,9TRODUCTION 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,>IF ,DIRLIK 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN?ONY ,GORMAN 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5$ICT ,RI*>D ,O',GORMAN ,&]SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,DONGY\N ,HWANG 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUCI5 ,VAN ,D] ,WALT 

,TEXT 3 

,RE?9K+ ,AN>*ISM & ,SYNDICALISM3  

 ,! ,COLONIAL & ,PO/COLONIAL ,EXP]I5CE1 #a#h#g-#a#i#d 

  

,LUCI5 VAN D] ,WALT 

,UNIV]SITY ( ! ,WITWAT]SR& 

,/EV5 ,J4 ,HIRS* 

,UNIV]SITY ( ,PITTSBUR<-,GRE5SBURG 

,?IS VOLUME EXAM9ES ! HI/ORY1 9FLU5CE1 ASPIRATIONS1 & ACTIONS ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD FROM ! #a#h#gS UNTIL ! #a#i#dS4 ,BY 'COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD' WE MEAN ?OSE REGIONS ( ! WORLD UND] ! =MAL CONTROL ( EXT]NAL P[]S1 AS WELL AS ! EX-COLONIES1 ?AT W]E O/5SIBLY 9DEP5D5T SOCIAL =MATIONS1 BUT REMA9$ SUBJECT TO A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE TO 9=MAL IMP]IAL P[] 9FLU5C$ BY COLONIAL LEGACIES4 ,! CASE /UDIES PRES5T$ 9 ?IS VOLUME >E DRAWN FROM ,AFRICA1 ,ASIA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE 7) ! EXCEPTION ( ,IREL&74 

,EA* ( !SE CASE /UDIES ANALYZES AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM )9 A COLONIAL OR A PO/COLONIAL CONTEXT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y SITUATE !IR ANALYZES )9 ! L>G] CONTEXT ( LATE #a#i? & E>LY #b? C5TURY IMP]IALISM & GLOBALIZATION1 FROM ! #a#h#gS 9TO ! #a#i#cS4 ,DUR+ ?IS EPO*1 ! FIR/ MOD]N GLOBALIZATION1 IMP]IALI/ P[] 9CREAS$ SUB/ANTIALLY & CO9CID$ ) A H]ET(ORE UNPREC$5T$ REVOLUTION 9 COMMUNICATION & TRANSPORTATION TE*NOLOGIES1 9T]NATIONAL MASS MIGRATION1 & ! EM]G5CE ( A TRULY GLOBAL ECONOMY1 :I* 9 TURN SPREAD 9DU/RIALIZATION ACROSS ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD4 

,! REGIONS & C\NTRIES EXAM9$ 9 ?IS VOLUME ALL HAD A HI/ORY ( COLONIALISM1 9CLUD+ ,*9A1 DISMEMB]$ FROM ! LATE #a#i?4 C5TURY4 ,BY ! E>LY #b?-C5TURY1 ,BRITA91 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,JAPAN1 ,RUSSIA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES RUL$ #i P]C5T ( ,AFRICA1 #eg P]C5T ( ,ASIA1 A QU>T] ( ! ,AM]ICAS1 >\ND HALF ( ,EA/ & ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 & ALL ( ,POLYNESIA.<#f.> ,! GREAT P[]S ALSO EX]CIS$ IMM5SE 9DIRECT CONTROL OV] 9DEP5D5T /ATES & O!R POLITIES 9 !SE REGIONS1 ?R\< ! 9T]NATIONAL /ATE SY/EM1 9DU/RIAL 9VE/M5TS1 TRADE CONTROLS1 & GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY4.<#g.> ,V]Y (T5 IMP]IAL CAPITAL EI!R DISPLAC$ OR WORK$ CLOSELY ) ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE TO MA9TA9 A HI<LY UNEQUAL 9T]NAL SY/EM ( DOM9ATION4 ,IMP]IAL CAPITAL ALSO DIRECT$ BELAT$ 9DU/RIAL *ANGE 9 SUBJECT T]RITORIES 9 ,EUROPE1 ,AFRICA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & ,ASIA4 

,9 RECOGNITION ( ! GLOBALIZ$ *>ACT] ( ! WORLD DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ?IS VOLUME SEEKS TO UND]/& H[ AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM DEVELOP$ AS TRANSNATIONAL MOVEM5TS4 ,TO ?IS 5D IT FOCUSES NOT ONLY NATIONAL & LOCAL CONTEXTS BUT ON SUPRANATIONAL CONNECTIONS & MULTIDIRECTIONAL FL[S ( ! IDEAS1 PEOPLE1 F9ANCES1 & ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES ?AT GAVE RISE TO !SE MOVEM5TS4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 IT TRANSC5DS ,EUROC5TRIC N>RATIVES & OBVIATES ! FREQU5T T5D5CY TO VIEW MOVEM5TS 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD AS M]E IMITATIONS OR EXT5SIONS ( ,EUROPEAN MOVEM5TS4 ,9/EAD IT C>EFULLY EXAM9ES BO? ! UNIV]SAL & P>TICUL> HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM AS REFLECT$ 9 ! IDEAS & CULTURE1 SOCIAL COMPOSITION1 & *>ACT] ( EA* SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 

,AT ANO!R LEVEL1 ?IS COLLECTION PAYS CLOSE ATT5TION TO H[ AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S 5GAG$ ) IMP]IALISM1 ANTI-COLONIAL MOVEM5TS & ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,BY ! NATIONAL QUE/ION1 WE HAVE 9 M9D BO? ! *ALL5GE POS$ BY ! ROLE ( NATIONAL & RACIAL ID5TITIES TO WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS1 & ! PLACE ( DEM&S = NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION 7& RACIAL EQUALITY7 9 CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,! VOLUME SEEKS1 !N1 TO RECOV] ! HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ ANTI-IMP]IALISM--AS IT WAS MANIFE/ 9 BO? !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,?IS IS A VITAL HI/ORY ?AT HAS (T5 BE5 IGNOR$1 OR DISMISS$1 9 MANY TEXTS4 ,! PAP]S 9 ?IS VOLUME1 H[EV]1 DEMON/RATE UNEQUIVOCALLY ?AT AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM W]E IMPORTANT CURR5TS 9 ANTI-IMP]IAL1 9CLUD+ ANTI-COLONIAL1 /RUGGLES 9 ! LATE #a#i? & E>LY-TO-MID #b? C5TURIES--& W]E1 = MO/ ( ?IS P]IOD1 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN !IR ,M>XI/ RIVALS4 

,! FRAM+ ( ?IS VOLUME 

  

,9 ORD] TO HI<LI<T ?IS EXP]I5CE ( IMP]IALISM & 9EQUALITY1 WE HAVE ORGANIZ$ ?IS VOLUME >\ND ! FRAMEWORK ( A 0COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD01 RA!R ?AN ! ,COLD ,W> CONCEPT ( A 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 7OR ITS SUCCESSOR1 ! 0,GLOBAL ,S\?074 ,! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 IDEA R\T9ELY EXCLUDES ! COLONIAL REGIONS )9 ,EUROPE ITSELF1 DESPITE OBVI\SLY 9/RUCTIVE P>ALLELS ) ,AFRICAN1 ,ASIAN & O!R EXP]I5CES4 

,! CONCEPT HAS ALSO ALWAYS BE5 DEF9$ 9 NEGATIVE1 9COH]5T1 & /ATE-C5TRIC T]MS4.<#h.> ,IT ORIG9ALLY SIGNIFI$ C\NTRIES \TSIDE ! 70SOCIALI/07 ,EA/ & ! 70CAPITALI/07 ,WE/--YET IT WAS ITSELF NEV] DEF9$ BY REF]5CE TO ITS [N ECONOMIC SY/EM2 IT 9CLUD$ 0SOCIALI/0 ,*9A & ,CUBA ALONGSIDE OV]TLY 0CAPITALI/0 C\NTRIES4 ,IT ALSO SIGNIFI$ NEWLY 9DEP5D5T1 & SUPPOS$LY NONALIGN$1 0NATIONS40 ,TYPICALLY1 !SE /ATES DEF9$ !MSELVES AS 0ANTI-IMP]IALI/0--EV5 :5 !IR RUL+ ELITES CONT9U$ TO COLLUDE ) ! GREAT P[]S4 ,F9ALLY1 IT REF]R$ TO ?OSE C\NTRIES DEF9$ AS UNDEVELOP$ OR UND]DEVELOP$1 :I* IMPLI$ ! NE$ = ECONOMIC ASSI/ANCE FROM ADVANC$ NATIONS4 ,?IS LA/ CLAIM ALWAYS ELID$ ! GREAT DEAL ( SOCIO-ECONOMIC V>IATION )9 & BETWE5 !SE C\NTRIES1 & ! REALITY ( SUB/ANTIAL1 EV5 DRAMATIC1 GR[? & 9DU/RIALIZATION1 SIGNIFI$ BY ! METEORIC RISE ( ,NEWLY-,9DU/RIALIZ+ ,C\NTRIES 7,N,I,CS74 ,! NOTION ( A 0COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD0 AVOIDS !SE DIFFICULTIES1 :ILE RETA9+ ! /RESS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( IMP]IALISM 9VOK$ BY ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 IDEA4 

,! VOLUME'S FOCUS ON ! P]IOD #ahg TO #aid HAS BE5 *OS5 BO? TO CAPTURE AN ]A ( UNMAT*$ MASS AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE1 & ! DI/9CTIVE ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL PROCESSES ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ?AT P]IOD4 7,! CLOSURE ( ?IS ]A1 & ITS IMPLICATIONS = ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S1 WILL BE CONSID]$ 9 MORE DEP? 9 \R CLOS+ *APT]1 0,F9AL ,REFLECTIONS074 

,! P]IOD WAS ONE ( UNPREC$5T$ 9CREASES 9 TRANSOCEANIC & 9TRA-CONT95TAL MIGRATION1 GLOBAL ECONOMIC 9TEGRATION1 & IMP]IAL EXPANSION1 ) ! FIR/ G5U9ELY GLOBAL ECONOMY EM]G+ BY ! #a#h#gS4.<#i.> ,FROM #ahg TO #aiad WORLD TRADE & \TPUT GREW /EADILY1 ) MAJOR P[]S DEVELOP+ TRADE TO GROSS DOME/IC PRODUCT RATIOS EXCE$+ #ce P]C5T4.<#a.> ,BY ALL MEASURES1 LEVELS ( 9TEGRATION MAT*$ & TYPICALLY EXCE$$ ?OSE ( ! LATE #b? C5TURY1 & CAPITAL MOV$ 0QUICKLY & PRETTY FREELY ACROSS EXI/+ NATIONAL & IMP]IAL B\ND>IES04.<#a#a.> 

,JACK ,LONDON1 A P]CEPTIVE WITNESS TO !SE GLOBALIZ+ PROCESSES1 EXPRESS$ A/ONI%M5T AT ! EXTRAORD9>Y 0%R9KAGE ( ! PLANET01 :I* MADE ! 0,EA/ 444 NEXT-DOOR NEI<BOR TO ! ,WE/40.<#a#b.> ,CRITICAL TO ?IS 9TEGRATION WAS ,EUROPEAN TE*NICAL PR[ESS1 :I* L$ TO ! EFFECTIVE P>TITION ( ! GLOBE BETWE5 A FEW GREAT /ATES BY #a#i#a#d4.<#a#c.> ,BRITI% PREEM95CE RESULT$ 9 AN EMPIRE 9CORPORAT+ A QU>T] ( ! WORLD'S L& & #h MILLION PEOPLE 9 #a#i4.<#a#d.> ,! NEXT IMP]IAL TI] COMPRIS$ MOD]N P[]S LIKE ,AU/RO-,HUNG>Y1 ,BELGIUM1 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,JAPAN1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,DECL9+ PREMOD]N EMPIRES1 OSCILLAT+ BETWE5 MOD]NIZATION & DISMEMB]M5T FILL$ \T ! BOTTOM IMP]IAL TI]3 ,*9A1 ,IRAN1 ,OTTOMAN ,TURKEY1 ,PORTUGAL1 ,RUSSIA1 & ,SPA94 

,SU* A WORLD POS$ GREAT OPPORTUNITIES AS WELL AS IMM5SE *ALL5GES = ! CLASS-C5T]$ AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S4 ,AT ONE LEVEL1 ! V]Y CIRCUITS & C5T]S ( IMP]IALISM1 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 & /ATE =MATION PROVID$ ! NEXUS 9 :I* !IR NEMESIS1 ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S1 EM]G$4 ,! FIR/ GLOBALIZATION'S UNPREC$5T$ MOBILIZATIONS ( LABOR = 9DU/RY & W> SPREAD RADICALISM & CONNECT$ ! RADICALS1 ITS *EAP COMMUNICATIONS VIA /EAM%IPS1 TELEGRAPHS & ! P5NY PRESS PROVID$ A MEANS ( CONT9UAL CONTACT1 & ITS NEW 9DU/RIAL C5T]S PROVID$ ! MASS RECRUITS TO ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS4 

,! V]Y EXP]I5CE ( MIGRATION ]OD$ 9SUL>ITY1 & DEMON/RAT$ ! COMMON EXP]I5CE ( ! POPUL> CLASSES ! WORLD OV]1 GIV+ ! AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ CASE = 9T]NATIONALI/ CLASS/RUGGLE ! R+ ( TRU?4 ,! R\T9E BRUTALITY ( /ATES1 BO? COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL1 & ! GRIM CONDITIONS 9 FIELDS AS WELL AS FACTORIES1 /R5G!N$ ! CASE = RADICAL ANTI-/ATISM & ANTI-CAPITALISM4 ,! EM]G+ P[] ( UNIONS & O!R MASS MOVEM5TS1 P>TLY A REFLECTION ( ! ]A'S MASS CONC5TRATIONS ( URBAN WORK]S1 CONV9C$ MANY ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY WAS )9 REA*4 

,BE=E ,V4 ,I4 ,L591 CLASSICAL ,M>XI/S ALSO LACK$ AN EFFECTIVE APPROA* TO /RUGGLES 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD 7) ! KEY EXCEPTION ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE74.<#a#e.> ,M>XI/S 9 !SE REGIONS W]E 7:]E !Y EXI/$71 TYPICALLY M>G9AL1 BURD5$ ) ! DOCTR9E ?AT ! MAT]IAL PR]EQUISITES = SOCIALISM W]E LACK+1 & A FIX$ COMMITM5T TO LEGALI/IC RE=MISM 9 CONTEXTS :]E FEW C\LD VOTE4 ,! RISE ( ,BOL%EVISM1 ) ITS DI/9CTIVELY ANTI-IMP]IALI/ & MILITANT PO/URE1 RADICALLY *ANG$ MATT]S4 ,MEAN:ILE1 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S HAD 9SCRIB$ A RECORD ( MASS MOBILIZATION ACROSS ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD1 & 7SEE BEL[7 ( ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLE4 ,) ,BAKUN91 !SE REVOLUTION>IES 5VISAG$ ! 0COMPLET$ & REAL EMANCIPATION ( ALL WORK]S1 NOT ONLY 9 SOME BUT 9 ALL NATIONS1 'DEVELOP$' & 'UNDEVELOP$' 01.<#a#f.> )\T SUPPOS$LY NECESS>Y 9T]M$IATE /AGES4 

,H[EV]1 :ILE 9DU/RIALIZATION1 CLASS =MATION & CLASS CONFLICT PROVID$ ! SOCIAL =CES ?AT ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S MOBILIZ$1 & 9 :I* !IR PROGRAMMATIC FLEXIBILITY & MILITANCY C\LD BE ACTIVAT$1 ! CONT\RS ( CAPITALISM1 ! /ATE & ! POPUL> CLASSES W]E ALSO PR(\NDLY %AP$ BY IMP]IALISM4 ,?US1 AT ANO!R LEVEL1 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL SETT+ POS$ PECULI> *ALL5GES TO ! REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S3 RACIAL1 REGIONAL1 & NATIONAL DIVISIONS AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY1 AS WELL AS ! RISE ( NATIONALISM 9 ! CONTEXT ( ANTI-IMP]IALI/ MOVEM5TS4 

,NATIONAL & RACIAL ID5TITIES1 AS MOVEM5TS LIKE ,ZIONISM & ,G>VEYISM %[$1 C\LD FL[ AS EASILY VIA MIGRANT & O!R NETWORKS AS 9T]NATIONALI/ ONES4 ,SU* SECTIONAL T5D5CIES UND]CUT 9T]NATIONALISM1 T5D$ TO BECOME %>P] AS LABOR M>KET COMPETITION 9T5SIFI$1 & =E%AD[$ ! WORLD ?AT FOLL[$ ! FIR/ MOD]N GLOBALIZATION & ! AGE ( EMPIRE3 ! WORLD ( NATION-/ATES & ECONOMIC NATIONALISM1 ROOT$ 9 ! #a#i#bS & RUNN+ 9TO ! #a#i#iS 7DISCUSS$ FUR!R 9 ! CONCLUD+ *APT]74 

