,*APT] #a 
,! ,BASIC ,IDEAS ( ,AN>*ISM 

#aigaig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,A ,M,A,T,T,] ,( ,W,O,R,D,S 

,! WORD AN>*Y IS AS OLD AS ! WORLD4 ,IT IS D]IV$ FROM TWO ANCI5T ,GREEK WORDS1 AV 7AN71 APXN 7>KHE71 & MEANS SOME?+ LIKE ! ABS5CE ( AU?ORITY OR GOV]NM5T4 ,H[EV]1 = MILL5NIA ! PRESUMPTION HAS BE5 ACCEPT$ ?AT MAN CANNOT DISP5SE ) ONE OR ! O!R1 & AN>*Y HAS BE5 UND]/OOD 9 A PEJORATIVE S5SE1 AS A SYNONYM = DISORD]1 *AOS1 & DISORGANIZATION4 

,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON WAS FAM\S = HIS QUIPS 7SU* AS 0PROP]TY IS !FT07 & TOOK TO HIMSELF ! WORD AN>*Y4 ,AS IF HIS PURPOSE W]E TO %OCK AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 9 #ahd HE 5GAG$ 9 ! FOLL[+ DIALOGUE ) ! 0,PHILI/9E40 

0,Y\ >E A REPUBLICAN40 

 0,REPUBLICAN1 YES2 BUT ?AT MEANS NO?+4 ,RES PUBLICA IS '! ,/ATE4' ,K+S1 TOO1 >E REPUBLICANS40 

 0,AH WELL6 ,Y\ >E A DEMOCRAT80 

 0,NO40 

 0,:AT6 ,P]HAPS Y\ >E A MON>*I/80 

 0,NO40 

 0,CON/ITUTIONALI/ !N80 

 0,GOD =BID40 

 0,!N Y\ >E AN >I/OCRAT80 

 0,NOT AT ALL60 

 0,Y\ WANT A MIX$ =M ( GOV]NM5T80 

 0,EV5 LESS40 

 0,!N :AT >E Y\80 

 0,AN AN>*I/40 

,HE SOMETIMES MADE ! CONCESSION ( SPELL+ AN>*Y 0AN->*Y0 TO PUT ! PACKS ( ADV]S>IES (F ! SC5T4 ,BY ?IS T]M HE UND]/OOD ANY?+ BUT DISORD]4 ,APPE>ANCES NOT)/&+1 HE WAS MORE CON/RUCTIVE ?AN DE/RUCTIVE1 AS WE %ALL SEE4 ,HE HELD GOV]NM5T RESPONSIBLE = DISORD] & BELIEV$ ?AT ONLY A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T C\LD RE/ORE ! NATURAL ORD] & RE-CREATE SOCIAL H>MONY4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT ! LANGUAGE C\LD FURNI% NO O!R T]M & *OSE TO RE/ORE TO ! OLD WORD AN>*Y ITS /RICT ETYMOLOGICAL MEAN+4 ,9 ! HEAT ( HIS POLEMICS1 H[EV]1 HE OB/9ATELY & P>ADOXICALLY ALSO US$ ! WORD AN>*Y 9 ITS PEJORATIVE S5SE ( DISORD]1 ?US MAK+ CONFUSION WORSE CONF\ND$4 ,HIS DISCIPLE ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 FOLL[$ HIM 9 ?IS RESPECT4 

,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 C>RI$ ?IS EV5 FUR!R1 TAK+ MALICI\S PLEASURE 9 PLAY+ ) ! CONFUSION CREAT$ BY ! USE ( ! TWO OPPOSITE MEAN+S ( ! WORD3 = !M1 AN>*Y WAS BO? ! MO/ COLOSSAL DISORD]1 ! MO/ COMPLETE DISORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY &1 BEYOND ?IS GIGANTIC REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW1 /ABLE1 & RATIONAL ORD] BAS$ ON FRE$OM & SOLID>ITY4 

,! IMM$IATE FOLL[]S ( ! TWO FA!RS ( AN>*Y HESITAT$ TO USE A WORD SO DEPLORABLY ELA/IC1 CONVEY+ ONLY A NEGATIVE IDEA TO ! UN9ITIAT$1 & L5D+ ITSELF TO AMBIGUITIES :I* C\LD BE ANNOY+ TO SAY ! LEA/4 ,EV5 ,PR\DHON BECAME MORE CAUTI\S T[>D ! 5D ( HIS BRIEF C>E] & WAS HAPPY TO CALL HIMSELF A 0F$]ALI/40 ,HIS PETTY-B\RGEOIS DESC5DANTS PREF]R$ ! T]M MUTUELLISME TO AN>*ISME & ! SOCIALI/ L9E ADOPT$ COLLECTIVISME1 SOON TO BE DISPLAC$ BY COMMUNISME4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! C5TURY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE TOOK UP A WORD ORIG9AT$ 9 #aheh BY ONE ,JOSEPH ,DEJACQUE TO MAKE IT ! TITLE ( A J\RNAL1 ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE4 ,TODAY ! T]MS 0AN>*I/0 & 0LIB]T>IAN0 HAVE BECOME 9T]*ANGEABLE4 

,MO/ ( !SE T]MS HAVE A MAJOR DISADVANTAGE3 !Y FAIL TO EXPRESS ! BASIC *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! DOCTR9ES !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO DESCRIBE4 ,AN>*ISM IS REALLY A SYNONYM = SOCIALISM4 ,! AN>*I/ IS PRIM>ILY A SOCIALI/ :OSE AIM IS TO ABOLI% ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,AN>*ISM IS ONLY ONE ( ! /REAMS ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T1 ?AT /REAM :OSE MA9 COMPON5TS >E CONC]N = LIB]TY & HA/E TO ABOLI% ! ,/ATE4 ,ADOLPH ,FIS*]1 ONE ( ! ,*ICAGO M>TYRS .<#e.>1 CLAIM$ ?AT 0EV]Y AN>*I/ IS A SOCIALI/1 BUT EV]Y SOCIALI/ IS NOT NECESS>ILY AN AN>*I/40 

,SOME AN>*I/S CONSID] !MSELVES TO BE ! BE/ & MO/ LOGICAL SOCIALI/S1 BUT !Y HAVE ADOPT$ A LABEL ALSO ATTA*$ TO ! T]RORI/S1 OR HAVE ALL[$ O!RS TO HANG IT >\ND !IR NECKS4 ,?IS HAS (T5 CAUS$ !M TO BE MI/AK5 = A SORT ( 0=EIGN BODY0 9 ! SOCIALI/ FAMILY & HAS L$ TO A LONG /R+ ( MISUND]/&+S & V]BAL BATTLES - USUALLY QUITE PURPOSELESS4 ,SOME CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S HAVE TRI$ TO CLE> UP ! MISUND]/&+ BY ADOPT+ A MORE EXPLICIT T]M3 !Y ALIGN !MSELVES ) LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM OR COMMUNISM4 

