,AN>*ISM & ,DIVISIONS 9 ,\R ,CLASS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,*EKOV ,FE5EY 

,TEXT 3 

,SOME SUGGE/ ?AT AN>*ISM 7& ! CLASS ANALYSIS & HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM :I* HAVE ALWAYS BE5 C5TRAL PLANKS ( AN>*I/ !ORY7 SOMEH[ FAIL TO ADDRESS QUE/IONS ( RACISM1 SEXISM1 :AT ! IMP]IALI/ CALL 'TRIBALISM' & ! O!R =MS ( OPPRESSION ( ?IS WORLD4 ,APP>5TLY SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT AN>*I/ !ORY HOLDS ?AT CLASS BAS$ OPPRESSION IS ! ONLY =M ( OPPRESSION 9 ! WORLD4 ,!RE=E ,I ?9K ?AT IT IS USEFUL TO CORRECT ?IS WILD MISCONCEPTION & LAY \T ! BASIC AN>*I/ UND]/&+ ( !SE PH5OM5ONS & P>TICUL>LY DESCRIBE !M 9 !IR ,AFRICAN CONTEXT4 ,I WILL F9ALLY TAKE A CLOS] LOOK AT SOME ( ! EXAMPLES 7,COTE ,D',IVOIRE1 ,NIG]IA1 ,RW&A7 ?AT W]E CIT$ 9 AN >TICLE 7AB\T ,PRESID5T ,WADE ( ,S5EGAL7 =W>D$ TO AN>*Y.-AFRICA & SEE H[ !Y FIT 9 ) AN>*I/ UND]/&+4 

,!RE >E MANY IRRATIONAL BELIEFS HELD BY SECTIONS ( \R CLASS :I* ACT AGA9/ \R OBJECTIVE 9T]E/S1 ?AT IS TO SAY ?AT !Y H9D] US FROM UNIT+ AGA9/ \R COMMON 5EMY1 ! BOSSES1 \R EXPLOIT]S & OPPRESSORS4 ,SEXISM1 RACISM1 RELIGI\S SECT>IANISM & :AT ! IMP]IALI/S CALL 'TRIBALISM' >E PREJ$UCES :I* >E HELD BY SIGNIFICANT NUMB]S ( \R CLASS ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,TO /ATE ?AT !Y EXI/ IS TO /ATE AN OBVI\S FACT1 LIKE /AT+ #b"4#b"7#d4 ,EV]YBODY KN[S !Y EXI/1 SAVE P]HAPS A T9Y NUMB] ( D]ANG$ 9DIVIDUALS ) A T5U\S CONNECTION TO REALITY4 ,IT IS NEI!R USEFUL NOR ORIG9AL TO /ATE !IR EXI/ANCE1 :AT IS USEFUL IS TO ASK :Y !Y EXI/4 

,! BOSSES & ! IMP]IALI/S1 ?R\< ! M\?PIECES ( !IR LIB]AL APOLOGI/S1 REPRES5T !SE BELIEFS AS SIMPLY A NATURAL PH5OM5ON1 9EXPLICABLE1 >IS+ \T ( ! FOGGY DEP?S ( ! HUMAN PSY*E4 ,TO US AN>*I/S :O DESIRE A WORLD )\T DIVISION OR OPRESSION1 !Y SAY 0?AT IS ALL V]Y WELL1 & C]TA9LY WE AGREE ) Y\1 IT W\LD BE NICE IF !SE BACKW>D BELIEFS DID NOT EXI/1 BUT Y\ >E IDEALI/S6 ,! UN=TUNATE FACT IS ?AT ! WORK]S >E RACI/1 SEXI/ & TRIBALI/4 ,P]HAPS AT SOME /AGE 9 ! FUTURE !SE BELIEFS WILL VANI%1 BUT = N[ WE MU/ BE REALI/IC1 !Y EXI/ & !RE=E WE NE$ LAWS TO KEEP !SE BACKW>D WORK]S FROM H>M+ EA* O!R1 WE NE$ POLICE & >MIES TO KEEP !SE W>R+ TRIBES AP>T1 WE NE$ A RATIONAL /ATE :I* CAN SIT ABOVE ! FRAY & CONTROL IT ALL1 AT LEA/ UNTIL ! WORK]S HAVE REA*$ A /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T BEYOND !SE BELIEFS1 9 SOME DI/ANT FUTURE40 

