,BY ,WAY ( ,CONCLUSION 

#aigaig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION DEPRIV$ AN>*ISM ( ITS ONLY FOOT 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT CAME \T ( ?IS TRIAL CRU%$1 DISP]S$1 &1 TO SOME EXT5T1 DISCR$IT$4 ,HI/ORY CONDEMN$ IT SEV]ELY &1 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 UNJU/LY4 ,IT WAS NOT 9 FACT1 OR AT ANY RATE ALONE1 RESPONSIBLE = ! VICTORY ( ! ,FRANCO =CES4 ,:AT REMA9$ FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! RURAL & 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES1 SET UP 9 TRAGICALLY UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 WAS ON ! :OLE TO !IR CR$IT4 ,?IS EXP]I5CE WAS1 H[EV]1 UND]E/IMAT$1 CALUMNIAT$1 & D5I$ RECOGNITION4 ,AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM HAD AT LA/ GOT RID ( UNDESIRABLE LIB]T>IAN COMPETITION &1 = YE>S1 REMA9$ MA/] ( ! FIELD4 ,= A TIME IT SEEM$ AS ?\< /ATE SOCIALISM WAS TO BE JU/IFI$ BY ! MILIT>Y VICTORY ( ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 AGA9/ ,NAZISM 9 #aide & BY UND5IABLE1 & EV5 IMPOS+1 SUCCESSES 9 ! TE*NICAL FIELD4 

,H[EV]1 ! V]Y EXCESSES ( ?IS SY/EM SOON BEGAN TO G5]ATE !IR [N NEGATION4 ,!Y 5G5D]$ ! IDEA ?AT P>ALYZ+ /ATE C5TRALIZATION %\LD BE LOOS5$ UP1 ?AT PRODUCTION UNITS %\LD HAVE MORE AUTONOMY1 ?AT WORK]S W\LD DO MORE & BETT] WORK IF !Y HAD SOME SAY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES4 ,:AT M$IC9E CALLS 0ANTIBODIES0 W]E G5]AT$ 9 ONE ( ! C\NTRIES BR\<T 9TO S]VITUDE BY ,/AL94 ,TITO'S ,YUGOSLAVIA FRE$ ITSELF FROM ! TOO HEAVY YOKE :I* WAS MAK+ IT 9TO A SORT ( COLONY4 ,IT !N PROCE$$ TO REEVALUATE ! DOGMAS :I* C\LD N[ SO CLE>LY BE SE5 AS ANTI-ECONOMIC4 ,IT W5T BACK TO S*OOL UND] ! MA/]S ( ! PA/1 DISCOV]+ & DISCREETLY READ+ ,PR\DHON4 ,IT BUBBL$ 9 ANTICIPATION4 ,IT EXPLOR$ ! TOO-LITTLE-KN[N LIB]T>IAN >EAS ( ?9K+ 9 ! WORKS ( ,M>X & ,L594 ,AMONG O!R ?+S IT DUG \T ! CONCEPT ( ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* HAD NOT1 IT IS TRUE1 BE5 ALTOGE!R ELIM9AT$ FROM ! POLITICAL VOCABUL>Y1 BUT HAD C]TA9LY BECOME NO MORE ?AN A RITUAL =MULA QUITE EMPTY ( SUB/ANCE4 ,GO+ BACK TO ! %ORT P]IOD DUR+ :I* ,BOL%EVISM HAD ID5TIFI$ ITSELF ) PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY FROM BEL[1 ) ! SOVIETS1 ,YUGOSLAVIA GLEAN$ A WORD :I* HAD BE5 5UNCIAT$ BY ! LEAD]S ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION & !N QUICKLY =GOTT53 SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,ATT5TION WAS ALSO FUM$ TO ! EMBRYONIC FACTORY C\NCILS :I* HAD >IS5 AT ! SAME TIME1 ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y CONTAGION1 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY &1 MU* LAT]1 ,HUNG>Y4 ,AS REPORT$ 9 ! ,FR5* REVIEW ,>GUM5TS BY ! ,ITALIAN1 ,ROB]TO ,GUIDUCCI1 ! QUE/ION >OSE :E!R 0! IDEA ( ! C\NCILS1 :I* HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$ BY ,/AL9ISM = OBVI\S REASONS10 C\LD NOT 0BE TAK5 UP AGA9 9 MOD]N T]MS40 

,:5 ,ALG]IA WAS DECOLONIZ$ & BECAME 9DEP5D5T ITS NEW LEAD]S S\<T TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE ! SPONTANE\S OCCUPATIONS ( AB&ON$ ,EUROPEAN PROP]TY BY PEASANTS & WORK]S4 ,!Y DREW !IR 9SPIRATION FROM ! ,YUGOSLAV PREC$5T & TOOK ITS LEGISLATION 9 ?IS MATT] AS A MODEL4 