,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 

  

,AL?\< ! T]M 0AN>*ISM0 IS (T5 APPLI$ V]Y LOOSELY1 ?IS VOLUME USES A N>R[ DEF9ITION4 ,! MOD]N AN>*I/ MOVEM5T >OSE FROM ! LATE #a#h#fS 9 ! CONTEXT ( AN 9T]NATIONALLY EXP&+ WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 L9K$ TOGE!R 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7OR ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 #a#h#f#d-#a#h#g#g74.<#a#g.> ,DEBATES OV] ! QUE/ION ( ! /ATE BETWE5 ,K>L ,M>X & ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 7#a#h#a#d-#a#h#g#f7 W]E CRITICAL 9 E/ABLI%+ ! AN>*I/ CURR5T AS A DI/9CTIVE =M ( SOCIALISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PIOTR ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#b#a71 ! MO/ IMPORTANT AN>*I/ !ORI/ AFT] ,BAKUN91 0MOD]N AN>*ISM0 EM]G$ 0LITTLE BY LITTLE 9 ! ,CONGRESSES ( ! GREAT ,ASSOCIATION & LAT] ON AMONG ITS SUCCESSORS10 GIV+ BIR? TO A MASS WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT MOVEM5T4.<#a#h.> 

,! CORE IDEAS ( AN>*ISM1 AS EXPRESS$ BY ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 >E CLE>4 ,FI]CELY OPPOS$ TO ALL =MS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY & OPPRESSION1 AN>*ISM REJECT$ CAPITALISM1 ! /ATE & HI]>*Y 9 G5]AL4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y & LIB]T>IAN DOCTR9E1 AN>*ISM S\<T ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM ?R\< ! CREATION ( A COOP]ATIVE1 DEMOCRATIC1 EGALIT>IAN & /ATELESS SOCIALI/ ORD]4 ,?IS W\LD BE E/ABLI%$ ?R\< ! DIRECT ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY1 WAG+ AN 9T]NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONALI/ SOCIAL REVOLUTION AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 L&LORDISM & ! /ATE4.<#a#i.> 

,SYNDICALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 REF]S TO A =M ( REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONISM1 C5T]$ ON ! VIEW ?AT REVOLUTION>Y UNION ACTION CAN E/ABLI% A COLLECTIVIZ$1 WORK]-MANAG$ SOCIAL ORD] RE/+ ON UNION /RUCTURES4.<#b.> ,SYNDICALI/S >GU$ ?AT 0! TRADE UNION1 ! SYNDICATE1 IS ! UNIFI$ ORGANIZATION ( LABOR & HAS = ITS PURPOSE ! DEF5SE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRODUC]S )9 EXI/+ SOCIETY & ! PREP>+ = & ! PRACTICAL C>RY+ \T ( ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY AFT] ! PATT]N ( ,SOCIALISM40.<#b#a.> 

,SYNDICALI/ IDEAS EM]G$ FROM 0! NONPOLITICAL TRADITION ( SOCIALISM D]IV+ FROM ! LIB]T>IAN W+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL04.<#b#b.> ,! 0MA9 IDEAS0 ( SYNDICALISM CAN 0ALL BE F\ND0 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 0& ESPECIALLY 9 ! WRIT+S ( ! ,BAKUN9I/ OR F$]ALI/ W+04.<#b#c.> ,?IS1 AS BO? ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS NOT$1 MA9TA9$ ?AT WORK]S 0MU/ 444 ORGANIZE !MSELVES BY TRADES-UNIONS0 TO 0SUPPLANT ! EXI/+ /ATES01 ) ! 0G5]AL /RIKE0 ! LEV] 0BY :I* ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS />T$04.<#b#d.> ,?US1 SYNDICALISM WAS ALWAYS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! BROAD AN>*I/ TRADITION1 AL?\< ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM WAS A COMPLICAT$ ONE3 SOME AN>*I/S REJECT$ SYNDICALISM1 :ILE A SUB/ANTIAL SECTION ( SYNDICALI/S D5I$ 7OR DID NOT KN[7 ?AT SYNDICALISM WAS EMB$D$ 9 AN>*ISM4.<#b#e.> 

,TAK+ AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM S]I\SLY 

  

,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM1 AS ,B5$ICT ,&]SON REC5TLY REM9D$ READ]S1 CON/ITUT$ AN IMM5SE 0GRAVITATIONAL =CE0 ACROSS ! PLANET 9 ! LATE #a#i? & E>LY #b? C5TURIES4 ,!Y W]E1 HE NOTES1 ! DOM9ANT ELEM5T 9 ! SELF-CONSCI\SLY 9T]NATIONALI/ RADICAL ,LEFT0 FROM ! #a#h#gS ONW>DS & 0! MA9 VEHICLE ( GLOBAL OPPOSITION TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 AUTOCRACY1 LATIFUNDISM1 & IMP]IALISM0 BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4.<#b#f.> ,BE=E #a#i#a#g1 ,]IC ,HOBSBAWM CONC$$1 0! M>XI/ LEFT HAD 9 MO/ C\NTRIES0 BE5 0ON ! FR+E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ! MA9 BODY ( M>XI/S HAD BE5 ID5TIFI$ ) A DE FACTO NON-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL DEMOCRACY01 & 0! BULK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT WAS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 OR AT LEA/ MU* CLOS] TO ! IDEAS & ! MOOD ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ?AN TO ?AT ( CLASSICAL M>XISM04.<#b#g.> 

,YET1 9 SPITE ( ITS HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE1 AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM AS AN 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 HAS 0NOT BE5 WELL-S]V$ BY ! ACADEMY40.<#b#h.> ,TOO (T5 ITS HI/ORY HAS BE5 0BURI$ UND] SUBSEQU5T DEFEATS & POLITICAL OR?ODOXIES10 :5 NOT EFFAC$ ALTOGE!R BY ITS RIVALS ON ! ,LEFT4.<#b#i.> ,BUT ! HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T IS ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS ESS5TIAL TO UND]/& ! TRAJECTORY ( LABOR1 ( ! LEFT1 & ( ANTI-IMP]IALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AS ,>IF ,DIRLIK PO9TS \T1 IT IS CRUCIAL TO 0RECALL AN>*ISM1 :I* ,L59I/ ,M>XISM SUPPRESS$01 = IT RAISES QUE/IONS AB\T ! V]Y MEAN+ ( SOCIALISM1 & ! PLACE 0DEMOCRATIC IDEALS = :I* AN>*ISM 444 S]V$ AS A REPOSITORY04.<#c.> 

,TAK+ A GLOBAL VIEW ( AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ HI/ORY 

  

,! G5]AL UND]E/IMATION ( ! HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM IS ROOT$ 9 ! LIT]ATURE'S T5D5CY TO FOCUS ON ! ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC4 ,! /&>D SURVEYS ( ! MOVEM5T'S HI/ORY SC>CELY TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! ?REE QU>T]S ( HUMANITY ?AT COMPRIS$ ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD4 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK'S CLASSIC /UDY IGNOR$ ,ASIA & ,AFRICA1 & ONLY LOOK$ AT ONE CASE ( A COLONIAL SOCIETY )9 ,EUROPE ITSELF3 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA G>N]$ ONLY ?REE PAGES1 DESPITE ! AU?OR NOT+ ?AT 0UNTIL ! E>LY #a#i#bS MO/ ( ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ,MEXICO1 ,BRAZIL1 ,P]U1 ,*ILI1 & ,>G5T9A W]E AN>*O-SYNDICALI/01 & ?AT AN>*ISM HAD !RE A 0PLACE ?AT CANNOT BE IGNOR$04.<#c#a.> ,! WORK ( ,JAMES ,JOLL REFLECTS ! SAME IMBALANCE4.<#c#b.> ,/UDIES BY ,DANIEL ,GU]9 & ,ROD]ICK ,K$W>D F>E NO BETT]1 (F]+ A BRIEF TREATM5T ( ! ,UKRA9E4.<#c#c.> ,PET] ,M>%ALL'S MORE REC5T /UDY BY COMP>ISON IS BALANC$4 ,& YET1 IT ALLOCATES ONLY #b \T ( #da *APT]S1 TOTAL+ #cc PAGES \T ( #g#f1 TO ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD4.<#c#d.> 

,TO DESCRIBE ?IS LIT]ATURE AS /RICTLY 0,EUROC5TRIC0 W\LD BE MISLEAD+4 ,O!R ?AN ! COV]AGE ( ! ,UKRA9E1 IT IGNORES ! COLONIAL REGIONS ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 & ITS COV]AGE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ITS (F%OOTS IS ODDLY 9COMPLETE1 ) CASES LIKE ,IREL& OMITT$4.<#c#e.> ,SU* A N>R[ & UNREPRES5TATIVE SELECTION ( CASES HAS RESULT$ 9 A FLAW$ ASSESSM5T ( ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM4 ,IT POSITS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! !SIS ( ,SPANI% EXCEPTIONALISM1 ?AT IS ! NOTION ?AT AN>*ISM 9 ,SPA9 0BECAME A MASS MOVEM5T 444 TO AN EXT5T ?AT IT NEV] DID ELSE:]E04.<#c#f.> ,SUPPOS$LY1 ,SPA9 WAS 0! ONLY C\NTRY 9 ! #b? ,C5TURY :]E ,AN>*O-COMMUNISM & ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM W]E ADOPT$ EXT5SIVELY AS REVOLUTION>Y !ORIES & PRACTICES04.<#c#g.> ,ANO!R PROBLEMATIC CONCLUSION EI!R EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT 9 ?IS LIT]ATURE IS ?AT 0AN>*ISM HAS R>ELY TAK5 ROOT 9 ',?IRD ,WORLD'1 COLONIAL T]RITORIES01 ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ,KOREA4.<#c#h.> 

,SU* CLAIMS ONLY MAKE S5SE IF ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 9 MO/ ( ! WORLD IS ELID$4 0.<,T.>HE TRU? IS01 AS ,JASON ,ADAMS A/UTELY NOTES1 0?AT AN>*ISM HAS PRIM>ILY BE5 A MOVEM5T ( ! MO/ EXPLOIT$ REGIONS & PEOPLES ( ! WORLD04.<#c#i.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM MA9LY TOOK PLACE 9 ! 0,EA/0 & ! 0,S\?01 NOT 9 ! 0,NOR?0 & ! 0,WE/04.<#d.> ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ,ASIA1 = EXAMPLE1 PROVIDE MANY EXAMPLES ( P[]FUL & 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS1 SOME ( :I* RIVAL$ ?AT ( ,SPA9 9 IMPORTANCE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA1 ! ,C>IBBEAN & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE 7& ,IREL&7 PROVIDE AMPLE EVID5CE ( MOVEM5TS OP]AT+ 9 COLONIAL SITUATIONS1 AS WELL AS 9 PO/COLONIAL CONTEXTS4 

,>G5T9A1 ,GE(FROY DE ,LA=CADE'S CONTRIBUTION TO ?IS COLLECTION1 IS AN 9/RUCTIVE CASE4 ,AS DE ,LA=CADE DEMON/RATES1 ,>G5T9A POSSESS$ A VIBRANT & DEEPLY EMB$D$ MOVEM5T BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT ,>G5T9E AN>*ISM /RET*ES BACK TO ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ?AT ! GREAT ,BAKUN9-,M>X DEBATE RESONAT$ LOCALLY AT ?AT TIME4 ,! PRECOCI\S DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*ISM 9 ,>G5T9A /EMM$ FROM MASSIVE PROLET>IAN IMMIGRATION1 ! =MATION ( TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVI/ NETWORKS1 & ! DIFFUSION ( A RADICAL PRESS4 ,AS 9 O!R P>TS ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA !SE PROCESSES COMB9$ TO PRODUCE A MOVEM5T ?AT W\LD SPAN CONT95TS4 

,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 9 ,>G5T9A SPREAD RAPIDLY 9 ! BURGEON+ WORK+-CLASS NEI<BORHOODS & WORKPLACES 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ! NATION'S CAPITAL & *IEF PORT4 ,BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ,BU5OS ,AIRES WAS 7) ,PAT]SON 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES7 ONE ( ! WORLD'S TWO GREAT AN>*I/ PUBLI%+ C5T]S1 & ,>G5T9A BECAME ! ONLY C\NTRY TO SU/A9 TO TWO AN>*I/ DAILIES4.<#d#a.> ,! ,>G5T9E LABOR MOVEM5T REFLECT$ ! 9FLU5CE ( SYNDICALISM4 ,%ORTLY AFT] IT WAS F\ND$ 9 #a#i#a1 ! ,REGIONAL ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION ( ,>G5T9A 7,F$]ACION OBR]A REGIONAL >G5T9A1 ,=,A7 ADOPT$ ! IDEAL ( 0AN>*I/-COMMUNISM0 AT ITS FIF? CONGRESS4 ,! ,=,A W\LD REMA9 ,>G5T9A'S DOM9ANT LABOR F$]ATION = ! NEXT DECADE4 

,AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 9 ,>G5T9A1 AS DE ,LA=CADE %[S1 EXT5D$ BEYOND ,=,A TO 9CLUDE ,CA?OLIC UNIONS & ! RIVAL ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,LABOR 7,UNION G5]AL DE TRABAJADORES1 OR ,U,G,T74 ,! ,U,G,T EVOLV$ 9TO A SYNDICALI/ ,REGIONAL ,WORK]S' ,CONF$]ATION ( ,>G5T9A 7,C,O,R,A71 :I* M]G$ ) ,=,A AT ITS N9? CONGRESS 9 #a#i#a#e4 ,?IS PRECIPITAT$ A SPLIT BETWE5 A SELF-DESCRIB$ 0AN>*I/0 W+ 7ID5TIFY+ ) ! POSITIONS ( FIF? CONGRESS ( #a#i#e1 ! ,=,A-,V7 & A 0SYNDICALI/0 W+ ALIGN$ TO ! #aiae M]G] CONGRESS 7! N9?1 :I* ADOPT$ MORE PRAGMATIC POSITIONS1 ?US ,=,A-,I,X74 ,! TWO ,=,AS GREW 9TO ! #a#i#bS1 ) >\ND #b#e1 MEMB]S AT !IR HEI<T1 & NO SIGNIFICANT RIVAL C5T]S4.<#d#b.> ,ANALYZES ?AT D[NPLAY ! AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 9 ,>G5T9A OV]LOOK ! /RIK+ FACT ?AT ! MA9 SPLIT 9 ! UNION MOVEM5T WAS BETWE5 RIVALS LOCAT$ )9 A %>$1 BROAD1 AN>*I/ TRADITION4.<#d#c.> ,9 ! ,>G5T9E CONTEXT1 ,M>XISM--REPRES5T$ BY ! T9Y1 MOD]ATE LOCAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY--PAL$ 9 COMP>ISON TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4.<#d#d.> 

,>G5T9A WAS BY NO MEANS AN EXCEPTIONAL CASE ( AN AN>*I/ 0MASS MOVEM5T0 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,9 ,CUBA1 AN>*ISM EM]G$ 9 ! #a#h#gS1 & 0DOM9AT$ LEAD]%IP POSITIONS 9 ! 9CIPI5T LABOR MOVEM5T0 FROM ! #a#h#hS1 AS ,KIRK ,%AFF] NOTES 9 HIS /UDY = ?IS COLLECTION4 ,9 FACT AN>*I/ HEGEMONY P]SI/$ = NE>LY FIVE DECADES1 SPANN+ ! ,WORK]S' ,CIRCLE 7#a#h#h#e71 ! ,WORK]S' ,ALLIANCE 7=M$ #a#h#h#g71 ! SYNDICALI/ ,CUBAN ,LABOR ,F$]ATION 7,C,T,C1 #a#h#i#e71 ! ,LABOR ,F$]ATION ( ,HAVANA 7#a#i#b#a71 & ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,CUBAN ,WORK]S 7,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DE ,OBR]OS ,CUBANOS1 ,C,N,O,C1 #a#i#b#e71 ! LATT] CLAIM+ #b1 WORK]S4.<#d#e.> ,YET ?IS HI/ORY HAS LONG BE5 OBSCUR$1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AFF]1 BY ACC\NTS ?AT EXCIS$ AN>*I/S OR MISREPRES5T$ !M AS ,M>XI/S4.<#d#f.> ,BO? ! ,>G5T9E & ,CUBAN CASES REFLECT ! L>G] ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN PATT]N3 SUB/ANTIAL ,M>XI/ MOVEM5TS SIMPLY DID NOT EXI/ BE=E ! MID-#a#i#bS1.<#d#g.> & LABOR MOVEM5TS W]E COMMONLY ID5TIFI$ ) AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM ?R\<\T ! RISE & FALL ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,LABOR & ,SOCIALI/ 7SO-CALL$ 0,SECOND07 ,9T]NATIONAL 7#a#h#h#i74 

