQUA9TANCE 9 ,PORT ,HURON1 ASK$ = SOME?+ TO EAT4 ,!Y S5T = H] FA!R :O AFT]W>DS TOOK H] BACK TO ! CONV5T4 ,AFT] A :ILE1 H[EV]1 %E AGA9 RAN AWAY1 ?IS TIME NEV] TO RETURN4  

,REACTION FROM REPRESSION & ! CRUEL DISCIPL9E ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* HELP$ TO DEVELOP ,VOLTAIR9E'S 9H]5T T5D5CY T[>D FREE ?\<T2 ! FIVE-FOLD MURD] ( ! LABOR LEAD]S 9 ,*ICAGO 9 #ahhg %OCK$ H] M9D SO DEEPLY ?AT FROM ?AT MOM5T DATES H] DEVELOPM5T T[>D ,AN>*ISM4 ,:5 9 #ahhf ! BOMB FELL 9 ! ,HAYM>KET ,SQU>E1 & ! ,AN>*I/S W]E >RE/$1 ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE1 :O AT ?AT TIME WAS A FREE ?\<T LECTUR]1 %\T$3 0,!Y \<T TO BE HANG$60 ,!Y W]E HANG$1 & N[ H] BODY RE/S 9 ,WALDHEIM ,CEMET]Y1 NE> ! GRAVE ( ?OSE M>TYRS4 ,SPEAK+ AT A MEMORIAL MEET+ 9 HONOR ( ?OSE COMRADES1 9 #a#i#a1 %E SAID3 0,= ?AT IGNORANT1 \TRAGE\S1 BLOOD-?IR/Y S5T5CE ,I %ALL NEV] =GIVE MYSELF1 ?\< ,I KN[ ! DEAD M5 W\LD HAVE =GIV5 ME1 ?\< ,I KN[ ?OSE :O LOV$ !M =GIVE ME ,BUT MY [N VOICE1 AS IT S\ND$ ?AT NI<T1 WILL S\ND SO 9 MY E>S TILL ,I DIE--A BITT] REPROA* & A %AME ,I HAVE ONLY ONE WORD ( EXT5UATION = MYSELF & ! MILLIONS ( O!RS :O DID AS ,I DID ?AT NI<T-- IGNORANCE40  

,%E DID NOT REMA9 LONG 9 IGNORANCE4 ,9 0,! ,MAK+ ( AN ,AN>*I/10 %E DESCRIBES :Y %E BECAME A CONV]T TO ! IDEA & :Y %E 5T]$ ! MOVEM5T4 0,TILL !N10 %E WRITES1 0,I BELIEV$ 9 ! ESS5TIAL ,JU/ICE ( ! ,AM]ICAN LAW & TRIAL BY JURY4 ,AFT] ?AT ,I NEV] C\LD4 ,! 9FAMY ( ?AT TRIAL HAS PASS$ 9TO HI/ORY1 & ! QUE/ION IT AWAK5$ AS TO ! POSSIBILITY ( ,JU/ICE UND] LAW HAS PASS$ 9TO CLAMOR\S CRY+ ACROSS ! WORLD40  

,VOLTAIR9E SP5T ! GREAT] P>T ( H] LIFE 9 ,PHILADELPHIA4 ,H]E1 AMONG CONG5IAL FRI5DS1 & LAT] AMONG ! ,JEWI% IMMIGRANTS1 %E DID H] BE/ WORK1 PRODUC+ AN 5ORM\S AM\NT4 ,H] POEMS1 SKET*ES1 PROPAG&I/ >TICLES & ESSAYS MAY BE F\ND 9 ,OP5 ,C\RT1 ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY1 ,MAGAZ9E ( ,POETRY1 ,TRU?1 ,LUCIF]1 ,BO/ON ,9VE/IGATOR1 ,RI<TS ( ,LABOR1 ,TRU? ,SEEK]1 ,LIB]TY1 ,*ICAGO ,LIB]AL1 ,FREE ,SOCIETY1 ,MO!R ,E>?1 & 9 ,! ,9DEP5D5T4  

,9 AN EXQUISITE TRIBUTE TO H] MEMORY1 ,LEON>D ,D4 ,ABBOTT CALLS ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE A PRIE/ESS ( ,PITY & ( ,V5GEANCE1 :OSE VOICE HAS A VIBRANT QUALITY ?AT IS UNIQUE 9 LIT]ATURE4  ,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT H] WRIT+S WILL LIVE AS LONG AS HUMANITY EXI/S4 

,AN>*ISM @& ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS BY ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE 

,AM]ICAN TRADITIONS1 BEGOTT5 ( RELIGI\S REBELLION1 SMALL SELF-SU/A9+ COMMUNITIES1 ISOLAT$ CONDITIONS1 & H>D PIONE] LIFE1 GREW DUR+ ! COLONIZATION P]IOD ( ONE HUNDR$ & SEV5TY YE>S FROM ! SETTL+ ( ,JAME/[N TO ! \TBUR/ ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS 9 FACT ! GREAT CON/ITUTION-MAK+ EPO*1 ! P]IOD ( *>T]S GU>ANTEE+ MORE OR LESS ( LIB]TY1 ! G5]AL T5D5CY ( :I* IS WELL DESCRIB$ BY ,WM4 ,P5N 9 SPEAK+ ( ! *>T] = ,P5NSYLVANIA3 0,I WANT TO PUT IT \T ( MY P[]1 OR ?AT ( MY SUCCESSORS1 TO DO MIS*IEF40  

,! REVOLUTION IS ! SUDD5 & UNIFI$ CONSCI\SNESS ( !SE TRADITIONS1 !IR L\D ASS]TION1 ! BL[ DEALT BY !IR 9DOMITABLE WILL AGA9/ ! C\NT] =CE ( TYRANNY1 :I* HAS NEV] 5TIRELY RECOV]$ FROM ! BL[1 BUT :I* FROM !N TILL N[ HAS GONE ON REMOLD+ & REGRAPPL+ ! 9/RUM5TS ( GOV]NM5TAL P[]1 ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION S\<T TO %APE & HOLD AS DEF5SES ( LIB]TY4  

,TO ! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN ( TODAY1 ! ,REVOLUTION MEANS ! S]IES ( BATTLES F\<T BY ! PATRIOT >MY ) ! >MIES ( ,5GL&4 ,! MILLIONS ( S*OOL *ILDR5 :O ATT5D \R PUBLIC S*OOLS >E TAU<T TO DRAW MAPS ( ! SIEGE ( ,BO/ON & ! SIEGE ( ,YORKT[N1 TO KN[ ! G5]AL PLAN ( ! SEV]AL CAMPAIGNS1 TO QUOTE ! NUMB] ( PRISON]S ( W> SURR5D]$ ) ,BURGOYNE2 !Y >E REQUIR$ TO REMEMB] ! DATE :5 ,WA%+TON CROSS$ ! ,DELAW>E ON ! ICE2 !Y >E TOLD TO 0,REMEMB] ,PAOLI10 TO REPEAT 0,MOLLY ,/>K'S A WID[10 TO CALL ,G5]AL ,WAYNE 0,MAD ,AN?ONY ,WAYNE10 & TO EXECRATE ,B5$ICT ,>NOLD2 !Y KN[ ?AT ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE WAS SIGN$ ON ! ,F\R? ( ,JULY1 #a#g#g#f1 & ! ,TREATY ( ,P>IS 9 #a#g#h#c2 & !N !Y ?9K !Y HAVE LE>N$ ! ,REVOLUTION--BLESS$ BE ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON6 ,!Y HAVE NO IDEA :Y IT %\LD HAVE BE5 CALL$ A 0REVOLUTION0 9/EAD ( ! 0,5GLI% ,W>10 OR ANY SIMIL> TITLE3 IT'S ! NAME ( IT1 ?AT'S ALL4 ,& NAME-WOR%IP1 BO? 9 *ILD & MAN1 HAS ACQUIR$ SU* MA/]Y ( !M1 ?AT ! NAME 0,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION0 IS HELD SACR$1 ?\< IT MEANS TO !M NO?+ MORE ?AN SUCCESSFUL =CE1 :ILE ! NAME 0,REVOLUTION0 APPLI$ TO A FUR!R POSSIBILITY1 IS A SPECT] DETE/$ & ABHORR$4 ,9 NEI!R CASE HAVE !Y ANY IDEA ( ! CONT5T ( ! WORD1 SAVE ?AT ( >M$ =CE4 ,?AT HAS ALREADY HAPP5$1 & LONG HAPP5$1 :I* ,JEFF]SON =ESAW :5 HE WROTE3  