,WE AN>*I/ CRY1 NO6 ,!SE IRRATIONAL BELIEFS EXI/ PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! CLASS BASIS ( SOCIETY ) ITS /ATE1 POLICE & >MY4 ,! RUL+ CLASS IS RESPONSIBLE = CREAT+ !SE PREJ$UCES & DIVISIONS TO MAKE IT EASI] = !M TO EXPLOIT US4 ,!RE >E MANY WORK]S 9 ! WORLD :O >E ANGRY AB\T !IR MIS]ABLE SITUATION YET !Y DO NOT UND]/& ! FUNCTION+ ( ?IS CRUEL CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! CAPITALI/S1 :O POSSESS P[]FUL MA*9]Y ( IDEOLOGICAL P]SUASION1 TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS ANG] & CONFUSION TO FOOL MANY WORK]S 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT ! REAL 5EMY IS ?IS OR ?AT O!R GR\P ( WORK]S2 ! IMMIGRANTS :O TAKE !IR JOBS & H\SES1 ! NEI<BOR+ TRIBE :O MONOPOLIZE DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS1 ETC444 

,C,R,E,A,T,+ ,D,I,V,I,S,I,O,N,S 

  

,BASICALLY !RE >E TWO CONDITIONS ?AT NE$ TO BE FULFILL$ = ! BOSSES TO EFFECTIVELY CREATE PREJ$UCES :I* SPLIT \R CLASS4 ,FIR/LY !RE MU/ BE SOME *>ACT]I/IC AMONG A SIGNIFICANT SECTION ( ! WORK]S :I* ALL[S !M TO BE CLE>LY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM ! RE/ ( ! WORK]S & EQUALLY CLE>LY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM ! BOSSES4 ,SECONDLY !RE MU/ BE A GREAT DISSATISFACTION AMONG ! WORK]S :I* CAUSES !M TO DESP]ATELY SE>* = ! CULPRITS :O >E RESPONSIBLE = ! UNSATISFACTORY /ATE ( SOCIETY4 

,! *>ACT]I/ICS :I* !SE DIVISIONS >E BAS$ UPON CAN V>Y GREATLY 9 T]MS ( SCOPE & SUBJECT4 ,! SUBJECT CAN 5COMPASS SU* DIFF]5T FEATURES AS ! SK9 COLOR1 SEX1 RELIGION1 COLLECTIVE TRADTIONS1 OR C\NTRY ( ORIG9 ( A SECTION ( ! WORK]S4 ,! SCOPE CAN BE ON A V]Y L>GE SCALE1 SU* AS ! RACI/ IDEOLOGY CREAT$ TO JU/IFY SLAV]Y & V]Y WIDELY DISSEM9AT$ AMONG :ITE WORK]S >\ND ! WORLD4 ,! SCOPE CAN ALSO BE V]Y LOCALIZ$ 9 T]MS ( TIME & PLACE4 ,DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ C]TA9 GR\PS ( IMMIGRANTS MAY LA/ ONLY = ! BRIEF P]IOD 9 :I* !Y >RIVE 9 L>GE NUMB]S & BE LOCALIZ$ TO A P>TICUL> CITY4 

,AS WELL AS CREAT+ ! IDEA ( A ?REAT TO ! RE/ ( WORK]S FROM ! DISCRIM9AT$ GR\P1 ! BOSSES ALSO TRY TO SPLIT ! WORK]S BY CREAT+ AN ILLUSION ( PRIVELEGE AMONG C]TA9 SECTIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,?US :ILE !Y DISCRIM9ATE AGA9/ C]TA9 GR\PS 9 T]MS ( BASIC RI<TS & S]VICES SU* AS EMPLOYM5T1 H\S+ & $UCATION1 !Y PRES5T ?IS AS A POSITIVE FAVOR+ ( SOME WORK]S1 RA!R ?AN :AT IT REALLY IS1 A NEGATIVE DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ O!RS4 ,!Y SAY TO !SE 'PRIVELEG$' WORK]S3 0LOOK :AT WE GIVE Y\1 WE MU/ /ICK TOGE!R1 WE MU/ /AY UNIT$ OR ELSE Y\'LL 5D UP 9 ! WRET*$ /ATE ?AT Y\ SEE ?OSE O!RS4 ,( C\RSE WE >E ON Y\ SIDE1 WE LOOK AFT] \R [N4 ,IF WE GIVE ! O!RS HALF A *ANCE !Y'LL TURN ! TIDES ON US04 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,NOR!RN ,IREL&1 ! PROTE/ANT RUL+ CLASS1 LIMIT$ MANY JOBS & MU* H\S+ & $UCATION TO PROTE/ANT WORK]S & EFFECTIVELY TI$ ! LOYALTIES ( ! MAJORITY ( PROTE/ANT WORK]S TO !IR BOSSES4 ,H[EV] ?IS DISCRIM9ATION ACTUALLY HAS ! EFFECT ( L[]+ CONDITIONS = ALL WORK]S1 EV5 ?OSE APP>5TLY 'PRIVELEG$'1 S9CE !IR CAPACITY = CLASS UNITY IS DE/ROY$ & ! WORK]S >E TOO BUSY FI<T+ EA* O!R TO NOTICE ! BOSSES MAK+ (F ) ALL ! LOOT4 ,?US1 :ILE 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 ! CA?OLIC WORK]S 9 ,NOR!RN ,IREL& MAY BE ! WOR/ (F GR\P1 !Y >E CLOSELY FOLL[$ BY PROTE/ANT WORK]S 9 ,NOR!RN ,IREL&6 ,SIMIL>LY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 ?OSE >EAS :]E BLACK WORK]S >E MO/ DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/ 9 T]MS ( PAY1 :ITE WORK]S RECEIVE ! LEA/ PAY AS WELL4 ,DIVISION IS NOT ! MO!R ( PRIVLEGE4 