,$IL9E ,TOL$O & ,LUIGI ,BIONDI'S *APT] ON ,BRAZIL1 LIKEWISE DEMON/RATES ! 0DIFFUSE SYMPA?Y0 AN>*ISM REGI/]$ AMONG WORK]S 9 EXP&+ C5T]S LIKE ,SAO ,PAULO4 ,! SYNDICALI/ ,CONF$]ATION ( ,BRAZILIAN ,WORK]S 7,C,O,B1 #a#i#f7 ALSO DOM9AT$ ! UNION MOVEM5T4 ,! ,C,O,B HAD BETWE5 #a1 & #a#b#e1 MEMB]S 9 ,RIO DE ,JANEIRO ALONE BY MID-#a#i#a#i1 :ILE ! MOD]ATE SOCIALI/S W]E M>G9ALIZ$ & ISOLAT$4 ,AN>*I/S 9 ,MEXICO1 ALSO EXAM9$ BY ,%AFF]1 PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! UNIONS FROM ! DAYS ( ! ,G5]AL ,CONGRESS ( ,MEXICAN ,WORK]S1 =M$ 9 #a#h#g#f4 ,! SYNDICALI/ F$]ATION1 ! ,H\SE ( ! ,WORLD ,WORK] 7,CASA DEL ,OBR]O ,MUNDIAL1 ,C,O,M OR ,CASA7 =M$ 9 #a#i#a#b1 WAS ! MA9 LABOR C5T] 9 ! #a#i#aS1 ) #a#e1 MEMB]S4.<#d#h.> ,9 #a#i#b#a1 ,C,O,M WAS REORGANIZ$ AS ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,CONF$]ACION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES1 OR ,C,G,T71 :I* BR\<T 9 ! ,MEXICAN SECTION ( ! SYNDICALI/ ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7! ,I,W,W1 OR ,WOBBLIES71 PEAK+ AT #h1 9 #a#i#b#h-#a#i#b#i4.<#d#i.> 

,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM SIMIL>LY EX]CIS$ A PREPOND]ANT 9FLU5CE OV] LABOR MOVEM5TS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA'S LESS DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,/EV5 ,HIRS*'S *APT] ON ,P]U DEMON/RATES ?AT AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S W]E ! DOM9ANT =CE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T = ! FIR/ ?REE DECADES ( ! #b? C5TURY4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ ! PR9CIPAL LABOR UNIONS 9 ,LIMA-,CALLAO SU* AS ! ,WORK]S' ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,P]U 7,=,P1 #a#i#a#c1 #a#i#a#i7 & ! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION ( ,LIMA 7,F,O,L1 #a#i#b#a7 & 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,P]U'S ORGANIZ$ LABOR MOVEM5T HAD CONTACT ) ,=,A & ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ DOM9AT$ UNION MOVEM5T 9 ,*ILI4.<#e.> ,SYNDICALISM WAS ALSO A SIGNIFICANT =CE 9 ,P>AGUAY1 ,URUGUAY1 ,BOLIVIA1 & ,ECUADOR1 & VISIBLE 9 ,CO/A ,RICA1 ,V5EZUELA1 ,PU]TO ,RICO & ,PANAMA4 ,9 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 = EXAMPLE1 AS ,%AFF] %[S1 AN>*I/S W]E A VOCAL DISSID5T M9ORITY 9 ! ,FREE ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S 7,F$]ACION ,LIBRE DE ,TRABAJADORES1 OR ,F,L,T74 

,AFRICAN1 ,ASIAN & ,EUROPEAN CASES 

  

,! MOVEM5T 9 ,AFRICA NEV] ATTA9$ ! 9FLU5CE IT HAD 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE ( ! LATE ONSET ( 9DU/RIALIZATION & PROLET>IANIZATION4 ,YET1 AS 9 ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN CASE1 ! MOVEM5T EM]G$ 9 ! >EAS MO/ CLOSELY L9K$ TO GLOBAL PROCESSES ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION & IMP]IAL P5ETRATION3 S\!RN ,AFRICA1 & ! ,M$IT]RANEAN P]IMET] ( ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 ,AN?ONY ,GORMAN'S *APT] ON ,EGYPT & ,LUCI5 VAN D] ,WALT'S CONTRIBUTION ON ,S\? ,AFRICA HI<LI<T TWO RELATIVELY UNKN[N BUT HI<LY SIGNIFICANT MOVEM5TS1 OP]AT+ AT DIFF]5T 5DS ( ! DIV]SE CONT95T4 

,! MOVEM5T 9 ,EGYPT EM]G$ ALONG ) ?AT ELSE:]E1 & REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#h#g#f4 ,IT DREW MU* ( ITS E>LY SUPPORT FROM ! SKILL$ ,EUROPEANS HIR$ TO WORK ON ! /ATE'S GREAT MOD]NIZATION PROJECTS--MO/ NOTABLY ! ,SUEZ ,CANAL--AL?\< IT AIM$ TO ORGANIZE ACROSS ! B>RI]S ( CULTURE & CLASS4 ,GORMAN %[S ?AT ! MOVEM5T EV5TUALLY EXP&$ BEYOND ITS ORIG9AL IMMIGRANT1 MA9LY ,ITALIAN1 NUCLEUS TO 9CLUDE ,>ABIC-SPEAK+ ,EGYPTIANS1 AS WELL AS LOCAL ,GREEKS & ,JEWS4 ,?IS %IFT WAS L9K$ TO ! RISE ( SYNDICALI/ UNIONS & 0RESI/ANCE LEAGUES0 9 ! EXP&+ 9DU/RIAL SECTOR >\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 

,AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA DATE FROM ! #a#h#hS :5 ! OP5+ ( GREAT M9ES HELP$ LAUN* AN 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 ! GREATE/ 9FLU5CE ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM CAME AFT] ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 :5 ,BRITA9 HAD CONQU]$ ! REGION & CREAT$ !REAFT] ! ,UNION ( ,S\? ,AFRICA 9 #a#i#a4 ,BY ! 5D ( ?AT DECADE1 A SUB/ANTIAL BLOC ( SYNDICALI/ UNIONS HAD EM]G$ 9 MANUFACTUR+ & S]VICES--MO/ ( !SE UNIONS W]E 9ITIAT$ BY :ITE RADICALS1 BUT !IR BASE WAS MA9LY AMONG PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,! MO/ NOTABLE WAS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ,AFRICA4 ,IT WAS ?R\< SU* /RUCTURES ?AT PIONE]+ :ITE MILITANTS LIKE ,SCOTS IMMIGRANT ,&REW ,DUNB> 7#a#h#g#i-#a#i#f#d7 RECRUIT$ ,AFRICANS LIKE ,T4,W4 ,?IB$I 7#a#h#h#h-#a#i#f71 & ,9DIANS LIKE ,B]N>D ,L4,E4 ,SIGAMONEY 7#a#h#h#h-#a#i#f#c74 

,! OV]ALL MEMB]%IP ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN SYNDICALI/ UNIONS PROBABLY DID NOT EXCE$ #d1 WORK]S C\NTRYWIDE 9 ! LATE #a#i#aS1 AS COMP>$ TO R\<LY #d#g1 9 ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATION 7,S,A,I,F1 #a#i#a#d71 & #f1 9 ! ,CAPE ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7#a#i#a#c74 ,IT MU/1 H[EV]1 BE NOT$ ?AT !SE SYNDICALI/ UNIONS W]E SOME ( ! V]Y FIR/ UNIONS AMONG PEOPLE ( COLOR1 :O W]E L>GELY EXCLUD$ FROM ! TWO BIG F$]ATIONS4 

,9 BO? ,AFRICAN CASES1 ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S DID NOT ACTUALLY E/ABLI% UNION F$]ATIONS L9K+ ! UNIONS !Y L$ OR 9ITIAT$4 ,!Y PLAY$ A ROLE--A M9ORITY ONE--9 ! LEAD]%IP ( MORE OR?ODOX UNION C5T]S ?AT EM]G$ FROM ! #a#i#aS3 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL1 ,C,G,T1 OR ,ITTIHAD AL-NIQABAT AL-'AM7 =M$ 9 ,EGYPT 9 #a#i#b#a1 & ! ,CAPE ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR & ! ,S,A,I,F1 RESPECTIVELY4 

,9 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 AN>*I/S C\LD BE F\ND ACROSS ! 7EX-7,RUSSIAN & ,OTTOMAN T]RITORIES1 ) ADH]5TS AMONG ,>ABS1 ,TURKS & NATIONAL M9ORITIES4.<#e#a.> ,9 ,S\? ,ASIA1 AN>*ISM 9FLU5C$ ,B5GALI EXTREMI/S ( ! E>LY #a#iS1 ! ,<AD> ,P>TY 9 ! #a#i#aS & ! ,H9DU/AN ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIALI/ ,ASSOCIATION 9 ! #a#i#bS4.<#e#b.> ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA ?AT AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM W]E MO/ PROM95T4 

,9 ,EA/ ,ASIA1 ,DIRLIK NOTES1 AN>*ISM BECAME ! 0! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY0 DUR+ ! FIR/ TWO DECADES ( ! #b? C5TURY4 ,PIONE]+ UNION EF=TS 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES W]E FOLL[$ BY MORE DURABLE & SOPHI/ICAT$ MOVEM5TS NOT JU/ 9 IMP]IAL ,JAPAN1 BUT 9 ,*9A1 ,KOREA & ,VIETNAM1.<#e#c.> AS WELL AS ,TAIWAN & ,BRITI% ,MALAYA 7N[ ,MALAYSIA74 ,DIRLIK'S *APT] PROVIDES A P>TIAL OV]VIEW ( ! ,EA/ ,ASIAN MOVEM5T1 :]E IMM]SION 09 ! BURGEON+ LABOR MOVEM5T0 WAS (T5 AN IMPORTANT FOCUS4 ,9 ,*9A ! AN>*I/S PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 UNIONS 9 ! MAJOR URBAN C5T]S4.<#e#d.> ,AN>*I/S F\ND$ ! FIR/ MOD]N UNIONS1 ) >\ND =TY AN>*I/-L$ UNIONS 9 ! ,CANTON >EA ALONE BY #a#i#b#a1 & 0AN>*I/ DOM9ATION0 ( ! UNIONS 9 ,CANTON & ,HUNAN 9TO ! MID-#a#i#bS4.<#e#e.> 

,:ILE ! ,EA/ ,ASIAN MOVEM5T T5D$ TO DEVELOP LATE BY ,EUROPEAN /&>DS1 ITS PEAK--! LATE #a#i#aS 9TO ! E>LY #a#i#cS--OV]LAPP$ QUITE CLOSELY ) O!R MOVEM5TS 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD4 ,DONGY\N ,HWANG'S *APT] ON ,KOREA %[S ! MOVEM5T BELAT$LY EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#bS1 & ITS KEY P]IOD SPANN$ ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS4 ,DESPITE CONC]T$ EF=TS TO E/ABLI% AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,KOREA1 ,JAPANESE COLONIAL POLICE ?W>T$ !SE EF=TS BY REPEAT$ 0PROMPT & BRUTAL SUPPRESSION04 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD MORE SUCCESS 9 ! BORD] >EAS & 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN4 ,SYNDICALISM WAS 9FLU5TIAL--AL?\< REPRESSION 9 ,KOREA MEANT ?AT ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL ,KOREAN SYNDICALI/ 9ITIATIVES OCCURR$ AMONG ,KOREAN WORK]S 9 ,JAPAN4 

,AS ! PREC$+ DISCUSSION ( ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD SUGGE/S1 ! 0GREAT AGE ( ! AN>*I/S0 C]TA9LY DID NOT COME TO A CLOSE 9 #a#i#a#d4.<#e#f.> ,! /UDIES 9 ?IS VOLUME PO9T TO A DIFF]5T *RONOLOGY4 

,LIKE ! FAM$ ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 9 ,SPA9 7,CONF$]ACION NACIONAL DEL TRABAJO1 OR ,C,N,T1 #a#i#a71 ! ,=,AS1 ,=,P1 ,C,N,O,C1 & ,C,O,M 7& ITS SUCCESSOR ! ,MEXICAN ,C,G,T71 ALONG ) ,*9ESE1 ,KOREAN1 ,EGYPTIAN1 & ,S\? ,AFRICAN SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 GREW RAPIDLY ?R\<\T ! #a#i#aS1 9TO ! #a#i#bS1 & (T51 BEYOND4.<#e#g.> ,?IS TRAJECTORY IS ALSO EVID5T 9 ! /ORY ( ! ,IRI% ,TRANSPORT & ,G5]AL ,WORK]S ,UNION 7,I,T,G,W,U71 L9K$ TO ! ,IRI% ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS1 :I* IS DISCUSS$ 9 ,EMMET ,O',CONNOR'S CONTRIBUTION ON ,IREL&4 ,AN>*ISM EM]G$ 9 ,IREL& AS E>LY AS #a#h#h#e4.<#e#h.> ,?REE DECADES LAT]1 DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY SYNDICALISM1 ! ,I,T,G,W,U EXPLOD$ FROM #b1 9 #aiac TO #a#b1 BY #a#i#b4 

,PROV9CIALIZ+ ,SPANI% AN>*ISM 

  

,BY ADOPT+ A BROAD]1 GLOBAL SCOPE ( COMP>ISON & ES*EW+ A TRADITIONAL FOCUS ON ! ,WE/1 !N1 ?IS VOLUME *ALL5GES ! VALIDITY ( ! ,SPANI% EXCEPTIONALISM !SIS4 ,AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE AMONG ! WORK+-CLASSES & UNION MOVEM5TS 9 ,>G5T9A1 ,BRAZIL1 & ,CUBA1 WAS >GUABLY AS SIGNIFICANT1 IF NOT MORE SO1 ?AN 9 ,SPA94 ,! ,C,N,T AT ITS Z5I? REPRES5T$ APPROXIMATELY HALF ( ,SPA9'S UNION MOVEM5T1 :]EAS ! ,=,AS1 ,C,T,C1 ,C,N,O,C1 ,C,O,B & ,=,P COMPRIS$ A DECISIVE & OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! ORGANIZ$ LABOR =CE 9 !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES4.<#e#i.> 

,FROM A COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD P]SPECTIVE1 !N1 ,SPA9'S MOVEM5T IS ONLY ONE IMPORTANT L9K 9 A *A9 ( MASS AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,B>CELONA1 ! 0FI]Y ROSE0 ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 LIKEWISE1 MU/ BE SE5 AS ONLY ONE AMONG MANY 0IMPORTANT R$-&-BLACK CITIES04.<#f.> ,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM F\ND F]TILE SOIL = ITS 0FI]Y ROSES0 TO BLOSSOM AS P[]FUL MOVEM5TS 9 URBAN C5T]S ACROSS ! GLOBE1 9CLUD+ ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ,CANTON1 ,GULYAI,POLYE1 ,HAVANA1 ,HUNAN1 ,LIMA1 ,LISBON1 ,MONTEVIDEO1 ,MEXICO ,CITY1 ,RIO DE ,JANEIRO1 ,SAO ,PAULO1 & ,SANTIAGO2 !RE W]E ALSO BUDD+ MOVEM5TS 9 C5T]S LIKE ,ALEX&RIA1 ,CAPE ,T[N1 ,DUBL91 ,JOHANNESBURG1 & ,BEIRUT4 

,! CLASS *>ACT] ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 

  