0,! SPIRIT ( ! TIMES MAY ALT]1 WILL ALT]4 ,\R RUL]S WILL BECOME CORRUPT1 \R PEOPLE C>ELESS4 ,A S+LE ZEALOT MAY BECOME P]SECUTOR1 & BETT] M5 BE HIS VICTIMS4 ,IT CAN NEV] BE TOO (T5 REPEAT$ ?AT ! TIME = FIX+ EV]Y ESS5TIAL RI<T1 ON A LEGAL BASIS1 IS :ILE \R RUL]S >E HONE/1 \RSELVES UNIT$4 ,FROM ! CONCLUSION ( ?IS W> WE %ALL BE GO+ D[N HILL4 ,IT WILL NOT !N BE NECESS>Y TO RESORT EV]Y MOM5T TO ! PEOPLE = SUPPORT4 ,!Y WILL BE =GOTT51 !RE=E1 & !IR RI<TS DISREG>D$4 ,!Y WILL =GET !MSELVES 9 ! SOLE FACULTY ( MAK+ MONEY1 & WILL NEV] ?9K ( UNIT+ TO EFFECT A DUE RESPECT = !IR RI<TS4 ,! %ACKLES1 !RE=E1 :I* %ALL NOT BE KNOCK$ (F AT ! CONCLUSION ( ?IS W>1 WILL BE HEAVI] & HEAVI]1 TILL \R RI<TS %ALL REVIVE OR EXPIRE 9 A CONVULSION40 

,TO ! M5 ( ?AT TIME1 :O VOIC$ ! SPIRIT ( ?AT TIME1 ! BATTLES ?AT !Y F\<T W]E ! LEA/ ( ! ,REVOLUTION2 !Y W]E ! 9CID5TS ( ! H\R1 ! ?+S !Y MET & FAC$ AS P>T ( ! GAME !Y W]E PLAY+2 BUT ! /AKE !Y HAD 9 VIEW1 BE=E1 DUR+1 & AFT] ! W>1 ! REAL ,REVOLUTION1 WAS A *ANGE 9 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* %\LD MAKE ( GOV]NM5T NOT A ?+ AP>T1 A SUP]IOR P[] TO /& OV] ! PEOPLE ) A :IP1 BUT A S]VICEABLE AG5T1 RESPONSIBLE1 ECONOMICAL1 & TRU/WOR?Y 7BUT NEV] SO MU* TRU/$ AS NOT TO BE CONT9UALLY WAT*$71 = ! TRANSACTION ( SU* BUS9ESS AS WAS ! COMMON CONC]N & TO SET ! LIMITS ( ! COMMON CONC]N AT ! L9E ( :]E ONE MAN'S LIB]TY W\LD 5CROA* UPON ANO!R'S4  

,!Y ?US TOOK !IR />T+ PO9T = D]IV+ A M9IMUM ( GOV]NM5T UPON ! SAME SOCIOLOGICAL GR\ND ?AT ! MOD]N ,AN>*I/ D]IVES ! NO-GOV]NM5T !ORY2 VIZ41 ?AT EQUAL LIB]TY IS ! POLITICAL IDEAL4 ,! DIFF]5CE LIES 9 ! BELIEF1 ON ! ONE H&1 ?AT ! CLOSE/ APPROXIMATION TO EQUAL LIB]TY MI<T BE BE/ SECUR$ BY ! RULE ( ! MAJORITY 9 ?OSE MATT]S 9VOLV+ UNIT$ ACTION ( ANY K9D 7:I* RULE ( ! MAJORITY !Y ?\<T IT POSSIBLE TO SECURE BY A FEW SIMPLE >RANGEM5TS = ELECTION71 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! BELIEF ?AT MAJORITY RULE IS BO? IMPOSSIBLE & UNDESIRABLE2 ?AT ANY GOV]NM5T1 NO MATT] :AT ITS =MS1 WILL BE MANIPULAT$ BY A V]Y SMALL M9ORITY1 AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,/ATES & ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5TS HAS /RIK+LY PROV$2 ?AT C&IDATES WILL L\DLY PR(ESS ALLEGIANCE TO PLAT=MS BE=E ELECTIONS1 :I* AS (FICIALS 9 P[] !Y WILL OP5LY DISREG>D1 TO DO AS !Y PLEASE2 & ?AT EV5 IF ! MAJORITY WILL C\LD BE IMPOS$1 IT W\LD ALSO BE SUBV]SIVE ( EQUAL LIB]TY1 :I* MAY BE BE/ SECUR$ BY LEAV+ TO ! VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION ( ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( MATT]S ( COMMON CONC]N1 )\T CO]CION ( ! UN9T]E/$ OR ! OPPOS$4  

,AMONG ! FUNDAM5TAL LIK5ESS BETWE5 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,REPUBLICANS & ! ,AN>*I/S IS ! RECOGNITION ?AT ! LITTLE MU/ PREC$E ! GREAT2 ?AT ! LOCAL MU/ BE ! BASIS ( ! G5]AL2 ?AT !RE CAN BE A FREE F$]ATION ONLY :5 !RE >E FREE COMMUNITIES TO F$]ATE2 ?AT ! SPIRIT ( ! LATT] IS C>RI$ 9TO ! C\NCILS ( ! =M]1 & A LOCAL TYRANNY MAY ?US BECOME AN 9/RUM5T = G5]AL 5SLAVEM5T4 ,CONV9C$ ( ! SUPREME IMPORTANCE ( RIDD+ ! MUNICIPALITIES ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( TYRANNY1 ! MO/ /R5U\S ADVOCATES ( 9DEP5D5CE1 9/EAD ( SP5D+ !IR EF=TS MA9LY 9 ! G5]AL ,CONGRESS1 DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO !IR HOME LOCALITIES1 5DEAVOR+ TO WORK \T ( ! M9DS ( !IR NEI<BORS & FELL[-COLONI/S ! 9/ITUTIONS ( 5TAIL$ PROP]TY1 ( A ,/ATE-,*UR*1 ( A CLASS-DIVID$ PEOPLE1 EV5 ! 9/ITUTION ( ,AFRICAN SLAV]Y ITSELF4 ,?\< L>GELY UNSUCCESSFUL1 IT IS TO ! MEASURE ( SUCCESS !Y DID A*IEVE ?AT WE >E 9DEBT$ = SU* LIB]TIES AS WE DO RETA91 & NOT TO ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y TRI$ TO 9CULCATE LOCAL 9ITIATIVE & 9DEP5D5T ACTION4 ,! AU?OR ( ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE1 :O 9 ! FALL ( '#g#f DECL9$ A REELECTION TO ,CONGRESS 9 ORD] TO RETURN TO ,VIRG9IA & DO HIS WORK 9 HIS [N LOCAL ASSEMBLY1 9 >RANG+ !RE = PUBLIC $UCATION :I* HE JU/LY CONSID]$ A MATT] ( 0COMMON CONC]N10 SAID HIS ADVOCACY ( PUBLIC S*OOLS WAS NOT ) ANY 0VIEW TO TAKE ITS ORD9>Y BRAN*ES \T ( ! H&S ( PRIVATE 5T]PRISE1 :I* MANAGES SO MU* BETT] ! CONC]NS TO :I* IT IS EQUAL02 & 9 5DEAVOR+ TO MAKE CLE> ! RE/RICTIONS ( ! ,CON/ITUTION UPON ! FUNCTIONS ( ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T1 HE LIKEWISE SAID3  