,A ,V,I,S,C,],A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,T 

,AN>*ISM CAN BE DESCRIB$ FIR/ & =EMO/ AS A VISC]AL REVOLT4 ,! AN>*I/ IS ABOVE ALL A MAN 9 REVOLT4 ,HE REIEETS C@9RI@9T@9 @9C A :OLE ALONG ) ITS GU>DIANS4 ,MAX ,/IRN] DECL>$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ FREES HIMSELF ( ALL ?AT IS SACR$1 & C>RIES \T A VA/ OP]ATION ( DECONSECRATION4 ,!SE 0VAGABONDS ( ! 9TELLECT10 !SE 0BAD *>ACT]S10 0REFUSE TO TREAT AS 9TANGIBLE TRU?S ?+S ?AT GIVE RESPITE & CONSOLATION TO ?\S&S & 9/EAD LEAP OV] ! B>RI]S ( TRADITION TO 9DULGE )\T RE/RA9T ! FANTASIES ( !IR IMPUD5T CRITIQUE40 .<#f.> 

,PR\DHON REJECT$ ALL & ANY 0(FICIAL P]SONS0 - PHILOSOPH]S1 PRIE/S1 MAGI/RATES1 ACADEMICIANS1 J\RNALI/S1 P>LIAM5T>IANS1 ETC4 - = :OM 0! PEOPLE IS ALWAYS A MON/] TO BE F\<T1 MUZZL$1 & *A9$ D[N2 :I* MU/ BE L$ BY TRICK]Y LIKE ! ELEPHANT OR ! RH9OC]OS2 OR C[$ BY FAM9E2 & :I* IS BL$ BY COLONIZATION & W>40 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS .<#g.> EXPLA9$ :Y SOCIETY SEEMS1 TO !SE WELL-HEEL$ G5TLEM51 WOR? PRES]V+3 0,S9CE !RE >E RI* & POOR1 RUL]S & SUBJECTS1 MA/]S & S]VANTS1 ,CAES>S :O GIVE ORD]S = COMBAT & GLADIATORS :O GO & DIE1 ! PRUD5T NE$ ONLY PLACE !MSELVES ON ! SIDE ( ! RI* & ! MA/]S1 & MAKE !MSELVES 9TO C\RTI]S TO ! EMP]ORS40 

,HIS P]MAN5T /ATE ( REVOLT MAKES ! AN>*I/ SYMPA!TIC TO NONCON=MI/S & \TLAWS1 & LEADS HIM TO EMBRACE ! CAUSE ( ! CONVICT & ! \TCA/4 ,BAKUN9 ?\<T ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS SPOKE MO/ UNFAIRLY ( ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 ( ! 0PROLET>IAT 9 RAGS03 0,= ! SPIRIT & =CE ( ! FUTURE SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS ) IT & IT ALONE1 & NOT ) ! /RATUM ( ! WORK+ CLASS :I* HAS BECOME LIKE ! B\RGEOISIE40 

,EXPLOSIVE /ATEM5TS :I* AN AN>*I/ W\LD NOT DISAV[ W]E VOIC$ BY ,BALZAC ?R\< ! *>ACT] ( ,VAUTR91 A P[]FUL 9C>NATION ( SOCIAL PROTE/ - HALF REBEL1 HALF CRIM9AL4 

,H,O,R,R,O,R ,( ,! ,/,A,T,E 

,! AN>*I/ REG>DS ! ,/ATE AS ! MO/ DEADLY ( ! PRECONCEPTIONS :I* HAVE BL9D$ M5 ?R\< ! AGES4 ,/IRN] D5\NC$ HIM :O 0?R\<\T ET]NITY4 4 IS OBSESS$ BY ! ,/ATE40 

,PR\DHON WAS ESPECIALLY FI]CE AGA9/ 0?IS FANTASY ( \R M9DS ?AT ! FIR/ DUTY ( A FREE & RATIONAL BE+ IS TO REF] TO MUSEUMS & LIBR>IES10 & HE LAID B>E ! ME*ANISM :]EBY 0?IS M5TAL PR$ISPOSITION HAS BE5 MA9TA9$ & ITS FASC9ATION MADE TO SEEM 9V9CIBLE3 GOV]NM5T HAS ALWAYS PRES5T$ ITSELF TO M5'S M9DS AS ! NATURAL ORGAN ( JU/ICE & ! PROTECTOR ( ! WEAK40 ,HE MOCK$ ! 9VET]ATE AU?ORIT>IANS :O 0B[ BE=E P[] LIKE *UR* W>D5S BE=E ! SACRAM5T0 & REPROA*$ 0ALL P>TIES )\T EXCEPTION0 = TURN+ !IR GAZE 0UNCEAS+LY T[>D AU?ORITY AS IF TO ! POLE/>40 ,HE LONG$ = ! DAY :5 0R5UNCIATION ( AU?ORITY %ALL HAVE REPLAC$ FAI? 9 AU?ORITY & ! POLITICAL CATE*ISM40 

,KROPOTK9 JE]$ AT ! B\RGEOIS :O 0REG>D$ ! PEOPLE AS A HORDE ( SAVAGES :O W\LD BE USELESS AS SOON AS GOV]NM5T CEAS$ TO FUNCTION40 ,MALATE/A ANTICIPAT$ PSY*OANALYSIS :5 HE UNCOV]$ ! FE> ( FRE$OM 9 ! SUBCONSCI\S ( AU?ORIT>IANS4 

,:AT IS WRONG ) ! ,/ATE 9 ! EYES ( ! AN>*I/S8 

,/IRN] EXPRESS$ IT ?US3 0,WE TWO >E 5EMIES1 ! ,/ATE & ,I40 0,EV]Y ,/ATE IS A TYRANNY1 BE IT ! TYRANNY ( A S+LE MAN OR A GR\P40 ,EV]Y ,/ATE IS NECESS>ILY :AT WE N[ CALL TOTALIT>IAN3 0,! ,/ATE HAS ALWAYS ONE PURPOSE3 TO LIMIT1 CONTROL1 SUBORD9ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL & SUBJECT HIM TO ! G5]AL PURPOSE4444 ,?R\< ITS C5SOR%IP1 ITS SUP]VISION1 & ITS POLICE ! ,/ATE TRIES TO OB/RUCT ALL FREE ACTIVITY & SEES ?IS REPRESSION AS ITS DUTY1 BECAUSE ! 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION DEM&S IT40 0,! ,/ATE DOES NOT P]MIT ME TO USE MY ?\<TS TO !IR FULL VALUE & COMMUNICATE !M TO O!R M5 4 4 4 UNLESS !Y >E ITS [N4444 ,O!RWISE IT %UTS ME UP40 