,AN>*ISM HAS LONG BE5 /]EOTYP$ AS A MOVEM5T BAS$ ON PETTY B\RGEOIS >TISANS & PEASANTS1 :O1 ?REAT5$ BY ! MOD]NIZ+ =CES ( 9DU/RY & ME*ANIZATION HANK] = A PRE-MOD]N PA/4.<#f#a.> ,?IS 9T]PRETATION HAS BE5 PROP\ND$ BY ,M>XI/ ACTIVI/S & S*OL>S4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 !Y R\T9ELY PORTRAY AN>*I/S AS 0REACTION>Y0 PETTY B\RGEOIS TYPES OR OCCASIONALLY AS PRE-POLITICAL 0LUMP5PROLET>IAN0 SOCIALI/S4.<#f#b.> ,EV5 SYNDICALI/S >E (T5 >E *>ACT]IZ$ AS 0WORK]S 9 SMALL 9DU/RY & >TISAN CRAFTS01 ISOLAT$ FROM 0M$IUM & L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY04.<#f#c.> ,SU* CLAIMS NATURALLY CONDUCE TO ! SIMPLE CONCLUSION ?AT AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM >E ANTI-MOD]N MOVEM5TS4 ,= SOME1 ?IS RE9=CES ! TELEOLOGICAL PROPOSITION ?AT ! ,M>XI/S ALONE 0ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E REPRES5T ! 9T]E/0 ( 0! PROLET>IAT0 :I* 0ALONE IS A REALLY REVOLUTION>Y CLASS04.<#f#d.> 

,UND] CLOSE EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS1 ! !SIS ( ! PETIT B\RGEOIS CLASS COMPOSITION ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM ASS]TION IS DIFFICULT TO SU/A94 ,! L>GE/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! BROAD AN>*I/ TRADITION W]E ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS4 ,/UDIES DRAWN L>GELY FROM ! ,WE/]N EXP]I5CE HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! MAJORITY ( WORK]S 9 ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS W]E UNMI/AKABLY PROLET>IAN4 ,!SE PROLET>IANS W]E NOT LIMIT$ TO CASUAL & SEASONAL LABOR]S1 LIKE CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 DOCK]S1 GAS WORK]S1 & F>M LABOR]S2 FACTORY WORK]S 9 LI<T & HEAVY 9DU/RIES1 M9]S1 & RAILWAY WORK]S ALSO CON/ITUT$ CORE ELEM5TS ( ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS4.<#f#e.> 

,! /UDIES 9 ?IS COLLECTION G5]ALLY BE> \T ! PROLET>IAN SOCIAL BASE ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM4 ,O',CONNOR'S *APT] %[S ?AT ?AT SYNDICALISM HAD A P>TICUL> RESONANCE AMONG CON/RUCTION1 METALLURGICAL1 M9E1 & TRANSPORT WORK]S1 :ILE AT ITS HEI<T 9 #a#i#b1 HALF ITS MEMB]%IP W]E F>M WORK]S4.<#f#f.> ,9 ,P]U1 ,HIRS* PO9TS \T ?AT AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM DREW SUPPORT L>GELY FROM SEMI-SKILL$ FACTORY1 PORT1 & RAILWAY WORK]S4.<#f#g.> ,MEXICAN SYNDICALISM1 LIKEWISE1 HAD /RONG SUPPORT FROM SKILL$ WORK]S 9 SMALL PLANTS1 AS WELL AS A MASS BASE AMONG FACTORY WORK]S1 NOTABLY 9 TEXTILES1 & M9]S4.<#f#h.> ,9 ! CASE ( ,BRAZIL1 ,TOL$O & ,BIONDI'S /UDY DEMON/RATES ?AT AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM G>N]$ SUPPORT FROM FACTORY AS WELL AS >TISANAL LABOR 9 ,SAO ,PAULO4.<#f#i.> ,9 ,>G5T9A1 DE ,LA=CADE %[S ?AT AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ UNIONS SET D[N DEEP ROOTS 9 ! URBAN WORK+ CLASS1 & 9 ! EXP&+ 0PORTS TO AN EXT5T NEV] EQUAL$ 9 ANY O!R SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY04 

,! ,AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ?IS VOLUME ALSO CORROBORATE ?IS CLAIM4 ,9 ,EGYPT1 ,GORMAN %[S1 ! MAJORITY ( AN>*I/S W]E 9ITIALLY SKILL$ MANUAL WORK]S1 BUT BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY ! MOVEM5T %IFT$ T[>DS ! 0NEW WORK+ CLASS1 P>TICUL>LY CIG>ETTE WORK]S1 PR9T]S & ! EMPLOYES ( ! NEW PUBLIC UTILITIES1 SU* AS ! TRAMWAYS04 ,9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 VAN D] ,WALT NOTES1 LEAD+ ACTIVI/S 9CLUD$ BLACKSMI?S1 C>P5T]S & TEA*]S1 BUT ! POPUL> MEMB]%IP ( SYNDICALI/ UNIONS WAS PRIM>ILY DRAWN FROM SEMI-SKILL$ & UNSKILL$ WORK]S 9 MANUFACTUR+ & S]VICES1 LIKE DOCK]S1 TRAMWAY WORK]S1 CLO?+ WORK]S1 & EMPLOYES 9 FOOD & TOBACCO PROCESS+4 

,9 %ORT1 ?IS VOLUME DOCUM5TS ! 9DU/RIAL & S]VICE SECTOR COMPOSITION ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM4 ,9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD1 IT WAS PRECISELY ! SECTORS MO/ CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) CAPITALI/ GLOBALIZATION & /ATE MOD]NIZATION ?AT FURNI%$ ! BULK ( AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ ACTIVI/S4 ,MO/ ( ! CASES ALSO 9DICATE A CONC]T$ ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP SUPPORT AMONG RURAL WAGE WORK]S3 ?IS WAS P>TICUL>LY TRUE 9 ,>G5T9A1 ,CUBA1 ,IREL&1 ,P]U1 & ,PU]TO ,RICO4 

,IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT PEASANT F>M]S W]E SOMETIMES T>GET$ = RECRUITM5T & MOBILIZATION4 ,9 ,*9A1 AN>*I/S W]E ! FIR/ ,LEFTI/ RADICALS TO S]I\SLY CONSID] ! PEASANTRY AS A REVOLUTION>Y =CE & TO SPE>HEAD 0! TRANSMISSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO RURAL >EAS04#d#h ,DIRLIK PO9TS \T ,*9ESE AN>*I/S %>$ ) ,KROPOTK9 A VISION ( ! WORLD1 9 :I* 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 T[N & C\NTRY1 W\LD BE H>MONI\SLY 9TEGRAT$4 

,EF=TS TO ORGANIZE ! ,MEXICAN PEASANTRY ALONG AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ L9ES DATE BACK TO ! LATE #a#h#fS4.<#g.> ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 AS ,%AFF] %[S1 ! AN>*I/ ,MEXICAN ,LIB]AL ,P>TY 7,P,L,M7 ( ,FLORES ,MAGON ORGANIZ$ >M$ REVOLTS 9 ,BAJA ,CALI=NIA 7,MEXICO1 #a#i#a#a71 & 9 ,TEXAS 7,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 #a#i#a#e71 :I* DREW HEAVILY ON PEASANT SUPPORT4 ,BUILD+ ALLIANCES BETWE5 URBAN WORK]S & RURAL PEASANTS WAS NEV] EASY4 ,DEEP DIVISIONS EXI/$ BETWE5 ,ZAPATI/A PEASANTS & ,C,O,M'S URBAN-9DU/RIAL WORK] BASE DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 ,P]U1 E?NIC & REGIONAL T5SIONS BETWE5 9DIG5\S PEASANTS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & ME/IZO WORK]S 9 URBAN >EAS COMPLICAT$ AN>*I/ ATTEMPTS TO =GE DURABLE SOLID>ITY NETWORKS4 

,SUCCESSFUL PEASANT ORGANIZATION & MOBILIZATION BY AN>*I/S1 CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ ! PEASANTS' REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL4 ,! MO/ DRAMATIC EXAMPLE COMES FROM COLONIAL ,EUROPE 9 ! =M ( ! ,MAKHNOVIS*NA 7OR ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T7 AN>*I/ MOVEM5T :I* DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,UKRA9E FROM #a#i#a#g--! SUBJECT ( ,ALEKS&R ,%UB9'S CONTRIBUTION4 ,AN>*I/ CURR5TS W]E 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! ,UKRA9E FROM ! #a#h#hS1 ) ,BAKUN9'S VIEWS ( P>TICUL> IMPORTANCE4.<#g#a.> 

,! MOVEM5T REVIV$ 9 ! E>LY #b? C5TURY4 ,! EPONYM\S ,NE/OR ,IVANOVI* ,MAKHNO 7#a#h#h#i-#a#i#c#d7 CAME FROM A POOR PEASANT FAMILY1 & WAS JAIL$ 9 #aih = AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES4 ,WORK+ 9 WAGE LABOR FROM HIS ADOLESC5CE1 HE PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! UNIONS ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 A SMALL MANUFACTUR+ T[N1 AFT] HIS RELEASE 9 #a#i#a#g4.<#g#b.> 

,H[EV]1 IT WAS FROM ! PEASANTRY ( ! ,UKRA9E--! RI*E/ F>M+ REGION 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 PRODUC+ >\ND #b P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S :EAT BY #a#i#a#d--?AT ! MOVEM5T DREW ITS BIG BATTALIONS4.<#g#c.> ,FROM #aiag ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,UKRA9E ORGANIZ$ ! PEASANTS TO EXPROPRIATE L&1 & !N =M A L>GELY PEASANT MILITIA1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,>MY ( ! ,UKRA9E1 ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,AS ! ,MAKHNOVIS*NA SEIZ$ CONTROL ( L>GE SECTIONS ( ,WE/ ,BANK ,UKRA9E1 !Y R$I/RIBUT$ L& & PROMOT$ COOP]ATIVES & A SY/EM ( C\NCILS4 

,! EMPHASIS ON PEASANT ORGANIZATION & SELF-DEF5SE LIKEWISE CAN BE SE5 9 ! ,KOREAN CASE4 ,AL?\< ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E ACTIVE 9 ,SE\L1 ,%AN<AI & ,TOKYO1 ,HWANG PO9TS \T1 !Y JO9$ ,*9ESE & ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S 9 ! ,MOVEM5T = ,RURAL ,SELF-,DEF5SE ,COMMUNITIES 9 ,FUJIAN ,PROV9CE 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,AS A RESULT1 PEASANT MILITIAS W]E =M$ TO FI<T (F B&IT & ,COMMUNI/ ATTACKS4 ,9 ,KIR9 PROV9CE 9 ,MAN*URIA1 AN>*I/ VET]AN ,HA ,KI ,RAK 7#a#i#a#b- #a#i#i#g7 RECORD$1 ! AN>*I/ G5]AL ,KIM ,JAO-J9 7( ! ,KOREAN ,9DEP5D5CE ,>MY1 :I* CONTROLL$ ! >EA7 SPONSOR$ ! 0,KOREAN ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 ,MAN*URIA04 ,AN AN>*I/ ALIGN$ BODY IT RAN $UCATION1 S]VICES1 MILIT>Y DEF5SE & COOP]ATIVES FROM #aibi TO #aicb 9 AN >EA ) AN E/IMAT$ POPULATION ( TWO MILLION4.<#g#d.> ,HA *>ACT]IZ$ ,KIM AS ! 0,KOREAN ,MAKHNO01 & SUGGE/$ ?IS 0,KIR9 ,REVOLUTION0 COMP>$ FAVORABLY TO ! ,MAKHNOVIS*NA REVOLUTION 9 ! ,UKRA9E FROM #aiah TO #a#i#b#a4 

,AN>*ISM1 SYNDICALISM1 & TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS 

  

,A SALI5T FEATURE ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM WAS ! PIVOTAL IMPORTANCE ( TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS 9 CON/ITUT+ ! MOVEM5T4 ,COMPRIS$ ( =MAL & 9=MAL /RUCTURES1 !SE NETWORKS FACILITAT$ DOCTR9AL DIFFUSION1 F9ANCIAL FL[S1 TRANSMISSION ( 9=MATION & SYMBOLIC PRACTICES1 & ACTS ( SOLID>ITY4 ,AN>*I/ NETWORKS1 AS A KEY REC5T /UDY HAS %[N1 W]E (T5 BUILT UPON MIGRATORY DIASPORAS & W]E RE9=C$ BY ! MOVEM5T'S PRESS & ! TRAVELS ( MAJOR ACTIVI/S4.<#g#e.> ,IT MI<T BE ADD$ ?AT W]E ALSO CONNECT$ BY L9K$ %>$ CAMPAIGNS 7SU* AS ! 9T]NATIONAL PROTE/S AGA9/ ! EXECUTION ( AN>*I/ $UCATOR ,FRANCESCO ,F]R] I ,GU>DIA1 #a#h#e#i-#a#i#i71 & COMMON RITUALS LIKE ,MAY ,DAY 7ORIG9AT+ AS A COMMEMORATION ( ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S EXECUT$ 9 #ahhg AFT] ! /RUGGLE = ! EI<?\R DAY74 

,! PAP]S 9 ?IS COLLECTION1 !RE=E1 SEEK TO BALANCE A NATIONAL CASE /UDY APPROA* ) C>EFUL ATT5TION TO ! ROLE TRANSNATIONAL PROCESSES PLAY$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM4 ,%AFF]'S /UDY ILLU/RATES ! M]ITS ( PAY+ CLOSE ATT5TION TO ! TRANSNATIONAL DIM5SION4 ,HE DEL9EATES TWO DIFF]5T AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ NETWORKS 5COMPASS+ ! ,C>IBBEAN1 ,MEXICO & S\!RN ,U,S4 ,ONE NETWORK L9K$ ,CUBA1 ,PANAMA1 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 & ! ,U,S4 ,ITS HUB WAS 9 ,HAVANA FROM :5CE CAME 6,TI]RA6 7',L&6'71 ! AN>*I/ WEEKLY4 6,TI]RA6 W\LD BE 9/RUM5TAL 9 ! COORD9ATION ( A CIRUM-,C>IBBEAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! O!R1 OV]LAPP+ NETWORK DISCUSS$ BY ,%AFF] CONNECT$ ,MEXICO & ! ,U,S ,S\?WE/4 ,H]E1 ! ,P,L,M PAP] ,REG5]ACION & ! CROSS-BORD] ORGANIZ+ ( ! ,I,W,W PLAY$ C5TRAL ROLES4 ,POLITICAL EXILE & ECONOMIC MIGRATION ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO RE9=C+ ! NETWORKS AS RADICALS & WORK]S CIRCULAT$ WIDELY BETWE5 JOBS & TEMPOR>Y SANCTU>IES ?R\<\T ! ,C>IBBEAN1 ! ,U,S & ,MEXICO4 

,! DIFFUSION ( AN>*ISM 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA LIKEWISE WAS FUEL$ BY TRANSNATIONAL & TRANSLOCAL CONNECTIONS4 ,DIRLIK /RESSES ! IMPORTANCE ( TRANSLOCAL TIES 9 L9K+ REVOLUTION>IES ACROSS ,ASIA 7& ALSO BEYOND ,ASIA71 ) ! NETWORKS NOT ONLY DIFFUS+ IDEAS BUT ALSO RE%AP+ !M LOCALLY4 ,IMP]IAL ,P>IS WAS IMPORTANT TO ,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*ISM1 BUT IMP]IAL ,TOKYO WAS UND\BT$LY ! C5TRAL 0LOCATION = RADICAL $UCATION & ACTIVITY ?AT IS QUITE REM9ISC5T ( ! ROLE PLAY$ BY ,LONDON = RADICALS 9 ,EUROPE01 DRAW+ 9 /UD5TS & RADICALS FROM ACROSS ,ASIA1 SPREAD+ NATIONALISM1 AN>*ISM & LAT] ,M>XISM4 ,DIRLIK /RESSES 9 HIS *APT] ?AT ! AN>*ISM 5C\NT]$ BY ,*9ESE RADICALS 09 ! E>LY P>T ( ! #b? C5TURY WAS ALREADY A PRODUCT ( GLOBAL CIRCULATION1 HAV+ SPILL$ \T ( ,EUROPE 9TO LOCATIONS ACROSS ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA04 ,IT WAS ADAPT$ TO LOCAL CIRCUM/ANCES & DEM&S 7AS ,TOL$O & ,BIONDI ALSO NOTE ( ,BRAZIL1 & AS ,%AFF] NOTES ( ,CUBA7 BUT IF 0NATIVE EXP]I5CES %AP$ ! TRANSLATION ( AN>*ISM 9TO LOCAL IDIOM1 ! V]Y ACT ( TRANSLATION TRANS=M$ ! LOCAL IDIOM AS WELL04 

