,AN>*ISM & ,WILLIAM ,BLAKE@&_?X#b#g2S ,IDEA ( ,JESUS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,*RI/OPH] ,Z4 ,HOBSON 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,5GLI% POET & PA9T] ,WILLIAM ,BLAKE 7#a#g#e#g-#a#h#b#g7 LEFT A BODY ( BREA?TAK+ >T & /IRR+1 SOMETIMES OBSCURE POETRY1 MU* ( IT CONC]N$ ) RELIGION & MU* ) ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES ( HIS TIME--! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS1 ! ,BRITI% RADICAL MOVEM5T ( ! #a#g#iS1 & LAT]1 ! GR[+ ,BRITI% LABOR & CON/ITUTIONAL MOVEM5T 9 ! YE>S #a#h#a-#a#h#b4 ,BLAKE'S MAJOR POEMS--:I* >E ALSO BEAUTIFUL >TWORKS 9CORPORAT+ HIS [N ILLU/RATIONS--9CLUDE ?OSE COLLECT$ 9 ,SONGS ( ,9NOC5CE & ( ,EXP]I5CE 7#a#g#h#i-#a#g#i#d72 %ORT N>RATIVE WORKS LIKE ,! ,BOOK ( ,URIZ51 ,AM]ICA A ,PROPHECY1 & ,EUROPE A ,PROPHECY1 ALL WRITT5 9 ! #a#g#iS2 & ?REE LONG1 COMPLEX N>RATIVE POEMS1 ,! ,F\R ,ZOAS 7#a#g#i#g-#a#h#g71 ,MILTON 7#a#h#d-#a#h#a#h71 & ,J]USALEM 7#a#h#d-#a#h#b74 ,?IS >TICLE IS AB\T ,BLAKE'S IDEA ( ,JESUS & ITS RELATION TO REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM4 

,:AT 7A SKEPTICAL READ] MI<T ASK7 IS AN >TICLE AB\T ,JESUS DO+ 9 A 0,J\RNAL ( ,AN>*ISM & ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM08 ,! MO/ OBVI\S ANSW] IS ?AT AN 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] NUMB] ( PEOPLE LIVE !IR LIVES--OR TRY TO--ACCORD+ TO SOME IDEA ( :AT ,JESUS ?\<T1 ?AN ACCORD+ TO ANY IDEA ( :AT AN>*I/S1 ,M>XI/S1 OR SOCIALI/S HAVE ?\<T4 ,BESIDES ?IS FACT1 ,BLAKE'S IDEA ( ,JESUS CONTA9S HIS ANSW]S TO QUE/IONS AB\T H[ TO CREATE & LIVE 9 A FREE SOCIETY ?AT >E CRUCIAL = AN>*I/S--& DEC5T ,M>XI/S & SOCIALI/S--BUT :I* NONE ( ?OSE GR\PS HAS ANSW]$ V]Y WELL4 

,TO ANTICIPATE :AT ,I WILL SAY LAT]1 ,BLAKE ANSW]S ,M>XI/S & ?OSE 9FLU5C$ BY ,M>XISM BY SAY+1 /RAI<T UP FRONT1 ?AT A NEW WORLD IS NOT PR$E/9$ BY AN 9EVITABLE HI/ORICAL PROCESS 79 ,BLAKE'S T]MS1 A DIV9E PLAN7 & CAN'T BE CREAT$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY OR A B5EVOL5T /ATE4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE CREAT$ BY ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE1 & ONLY IF !Y >E 9SPIR$ BY E?ICS1 LOVE1 & MUTUAL SELF-SACRIFICE1 :AT ,BLAKE CALLS 0,MY/]I\S _/ ,(F]+ ( ,SELF = ,ANO!R0 7,J]USALEM #i#f3#b-#b#a74.<#a.> ,BLAKE'S RELEVANCE = AN>*I/S IS A LITTLE DIFF]5T4 ,HIS BELIEF 9 A SELF-REGULAT+ COMMUNITY 5TIRELY )\T GOV]NM5T & HIS REJECTION ( DICTATOR%IP >E AN>*I/ BELIEFS4 ,BUT HIS ,*RI/IANITY IS V]Y UN-AN>*I/1 AT LEA/ TRADITIONALLY4 ,HAV5'T AN>*I/S ALWAYS BE5 HO/ILE TO ! K9D ( PASSIVITY1 O!RWORLDL9ESS1 & RELIANCE ON TRANSC5D5T AU?ORITY ?AT WE ASSOCIATE ) ,*RI/IANITY8 ,BUT ,BLAKE'S ,*RI/IANITY IS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 HIS VIEW ( ,JESUS IS EXACTLY :AT HE HAS TO (F] TO AN>*I/S1 AS WELL AS LIB]T>IANS 9 G5]AL4 

,AN>*I/S BELIEVE 9 A COMMUNITY ( BRO!RHOOD_/SI/]HOOD MU* LIKE ?AT ( SUPPOS$ E>LY ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES1 BUT !Y HAVE REJECT$ RELIGION AS ! GLUE TO HOLD SU* A COMMUNITY TOGE!R4 ,!Y BELIEVE1 9/EAD1 ?AT ) ! DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE & OPPRESSIVE CLASSES1 UN*A9$ HUMAN DESIRE CAN CREATE & UPHOLD ?IS COMMUNAL SOCIETY4 ,BLAKE'S UND]/&+1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS ?AT TO DO SO REQUIRES ! MUTUAL LOVE & EV5 FAI? ?AT HE SUMS UP 9 HIS IDEA ( ,JESUS4 ,AN>*I/S 9T]E/$ 9 ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO CREATE & SU/A9 A FREE SOCIETY DON'T NE$ TO EMBRACE RELIGION OR ,BLAKE'S IDEA ( ,JESUS1 BUT !Y NE$ TO UND]/& :AT ! LATT] CONTRIBUTES ?AT TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ ?\<T DOESN'T4 

,BLAKE'S IDEA ( ,JESUS ALSO (F]S ANSW]S TO SEV]AL MORE SPECIFIC POLITICAL PROBLEMS4 ,ONE IS ! QUE/ION ( :Y !RE %\LD BE A REVOLUTION AT ALL4 ,I AM NOT TALK+ AB\T ISSUES SU* AS :AT K9D ( ORGANIZATIONS & >M$ =CES >E NECESS>Y4 ,RA!R1 ! QUE/ION IS :Y MILLIONS ( PEOPLE %\LD BE WILL+ TO WORK !IR :OLE LIVES ?R\<1 & IF NECESS>Y SACRIFICE !IR LIVES1 = AN IDEAL ?AT MAY NEV] BE REALIZ$4 ,M>XI/S HAVE T5D$ TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION ?R\< FAI? 9 ! 9EVITABLITY ( SOCIALISM_/COMMUNISM2 AN>*I/S HAVE ASSUM$ ?AT ! FIRES ( REVOLT >E ALWAYS SMOLD]+ B5EA? ! DAMP]S ( SOCIAL CONV5TION & /ATE REPRESSION4 7,I REALIZE ,I AM OV]SIMPLIFY+1 EV5 C>ICATUR+1 BO? AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ ?9K+ ON !SE ISSUES1 BUT ,I BELIEVE ?IS SKET* DOES ID5TIFY REAL T5D5CIES 9 !IR ?\<T47 ,!SE ANSW]S >E NOT V]Y SATISFACTORY4 ,WE KN[ FROM EXP]I5CE ?AT 9 SEV]E CRISES PEOPLE HAVE (T5 TURN$ TO FASCISM1 RACISM1 TOTALIT>IAN-,M>XI/ /ATISM1 OR RELIGI\S PASSIVITY = SOLUTIONS4 ,NOT ONLY PRIVILEG$ WORK]S & MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE1 BUT OPPRESS$ WORK]S AS WELL1 HAVE DONE SO4 ,PEOPLE >5'T NATURALLY ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN ANY MORE ?AN !Y >E DE/9$ TO RECOGNIZE !IR ASSUM$ CLASS 9T]E/S4 

,ANO!R PROBLEM IS H[ DISAGREEM5TS WILL BE H&L$ 9 A FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,AGA9 ,I AM NOT REF]R+ TO SPECIFICS1 LIKE H[ COOP]ATIVES W\LD BE ORGANIZ$1 BUT TO MORE BASIC QUE/IONS4 ,:Y1 9 ! LONG RUN1 W\LD COOP]ATIVE & EQUALIT>IAN WAYS ( LIV+ W9 \T OV] COMPETITIV5ESS1 RACISM1 SEXUAL OPPRESSION8 ,H[ W\LD A FREE SOCIETY MANAGE DISAGREEM5T OV] BO? PRACTICAL QUE/IONS & PR9CIPLES )\T A CO]CIVE GOV]NM5T8 ,M>XI/S HAVE ASSUM$ ?AT AN ALL-P[]FUL /ATE P>TY WILL SETTLE !SE QUE/IONS UNTIL AN UNSPECIFI$ TRANSITION TO /ATELESS COMMUNISM2 AN>*I/S1 9 CONTRA/1 HAVE FELT ?AT NO REAL PROBLEMS WILL >ISE--COOP]ATION AT LEA/ 9 L>GE MATT]S WILL BE NATURAL ONCE ! /ATE IS GONE4 ,AGA91 !SE >E NOT V]Y SATISFY+ ANSW]S4 

,BLAKE'S ANSW]S >E DIFF]5T4 ,TO ! FIR/ QUE/ION--:Y ANYONE W\LD /RUGGLE = A TOTAL *ANGE 9 SOCIETY--,BLAKE ANSW]S ?R\< HIS PROPHET-FIGURE1 ,LOS1 ?AT LOVE WILL MOTIVATE ! NECESS>Y EXTREMES ( SELF-SACRIFICE & DEVOTION1 IF ANY?+ WILL3 0,I CAN AT WILL EXPATIATE 9 ! ,G>D5S ( BLISS2 _/ ,BUT PANGS ( LOVE DRAW ME D[N TO MY LO9S 444 _/ 444 ,O ,ALBION6 MY BRO!R6 _/ ,CORRUPTIBILITY APPE>S UPON ?Y LIMBS1 & NEV] MORE _/ ,CAN ,I >ISE & LEAVE ?Y SIDE0 7,J]USALEM #h#b3#h#b-#h#c3#b74 ,BLAKE'S RESPONSE TO ! SECOND ISSUE IS ?AT SOCIETY WILL MANAGE ITSELF ?R\< OP5 DEBATE1 IF PEOPLE CAN CLEANSE !MSELVES ( ! SPIRITUAL & M5TAL DE=MATIONS ( !IR PREVI\S LIVES4 ,BLAKE'S IDEA ( ,JESUS PLAYS A P>T 9 ANSW]+ H[ EA* ( !SE PROCESSES C\LD HAPP54 