0,LET ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T BE R$UC$ TO =EIGN CONC]NS ONLY1 & LET \R AFFAIRS BE DIS5TANGL$ FROM ?OSE ( ALL O!R NATIONS1 EXCEPT AS TO COMM]CE1 :I* ! M]*ANTS WILL MANAGE = !MSELVES1 & ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T MAY BE R$UC$ TO A V]Y SIMPLE ORGANIZATION1 & A V]Y 9EXP5SIVE ONE2 A FEW PLA9 DUTIES TO BE P]=M$ BY A FEW S]VANTS40 

,?IS !N WAS ! ,AM]ICAN TRADITION1 ?AT PRIVATE 5T]PRISE MANAGES BETT] ALL ?AT TO :I* IT ,I,S EQUAL4 ,AN>*ISM DECL>ES ?AT PRIVATE 5T]PRISE1 :E!R 9DIVIDUAL OR COOP]ATIVE1 IS EQUAL TO ALL ! UND]TAK+S ( SOCIETY4 ,& IT QUOTES ! P>TICUL> TWO 9/ANCES1 ,$UCATION & ,COMM]CE1 :I* ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! ,/ATES & ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE UND]TAK5 TO MANAGE & REGULATE1 AS ! V]Y TWO :I* 9 OP]ATION HAVE DONE MORE TO DE/ROY ,AM]ICAN FRE$OM & EQUALITY1 TO W>P & DI/ORT ,AM]ICAN TRADITION1 TO MAKE ( GOV]NM5T A MI<TY 5G9E ( TYRANNY1 ?AN ANY O!R CAUSE1 SAVE ! UN=ESE5 DEVELOPM5TS ( ,MANUFACTURE4  

,IT WAS ! 9T5TION ( ! ,REVOLUTIONI/S TO E/ABLI% A SY/EM ( COMMON $UCATION1 :I* %\LD MAKE ! TEA*+ ( HI/ORY ONE ( ITS PR9CIPAL BRAN*ES2 NOT ) ! 9T5T ( BURD5+ ! MEMORIES ( \R Y\? ) ! DATES ( BATTLES OR ! SPEE*ES ( G5]ALS1 NOR TO MAKE ! ,BO/ON ,TEA ,P>TY ,9DIANS ! ONE SACROSANCT MOB 9 ALL HI/ORY1 TO BE REV]$ BUT NEV] ON ANY ACC\NT TO BE IMITAT$1 BUT ) ! 9T5T ?AT EV]Y ,AM]ICAN %\LD KN[ TO :AT CONDITIONS ! MASSES ( PEOPLE HAD BE5 BR\<T BY ! OP]ATION ( C]TA9 9/ITUTIONS1 BY :AT MEANS !Y HAD WRUNG \T !IR LIB]TIES1 & H[ ?OSE LIB]TIES HAD AGA9 & AGA9 BE5 FIL*$ FROM !M BY ! USE ( GOV]NM5TAL =CE1 FRAUD1 & PRIVILEGE4 ,NOT TO BRE$ SECURITY1 LAUDATION1 COMPLAC5T 9DOL5CE1 PASSIVE ACQUIESC5CE 9 ! ACTS ( A GOV]NM5T PROTECT$ BY ! LABEL 0HOME-MADE10 BUT TO BEGET A WAKEFUL JEAL\SY1 A NEV]-5D+ WAT*FULNESS ( RUL]S1 A DET]M9ATION TO SQUEL* EV]Y ATTEMPT ( ?OSE 5TRU/$ ) P[] TO 5CROA* UPON ! SPH]E ( 9DIVIDUAL ACTION - ?IS WAS ! PRIME MOTIVE ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S 9 5DEAVOR+ TO PROVIDE = COMMON $UCATION4  

0,CONFID5CE10 SAID ! REVOLUTIONI/S :O ADOPT$ ! ,K5TUCKY ,RESOLUTIONS1 0IS EV]Y:]E ! P>5T ( DESPOTISM2 FREE GOV]NM5T IS F\ND$ 9 JEAL\SY1 NOT 9 CONFID5CE2 IT IS JEAL\SY1 NOT CONFID5CE1 :I* PRESCRIBES LIMIT$ CON/ITUTIONS TO B9D D[N ?OSE :OM WE >E OBLIG$ TO TRU/ ) P[]2 \R ,CON/ITUTION HAS ACCORD+LY FIX$ ! LIMITS TO :I*1 & NO FUR!R1 \R CONFID5CE MAY GO444 ,9 QUE/IONS ( P[]1 LET NO MORE BE HE>D ( CONFID5CE 9 MAN1 BUT B9D HIM D[N FROM MIS*IEF BY ! *A9S ( ! ,CON/ITUTION40  

,!SE RESOLUTIONS W]E ESPECIALLY APPLI$ TO ! PASSAGE ( ! ,ALI5 LAWS BY ! MON>*I/ P>TY DUR+ ,JOHN ,ADAMS' ADM9I/RATION1 & W]E AN 9DIGNANT CALL FROM ! ,/ATE ( ,K5TUCKY TO REPUDIATE ! RI<T ( ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T TO ASSUME UNDELEGAT$ P[]S1 = SAID !Y1 TO ACCEPT !SE LAWS W\LD BE 0TO BE B\ND BY LAWS MADE1 NOT ) \R4 CONS5T1 BUT BY O!RS AGA9/ \R CONS5T--?AT IS1 TO SURR5D] ! =M ( GOV]NM5T WE HAVE *OS51 & TO LIVE UND] ONE D]IV+ ITS P[]S FROM ITS [N WILL1 & NOT FROM \R AU?ORITY40 ,RESOLUTIONS ID5TICAL 9 SPIRIT W]E ALSO PASS$ BY ,VIRG9IA1 ! FOLL[+ MON?2 9 ?OSE DAYS ! ,/ATES /ILL CONSID]$ !MSELVES SUPREME1 ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T SUBORD9ATE4  