,AS 9DICAT$ E>LI]1 AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM EM]G$ )9 ! CIRCUITS & C5T]S ( IMP]IALISM1 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 & /ATE =MATION1 9CLUD+ ITS LABOR MOBILIZATIONS & COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION4 ,AS CONCRETE EXAMPLES1 ! OP5+ ( ! ,SUEZ 7#a#h#f#i7 & ,PANAMA 7#a#i#a#d7 CANALS IS V]Y MU* P>T ( ! /ORY ( AN>*ISM3 ! WORK=CE RECRUIT$ TO ! =M] HELP$ LAUN* ,EGYPTIAN AN>*ISM1 AS ,GORMAN SUGGE/S1 & ! WORK=CE RECRUIT$ TO ! LATT] SPREAD ! MOVEM5T TO ! I/HMUS ( ! ,AM]ICAS1 AS ,%AFF] NOTES4 ,9 ,EGYPT1 ?IS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NETWORK L9K+ ,EGYPT1 ,GREECE1 ,LEBANON1 ,PALE/9E1 ,TUNIS & ,TURKEY1 AS WELL AS ! MAJOR C5T]S 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,AM]ICAS1 0BAS$ ON P]SONAL RECOMM5DATION & %>$ IDEOLOGICAL VISION04 

,LIKEWISE1 AS VAN D] ,WALT >GUES1 AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM CAME TO ,S\? ,AFRICA 9 ! WAKE ( AN 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION F9ANC$ BY ,EUROPEAN CAPITALI/S & HA/5$ BY ,BRITI% IMP]IAL EXPANSION4 ,BRITI%-BORN IMMIGRANTS--WORK]S & SOLDI]S--PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 FO/]+ ! MOVEM5T4 ,! FIR/ ORGANIZ$ ACTIVITY DAT$ TO #a#h#h#a1 9 ,PORT ,ELIZABE?4 ,L9KS BETWE5 ,S\? ,AFRICA & ,BRITA91 ESPECIALLY ,SCOTL&--VIA ! RADICAL PRESS1 MIGRATION1 & VISITS--NETWORK$ MILITANTS 9 IMP]IAL ,EUROPE & COLONIAL ,AFRICA1 ) ,SCOT* RADICALS FROM ! ,CLYDESIDE FACTORIES DECISIVE 9 9TRODUC+ ! ,I,W,W1 9CLUD+ ! V>IANT ASSOCIAT$ ) ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON 7#a#h#e#b-#a#i#a#d74 ,?US1 ! ,I,W,W1 =M$ 9 ,*ICAGO ) 9FLU5CES FROM ,P>IS1 SPREAD VIA ,DETROIT 9TO ,GLASG[1 & FROM !RE 9TO ,CAPE ,T[N1 ,DURBAN1 ,KIMB]LEY1 ,PRETORIA & ,JOHANNESBURG4 

,LANGUAGE & E?NIC DIASPORAS CLE>LY PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 SU* TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS4 ,?IS CAN ALSO BE SE5 AMONG ! ,*9ESE AN>*I/S :O W]E ACTIVE 9 ,CUBA1 ,FRANCE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,JAPAN1 & ,BRITI% ,MALAYA4.<#g#f.> ,LANGUAGE & A %>$ PRESS--NOTABLY PAP]S LIKE ,P+D5G 70,EQUALITY07--HELP$ E/ABLI% ! TRANSNATIONAL ,*9ESE AN>*I/ NETWORK & FO/] A %>$ CLASS /RUGGLE4.<#g#g.> ,IT WAS ! ,*9ESE AN>*I/S :O LAUN*$ ! ,MALAYSIAN TRADE UNIONS4.<#g#h.> ,! ,ITALIANS PLAY$ A SIMIL> ROLE4 ,9DE$1 A GREAT DEAL ( ! HI/ORY ( ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM TOOK PLACE \TSIDE ( ,ITALY4 ,BIONDI & ,TOL$O PO9T \T !RE W]E MORE ,ITALIAN-LANGUAGE AN>*I/ P]IODICALS 9 ,BRAZIL ?AN ,PORTUGUESE ONES4 

,:ILE ?IS MI<T SEEM A RECIPE = E?NIC 9SUL>ITY1 ! M$IUM %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! MESSAGE4 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S W]E C]TA9LY CONNECT$ BY COMMON ORIG9S1 LANGUAGE & CULTURE BUT W]E DEF9$ BY !IR ANTI-NATIONALI/ & 0COSMOPOLITAN GLOBAL MOVEM5T OPPOS$ TO ALL BORD]S04.<#g#i.> ,9 ! ,WE/]N ,HEMISPH]E AN>*I/ NETWORKS1 AS ,%AFF] SUGGE/S1 >OSE FROM 0LANGUAGE FACILITAT$ NETWORK CONNECTIONS0 AMONG A RANGE ( ,SPANI%-SPEAK+ NATIONALITIES ACROSS A RANGE ( C\NTRIES & COMMUNITIES4 

,HWANG'S WORK MAKES A SIMIL> PO9T1 %[+ ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*ISM CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO AN>*ISM )9 ,KOREA PROP]4 ,IT WAS A REGIONAL MOVEM5T ACTIVE ACROSS ,EA/ ,ASIA1 L9K$ BY A COMMON PRESS & IT OP]AT$ 9 A COSMOPOLITAN CONTEXT4.<#h.> ,?US1 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM FIR/ EM]G$ 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN1 & WAS ALWAYS LOCAT$ 9 A COSMOPOLITAN MILIEU *>ACT]IZ$ BY TRANSNATIONAL L9KAGES & ACTIVITIES4 ,!RE W]E MANY EXAMPLES ( JO9T ,*9ESE1 ,JAPANESE & ,KOREAN AN>*I/ COOP]ATION 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,NOTABLE 9ITIATIVES 9CLUD$ COOP]ATION 9 ! RADICAL ,LIDA ,COLLEGE 9 ,*9A1 PEASANT ORGANIZ+ 9 ,FUJIAN ,PROV9CE1 & ! F\ND+ 9 #a#i#b#g1 9 ,NANJ+1 ( ! ,EA/]N ,AN>*I/ ,LEAGUE 7,MUJEONGBU JUUI DONGBANG YEONMA5G7 BY ,*9ESE1 ,9DIAN1 ,JAPANESE1 ,KOREAN1 ,TAIWANESE1 & ,VIETNAMESE DELEGATES4 

,! CONCEPT ( 09=MAL 9T]NATIONALISM0 HELPS EXPLA9 ! SIMULTANE\S EM]G5CE ( AN>*ISM 9 ,EUROPE1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ,NOR? ,AFRICA FROM ! LATE #a#h#fS & #a#h#gS PREVI\SLY ALLUD$ TO 9 ?IS 9TRODUCTION4.<#h#a.> ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL PROVID$ ! WOMB 9 :I* ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T EM]G$1 BUT ! =MAL MEET+S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ITS PRESS1 & ITS DEBATES W]E LOCAT$ )9 ! BODY ( A DYNAMIC GLOBAL WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT NETWORK4 ,AN>*ISM HAD AN ORGANIZ$ PRES5CE 9 ,>G5T9A1 ,CUBA1 ,EGYPT & ,MEXICO FROM ! #a#h#gS1 FOLL[$ BY ,IREL&1 ,S\? ,AFRICA & ,UKRA9E 9 ! #a#h#hS4 ,! FIR/ AN>*I/-L$1 SYNDICALI/1 UNIONS \TSIDE ( ,SPA9 7! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION1 #a#h#g7 & ! ,U,S,A 7! ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,UNION1 #a#h#h#d7 W]E ,MEXICO'S ,G5]AL ,CONGRESS ( ,MEXICAN ,WORK]S 7#a#h#g#f7 & ,CUBA'S ,WORK]S' ,CIRCLE 7#a#h#h#g74 ,!SE W]E ! IMM$IATE ANCE/ORS ( ! BETT] KN[N SYNDICALI/ UNIONS ?AT EM]G$ GLOBALLY FROM ! #a#h#iS ONW>DS4.<#h#b.> 

,TO PUT IT ANO!R WAY1 AN>*ISM WAS NOT A ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN DOCTR9E ?AT DIFFUS$ \TW>DS1 P]FECTLY =M$1 TO A PASSIVE 0P]IPH]Y04.<#h#c.> ,RA!R1 ! MOVEM5T EM]G$ SIMULTANE\SLY & TRANSNATIONALLY1 CREAT$ BY 9T]L9K$ ACTIVI/S ON ?REE CONT95TS--A PATT]N ( 9T]CONNECTION1 EX*ANGE & %>+1 ROOT$ 9 09=MAL 9T]NATIONALISM10 :I* W\LD P]SI/ 9TO ! #a#i#dS & BEYOND4 

,NOR W]E !SE L9KAGES ONLY 9=MAL4 ,BESIDES ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ! ,EA/]N ,AN>*I/ ,LEAGUE1 WE CAN ADDUCE TRANSNATIONAL BODIES LIKE ! ,ANTI-,AU?ORIT>IAN ,9T]NATIONAL 7OR 0,BLACK ,9T]NATIONAL01 #a#h#h#a71 ( :I* ! ,AM]ICAN ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,UNION1 & ! ,MEXICAN ,G5]AL ,CONGRESS ( ,MEXICAN ,WORK]S1 W]E ! L>GE/ AFFILIATES1 & ! SYNDICALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION 7#a#i#b#b71 ) ITS P[]FUL ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN W+1 ! ,AM]ICAN ,CONT95TAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION 7,ASOCIACION ,CONT95TAL ,AM]ICANA DE ,TRABAJADORES1 ,A,C,A,T1 #a#i#b#i74 

,TO SPEAK ( DISCRETE 0,NOR!RN0 & 0,S\!RN0 AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS1 !N1 W\LD BE MISLEAD+ & 9ACCURATE4 ,! NETWORKS DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS SECTION /RADDL$ ! COLONIAL1 PO/COLONIAL1 & IMP]IAL C\NTRIES1 L9K+ = EXAMPLE1 RADICALS 9 ,MEXICO & ! ,U,S1 9 ,CUBA & ,SPA91 ,S\? ,AFRICA & ,BRITA91 & ,KOREA & ,JAPAN4 ,! MOVEM5T1 9 %ORT1 WAS NOT JU/ 9T]NATIONALI/ 9 PR9CIPLE & IMAG9ATION1 BUT GLOBAL 9 ITS CREATION1 ORGANIZATION1 REA* & ASPIRATIONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT DID NOT D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( NATIONALITY BUT RA!R IT S\<T TO RECONCILE NATIONALITY ) 9T]NATIONALISM4 

,RACE1 NATION & IMP]IALISM 

  

,! QUE/ION ( H[ AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM APPROA*$ ISSUES ( NATIONALITY1 RACE1 & IMP]IAL P[] IS ONE ?AT HAS RECEIV$ SURPRIS+LY LITTLE ATT5TION 9 ! LIT]ATURE4 ,YET ! AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS W]E ASC5DANT 9 A P]IOD M>K$ BY ! FIR/ MOD]N GLOBALIZATION & EMPIRE-BUILD+4 ,! WAY 9 :I* ! AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 5GAG$ ) DIVISIONS )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY1 & ! IMPACT ( IMP]IAL P[] ON DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! GLOBE1 9 ?IS P>TICUL> CONTEXT1 REMA9S /RIK+LY UND]-EXAM9$ 9 ! EXI/+ LIT]ATURE4 

,! /&>D TEXTS ON AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM PAY SCANT ATT5TION TO H[ !SE CONFRONT$ IMP]IALISM & ! NATIONAL QUE/ION1 OR H[ !IR HI/ORY WAS %AP$ BY ! 9ESCAPABLE PRES5CE ( EMPIRES4 ,! WORKS ( ,JOLL1 ,WOODCOCK1 & ,M>%ALL1 = EXAMPLE1 /UDI\SLY AVOID AN ANALYSIS ( H[ AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S GRAPPL$ ) RACIAL & NATIONAL DIVISIONS 9 ! POPUL> CLASSES4 

,! ISSUE ( H[ AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 5GAG$ ) ANTIIMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES IS ALSO GIV5 %ORT %RIFT 9 !SE TEXTS4 ,CONV5TIONAL TREATM5TS1 FOCUS$ ON ,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 T5D TO GLOSS OV] NOT ONLY REGIONAL & E?NIC DIVISIONS )9 ! ,C,N,T1 BUT ! ,SPANI% EMPIRE ITSELF4 ,!IR EXAM9ATIONS ( ! ,MAKHNOVIS*NA SC>CELY NOTE ?AT ! MOVEM5T WAS OP]AT+ 9 A T]RITORY LONG SUBJECT TO ,POL& & ,RUSSIA 7& BRIEFLY1 ,G]MANY71 EM]G$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! MASSIVE WAVE ( 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES !N SWEEP+ ,C5TRAL & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 & COMPET$ 7& SOMETIMES COOP]AT$7 ) ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/S4.<#h#d.> ,DANIEL ,GU]9'S WORK AT LEA/ TAKES UP ! ISSUE ( :5 & :Y AN>*I/ LUM9>Y ,BAKUN9 SUPPORT$ 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES1 BUT NEGLECTS TO C>RY ?IS ?R\< 9TO HIS DISCUSSION ( ! ,MAKHNOVIS*NA4.<#h#e.> ,M>%ALL'S ANALYSIS ( ,ASIAN & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN MOVEM5TS CORRECTLY NOTES !IR ANTI-IMP]IALISM1 BUT ELIDES :AT ?IS 5TAIL$4.<#h#f.> 

,IT IS UND]/&ABLE1 !N1 ?AT !RE IS A FAIRLY WIDESPREAD NOTION ?AT HI/ORICAL AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM W]E CONSPICU\SLY ABS5T FROM ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES--A VIEW F\ND EV5 AMONG SOME CONTEMPOR>Y SELF-DESCRIB$ AN>*I/S4 ,= SOME1 ?IS SUPPOS$ ABS5CE IS EVID5CE ( AN>*ISM'S COMM5DABLE E?ICAL UNIV]SALISM1 & ITS REJECTION ( >BITR>Y SOCIAL DIVISIONS4.<#h#g.> ,= O!RS1 BY CONTRA/1 IT PURPORT$LY DEMON/RATES A DEPLORABLE ,EUROC5TRISM ?AT APP>5TLY 5SUR$ AN>*ISM HAD 0ALMO/ NO?+ TO DO ) ! ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLES ?AT DEF9$ REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS 9 ?IS C5TURY04.<#h#h.> 

,H[EV]1 BO? ( !SE ACADEMIC & POLEMICAL LIT]ATURES >E DEEPLY FLAW$3 !Y IGNORE ! DEP? & BREAD? ( AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ ANTI-IMP]IALISM4 ,!RE IS A SMALL BUT VALUABLE S*OL>LY CORPUS ?AT RA!R MORE EFFECTIVELY ADDRESSES ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! NATIONAL QUE/ION1 ON ! O!R AL?\< IT IS S*EMATIC & (T5 ,EUROC5TRIC4.<#h#i.> 

,9 G5]AL1 IT EMPHASIZES ?AT ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 SUBSCRIB$ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( 0RESPECT = HUMANITY0 BAS$ ON 0! RECOGNITION ( HUMAN RI<T & HUMAN DIGNITY 9 EV]Y MAN1 ( :ATEV] RACE0 OR 0COLOR04.<#i.> ,= ,BAKUN9 AN>*ISM IMPLI$ A 0MULTI-NATIONAL1 MULTIRACIAL0 & 0WORLD-WIDE0 WORK+ PEOPLE'S ORGANIZATION D$ICAT$ TO A CLASS-BAS$ LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION4.<#i#a.> ,A REC5T /UDY ON AN>*ISM 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ALSO F\ND ?AT FROM 0ITS V]Y 9CEPTION0 IT REJECT$ X5OPHOBIA 9 FAVOR ( 9T]NATIONAL UNITY1 ANTI-MILIT>ISM & ANTICOLONIALISM4.<#i#b.> ,) RESPECT TO 0,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS01 ,M>CEL VAN D] ,L9D5 OBS]V$ ?AT !Y 0PROBABLY BELONG$ TO ?OSE P>TS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T :I* W]E ! LEA/ S5SITIVE TO RACISM04.<#i#c.> 