,TO UND]/& ,BLAKE'S CONCEPTION ( ,JESUS1 & H[ IT CAN SPEAK TO US 9 V]Y DIFF]5T TIMES FROM HIS [N1 A LITTLE BACKGR\ND IS NECESS>Y4 ,BLAKE CAME ( AGE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ?AT WAS ALSO A TIME ( POPUL> APOCALYPTIC RELIGION4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION BEGAN :5 ,BLAKE WAS EI<TE54 ,HE & MO/ ,BRITI% RADICALS SUPPORT$ ! ,AM]ICANS--JU/ AS1 TWO HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]1 ,U4,S4 RADICALS SUPPORT$ ! ,VIETAMESE 9 ! ,VIETNAM W>4 ,BLAKE WAS ?IRTY-TWO :5 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION />T$2 AGA91 MO/ ,BRITI% RADICALS BACK$ ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE1 & ,BLAKE ) !M4 ,= MO/ ( ,BLAKE'S MIDDLE AGE ,5GL& WAS AT W> ) ,FRANCE 7#a#g#i#b-#a#h#a#e71 FIR/ 9 A W> ( 9T]V5TION AGA9/ ! ,FR5* REPUBLIC & !N 9 AN 9T]IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLE ) ,NAPOLEONIC ,FRANCE4 ,BLAKE SAW ! W>1 AT LEA/ 9 ITS LAT] PHASE1 AS A ,SATANIC CONSPIRACY BY ,5GL& TOGE!R ) ,FRANCE1 P]PETRAT$ BY 0,CONGREGAT$ ,ASSEMBLIES ( WICK$ M50 7! ,BRITI% P>LIAM5T1 AMONG O!RS71 09 UNION BLASPHEM\S _/ ,AGA9/ ! DIV9E IMAGE0 7= ,BLAKE1 ! HUMAN =M--M51 & BOYS AS Y\NG AS TWELVE1 9 ! >MIES & NAVIES ( BO? C\NTRIES74 7,! ,F\R ,ZOAS #a#d3#b#i-#c7 ,9 ,BLAKE'S SIXTIES1 ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T MURD]$ ELEV5 UN>M$ DEMON/RATORS1 & W\ND$ OV] F\R HUNDR$1 9 ! 0,PET]LOO0 MASSACRE 7,AUG4 #a#f1 #a#h#a#i74 ,! P[] ( 0,SATAN0 SEEM$ LIMITLESS4 ,BUT ,BLAKE BELIEV$ DEEPLY ?AT ONE DAY ,ALBION1 HIS P]SONIFICATION ( ! ,BRITI% PEOPLE1 W\LD PLUNGE 9TO ! 0,FURNACES ( ,AFFLICTION0--REAL WORKPLACES1 AS WELL AS METAPHORS = HUMAN SUFF]+--& R\SE HIS 0,CITIES @& ,C\NTIES0 TO DISP]SE ! CL\DS ( TYRANNY & OPPRESSION4 7,J]USALEM #i#f3#c#e1 #c#c7 

,AT ! HEI<T ( ! ,5GLI% RADICAL MOVEM5T ( ! #a#g#iS1 :I* LEFT AN 9DELIBLE IMPRESSION ON ,BLAKE'S WRIT+S1 ,LONDON BOIL$ ) AGITATION AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T & MON>*Y & ) EV]Y K9D ( SOCIAL & RELIGI\S SPECULATION4 ,9 ! ALEH\SES ?AT PROVID$1 9 HI/ORIAN ,IA9 ,MC,CALMAN'S WORDS1 A 0SOCIAL BORD]L& ( ! RESPECTABLE & ! R\< 444 PLEBEIAN C\NT]P>TS ( ,VOLTAIRE'S SALONS--,LONDON'S REAL REPUBLIC ( LETT]S10 ONE MI<T DEBATE POLITICS1 RELIGION1 OR BO?1 OR JO9 9 S++ ,JOHN ,!LWALL'S 0,A ,%EEP-%E>+ ,SONG10 :I* EXPLA9$  
  

,H[ %EPH]DS %E] !IR SILLY %EEP1 ,H[ /ATESM5 %E] ! /ATE 444 .<#b.>  
  

,RELIGION WAS C5TRAL TO LEFT-W+ POLITICS4 ,AT A TIME BE=E KN[L$GE ( EVOLUTION OR ! E>?'S GEOLOGICAL AGE1 $UCAT$ & UN$UCAT$ PEOPLE ALIKE BELIEV$ ! WORLD HAD BE5 CREAT$ F\R ?\S& YE>S BE=E ,*RI/ & W\LD 5D TWO ?\S& YE>S AFT]--9 ! RELATIVELY NE>1 P]HAPS IMM$IATE1 FUTURE4 ,TO MANY RADICAL SUPPORT]S ( ,FRANCE1 ITS REVOLUTION WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! APOCALYPSE =ETOLD 9 ! ,BOOK ( ,REVELATION & O!R PROPHECIES4 ,WE NE$ TO UND]/& ?AT ?IS BELIEF 9 APOCALYPSE WAS HOPEFUL4 0,APOC-ALYPSE0 MEANT NOT UNIV]SAL DE/RUCTION BUT ! D[NFALL ( ,SATAN'S K+DOM ON E>? & ! BEG9N+ ( ,JESUS'4 ,VIOL5T AS ?IS PROCESS MI<T BE1 IT W\LD LEAD TO A NEW WORLD 9 :I* 0,GOD %ALL WIPE AWAY ALL TE>S FROM .<\R.> EYES0 7,REV4 #b#a3#d74 ,PAMPHLETS >GU$ ?AT ! W> ) ,FRANCE WAS 0! GREAT ,W> 9 ! ,REVELATIONS1 BY :I* ?IS ,GOV]NM5T .<! ,5GLI%.> WAS TO BE OV]TURN$0 & ?AT ! ALLI$ MON>*IES ( ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,PRUSSIA1 & ,RUSSIA W]E ! F\R BEA/S ( ,DANIEL #g4 ,RADICALS /EEP$ 9 BIBLE TEXTS READ ?AT 0,BABYLON ! GREAT HAS FALL51 HAS FALL50 7,REV4 #a#h3#b7 & ?\<T ( ,K+ ,GEORGE'S ,5GL&4 ,PROPHET ,RI*>D ,BRO!RS BELIEV$ ! ,JEWS W\LD SOON BE RE/OR$ TO ,J]USALEM1 ,GOD'S CITY ON E>?2 HE 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY PR(ESS+ ,JEWS BUT 09VISIBLE0 ,HEBREWS1 ! PEOPLE ( ,5GL&1 :O W\LD ?US BE FRE$ FROM ,WILLIAM ,PITT'S GOV]NM5T4.<#c.> ,SO ,BLAKE WAS NOT ALONE 9 APPLY+ RELIGION TO POLITICS2 BUT HE WAS UNUSUAL 9 ! DEP? ( HIS POLITICAL & RELIGI\S RADICALISM4 

,MO/ PEOPLE :O HAVE READ ANY ,BLAKE1 SU* AS ! E>LY ,SONGS ( ,9NOC5CE & ( ,EXP]I5CE1 REALIZE ?AT HIS POETRY IS SOCIALLY CRITICAL4 ,9 LONG] WORKS1 ,BLAKE DEVELOPS HIS VISION ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION1 AS 9 !SE L9ES FROM ,AM]ICA A ,PROPHECY3  
  

,LET ! SLAVE GR9D+ AT ! MILL1 RUN \T 9TO ! FIELD3 ,LET HIM LOOK UP 9TO ! HEAV5S @& LAU< 9 ! BRI<T AIR2 ,LET ! 9*A9$ S\L %UT UP 9 D>KNESS & 9 SI<+1 ,:OSE FACE HAS NEV] SE5 A SMILE 9 ?IRTY WE>Y YE>S2 ,RISE & LOOK \T1 HIS *A9S >E LOOSE1 HIS DUNGEON DOORS >E OP54 ,& LET HIS WIFE & *ILDR5 RETURN FROM ! OPRESSORS SC\RGE2 ,!Y LOOK BEH9D AT EV]Y /EP @& BELIEVE IT IS A DREAM4444 ,= ,EMPIRE IS NO MORE1 & N[ ! ,LION @& ,WOLF %ALL CEASE4 7#f3#f-#a#e7  
  

,!SE POEMS >E (T5 H>D = A NEW READ]4 ,9/EAD ( TAK+ OV] ! READY-MADE MY?OLOGIES ( BIBLICAL H]OES & ,GREEK-,ROMAN GODS ?AT MANY POETS US$ 9 !IR WORKS1 ,BLAKE 9V5T$ A MY?OLOGY ( HIS [N4 ,HE DIDN'T PROVIDE A KEY = IT1 EI!R4 ,SO ! READ] MEETS *>ACT]S SU* AS ,LOS1 ,URIZ51 OR ! 0%AD[Y DAU<T] ( ,UR?ONA0 )\T ANY EXPLANATION4 ,MOREOV]1 *>ACT]S MUTATE )\T W>N+ & HAVE MULTIPLE1 OV]LAPP+ SYMBOLIC ROLES4 ,BUT ) SOME PATI5CE1 ! READ] WILL BECOME FAMILI> ) ! *>ACT]S & :AT !Y REPRES5T4 ,?OSE ,I HAVE REF]R$ TO SO F> 9CLUDE ,LOS1 ,BLAKE'S PROPHET1 :O IS A BLACKSMI? & !RE=E ALSO /&S = LABOR 9 HUMAN HI/ORY2 ,URIZ51 :O IS SLAVEMA/]1 MON>*1 REPRESSIVE FA!R1 & ,OLD ,TE/AM5T GOD1 AMONG O!R ROLES2 & ,ALBION1 P]SONIFICATION NOT JU/ ( ! ,BRITI% PEOPLE--,ALBION IS AN OLD POETIC NAME = ,5GL&--BUT ( ALL HUMANITY4 ,SO1 9 ! QUOTATION E>LI]1 ,LOS1 AS A FIGURE ( PROPHECY & AS ! WORK+ CLASS1 IS SAY+ HE CANNOT ?9K ONLY ( HIS [N WELL-BE+ BECAUSE LOVE DRAWS HIM TO MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) ! SUFF]+ & CORRUPT$ PEOPLE4 ,BLAKE'S READ]S WILL ALSO MEET ,ORC1 :O SPEAKS ! PROPHECY ABOVE4 ,ORC EMBODIES ! ,FR5* & ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTIONS1 REBELLION ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 7MALE7 SEXUAL LIB]ATION1 OPPOSITION TO RELIGI\S LAW1 & SEV]AL RELAT$ IDEAS4 