,TO 9CULCATE ?IS PR\D SPIRIT ( ! SUPREMACY ( ! PEOPLE OV] !IR GOV]NORS WAS TO BE ! PURPOSE ( PUBLIC $UCATION6 ,PICK UP TODAY ANY COMMON S*OOL HI/ORY1 & SEE H[ MU* ( ?IS SPIRIT Y\ WILL F9D !RE94 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 FROM COV] TO COV] Y\ WILL F9D NO?+ BUT ! *EAPE/ SORT ( PATRIOTISM1 ! 9CULCATION ( ! MO/ UNQUE/ION+ ACQUIESC5CE 9 ! DE$S ( GOV]NM5T1 A LULLABY ( RE/1 SECURITY1 CONFID5CE--! DOCTR9E ?AT ! ,LAW CAN DO NO WRONG1 A ,TE ,DEUM 9 PRAISE ( ! CONT9U\S 5CROA*M5TS ( ! P[]S ( ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T UPON ! RES]V$ RI<TS ( ! ,/ATES1 %AMELESS FALSIFICATION ( ALL ACTS ( REBELLION1 TO PUT ! GOV]NM5T 9 ! RI<T & ! REBELS 9 ! WRONG1 PYROTE*NIC GLORIFICATIONS ( UNION1 P[]1 & =CE1 & A COMPLETE IGNOR+ ( ! ESS5TIAL LIB]TIES TO MA9TA9 :I* WAS ! PURPOSE ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,! ANTI-,AN>*I/ LAW ( PO/-,MC,K9LEY PASSAGE1 A MU* WORSE LAW ?AN ! ,ALI5 & ,S$ITION ACTS :I* R\S$ ! WRA? ( ,K5TUCKY & ,VIRG9IA TO ! PO9T ( ?REAT5$ REBELLION1 IS EXALT$ AS A WISE PROVISION ( \R ,ALL-,SEE+ ,FA!R 9 ,WA%+TON4  

,SU* IS ! SPIRIT ( GOV]NM5T-PROVID$ S*OOLS4 ,ASK ANY *ILD :AT HE KN[S AB\T ,%AYS' REBELLION1 & HE WILL ANSW]1 0,OH1 SOME ( ! F>M]S C\LDN'T PAY !IR TAXES1 & ,%AYS L$ A REBELLION AGA9/ ! C\RT-H\SE AT ,WORCE/]1 SO !Y C\LD BURN UP ! DE$S2 & :5 ,WA%+TON HE>D ( IT HE S5T OV] AN >MY QUICK & TAU<T 'EM A GOOD LESSON0-0,& :AT WAS ! RESULT ( IT80 0,! RESULT8 ,:Y--:Y--! RESULT WAS--,OH YES1 ,I REMEMB]--! RESULT WAS !Y SAW ! NE$ ( A /RONG F$]AL GOV]NM5T TO COLLECT ! TAXES & PAY ! DEBTS40 ,ASK IF HE KN[S :AT WAS SAID ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! /ORY1 ASK IF HE KN[S ?AT ! M5 :O HAD GIV5 !IR GOODS & !IR HEAL? & !IR /R5G? = ! FREE+ ( ! C\NTRY N[ F\ND !MSELVES CA/ 9TO PRISON = DEBT1 SICK1 DISABL$1 & POOR1 FAC+ A NEW TYRANNY = ! OLD2 ?AT !IR DEM& WAS ?AT ! L& %\LD BECOME ! FREE COMMUNAL POSSESSION ( ?OSE :O WI%$ TO WORK IT1 NOT SUBJECT TO TRIBUTE1 & ! *ILD WILL ANSW] 0,NO40 ,ASK HIM IF HE EV] READ ,JEFF]SON0S LETT] TO ,MADISON AB\T IT1 9 :I* HE SAYS3  

0,SOCIETIES EXI/ UND] ?REE =MS1 SUFFICI5TLY DI/+UI%ABLE4 #a4 ,)\T GOV]NM5T1 AS AMONG \R ,9DIANS4 #b4 ,UND] GOV]NM5T :]E9 ! WILL ( EV]Y ONE HAS A JU/ 9FLU5CE2 AS IS ! CASE 9 ,5GL& 9 A SLI<T DEGREE1 & 9 \R ,/ATES 9 A GREAT ONE4 #c4 ,UND] GOV]NM5T ( =CE1 AS IS ! CASE 9 ALL O!R MON>*IES1 & 9 MO/ ( ! O!R REPUBLICS4 ,TO HAVE AN IDEA ( ! CURSE ( EXI/5CE 9 !SE LA/1 !Y MU/ BE SE54 ,IT IS A GOV]NM5T ( WOLVES OV] %EEP4 ,IT IS A PROBLEM NOT CLE> 9 MY M9D ?AT ! FIR/ CONDITION IS NOT ! BE/4 ,BUT ,I BELIEVE IT TO BE 9CONSI/5T ) ANY GREAT DEGREE ( POPULATION4 ,! SECOND /ATE HAS A GREAT DEAL ( GOOD 9 IT444,IT HAS ITS EVILS TOO1 ! PR9CIPAL ( :I* IS ! TURBUL5CE TO :I* IT IS SUBJECT4 444,BUT EV5 ?IS EVIL IS PRODUCTIVE ( GOOD4 ,IT PREV5TS ! DEG5]ACY ( GOV]NM5T1 & N\RI%ES A G5]AL ATT5TION TO PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,I HOLD ?AT A LITTLE REBELLION N[ & !N IS A GOOD ?+40 

,OR TO ANO!R CORRESPOND5T3 

0,GOD =BID ?AT WE %\LD EV] BE TW5TY YE>S )\T SU* A REBELLION6444,:AT C\NTRY CAN PRES]VE ITS LIB]TIES IF ITS RUL]S >E NOT W>N$ FROM TIME TO TIME ?AT ! PEOPLE PRES]VE ! SPIRIT ( RESI/ANCE8 ,LET !M TAKE UP >MS444 ,! TREE ( LIB]TY MU/ BE REFRE%$ FROM TIME TO TIME ) ! BLOOD ( PATRIOTS & TYRANTS4 ,IT IS ITS NATURAL MANURE40 

,ASK ANY S*OOL *ILD IF HE WAS EV] TAU<T ?AT ! AU?OR ( ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE1 ONE ( ! GREAT F\ND]S ( ! COMMON S*OOL1 SAID !SE ?+S1 & HE WILL LOOK AT Y\ ) OP5 M\? & UNBELIEV+ EYES4 ,ASK HIM IF HE EV] HE>D ?AT ! MAN :O S\ND$ ! BUGLE NOTE 9 ! D>KE/ H\R ( ! ,CRISIS1 :O R\S$ ! C\RAGE ( ! SOLDI]S :5 ,WA%+TON SAW ONLY MUT9Y & DESPAIR AHEAD1 ASK HIM IF HE KN[S ?AT ?IS MAN ALSO WROTE1 0,GOV]NM5T AT BE/ IS A NECESS>Y EVIL1 AT WOR/ AN 9TOL]ABLE ONE10 & IF HE IS A LITTLE BETT] 9=M$ ?AN ! AV]AGE HE WILL ANSW]1 0,OH WELL1 HE .<,TOM ,PA9E.> WAS AN 9FIDEL60 ,CATE*IZE HIM AB\T ! M]ITS ( ! ,CON/ITUTION :I* HE HAS LE>N$ TO REPEAT LIKE A POLL-P>ROT1 & Y\ WILL F9D HIS *IEF CONCEPTION IS NOT ( ! P[]S )HELD FROM ,CONGRESS1 BUT ( ! P[]S GRANT$4  