,! ,/,A,N,C,E ,( ,A,N,>,*,I,/,S 

  

,?US WE AN>*I/S SEE ! BASIS = !SE DIVISIONS 9 \R CLASS AS BE+ ! CLASS NATURE ( SOCIETY & 9 P>TICUL> ! RUL+ CLASS'S NE$ TO DIVIDE US4 ,WE DO NOT D5Y ?AT RACISM1 SEXISM1 SECT>IANISM1 ET AL EXI/1 BUT WE UND]/& ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS IS RESPONSIBLE = !M1 ?AT :5 \R CLASS FI<TS AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASS WE SIMULTANE\SLY FI<T AGA9/ !SE PREJ$UCES BECAUSE ACTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 ! CLASS W> EMPHASIZES ! UNITY ( \R 9T]E/S AS A CLASS & BR+S US TOGE!R 9 /RUGGLE4 ,WE AN>*I/S ALSO FEEL ?AT ONLY ! ELIM9ATION ( CAPITALISM & CLASS SOCIETY WILL PREP>E ! CONDITIONS POSSIBLE = ! F9AL ELIM9ATION ( OPPRESSION3 ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL & 9 ALL ! O!R =MS ?AT IT AFFECTS \R CLASS4 

,!RE=E \R ROLE AS AN>*I/S IS ALWAYS TO PO9T \T ?AT !SE PREJ$UCES >E NOT1 AS ! LIB]ALS W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE1 ! FAULT ( ! 9CORRIGIBLY IGNORANT WORK]S1 BUT >E 9 FACT CAUS$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,WE KN[ ?AT !RE IS AN UNEV5 CONSCI\SNESS AMONG \R CLASS1 CAUS$ BY V>Y+ DEGREES ( ACCESS TO $UCATION1 IDEAS & EXP]I5CE ( /RUGGLE1 WE ALSO KN[ ?AT ?IS IS EQUALLY ! FAULT ( ?OSE :O CONTROL ! RES\RCES ( \R SOCIETY1 :O WILL DO ANY?+ TO CL\D & CLOAK ! TRU? FROM \R CLASS4 ,WE DO NOT BLAME ! OPPRESS$ = !IR OPPRESSION1 WE PUT ! BLAME SQU>ELY :]E IT BELONGS1 ) ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,COMP>$ TO ! IDEOLOGICAL MA*9]Y WIELD$ BY ! BOSSES1 \R VOICES >E T9Y & WEAK4 ,H[EV] WE >E GIV5 C\RAGE BY ! FACT ?AT \R IDEAS >E ! BE/ & AS WE GR[1 SL[LY OV] YE>S & DECADES1 WE WILL W9 EV] MORE WORK]S OV] TO \R IDEAS1 UNIT$ 9 ! FI<T = A FREE & EQUAL SOCIETY4 

,\R LIB]AL 5EMIES1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O MASQU]ADE AS AN>*I/S1 CALL ?IS ANALYSIS SIMPLI/IC 7OR = ?OSE :O WANT TO 9TIMIDATE ) J>GON - 0CLASS R$UCTIONISM074 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT ! REAL COMPREH5SION ( SOCIETY IS ! DOMA9 ( 9TELLECTUALS1 ALONE CAPABLE ( DECIPH]+ ! METAPHYSICAL MAZE ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y FE> AN UND]/&+ AMONG \R CLASS :I* WILL EXPOSE !M = :AT !Y >E4 ,!Y ATTACK \R MAT]IALI/ ANALYSIS ( SOCIETY1 :I* EXPLA9S ALL !SE PREJ$UCES 9 T]MS ( ! CURR5T ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 REAL SOCIAL =CES4 ,:AT EXPLANATION DO !Y (F] 9/EAD = ! PRES5CE ( RACISM & ALL ! O!R IRRATIONAL PREJ$UCES8 ,9 TRU? ,I CANNOT SAY4 ,P]HAPS !Y ?9K !RE IS A RACI/ G5E1 OR P]HAPS !Y >5'T 9T]E/$ 9 ASK+ ?IS QUE/ION1 !Y JU/ ?9K IT NATURAL ?AT \R CLASS1 :I* !Y HOLD 9 SU* CONTEMPT1 W\LD CL+ TO !SE B>B>IC BELIEFS4 

,P,R,E,J,$,U,C,E,S ,& ,A,F,R,I,C,A 

  