,ORC IS ,BLAKE'S MA9 AG5T ( LIB]ATION 9 ,AM]ICA & O!R E>LY N>RATIVE POEMS4 ,B\ND 9 *A9S AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,AM]ICA1 HE SNAPS ! *A9S1 RAPES ! DAU<T] ( ,UR?ONA 7E>?-[N]--,BLAKE USES PUNS A LOT71 & !N APPE>S AS FLAMES ( REVOLT SWEEP+ FROM ,AM]ICA TO ,5GL&4 ,! FLAMES >E D\S$ AT ! 5D ( ! ,AM]ICAN W> BUT SPR+ UP AGA9 TWELVE YE>S LAT]--9 #a#g#i#c1 TWELVE YE>S AFT] ! ,BRITI% SURR5D] AT ,YORKT[N & ! YE> ,L\IS ,X,V,I WAS BEHEAD$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,SO ,ORC /&S = VIOL5T REBELLION4 

,! BROAD] PR9CIPLES ,ORC REPRES5TS >E SUMM$ UP 9 ANO!R E>LY WORK1 ,! ,M>RIAGE ( ,HEAV5 & ,HELL3  
  

,5]GY IS ! ONLY LIFE & IS FROM ! ,BODY @& ,REASON IS ! B\ND OR \TW>D CIRCUMF]5CE ( ,5]GY 444 

,5]GY IS ,ET]NAL ,DELI<T4 

,?OSE :O RE/RA9 DESIRE1 DO SO BECAUSE !IRS IS WEAK 5\< TO BE RE/RA9$2 & ! RE/RA9] OR REASON USURPS ITS PLACE @& GOV]NS ! UNWILL+4 7,M>RIAGE1 PAGES #d-#e7  
  

,BLAKE AT FIR/ SAW UN*ECK$ DESIRE--POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 PSY*IC1 & SEXUAL--AS ! KEY TO LIB]ATION4 ,ORC1 OR SUPPRESS$ 5]GY1 WILL FREE HIMSELF BY BREAK+ ! *A9S ( REPRESSION & !N LIB]ATE O!RS BY CROSS+ ! ,ATLANTIC AS AN UNCONTROLL$ FIRE ( REBELLION4 ,BLAKE ALREADY KNEW ?+S W]5'T SO SIMPLE--,ORC'S FLAMES >E DAMP$ = TWELVE YE>S--BUT ESS5TIALLY HE BELIEV$ 9 5]GY'S P[] TO BREAK ?R\< RE/RA9T4 ,AS P>T ( ?IS ATTITUDE1 HE DIDN'T BELIEVE 9 ANY CODE ( E?ICS1 EV5 AMONG ! OPPRESS$--,ORC'S RAPE ( ! DAU<T] IS SE5 AS LIB]AT+ ! IMPRISON$ 5]GIES ( NATURE4 ,BLAKE ASSUM$ ?AT :5 EV]YONE EXPRESSES DESIRE FREELY1 ALL WILL LIVE 9 H>MONY4 ,READ]S MAY RECOGNIZE 9 !SE IDEAS A SIMIL>ITY TO SOME K9DS ( AN>*I/ ?\<T4 

,BLAKE ULTIMATELY CAME TO *ANGE ?IS EMPHASIS ON PURE DESIRE4 ,SOME ( ! EV5TS ?AT 9FLU5C$ HIM W]E ! FAILURE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION--BO? ! CRUELTY ( ! ,JACOB9 ,T]ROR & ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC /ATE2 ! DECL9E ( ! ,5GLI% RADICAL MOVEM5T ( ! #a#g#iS2 ! SUPPORT ( MO/ ( ! ,BRITI% COMMON PEOPLE = ! W> ( #a#g#i#b-#a#h#a#e2 &1 LAT]1 ! ANTI-HOMOSEXUAL VIOL5CE ( ,LONDON MOBS :O ASSEMBL$ 9 ?\S&S TO ASSAULT PRISON]S CONVICT$ 9 RAIDS ON GAY E/ABLI%M5TS 9 #a#h#a-#a#h#a#a4 ,ALL !SE EV5TS UND]L9$ ! POSSIBILITY ( H>NESS+ REPRESS$ POPUL> 5]GIES = P]SECUTION & W>4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !SE W]E NOT TRULY AUTONOM\S EXPRESSIONS ( DESIRE1 & P]HAPS AN AN>*I/ W\LD REPLY ?AT ONLY SU* AUTONOM\S EXPRESSIONS CAN BE LIB]AT+4 ,BUT ,BLAKE WAS ALSO AW>E ?AT NO?+ 9 SOCIETY CAN BE AUTONOM\S 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ FREE FROM 9FLU5CE BY PA/ HI/ORY1 IDEOLOGY1 & ! TEA*+S ( V>I\S ELITES4 7,?IS1 :ATEV] ITS O!R FAULTS1 IS ! VALUE ( ,L59'S >GUM5T = EXPLICIT SOCIALI/ POLITICS & AGA9/ 0SPONTANEITY0 9 ,:AT ,IS ,TO ,BE ,DONE87 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT 9 HIS LAT] WORKS ,BLAKE /OPP$ PRES5T+ ! LIB]ATION ( DESIRE1 ALONE1 AS SUFFICI5T = HUMAN LIB]ATION4 

,BUT NEI!R DID ,BLAKE--LIKE EX-RADICALS ( HIS [N & LAT] TIMES--DECIDE ?AT ! AIM ( LIB]AT+ DESIRE WAS WRONG1 ?AT UNTRAMMEL$ DESIRE ITSELF L$ TO EXCESSES ( VIOL5CE & HATR$1 OR ?AT SOCIETY NE$$ AN AU?ORITY PR9CIPLE TO RE/RA9 ! PEOPLE4 ,9/EAD1 ,BLAKE %[$ ?AT PURE OR 9/9CTUAL DESIRE1 )\T A L>G] VISION ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 C\LD BE CAPTUR$ & P]V]T$ BY AU?ORIT>IAN IDEAS & POLITICAL =CES1 & TURN$ 9TO A LU/ = P[]4 ,9 ! C5TRAL CRISIS ( HIS LONG POEM ,! ,F\R ,ZOAS1 :I* IS BO? A UNIV]SAL HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION & A DRAMATIZATION ( CONTEMPOR>Y EV5TS1 ,BLAKE %[S ,ORC TEMPT$ BY ,URIZ5 ) P[] OV] ! MASSES--9 O!R WORDS1 OV] A PORTION ( HIMSELF4 ,ORC DIVIDES 9TO AN OPPRESSIVE S]P5T--,NAPOLEONIC ,FRANCE--& A 0H[L+0 BOY *A9$ 09 ! DEEPS0 7,! ,F\R ,ZOAS #h#e3#b#b1 #i3#d#f7--,ORC'S ORIG9AL =M1 ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLE4 

,N[1 9 A MOVEM5T 0BACK TO BASICS10 ,BLAKE BEGAN EMPHASIZE ! NE$ = DEEP HI/ORICAL AW>5ESS1 VOLUNT>Y E?ICAL COMMITM5TS1 & A BELIEF 9 UNIV]SAL HUMAN BRO!RHOOD TO GUIDE1 & EV5 MAKE POSSIBLE1 ! LIB]ATION ( DESIRE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,BLAKE BEGAN DRAMATIZ+ & CRITICIZ+ O!R ASSUMPTIONS ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES & ! ,5GLI% RADICALS ( ! TIME--AMONG !M ! IDEA ( AN 5LI<T5$ LEAD]%IP ?AT C\LD GUIDE ! PEOPLE TO FRE$OM )\T !IR [N CONSCI\S P>TICIPATION2 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ONE LIB]AT+ VOICE C\LD SPEAK = ALL ! PEOPLE2 & ! BELIEF ?AT ! MOM5T ( LIB]ATION 79 ,BLAKE'S BIBLICAL T]MS1 ( APOCALYPSE7 WAS DET]M9$ BY ,GOD & KN[ABLE 9 ADVANCE4 ,ALL !SE IDEAS1 READ]S WILL REALIZE1 HAVE EQUIVAL5TS 9 LAT] REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T1 P>TICUL>LY ,M>XISM4 

,AT ! C5T] ( ,BLAKE'S NEW CONCEPT ( LIB]ATION1 AS ! 9SPIRATION ( UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD1 IS ! FIGURE ( ,JESUS4 ,BLAKE'S ,JESUS IS NOT ! GREAT]-?AN-HUMAN SON ( ,GOD1 HUMANITY'S R$EEM] & JUDGE1 ( AU?ORIT>IAN ,*RI/IANITY4 ,BORR[+ & BUILD+ ON L[]-CLASS RADICAL ,*RI/IAN TRADITIONS ?AT HE WAS /EEP$ 9 AS A *ILD--BE/ EXPLOR$ 9 ,E4 ,P4 ,?OMPSON'S ,WITNESS ,AGA9/ ! ,BEA/3 ,WILLIAM ,BLAKE & ! ,MORAL ,LAW.<#d.>--,BLAKE MAKES ,JESUS A MAN1 A COMRADE 9 SUFF]+1 READY TO DIE = HIS FELL[ HUMANS4 ,&1 LIT]ALLY1 ,JESUS IS ALL HUMANS1 :5 !Y >E ABLE TO LIVE 9 LOVE & MUTUAL SELF-SACRIFICE4 

,BLAKE HAD ALREADY EXPRESS$ ?IS IDEA ( ,GOD OR ,JESUS 9 E>LY POEMS1 SU* AS 0,! ,DIV9E ,IMAGE0 FROM ,SONGS ( ,9NOC5CE 7#a#g#h#i73  
  