,IF ITS W+S >E NOT CLIPP$1 SELF-MANAGEM5T IS UND\BT$LY AN 9/ITUTION ) DEMOCRATIC1 EV5 LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES4 ,FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES ( #a#i#c@9#a#i#c#g1 SELF-MANAGEM5T SEEKS TO PLACE ! ECONOMY UND] ! MANAGEM5T ( ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES4 ,TO ?IS 5D A ?REE-TI] WORK]S' REPRES5TATION IS SET UP 9 EA* 5T]PRISE1 BY MEANS ( ELECTIONS3 ! SOV]EIGN G5]AL ASSEMBLY2 ! WORK]S' C\NCIL1 A SMALL] DELIB]ATIVE BODY2 &1 F9ALLY1 ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE1 :I* IS ! EXECUTIVE ORGAN4 ,! LEGISLATION PROVIDES C]TA9 SAFEGU>DS AGA9/ ! ?REAT ( BUREAUCRATIZATION3 REPRES5TATIVES CANNOT /& = REELECTION TOO (T51 MU/ BE DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 PRODUCTION1 ETC4 ,9 ,YUGOSLAVIA ! WORK]S CAN BE CONSULT$ BY REF]5DUM AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 :ILE 9 V]Y L>GE 5T]PRISES G5]AL ASSEMBLIES TAKE PLACE 9 WORK SECTIONS4 

,BO? 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA & 9 ,ALG]IA' AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 OR AS A PROMISE = ! FUTURE1 GREAT IMPORTANCE IS ATTRIBUT$ TO ! COMMUNE1 & MU* IS MADE ( ! FACT ?AT SELF-MANAG+ WORK]S WILL BE REPRES5T$ !RE4 ,9 !ORY1 AGA91 ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS %\LD T5D TO BECOME DEC5TRALIZ$1 & TO BE C>RI$ \T MORE & MORE AT ! LOCAL LEVEL4 

,!SE GOOD 9T5TIONS >E F> FROM BE+ C>RI$ \T 9 PRACTICE4 ,9 !SE C\NTRIES SELF-MANAGEM5T IS COM+ 9TO BE+ 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A DICTATORIAL1 MILIT>Y1 POLICE /ATE :OSE SKELETON IS =M$ BY A S+LE P>TY4 ,AT ! HELM !RE IS AN AU?ORIT>IAN & PAT]NALI/IC AU?ORITY :I* IS BEYOND CONTROL & ABOVE CRITICISM4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES ( ! POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION & ! LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES ( ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY >E ?US QUITE 9COMPATIBLE4 

,MOREOV]1 A C]TA9 DEGREE ( BUREAUCRATIZATION T5DS TO %[ ITSELF EV5 )9 ! 5T]PRISES1 9 SPITE ( ! PRECAUTIONS ( ! LEGISLATORS4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S >E NOT YET MATURE 5\< TO P>TICIPATE EFFECTIVELY 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,!Y LACK $UCATION & TE*NICAL KN[L$GE1 HAVE NOT GOT RID ( ! OLD WAGE-E>N+ M5TALITY1 & TOO WILL+LY PUT ALL !IR P[]S 9TO ! H&S ( !IR DELEGATES4 ,?IS 5ABLES A SMALL M9ORITY TO BE ! REAL MANAG]S ( ! 5T]PRISE1 TO >ROGATE TO !MSELVES ALL SORTS ( PRIVILEGES & DO EXACTLY AS !Y LIKE4 ,!Y ALSO P]PETUATE !MSELVES 9 DIRECTORIAL POSITIONS1 GOV]N+ )\T CONTROL FROM BEL[1 LOS+ CONTACT ) REALITY & CUTT+ !MSELVES (F FROM ! RANK-&-FILE WORK]S1 :OM !Y (T5 TREAT ) >ROGANCE & CONTEMPT4 ,ALL ?IS DEMORALIZES ! WORK]S & TURNS !M AGA9/ SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,F9ALLY1 /ATE CONTROL IS (T5 EX]CIS$ SO 9DISCREETLY & SO OPPRESSIVELY ?AT ! 0SELF-MANAG]S0 DO NOT REALLY MANAGE AT ALL4 ,! /ATE APPO9TS DIRECTORS TO ! ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T )\T MU* C>+ :E!R ! LATT] AGREE OR NOT1 AL?\<1 ACCORD+ TO ! LAW1 !Y %\LD BE CONSULT$4 ,!SE BUREAUCRATS (T5 9T]F]E EXCESSIVELY 9 MANAGEM5T1 & SOMETIMES BEHAVE 9 ! SAME >BITR>Y WAY AS ! =M] EMPLOY]S4 ,9 V]Y L>GE ,YUGOSLAV 5T]PRISES DIRECTORS >E NOM9AT$ 5TIRELY BY ! ,/ATE2 !SE PO/S >E H&$ \T TO HIS OLD GU>D BY ,M>%ALL ,TITO4 