,SU* >E ! FRUITS ( GOV]NM5T S*OOLS4 ,WE1 ! ,AN>*I/S1 PO9T TO !M & SAY3 ,IF ! BELIEV]S 9 LIB]TY WI% ! PR9CIPLES ( LIB]TY TAU<T1 LET !M NEV] 5TRU/ ?AT 9/RUCTION TO ANY GOV]NM5T2 = ! NATURE ( GOV]NM5T IS TO BECOME A ?+ AP>T1 AN 9/ITUTION EXI/+ = ITS [N SAKE1 PREY+ UPON ! PEOPLE1 & TEA*+ :ATEV] WILL T5D TO KEEP IT SECURE 9 ITS SEAT4 ,AS ! FA!RS SAID ( ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,EUROPE1 SO SAY WE ( ?IS GOV]NM5T ALSO AFT] A C5TURY & A QU>T] ( 9DEP5D5CE3 0,! BLOOD ( ! PEOPLE HAS BECOME ITS 9H]ITANCE1 & ?OSE :O FATT5 ON IT WILL NOT REL9QUI% IT EASILY40  

,PUBLIC $UCATION1 HAV+ TO DO ) ! 9TELLECT & SPIRIT ( A PEOPLE1 IS PROBABLY ! MO/ SUBTLE & F>-REA*+ 5G9E = MOLD+ ! C\RSE ( A NATION2 BUT COMM]CE1 DEAL+ AS IT DOES ) MAT]IAL ?+S & PRODUC+ IMM$IATE EFFECTS1 WAS ! =CE ?AT BORE D[N SOONE/ UPON ! PAP] B>RI]S ( CON/ITUTIONAL RE/RICTION1 & %AP$ ! GOV]NM5T TO ITS REQUIREM5TS4 ,H]E1 9DE$1 WE >RIVE AT ! PO9T :]E WE1 LOOK+ OV] ! HUNDR$ & TW5TY FIVE YE>S ( 9DEP5D5CE1 CAN SEE ?AT ! SIMPLE GOV]NM5T CONCEIV$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y REPUBLICANS WAS A =$OOM$ FAILURE4 ,IT WAS SO BECAUSE (3 #a7 ! ESS5CE ( GOV]NM5T ITSELF2 #b7 ! ESS5CE ( HUMAN NATURE2 #c7 ! ESS5CE ( ,COMM]CE & ,MANUFACTURE4  

,( ! ESS5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 ,I HA_*RE ALREADY SAID1 IT IS A ?+ AP>T1 DEVELOP+ ITS [N 9T]E/S AT ! EXP5SE ( :AT OPPOSES IT2 ALL ATTEMPTS TO MAKE IT ANY?+ ELSE FAIL4 ,9 ?IS ,AN>*I/S AGREE ) ! TRADITIONAL 5EMIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! MON>*I/S1 F$]ALI/S1 /RONG GOV]NM5T BELIEV]S1 ! ,ROOSEVELTS ( TODAY1 ! ,JAYS1 ,M>%ALLS1 & ,HAMILTONS ( !N--?AT ,HAMILTON1 :O1 AS ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,TREASURY1 DEVIS$ A F9ANCIAL SY/EM ( :I* WE >E ! UNLUCKY H]ITORS1 & :OSE OBJECTS W]E TW(OLD3 ,TO PUZZLE ! PEOPLE & MAKE PUBLIC F9ANCE OBSCURE TO ?OSE ?AT PAID = IT2 TO S]VE AS A MA*9E = CORRUPT+ ! LEGISLATURES2 0= HE AV[$ ! OP9ION ?AT MAN C\LD BE GOV]N$ BY TWO MOTIVES ONLY1 =CE OR 9T]E/02 =CE BE+ !N \T ( ! QUE/ION1 HE LAID HOLD ( 9T]E/1 ! GRE$ ( ! LEGISLATORS1 TO SET GO+ AN ASSOCIATION ( P]SONS HAV+ AN 5TIRELY SEP>ATE WELF>E FROM ! WELF>E ( !IR ELECTORS1 B\ND TOGE!R BY MUTUAL CORRUPTION & MUTUAL DESIRE = PLUND]4 ,! ,AN>*I/ AGREES ?AT ,HAMILTON WAS LOGICAL1 & UND]/OOD ! CORE ( GOV]NM5T2 ! DIFF]5CE IS1 ?AT :ILE /RONG GOV]MN5TALI/S BELIEVE ?IS IS NECESS>Y & DESIRABLE1 WE *OOSE ! OPPOSITE CONCLUSION1 ,NO ,GOV]NM5T ,:ATSOEV]4  

,AS TO ! ESS5CE ( HUMAN NATURE1 :AT \R NATIONAL EXP]I5CE HAS MADE PLA9 IS ?IS1 ?AT TO REMA9 9 A CONT9UALLY EXALT$ MORAL CONDITION IS NOT HUMAN NATURE4 ,?AT HAS HAPP5$ :I* WAS PROPHESI$3 WE HAVE GONE D[N HILL FROM ! ,REVOLUTION UNTIL N[2 WE >E ABSORB$ 9 0M]E MONEY-GETT+40 ,! DESIRE = MAT]IAL EA/ LONG AGO VANQUI%$ ! SPIRIT ( '#g#f4 ,:AT WAS ?AT SPIRIT8 ,! SPIRIT ?AT ANIMAT$ ! PEOPLE ( ,VIRG9IA1 ( ! ,C>OL9AS1 ( ,MASSA*USETTS1 ( ,NEW ,YORK1 :5 !Y REFUS$ TO IMPORT GOODS FROM ,5GL&2 :5 !Y PREF]R$ 7& /OOD BY IT7 TO WE> CO>SE1 HOMESPUN CLO?1 TO DR9K ! BREW ( !IR [N GR[?S1 TO FIT !IR APPETITES TO ! HOME SUPPLY1 RA!R ?AN SUBMIT TO ! TAXATION ( ! IMP]IAL M9I/RY4 ,EV5 )9 ! LIFETIME ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S1 ! SPIRIT DECAY$4 ,! LOVE ( MAT]IAL EASE HAS BE51 9 ! MASS ( M5 & P]MAN5TLY SPEAK+1 ALWAYS GREAT] ?AN ! LOVE ( LIB]TY4 ,N9E HUNDR$ & N9ETY N9E WOM5 \T ( A ?\S& >E MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ! CUT ( A DRESS ?AN 9 ! 9DEP5D5CE ( !IR SEX2 N9E HUNDR$ & N9ETY N9E M5 \T ( A ?\S& >E MORE 9T]E/$ 9 DR9K+ A GLASS ( BE] ?AN 9 QUE/ION+ ! TAX ?AT IS LAID ON IT2 H[ MANY *ILDR5 >E NOT WILL+ TO TRADE ! LIB]TY TO PLAY = ! PROMISE ( A NEW CAP OR A NEW DRESS8 ,?AT IT IS :I* BEGETS ! COMPLICAT$ ME*ANISM ( SOCIETY2 ?AT IT IS :I*1 BY MULTIPLY+ ! CONC]NS ( GOV]NM5T1 MULTIPLIES ! /R5G? ( GOV]NM5T & ! CORRESPOND+ WEAKNESS ( ! PEOPLE2 ?IS IT IS :I* BEGETS 9DIFF]5CE TO PUBLIC CONC]N1 ?US MAK+ ! CORRUPTION ( GOV]NM5T EASY4 

,AS TO ! ESS5CE ( ,COMM]CE & ,MANUFACTURE1 IT IS ?IS3 TO E/ABLI% BONDS BETWE5 EV]Y CORN] ( ! E>?S SURFACE & EV]Y O!R CORN]1 TO MULTIPLY ! NE$S ( MANK9D1 & ! DESIRE = MAT]IAL POSSESSION & 5JOYM5T4  