,TO ,M]CY ,PITY ,PEACE & ,LOVE ,ALL PRAY 9 !IR DI/RESS3 ,& TO !SE VIRTUES ( DELI<T ,RETURN !IR ?ANKFULNESS4 

,= ,M]CY ,PITY ,PEACE & ,LOVE ,IS ,GOD \R FA!R DE>3 ,& ,M]CY ,PITY ,PEACE & ,LOVE1 ,IS ,MAN HIS *ILD & C>E4 

,= ,M]CY HAS A HUMAN HE>T ,PITY1 A HUMAN FACE3 ,& ,LOVE1 ! HUMAN =M DIV9E1 ,& ,PEACE1 ! HUMAN DRESS4 

,!N EV]Y MAN ( EV]Y CLIME1 ,?AT PRAYS 9 HIS DI/RESS1 ,PRAYS TO ! HUMAN =M DIV9E ,LOVE ,M]CY ,PITY ,PEACE4 

,!N ALL MU/ LOVE ! HUMAN =M1 ,9 HEA!N1 TURK OR JEW4 ,:]E ,M]CY1 ,LOVE @& ,PITY DWELL1 ,!RE ,GOD IS DWELL+ TOO4  
  

,?IS WOND]FUL POEM1 EV5 ?\< IT IS V]Y SIMPLE1 NE$S TO BE READ V]Y C>EFULLY & ABSOLUTELY LIT]ALLY TO BE UND]/OOD4 ,\R [N LE>N$ RESPONSES 9H]IT$ FROM AU?ORIT>IAN RELIGION TELL US :AT ,BLAKE 0MU/0 MEAN3 M]CY1 PITY1 PEACE & LOVE >E DIV9E QUALITIES1 &1 9SPIR$ BY ,GOD1 !Y >E F\ND 9 HUMANS TOO2 ,GOD'S M]CY IS EXPRESS$ 9 HUMAN ACTS4 ,?AT IS NOT :AT ,BLAKE IS SAY+4 ,HE SAYS ?AT PEOPLE PRAY TO M]CY1 PITY1 PEACE1 & LOVE--HUMAN VIRTUES2 ?AT !SE VIRTUES >E ,GOD2 ?AT !RE=E EV]YONE :O PRAYS IS PRAY+ TO ! HUMAN =M2 & ?AT ! DIV9E IMAGE IS 0! HUMAN =M1 _/ ,9 HEA!N1 TURK OR JEW40 ,GOD & ,JESUS1 = ,BLAKE1 >E HUMANITY1 :5 & :]E IT CAN LIVE BY !SE VIRTUES4 ,9 A LAT] ESSAY1 ,BLAKE REF]S SIMPLY TO 0MAN OR HUMANITY1 :O IS ,JESUS ! ,SAVIOR0 7,A ,DESCRIPTIVE ,CATALOG ( ,PICTURES1 9 ,]DMAN1 ,POETRY & ,PROSE #e#c#f74 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,SATAN IS HUMANITY :5 IT DOES NOT LIVE BY ?OSE VIRTUES2 ,SATAN IS 9DIVIDUAL CRUELTY1 SEXUAL & MORAL HYPOCRISY1 &1 AS ,I M5TION$ ABOVE1 HUMAN 9/ITUTIONAL OPPRESSION1 0,CONGREGAT$ ,ASSEMBLIES ( WICK$ M540 

,! IDEAS 9 0,! ,DIV9E ,IMAGE0 HAVE MANY IMPLICATIONS4 ,ONE IS ?AT S9CE WE PRAY TO 0! HUMAN =M DIV9E10 ! HUMAN BODY1 !RE=E ! BODY1 & ITS SEXUALITY1 >E HOLY2 ,LOVE HAS 0! HUMAN =M40 ,?IS BELIEF L$ ,BLAKE FROM AN 9ITIAL EMPHASIS ON MALE SEXUAL GRATIFICATION TO AN EV5TUAL BELIEF 9 WOM5'S AUTONOMY & A DEF5SE ( HOMOSEXUALITY4 ,BUT MY MA9 EMPHASIS H]E WILL BE ON ! DIRECTLY POLITICAL ASPECTS ( HIS BELIEF4 

,BLAKE EV5TUALLY MADE ! IDEA ( A HUMAN1 COLLECTIVE ,JESUS ! KEY TO HIS IDEA ( LIB]ATION4 ,9 ,J]USALEM1 A LATE WORK1 ,ALBION1 ,BLAKE'S MY?IC FIGURE = ! ,BRITI% PEOPLE & HUMANITY 9 G5]AL1 HAS TURN$ AWAY 0FROM ,UNIV]SAL ,LOVE10 RAG+ 0) L\D _/ ,?UND]S ( DEADLY W> 7! FEV] ( ! HUMAN S\L70--A FAIRLY DIRECT REF]5CE TO ! CONT95T-WIDE W>4 ,AS HE TURNS AWAY1  
  

MILD ! ,SAVIOR FOLL['D HIM1 ,DISPLAY+ ! ,ET]NAL ,VISION6 ! ,DIV9E ,SIMILITUDE6 ,9 LOVES & TE>S ( BRO!RS1 SI/]S1 SONS1 FA!RS1 & FRI5DS ,:I* IF ,MAN CEASES TO BEHOLD1 HE CEASES TO EXI/3 ,SAY+4 ,ALBION6 ,\R W>S >E W>S ( LIFE1 @& W\NDS ( LOVE1 ,) 9TELLECTUAL SPE>S1 @& LONG W+$ >R[S ( ?\<T3 ,MUTUAL 9 ONE ANO!RS LOVE & WRA? ALL R5EW+ ,WE LIVE AS ,ONE ,MAN2 = CONTRACT+ \R 9F9ITE S5SES ,WE BEHOLD MULTITUDE2 OR EXP&+3 WE BEHOLD AS ONE4 ,AS ,ONE ,MAN ALL ! ,UNIV]SAL ,FAMILY2 & ?AT ,ONE ,MAN ,WE CALL ,JESUS ! ,*RI/3 & HE 9 US1 & WE 9 HIM1 ,LIVE 9 P]FECT H>MONY 9 ,$5 ! L& ( LIFE1 ,GIV+1 RECIEV+1 & =GIV+ EA* O!RS TRESPASSES4 ,HE IS ! ,GOOD %EPH]D1 HE IS ! ,LORD & MA/]3 ,HE IS ! ,%EPH]D ( ,ALBION1 HE IS ALL 9 ALL1 ,9 ,$53 9 ! G>D5 ( ,GOD3 & 9 HEAV5LY ,J]USALEM4 ,IF WE HAVE (F5D$1 =GIVE US1 TAKE NOT V5GEANCE AGA9/ US4 ,?US SPEAK+2 ! ,DIV9E ,FAMILY FOLL[ ,ALBION2 ,I SEE !M 9 ! ,VISION ( ,GOD UPON MY PLEASANT VALLEYS4 7,J]USALEM #c#d3#a-#b#h7  
  

,BLAKE MEANS EXACTLY :AT HE SAYS4 ,! ,SAVIOR IS A HUMAN GR\P1 0,WE10 :O 0LIVE AS ,ONE ,MAN10 AS 0,ONE ,MAN ALL ! ,UNIV]SAL ,FAMILY2 & ?AT ,ONE ,MAN _/ ,WE CALL ,JESUS ! ,*RI/40 ,JESUS IS ! UNIV]SAL FAMILY4 ,HE & HIS MEMB]S1 ! ,DIV9E ,FAMILY1 PROMISE ! W>-MADD5$ ,ALBION A DIFF]5T K9D ( W>1 ?AT ( 9TELLECT & LOVE4 7,BLAKE NEV] BELIEV$ 9 ,M>XI/ UTOPIA'S >TIFICIAL UNANIMITY2 HE WANT$ A NEW SOCIETY FILL$ ) CULTURAL & 9TELLECTUAL CONFRONTATION RESOLV$ ?R\< DEBATE1 )\T 9/ITUTIONAL HI]>*Y47 ,BLAKE'S ,JESUS1 !N1 IS HUMANITY :5 IT IS UNIT$ BY LOVE4 

,BUT ?IS ,JESUS IS NOT SOME WEAK IDEA ( HUMANIT>IAN B5EVOL5CE4 ,HE HAS ! FULL =CE ( TRADITIONAL RELIGI\S BELIEF4 ,HE IS HUMANITY'S GU>DIAN OR %EPH]D4 ,BUT HE IS HUMAN & COLLECTIVE3 0HE .<,ONE ,MAN ALL ! ,UNIV]SAL ,FAMILY.> 9 US1 & WE 9 HIM1 _/ ,LIVE 9 P]FECT H>MONY 9 ,$5 ! L& ( LIFE02 0,HE .<,ONE ,MAN ALL ! ,UNIV]SAL ,FAMILY.> IS ! ,GOOD %EPH]D1 HE IS ! ,LORD & MA/]3 _/ ,HE IS ! ,%EPH]D ( ,ALBION1 HE IS ALL 9 ALL1 _/ ,9 ,$53 9 ! G>D5 ( ,GOD40 

,MOREOV]1 EV5 ?\< 0! ,SAVIOR0 FOLL[S ,ALBION 7L9E #a71 HE_/IT SPEAKS 0,9 LOVES & TE>S ( BRO!RS1 SI/]S1 SONS1 FA!RS1 & FRI5DS0 7L9E #a#b71 & AT ! 5D ( ! SPEE* ! SPEAK] IS SAID TO BE 0! ,DIV9E ,FAMILY0 7L9E #b#g74 ,ALL ( !SE >E ! SAME4 ,JESUS OR ! ,SAVIOR IS ! ,DIV9E ,FAMILY & ! ,DIV9E ,FAMILY IS ! LOVES & TE>S ( REAL HUMAN FAMILIES & FRI5DS4 ,9 HIS LATE POETRY ,BLAKE (T5 9T]*ANGES HUMAN & DIV9E T]MS 9 ?IS WAY1 UND]L9+ ! HUMAN MEAN+ ( ,JESUS & ,GOD4 ,LAT] 9 ,J]USALEM1 = EXAMPLE1 ! 0,DIV9E ,VISION0 S+S A SONG ( OPPRESSION & 5DURANCE2 ! POEM'S N>RATOR CLOSES BY SAY+1 0,?IS IS ! ,SONG ( ! ,LAMB1 SUNG BY ,SLAVES 9 EV5+ TIME0 7,J]USALEM #f3#e1 #c#h74 ,WE MU/ BE C>EFUL NOT TO ASSUME ?AT ,BLAKE MEANS SLAVES' SONGS >E LIKE ! DIV9E VISION2 HE IS SAY+ SLAVES' SONGS >E ! DIV9E VISION & ! SONG ( ! ,LAMB 7?AT IS1 ,JESUS72 ,JESUS IS SLAVES S++ ( FRE$OM4 ,9 ,MILTON1 ANO!R LATE POEM1 ,LOS SPEAKS TO HIS SONS ( CONT9U+ !IR WORK ( R$EMPTION BECAUSE 0,WE W]E PLAC'D H]E BY ! ,UNIV]SAL ,BRO!RHOOD @& ,M]CY0 7,MILTON #b#c3#e74 ,BLAKE IS NOT1 AS WE MI<T ASSUME1 US+ 0,UNIV]SAL ,BRO!RHOOD @& ,M]CY0 AS A POETIC WAY ( SAY+ 0,JESUS0 OR 0,GOD0--OR1 RA!R1 HE IS SAY+ ?IS1 BUT 9 HIS [N WAY3 ,LOS & HIS SONS W]E PLAC$ H]E BY UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD & M]CY2 ?AT IS :AT ,JESUS IS4 

,BLAKE'S ,JESUS1 !N1 IS HUMANITY1 :5 HUMANITY IS ABLE TO 0EXP&0 ITS S5SES & 0BEHOLD AS ONE1 _/ ,AS ,ONE ,MAN ALL ! ,UNIV]SAL ,FAMILY40 ,! PO9T IS WOR? UND]L9+4 ,BLAKE DOES NOT SAY ?AT HUMANITY 0CEASES TO EXI/0 :5 IT LOSES SI<T ( SOME TRANSC5D5T DIV9ITY--BUT :5 IT CEASES TO BEHOLD 0LOVES & TE>S ( BRO!RS1 SI/]S1 SONS1 FA!RS1 & FRI5DS40 ,! ,DIV9E ,SIMILITUDE IS SE5 9 !IR LOVES & TE>S1 & ONLY !RE4 ,9 FACT1 ONE WAY TO READ ,BLAKE'S WORDS IS ?AT ! BRO!RS1 SI/]S1 & FRI5DS >E ,JESUS--!Y >E A FAMILY & HE TOO IS A FAMILY4 

,MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ,JESUS OR ,GOD IS ?OSE :O LABOR 9 ! 0,FURNACES ( ,AFFLICTION40 ,!SE FURNACES /& = HUMANITY'S SUFF]+ ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 = ! 9DU/RIAL WORKPLACES ( ,BLAKE'S DAY1 &1 ALSO1 = ! /RUGGLES AGA9/ POV]TY & TYRANNY 9 ! YE>S :5 ,J]USALEM WAS WRITT51 #ahd TO #a#h#b2 DIFF]5T DESCRIPTIONS ?R\<\T ,J]USALEM MAKE ALL !SE MEAN+S CLE>4 ,! FURNACES >E ! PLACES :]E ! /RUGGLE = R$EMPTION OCCURS 7& :]E UNSPEAKABLE SUFF]+ TAKES PLACE71 & ! LABOR]S !RE=E >E ,GOD OR ,JESUS /RUGGL+ = R$EMPTION4 ,BLAKE 9DICATES ?IS BY 9T]*ANG+ HUMAN & DIV9E T]MS 9 ! WAY ,I HAVE JU/ EXPLA9$4 ,FIR/ ,LOS SPEAKS3 0,YET :Y DESPAIR6 ,I SAW ! F+] ( ,GOD GO =? _/ ,UPON MY ,FURNACES1 FROM )9 ! :EELS ( ,ALBIONS ,SONS3 _/ 444 _/ ,GOD IS )91 @& )\T6 HE IS EV5 9 ! DEP?S ( ,HELL60 ,!N ! POEM'S N>RATOR SAYS ?AT ! LABOR]S HAVE BE5 SPEAK+1 & ?AT !Y >E :]E ,LOS SAID ,GOD'S F+] WAS & >E DO+ :AT IT DID3 0,SU* W]E ! LAM5TATIONS ( ! ,LABOR]S 9 ! ,FURNACES6 _/ ,& !Y APPE>D )9 @& )\T 9CIRCL+ ON BO? SIDES _/ ,! ,/>RY ,:EELS ( ,ALBIONS ,SONS1 ) ,SPACES = ,J]USALEM0 7,J]USALEM #a#b3#a-#a#h74.<#e.> ,! LABOR]S1 :5 !Y TRULY WORK TO R$EEM HUMANITY1 >E ,GOD OR ,JESUS4 

,SO1 :5 ,BLAKE'S APOCALYPSE1 :I* IS ALSO A SOCIAL UPRIS+1 TAKES PLACE AT ! 5D ( ,J]USALEM1 IT BEG9S 9 ! FURNACES & IS 9SPIR$ BY ,JESUS4 ,ALBION1 ! ,BRITI% PEOPLE1 :O HAS BE5 %[N AS DEAD OR ASLEEP ?R\< MO/ ( ! POEM1 HAS AWAK5$ & IS TALK+ TO ,JESUS AS ! CL\DS ( OPPRESSION & FALSEHOOD ?REAT5 TO 5GULF !M4 ,JESUS1 ,BLAKE SAYS1 IS 0! ,LORD ! ,UNIV]SAL ,HUMANITY0 & IS WILL+ TO DIE = ,ALBION3 0,?IS IS ,FRI5D%IP @& ,BRO!RHOOD )\T IT ,MAN ,IS ,NOT0 7,J]USALEM #i#f3#e1 #a#f74 ,AS ! CL\DS DIVIDE HIM FROM ,JESUS1 ,ALBION CRIES \T3  
  

,DO ,I SLEEP AMID DANG] TO ,FRI5DS6 ,O MY ,CITIES @& ,C\NTIES ,DO Y\ SLEEP6 R\ZE UP6 R\ZE UP4 ,ET]NAL ,DEA? IS ABROAD ,SO ,ALBION SPOKE @& ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! ,FURNACES ( AFFLICTION ,ALL WAS A ,VISION1 ALL A ,DREAM3 ! ,FURNACES BECAME ,F\NTA9S ( ,LIV+ ,WAT]S FL[+ FROM ! ,HUMANITY ,DIV9E ,& ALL ! ,CITIES ( ,ALBION ROSE FROM !IR ,SLUMB]S1 & ,ALL ,! ,SONS @& ,DAU<T]S ( ,ALBION ON S(T CL\DS ,WAK+ FROM ,SLEEP ,SOON ALL >\ND REMOTE ! ,HEAV5S BURNT ) FLAM+ FIRES 444 7#i#f3#c#c-#d7  
  

,! REBELLION CLE>LY BEG9S 9 ! FURNACES1 IS MADE ?R\< ,ALBION'S APPEAL TO HIS 0,CITIES @& ,C\NTIES10 & IS SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE ! FURNACES ?R[ UP 0,F\NTA9S ( ,LIV+ ,WAT]S40 ,! UPRIS+-APOCALYPSE1 !N1 IS AN 9SURRECTION>Y MASS MOVEM5T1 BAS$ 9 PLACES ( PRODUCTION4 ,ALBION'S DESC5T IS AN APPEAL = COLLECTIVE ACTION1 & IT IS AN ACT ( PUBLIC ORGANIZ+4 7,! IDEA ( ! WAK+ PEOPLE & ! PHRASES 0R\ZE UP6 R\ZE UP6'' >E TAK5 FROM CONTEMPOR>Y H&BILLS APPEAL+ = MASS ACTION47 ,MO/ ( ALL1 ! UPRIS+ IS 9SPIR$ BY ,JESUS' EXAMPLE ( FRAT]NAL SELF-SACRIFICE3 0,ALBION /OOD 9 T]ROR3 NOT = HIMSELF BUT = HIS ,FRI5D _/ ,DIV9E0 7L9ES #c-#c#a74 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 WRIT+ PROBABLY DUR+ ! SOCIAL CRISIS LEAD+ UP TO ,PET]LOO 9 #a#h#a#i1 OR EV5 AFT]W>DS1 ,BLAKE DOES NOT MAKE CLE> :E!R ! UPRIS+-APOCALYPSE IS VIOL5T OR NOT4 ,! N>RATIVE SKIPS OV] :ATEV] EV5TS 0,SOON0 SET ! HEAV5S ON FIRE4 ,BLAKE1 :O HAD E>LI] BELIEV$ QUITE FIRMLY 9 VIOL5T REVOLUTION 70! /RIFE ( BLOOD0--,EUROPE #a#e3#a#e71 APP>5TLY N[ HOP$ = A NONVIOL5T REVOLT1 BUT LEFT ! QUE/ION OP54 ,MANY RADICALS ( ! TIME1 SU* AS ,P]CY ,%ELLEY1 HAD SIMIL> POSITIONS4 

,! IDEA ?AT ! REAL WORK+ CLASS CAN ACT TO SAVE HUMANITY UND] ! IMPULSE ( UNIV]SAL FRAT]NITY CAN ONLY BE CALL$ A FAI?4 ,IT ISN'T ,BLAKE'S IDEA ALONE1 ( C\RSE4 ,MILLIONS HAVE HAD IT1 ?\< !Y HAVE NOT USUALLY EXPRESS$ ITS RELIGI\S QUALITIES SO DIRECTLY AS ,BLAKE4 ,M>XISM IS1 9 FACT1 A V]SION ( ?IS FAI?4 ,BUT1 :ILE HIS IDEA HAS CLE> AFF9ITIES ) ,M>XISM1 ,BLAKE DIFF]S FROM ,M>X 9 TWO CRUCIAL WAYS4 ,HE DOES NOT D]IVE ! LABOR]S' R$EMPTIVE ROLE FROM AUTOMATIC PROCESSES GR[+ FROM ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 BUT RA!R FROM AN IDEAL ( SOLID>ITY TO :I* ,BLAKE GIVES ! NAME ,JESUS2 & HE /RESSES SELF-SACRIFICE AS C5TRAL TO FULFILL+ ?IS ROLE4 

,SO ,BLAKE WORKS \T AN IDEA ?AT SOCIETY MAY BE SAV$ BY ITS [N OPPRESS$ PEOPLE1 WORK]S & O!RS1 :I* IS SIMIL> TO :AT ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S BELIEVE4 ,BUT TO EXPLA9 H[ ?IS SALVATION CAN OCCUR1 HE NE$S ! FIGURE ( ,JESUS1 UND]/OOD AS 0,ONE ,MAN ALL ! ,UNIV]SAL ,FAMILY0 OR 0! ,UNIV]SAL ,BRO!RHOOD @& ,M]CY40 ,BLAKE IS NOT JU/ TRANSLAT+ RELIGI\S IDEAS 9TO SOCIAL T]MS4 ,NOR IS HE SUB/ITUT+ RELIGION = SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,HE IS TRY+ TO EXPRESS ! S5SE ( SELF-SACRIFIC+ MUTUALITY & UNIV]SAL LOVE ?AT >E NE$$ TO CREATE A FREE SOCIETY & TO SU/A9 IT4 ,& HE IS ALSO TRY+ TO 9SPIRE HIS READ]S TO /RUGGLE = SU* A SOCIETY BY APPEAL+ TO AN IDEA ( ,JESUS ?AT !Y C>RY )9 !M1 :ILE 5C\RAG+ !M TO EXP& ?IS CONCEPTION4 

,!RE IS NO TRICK]Y 9 ANY ( ?IS4 ,BLAKE CALLS UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD ,JESUS BECAUSE ?IS =M ( FRAT]NITY IS A HI<] K9D ( EXI/5CE ?AN WE EXP]I5CE 9 MO/ ( \R LIVES1 & BECAUSE SOME IDEA ( ! POSSIBILITY ( RIS+ ABOVE ORD9>Y EXP]I5CE--SOME IDEA ( ! DIV9E--IS REQUIR$ TO MAKE ?IS K9D ( MUTUALISM POSSIBLE4 

,SEV]AL ADDITIONAL1 RELAT$ PO9TS COME FROM ,BLAKE'S IDEA ( APOCALYPSE AS A MASS-DEMOCRATIC UPRIS+ 9SPIR$ BY MUTUAL LOVE4 ,FIR/1 ! APOCALYPSE-UPRIS+ CANNOT BE PR$ICT$ OR =ETOLD ) ANY C]TA9TY1 BECAUSE IT DEP5DS ON ,ALBION'S WAK+ & HIS READ9ESS TO FOLL[ ,JESUS' EXAMPLE4 7,IF HE W]E NOT READY TO DO ?IS1 HE W\LD DESC5D 9TO COMPETITIV5ESS & OPPRESSION--9 ,BLAKE'S T]MS1 HE W\LD 0DIE0 AGA947 ,?IS IDEA IS OPPOS$ TO ! ,M>XI/ BELIEF ?AT AN OBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL PATT]N DET]M9ES ! MATUR+ ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & !IR HUMAN COMPON5T1 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 A PASSAGE ,I ALREADY QUOT$ 9 P>T1 ,LOS TELLS HIS SONS3  
  