,PR\DHON WROTE 9 ! SAME VE93 0,! GOV]NM5T ( MAN BY MAN IS S]VITUDE40 0,:OEV] LAYS A H& ON ME TO GOV]N ME IS A USURP] & A TYRANT4 ,I DECL>E HIM TO BE MY 5EMY40 ,HE LAUN*$ 9TO A TIRADE WOR?Y ( A ,MOLI]E OR A ,BEAUM>*AIS3 

0,TO BE GOV]N$ IS TO BE WAT*$ OV]1 9SPECT$1 SPI$ ON1 DIRECT$1 LEGISLAT$1 REGIM5T$1 CLOS$ 91 9DOCTR9AT$1 PREA*$ AT1 CON- TROLL$1 ASSESS$1 EVALUAT$1 C5SOR$1 COMM&$2 ALL BY CREATURES ?AT HAVE NEI!R ! RI<T1 NOR WISDOM1 NOR VIRTUE4444 ,TO BE GOV]N$ MEANS ?AT AT EV]Y MOVE1 OP]ATION1 OR TRANSACTION ONE IS NOT$1 REGI/]$1 5T]$ 9 A C5SUS1 TAX$1 /AMP$1 PRIC$1 ASSESS$1 PAT5T$1 LIC5S$1 AU?ORIZ$1 RECOMM5D$1 ADMONI%$1 PREV5T$1 RE=M$1 SET RI<T1 CORRECT$4 ,GOV]NM5T MEANS TO BE SUBJECT$ TO TRIBUTE1 TRA9$1 RANSOM$1 EXPLOIT$1 MONOPOLIZ$1 EXTORT$1 PRESSUR$1 MY/IFI$1 ROBB$2 ALL 9 ! NAME ( PUBLIC UTILITY & ! G5]AL GOOD4 ,!N1 AT ! FIR/ SIGN ( RESI/ANCE OR WORD ( COMPLA9T1 ONE IS REPRESS$1 F9$1 DESPIS$1 VEX$1 PURSU$1 HU/L$1 BEAT5 UP1 G>ROT$1 IMPRISON$1 %OT1 MA*9E-GUNN$1 JUDG$1 S5T5C$1 DEPORT$1 SACRIFIC$1 SOLD1 BETRAY$1 & TO CAP IT ALL1 RIDICUL$1 MOCK$1 \TRAG$1 & DI%ONOR$4 ,?AT IS GOV]NM5T1 ?AT IS ITS JU/ICE & ITS MORALITY6 4 4 4 ,O HUMAN P]SONALITY6 ,H[ CAN IT BE ?AT Y\ HAVE C[]$ 9 SU* SUBJECTION = SIXTY C5TURIES80 

,BAKUN9 SEES ! ,/ATE AS AN 0AB/RACTION DEV\R+ ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE10 AN 0IMM5SE CEMET]Y :]E ALL ! REAL ASPIRATIONS & LIV+ =CES ( A C\NTRY G5]\SLY & BLISSFULLY ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE BURI$ 9 ! NAME ( ?AT AB/RACTION40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,MALATE/A1 0F> FROM CREAT+ 5]GY1 GOV]NM5T BY ITS ME?ODS WA/ES1 P>ALYZES1 & DE/ROYS 5ORM\S POT5TIAL40 ,AS ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE & ITS BUREAUCRACY WID51 ! DANG] GR[S MORE ACUTE4 ,PR\DHON =ESAW ! GREATE/ EVIL ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY3 0,FONCTIONNAIRISME .<LEGALI/IC RULE BY CIVIL S]VANTS.> 4 4 4 LEADS T[>D /ATE COMMUNISM1 ! ABSORPTION ( ALL LOCAL & 9DIVIDUAL LIFE 9TO ! ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y1 & ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL FREE ?\<T4 ,EV]YONE WANTS TO TAKE REFUGE UND] ! W+ ( P[]1 TO LIVE 9 COMMON40 ,IT IS HI< TIME TO CALL A HALT3 0,C5TRALIZATION HAS GR[N /RONG] & /RONG] 4 4 41 ?+S HAVE REA*$ 4 4 4 ! PO9T :]E SOCIETY & GOV]NM5T CAN NO LONG] COEXI/40 0,FROM ! TOP ( ! HI]>*Y TO ! BOTTOM !RE IS NO?+ 9 ! ,/ATE :I* IS NOT AN ABUSE TO BE RE=M$1 A =M ( P>ASITISM TO BE SUPPRESS$1 OR AN 9/RUM5T ( TYRANNY TO BE DE/ROY$4 ,& Y\ SPEAK TO US ( PRES]V+ ! ,/ATE1 & 9CREAS+ ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE6 ,AWAY ) Y\ - Y\ >E NO REVOLUTION>Y60 

,BAKUN9 HAD AN EQUALLY CLE> & PA9FUL VISION ( AN 9CREAS+LY TOTALIT>IAN ,/ATE4 ,HE SAW ! =CES ( WORLD C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 0BAS$ ON 5ORM\S BUDGETS1 P]MAN5T >MIES1 & A =MIDABLE BUREAUCRACY0 & 5D[$ 0) ALL ! T]RIBLE MEANS ( ACTION GIV5 TO !M BY MOD]N C5TRALIZATION10 AS BECOM+ 0AN IMM5SE1 CRU%+1 ?REAT5+ REALITY40 

,H,O,/,I,L,I,T,Y ,T,O ,B,\,R,G,E,O,I,S ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y 

,! AN>*I/ D5\NCES ! DECEPTION ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY EV5 MORE BITT]LY ?AN DOES ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/4 ,! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 *RI/5$ 0! NATION10 DOES NOT SEEM TO ,/IRN] ANY LESS TO BE FE>$ ?AN ! OLD ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE4 0,! MON>* 4 4 4 WAS A V]Y POOR MAN COMP>$ ) ! NEW ONE1 ! 'SOV]EIGN NATION4' ,9 LIB]ALISM WE HAVE ONLY ! CONT9UATION ( ! ANCI5T CONTEMPT = ! ,SELF40 0,C]TA9LY MANY PRIVILEGES HAVE BE5 ELIM9AT$ ?R\< TIME BUT ONLY = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,/ATE 4 4 4 & NOT AT ALL TO /R5G!N MY ,SELF40 