,! ,AM]ICAN TRADITION WAS ! ISOLATION ( ! ,/ATES AS F> AS POSSIBLE4 ,SAID !Y3 ,WE HAVE WON \R LIB]TIES BY H>D SACRIFICE & /RUGGLE UNTO DEA?4 ,WE WI% N[ TO BE LET ALONE & TO LET O!RS ALONE1 ?AT \R PR9CIPLES MAY HAVE TIME = TRIAL2 ?AT WE MAY BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO ! EX]CISE ( \R RI<TS2 ?AT WE MAY BE KEPT FREE FROM ! CONTAM9AT+ 9FLU5CE ( ,EUROPEAN GAUDS1 PAGEANTS1 DI/9CTIONS4 ,SO RI*LY DID !Y E/EEM ! ABS5CE ( !SE ?AT !Y C\LD 9 ALL F]VOR WRITE3 0,WE %ALL SEE MULTIPLI$ 9/ANCES ( ,EUROPEANS COM+ TO ,AM]ICA1 BUT NO MAN LIV+ WILL EV] SE5 AN 9/ANCE ( AN ,AM]ICAN REMOV+ TO SETTLE 9 ,EUROPE1 & CONT9U+ !RE40 ,ALAS6 ,9 LESS ?AN A HUNDR$ YE>S ! HI<E/ AIM ( A 0,DAU<T] ( ! ,REVOLUTION0 WAS1 & IS1 TO BUY A CA/LE1 A TITLE1 & ROTT5 LORD1 ) ! MONEY WRUNG FROM ,AM]ICAN S]VITUDE6 ,& ! COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S ( ,AM]ICA >E SEEK+ A WORLD EMPIRE6  

,9 ! E>LI] DAYS ( ! REVOLT & SUBSEQU5T 9DEP5D5CE1 IT APPE>$ ?AT ! 0MANIFE/ DE/9Y0 ( ,AM]ICA WAS TO BE AN AGRICULTURAL PEOPLE1 EX*ANG+ FOOD /UFFS & RAW MAT]IALS = MANUFACTUR$ >TICLES4 ,& 9 ?OSE DAYS IT WAS WRITT53 0,WE %ALL BE VIRTU\S AS LONG AS AGRICULTURE IS \R PR9CIPAL OBJECT1 :I* WILL BE ! CASE AS LONG AS !RE REMA9 VACANT L&S 9 ANY P>T ( ,AM]ICA4 ,:5 WE GET PIL$ UPON ONE ANO!R 9 L>GE CITIES1 AS 9 ,EUROPE1 WE %ALL BECOME CORRUPT AS 9 ,EUROPE1 & GO TO EAT+ ONE ANO!R AS !Y DO !RE40 ,:I* WE >E DO+1 BECAUSE ( ! 9EVITABLE DEVELOPM5T ( ,COMM]CE & ,MANUFACTURE1 & ! CONCOMITANT DEVELOPM5T ( /RONG GOV]NM5T4 ,& ! P>ALLEL PROPHECY IS LIKEWISE FULFILL$3 0,IF EV] ?IS VA/ C\NTRY IS BR\<T UND] A S+LE GOV]NM5T1 IT WILL BE ONE ( ! MO/ EXT5SIVE CORRUPTION1 9DIFF]5T & 9CAPABLE ( A :OLESOME C>E OV] SO WIDE A SPREAD ( SURFACE40 ,!RE IS NOT UPON ! FACE ( ! E>? TODAY A GOV]NM5T SO UTT]LY & %AMELESSLY CORRUPT AS ?AT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,!RE >E O!RS MORE CRUEL1 MORE TYRANNICAL1 MORE DEVA/AT+2 !RE IS NONE SO UTT]LY V5AL4  

,& YET EV5 9 ! V]Y DAYS ( ! PROPHETS1 EV5 ) !IR [N CONS5T1 ! FIR/ CONCESSION TO ?IS LAT] TYRANNY WAS MADE4 ,IT WAS MADE :5 ! ,CON/ITUTION WAS MADE2 & ! ,CON/ITUTION WAS MADE *IEFLY BECAUSE ( ! DEM&S ( ,COMM]CE4 ,?US IT WAS AT ! \TSET A M]*ANT'S MA*9E1 :I* ! O!R 9T]E/S ( ! C\NTRY1 ! L& & LABOR 9T]E/S1 EV5 !N =EBOD$ W\LD DE/ROY !IR LIB]TIES4 ,9 VA9 !IR JEAL\SY ( ITS C5TRAL P[] MADE 5ACT ! FIR/ TWELVE AM5DM5TS4 ,9 VA9 !Y 5DEAVOR$ TO SET B\NDS OV] :I* ! F$]AL P[] D>E NOT TR5*4 ,9 VA9 !Y 5ACT$ 9TO G5]AL LAW ! FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 ( ! PRESS1 ( ASSEMBLAGE & PETITION4 ,ALL ( !SE ?+S WE SEE RIDD5 R\<%OD UPON EV]Y DAY1 & HAVE SO SE5 ) MORE OR LESS 9T]MISSION S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,AT ?IS DAY1 EV]Y POLICE LIEUT5ANT CONSID]S HIMSELF1 & RI<TLY SO1 AS MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! ,G5]AL ,LAW ( ! ,UNION2 & ?AT ONE :O TOLD ,ROB]T ,HUNT] ?AT HE HELD 9 HIS FI/ SOME?+ /RONG] ?AN ! ,CON/ITUTION1 WAS P]FECTLY CORRECT4 ,! RI<T ( ASSEMBLAGE IS AN ,AM]ICAN TRADITION :I* HAS GONE \T ( FA%ION2 ! POLICE CLUB IS N[ ! MODE4 ,& IT IS SO 9 VIRTUE ( ! PEOPLE'S 9DIFF]5CE TO LIB]TY1 & ! /EADY PROGRESS ( CON/ITUTIONAL 9T]PRETATION T[>DS ! SUB/ANCE ( IMP]IAL GOV]NM5T4  

,IT IS AN ,AM]ICAN TRADITION ?AT A /&+ >MY IS A /&+ M5ACE TO LIB]TY2 9 ,JEFF]SON'S PRESID5CY ! >MY WAS R$UC$ TO #c1 M54 ,IT IS ,AM]ICAN TRADITION ?AT WE KEEP \T ( ! AFFAIRS ( O!R NATIONS4 ,IT IS ,AM]ICAN PRACTICE ?AT WE M$DLE ) ! AFFAIRS ( EV]YBODY ELSE FROM ! ,WE/ TO ! ,EA/ ,9DIES1 FROM ,RUSSIA TO ,JAPAN2 & TO DO IT WE HAVE A /&+ >MY ( #h#c1#b#e#a M54  