,WE W]E PLAC'D H]E BY ! ,UNIV]SAL ,BRO!RHOOD @& ,M]CY ,) P[]S FITT$ TO CIRCUMSCRIBE ?IS D>K ,SATANIC DEA? 444 ,BUT H[ ?IS IS AS YET WE KN[ NOT1 & WE CANNOT KN[2 ,TILL ,ALBION IS >IS52 !N PATI5T WAIT A LITTLE :ILE1 ,SIX ,?\S& YE>S >E PASSD AWAY ! 5D APPROA*ES FA/ 7,MILTON #b#c3#e-#e#e7  
  

,FUR!RMORE1 BECAUSE ! APOCALYPSE-UPRIS+ DEP5DS ON ,ALBION1 IT ALSO CANNOT BE FOI/$ ON HIM4 ,AT ONE PO9T 9 ,J]USALEM1 ,LOS & ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,ALBION0 MAKE AN ATTEMPT TO SAVE ,ALBION BY CO]CION3 0,!Y ,ALBION SURR\ND ) K9DE/ VIOL5CE TO BE> HIM BACK _/ ,AGA9/ HIS WILL ?RO ,LOS'S ,GATE TO ,$540 ,! RESULT IS A DISA/]3 ,ALBION RESI/S1 ! UNIV]SE GR[S D>K1 & ! FRI5DS HAVE TO AB&ON ! ATTEMPT 7,J]USALEM #c#i3#b-#a#g74 ,FAIRLY CLE>LY1 ,BLAKE IS ATTACK+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION'S USE ( DICTATOR%IP = REVOLUTION>Y AIMS4 ,HE IS ALSO ATTACK+ CONTEMPOR>Y ,5GLI% CONCEPTIONS ( C\P D'ETAT & A CONSPIRATORIAL PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T--9 !SE YE>S !RE W]E SEV]AL ATTEMPTS AT CONSPIRATORIAL UPRIS+S1 ACTIONS AIM$ AT SP>K+ POPUL> REVOLT :I*1 BECAUSE ( !IR UNREPRES5TATIVE *>ACT]1 HAD ! OPPOSITE EFFECT4 ,CLE>LY1 TOO1 ,BLAKE'S CRITICISM ALSO APPLIES TO LAT] IDEAS ( REVOLUTION BY B5EVOL5T ELITES4 ,9 CONTRA/1 AT A LAT] PO9T 9 ,J]USALEM1 0?OSE :O DISREG>D ALL ,MORTAL ,?+S10 A K9D ( DIV9E C\NCIL1 DEBATE :E!R TO APPO9T PROTECTORS TO GU>D HUMANITY 9 ITS /RUGGLES1 & DECIDE NOT TO3 0,LABOR WELL ! ,M9UTE ,P>TICUL>S1 ATT5D TO ! ,LITTLE-ONES1 _/ ,& ?OSE :O >E 9 MIS]Y CANNOT REMA9 SO LONG _/ ,IF WE BUT DO \R DUTY3 LABOR WELL ! TEEM+ ,E>?0 7,J]USALEM #e#e3#a1 #e#a-#e#c74 ,! NEW SOCIETY1 !N1 WILL BE BUILT BY PATI5T HUMAN LABOR 9 :I* WE READY \RSELVES = ! DAY ( /RUGGLE4 

,ADDITIONALLY1 IT WILL BE BAS$ ON ! FREE DEBATE ,BLAKE CALLS 09TELLECTUAL W>40 ,AFT] ! APOCALYPSE-UPRIS+ NE> ! 5D ( ,J]USALEM1 ! UNIV]SE BECOMES A JUMBLE ( CONT5D+ VOICES3 0,& !Y CONV]S$ TOGE!R 9 ,VISION>Y =MS DRAMATIC :I* BRI<T _/ ,R$\ND$ FROM !IR ,TONGUES 444 _/ 444 CREAT+ EXEMPL>S ( ,MEMORY & ( ,9TELLECT _/ 444 ?R\<\T ALL ! ,?REE ,REGIONS IMM5SE _/ ,( ,*ILDHOOD1 ,MANHOOD @& ,OLD ,AGE0 7,J]USALEM #i#h3#b#h-#c#c74 ,BLAKE REJECTS ! IDEA ( A REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITY ?AT CAN LEAD ,ALBION TO ,$51 & ! RELAT$ IDEA ?AT ALL WILL SPEAK ) ONE VOICE AFT] A REVOLUTION-APOCALYPSE4 ,9/EAD1 HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 CONV]S+ 09 ,VISION>Y =MS DRAMATIC10 WILL 7,BLAKE HOPES7 REMAKE ! UNIV]SE ?R\< OP5 DIALOGUE4 

,BLAKE ALSO SEES ?AT TO KEEP ?IS SY/EM WORK+--EV5 TO GET IT TO WORK--REQUIRES A K9D ( SPIRITUAL CLEANS+ AFT] ! APOCALYPSE-REVOLUTION4 ,ONE ACTION ,BLAKE'S AWAK5$ 0ZOAS10 OR HUMAN =MS & POPULATIONS1 TAKE AFT] ! HEAV5S >E LIT ON FIRE IS TO SLAY 0,! ,DRUID ,SPECT]0 7,J]USALEM #i#h3#f74 0,SPECT]S10 9 ,BLAKE'S POETRY1 >E DE=M$ K9DS ( ?\<T & ACTION1 & HE P>TICUL>LY ASSOCIAT$ ,DRUIDISM ) W> & CAPITAL PUNI%M5T4 ,SO APP>5TLY A*IEV+ A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY REQUIRES A /RUGGLE = ! SPIRITUAL HEAL? ( ! WORK]S & COMMON PEOPLE AFT] A SUCCESSFUL UPRIS+4 ,?IS IDEA CAN BE EXT5D$ F>!R ?AN ,BLAKE 7AT ! 5D ( HIS POEM7 TAKES IT3 ! /RUGGLE MU/ BE CONT9U\S1 OR ! SPECT]S WILL REASS]T !MSELVES & SOCIETY WILL DEG5]ATE 9TO COMPETITIV5ESS1 OPPRESSION & W>4 

,MO/ D>+LY1 9 E>LI] EPISODES ( ,J]USALEM1 ,BLAKE REJECTS ! CONCEPTION ( HUMAN P]FECTIBILITY ?AT MO/ RADICAL TRADITIONS HAVE EMBRAC$2 MAN1 HE SAYS1 0IS BORN A ,SPECT] OR ,SATAN @& IS ALTOGE!R AN ,EVIL0 7PAGE #e#b1 PROSE SECTION74 ,AGA9/ ! RADICAL OR?ODOXY ( HIS TIME & \RS1 ,BLAKE BELIEV$ 9 HUMAN S9FULNESS4 ,?IS BELIEF WAS P>TLY A MATT] ( HUMANITY & REALISM2 ! SIXTY-YE>-OLD ,BLAKE HAD LIV$ LONG 5\< TO KN[ H[ MU* WE CAN HURT ONE ANO!R4 ,ASIDE FROM ?IS ASPECT1 ,BLAKE'S BELIEF 9 IMP]FECTION1 P>ADOXICALLY 5\<1 WAS A KEY TO HIS IDEA ( A NONAU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY4 

,?IS P>T ( HIS ?9K+ IS COMPLEX BUT TRULY REW>D+4 ,! IDEA ( P]FECTIBILITY IS /ILL DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 RADICAL ?\<T4 ,BUT S9CE CLE>LY PEOPLE >E NOT P]FECT N[1 ! BELIEF LEADS1 ALMO/ 9S5SIBLY1 TO ! CONCEPT ( REMOLD+ ! COMMON PEOPLE FROM ABOVE1 DUR+ A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD 9 :I* !Y %$ COMPETITIVE1 RACI/1 & SIMIL> BELIEFS2 ONLY !N DO !Y BECOME TRULY CAPABLE ( RUNN+ ! BEAUTIFUL SOCIETY ?AT HAS BE5 BUILT = !M4 ,! IDEA ( P]FECTIBILITY FUR!R 9VOLVES HO/ILITY TO PEOPLE'S ORD9>Y CULTURE & BELIEFS1 & A COMPROMISE 7AT BE/7 ) ! IDEA ( A GOV]NM5T ( GU>DIANS4 ,9 A MOD]N =M1 SU* AS ,*E ,GUEV>A'S 0NEW SOCIALI/ MAN10 ! IDEA ( P]FECTIBILITY HAS MANY ATTRACTIVE ASPECTS2 IT >GUES ?AT CAPITALI/ VALUES >E NOT NECESS>ILY HUMANITY'S RUL+ QUALITIES4 ,BUT IT IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! CONCEPTION ?AT AN ALREADY P]FECT$ OR P>TLY-P]FECT$ LEAD]%IP WILL HOLD P[] & REMOLD HUMAN *>ACT] FROM ABOVE4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! DESIRE = A SUPRAHUMAN P]FECTION BECOMES ! BASIS = USURP+ P[]4 ,BLAKE KNEW SU* REGIMES FROM ,5GL&'S RELIGI\S HI/ORY & ITS E>LI] REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY UND] ,CROMWELL1 AS WELL AS FROM ! REC5T ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 PLACE ( ! ,FR5* 0REPUBLIC ( ,VIRTUE10 :I* L$ TO VE/+ SUPREME P[] 9 VIRTUE'S GU>DIANS1 ,BLAKE (F]$ ! IDEA ( CONT9UAL =GIV5ESS ( S9S1 AS 9 ! PASSAGE AB\T ! ,DIV9E ,FAMILY QUOT$ E>LI]4 ,BY IMPLICATION1 IF !RE IS CONT9UAL =GIV5ESS ( S91 ! IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATION = A HI]>*Y ( SOCIAL GU>DIANS VANI%ES1 A CRUCIAL /EP 9 CONV9C+ PEOPLE TO ABOLI% ! HI]>*IES 9 REALITY4 