,! CASE ( DIVISIONS & PREJ$UCES 9 ,AFRICA IS 9 NO WAY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT 9 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 MU* AS ! APOLOGI/S ( IMP]IALISM W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE O!RWISE4 ,9 ,AFRICA AS ELSE:]E1 ! BOSSES >E TO BLAME4 ,H[EV] !RE >E A NUMB] ( FACTORS :I* AMPLIFY ! EFFECTS ( !SE DIVISIONS ON ! ,AFRICAN CONT95T & CAUSE !M TO BE P>TICUL>LY DE/RUCTIVE4 

,PRIM>ILY !RE IS ! V]Y HI< LEVELS ( DESP]ATION & SUFF]+ :I* MEAN ?AT VA/ NUMB]S ( PEOPLE >E LIV+ ON ! $GE ( DESPAIR1 READY TO BUR/ 9TO VIOL5T /ORMS ( ANG] AGA9/ ANYBODY ID5TIFI$ AS A CAUSE = !IR PLI<T4 

,SECONDLY & CRUCIALLY1 MO/ ,AFRICAN ECONOMIES DEP5D ON ! EXPORT ( A FEW PRIM>Y PRODUCTS & MU* ( ! RUL+ CLASS RESIDES 9 ! IMP]IALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,?US IT IS POSSIBLE = ! RUL+ CLASS TO :IP UP MASSIVE VIOL5T DI/URBANCES1 CRISES ( DISORD] & *AOS :I?\T REALLY AFFECT+ ! IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( ! ECONOMY 7AS ! RUL+ CLASS SEES IT74 ,= EXAMPLE ,NIG]IA 9 #b SAW MANY L>GE SCALE B\TS ( E?NIC & SECT>IAN VIOL5CE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,KADUNA & O!R ,NOR!RN CITIES4 ,!SE TYPES ( DI/URBANCES W\LD BE V]Y F9ANCIALLY DAMAG+ TO ! RUL+ CLASS ( ANY ,WE/]N C\NTRY S9CE !Y PREV5T FACTORIES & (FICES FROM OP5+1 CAUSE PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO WORKPLACES & SO ON4 ,BUT 9 ,NIG]IA1 !Y DID NO?+ TO AFFECT ! ONLY P>T ( ! ECONOMY ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS REALLY C>ES AB\T1 ! EXPORT ( OIL FROM ! ,NIG] ,DELTA REGION4 ,! FL[ ( PR(ITS TO ! %>EHOLD]S ( ,%ELL1 ,EXXON & ! SMALL LOCAL RUL+ CLASS CONT9U$ UNABAT$ DESPITE ! *AOS4 ,9 MANY ,AFRICAN C\NTRIES !RE >E SIMIL> SITUATIONS4 ,! IMPORTANT EXPORT RES\RCES >E 9SULAT$ FROM ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRY1 MANY >E EV5 SECUR$ BY PRIVATE M]C5>Y =CES4 ,HUGE CIVIL DI/URBANCES CAN RAGE = LONG P]IODS )\T EFFECT+ PRODUCTION4 ,?US ! IMM$IATE HOLD]S ( POLITICAL P[] >E FREE TO MAKE USE ( TREM5D\S WAVES ( VIOL5CE & *AOS 9 ORD] TO HANG ONTO P[]1 )\T TR\BL+ ! RUL+ CLASS1 SOME?+ ?AT IS DEF9ITELY NOT ! CASE 9 ! ,WE/]N C\NTRIES4 