,MOREOV]1 ,YUGOSLAVIAN SELF-MANAGEM5T IS EXTREMELY DEP5D5T ON ! ,/ATE = F9ANCE4 ,IT LIVES ON CR$ITS ACCORD$ TO IT BY ! ,/ATE & IS FREE TO DISPOSE ( ONLY A SMALL P>T ( ITS PR(ITS1 ! RE/ BE+ PAID TO ! TREASURY 9 ! =M ( A TAX4 ,REV5UE D]IV$ FROM ! SELF-MANAGEM5T SECTOR IS US$ BY ! ,/ATE NOT ONLY TO DEVELOP ! BACKW>D SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY1 :I* IS NO MORE ?AN JU/1 BUT ALSO TO PAY = ! HEAVILY BUREAUCRATIZ$ GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS1 ! >MY1 ! POLICE =CES1 & = PRE/IGE EXP5DITURE1 :I* IS SOMETIMES QUITE EXCESSIVE4 ,:5 ! MEMB]S ( SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES >E 9ADEQUATELY PAID1 ?IS BLUNTS ! 5?USIASM = SELF-MANAGEM5T & IS 9 CONFLICT ) ITS PR9CIPLES4 

,! FRE$OM ( ACTION ( EA* 5T]PRISE1 MOREOV]1 IS FAIRLY /RICTLY LIMIT$1 S9CE IT IS SUBJECT TO ! ECONOMIC PLANS ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 :I* >E DRAWN UP >BITR>ILY )\T CONSULTATION ( ! RANK & FILE4 ,9 ,ALG]IA ! SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES >E ALSO OBLIG$ TO C$E TO ! ,/ATE ! COMM]CIAL H&L+ ( A CONSID]ABLE PORTION ( !IR PRODUCTS4 ,9 ADDITION1 !Y >E PLAC$ UND] ! SUP]VISION ( 0ORGANS TO SUPPLY DIS9T]E/$ TE*NICAL ( TUTELAGE10 :I* >E SUPPOS$ & BOOKKEEP+ ASSI/ANCE BUT1 9 PRACTICE1 T5D TO REPLACE ! ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T & TAKE OV] !IR FUNCTIONS4 

,9 G5]AL1 ! BUREAUCRACY ( ! TOTALIT>IAN ,/ATE IS UNSYMPA!TIC TO ! CLAIMS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T TO AUTONOMY4 ,AS ,PR\DHON =ESAW1 IT F9DS IT H>D TO TOL]ATE ANY AU?ORITY EXT]NAL TO ITSELF4 ,IT DISLIKES SOCIALIZATION & LONGS = NATIONALIZATION1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! DIRECT MANAGEM5T BY (FICIALS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ITS OBJECT IS TO 9FR+E UPON SELF-MANAGEM5T1 R$UCE ITS P[]S1 & 9 FACT ABSORB IT4 

,! S+LE P>TY IS NO LESS SUSPICI\S ( SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & LIKEWISE F9DS IT H>D TO TOL]ATE A RIVAL4 ,IF IT EMBRACES SELF-MANAGEM5T1 IT DOES SO TO /IFLE IT MORE EFFECTIVELY4 ,! P>TY HAS CELLS 9 MO/ ( ! 5T]PRISES & IS /RONGLY TEMPT$ TO TAKE P>T 9 MANAGEM5T1 TO DUPLICATE ! ORGANS ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S OR R$UCE !M TO ! ROLE ( DOCILE 9/RUM5TS1 BY FALSIFY+ ELECTIONS & SETT+ \T LI/S ( C&IDATES 9 ADVANCE4 ,! P>TY TRIES TO 9DUCE ! WORK]S' C\NCILS TO 5DORSE DECISIONS ALREADY TAK5 9 ADVANCE1 & TO MANIPULATE & %APE ! NATIONAL CONGRESSES ( ! WORK]S4 