,9 ,PR\DHON'S VIEW 0DEMOCRACY IS NO?+ BUT A CON/ITUTIONAL TYRANT40 ,! PEOPLE W]E DECL>$ SOV]EIGN BY A 0TRICK0 ( \R =EFA!RS4 ,9 REALITY !Y >E A MONKEY K+ :I* HAS KEPT ONLY ! TITLE ( SOV]EIGN )\T ! MAGNIFIC5CE & GR&EUR4 ,! PEOPLE RULE BUT DO NOT GOV]N1 & DELEGATE !IR SOV]EIGNTY ?R\< ! P]IODIC EX]CISE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ABDICAT+ !IR P[] ANEW EV]Y ?REE OR FIVE YE>S4 ,! DYNA/S HAVE BE5 DRIV5 FROM ! ?RONE BUT ! ROYAL PR]OGATIVE HAS BE5 PRES]V$ 9TACT4 ,9 ! H&S ( A PEOPLE :OSE $UCATION HAS BE5 WILLFULLY NEGLECT$ ! BALLOT IS A CUNN+ SW9DLE B5EFIT+ ONLY ! UNIT$ B>ONS ( 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 & PROP]TY4 

,! V]Y !ORY ( ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE CONTA9S ITS [N NEGATION4 ,IF ! 5TIRE PEOPLE W]E TRULY SOV]EIGN !RE W\LD NO LONG] BE EI!R GOV]NM5T OR GOV]N$2 ! SOV]EIGN W\LD BE R$UC$ TO NO?+2 ! ,/ATE W\LD HAVE NO RAISON D'ETRE1 W\LD BE ID5TICAL ) SOCIETY & DISAPPE> 9TO 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,BAKUN9 SAW ?AT ! 0REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 F> FROM BE+ A GU>ANTEE = ! PEOPLE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CREATES & SAFEGU>DS ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( A GOV]NM5TAL >I/OCRACY AGA9/ ! PEOPLE40 ,UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE IS A SLEI<T ( H&1 A BAIT1 A SAFETY VALVE1 & A MASK BEH9D :I* 0HIDES ! REALLY DESPOTIC P[] ( ! ,/ATE BAS$ ON ! POLICE1 ! BANKS1 & ! >MY10 0AN EXCELL5T WAY ( OPPRESS+ & RU9+ A PEOPLE 9 ! NAME ( ! SO-CALL$ POPUL> WILL :I* S]VES TO CAM\FLAGE IT40 

,! AN>*I/ DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 EMANCIPATION BY ! BALLOT4 ,PR\DHON WAS AN AB/5TIONI/1 AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 ?9K+ ?AT 0! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS S]I\SLY COMPROMIS$ IF IT COMES AB\T ?R\< ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION40 ,TO VOTE W\LD BE A CONTRADICTION1 AN ACT ( WEAKNESS & COMPLICITY ) ! CORRUPT REGIME3 0,WE MU/ MAKE W> ON ALL ! OLD P>TIES TOGE!R1 US+ P>LIAM5T AS A LEGAL BATTLEFIELD1 BUT /AY+ \TSIDE IT40 0,UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE IS ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION10 & TO CON/ITUTE ITSELF A CLASS ! PROLET>IAT MU/ FIR/ 0SEC$E FROM0 B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 

,H[EV]1 ! MILITANT ,PR\DHON FREQU5TLY DEP>T$ FROM ?IS POSITION ( PR9CIPLE4 ,9 ,JUNE #ahdh HE LET HIMSELF BE ELECT$ TO P>LIAM5T & WAS BRIEFLY /UCK 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y GLUE4 ,ON TWO OCCASIONS1 DUR+ ! P>TIAL ELECTIONS ( ,SEPTEMB] #ahdh & ! PRESID5TIAL ELECTIONS ( ,DECEMB] #a ( ! SAME YE>1 HE SUPPORT$ ! C&IDACY ( ,RASPAIL1 A SPOKESMAN ( ! EXTREME ,LEFT4 ,HE EV5 W5T SO F> AS TO ALL[ HIMSELF TO BE BL9D$ BY ! TACTIC ( ! 0! LESS] EVIL10 EXPRESS+ A PREF]5CE = ,G5]AL ,CAVAIGNAC1 P]SECUTOR ( ! ,P>IS PROLET>IAT1 OV] ! APPR5TICE DICTATOR ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON4 ,MU* LAT]1 9 #ahfc & #a#h#f#d1 HE DID ADVOCATE RETURN+ BLANK BALLOT PAP]S1 BUT AS A DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! IMP]IAL DICTATOR%IP1 NOT 9 OPPOSITION TO UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 :I* HE N[ *RI/5$ 0! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE P> EXCELL5CE40 

,BAKUN9 & HIS SUPPORT]S 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL OBJECT$ TO ! EPI!T 0AB/5TIONI/0 HURL$ AT !M BY ! ,M>XI/S4 ,= !M1 BOYCOTT+ ! BALLOT BOX WAS A SIMPLE TACTICAL QUE/ION & NOT AN >TICLE ( FAI?4 ,AL?\< !Y GAVE PRIORITY TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 !Y W\LD NOT AGREE ?AT !Y IGNOR$ 0POLITICS40 ,!Y W]E NOT REJECT+ 0POLITICS10 BUT ONLY B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,!Y DID NOT DISAPPROVE ( A POLITICAL REVOLUTION UNLESS IT WAS TO COME BE=E ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y /E]$ CLE> ( O!R MOVEM5TS ONLY IF !SE W]E NOT DIRECT$ TO ! IMM$IATE & COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,:AT !Y FE>$ & D5\NC$ W]E AMBIGU\S ELECTORAL ALLIANCES ) RADICAL B\RGEOIS P>TIES ( ! #ahdh TYPE1 OR 0POPUL> FRONTS10 AS !Y W\LD BE CALL$ TODAY4 ,!Y ALSO FE>$ ?AT :5 WORK]S W]E ELECT$ TO P>LIAM5T & TRANSLAT$ 9TO B\RGEOIS LIV+ CONDITIONS1 !Y W\LD CEASE TO BE WORK]S & TURN 9TO ,/ATESM51 BECOM+ B\RGEOIS1 P]HAPS EV5 MORE B\RGEOIS ?AN ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4 

,H[EV]1 ! AN>*I/ ATTITUDE T[>D UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE IS F> FROM LOGICAL OR CONSI/5T4 ,SOME CONSID]$ ! BALLOT AS A LA/ EXP$I5T4 ,O!RS1 MORE UNCOMPROMIS+1 REG>D$ ITS USE AS DAMNABLE 9 ANY CIRCUM/ANCES & MADE IT A MATT] ( DOCTR9AL PURITY4 ,?US1 AT ! TIME ( ! ,C>TEL DES ,GAU*ES 7,ALLIANCE ( ! ,LEFT7 ELECTIONS 9 ,MAY #a#i#b#d1 ,MALATE/A REFUS$ TO MAKE ANY CONCESSION4 ,HE ADMITT$ ?AT 9 C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES ! \TCOME ( AN ELECTION MI<T HAVE 0GOOD0 OR 0BAD0 CONSEQU5CES & ?AT ! RESULT W\LD SOMETIMES DEP5D ON AN>*I/ VOTES1 ESPECIALLY IF ! =CES ( ! OPPOS+ POLITICAL GR\P+S W]E FAIRLY EV5LY BALANC$4 0,BUT NO MATT]6 ,EV5 IF SOME M9IMAL PROGRESS W]E TO BE ! DIRECT RESULT ( AN ELECTORAL VICTORY1 ! AN>*I/ %\LD NOT RU% TO ! POLL+ /ATIONS40 ,HE CONCLUD$3 0,AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS KEPT !MSELVES PURE1 & REMA9 ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY P> EXCELL5CE1 ! P>TY ( ! FUTURE1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO RESI/ ! SIR5 SONG ( ELECTIONS40 