,A ?IRD FACTOR :I* CONTRIBUTES TO ! DE/RUCTIV5ESS ( WORK+ CLASS DIVISIONS 9 ,AFRICA IS ! EXI/ANCE1 )9 PRACTICALLY EV]Y MOD]N ,AFRICAN /ATE1 ( NUM]\S GR\PS ) V]Y /RONG GR\P ID5TITIES BAS$ UPON /RONG COHESIVE FACTORS LIKE COMMON LANGUAGES1 TRADITIONS & RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 :AT ! IMP]IALI/S CALL 'TRIBALISM'4 ,?IS IS A COMPLICAT$ MATT] & P]HAPS ,I'LL LOOK AT IT 9 GREAT] DEP? 9 A LAT] PO/1 BUT H]E SUFFICE TO SAY ?AT !SE /RONGLY ID5TIFI$ GR\PS PROVIDE GREAT SCOPE = RUL]S TO DIVIDE & RULE BY FAVOR+ ONE GR\P 9 EMPLOYM5T1 BLAM+ ANO!R GR\P = MONOPOLIZ+ L&1 & SCAPEGOAT+ ANO!R GR\P AS UNWANT$ NEWCOM]S1 H]E TO /EAL ':AT IS \RS'4 ,IF Y\ COMP>E ! SITUATION 91 SAY RURAL ,IREL&1 ) ?AT 9 RURAL ,BURK9A ,FASO1 ONE CAN EASILY SEE ! 9CREAS$ OPPURTUNITIES = UNPR9CIPL$ RUL]S 7& !RE >E H>DLY ANY O!R TYPES ( RUL]S74 ,9 ,IREL& !RE IS ALMO/ TOTAL E?NIC HOMOG5ITY AMONG RURAL PEOPLE1 YET POLITICIANS :O FEEL UND] PRESSURE (T5 ATTEMPT TO :IP UP HATR$ AGA9/ TRAVEL]S 7A T9Y SEMI-NOMADIC E?NIC M9ORITY 9 ,IREL&74 ,I CAN SC>CELY IMAG9E :AT !Y'D GET UP TO AS AN ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVE 9 A RURAL DI/RICT ( ,BURK9A ,FASO4 ,!Y'D PROBABLY DIE ) EXCITEM5T ) ! MYRIAD POSSIBILITIES ( SCAPEGOAT+ O!RS4 ,TODAY ! ,MOSSI = DOM9AT+ POLITICAL P[]1 TOMORR[ ! ,DI\LLA = MANIPULAT+ ! ,N,G,O'S1 NEXT ! ,LOBI = TAK+ ! BE/ L&1 !N ! ,GAN1 ?OSE GRE$Y NEWCOM]S1 LEAV+ DROVES ( O!R GR\PS = A RA9Y DAY6 

,A F\R? & F9AL FACTOR IS ! 9T]V5TION ( P[]FUL EXT]NAL =CES :I* TRY TO /IR UP DIVISIONS TO DE/ABILIZE A SOCIETY OR OV]?R[ A REGIME4 ,?IS IS (T5 CAUS$ BY IMP]IAL P[]S COMPET+ ) EA* O!R = 9FLU5CE OR AN IMP]IAL P[] WANT+ TO REPLACE A WAYW>D RUL]4 ,H[EV] IT CAN ALSO BE BR\<T AB\T BY RIVALRY BETWE5 NEI<BOR+ /ATES AL?\< !SE >E (T5 M]ELY ACT+ AS A PROXY = ONE OR O!R ( ! IMP]IAL P[]S4 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY NOT TO PUT ALL ! BLAME D[N TO ! IMP]IALI/S1 F> FROM IT1 ! ACTUAL 9/IGATORS ( ! E?NIC 7OR O!R7 DIVIDE >E ALMO/ ALWAYS AN AMBITI\S LOCAL LEAD]1 BUT ! H>MFULNESS ( ?IS DIVISION IS MAGNIFI$ MANY TIMES OV] BY ! 9VOLVEM5T ( IMP]IAL =CES :I* CAN ADD A DE/RUCTIVE CAPACITY TO A CONFLICT F> 9 EXCESS ( ?AT :I* C\LD ORGANICALLY COME AB\T4 ,TO NAME BUT A FEW EXAMPLES ( ?IS3 9 ,ANGOLA ! #bf YE> OLD CONFLICT ( ,U,N,I,T,A UND] ,JONAL ,SAVIMBI1 BAS$ ON SUPPORT AMONG A P>TICUL> E?NIC GR\P1 W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! G5]\S SUPPORT ( ,U,S & ,S\? ,AFRICAN IMP]IALISM2 ,! LONG REBELLION ( ! ANIMI/ ,S\? 9 ,SUDAN UND] ,JOHN ,G>ANG'S ,S,P,L,A HAS BE5 MADE POSSIBLE BY ,U,S SUPPORT ?R\< !IR ,UG&AN PROXY4 ,9 RETURN ! ,L,R,A1 A FANATICAL FUNDAM5TALI/ *RI/IAN GR\P1 HAS BE5 ASSI/$ BY ! ,KH>T\M REGIME 9 ITS BRUTAL E?NIC_/SECT>IAN W> 9 ,UG&A4 

,S,O,M,E ,E,X,A,M,P,L,E,S ,9 ,G,R,E,A,T,] ,D,E,P,? 

  
#a7 ,C,O,T,E ,D',I,V,O,I,R,E 

  