,SOME 5T]PRISES UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T REACT TO AU?ORIT>IAN & C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES BY BECOM+ ISOLATIONI/1 BEHAV+ AS ?\< !Y W]E AN ASSOCIATION ( SMALL PROPRIETORS1 & TRY+ TO OP]ATE = ! SOLE B5EFIT ( ! WORK]S 9VOLV$4 ,!Y T5D TO R$UCE !IR MANP[] SO AS TO DIVIDE ! CAKE 9TO L>G] PORTIONS4 ,!Y ALSO SEEK TO PRODUCE AS LITTLE ( EV]Y?+ 9/EAD ( SPECIALIZ+4 ,!Y DEVOTE TIME & 5]GY TO GETT+ >\ND PLANS OR REGULATIONS DESIGN$ TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,9 ,YUGOSLAVIA FREE COMPETITION BETWE5 5T]PRISES HAS BE5 ALL[$1 BO? AS A /IMULANT & TO PROTECT ! CONSUM]1 BUT 9 PRACTICE ! T5D5CY TO AUTONOMY HAS L$ TO FLAGRANT 9EQUALITIES \TPUT & TO ECONOMIC IRRATIONALITIES4 

,?US SELF-MANAGEM5T ITSELF 9CORPORATES A P5DULUM-LIKE MOVEM5T :I* MAKES IT SW+ CON/ANTLY BETWE5 TWO EXTREMES3 EXCESSIVE AUTONOMY OR EXCESSIVE C5TRALIZATION2 AU?ORITY OR AN>*Y2 CONTROL FROM BEL[ OR CONTROL FROM ABOVE4 ,?R\< ! YE>S ,YUGOSLAVIA1 9 P>TICUL>1 HAS CORRECT$ C5TRALIZATION BY AUTONOMY1 !N AUTONOMY BY C5TRALIZATION1 CON/ANTLY REMODEL+ ITS 9/ITUTIONS )\T SO F> SUCCESSFULLY ATTA9+ A 0HAPPY M$IUM40 

,MO/ ( ! WEAKNESSES ( SELF-MANAGEM5T C\LD BE AVOID$ OR CORRECT$ IF !RE W]E AN AU!NTIC TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T1 9DEP5D5T ( AU?ORITY & ( ! S+LE P>TY1 SPR++ FROM ! WORK]S !MSELVES & AT ! SAME TIME ORGANIZ+ !M1 & ANIMAT$ BY ! SPIRIT *>ACT]I/IC ( ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,9 ,YUGOSLAVIA & 9 ,ALG]IA1 H[EV]1 TRADE UNIONISM IS EI!R SUBSIDI>Y OR SUP]NUM]>Y1 OR IS SUBJECT TO ! ,/ATE1 TO ! S+LE P>TY4 ,IT CANNOT1 !RE=E1 ADEQUATELY FURFILL ! TASK ( CONCILIATOR BETWE5 AUTONOMY & C5TRALIZATION :I* IT %\LD UND]TAKE1 & C\LD P]=M MU* BETT] ?AN TOTALIT>IAN POLITICAL ORGANS4 ,9 FACT1 A TRADE UNIONISM :I* G5U9ELY ISSU$ FROM ! WORK]S1 :O SAW 9 IT !IR [N REFLECTION1 W\LD BE ! MO/ EFFECTIVE ORGAN = H>MONIZ+ ! C5TRIFUGAL & C5TRIPETAL =CES1 = 0CREAT+ AN EQUILIBRIUM0 AS ,PR\DHON PUT IT1 BETWE5 ! CONTRADICTIONS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,! PICTURE1 H[EV]1 MU/ NOT BE SE5 AS 5TIRELY BLACK4 ,SELFMANAGEM5T C]TA9LY HAS P[]FUL & T5ACI\S OPPON5TS1 :O HAVE NOT GIV5 UP HOPE ( MAK+ IT FAIL4 ,BUT IT HAS1 9 FACT1 %[N ITSELF QUITE DYNAMIC 9 ! C\NTRIES :]E EXP]IM5TS >E BE+ C>RI$ ON4 ,IT HAS OP5$ UP NEW P]SPECTIVES = ! WORK]S & RE/OR$ TO !M SOME PLEASURE 9 !IR WORK4 ,IT HAS OP5$ !IR M9DS TO ! RUDIM5TS ( AU!NTIC SOCIALISM1 :I* 9VOLVES ! PROGRESSIVE DISAPPE>ANCE ( WAGES1 ! DISALI5ATION ( ! PRODUC] :O WILL BECOME A FREE & SELF-DET]M9+ BE+4 ,SELFMANAGEM5T HAS 9 ?IS WAY 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY & REGI/]$ CONSID]ABLE POSITIVE RESULTS1 EV5 DUR+ ! TRIALS & ]RORS ( ! 9ITIAL P]IOD4 