,! 9CONSI/5CY ( AN>*I/ DOCTR9E ON ?IS MATT] WAS TO BE ESPECIALLY WELL ILLU/RAT$ 9 ,SPA94 ,9 #aic ! AN>*I/S JO9$ 9 A COMMON FRONT ) B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS TO OV]?R[ ! DICTATOR1 ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 ,! FOLL[+ YE>1 DESPITE !IR (FICIAL AB/5TION1 MANY W5T TO ! POLLS 9 ! MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS :I* L$ TO ! OV]?R[ ( ! MON>*Y4 ,9 ! G5]AL ELECTION ( ,NOVEMB] #aicc !Y /RONGLY RECOMM5D$ AB/5TION FROM VOT+1 & ?IS RETURN$ A VIOL5TLY ANTI-LABOR ,RI<T TO P[] = MORE ?AN TWO YE>S4 ,! AN>*I/S HAD TAK5 C>E TO ANN\NCE 9 ADVANCE ?AT IF !IR AB/5TION L$ TO A VICTORY = REACTION !Y W\LD LAUN* ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y SOON ATTEMPT$ TO DO SO BUT 9 VA9 & AT ! CO/ ( HEAVY LOSSES 7DEAD1 W\ND$1 & IMPRISON$74 

,:5 ! P>TIES ( ! ,LEFT CAME TOGE!R 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9 #a#i#c#f1 ! C5TRAL AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION WAS H>D PRESS$ TO KN[ :AT ATTITUDE TO ADOPT4 ,F9ALLY IT DECL>$ ITSELF1 V]Y HALFHE>T$LY1 = AB/5TION1 BUT ITS CAMPAIGN WAS SO TEPID AS TO GO UNHE>D BY ! MASSES :O W]E 9 ANY CASE ALREADY COMMITT$ TO P>TICIPATION 9 ! ELECTIONS4 ,BY GO+ TO ! POLLS ! MASS ( VOT]S 9SUR$ ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 7#b#f#c LEFT-W+ DEPUTIES1 AS AGA9/ #aha O!RS74 

,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT 9 SPITE ( !IR SAVAGE ATTACKS ON B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 ! AN>*I/S ADMITT$ ?AT IT IS RELATIVELY PROGRESSIVE4 ,EV5 ,/IRN]1 ! MO/ 9TRANSIG5T1 OCCASIONALLY LET SLIP ! WORD 0PROGRESS40 ,PR\DHON CONC$$3 0,:5 A PEOPLE PASSES FROM ! MON>*ICAL TO ! DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 SOME PROGRESS IS MADE40 ,& ,BAKUN9 SAID3 0,IT %\LD NOT BE ?\<T ?AT WE WANT 4 4 4 TO CRITICIZE ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T 9 FAVOR ( MON>*Y4444 ,! MO/ IMP]FECT REPUBLIC IS A ?\S& TIMES BETT] ?AN ! MO/ 5LI<T5$ MON>*Y4444 ,! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM GRADUALLY $UCATES ! MASSES TO PUBLIC LIFE40 ,?IS DISPROVES ,L59'S VIEW ?AT 0SOME AN>*I/S0 PROCLAIM 0?AT ! =M ( OPPRESSION IS A MATT] ( 9DIFF]5CE TO ! PROLET>IAT40 ,?IS ALSO DISPELS ! FE> EXPRESS$ BY ,H5RI ,>VON 9 HIS LITTLE BOOK ,L',AN>*ISME ?AT AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO DEMOCRACY C\LD BE CONFUS$ ) C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION4 

,C,R,I,T,I,Q,U,E ,( ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,>,I,A,N ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,S,M 

,! AN>*I/S W]E UNANIM\S 9 SUBJECT+ AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM TO A B>RAGE ( SEV]E CRITICISM4 ,AT ! TIME :5 !Y MADE VIOL5T & SATIRICAL ATTACKS !SE W]E NOT 5TIRELY WELL F\ND$1 = ?OSE TO :OM !Y W]E ADDRESS$ W]E EI!R PRIMITIVE OR 0VULG>0 COMMUNI/S1 :OSE ?\<T HAD NOT YET BE5 F]TILIZ$ BY ,M>XI/ HUMANISM1 OR ELSE1 9 ! CASE ( ,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES1 W]E NOT AS SET ON AU?ORITY & /ATE CONTROL AS ! AN>*I/S MADE \T4 

,AL?\< 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES 9 SOCIALI/ ?\<T W]E /ILL EMBRYONIC & UNDEVELOP$1 !Y HAVE PROLIF]AT$ 9 \R TIME4 ,9 ! FACE ( !SE EXCRESC5CES1 ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE SEEMS LESS T5D5TI\S1 LESS UNJU/2 SOMETIMES IT EV5 SEEMS TO HAVE A PROPHETIC R+4 

,/IRN] ACCEPT$ MANY ( ! PREMISES ( COMMUNISM BUT ) ! FOLL[+ QUALIFICATION3 ! PR(ESSION ( COMMUNI/ FAI? IS A FIR/ /EP T[>D TOTAL EMANCIPATION ( ! VICTIMS ( \R SOCIETY1 BUT !Y WILL BECOME COMPLETELY 0DISALI5AT$10 & TRULY ABLE TO DEVELOP !IR 9DIVIDUALITY1 ONLY BY ADVANC+ BEYOND COMMUNISM4 

,AS ,/IRN] SAW IT1 9 A COMMUNI/ SY/EM ! WORK] REMA9S SUBJECT TO ! RULE ( A SOCIETY ( WORK]S4 ,HIS WORK IS IMPOS$ ON HIM BY SOCIETY1 & REMA9S = HIM A TASK4 ,DID NOT ! COMMUNI/ ,WEITL+ .<#h.> WRITE3 0,FACULTIES CAN ONLY BE DEVELOP$ 9 SO F> AS !Y DO NOT DISRUPT ! H>MONY ( SOCIETY08 ,TO :I* ,/IRN] REPLI$3 0,:E!R ,I W]E TO BE 'LOYAL' TO A TYRANT OR TO ,WEITL+'S 'SOCIETY' ,I W\LD SUFF] ! SAME ABS5CE ( RI<TS40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 ! COMMUNI/ DOES NOT ?9K ( ! MAN BEH9D ! WORK]4 ,HE OV]LOOKS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUE3 TO GIVE MAN ! OPPORTUNITY TO 5JOY HIMSELF AS AN 9DIVIDUAL AFT] HE HAS FULFILL$ HIS TASK AS A PRODUC]4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ,/IRN] GLIMPS$ ! DANG] ?AT 9 A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ! COLLECTIVE APPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W\LD GIVE ! ,/ATE MORE EXORBITANT P[]S ?AN IT HAS AT PRES5T3 