,! REC5T HI/ORY ( ,COTE ,D',IVOIRE HAS BE5 DOM9AT$ BY ! ISSUE ( NATIONALISM & IMMIGRANTS4 ,! DEPOS$ LEAD]1 ,H5RI ,KONAN-,B$IE1 CREAT$ ! CONCEPT ( 0,IVORITE0 OR ,IVORIANESS - 9T5D+ TO DESCRIBE ! QUALITY ( BELONG+ TO ?IS >TIFICIAL NATION4 ,?IS CONCEPT WAS UNIV]SALLY UND]/OOD TO BE A PAP]-?9 SUBT]FUGE TO BE US$ AS A WEAPON AGA9/ HIS *IEF POLITICAL OPPON5T1 ,ALASANE ,DRAMANE ,\ATT>A1 ! =M] ,PRIME ,M9I/] :OSE MO!R WAS BORN 9 ,BURK9A ,FASO & :O ACCEPT$ AN APPO9TM5T TO A POSITION 9 ! ,WORLD ,BANK AFT] BE+ NOM9AT$ BY ,BURK9A ,FASO4 ,B$IE'S DEF9ITION ( ,IVORITE REQUIR$ TWO PROVABLY ,IVORIAN P>5TS - OBVI\SLY AIM$ AT ,\ATT>A - & WAS PALPABLY RIDICUL\S 9 A C\NTRY :]E MANY HAVE NO BIR? RECORDS1 IMMIGRATION HAS BE5 COMMONPLACE S9CE ! E>LY DAYS ( ,FR5* COLONIAL RULE & ! PEOPLE ( ! ,NOR? PROBABLY FEEL CLOS] TO !IR FELL[ ,DI\LA 9 ,BURK9A ?AN !Y DO TO ! DOM9ANT ,B\ALE ( ,COTE ,D',IVOIRE4 ,! 9TRODUCTION ( ,IVORITE WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY AN 9CREAS+ REPRESSION & SCAPEGOAT+ ( IMMIGRANTS :O BECAME ! PR9CIPAL S\RCE ( SAL>Y = ! SECURITY S]VICES AS ,B$IE'S C(F]S RAN DRY4 

,ROB]T ,GUEI'S *RI/MAS EVE C\P 9 #aiii WAS 9ITIALLY PRES5T$ AS A REACTION TO ! MAD X5EPHOBIA ( ,B$IE1 :I* WAS 0TE>+ ! C\NTRY AP>T04 ,%ORTLY AFT] ! C\P1 HE ADDRESS$ A L>GE CR[D ( EC/ATIC SUPPORT]S ) A SPEE* :I* PAID TRIBUTE TO ! MANY =EIGN]S :O HAD HELP$ BUILD ! C\NTRY4 ,HE WAS POPUL>LY ACCLAIM$ A H]O BY ORD9>Y PEOPLE ALL ACROSS ,WE/ ,AFRICA4 ,?IS G5U9E POPUL> REACTION CLE>LY EXHIBIT$ ?AT ! ,IVORIAN X5EPHOBIA WAS NOT A PH5OM5ON >IS+ FROM ! MASSES1 BUT HAD BE5 :IPP$ UP BY ! P[]FUL & ITS DEMISE WAS GREET$ ) GREAT JOY4 ,H[EV] ,GUEI1 9 HIS TURN1 FELL VICTIM TO ! LOGIC ( DIVID+ TO RULE & %ORTLY AFT] ! C\P1 HIS SOLDI]S W]E AGA9 RECEIV+ !IR SAL>IES BY EXTORT+ F9ES FROM P[]LESS IMMIGRANTS4 ,AS ,GUEI TRI$ TO CL+ ONTO P[]1 UND] PRESSURE FROM ,\ATT>A1 HE RESSURECT$ ! ISSUE ( NATIONALITY 9 ORD] TO FRU/RATE HIS OPPON5T1 ?IS TIME 9 ! GUISE ( ELIM9AT+ FAKE ID5TITY PAP]S :I* ,B$IE HAD DI/RIBUT$ TO =EIGN]S 9 RETURN = !IR VOTES4 ,GBAGBO :O \/$ ,GUEI1 AGA9 SUCCUMB$ TO ?IS GRIM LOGIC TO SECURE HIS HOLD ON P[]1 BY UPHOLD+ ! BAN ON ,\ATT>A1 & ! C\NTRY CONT9UES TO BE TORN AP>T4 ,9CID5TALLY ! FACT ?AT ,COTE ,D',IVOIRE IS AT ! C5T] ( A /RUGGLE = IMP]IAL 9FLU5CE 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA BETWE5 ! ,U,S,A & ,FRANCE HAS H>DLY HELP$ COOL TEMP]S6 

#b7 ,R,W,&,A 

  

,AFT] ! CONQUE/ ( ! ,HUTU PEOPLE BY ! ,TUTSIS1 A C\PLE ( HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 ,RW&AN SOCIETY WAS ESS5TIALLY A FEUDAL SY/EM :]E CLASS WAS DET]M9$ BY MEMB]%IP ( AN E?NIC GR\P4 ,! ,BELGIAN COLONIAL CONQU]]S & ! ,FR5* P[] :I* WAS BEH9D !M1 ESS5TIALLY LEFT ?IS E?NIC DIVISION 9TACT1 EV5 /R5G!N+ IT1 & US$ IT TO 5=CE !IR [N RULE4 ,! E?NIC DIVISION WAS ASSIDU\SLY KEPT 9TACT BUT ! FEUDAL SY/EM WAS REPLAC$ BY ! VA/LY MORE EFFICI5T & BRUTALLY EXPOLOITATIVE CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,S]FS BECAME WAGE SLAVES 7AL?\< SOMETIMES )\T ! WAGE7 & LO/ ALL !IR RI<TS4 ,LORDS BECAME BOSSES & RUL]S & LO/ ALL !IR OBLIGATIONS SAVE = ! OBLIGATION TO EXPLOIT ! MASSES TO ! FULLE/ CAPACITY CONCEIVABLE4 ,?US ! ORIG9AL E?NIC DIVISION :I* WAS BAS$ 9 ! FEUDAL CLASS SOCIETY =M$ ! BASIS = ! CURR5T DIVISIONS4 ,H[EV] ?IS DIVISION WAS CON/ANTLY RE9=C$ & MOV$ T[>DS HI!RTO UN?\<T ( EXTREMES ( OPRESSION UND] IMP]IALI/ CAPITALISM4 