,IT IS ,AM]ICAN TRADITION ?AT ! F9ANCIAL AFFAIRS ( A NATION %\LD BE TRANSACT$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLES ( SIMPLE HONE/Y ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL CONDUCTS HIS [N BUS9ESS2 VIZ41 ?AT DEBT IS A BAD ?+1 & A MAN'S FIR/ SURPLUS E>N+ %\LD BE APPLI$ TO HIS DEBTS2 ?AT (FICES & (FICE HOLD]S %\LD BE FEW4 ,IT IS ,AM]ICAN PRACTICE ?AT ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T %\LD ALWAYS HAVE MILLIONS .<( DOLL>S.> ( DEBT1 EV5 IF A PANIC OR A W> HAS TO BE =C$ TO PREV5T ITS BE+ PAID (F2 & AS TO ! APPLICATION ( ITS 9COME (FICE HOLD]S COME FIR/4 ,& )9 ! LA/ ADM9I/RATION IT IS REPORT$ ?AT #i#i1 (FICES HAVE BE5 CREAT$ AT AN ANNUAL EXP5SE ( #a#f#f#c114 ,%ADES ( ,JEFF]SON6 0,H[ >E VACANCIES TO BE OBTA9$8 ,?OSE BY DEA?S >E FEW2 BY RESIGNATION NONE40 .<,!ODORE.> ,ROOSEVELT CUTS ! KNOT BY MAK+ #i#i1 NEW ONES6 ,& FEW WILL DIE - & NONE RESIGN4 ,!Y WILL BEGET SONS & DAU<T]S1 & ,TAFT WILL HAVE TO CREATE #i#i1 MORE6 ,V]ILY A SIMPLE & A S]VICEABLE ?+ IS \R G5]AL GOV]NM5T4  

,IT IS ,AM]ICAN TRADITION ?AT ! ,JUDICI>Y %ALL ACT AS A *ECK UPON ! IMPETUOSITY ( ,LEGISLATURES1 %\LD !SE ATTEMPT TO PASS ! B\NDS ( CON/ITUTIONAL LIMITATION4 ,IT IS ,AM]ICAN PRACTICE ?AT ! ,JUDICI>Y JU/IFIES EV]Y LAW :I* TR5*ES ON ! LIB]TIES ( ! PEOPLE & NULLIFIES EV]Y ACT ( ! ,LEGISLATURE BY :I* ! PEOPLE SEEK TO REGA9 SOME MEASURE ( !IR FRE$OM4 ,AGA91 9 ! WORDS ( ,JEFF]SON3 0,! ,CON/ITUTION IS A M]E ?+ ( WAX 9 ! H&S ( ! ,JUDICI>Y1 :I* !Y MAY TWI/ & %APE 9 ANY =M !Y PLEASE40 ,TRULY1 IF ! M5 :O F\<T ! GOOD FI<T = ! TRIUMPH ( SIMPLE1 HONE/1 FREE LIFE 9 ?AT DAY1 W]E N[ TO LOOK UPON ! SC5E ( !IR LABORS1 !Y W\LD CRY \T TOGE!R ) HIM :O SAID3  

0,I REGRET ?AT ,I AM N[ TO DIE 9 ! BELIEF ?AT ! USELESS SACRIFICES ( !MSELVES BY ! G5]ATION ( '#g#f TO ACQUIRE SELF-GOV]NM5T & HAPP9ESS TO !IR C\NTRY1 IS TO BE ?R[N AWAY BY ! UNWISE & UNWOR?Y PASSIONS ( !IR SONS1 & ?AT MY ONLY CONSOLATION IS TO BE ?AT ,I %ALL NOT LIVE TO SEE IT40 

,& N[1 :AT HAS ,AN>*ISM TO SAY TO ALL ?IS1 ?IS BANKRUPTCY ( REPUBLICANISM1 ?IS MOD]N EMPIRE ?AT HAS GR[N UP ON ! RU9S ( \R E>LY FRE$OM8 ,WE SAY ?IS1 ?AT ! S9 \R FA!RS S9N$ WAS ?AT !Y DID NOT TRU/ LIB]TY :OLLY4 ,!Y ?\<T IT POSSIBLE TO COMPROMISE BETWE5 LIB]TY & GOV]NM5T1 BELIEV+ ! LATT] TO BE 0A NECESS>Y EVIL10 & ! MOM5T ! COMPROMISE WAS MADE1 ! :OLE MISBEGOTT5 MON/] ( \R PRES5T TYRANNY BEGAN TO GR[4 ,9/RUM5TS :I* >E SET UP TO SAFEGU>D RI<TS BECOME ! V]Y :IP ) :I* ! FREE >E /RUCK4  

,AN>*ISM SAYS1 ,MAKE NO LAWS :ATEV] CONC]N+ SPEE*1 & SPEE* WILL BE FREE2 SO SOON AS Y\ MAKE A DECL>ATION ON PAP] ?AT SPEE* %ALL BE FREE1 Y\ WILL HAVE A HUNDR$ LAWY]S PROV+ ?AT 0FRE$OM DOES NOT MEAN ABUSE1 NOR LIB]TY LIC5SE02 & !Y WILL DEF9E & DEF9E FRE$OM \T ( EXI/5CE4 ,LET ! GU>ANTEE ( FREE SPEE* BE 9 EV]Y MAN'S DET]M9ATION TO USE IT1 & WE %ALL HAVE NO NE$ ( PAP] DECL>ATIONS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 SO LONG AS ! PEOPLE DO NOT C>E TO EX]CISE !IR FRE$OM1 ?OSE :O WI% TO TYRANNIZE WILL DO SO2 = TYRANTS >E ACTIVE & >D5T1 & WILL DEVOTE !MSELVES 9 ! NAME ( ANY NUMB] ( GODS1 RELIGI\S & O!RWISE1 TO PUT %ACKLES UPON SLEEP+ M54  

,! PROBLEM !N BECOMES1 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO /IR M5 FROM !IR 9DIFF]5CE8 ,WE HAVE SAID ?AT ! SPIRIT ( LIB]TY WAS NURTUR$ BY COLONIAL LIFE2 ?AT ! ELEM5TS ( COLONIAL LIFE W]E ! DESIRE = SECT>IAN 9DEP5D5CE1 & ! JEAL\S WAT*FULNESS 9CID5T !RETO2 ! ISOLATION ( PIONE] COMMUNITIES :I* ?REW EA* 9DIVIDUAL /RONGLY ON HIS [N RES\RCES1 & ?US DEVELOP$ ALL->\ND M51 YET AT ! SAME TIME MADE V]Y /RONG SU* SOCIAL BONDS AS DID EXI/2 &1 LA/LY1 ! COMP>ATIVE SIMPLICITY ( SMALL COMMUNITIES4  

,ALL ?IS HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,AS TO SECT>IANISM1 IT IS ONLY BY D9T ( AN OCCASIONAL IDIOTIC P]SECUTION ?AT A SECT BECOMES 9T]E/+2 9 ! ABS5CE ( ?IS1 \TL&I% SECTS PLAY ! FOOL'S ROLE1 >E ANY?+ BUT H]OIC1 & HAVE LITTLE TO DO ) EI!R ! NAME OR ! SUB/ANCE ( LIB]TY4 ,! OLD COLONIAL RELIGI\S P>TIES HAVE GRADUALLY BECOME ! 0PILL>S ( SOCIETY10 !IR ANIMOSITIES HAVE DI$ \T1 !IR (F5SIVE PECULI>ITIES HAVE BE5 EFFAC$1 !Y >E AS LIKE ONE ANO!R AS BEANS 9 A POD1 !Y BUILD *UR*ES - & SLEEP 9 !M4  

,AS TO \R COMMUNITIES1 !Y >E HOPELESSLY & HELPLESSLY 9T]DEP5D5T1 AS WE \RSELVES >E1 SAVE ?AT CONT9U\SLY DIM9I%+ PROPORTION 5GAG$ 9 ALL >\ND F>M+2 & EV5 !SE >E SLAVES TO MORTGAGES4 ,= \R CITIES1 PROBABLY !RE IS NOT ONE ?AT IS PROVISION$ TO LA/ A WEEK1 & C]TA9LY !RE IS NONE :I* W\LD NOT BE BANKRUPT ) DESPAIR AT ! PROPOSITION ?AT IT PRODUCE ITS [N FOOD4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ?IS CONDITION & ITS CORRELATIVE POLITICAL TYRANNY1 ,AN>*ISM AFFIRMS ! ECONOMY ( SELF-SU/5ANCE1 ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! GREAT COMMUNITIES1 ! USE ( ! E>?4  