,FROM RA!R TOO F> AWAY1 SMALL CIRCLES ( AN>*I/S FOLL[ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,YUGOSLAV & ,ALG]IAN SELF-MANAGEM5T ) A MIXTURE ( SYMPA?Y & DISBELIEF4 ,!Y FEEL ?AT IT IS BR++ SOME FRAGM5TS ( !IR IDEAL 9TO REALITY1 BUT ! EXP]IM5T IS NOT DEVELOP+ ALONG ! IDEALI/IC L9ES =ESE5 BY LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y IT IS BE+ TRI$ 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN FRAMEWORK :I* IS REPUGNANT TO AN>*ISM4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ?IS FRAMEWORK MAKES SELF-MANAGEM5T FRAGILE3 !RE IS ALWAYS A DANG] ?AT IT WILL BE DEV\R$ BY ! CANC] ( AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,H[EV]1 A CLOSE & UNPREJUDIC$ LOOK AT SELF-MANAGEM5T SEEMS TO REVEAL RA!R 5C\RAG+ SIGNS4 

,9 ,YUGOSLAVIA SELF-MANAGEM5T IS A FACTOR FAVOR+ ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! REGIME4 ,IT HAS CREAT$ A HEAL?I] BASIS = RECRUITM5T 9 WORK+-CLASS CIRCLES4 ,! P>TY IS BEG9N+ TO ACT AS AN 9SPIRATION RA!R ?AN A DIRECTOR1 ITS CADRES >E BECOM+ BETT] SPOKESM5 = ! MASSES1 MORE S5SITIVE TO !IR PROBLEMS & ASPIRATIONS4 ,AS ,ALB]T ,MEI/]1 A Y\NG ,SWISS SOCIOLOGI/ :O SET HIMSELF ! TASK ( /UDY+ ?IS PH5OM5ON ON ! SPOT1 COMM5TS1 SELF-MANAGEM5T CONTA9S A 0DEMOCRATIC VIRUS0 :I*1 9 ! LONG RUN1 9VADES ! S+LE P>TY ITSELF4 ,HE REG>DS IT AS A 0TONIC40 ,IT WELDS ! L[] P>TY E*ELONS TO ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T IS SO CLE> ?AT IT IS BR++ ,YUGOSLAV !ORETICIANS TO USE LANGUAGE :I* W\LD NOT DISGRACE A LIB]T>IAN4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ONE ( !M1 ,/ANE ,KAVCIC1 /ATES3 0,9 FUTURE ! /RIK+ =CE ( SOCIALISM 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA CANNOT BE A POLITICAL P>TY & ! ,/ATE ACT+ FROM ! TOP D[N1 BUT ! PEOPLE1 ! CITIZ5S1 ) CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS :I* 5ABLE !M TO ACT FROM ! BASE UP40 ,HE CONT9UES BRAVELY ?AT SELF-MANAGEM5T IS 9CREAS+LY LOOS5+ UP 0! RIGID DISCIPL9E & SUBORD9ATION :I* >E *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL POLITICAL P>TIES40 

,! TR5D IS NOT SO CLE> 9 ,ALG]IA1 = ! EXP]IM5T IS ( MORE REC5T ORIG9 & /ILL 9 DANG] ( BE+ CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION4 ,A CLUE MAY BE F\ND 9 ! FACT ?AT AT ! 5D ( #a#i#f#d1 ,HOC9E ,ZAH\ANE1 !N HEAD ( ORI5TATION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT1 PUBLICLY CONDEMN$ ! T5D5CY ( ! 0ORGANS ( GUIDANCE0 TO PLACE !MSELVES ABOVE ! MEMB]S ( ! SELF-MANAGEM5T GR\PS & TO ADOPT AN AU?ORIT>IAN ATTITUDE T[>D !M4 ,HE W5T ON3 0,:5 ?IS HAPP5S1 SOCIALISM NO LONG] EXI/S4 ,!RE REMA9S ONLY A *ANGE 9 ! =M ( EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S40 ,?IS (FICIAL CONCLUD$ BY ASK+ ?AT ! PRODUC]S 0%\LD BE TRULY MA/]S ( !IR PRODUCTION0 & NO LONG] BE 0MANIPULAT$ = 5DS :I* >E =EIGN TO SOCIALISM40 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT ,HOC9E ,ZAH\ANE HAS S9CE BE5 REMOV$ FROM (FICE BY A MILIT>Y C\P D'E'TAT & HAS BECOME ! LEAD+ SPIRIT ( A CL&E/9E SOCIALI/ OPPOSITION4 ,HE IS = ! TIME BE+ 9 COMPULSORY RESID5CE 9 A TORRID >EA ( ! ,SAH>A4 