,! #aiid G5OCIDE /EMS DIRECTLY FROM !SE E?NIC HATR$S1 LOV+LY NURTUR$ BY ! IMP]IAL RUL]S OV] MANY YE>S4 ,H[EV] ! UNPREC$5T$ LEVEL ( DE/RUCTION ALSO [ES MU* TO ! FACT ?AT ,RW&A WAS ITSELF ! !AT] ( COMPETITION BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ! ,U,S,A1 ! TWO GREAT IMP]IAL =CES ( MOD]N ,AFRICA4 ,! ,FR5* PROVID$ UNFAIL+ MILIT>Y & DIPLOMATIC SUPPORT TO ! ,HUTU REGIME 9 ! YE>S LEAD+ UP TO ! G5OCIDE1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT IT WAS KN[N WELL 9 ADVANCE1 ?R\< NUM]\S ,N,G,O REPORTS1 ?AT ! REGIME WAS BUILD+ UP AN EXTREMELY DANG]\S LEVEL ( E?NIC T5SION :I* WAS LIKELY TO LEAD TO DISA/]4 ,:Y W]E ! ,FR5* SO HAPPY TO SUPPORT ?IS DISA/]\S BUILD UP ( HATR$8 ,BECAUSE JU/ ACROSS ! BORD] 9 ,UG&A LURK$ ! ,R,P,F1 A ,TUTSI ,RW&AN EXILE >MY1 WELL TRA9$ & EQUIPP$1 ! SPE>HEAD ( ,U,S IMP]IALI/ AMBITIONS 9 ! REGION4 ,9 #aiid ! ,R,P,F 9VAD$ & RAPIDLY OCCUPI$ MU* ( ,NOR!RN ,RW&A4 ,A CEASEFIRE WAS CALL$ & A PEACE DEAL WAS AGRE$ ALL[+ SOME MEASURE ( P[] %>+ & A DE-ESCALATION ( ! BOIL+ E?NIC T5SIONS4 

,H[EV] ! PLANE C>RY+ ! ,RW&AN PRESID5T 7AMONG O!RS7 BACK FROM ! PEACE DEAL WAS %OT D[N4 ,IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ?\<T ?AT ?IS WAS ! WORK ( MILITANT ,HUTU'S FROM ! 9T]AHAMWE E?NIC MILITIA1 :O W]E TRY+ TO SP>K A FULL SCALE E?NIC MASSACRE4 ,H[EV] REC5T EVID5CE HAS T5D$ TO SUGGE/ ?AT IT WAS 9 FACT C>RI$ \T BY ! ,R,P,F ) ! KN[L$GE ( !IR ,U,S BACK]S4 ,9 ANY CASE ?IS PROV$ ! SP>K ?AT SET (F ! G5]AL CONFLAG>ATION4 ,! 9T]AHAMWE />T$ ! SY/EMATIC G5OCIDE & ! ,R,P,F RE/>T$ ! W> PU%+ EV] FUR!R 9TO ,RW&AN T]RITORY4 

,! ROLE ( ! IMP]IAL P[]S 9 ALL ?IS IS NOT ONE ?AT !Y LIKE TO PUBLICIZE4 ,HAV+ >M$ & EQUIPP$ ! TWO SIDES !Y W5T ON TO EV] GREAT] EXCESSES ( CYNICISM4 ,! ,FR5* MILIT>Y 9T]V5$ TO SAVE ! REMNANTS ( ! G5OCIDAL REGIME BY SETT+ UP :AT !Y CALL$1 9 AN EXTREME CASE ( ,ORWELLIAN D\BLESPEAK1 0A ZONE ( HUMANIT>IAN SECURITY01 9 ! ,S\? ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,U,S & ,BRITA91 = !IR P>T1 VALIANTLY BLOCK$ ANY ,U,N 9T]V5TION TO /OP ! G5OCIDE & RESOLUTELY OPPOS$ ! USE ( ! T]M G5OCIDE BY ! ,U,N SECURITY C\NCIL TO DESCRIBE ! SITUATION1 EV5 AFT] #b WEEKS ( SY/EMATIC KILL+4 ,:Y8 ,BASICALLY !Y KNEW ?AT !IR BOYS1 ! ,R,P,F1 W]E GO+ TO W9 ! W> & ANY M5TION ( ! T]M G5OCIDE W\LD HAVE =C$ ! ,U,N TO ACT4 ,A ,U,N 9T]V5TION W\LD HAVE PROBABLY L$ TO SOME SORT ( P[]-%>+ DEAL ALL[+ ! ,FR5* TO HOLD ONTO SOME 9FLU5CE4 ,AS IT WAS !Y W]E SET TO GET EV]Y?+1 :AT BE IT IF A MILLION OR SO NATIVES %\LD GET MASSACR$8 ,!Y SIMPLY W]5'T 9T]E/$4 