,I AM NOT READY TO SAY ?AT ,I SEE CLE>LY ?AT ?IS WILL TAKE PLACE2 BUT ,I SEE CLE>LY ?AT ?IS MU/ TAKE PLACE IF EV] AGA9 M5 >E TO BE FREE4 ,I AM SO WELL SATISFI$ ?AT ! MASS ( MANK9D PREF] MAT]IAL POSSESSIONS TO LIB]TY1 ?AT ,I HAVE NO HOPE ?AT !Y WILL EV]1 BY MEANS ( 9TELLECTUAL OR MORAL /IRR+S M]ELY1 ?R[ (F ! YOKE ( OPPRESSION FA/5$ ON !M BY ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 TO 9/ITUTE FREE SOCIETIES4 ,MY ONLY HOPE IS 9 ! BL9D DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM & POLITICAL OPPRESSION ITSELF4 ,! GREAT *>ACT]I/IC LOOM+ FACTOR 9 ?IS GIGANTIC P[] IS ,MANUFACTURE4 ,! T5D5CY ( EA* NATION IS TO BECOME MORE & MORE A MANUFACTUR+ ONE1 AN EXPORT] ( FABRICS1 NOT AN IMPORT]4 ,IF ?IS T5D5CY FOLL[S ITS [N LOGIC1 IT MU/ EV5TUALLY CIRCLE R\ND TO EA* COMMUNITY PRODUC+ = ITSELF4 ,:AT !N WILL BECOME ( ! SURPLUS PRODUCT :5 ! MANUFACTUR] %ALL HAVE NO =EIGN M>KET8 ,:Y1 !N MANK9D MU/ FACE ! DILEMMA ( SITT+ D[N & DY+' 9 ! MID/ ( IT1 OR CONFISCAT+ ! GOODS4  

,9DE$1 WE >E P>TIALLY FAC+ ?IS PROBLEM EV5 N[2 &-SO F> WE >E SITT+ D[N & DY+4 ,I OP9E1 H[EV]1 ?AT M5 WILL NOT DO IT =EV]1 & :5 ONCE BY AN ACT ( G5]AL EXPROPRIATION !Y HAVE OV]COME ! REV]5CE & FE> ( PROP]TY1 & !IR AWE ( GOV]NM5T1 !Y MAY WAK5 TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ?+S >E TO BE US$1 & !RE=E M5 >E GREAT] ?AN ?+S4 ,?IS MAY R\SE ! SPIRIT ( LIB]TY4  

,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! T5D5CY ( 9V5TION TO SIMPLIFY1 5ABL+ ! ADVANTAGES ( MA*9]Y TO BE COMB9$ ) SMALL] AGGREGATIONS ( WORK]S1 %ALL ALSO FOLL[ ITS [N LOGIC1 ! GREAT MANUFACTUR+ PLANTS WILL BREAK UP1 POPULATION WILL GO AFT] ! FRAGM5TS1 & !RE WILL BE SE5 NOT 9DE$ ! H>D1 SELF-SU/A9+1 ISOLAT$ PIONE] COMMUNITIES ( E>LY ,AM]ICA1 BUT ?\S&S ( SMALL COMMUNITIES /RET*+ ALONG ! L9ES ( TRANSPORTATION1 EA* PRODUC+ V]Y L>GELY = ITS [N NE$S1 ABLE TO RELY UPON ITSELF1 & !RE=E ABLE TO BE 9DEP5D5T4 ,= ! SAME RULE HOLDS GOOD = SOCIETIES AS = 9DIVIDUALS--?OSE MAY BE FREE :O >E ABLE TO MAKE !IR [N LIV+4  

,9 REG>D TO ! BREAK+ UP ( ?AT VILE/ CREATION ( TYRANNY1 ! /&+ >MY & NAVY1 IT IS CLE> ?AT SO LONG AS M5 DESIRE TO FI<T1 !Y WILL HAVE >M$ =CE 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 ,\R FA!RS ?\<T !Y HAD GU>D$ AGA9/ A /&+ >MY BY PROVID+ = ! VOLUNT>Y MILITIA4 ,9 \R DAY WE HAVE LIV$ TO SEE ?IS MILITIA DECL>$ P>T ( ! REGUL> MILIT>Y =CE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & SUBJECT TO ! SAME DEM&S AS ! REGUL>S4 ,)9 ANO!R G5]ATION WE %ALL PROBABLY SEE ITS MEMB]S 9 ! REGUL> PAY ( ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T4 ,S9CE ANY EMBODIM5T ( ! FI<T+ SPIRIT1 ANY MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 9EVITABLY FOLL[S ! SAME L9E ( C5TRALIZATION1 ! LOGIC ( ,AN>*ISM IS ?AT ! LEA/ OBJECTIONABLE =M ( >M$ =CE IS ?AT :I* SPR+S UP VOLUNT>ILY1 LIKE ! M9UTE M5 ( ,MASSA*USETTS1 & DISB&S AS SOON AS ! OCCASION :I* CALL$ IT 9TO EXI/5CE IS PA/3 ?AT ! REALLY DESIRABLE ?+ IS ?AT ALL M5--NOT ,AM]ICANS ONLY--%\LD BE AT PEACE2 & ?AT TO REA* ?IS1 ALL PEACEFUL P]SONS %\LD )DRAW !IR SUPPORT FROM ! >MY1 & REQUIRE ?AT ALL :O MAKE W> %ALL DO SO AT !IR [N CO/ & RISK2 ?AT NEI!R PAY NOR P5SIONS >E TO BE PROVID$ = ?OSE :O *OOSE TO MAKE MAN-KILL+ A TRADE4  

,AS TO ! ,AM]ICAN TRADITION ( NON-M$DL+1 ,AN>*ISM ASKS ?AT IT BE C>RI$ D[N TO ! 9DIVIDUAL HIMSELF4 ,IT DEM&S NO JEAL\S B>RI] ( ISOLATION2 IT KN[S ?AT SU* ISOLATION IS UNDESIRABLE & IMPOSSIBLE2 BUT IT TEA*ES ?AT BY ALL M5'S /RICTLY M9D+ !IR [N BUS9ESS1 A FLUID SOCIETY1 FREELY ADAPT+ ITSELF TO MUTUAL NE$S1 :]E9 ALL ! WORLD %ALL BELONG TO ALL M51 AS MU* AS EA* HAS NE$ OR DESIRE1 WILL RESULT4  

,& :5 ,MOD]N ,REVOLUTION HAS ?US BE5 C>RI$ TO ! HE>T ( ! :OLE WORLD--IF IT EV] %ALL BE1 AS ,I HOPE IT WILL--!N MAY WE HOPE TO SEE A RESURRECTION ( ?AT PR\D SPIRIT ( \R FA!RS :I* PUT ! SIMPLE DIGNITY ( ,MAN ABOVE ! GAUDS ( WEAL? & CLASS1 & HELD ?AT TO1 BE AN ,AM]ICAN WAS GREAT] ?AN TO BE A K+4 

,9 ?AT DAY !RE %ALL BE NEI!R K+S NOR ,AM]ICANS - ONLY ,M5 2 OV] ! :OLE E>?1 ,M54  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aica 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #d1 #bag 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,AM]ICAN ,TRADITIONS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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