0,BY ABOLI%+ ALL PRIVATE PROP]TY COMMUNISM MAKES ME EV5 MORE DEP5D5T ON O!RS1 ON ! G5]ALITY OR TOTALITY .<( SOCIETY.>1 &1 9 SPITE ( ITS ATTACKS ON ! ,/ATE1 IT 9T5DS TO E/ABLI% ITS [N ,/ATE1 4 4 4 A /ATE ( AFFAIRS :I* P>ALYZES MY FRE$OM TO ACT & EX]TS SOV]EIGN AU?ORITY OV] ME4 ,COMMUNISM IS RI<TLY 9DIGNANT AB\T ! WRONGS :I* ,I SUFF] AT ! H&S ( 9DIVIDUAL PROPRIETORS1 BUT ! P[] :I* IT WILL PUT 9TO ! H&S ( ! TOTAL SOCIETY IS EV5 MORE T]RIBLE40 

,PR\DHON WAS JU/ AS DISSATISFI$ ) ! 0GOV]NM5TAL1 DICTATORIAL1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 DOCTR9AIRE COMMUNI/ SY/EM0 :I* 0/>TS FROM ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS 5TIRELY SUBORD9ATE TO ! COLLECTIVITY40 ,! COMMUNI/ IDEA ( ! ,/ATE IS EXACTLY ! SAME AS ?AT ( ! =M] MA/]S & MU* LESS LIB]AL3 0,LIKE AN >MY ?AT HAS CAPTUR$ ! 5EMY'S GUNS1 COMMUNISM HAS SIMPLY TURN$ PROP]TY'S >TILL]Y AGA9/ ! >MY ( PROP]TY4 ,! SLAVE ALWAYS APES HIS MA/]40 ,& ,PR\DHON DESCRIBES 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS ! POLITICAL SY/EM :I* HE ATTRIBUTES TO ! COMMUNI/S3 

0,A COMPACT DEMOCRACY - APP>5TLY BAS$ ON ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! MASSES1 BUT 9 :I* ! MASSES HAVE ONLY P[] 5\< TO 9SURE UNIV]SAL S]VITUDE1 ACCORD+ TO ! FOLL[+ PRESCRIPTION BORR[$ FROM ! OLD ABSOLUTISM3 

,! 9DIVISIBILITY ( P[]2 

,ALL-ABSORB+ C5TRALISM2 

,! SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION ( ALL 9DIVIDUAL1 CORPORATE1 OR LOCAL ?\<T BELIEV$ TO BE SUBV]SIVE2 

,AN 9QUISITORIAL POLICE =CE40 

,! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S CALL = A 0REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE40 ,!Y 0BELIEVE ?AT ! ,/ATE MU/ CONT9UE AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!Y PRES]VE ! ,/ATE1 P[]1 AU?ORITY1 & GOV]NM5T1 9CREAS+ !IR SCOPE /ILL FUR!R4 ,ALL !Y DO IS TO *ANGE ! TITLES 4 4 4 AS ?\< *ANG+ ! NAMES W]E 5\< TO TRANS=M ?+S60 ,& ,PR\DHON CONCLUDES BY SAY+3 0,GOV]NM5T IS BY ITS NATURE C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 4 4 4 GIVE P[] TO A ,SA9T ,V9C5T DE ,PAUL & HE WILL BE A ,GUIZOT .<#i.> OR A ,TALLEYR&40 ,BAKUN9 EXT5D$ ?IS CRITICISM ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM3 

,I DETE/ COMMUNISM BECAUSE IT IS ! NEGATION ( LIB]TY & ,I CANNOT CONCEIVE ANY?+ HUMAN )\T LIB]TY4 ,I AM NOT A COMMUNI/ BECAUSE COMMUNISM CONC5TRATES ALL ! P[]S ( SOCIETY & ABSORBS !M 9TO ! ,/ATE1 BECAUSE IT LEADS 9EVITABLY TO ! C5TRALIZATION ( PROP]TY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 :ILE ,I WANT TO SEE ! ,/ATE ABOLI%$4 ,I WANT ! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLE ( /ATE TUTELAGE :I* HAS ALWAYS SUBJECT$1 OPPRESS$1 EXPLOIT$1 & DEPRAV$ M5 :ILE CLAIM+ TO MORALIZE & CIVILIZE !M4 ,I WANT SOCIETY1 & COLLECTIVE OR SOCIAL PROP]TY1 TO BE ORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP ?R\< FREE ASSOCIATION & NOT FROM ! TOP D[N BY AU?ORITY ( ANY K9D4444 ,9 ?AT S5SE ,I AM A COLLECTIVI/ & NOT AT ALL A COMMUNI/4 

,SOON AFT] MAK+ ! ABOVE SPEE* ,BAKUN9 JO9$ ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,& !RE HE & HIS SUPPORT]S CAME 9TO CONFLICT NOT ONLY ) ,M>X & ,5GELS BUT ) O!RS F> MORE VULN]ABLE TO HIS ATTACKS ?AN ! TWO F\ND]S ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM3 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS = :OM ! ,/ATE WAS A FETI% & :O PROPOS$ ! USE ( ! BALLOT & ELECTORAL ALLIANCES TO 9TRODUCE AN AMBIGU\S 0,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE0 7,VOLK/AAT72 ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,BLANQUI/S .<#a.> :O SANG ! VIRTUES ( A TRANSITIONAL DICTATOR%IP BY A REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY4 ,BAKUN9 F\<T !SE DIV]G5T BUT EQUALLY AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPTS TOO? & NAIL1 :ILE ,M>X & ,5GELS OSCILLAT$ BETWE5 !M = TACTICAL REASONS BUT F9ALLY DECID$ TO DISAV[ BO? UND] ! H>ASSM5T ( AN>*I/ CRITICISM4 