,TO SUM UP1 SELF-MANAGEM5T MEETS ) ALL K9DS ( DIFFICULTIES & CONTRADICTIONS1 YET1 EV5 N[1 IT APPE>S 9 PRACTICE TO HAVE ! M]IT ( 5ABL+ ! MASSES TO PASS ?R\< AN APPR5TICE%IP 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY ACT+ FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D2 ! M]IT ( DEVELOP+1 5C\RAG+1 & /IMULAT+ !IR FREE 9ITIATIVE1 ( IMBU+ !M ) A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY 9/EAD ( P]PETUAT+ AGE-OLD HABITS ( PASSIVITY1 SUBMISSION1 & ! 9F]IORITY COMPLEX LEFT TO !M BY PA/ OPPRESSION1 AS IS ! CASE UND] /ATE COMMUNISM4 ,?IS APPR5TICE%IP IS SOMETIMES LABORI\S1 PROGRESSES RA!R SL[LY1 LOADS SOCIETY ) EXTRA BURD5S & MAY1 POSSIBLY1 BE C>RI$ \T ONLY AT ! CO/ ( SOME 0DISORD]40 ,MANY OBS]V]S ?9K1 H[EV]1 ?AT !SE DIFFICULTIES1 DELAYS1 EXTRA BURD5S1 & GR[+ PA9S >E LESS H>MFUL ?AN ! FALSE ORD]1 ! FALSE LU/]1 ! FALSE 0EFFICI5CY0 ( /ATE COMMUNISM :I* R$UCES MAN TO NO?+1 KILLS ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEOPLE1 P>ALYZES PRODUCTION1 &1 9 SPITE ( MAT]IAL ADVANCES OBTA9$ AT A HI< PRICE1 DISCR$ITS ! V]Y IDEA ( SOCIALISM4 

,! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 ITSELF IS REEVALUAT+ ITS ME?ODS ( ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T1 & WILL CONT9UE TO DO SO UNLESS ! PRES5T T5D5CY TO LIB]ALIZATION IS CANCEL$ BY A REGRESSION TO AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,BE=E HE FELL1 ON ,OCTOB] #a#e1 #a#i#f#d1 ,KHRU%*EV SEEM$ TO HAVE UND]/OOD1 H[EV] TIMIDLY & BELAT$LY1 ! NE$ = 9DU/RIAL DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #aifd ,PRAVDA PUBLI%$ A LONG >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,! ,/ATE ( ! ,:OLE ,PEOPLE0 :I* S\<T TO DEF9E ! *ANGES ( /RUCTURE ?AT DIFF]5TIATE ! =M ( ,/ATE 0SAID TO BE ( ! :OLE PEOPLE0 FROM ?AT ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT02 NAMELY1 PROGRESS T[>D DEMOCRATIZATION1 P>TICIPATION ( ! MASSES 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIETY ?R\< SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & ! REVITALIZATION ( ! SOVIETS1 ! TRADE UNIONS1 ETC4 

,! ,FR5* DAILY ,LE ,MONDE ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#f1 #a#i#f#e1 PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE BY ,MI*EL ,TATU1 5TITL$ 0,A ,MAJOR ,PROBLEM3 ,! ,LIB]ATION ( ! ,ECONOMY10 EXPOS+ ! MO/ S]I\S EVILS 0AFFECT+ ! :OLE ,SOVIET BUREAUCRATIC MA*9E1 ESPECIALLY ! ECONOMY40 ,! HI< TE*NICAL LEVEL ?IS ECONOMY HAS ATTA9$ MAKES ! RULE ( BUREAUCRACY OV] MANAGEM5T EV5 MORE UNACCEPTABLE4 ,AS ?+S >E AT PRES5T1 DIRECTORS ( 5T]PRISES CANNOT MAKE DECISIONS ON ANY SUBJECT )\T REF]R+ TO AT LEA/ ONE (FICE1 & MORE (T5 TO HALF A DOZ54 0,NO ONE DISPUTES ! REM>KABLE TE*NICAL1 SCI5TIFIC1 & ECONOMIC PROGRESS :I* HAS BE5 MADE 9 ?IRTY YE>S ( ,/AL9I/ PLANN+4 ,! RESULT1 H[EV]1 IS PRECISELY ?AT ?IS ECONOMY IS N[ 9 ! CLASS ( DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES1 & ?AT ! OLD /RUCTURES :I* 5ABL$ IT TO REA* ?IS LEVEL >E N[ TOTALLY1 & EV] MORE AL>M+LY1 UNSUITABLE40 0,MU* MORE W\LD BE NE$$ ?AN DETAIL$ RE=MS2 A SPECTACUL> *ANGE ( ?\<T & ME?OD1 A SORT ( NEW DE-,/AL9IZATION W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO BR+ TO AN 5D ! 5ORM\S 9]TIA :I* P]MEATES ! MA*9E AT EV]Y LEVEL40 ,AS ,]NE/ ,M&EL HAS PO9T$ \T1 H[EV]1 9 AN >TICLE 9 ! ,FR5* REVIEW ,LES ,TEMPS ,MOD]NES1 DEC5TRALIZATION CANNOT /OP AT GIV+ AUTONOMY TO ! DIRECTORS ( 5T]PRISES1 IT MU/ LEAD TO REAL WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,! LATE ,GEORGES ,GURVIT*1 A LEFT-W+ SOCIOLOGI/1 CAME TO A SIMIL> CONCLUSION4 ,HE CONSID]S ?AT T5D5CIES TO DEC5TRALIZATION & WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T HAVE ONLY JU/ BEGUN 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R41 & ?AT !IR SUCCESS W\LD %[ 0?AT ,PR\DHON WAS MORE RI<T ?AN ONE MI<T HAVE ?\<T40 