,TODAY IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ! P>TICUL> LOA?+ FELT = ,PAUL ,KAGAME 7PRESID5T ( ,RW&A & LEAD] ( ,R,P,F71 ! ONE ?AT GOT AWAY1 :ATSMORE HE DOESN'T EV5 SPEAK ,FR5*4 ,IT IS ALSO 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT TODAY1 MORE ?AT #f YE>S AFT] ! G5OCIDE ,RW&A IS AN EXTREMELY RACI/ POLICE /ATE1 !RE IS NO PROSPECT ( ANY?+ RESEMBL+ DEMOCRACY 7AS ! TUTSI M9ORITY C\LDN'T POSSIBLY W97 & ! REGIME IS ! NUMB] ONE GOLD5 BOY ( ! ,U,S 9 AFRICA1 SUBSEQU5TLY RECEIV+ VA/LY DISPROPORTIONATE FUND+ FROM ,N,G,O'S1 ,I,F,I'S ETC44 

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,AS A F9AL BRIEF EXAMPLE ( ! CLASS BASISES :I* ! E?NIC *AOS ( ,AFRICA RE/S UPON1 ,I'LL M5TION ,NIG]IA4 ,! HUGE1 DE/RUCTIVE RIOTS :I* ]UPT$ 9 ,KADUNA & O!R ,NOR!RN CITIES AFT] ! 9TRODUCTION ( %>IA1 OR ISLAMIC LAW1 W]E REPRES5T$ 9 ! M$IA AS BE+ IRRATIONAL ]RUPTIONS ( RELIGI\S & TRIBAL HATR$ 7MUSLIM ,HAUSA AGA9/ ,IGBO_/,YORUBA_/O!R *RI/IANS74 ,H[EV] \R ,NIG]IAN COMRADES ( ! ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE ID5TIFI$ !SE DI/URBANCES AS HAV+ A POLITICAL CAUSE1 9 ! RIVALRIES BETWE5 V>I\S FACTIONS ( ! LOCAL RUL+ CLASS4 ,! ',KADUNA CLIQUE' ( S5IOR MILIT>Y FIGURES FROM ! ,ABA*A DICTATOR%IP W]E BEH9D ! %>IA ISSUE & ! E?NIC MILITIAS :I* VIOL5TLY 5=C$ ! NEW REGULATIONS & PROVOK$ ! MASSIVE DE/RUCTION4 ,!Y W]E ATTEMPT+ TO DE/ABILIZE ! Y\NG CIVILIAN ADM9I/RATION ( ,OBASANJO & SO !Y C\LD SUBSEQU5TLY /EP 9 TO SAVE ! C\NTRY FROM *AOS4 ,!Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! POPUL> DESP]ATION & ! S5TIM5TAL MEMORIES ( ! DAYS BE=E CAPITALISM TO PROMOTE ?IS %>IA SOLUTION1 :I* !Y PRES5T$ AS A WAY ( TURN+ ! CLOCK BACK4 

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,! V>I\S TYPES ( OPPRESSION & DISCRIM9ATION ( ?IS WORLD C]TA9LY EXI/ & >E P[]FUL =CES AMONG L>GE SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT !SE >E SYMPTOMS ( A CLASS BAS$ SY/EM1 !Y >E NOT CAUSES4 ,! RUL+ CLASS CREATES & NURTURES !SE DIVISIONS TO DIVIDE \R CLASS1 9 ,AFRICA AS 9 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,WE AN>*I/S MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ! BE/ WAY TO FI<T AGA9/ !SE =MS ( OPPRESSION IS TO FI<T AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM :I* IS AT !IR ROOTS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT WE %\LD IGNORE ALL /RUGGLES :I* FOCUS ON !SE P>TICUL> =MS ( OPPRESSION1 ( C\RSE WE OPPOSE !M :]EV] WE CAN1 H[EV] WE REALIZE ?AT ! REAL BATTLE IS AGA9/ ! CLASS SY/EM :I* CREATES !M & )\T DE/ROY+ IT WE'LL NEV] DE/ROY ! O!RS4 

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