,H[EV]1 ! FRICTION BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X >OSE MA9LY FROM ! SECT>IAN & P]SONAL WAY 9 :I* ! LATT] TRI$ TO CONTROL ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ESPECIALLY AFT] #a#h#g4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT !RE W]E WRONGS ON BO? SIDES 9 ?IS QU>REL1 9 :I* ! /AKE WAS ! CONTROL ( ! ORGANIZATION & ?US ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,BAKUN9 WAS NOT )\T FAULT & HIS CASE AGA9/ ,M>X (T5 LACK$ FAIRNESS & EV5 GOOD FAI?4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT = ! MOD]N READ]1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT AS E>LY AS #ahg ,BAKUN9 HAD ! M]IT ( RAIS+ ! AL>M AGA9/ C]TA9 IDEAS ( ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T & ( PROLET>IAN P[] :I* W]E MU* LAT] TO DI/ORT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,SOMETIMES UNJU/LY1 & SOMETIMES ) REASON1 ,BAKUN9 CLAIM$ TO SEE 9 ,M>XISM ! EMBRYO ( :AT WAS TO BECOME ,L59ISM & !N ! MALIGNANT GR[? ( ,/AL9ISM4 

,BAKUN9 MALICI\SLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,M>X & ,5GELS IDEAS :I* !SE TWO M5 NEV] EXPRESS$ OP5LY1 IF 9DE$ !Y H>BOR$ !M AT ALL3 

0,BUT1 IT WILL BE SAID ALL ! WORK]S 4 4 4 CANNOT BECOME S*OL>S2 & IS IT NOT 5\< ?AT ) ?IS ORGANIZATION .<,9T]NATIONAL.> !RE IS A GR\P ( M5 :O HAVE MA/]$ ! SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHY1 & POLITICS ( SOCIALISM AS COMPLETELY AS IS POSSIBLE 9 \R DAY1 SO ?AT ! MAJORITY 4 4 4 CAN BE C]TA9 ( REMA9+ ON ! RI<T ROAD TO ! F9AL EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 4 4 4 SIMPLY BY FAI?FULLY OBEY+ !IR DIRECTIONS8 4 4 4 ,VIE HAVE HE>D ?IS L9E ( REASON+ DEVELOP$ BY 9NU5DO ) ALL SORTS ( SUBTLE & SKILLFUL QUALIFICATIONS BUT NEV] OP5LY EXPRESS$ - !Y >E NOT BRAVE 5\< OR FRANK 5\< = ?AT4 0 

,BAKUN9 CONT9U$ HIS DIATRIBE3 

0,BEG9N+ FROM ! BASIC PR9CIPLE 4 4 4 ?AT ?\<T TAKES PREC$5CE OV] LIFE1 & AB/RACT !ORY OV] SOCIAL PRACTICE1 & 9F]R+ ?AT SOCIOLOGICAL SCI5CE MU/ BECAME ! />T+ PO9T ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL & RECON/RUCTION1 !Y W]E =C$ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT S9CE ?\<T1 !ORY1 & SCI5CE >E1 = ! PRES5T AT ANY RATE1 ! EXCLUSIVE POSSESSIONS ( A V]Y SMALL NUMB] ( P]SONS1 ?AT M9ORITY MU/ DIRECT SOCIAL LIFE4 

,! SUPPOS$ ,POPUL> ,/ATE W\LD BE NO?+ BUT ! DESPOTIC GOV]NM5T ( ! POPUL> MASSES BY A NEW & V]Y N>R[ >I/OCRACY ( KN[L$GE1 REAL OR PRET5D$4 0 

,BAKUN9 TRANSLAT$ ,M>X'S MAJOR WORK1 ,DAS ,KAPITAL1 9TO ,RUSSIAN1 HAD A LIVELY ADMIRATION = HIS 9TELLECTUAL CAPACITY1 FULLY ACCEPT$ ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 & APPRECIAT$ BETT] ?AN ANYONE ,M>X'S !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTION TO ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,:AT HE W\LD NOT CONC$E WAS ?AT 9TELLECTUAL SUP]IORITY CAN CONF] UPON ANYONE ! RI<T TO LEAD ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T3 

0,ONE ASKS ONESELF H[ A MAN AS 9TELLIG5T AS ,M>X C\LD CONCEIVE ( SU* A H]ESY AGA9/ COMMON S5SE & HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE AS ! NOTION ?AT A GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS1 H[EV] 9TELLIG5T & WELL-9T5TION$1 C\LD BECOME ! S\L & ! UNIFY+ & DIRECT+ WILL ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & ( ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL C\NTRIES4444 ,! CREATION ( A UNIV]SAL DICTATOR%IP 4 4 41 A DICTATOR%IP :I* W\LD SOMEH[ P]=M ! TASK ( *IEF 5G9E] ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 REGULAT+ & /E]+ ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! MASSES ( ALL NATIONS AS ONE /E]S A MA*9E 4 4 41 ! CREATION ( SU* A DICTATOR%IP W\LD 9 ITSELF SUFFICE TO KILL ! REVOLUTION & P>ALYZE & DI/ORT ALL POPUL> MOVEM5TS4444 ,& :AT IS ONE TO ?9K ( AN 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS :I*1 9 ! SUPPOS$ 9T]E/ ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 IMPOSES ON ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD A GOV]NM5T 9VE/$ ) DICTATORIAL P[]S80 

,NO D\BT ,BAKUN9 WAS DI/ORT+ ! ?\<TS ( ,M>X QUITE SEV]ELY 9 ATTRIBUT+ TO HIM SU* A UNIV]SALLY AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPT1 BUT ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL HAS S9CE %[N ?AT ! DANG] ( :I* HE W>N$ DID EV5TUALLY MAT]IALIZE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN EXILE %[$ HIMSELF EQUALLY CLE>-SI<T$ AB\T ! DANG] ( /ATE CONTROL UND] A COMMUNI/ REGIME4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ! ASPIRATIONS ( 0DOCTR9AIRE0 SOCIALI/S W\LD 0PUT ! PEOPLE 9TO A NEW H>NESS40 ,!Y D\BTLESS PR(ESS1 AS DO ! LIB]T>IANS1 TO SEE ANY ,/ATE AS OPPRESSIVE1 BUT MA9TA9 ?AT ONLY DICTATOR%IP - !IR [N1 ( C\RSE - CAN CREATE FRE$OM = ! PEOPLE2 TO :I* ! REPLY IS ?AT EV]Y DICTATOR%IP MU/ SEEK TO LA/ AS LONG AS POSSIBLE4 ,9/EAD ( LEAV+ IT TO ! PEOPLE TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE1 !Y WANT TO 0TRANSF] IT 4 4 4 9TO ! H&S ( ! B5EFACTORS1 GU>DIANS1 & TEA*]S1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40 ,!Y SEE QUITE WELL ?AT SU* A GOV]NM5T1 0H[EV] DEMOCRATIC ITS =MS1 WILL BE A REAL DICTATOR%IP10 & 0CONSOLE !MSELVES ) ! IDEA ?AT IT WILL BE TEMPOR>Y & %ORT-LIV$40 ,BUT NO6 ,BAKUN9 RETORT$4 ,?IS SUPPOS$LY 9T]IM DICTATOR%IP WILL 9EVITABLY LEAD TO 0! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE1 ITS PRIVILEGES1 ITS 9EQUALITIES1 & ALL ITS OPPRESSIONS10 TO ! =MATION ( A GOV]NM5TAL >I/OCRACY 0:I* AGA9 BEG9S TO EXPLOIT & RULE 9 ! NAME ( COMMON HAPP9ESS OR TO SAVE ! ,/ATE40 ,& ?IS ,/ATE WILL BE 0! MORE ABSOLUTE BECAUSE ITS DESPOTISM IS C>EFULLY CONCEAL$ UND] OBSEQUI\S RESPECT444 = ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE40 