,ALL !SE EPISODES EXEMPLIFY ! 9DEP5D5T ROLE ( UTOPIAN VALUES 9 ,BLAKE4 ,!SE VALUES MAY BE TAK5 AS RELIGI\S1 SPIRITUAL1 OR E?ICAL--DEP5D+ ON H[ ONE REG>DS !M4 ,= ,BLAKE !Y >E C]TA9LY RELIGI\S4 ,BUT 9 ANY CASE !Y >E NOT M]E REFLECTIONS ( AN UND]LY+ DEEP] LEVEL ( REALITY1 EI!R 9 ! ,M>XI/ S5SE ( D]IVATION FROM A DIALECTICAL HI/ORICAL S*EME OR 9 ! S5SE SUPPLI$ BY ,BLAKE'S 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION1 ?AT ( ACCORDANCE ) A DIV9E PLAN4 ,& !Y >E NOT SIMPLY EXPRESSIONS ( UNFETT]$ DESIRE1 AS 9 E>LY ,BLAKE & SOME K9DS ( AN>*I/ ?\<T2 !Y >E CONSCI\S & COLLECTIVE4 ,! VALUES ( LOVE & FRAT]NITY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! S5SE ( DEVOTION TO UNIV]SAL HUMANITY1 CORRESPOND TO ,BLAKE'S BELIEFS AB\T ! NATURE ( ,JESUS1 & ?IS ,JESUS IS IMMAN5T 9 HUMANITY4 ,BUT HE IS PRES5T AS HUMANITY'S [N CAPACITIES = COMRADE%IP & P]SUASION1 NOT AN OV]RID+ SUPRAHUMAN PR9CIPLE2 ! ,SAVIOR SAYS TO ,ALBION AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,J]USALEM1 0,I AM NOT A ,GOD AF> (F1 ,I AM A BRO!R & FRI5D0 7#d3#a#h74 ,HUMANITY'S RESPONSE TO ITS [N POT5TIAL TO UNIFY 9 LOVE 7TO BECOME ,JESUS7 IS !RE=E MOTIVAT$ BY LOVE1 NOT OB$I5CE TO HI<] AU?ORITY4 ,& ! RESPONSE IS A FREE ONE1 NOT A SIMPLE RECOGNITION ( NECESSITY2 ,BLAKE'S VIEW CONTRA/S TO ! ,M>XI/ IDEA 7TAK5 FROM ,HEGEL7 ( FRE$OM AS ! UND]/&+ ( NECESSITY4 ,LOVE1 NOT NECESSITY1 DRAWS ,LOS TO ,ALBION'S SIDE :5 HE IS FREE TO 0EXPATIATE 9 ! ,G>D5S ( BLISS10 & T]ROR 0= HIS ,FRI5D _/ ,DIV9E0 LEADS ,ALBION TO PLUNGE 9TO ! FURNACES 7,J]USALEM #h#b3#h#b1 #i#f3#c-#c#a74 

,!SE SPIRITUAL-E?ICAL VALUES & ! EXPLICIT UTOPIANISM ( ! APOCALYPTIC PAGES 9 ,AM]ICA1 ,! ,F\R ,ZOAS1 & ,J]USALEM BECOME ,BLAKE'S MEANS ( BRIDG+ ! GAP BETWE5 ,ALBION'S & ,LOS'S PRES5T CONSCI\SNESS & ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT CAN CREATE AN APOCALYPSE4 ,BLAKE 5VISIONS ?IS CONSCI\SNESS GR[+ ?R\< AN 9CREAS+ BRO!RHOOD & TOL]ANCE--0,:AT IS ,LIB]TY )\T ,UNIV]SAL ,TOL]ATION10 ,BLAKE ASKS 9 HIS ANNOTATIONS TO ,H5RY ,BOYD'S NOTES ON ,DANTE 7,]DMAN1 ,POETRY & ,PROSE #f#c#e74 ,AS JU/ NOT$1 HE ALSO BELIEVES WE MU/ REJECT ! FALSE 0,HEAV50 ( MORAL P]FECTION 7,J]USALEM #d#i3#b#g71 & MU/ VALUE & =GIVE IMP]FECT HUMAN BE+S4 ,!SE VALUES ( CONSCI\S E?ICS & LOVE >E AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,M>XI/ IDEA ( HI/ORICAL 9EVITABILITY2 ,BLAKE1 ( C\RSE1 KNEW NO?+ ( ,M>XISM1 BUT WAS FAMILI> ) SIMIL> CONCEPTIONS 9 ! POLITICS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ,5GLI% RADICALISM1 & HIS [N ,*RI/IAN APOCALYPTIC TRADITION4 

,?IS EMPHASIS ON UTOPIAN VALUES IS ALSO1 P]HAPS1 AN ALT]NATIVE TO AN>*I/ IDEAS ( SPONTANEITY4 ,PEOPLE DO NOT POSSESS !SE VALUES N[1 EXCEPT 9 EMBRYONIC =MS ?AT 7IMPORTANTLY7 (T5 COME FROM AN E?ICAL1 COMMON-PEOPLE'S ,*RI/IANITY ( TOL]ANCE & =GIV5ESS4 ,BUT :5 WE HAVE !SE VALUES1 WE WILL BE ABLE TO CREATE & MA9TA9 A FREE SOCIETY4 ,F9ALLY1 !SE VALUES ALSO CONTRA/ ) ,M>X'S D]IVATION ( FRE$OM FROM MAT]IAL RELATIONS 7SEE ,RON ,TABOR'S DISCUSSION ( ,M>X1 9 ?IS ISSUE74 ,RA!R ?AN BELIEV+ ?AT A TRANS=M$ SOCIETY & CULTURE WILL GR[ 9S5SIBLY FROM TRANS=M$ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 :I* IS MORE OR LESS ,M>X'S IDEA1 ,BLAKE >GUES ?AT RECONCEIV+ CULTURE ?R\< BRO!RHOOD & 0,MY/]I\S _/ ,(F]+ ( ,SELF = ,ANO!R0 IS NECESS>Y TO TRANS=M MAT]IAL SOCIAL RELATIONS AT ALL4 

,BLAKE'S EMPHASIS ON E?ICAL & SPIRITUAL VALUES IS ALSO RELAT$ TO HIS IDEA ( A PO/-APOCALYPTIC WORLD ( FRE$OM & DEBATE1 )\T GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS CONCEPTION RAISES A CRUCIAL PROBLEM F\ND 9 MANY REVOLUTION>Y !ORIES3 H[ CAN !RE BE FREE1 DEMOCRATIC POLITICS 9 A PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY )\T ! POSSIBILITY ?AT CLASS & POLITICAL OPPRESSION WILL REEM]GE8 ,?IS ISSUE IS NOT JU/ A MATT] ( H[ TO TREAT A SMALL CLASS ( =M] EXPLOIT]S2 IT 9VOLVES ! FREE SPEE* & O!R POLITICAL & SOCIAL RI<TS ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE4 ,?IS IS SO1 FIR/1 BECAUSE ! EXPLOIT]S 9EVITABLY HAVE MILLIONS ( SUPPORT]S :O >E TI$ MAT]IALLY OR BY BELIEF TO !IR SY/EM ( RULE2 & SECOND1 BECAUSE IDEAS ( 9DIVIDUAL ACQUISITIV5ESS1 CLASS1 RACIAL1 & SEXUAL SUP]IORITY1 ETC41 >E %>$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES BY SUPPORT]S ( ! NEW SY/EM4 ,M>XISM TRIES TO DEAL ) ?IS ISSUE ?R\< ,M>X'S =MULA ?AT ! NEW SOCIETY WILL BE 0ECONOMICALLY1 MORALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY1 /ILL /AMP$ ) ! BIR?M>KS ( ! OLD SOCIETY FROM :OSE WOMB IT EM]GES40.<#f.> ,BLAKE1 H[EV]1 IS MORE FRANK 9 FAC+ ! PROBLEM ( ! DEEP 9T]NALIZATION ( OPPRESSIVE VALUES1 & HIS CONC]NS ) PSY*IC DIVISION & SEXUAL DE=MATION & !IR RELATIONS TO SOCIAL OPPRESSION GIVE A LOT MORE SCOPE = UND]/&+ ! PROBLEM4 ,BUT 9 ANY CASE1 ! P]SI/5CE ( SU* T5D5CIES MEANS !RE CAN BE NO FREE SPEE* & ORGANIZATION )\T ! POSSIBILITY ( A REEM]G5CE ( OPPRESSION4 

,ONE CLASSIC ,M>XI/ RESPONSE TO ?IS ISSUE CALLS 79 !ORY7 = FRE$OM = ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL VIEWS 0)9 ! REVOLUTION40 ,! ,MAOI/ =MULATION ( ! SAME IDEA IS ?AT 0NON-ANTAGONI/IC CONTRADICTIONS AMONG ! PEOPLE0 WILL BE ALL[$ :ILE VIEWS ?AT >E AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION1 OR 0ANTAGONI/IC CONTRADICTIONS10 WILL BE REPRESS$4 ,BUT !SE IDEAS DEP5D ON AN AU?ORITY ) ! P[] TO DECIDE :I* VIEWS >E 0)9 ! REVOLUTION0 OR 0NONANTAGONI/IC40 ,!Y >E MEAN+LESS )\T A RUL+ P>TY ?AT HOLDS ALL P[] 9 ITS [N H&S4 

,BLAKE'S RESPONSE1 9 CONTRA/1 IS TO RELY ON ! ACTIVE =CE ( BRO!RHOOD & LOVE TO MAKE FULL FRE$OM POSSIBLE )\T ! REEM]G5CE ( OPPRESSION4 ,9 ?IS CONCEPTION1 ! CONSCI\S COMMITM5T ( A L>GE 5\< GR\P ( PEOPLE TO COOP]ATIVE =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & TO FRAT]NAL POLITICAL & SOCIAL RELATIONS--CEM5T$ BY ! RELIGI\S IDEA ( A HUMANIZ$ ,JESUS--W\LD BE SUFFICI5T TO ALL[ OP5 POLITICAL DEBATE & ORGANIZATION TO OCCUR )\T ACQUISITIVE & OPPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR BECOM+ DOM9ANT4 ,NO D\BT ?IS IDEA CAN BE CALL$ NAIVE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT NECESS>ILY MORE NAIVE ?AN ,M>XI/S' ASSUMPTION ?AT AN ELITE ) UNLIMIT$ P[] CAN RULE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMON PEOPLE1 OR ! PRES5T-DAY LIB]AL CAPITALI/ IDEA ?AT A SOCIAL SY/EM DESIGN$ TO MAXIMIZE CAPITAL GR[? CAN PRODUCE A FREE & PROSP]\S LIFE = ALL4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ,BLAKE'S FOCUS ON ! SPIRITUAL & E?ICAL LIFE ( ! WORK+ CLASS OR COMMON PEOPLE IS NOT JU/ IMPORTANT AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO TRADITIONAL LEFT-W+ DIS9T]E/ 9 RELIGION & E?ICS1 BUT IS ! KEY TO HIS BELIEF 9 AN APOCALYPSE ?AT BR+S A SOCIETY ( MUTUAL RI<TS1 A COOP]ATIVE COMMONWEAL? ( FREE WOM5 & M5 )\T GOV]NM5T4 ,& ,BLAKE'S CONCEPTION ( ! SPIRITUAL-E?ICAL BELIEFS NE$$ = SU* A SOCIETY IS WOR? /UDY BY ?OSE :O %>E ?IS GOAL4 