,9 ,CUBA ! LATE /ATE SOCIALI/ ,*E ,GUEV>A HAD TO QUIT ! DIRECTION ( 9DU/RY1 :I* HE HAD RUN UNSUCCESSFULLY [+ TO OV]C5TRALIZATION4 ,9 ,CUBA3 ,SOCIALISM & ,DEVELOPM5T1 ,R5E ,DUMONT1 A ,FR5* SPECIALI/ 9 ! ,CA/RO ECONOMY1 DEPLORES ITS 0HYP]C5TRALIZATION0 & BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,HE P>TICUL>LY EMPHASIZ$ ! 0AU?ORIT>IAN0 ]RORS ( A M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T :I* TRIES TO MANAGE ! FACTORIES ITSELF & 5DS UP ) EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE RESULTS3 0,BY TRY+ TO BR+ AB\T A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ONE 5DS UP 9 PRACTICE 4 4 4 BY LETT+ ANY K9D ( ?+ BE DONE1 BECAUSE ONE CANNOT MA9TA9 CONTROL OV] :AT IS ESS5TIAL40 ,HE MAKES ! SAME CRITICISM ( ! /ATE MONOPOLY ( DI/RIBUTION3 ! P>ALYZES :I* IT PRODUCES C\LD HAVE BE5 AVOID$ 0IF EA* PRODUCTION UNIT HAD PRES]V$ ! FUNCTION ( SUPPLY+ ITSELF DIRECTLY40 0,CUBA IS BEG9N+ ALL OV] AGA9 ! USELESS CYCLE ( ECONOMIC ]RORS ( ! SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES10 A ,POLI% COLLEAGUE 9 A V]Y GOOD POSITION TO KN[ CONFID$ TO ,R5E ,DUMONT4 ,! AU?OR CONCLUDES BY ABJUR+ ! ,CUBAN REGIME TO TURN TO AUTONOM\S PRODUCTION UNITS &1 9 AGRICULTURE1 TO F$]ATIONS ( SMALL F>M-PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES4 ,HE IS NOT AFRAID TO GIVE ! REM$Y A NAME1 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 :I* C\LD P]FECTLY WELL BE RECONCIL$ ) PLANN+4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! VOICE ( ,R5E ,DUMONT HAS NOT YET BE5 HE>D 9 ,HAVANA4 

,! LIB]T>IAN IDEA HAS REC5TLY COME \T ( ! %AD[ TO :I* ITS DETRACTORS HAD RELEGAT$ IT4 ,9 A L>GE P>T ( ! WORLD ! MAN ( TODAY HAS BE5 ! GU9EA PIG ( /ATE COMMUNISM1 & IS ONLY N[ EM]G+1 REEL+1 FROM ! EXP]I5CE4 ,SUDD5LY HE IS TURN+1 ) LIVELY CURIOSITY & (T5 ) PR(IT1 TO ! R\< DRAFTS = A NEW SELF-MANAGEM5T SOCIETY :I* ! PIONE]S ( AN>*ISM W]E PUTT+ =W>D 9 ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,HE IS NOT SWALL[+ !M :OLE1 ( C\RSE1 BUT DRAW+ LESSONS FROM !M1 & 9SPIRATION TO TRY TO COMPLETE ! TASK PRES5T$ BY ! SECOND HALF ( ?IS C5TURY3 TO BREAK ! FETT]S1 BO? ECONOMIC & POLITICAL1 ( :AT HAS BE5 TOO SIMPLY CALL$ 0,/AL9ISM02 & ?IS1 )\T R5\NC+ ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( SOCIALISM3 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !REBY DISCOV]+ - OR R$ISCOV]+ - ! =MS ( A REAL1 AU!NTIC SOCIALISM1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 SOCIALISM COMB9$ ) LIB]TY4 