,! FEW EXTANT ANALYZES ( AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ 5GAGEM5TS ) RACIAL & NATIONAL DIVISIONS 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD ALSO (F] IMPORTANT 9SI<TS4.<#i#d.> ,9 G5]AL1 !Y UND]SCORE AN ACTIVE OPPOSITION TO PREJUDICE & OPPRESSION4 ,9 LATE #a#i? C5TURY ,CUBA1 = EXAMPLE1 ! AN>*I/ ,WORK]S' ,CIRCLE WAS ! 0FIR/ WORK+-CLASS ASSOCIATION 444 ?AT WAS EXPLICITLY ANTIRACI/ & ANT9ATIONALI/01 & ORGANIZ$ ACROSS RACIAL L9ES1 0FO/]+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & HELP+ TO ]ADICATE ! CLEAVAGES ( RACE & E?NICITY04.<#i#e.> ,ITS SUCCESSOR1 ! ,WORK]S' ,ALLIANCE1 0]OD$ RACIAL B>RI]S AS NO UNION HAD DONE BE=E 9 ,CUBA01 & S\<T TO COMBAT RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION BY EMPLOY]S & ! /ATE4.<#i#f.> ,9 ,BRAZIL1 LABOR ACTIVI/S 09SPIR$ BY ! EGALIT>IAN DOCTR9ES ( SOCIALISM1 AN>*ISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM0 /RUGGL$ TO =GE AN 9T]RACIAL LABOR MOVEM5T1 UNIT+ NATIVE-BORN & IMMIGRANT WORK]S1 & BLACK & :ITE1 ) EXPLICIT APPEALS TO ,AFRO-,BRAZILIANS4.<#i#g.> 

,SIMIL>LY1 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S 9 ,P]U EXPLICITLY REJECT$ DOCTR9ES ( 9H]5T RACIAL 9EQUALITY1 *AMPION$ ! CAUSE ( 9DIG5\S EMANCIPATION1 & DEVELOP$ A SIGNIFICANT PRES5CE AMONG ,9DIAN PEASANTS & M9E WORK]S4.<#i#h.> ,NEV]!LESS1 POSITIVI/ PHILOSOPHICAL 9FLU5CES ALSO %AP$ ! MOVEM5T'S ATTITUDES T[>D NATIVE ,P]UVIANS 9ASMU* AS IT T5D$ TO SEE !IR ,WE/]NIZATION AS PROGRESSIVE4.<#i#i.> ,9 ,MEXICO ! MOVEM5T /RUGGL$ AGA9/ ! 0WAGE DISP>ITY BETWE5 ,MEXICANS & ,NOR? ,AM]ICANS01 & 0DISCRIM9ATORY PRACTICES BY =EIGN MANAG]S04.<#a.> ,! ,P,L,M ALSO ADOPT$ AN ANTI-RACI/ PO/URE4 ,IT CLAIM$ ?AT RACIAL & NATIONAL PREJUDICES W]E 0MANAG$ BY ! CAPITALI/S & TYRANTS0 TO MAKE 0IMPOSSIBLE ! UNION ( ALL NATIONS :O >E SEP>ATELY FI<T+ TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ,CAPITAL04.<#a#a.> 

,SUPPLEM5T+ ! ABOVEM5TION$ LIT]ATURE1 ! PAP]S 9 ?IS VOLUME %$ ADDITIONAL LI<T ON ! MOVEM5T'S RELATION%IP TO ! NATIONAL QUE/ION1 DEMON/RAT+ ?AT A RADICAL & SUBV]SIVE ANTIRACIALISM & 9T]NATIONALISM W]E HALLM>KS ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,DE ,LA=CADE DEMON/RATES ?AT 9 ,>G5T9A !RE WAS A 0FI]CE AN>*I/9SPIR$ OPPOSITION TO NATIVI/ & E?NICALLY DIVISIVE PROJECTIONS ( WORK+-CLASS ID5TITY04 ,%AFF]'S CONTRIBUTION UND]SCORES AN>*I/ EF=TS TO SURM\NT RACIAL & NATIONAL DIVISIONS 9 ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,CUBA1 ,MEXICO & ,PANAMA HAD V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS4 ,TOL$O & ,BIONDI'S WORK ON ,BRAZIL %[S ?AT EXCLUSIVE CROSS-CLASS E?NIC ASSOCIATIONS CO-EXI/$ ALONGSIDE 9TEGRAT$ AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ CLASS-BAS$ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! IMMIGRANT WORK]S--MO/LY ,ITALIAN & ,SPANI%--W]E DIVID$ BY C\NTRY1 EV5 PROV9CE1 ( ORIG91 AS WELL AS BY LANGUAGE1 & LANGUAGE ALSO POS$ PROBLEMS = !IR RELATIONS ) ! 7,PORTUGUESE-SPEAK+7 ,BRAZILIAN WORK]S4 ,HIRS*'S /UDY DOCUM5TS ! ,P]UVIAN MOVEM5T'S EF=TS TO ORGANIZE & EMP[] 9DIG5\S PEASANTS & TO =GE A WORK+-CLASS ALLIANCE ?AT TRANSC5D$ E?NIC & REGIONAL DIVISIONS4 

,9 ! ,UKRA9E1 ! L>GELY E?NIC ,UKRA9IAN ,MAKHNOVIS*NA DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES FROM ! NATIONALI/S 9 !IR VIOL5T OPPOSITION TO ! MURD]\S ANTI-,SEMITISM SWEEP+ ! COLLAPS+ ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE4 ,BESIDES >M+ ,JEWI% COMMUNITIES1 & =M+ A ,JEWI% BATTALION 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,>MY1 ,%UB9 NOTES1 ! MOVEM5T EXECUT$ MEMB]S F\ND TO HAVE BE5 9VOLV$ 9 POGROMS2 IT ALSO ACT$ AGA9/ ?OSE :O ATTACK$ ,G]MAN SETTL]S4 ,9 ,IREL&1 ! SYNDICALI/S FAC$ ! *ALL5GE ( ORGANIZ+ 9 9DU/RIALIZ$ ,UL/]1 :]E AS ,O',CONNOR NOTES1 ! ,CA?OLIC M9ORITY =M$ A SUBALT]N CA/E4 ,! ,I,T,G,W,U S\<T TO OV]COME ! SECT>IAN DIVIDE ) CLASS SOLID>ITY1 & HAD SOME SUCCESS 9 OPPOS+ ,PROTE/ANT ,UNIONISM1 :ILE SUPPORT+ ,IRI% REPUBLICANISM4 ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 EV5TUALLY =C$ TO ACCEPT ! DIVISION ( ! C\NTRY SET \T BY ! #aiba ,ANGLO-,IRI% PEACE TREATY4 

,9 ,EGYPT1 ,GORMAN %[S1 ! AN>*I/S' SYNDICALI/ UNIONS UNIT$ WORK]S 9TO 9CLUSIVE 09T]NATIONAL0 UNIONS1 DESPITE DIVISIONS FANN$ BO? BY EMPLOY]S & BY SECTIONS ( ! ,EGYPTIAN NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T :I* DREW ON NATIVI/ & E?NOC5TRIC APPEALS4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS COMMITT$ TO 0AN 9T]NATIONALI/ MISSION & MEMB]%IP01 & TOOK GREAT EF=TS TO DEAL ) 0E?NIC1 RELIGI\S & L+UI/IC PLURALISM01 05GAG+ ) ! DIV]SITY ( ,EGYPTIAN SOCIETY AT L>GE04 

,! ,S\? ,AFRICAN CONTEXT PRES5T$ A HO/ ( ACUTE PROBLEMS ?AT MILITAT$ AGA9/ UNIT+ ! POPUL> CLASSES ACROSS RACE & E?NIC L9ES4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS W]E ,AFRICAN WORK]S1 DRAWN FROM CONQU]$ PEOPLES1 MO/LY UNFREE LABOR]S SUBJECT TO 9T]NAL PASSPORTS1 SEGREGATION & 9D5TURE4 ,FREE ,COLOR$ & ,9DIAN WORK]S LIKEWISE W]E SUBJECT TO DISCRIM9ATORY PRACTICES 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! RACI/ IDEAL ( :ITE SUPREMACY ELABORAT$ UND] ! PO/#a#i#a /ATE4 ,! :ITE WORK+ CLASS1 RE/IVE & DI/RU/FUL ( BIG COMPANIES :O MI<T REPLACE !M ) UNFREE BLACK LABOR1 ORGANIZ$ ALONG SEGREGATIONI/ L9ES 9 BODIES LIKE ,S,A,I,F4 

,AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 H[EV]1 AS VAN D] ,WALT DEMON/RATES1 W]E DI/+UI%$ BY A COMMITM5T TO 9T]RACIAL LABOR UNITY1 & 0! ABOLITION ( ALL =MS ( NATIVE 9D5TURE1 COMP\ND & PASSPORT SY/EMS2 & ! LIFT+ ( ! NATIVE WORK] TO ! POLITICAL & 9DU/RIAL /ATUS ( ! :ITE04 ,MO/ FAVOR$ AN ,I,W,W/YLE ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION AS ! MEANS TO SWEEP AWAY SU* 0TYRANT LAWS01 UNIT+ ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS IT =M$ AMONG ,AFRICANS1 ,COLOR$S & ,9DIANS W]E SE5 AS /EPP+ /ONES TO ?IS GREAT GOAL4 

,9T]NATIONALISM1 ANTI-COLONIALISM1 & NATIONAL LIB]ATION 

  

,IT IS IRONIC ?AT ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE LIT]ATURE ON AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM PROVIDES NO?+ COMP>ABLE TO ! RI* S*OL>%IP ON ,M>XI/ APPROA*ES TO ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES4 ,EV5 NATIONALI/ N>RATIVES CONC$E AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 #a#i? & #b? C5TURY /RUGGLES4 ,FLORES ,MAGON LIES BURI$ ALONGSIDE G5]ALS & PRESID5TS 9 ! ,ROTUNDA ( ,ILLU/RI\S ,M5 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,PAN!ON AT ,*APULTEPEC ,P>K1 ,MEXICO ,CITY1 0P>T ( ! NATIONALI/IC MY? ( ! '9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ,MEXICAN REVOLUTION'04.<#a#b.> ,9 ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,KOREA1 AN>*I/S ,YU ,RIM 7#a#h#i#d-#a#i#f#a71 ,BAK ,YEOL 7#a#i#b-#a#i#g#b7 & ,YU HA-MYONG 7#a#h#i#a-#a#i#h#e7 >E COMMEMORAT$ AS 09DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S01 & ,KIM ,JWA-,J9'S BIR?PLACE IS A NATIONAL MONUM5T4.<#a#c.> ,MEAN:ILE1 ,%9 ,*AEHO 7#a#h#h-#a#i#c#f7--! MO/ FAM\S ,KOREAN AN>*I/--FEATURES 9 S*OOL TEXTBOOKS4 ,! #a#a? ANNIV]S>Y ( ,MAKHNO'S BIR? RECEIV$ (FICIAL CELEBRATIONS 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 /RESS+ HIS ROLE AS AN 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/4.<#a#d.> ,9 ,DUBL91 ,IREL&1 ! NAME ( ! ,DE ,LEONI/ SYNDICALI/ ,JAMES ,CONNOLLY 7#a#h#f#h-#a#i#a#f1 EXECUT$ AFT] ! FAIL$ ,EA/] ,RIS+71 ADORNS TRA9 /ATIONS & A HOSPITAL2 LIKE ,KIM1 HE HAS A /ATUE1 AL?\< ?IS ONE WAS SPONSOR$ BY ! UNIONS4.<#a#e.> ,! ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,M9EWORK]S 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA 7ALLI$ TO ! RUL+ NATIONALI/ ,AFRICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS1 OR ,A,N,C71 IS 9VE/IGAT+ E/ABLI%+ A 0WORK]S' MONUM5T0 TO ! 0WORK] H]O0 ,?IB$I4.<#a#f.> 

,! PAP]S 9 ?IS COLLECTION >E1 !N1 ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE 9 OP5+ UP A S]I\S EXAM9ATION ( AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ RESPONSES TO IMP]IALISM4 ,BY ! LATE #a#i? C5TURY1 IMP]IALI/ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P5ETRATION HAD EVOK$ V>I\S POLITICAL & CULTURAL RESPONSES ACROSS ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD4 ,COLLABORATION & ACCOMMODATION ) EMPIRE W]E ALWAYS IMPORTANT CURR5TS4 ,H[EV]1 !RE W]E MAJOR 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES ACROSS ! ,SPANI% EMPIRE 9 ! #a#h#iS1 FOLL[$ BY COLONIAL ,EUROPE 9 ! #a#i#aS4 ,! LATE #a#i#aS SAW PROTE/S SWEEP ! ,AFRICAN & ,ASIAN COLONIES1 & ! ,>AB ,REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,OTTOMANS1 ALONG ) RIS+ DEM&S = MORE ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ,S\!RN ,AFRICA4 ,BY ! LATE #a#i#bS1 MASS 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS W]E BECOM+ IMPORTANT 9 ,AFRICA & ,ASIA4 ,FROM ! #a#i#dS1 ! REMNANTS ( =MAL IMP]IAL RULE W]E COLLAPS+ ACROSS ! WORLD 7AT LEA/ \TSIDE ( ! RAPIDLY EXP&+ ,SOVIET REALM74 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO /RESS ?AT NATIONALISM WAS ONE--BUT ONLY ONE-- CURR5T 9 !SE NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES2 ! TWO >E ALL TOO (T5 CONFLAT$4 ,NATIONALISM IS A DEF9ITE DOCTR9E1 :I* VIEWS ! WORLD AS COMPRIS$ ( DISCRETE NATIONS1 EA* REQUIR+ ITS [N NATION-/ATE TO EXPRESS ITS G5]AL WILL4 ,NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS !RE=E C5T] ON UNIT+ ALL SECTIONS ( ! NATION1 REG>DLESS ( CLASS1 T[>DS ?AT 5D4 ,?IS \TLOOK DIFF]S RADICALLY FROM ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S' 9SI/5CE ON CLASS-BAS$ 9T]NATIONALISM & ANTI-/ATISM1 & G5]ALLY ALSO 7AS WE WILL %[ BEL[7 TO !IR [N VISIONS ( DECOLONIZATION & SELF-DET]M9ATION4 

,9DEBT$ TO ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION>Y ?9K+1 COLONIAL NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS W]E A REACTION AGA9/ ,EUROPEAN 7& O!R7 IMP]IALISM1.<#a#g.> USUALLY LAUN*$ BY FRU/RAT$ NATIVE ELITES4 ,9 PRACTICE1 COLONIAL NATIONALI/S VACILLAT$ BETWE5 ACCOMMODATION ) EMPIRE1 & DEM&S = MORE RADICAL AUTONOMY1 EV5 /ATEHOOD4 ,ONLY FROM >\ND #aiai DID ! LATT] DEM&S BEG91 FITFULLY1 TO DOM9ATE COLONIAL NATIONALISM4.<#a#h.> ,EV5 !N1 H[EV]1 NATIONALISM (T5 /RUGGL$ TO ASSUME LEAD]%IP ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS1 BECAUSE RELIGI\S- & CLASS-BAS$ CURR5TS W]E ALSO IMPORTANT =CES4 

,?REE MAJOR AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ APPROA*ES TO 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES 

  

,! NOTION ?AT AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM IGNOR$ ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES IS 9DEF5SIBLE4 ,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM W]E DOCTR9ALLY OPPOS$ TO IMP]IALISM1 & ?US1 9 PR9CIPLE1 ALWAYS SUPPORT$ SOME NOTION ( NATIONAL FRE$OM4 ,SUPPORT = NATIONAL FRE$OM FOLL[$ FROM ! AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO HI]>*Y1 & /RESS ON VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION & SELF-MANAGEM5T4 0,! RI<T ( FREELY UNIT+ & SEP>AT+01 ,BAKUN9 WROTE1 0IS ! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL POLITICAL RI<TS04.<#a#i.> ,9 PLACE ( /ATE C5TRALISM & NATIONALISM1 HE ADVOCAT$ A 0FUTURE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION0 ?AT WAS 0C>RI$ \T FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 BY FREE ASSOCIATION1 ) UNIONS & LOCALITIES F$]AT$ BY COMMUNES1 REGIONS1 NATIONS1 &1 F9ALLY1 A GREAT UNIV]SAL & 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION04.<#a#a.> ,NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION ITSELF W\LD1 9 %ORT1 BE PREMIS$ ON 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM ?R\< COOP]ATION1 & CLASSLESSNESS AS WELL AS /ATELESSNESS4 

,! DIFFICULTY WAS1 H[EV]1 ?AT MANY ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD W]E 9FLU5C$ BY NATIONALISM1 OR AT LEA/1 ! NATIONALI/ DREAM ( 9DEP5D5T /ATEHOOD4 ,! QUE/ION WAS !RE=E POS$3 H[ %\LD AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S RELATE TO NATIONALISM1 & TO /RUGGLES = 9DEP5D5CE ?AT /OPP$ %ORT ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION = 0A GREAT UNIV]SAL & 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION0 & A NEW 0SOCIAL ORGANIZATION08 

,AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S SEEM$ TO HAVE ADOPT$ ?REE MA9 APPROA*ES4.<#a#a#a.> ,! FIR/ ( ! AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ RESPONSES WAS ?AT CURR5T 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES W]E FUTILE1 9ASMU* AS !Y W]E VIEW$ AS SIMPLY REPLAC+ =EIGN ) LOCAL OPPRESSORS4 ,!RE W]E1 = 9/ANCE1 SUB/ANTIAL T5SIONS BETWE5 ,CUBA'S E>LY AN>*I/-L$ UNIONS1 /RESS+ CLASS /RUGGLE1 & ! SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T1 /RESS+ ! NATIONAL UNITY ACROSS CLASS1 :I* IS T\*$ UPON 9 ,%AFF]'S *APT]4.<#a#a#b.> ,KEY AN>*I/S LIKE ,5RIQUE ,ROIG DE ,SAN ,M>T9 7#a#h#d#c- #a#h#h#i7 SUGGE/$ ?AT ANY *ANGE %ORT ( FULL-BL[N SOCIAL REVOLUTION 7DELIV]+ NATIONAL FRE$OM7 WAS FUTILE1 & S\<T TO DI/ANCE ! UNIONS FROM ! SEP>ATI/S4.<#a#a#c.> ,?IS POSITION EFFECTIVELY MA9TA9$ ?AT NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES W]E BASICALLY NATIONALI/1 & W\LD ?US 9EVITABLY G5]ATE N>R[LY NATIONALI/ \TCOMES3 A NEW /ATE1 & ! P]SI/5CE ( A CLASS SY/EM4 ,?IS LEFT !SE AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S \TSIDE ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS2 NOT)/&+ !IR PR9CIPL$ OPPOSITION TO IMP]IALISM & COLONIALISM1 IT (T5 MEANT !Y SIDE/EPP$ !SE ISSUES = AN O/5SIBLE FOCUS ON CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! SECOND MODAL APPROA* WAS QUITE ! OPPOSITE3 IT ACTIVELY & UNCRITICALLY EMBRAC$ NATIONALISM4 ,LIKE ,ROIG DE ,SAN ,M>T91 IT T5D$ TO CONFLATE NATIONALISM & NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 EXCEPT ?AT IT SAW ?IS RELATION%IP AS POSITIVE & NECESS>Y4 ,9 HIS PIONE]+ WORK ON ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 ,JOHN ,CRUMP DREW ATT5TION TO A T5D5CY ?AT WAS SO DEEPLY IMBU$ ) NATIONALISM ?AT IT 0FL\T$ ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM04.<#a#a#d.> ,YU HA-MYONG & ,YU ,RIM S]V$ 9 ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 9 EXILE1 & ) ,HA =M$ AN ,9DEP5D5T ,WORK]S & ,PEASANTS ,P>TY 7,I,W,F,P7 TO RUN 9 ! FIR/ PO/-9DEP5D5CE ELECTIONS4 ,YU ,RIM /AT$ ?AT 0,WE ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/S >E NOT LIT]AL NON-GOV]NM5TI/S0 BUT 0WANT TO E/ABLI% AN 9DEP5D5T & DEMOCRATIC UNIFI$ GOV]NM5T04.<#a#a#e.> ,9 ,*9A1 LIKEWISE1 ! AN>*I/S ,LI ,%IZ5G 7#a#h#h#a-#a#i#g#c7 & ,WU ,ZHIHUI 7#a#h#f#e-#a#i#e#c7 W]E CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) :AT ,DIRLIK LABELS ! ANTI-,COMMUNI/ 0NATIONALI/ICALLY OBSESS$ ,GUOM9DANG ,RI<T04 ,9 PRACTICE1 !Y SAW ! NATIONALI/ PROGRAM AS A NECESS>Y /EP T[>DS A FUTURE TRANSITION T[>D AN>*O-COMMUNISM4.<#a#a#f.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ?IS APPROA* SAW ! =MATION ( 9DEP5D5T NATION-/ATES AS A P>TIAL BREAK ) IMP]IALISM1 &1 9DE$1 A PRECONDITION = A FUTURE AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,FROM ?IS /AGES APPROA* FOLL[$ A WILL+NESS TO SET ASIDE DIFF]5CES ) ! NATIONALI/S1 D[NPLAY+ ANTI-/ATISM & CLASS /RUGGLE--AT LEA/ UNTIL 9DEP5D5T /ATEHOOD WAS A*IEV$4 

,! ?IRD AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ POSITION ON 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES WAS ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$1 & >GUABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT HI/ORICALLY3 A PROJECT ( CRITICAL 5GAGEM5T & RADICALIZATION4 ,NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES W]E SE5 AS A CRUCIAL P>T ( ! LIB]T>IAN PROGRAM1 & ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,:ILE CURR5T 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES C\LD BE CAPTUR$ BY B\RGEOIS & O!R ELITE =CES1 ?IS WAS NOT 9EVITABLE4 ,NATIONALI/ & ELITI/ =CES C\LD BE DISPLAC$1 ) ! 9T]V5TION ( AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S PU%+ NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES DIRECTLY T[>DS 9T]NATIONALI/ & ANTI-/ATI/ SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,SUCCESS W\LD M]GE CLASS & NATIONAL /RUGGLES1 RA!R ?AN SOME:AT >TIFICIALLY SEP>ATE ! TWO4 

,FROM #a#h#i#b1 AS ,%AFF] 9DICATES1 ,CUBAN AN>*ISM L>GELY COMMITT$ ITSELF TO ! SEP>ATI/ /RUGGLE4 ,IT DECL>$ UNEQUIVOCAL SUPPORT = 0! COLLECTIVE LIB]TY ( A PEOPLE1 EV5 ?\< ! COLLECTIVE LIB]TY DESIR$ IS ?AT ( EMANCIPATION FROM ! TUTELAGE ( ANO!R PEOPLE01 BUT ADD$ ! /RUGGLE MU/ LEAD TO ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! POPUL> CLASSES4.<#a#a#g.> ,MANY JO9$ ,JOSE ,M>TI'S ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY 7,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,CUBANO1 OR ,P,R,C74 ,:5 ! ,W> ( ,9DEP5D5CE />T$ 9 #a#h#i#e1 AN>*I/S MADE A 0HUGE0 CONTRIBUTION1 PROVID+ SOLDI]S1 RES\RCES1 PROPAG&A & SUBV]SION--& M>TYRS4.<#a#a#h.> ,! AN>*I/S RETA9$ !IR [N AG5DA ?R\<\T1 &1 AFT] =MAL 9DEP5D5CE1 W]E REL5TLESS CRITICS ( ! PO/COLONIAL ELITE & ITS ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BACK]S4 

,?IS POSITION1 9 %ORT1 C5T]$ ON CONTE/+ ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE )9 A L>G] MOVEM5T ?AT 9CLUD$ NATIONALI/S4 ,AT ITS HE>T WAS A CONCEPTUAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 NATIONALISM 7M]ELY AIM+ AT A NEW /ATE7 & NATIONAL LIB]ATION 9 G5]AL 7POT5TIALLY ABLE TO MOVE TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION72 &1 FROM ?IS1 A DET]M9ATION TO A*IEVE LEAD]%IP ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S MU/ P>TICIPATE 9 NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES1 :ILE REMA9+ SKEPTICAL ( ! NATIONALI/S & !IR PLANS = /ATEHOOD4 ,G5U9E NATIONAL LIB]ATION DID NOT MEAN 9DEP5D5T /ATEHOOD1 BUT ! SATISFACTION ( ! DEM&S ( ! MASSES = SOCIAL & ECONOMIC EQUALITY VIA A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,= EXAMPLE1 ,CONNOLLY--AS ,O',CONNOR NOTES--WAS WELL KN[N = ! DICTUM ?AT S9CE 0! ,IRI% NATIONAL /RUGGLE WAS ALSO A SOCIAL /RUGGLE1 ONLY ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD COMPLETE ! /RUGGLE1 & ONLY SOCIALISM C\LD GU>ANTEE REAL ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE04 ,! O!R KEY FIGURE 9 ,IRI% SYNDICALISM1 ,JIM ,L>K9 7#a#h#g#d-#a#i#d#g7 HELD A SIMIL> POSITION4 ,BO? M5 GAVE TO SOCIALI/ REPUBLICANISM A DI/9CTLY SYNDICALI/ $GE4 ,! SYNDICALI/S 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA 9 ! LATE #a#i#aS--ADMIR]S ( ,CONNOLLY--SIMIL>LY REJECT$ ,AFRICAN 7& ,AFRIKAN]7 NATIONALISM 9 FAVOR ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION ?R\< AN 9T]RACIAL ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION4 ,9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ACCORD+ TO VAN D] ,WALT1 SYNDICALI/ =MATIONS LIKE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE VIEW$ ! REVOLUTION>Y ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION AS PROLET>IAN =GE 9 :I* A COMMON SOCIETY EMBRAC+ ALL1 REG>DLESS ( COLOR1 W\LD BE CREAT$4 ,RA!R ?AN CREATE A NATION/ATE1 !Y S\<T TO E/ABLI% A SELF-MANAG$ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ 0,9DU/RIAL ,REPUBLIC01 AS 0AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,9DU/RIAL ,REPUBLIC04 

,9 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 ,%AFF] NOTES1 AN>*I/S *ALL5G$ ! MA9/REAM 9DEP5D5CE GR\PS1 9SI/+ ?AT REAL 9DEP5D5CE HAD TO 9VOLVE AN AN>*I/ & COMMUNI/ RE/RUCTUR+ ( SOCIETY4 ,9 ,MEXICO1 ! ,P,L,M'S WORK PROVIDES A CLE> EXAMPLE ( AN AN>*I/ CURR5T AIM+ TO PU% /RUGGLES AGA9/ ,WE/]N DOM9ATION & LOCAL ELITES 9 A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,P,L,M EXP]I5CE %[S ! DIFFICULT QUE/IONS ?AT P>TICIPATION 9 SU* /RUGGLES CAN POSE4 ,MO/ NOTABLE IS ! ,P,L,M'S ATTEMPT TO RADICALIZE ! ,PLAN ( ,SAN ,DIEGO 7,P,S,D71 A #aiae SEP>ATI/ REVOLT 9 S\!RN ,TEXAS BY ,MEXICANS & ,MEXICAN,AM]ICANS ?AT HAD OV]TONES ( RACIAL W>F>E4 

,9 ,*9A1 TOO1 COLLABORATION ) ! NATIONALI/ P>TY1 ! ,G\MD9DANG1 WAS A CONTROV]SIAL ISSUE1 ) SOME AN>*I/S SEEK+ TO TACTICALLY USE ,GUOM9DANG RES\RCES = !IR [N1 DI/9CT1 PURPOSES3 ,DIRLIK'S & ,HWANG'S *APT]S DEAL ) SOME ( ! COMPLEXITIES ?IS 5TAIL$4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y \TLOOK ON NATIONAL LIB]ATION WAS ALSO V]Y 9FLU5TIAL AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,MILITANTS LIKE ,YI ,JEONGGYU & ,BAK AIM$ AT SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 RA!R ?AN SIMPLY A POLITICAL REVOLUTION ?AT AIM$ M]ELY AT 9DEP5D5CE4 ,HWANG *ALL5GES ,CRUMP'S EMPHASIS ON ! NATIONALI/ 9CL9ATION ( ! ,KOREAN MOVEM5T1 >GU+ ?AT :ILE AN>*ISM WAS 0RE-READ0 TO /RESS 9DEP5D5CE1 9DEP5D5CE WAS (T5 RE?\<T AS P>T ( A L>G] SET ( TRANSNATIONAL & UNIV]SAL PROBLEMS & CONC]NS4 ,%9'S #aibc 0,DECL>ATION ( ! ,KOREAN ,REVOLUTION0 FITS WELL3 BESIDES 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,JAPAN1 IT /RESS$ ! ABOLITION ( CLASS RULE & EXPLOITATION 9 0AN IDEAL ,KOREA04.<#a#a#i.> 

,9 ,EGYPT1 ,GORMAN %[S1 ! AN>*I/S DISAGRE$ ) ! NATIONALI/S1 BUT 5GAG$ 9 SEV]AL DE FACTO ALLIANCES4 ,ONE WAS ! P>TICIPATION ( ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 9 ! #ahhb REVOLT L$ BY ,AHMAD ',URABI1 & ?IS CONV]G5CE WAS ALSO 9 EVID5CE 9 ! #aiai ,REVOLUTION1 M>K$ BY C\NTRYWIDE AGITATION AGA9/ ,BRITI% RULE1 & SYNDICALI/ ACTIVITY BETWE5 =EIGN & ,EGYPTIAN LABOR4 ,= ITS P>T1 ! ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOVIET ( ! ,MAKHNOVIS*NA DECL>$1  
  

,:5 SPEAK+ ( ,UKRA9IAN 9DEP5D5CE1 WE DO NOT MEAN NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE 9 ,PETLIURA'S .<,SYMON ,PETLIURA1 HEAD ( ! NATIONALI/ ,DIRECTORY.> S5SE1 BUT ! SOCIAL 9DEP5D5CE ( WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,WE DECL>E ?AT ,UKRA9IAN1 & ALL O!R1 WORK+ PEOPLE HAVE ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION NOT AS AN '9DEP5D5T NATION'1 BUT AS '9DEP5D5T WORK]S'4  
  

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ACTIVITIES ( ,MAKHNOVIS*NA & ,KOREAN ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 ,MAN*URIA CON/ITUT$ SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS1 !Y W\LD EXEMPLIFY A SUCCESSFUL DRIVE TO PU% NATIONAL LIB]ATION WELL BEYOND ! B\NDS ( N>R[ NATIONALISM4 

,! ?IRD AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ POSITION ON 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES WAS V]Y MU* 9 L9E ) ,BAKUN9'S SUPPORT = 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS ON ! BASIS ?AT NATIONAL LIB]ATION HAD TO BE F\<T 0AS MU* 9 ! ECONOMIC AS 9 ! POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES04 ,A MOVEM5T DOM9AT$ BY 0AMBITI\S 9T5T TO SET UP A P[]FUL ,/ATE01 & ! AG5DA ( 0A PRIVILEG$ CLASS0 W\LD 5D UP A 0RETROGRESSIVE1 DISA/R\S1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T04.<#a#b.> ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT3.<#a#b#a.>  
  

,EV]Y EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL REVOLUTION--BE IT 9 DEF5SE ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE OR = 9T]NAL *ANGE444--?AT DOES NOT AIM AT ! IMM$IATE & REAL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( PEOPLE WILL BE A FALSE REVOLUTION4 ,ITS OBJECTIVES WILL BE UNATTA9ABLE & ITS CONSEQU5CES REACTION>Y4  
  

,! 0/ATI/ PA? 9VOLV+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SEP>ATE 444 ,/ATES0 WAS 05TIRELY RU9\S = ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE01 BECAUSE IT DID NOT ABOLI% CLASS P[] BUT SIMPLY *ANG$ ! NATIONALITY ( ! RUL+ CLASS4.<#a#b#b.> 

,A ,NOTE ON ! ,VOLUME'S ,ORGANIZATION & ,SCOPE 

  

,?IS VOLUME IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO P>TS4 ,! FIR/ P>T CONSI/S ( /UDIES ?AT EXAM9E AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,EUROPEAN & ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM4 ,WE DEF9E COLONIALISM 9 A /RAI<T-=W>D MANN] TO REF] TO PEOPLES & REGIONS ( ! WORLD SUBJECT TO DIRECT =EIGN POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONTROL4 ,SOME MAY F9D CONTROV]SIAL ! DESIGNATION ( ,*9A AS P>T ( ! COLONIAL WORLD4 ,AL?\< IT WAS NEV] COMPLETELY COLONIZ$1 IT WAS SY/EMATICALLY SUBJECT$ TO AN EXP&+ RANGE ( =MAL CONCESSIONS ( T]RITORY & RI<TS FROM ! #a#i? C5TURY1 & !N TO A PROTRACT$ COLONIAL CONQUE/ FROM ! #a#i#cS4 ,! CASE CAN ?US BE MADE = ITS 9CLUSION 9 ! COLONIAL SECTION GIV5 ITS COLONIAL & 0SEMI-COLONIAL0 /ATUS BY ! E>LY #b? C5TURY4 