,BESIDES !SE DIRECTLY POLITICAL PO9TS1 ,BLAKE'S IDEAS >E IMPORTANT 9 A MORE G5]AL WAY BECAUSE ( :AT !Y IMPLY AB\T ! 9DEP5D5T ROLES ( RELIGION & >T AS WAYS ( VIEW+ SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS A PO9T ?AT BO? ! AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ TRADITIONS HAVE BE5 SL[ TO UND]/&4 ,AT WOR/1 LEFT-W+ ?\<T HAS BE5 ACTIVELY HO/ILE TO RELIGI\S BELIEF--NOT JU/ RELIGI\S HI]>*IES--& 9DIFF]5T TO >T4 ,AT BE/--& IT IS A POOR BE/--,M>XISM HAS ADOPT$ >T AS A K9D ( POOR C\S9 NE$+ SOME $UCATION & MANN]S4 ,E4 ,P4 ,?OMPSON1 ! GREAT ,5GLI% HI/ORIAN DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,BLAKE1 CAPTURES ?IS PO9T P]FECTLY 9 HIS /UDY ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 A UTOPIAN ?9K] & SOCIALI/ ORGANIZ] ) HIS [N SIMIL>ITIES TO ,BLAKE4 ,CRITICIZ+ ! WAY ,M>XI/ WRIT]S HAVE DEALT ) ,MORRIS'S UTOPIAN WRIT+S1 ,?OMPSON COMM5TS1 0,:AT ONE NOTES IS A C]TA9 T5D5CY TO 9TELLECTUALIZE >T1 & TO 9SI/ ?AT IT CAN BE VALIDAT$ ONLY :5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO T]MS ( KN[L$GE1 CONSCI\SNESS1 & CONCEPT3 >T IS SE51 NOT AS AN 5ACTM5T ( VALUES1 BUT AS A RE5ACTM5T 9 DIFF]5T T]MS ( !ORY40.<#g.> ,?IS ,M>XI/ CONCEPTION ULTIMATELY >GUES ?AT ONLY AN 9TRICATE !ORY1 UND]/OOD BY ITS [N ADVOCATES1 IS CAPABLE ( GUID+ HUMANITY2 ! O!R WAYS ( ?9K+ ?AT PEOPLE USE TO EVALUATE REALITY & COMM5T ON SOCIETY--SU* AS RELIGION & >T-->E NOT CAPABLE ( >RIV+ AT TRU?1 BUT ONLY ( APPROXIMAT+ ! TRU?S ( ,M>XISM4 ,IF ?IS W]E TRUE1 ,M>XI/S' SELF-CONCEPTION W\LD ALSO BE TRUE--ONLY A ,M>XI/ ELITE C\LD LEAD HUMANITY TO FRE$OM4 

,BUT IT IS NOT TRUE4 ,NOT ONLY NON-,M>XI/ POLITICAL IDEAS1 BUT RELIGI\S IDEAS & >TI/IC CREATIONS >E WAYS ( ?9K+ AB\T SOCIETY & HUMAN VALUES1 ON AN EQUAL /&+ ) POLITICAL ?\<T4 ,BLAKE'S RELIGI\S >T1 = EXAMPLE1 DRAWN FROM HIS L[]-CLASS ,*RI/IAN TRADITIONS & 9CORPORAT+ ! ?\<T ( ! AGE1 5ABL$ ,BLAKE TO F9D SOLUTIONS TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( HIS TIME IGNOR$4 ,!RE=E ORD9>Y PEOPLE1 :O USE RELIGION1 >T1 POPUL> BELIEF1 & P]SONAL VALUE SY/EMS 9 !IR ?\<T1 >E CAPABLE ( RUNN+ SOCIETY--IF !Y CAN F9D 9 !IR ?\<T ! REASONS = LOVE & SELF-SACRIFICE ?AT MAKE ?IS POSSIBLE4 

,AN>*I/S NE$1 !N1 TO TAKE >TI/IC & RELIGI\S ?\<T S]I\SLY AS IDEAS AB\T SOCIETY1 NOT TO IGNORE OR PATRONIZE !M OR PAY HALF-ATT5TION ) MILD EMB>RASSM5T4 ,UND]/&+ ?AT POLITICAL ?\<T IS ONE AMONG MANY WAYS ( UND]/&+ SOCIETY WILL HELP US PURGE \RSELVES ( ! >ROGANCE--9 TRU?1 ! RUL+ CLASS M5TALITY--?AT HAS DE=M$ BO? AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ TRADITIONS4 

,RELAT$ READ+3 ,BOOKS AB\T ,BLAKE'S POLITICS & RELIGION 9CLUDE ,DAVID ,V4 ,]DMAN1 ,BLAKE3 ,PROPHET ,AGA9/ ,EMPIRE 7,DOV]71 ! CLASSIC /UDY ( HIS POLITICS2 ,E4 ,P4 ,?OMPSON1 ,WITNESS ,AGA9/ ! ,BEA/1 CIT$ ABOVE2 MY [N ,! ,*A9$ ,BOY3 ,ORC & ,BLAKE'S ,IDEA ( ,REVOLUTION 7,BUCKNELL71 :I* ,I DRAW ON 9 ?IS >TICLE2 ,BLAKE1 ,POLITICS1 & ,HI/ORY1 $IT$ BY ,JACKIE ,DI,SALVO1 ,G4 ,A4 ,ROSSO1 & ME1 ) SEV]AL F9E >TICLES ON POLITICS1 RELIGION1 & ! ,LONDON RADICAL MILIEU 7,G>L&72 & ,?OMAS ,J4 ,J4 ,ALTIZ]1 ,! ,NEW ,APOCALYPSE3 ,! ,RADICAL ,*RI/IAN ,VISION ( ,WILLIAM ,BLAKE 7,MI*IGAN ,/ATE ,U,P74 ,?OMPSON'S ,! ,MAK+ ( ! ,5GLI% ,WORK+ ,CLASS 7,V9TAGE7 IS ! LEAD+ HI/ORY ( ,BRITI% RADICALISM 9 ,BLAKE'S ]A1 #a#g#i-#a#h#c#b4 ,= ,BLAKE'S POETRY & >TWORK3 ,]DMAN'S ,COMPLETE ,POETRY & ,PROSE OR ,BLAKE'S ,POETRY & ,DESIGNS1 $IT$ BY ,JOHNSON & ,GRANT 7,NORTON71 A FAIRLY FULL SELECTION ) EXCELL5T NOTES & MU* >T4 ,= >T1 SEE ,DOV] ,PUBLI%]S' *EAP COLOR FACSIMILES ( ,AM]ICA1 ,EUROPE1 ,SONGS ( ,9NOC5CE1 ,SONGS ( ,EXP]I5CE1 ,! ,M>RIAGE ( ,HEAV5 & ,HELL1 & ,! ,BOOK ( ,URIZ51 ) PR9T$ TEXTS4 ,ALL ! 0ILLUM9AT$ BOOKS0 >E ALSO AVAILABLE FROM ,PR9CETON ,U,P 9 @s#b-#c#e FULL-COLOR PAP] $ITIONS4 ,ALL ! BOOKS NAM$ >E 9 PR9T EXCEPT ,ALTIZ]1 :I* IS AVAILABLE 9 LIBR>IES4 ,ONL9E1 ! 0ILLUM9AT$ BOOKS0 CAN BE F\ND 9 FULL-COLOR FACSIMILE AT ! ,WILLIAM ,BLAKE ,>*IVE AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA1 WWW4IA?4VIRG9IA4$U2 MULTIPLE COPIES >E REPRODUC$ = SOME1 %[+ ,BLAKE'S V>IATIONS 9 COLOR+ FROM COPY TO COPY4 

.<#a.> ,BLAKE'S WORKS >E QUOT$ FROM ,DAVID ,V4 ,]DMAN'S ,! ,COMPLETE ,POETRY & ,PROSE ( ,WILLIAM ,BLAKE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,AN*OR-,D\BL$AY1 #a#i#h#h74 ,! NUMB]S /& = ,BLAKE'S PAGES & L9ES2 SLA% M>KS %[ L9E BREAKS4 ,SPELL+1 CAPITALIZATION1 & PUNCTUATION >E ,BLAKE'S4 

.<#b.> ,IA9 ,MC,CALMAN1 0,! ,9FIDEL AS ,PROPHET3 ,WILLIAM ,REID & ,BLAKEAN ,RADICALISM10 9 ,HI/ORICIZ+ ,BLAKE1 $4 ,/EVE ,CL>K1 ,DAVID ,WORRALL 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d71 #c#a-#c#b2 ,JOHN ,!LWALL1 0,A ,%EEP%E>+ ,SONG10 9 ,POETRY & ,RE=M3 ,P]IODICAL ,V]SE FROM ! ,5GLI% ,DEMOCRATIC ,PRESS1 #a#g#i#b-#a#h#b#d1 $4 ,MI*AEL ,SCRIV5] 7,DETROIT3 ,WAYNE ,/ATE ,U,P1 #a#i#i#b71 #a#a#e4 

.<#c.> ,J4 ,F4 ,C4 ,H>RISON1 ,! ,SECOND ,COM+3 ,POPUL> ,MILL5>IANISM1 #a#g#h-#a#h#e 7,NEW ,BRUNS-WICK3 ,RUTG]S ,U,P1 #a#i#g#i71 #c#a1 #f#e1 #f#a-#f#b4 

.<#d.> ,NEW ,YORK3 ,NEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c4 

.<#e.> ,ALBION'S R5EGADE SONS & DAU<T]S PLAY OPPRESSIVE ROLES ?R\<\T ,J]USALEM2 H]E1 ! 0:EELS0 >E ?OSE ( 9DU/RY1 W>1 & ! PRES5T UNIV]SE AS A :OLE4 ,J]USALEM1 9 TRADITIONAL BIBLICAL USES1 IS ! CITY ( ,GOD1 & H]E1 ALSO A WOMAN *>ACT] :O IS SEXUALLY OPPRESS$1 SO ! 0,SPACES = ,J]USALEM0 >E SPACES = FUTURE R$EMPTION & FREE SEXUALITY4 

.<#f.> ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM4 ,) ,APP5DICES BY ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,L591 $4 ,C4,P4 ,DUTT 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#c#h1 #a#i#f#f71 #h4 

.<#g.> ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS3 ,ROMANTIC TO ,REVOLUTION>Y 7REVIS$ $42 ,/AN=D3 ,/AN=D ,U,P1 #a#i#h#h71 #g#h#i4 

7,S\RCE3 HTTPS3_/_/WEB4>*IVE4ORG_/WEB_/#b#b#a#b#b#h#d#a#e_/HTTP3_/_/WWW4UTOPIANMAG4COM_/47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,WILLIAM ,BLAKE@&_?X#b#g2S ,IDEA ( ,JESUS -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/