,PR\DHON1 9 ! MID/ ( ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION1 WISELY ?\<T ?AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 ASK+ TOO MU* ( HIS >TISANS TO GO1 IMM$IATELY1 ALL ! WAY TO 0AN>*Y40 ,9 DEFAULT ( ?IS MAXIMUM PROGRAM1 HE SKET*$ \T A M9IMUM LIB]T>IAN PROGRAM3 PROGRESSIVE R$UCTION 9 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 P>ALLEL DEVELOPM5T ( ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE FROM BEL[1 ?R\< :AT HE CALL$ CLUBS1 & :I* ! MAN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY W\LD CALL C\NCILS4 ,IT SEEMS TO BE ! MORE OR LESS CONSCI\S PURPOSE ( MANY CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALI/S TO SEEK \T SU* A PROGRAM4 

,AL?\< A POSSIBILITY ( REVIVAL IS ?US OP5$ UP = AN>*ISM1 IT WILL NOT SUCCE$ 9 FULLY REHABILITAT+ ITSELF UNLESS IT IS ABLE TO BELIE1 BO? 9 !ORY & 9 PRACTICE1 ! FALSE 9T]PRETATIONS TO :I* IT HAS SO LONG BE5 SUBJECT4 ,AS WE SAW1 9 #aibd ,JOAQUM ,MAUR9 WAS IMPATI5T TO F9I% ) IT 9 ,SPA91 & SUGGE/$ ?AT IT W\LD NEV] BE ABLE TO MA9TA9 ITSELF EXCEPT 9 A FEW 0BACKW>D C\NTRIES0 :]E ! MASSES W\LD 0CL+0 TO IT BECAUSE !Y >E 5TIRELY )\T 0SOCIALI/ $UCATION10 & HAVE BE5 0LEFT TO !IR NATURAL 9/9CTS40 ,HE CONCLUD$3 0,ANY AN>*I/ :O SUCCE$S 9 IMPROV+ HIMSELF1 9 LE>N+1 & 9 SEE+ CLE>LY1 AUTOMATICALLY CEASES TO BE AN AN>*I/40 

,! ,FR5* HI/ORIAN ( AN>*ISM1 ,JEAN ,MAITRON1 SIMPLY CONFUS$ 0AN>*Y0 & DISORGANIZATION4 ,A FEW YE>S AGO HE IMAG9$ ?AT AN>*ISM HAD DI$ ) ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 = \R EPO* IS ONE ( 0PLANS1 ORGANIZATION1 & DISCIPL9E40 ,MORE REC5TLY ! ,BRITI% WRIT] ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK SAW FIT TO ACCUSE ! AN>*I/S ( BE+ IDEALI/S SWIMM+ AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT CURR5T ( HI/ORY1 FE$+ ON AN IDYLLIC VISION ( ! FUTURE :ILE CL++ TO ! MO/ ATTRACTIVE FEATURES ( A DY+ PA/4 ,ANO!R ,5GLI% SPECIALI/ ON ! SUBJECT1 ,JAMES ,JOLL1 9SI/S ?AT ! AN>*I/S >E \T-(-DATE1 = !IR IDEAS >E OPPOS$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY1 TO MASS PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 & DEP5D ON A RETROGRADE ROMANTIC VISION ( AN IDEALIZ$ SOCIETY ( >TISANS & PEASANTS1 & ON A TOTAL REJECTION ( ! REALITIES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 .<#c#g.> 

,9 ! PREC$+ PAGES ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT ?IS IS NOT A TRUE PICTURE ( AN>*ISM4 ,BAKUN9'S WORKS BE/ EXPRESS ! NATURE ( CON/RUCTIVE AN>*ISM1 :I* DEP5DS ON ORGANIZATION1 ON SELFDISCIPL9E1 ON 9TEGRATION1 ON F$]ALI/ & NONCO]CIVE C5TRALIZATION4 ,IT RE/S UPON L>GE-SCALE MOD]N 9DU/RY1 UP-TO-DATE TE*NIQUES1 ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT1 & 9T]NATIONALISM ON A WORLD SCALE4 ,9 ?IS REG>D IT IS ( \R TIMES1 & BELONGS TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IT MAY WELL BE /ATE COMMUNISM1 & NOT AN>*ISM1 :I* IS \T ( /EP ) ! NE$S ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD4 

,9 #aibd ,JOAQU9 ,MAUR9 RELUCTANTLY ADMITT$ ?AT ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 0SYMPTOMS ( DECL9E0 HAD BE5 0FOLL[$ BY SUDD5 REVIVAL40 ,! FUTURE MAY %[ ?AT ONLY 9 ?IS RELUCTANT ADMISSION WAS ! ,SPANI% ,M>XI/ A GOOD PROPHET4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

,FROM 3 ,LIB,COM4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifi 3 ,BY ,WAY ( ,CONCLUSION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #f1 #bag 3 ,BY ,WAY ( ,CONCLUSION -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/