,! SECOND P>T GR\PS /UDIES ?AT PROBE ! EXP]I5CE ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 9 ! CONTEXT ( PO/COLONIAL SITUATIONS1 :I*1 GIV5 ! P]IOD COV]$ BY ?IS VOLUME1 NECESS>ILY MEANS PRIM>ILY ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN CASES4 ,= ! PURPOSES ( ?IS BOOK1 0PO/COLONIAL0 D5OTES EX-COLONIES ?AT1 DESPITE 9DEP5D5T POLITIES1 REMA9 PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! LEGACIES ( COLONIALISM4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 IT REF]S TO C\NTRIES SUBJECT TO A CLE> 7BUT WIDELY V>Y+ & CONTE/$7 DEGREE ( 9DIRECT EXT]NAL CONTROL & ( RELATIVE ECONOMIC DEP5D5CE )9 ! WORLD CAPITALI/ ECONOMY'S DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,!SE EXT]NAL CON/RA9TS CONDITION1 BUT DO NOT DET]M9E1 9T]NAL SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION BY CLASS1 RACE1 CULTURE1 & G5D]4 

,NO S+LE VOLUME CAN POSSIBLY ADDRESS ! 5TIRETY ( ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD4 ,?IS BOOK FOCUSES FUNDAM5TALLY ON SEV]AL KEY ANALYTICAL QUE/IONS3 ,:I* SOCIAL GR\PS =M$ ! BASE ( SUPPORT = AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD BETWE5 #ahg & #a#i#d8 ,:AT W]E ! DOCTR9AL T5ETS1 PROGRAMMATIC GOALS1 & ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES ( !SE MOVEM5TS8 ,:AT ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE DID !Y EMPLOY8 ,H[ DID !Y ADDRESS RACIAL & E?NIC CLEAVAGES8 ,H[ DID !SE MOVEM5TS GRAPPLE ) COLONIALISM1 NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 IMP]IALISM1 /ATE =MATION1 & SOCIAL REVOLUTION8 

,O!R QUE/IONS & L9ES ( 9QUIRY ALSO NE$ TO BE 9VE/IGAT$4 ,WE SUGGE/ ?AT G5D] IDEOLOGIES & PRACTICE1 RACE RELATIONS1 & G5]ATIONAL DYNAMICS 9 AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ! COLONIAL & PO/COLONIAL WORLD REQUIRE FUR!R S*OL>LY RESE>*4 ,LIKEWISE1 MORE /UDIES ON ! C\NT]CULTURAL & 9T]NATIONALI/ DIM5SIONS & 9FLU5CES ( !SE MOVEM5TS >E NE$$4 ,WE >E ALSO COGNIZANT ( ! LIMIT$ COV]AGE ( \R VOLUME4 ,C]TA9LY1 AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ 7& AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/-9FLU5C$7 MOVEM5TS 9 O!R ,AFRICAN1 ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN1 ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N1 ,S\? ,ASIAN1 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICAN1 & ,PACIFIC ISL& CONTEXTS DES]VE S*OL>LY EXAM9ATION4 ,! PO/-#a#i#d P]IOD ALSO NE$S ATT5TION4 ,WE HOPE ?IS VOLUME OP5S UP NEW VI/AS ON ! HI/ORY ( LABOR & ! LEFT1 & ! MAT]IALS COLLECT$ H]E WILL HELP TO %APE FUTURE RESE>* AG5DAS4 

,REF]5CES CIT$ 9 TEXT 

  
  

,ADAMS1 ,JASON1 ,NON-,WE/]N ,AN>*ISMS3 RE?9K+ ! GLOBAL CONTEXT1 ,JOHANNESBURG3 ,ZABALAZA ,BOOKS1 #b#c4 

,ADELMAN1 ,J]EMY1 0,SOCIALISM & ,DEMOCRACY 9 ,>G5T9A 9 ! ,AGE ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL01 ,HISPANIC ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORICAL ,REVIEW1 #g#b3 #b1 #a#i#i#b1 #b#a#a-#b#c#h4 

,AHMAD1 ,AJIZ1 ,9 ,!ORY3 CLASSES1 NATIONS1 LIT]ATURES1 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 #a#i#i#b4 

,&]SON1 ,B5$ICT1 ,UND] ,?REE ,FLAGS3 AN>*ISM & ! ANTI-COLONIAL IMAG9ATION1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V]SO1 #b#e4 

,&REWS1 ,G4,R41 0,BLACK & ,:ITE ,WORK]S3 ,SAO ,PAULO1 ,BRAZIL1 #a#h#h#h-#a#i#b#h01 ,HISPANIC ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORICAL ,REVIEW1 #f#h3 #c1 #a#i#h#h1 #d#i#a-#e#b#d4 

,BAKUN91 ,MIKHAIL1 0,F$]ALISM1 ,SOCIALISM1 ,ANTI-,!OLOGISM01 9 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 7$47 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y3 SELECT$ WORKS BY ! ACTIVI/-F\ND] ( WORLD AN>*ISM1 ,LONDON3 ,GEORGE ,ALL5 & ,UNW91 .<#a#h#f#g.> #a#i#g#a4 

----1 0,! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD01 9 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 7$47 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y3 SELECT$ WORKS BY ! ACTIVI/-F\ND] ( WORLD AN>*ISM1 ,LONDON3 ,GEORGE ,ALL5 & ,UNW91 7#a#h#f#i7 #a#i#g#a4 

----1 0,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,IDEA ( ! ,/ATE01 9 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 7$47 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y3 SELECT$ WORKS BY ! ACTIVI/-F\ND] ( WORLD AN>*ISM1 ,LONDON3 ,GEORGE ,ALL5 & ,UNW91 .<#a#h#g#a.> #a#i#g#a4 

----1 0,LETT] TO ,LA ,LIB]TE01 9 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 7$471 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y3 SELECT$ WORKS BY ! ACTIVI/-F\ND] ( WORLD AN>*ISM1 ,LONDON3 ,GEORGE ,ALL5 & ,UNW91 .<#a#h#g#b.> #a#i#g#a4 

----1 0,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y01 9 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 7$471 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y3 SELECT$ WORKS BY ! ACTIVI/-F\ND] ( WORLD AN>*ISM1 ,LONDON3 ,GEORGE ,ALL5 & ,UNW91 7#a#h#g#c7 #a#i#g#a4 

----4 ,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 7#a#h#g#c7 #a#i#i4 

,BANTMAN1 ,CON/ANCE1 0,9T]NATIONALISM )\T AN ,9T]NATIONAL8 ,CROSS-*ANNEL AN>*I/ NETWORKS1 #a#h#h-#a#i#a#d01 ,REVUE ,BELGE DE ,PHILOLOGIE ET ,D',HI/OIRE1 #h#d3 #d1 #b#f1 #i#f#a-#i#h#a4 

,BAY]LE91 ,B]NH>D & ,M>CEL VAN D] ,L9D51 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,PORTUGAL01 9 ,M>CEL VAN D] ,L9D5 & ,WAYNE ,?ORPE 7$S471 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM3 AN 9T]NATIONAL P]SPECTIVE1 ,OTT]UP_/,ALD]%OT3 ,SCOL>_/,G[] ,PUBLI%+ ,COMPANY1 #a#i#i4 

,B]G]1 ,M>K ,T41 0,AFT] ! ,?IRD ,WORLD8 HI/ORY1 DE/9Y & ! FATE ( ,?IRD ,WORLDISM01 ,?IRD ,WORLD ,QU>T]LY1 #b#e3 #a1 #b#d1 #i-#c#i4 

,BLAN*>D1 ,PET]1 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,P]UVIAN ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T1 #a#h#h#c-#a#i#a#i1 ,PITTSBUR<3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,PITTSBUR< ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#b4 

,BOCJUN1 ,J4 ,M>KO1 0,! ,WORK+ ,CLASS & ! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION 9 ! ,UKRA9E3 #a#h#h-#a#i#b01 ,PH4,D4 DIS41 ,YORK ,UNIV]SITY1 #a#i#h4 

,BOOK*91 ,MURRAY1 0,NATIONALISM & ! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION01 ,SOCIETY & ,NATURE1 #b3 #b1 #a#i#i#d1 #h-#c#f4 

,BREITB>T1 ,M4,M41 0,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM3 AN 9TRODUCTORY ESSAY01 ,ANTIPODE3 A RADICAL J\RNAL ( GEOGRAPHY1 #a_/#a#a3 #c_/#a1 #a#i#g#i1 #f-#g4 

,BUKH>91 ,NIKOLAI1 ,! ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNISM1 ,MI*IGAN_/,TORONTO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS_/,AMBASSADOR ,BOOKS1 .<#a#i#b#b.> #a#i#f#f4 

,CABALL]O1 ,MANUEL1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ! ,COM9T]N1 #a#i#a#i-#a#i#d#c1 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f4 

,CAHM1 ,JEAN ,C>OL9E1 0,KROPOTK9 & ! ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T01 9 ,]IC ,CAHM & ,VLADIMIR ,CLAUDE ,FIS]A 7$S471 ,SOCIALISM & ,NATIONALISM1 ,NOTT+HAM3 ,SPOKESMAN1 #a#i#g#h4 

----1 0,BAKUN901 9 ,]IC ,CAHM & ,VLADIMIR ,CLAUDE ,FIS]A 7$S471 ,SOCIALISM & ,NATIONALISM1 ,NOTT+HAM3 ,SPOKESMAN1 #a#i#g#h4 

,CASANOVAS1 ,JOAN1 0,LABOR & ,COLONIALISM 9 ,CUBA 9 ! ,SECOND ,HALF ( ! ,N9ETE5?-,C5TURY01 ,PH4,D4 DIS41 ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#i#d4 

----1 0,SLAV]Y1 ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T & ,SPANI% ,COLONIALISM 9 ,CUBA1 #a#h#e-#a#h#i01 ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW ( ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY1 #d3#c1 #a#i#i#e1 #c#f#g-#c#h#c4 

,CAULFIELD1 ,NORMAN1 0,WOBBLIES & ,MEXICAN ,WORK]S 9 ,PETROLEUM1 #a#i#e-#a#i#b#d01 ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW ( ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY1 #d3#a1 #a#i#i#e1 #e#a-#g#e4 

,CIPKO1 ,S]GE1 0,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 & ! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION01 ,! ,RAV51 #c3 #a1 #a#i#i1 #c-#a#d4 

,COLE1 ,G4,D4,H41 ,! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 #a#h#h#i-#a#i#a#d4 ,LONDON_/,NEW ,YORK3 ,MACMILLAN_/ ,/ ,M>T9'S ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#f4 

,CR[1 ,B52 ,?OMAS1 ,ALAN2 ,FR5Z1 ,PAUL2 ,HEWITT1 ,TOM2 ,KASSAM1 ,SABR9A2 & ,TREAGU/1 ,/EV51 ,?IRD ,WORLD ,ATLAS1 SECOND $4 ,BUCK+HAM_/,MILTON ,KEYNES3 ,OP5 ,UNIV]SITY1 #a#i#i#d4 

,CRUMP1 ,JOHN1 0,AN>*ISM & ,NATIONALISM 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA01 ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 #d3 #a1 #a#i#i#f1 #d#e-#f#d4 

,D>*1 ,COL9 ,M41 0,! ,MAKHNOVIS*NA1 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a3 IDEOLOGY1 NATIONALISM1 & PEASANT 9SURG5CY 9 E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY ,UKRA9E01 ,PH4,D4 DIS41 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,BRAD=D1 #a#i#i#d4 

,D>L+TON1 ,RALPH1 ,SYNDICALISM & ! ,TRANSITION TO ,COMMUNISM3 AN 9T]NATIONAL COMP>ATIVE ANALYSIS1 ,ALD]%OT1 ,HAMP%IRE & ,BURL+TON1 ,V,T3 ,A%GATE1 #b#h4 

,DAY1 ,*RI/OPH]1 ,! ,HI/ORICAL ,FAILURE ( ,AN>*ISM3 IMPLICATIONS = ! FUTURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT1 ,*ICAGO3 ,KASAMA ,ESSAYS = ,DISCUSSION1 .<#a#i#i#f.> #b#i4 

,DIRLIK1 ,>IF1 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ,*9ESE ,COMMUNISM1 ,OX=D1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i4 

---- ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION1 ,B]KELEY1 ,LOS ,ANGELES1 ,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#a4 

,DE%AZO1 ,PET]1 ,URBAN ,WORK]S & ,LABOR ,UNIONS 9 ,*ILI #a#i#b-#a#i#b#g1 ,MADISON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WISCONS9 ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c4 

,DONG-%91 ,SEO1 0,KOREAN ,AN>*I/S ,PURSU+ ,?IRD ,WAY01 ,KOREA ,TIMES1 #bf ,JANU>Y #b#g4 

,DULLES1 ,JOHN ,W4,F41 ,AN>*I/S & ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,BRAZIL1 #a#i-#a#i#c#e1 ,AU/93 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TEXAS ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#c4 

,ELTZBA*]1 ,PAUL1 ,AN>*ISM3 EXPON5TS ( ! AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY1 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 .<#a#i.> #a#i#f4 

,5GELS1 ,FRI$RI*1 7#a#h#g#c71 0,! ,BAKUN9I/S AT ,WORK3 AN ACC\NT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLT 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#h#g#c01 9 ,N4,Y4 ,KOLP9SKY 7$471 ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,L593 AN>*ISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 ,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#g#b4 

,]V91 ,LOR5ZO ,KOM'BOA1 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,BLACK ,REVOLUTION & ,O!R ,ESSAYS1 ,PHILADELPHIA3 ,MONKEYWR5* ,PRESS & ! ,WORK] ,SELF-,$UCATION ,F\NDATION ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 #a#i#i#d4 

,F]N&EZ1 ,FRANK1 ,CUBAN ,AN>*ISM3 ! HI/ORY ( A MOVEM5T1 ,TUCSON3 ,%>P ,PRESS1 #b#a4 

,=MAN1 ,MI*AEL1 ,NATIONALISM & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T3 ! IDEA ( ! NATION 9 SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ !ORY1 ,P5NSYLVANIA3 ,P5NSYLVANIA ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h4 

,GABACCIA1 ,DONNA ,R4 & ,FRAS] ,M4 ,OTTANELLI 7$S471 ,ITALIAN ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD3 LABOR MIGRATION & ! =MATION ( MULTIE?NIC /ATES1 ,URBANA3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS1 #b#a4 

,GODIO1 ,JULIO1 ,EL MOVIMI5TO OBR]O DE AM]ICA LAT9A1 #a#h#e-#a#i#a#h1 ,BOGOTA3 ,$ICIONES ,T]C] ,MUNDO1 #a#i#g#h4 

,GORDON1 ,E4,A41 0,AN>*ISM 9 ,BRAZIL3 !ORY & PRACTICE1 #a#h#i-#a#i#b01 ,PH4,D4 DIS41 ,TULANE ,UNIV]SITY1 #a#i#g#h4 

,GRAHAM1 ,ROB]T1 0.<,REVIEW ESSAY.>3 ,ALAN ,RITT]1 ,AN>*ISM3 A !ORETICAL ANALYSIS_/ ,MI*AEL ,TAYLOR1 ,COMMUNITY1 ,AN>*Y1 & ,LIB]TY_/,DAVID ,MILL]1 ,AN>*ISM01 ,TELOS #f1 #a#i#h#e1 #a#i#g-#b#b4 

,GRAU]1 ,M41 0,AN>*O-,NATIONALISM3 AN>*I/ ATTITUDES T[>DS ,JEWI% NATIONALISM & ,ZIONISM01 ,MOD]N ,JUDAISM1 #a#d3 #a1 #a#i#i#d1 #a-#a#i4 

,GREZ ,TOSO1 ,S]GIO1 ,LOS AN>QUI/AS Y EL MOVIMI5TO OBR]O3 ,LA ALBORADA DE 0LA IDEA0 5 ,*ILI1 #a#h#i#c-#a#i#a#e1 ,SANTIAGO DE ,*ILI3 ,L,O,M ,$ICIONES1 #b#g4 

,GU]91 ,DANIEL1 ,AN>*ISM3 FROM !ORY TO PRACTICE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#g4 

,HA1 ,KI ,RAK1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T .<SIC4.>1 ,TEGU3 ,AN>*I/ ,PUBLI%+ ,COMMITTEE1 #a#i#h#f4 

,H>T1 ,JOHN1 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,MEXICAN ,WORK+ ,CLASS1 #a#h#f-#a#i#c#a1 ,AU/93 ,TEXAS ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#h4 

----1 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,MEXICO01 9 ,M>CEL VAN D] ,L9D5 & ,WAYNE ,?ORPE1 7$S471 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM3 AN 9T]NATIONAL P]SPECTIVE1 ,OTT]UP_/ ,ALD]%OT3 ,SCOL> ,PRESS_/,G[] ,PUBLI%+1 #a#i#i4 

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,VAN D] ,WALT1 ,LUCI5 & ,MI*AEL ,S*MIDT1 ,BLACK ,FLAME3 ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS POLITICS ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 ,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#i4 

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