,BAKUN91 ALWAYS P>TICUL>LY LUCID1 BELIEV$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 0,IF ! WORK]S ( ! ,WE/ WAIT TOO LONG1 ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS WILL SET !M AN EXAMPLE40 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! REVOLUTION WILL BE BASICALLY 0AN>*I/IC40 ,BUT HE WAS FE>FUL ( ! \TCOME3 ! REVOLUTION>IES MI<T WELL SIMPLY C>RY ON ! ,/ATE ( ,PET] ! ,GREAT :I* WAS 0BAS$ ON 4 4 4 SUSP5SION ( ALL EXPRESSIONS ( ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE10 = 0ONE CAN *ANGE ! LABEL ( A ,/ATE & ITS =M 4 4 4 BUT ! F\NDATION WILL REMA9 UN*ANG$40 ,EI!R ! ,/ATE MU/ BE DE/ROY$ OR ONE MU/ 0RECONCILE ONESELF TO ! VILE/ & MO/ DANG]\S LIE ( \R C5TURY 4 4 43 ,R$ ,BUREAUCRACY40 ,BAKUN9 SUMM$ IT UP AS FOLL[S3 0,TAKE ! MO/ RADICAL ( REVOLUTION>IES & PLACE HIM ON ! ?RONE ( ALL ! ,RUSSIAS OR GIVE HIM DICTATORIAL P[]S 4 4 4 & BE=E ! YE> IS \T HE WILL BE WORSE ?AN ! ,CZ> HIMSELF40 

,9 ,RUSSIA ,VOL9E WAS P>TICIPANT1 WITNESS1 & HI/ORIAN ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & AFT]W>DS RECORD$ ?AT EV5TS HAD TAU<T ! SAME LESSON AS ! MA/]S4 ,YES1 9DE$1 SOCIALI/ P[] & SOCIAL REVOLUTION 0>E CONTRADICTORY FACTORS02 !Y CANNOT BE RECONCIL$3 

0,A REVOLUTION :I* IS 9SPIR$ BY /ATE SOCIALISM & ADOPTS ?IS =M1 EV5 'PROVISIONALLY' & 'TEMPOR>ILY1' IS LO/3 IT TAKES A WRONG ROAD D[N AN EV] /EEP] SLOPE4444 ,ALL POLITICAL P[] 9EVITABLY CREATES A PRIVILEG$ POSITION = ?OSE :O EX]CISE IT4444 ,HAV+ TAK5 OV] ! ,REVOLUTION1 MA/]$ IT1 & H>NESS$ IT1 ?OSE 9 P[] >E OBLIG$ TO CREATE ! BUREAUCRATIC & REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS :I* IS 9DISP5SABLE = ANY AU?ORITY ?AT WANTS TO MA9TA9 ITSELF1 TO COMM&1 TO GIVE ORD]S1 9 A WORD4 TO GOV]N4 4 4 4 ,ALL AU?ORITY SEEKS TO SOME EXT5T TO CONTROL SOCIAL LIFE4 ,ITS EXI/5CE PR$ISPOSES ! MASSES TO PASSIVITY1 ITS V]Y PRES5CE SUFFOCATES ANY SPIRIT ( 9ITIATIVE4444 ',COMMUNI/' P[] IS 444 A REAL BLUDGEON4 ,SWOLL5 ) 'AU?ORITY' 4 4 4 IT FE>S EV]Y 9DEP5D5T ACTION4 ,ANY AUTONOM\S ACTION IS IMM$IATELY SE5 AS SUSPECT1 ?REAT5+1 4 4 4 = SU* AU?ORITY WANTS SOLE CONTROL ( ! TILL]4 ,9ITIATIVE FROM ANY O!R S\RCE IS SE5 AS AN 9TRUSION UPON ITS DOMA9 & AN 9FR+EM5T ( ITS PR]OGATIVES &1 !RE=E1 UNACCEPTABLE4 0 

,FUR!R1 AN>*I/S CATEGORICALLY D5Y ! NE$ = 0PROVISIONAL0 & 0TEMPOR>Y0 /AGES4 ,9 #a#i#c#f1 ON ! EVE ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN PLAC$ AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM ON ! HORNS ( A DILEMMA3 0,EI!R ! REVOLUTION GIVES SOCIAL WEAL? TO ! PRODUC]S1 OR IT DOES NOT4 ,IF IT DOES1 ! PRODUC]S ORGANIZE !MSELVES = COLLECTIVE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION & !RE IS NO?+ LEFT = ! ,/ATE TO DO4 ,IF IT DOES NOT GIVE SOCIAL WEAL? TO ! PRODUC]S1 ! REVOLUTION IS NO?+ BUT A DECEPTION & ! ,/ATE GOES ON40 ,ONE CAN SAY ?AT ! DILEMMA IS OV]SIMPLIFI$ H]E2 IT W\LD BE LESS SO IF IT W]E TRANSLAT$ 9TO T]MS ( 9T5T3 ! AN>*I/S >E NOT SO NAIVE AS TO DREAM ?AT ALL ! REMNANTS ( ! ,/ATE W\LD DISAPPE> OV]NI<T1 BUT !Y HAVE ! WILL TO MAKE !M WI!R AWAY AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE2 :ILE ! AU?ORIT>IANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E SATISFI$ ) ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! 9DEF9ITE SURVIVAL ( A 0TEMPOR>Y0 ,/ATE1 >BITR>ILY T]M$ A 0,WORK]S' ,/ATE40 

,S,\,R,C,E,S ,( ,9,S,P,I,R,A,T,I,O,N3 

,! ,9,D,I,V,I,D,U,A,L 

,! AN>*I/ SETS TWO S\RCES ( REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY AGA9/ ! CON/RA9TS & HI]>*IES ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM3 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & ! SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES4 ,SOME AN>*I/S >E MORE 9DIVIDUALI/IC ?AN SOCIAL1 SOME MORE SOCIAL ?AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC4 ,H[EV]1 ONE CANNOT CONCEIVE ( A LIB]T>IAN :O IS NOT AN 9DIVIDUALI/4 ,! OBS]VATIONS MADE BY ,AUGU/9 ,HAMON FROM ! SURVEY M5TION$ E>LI] CONFIRM ?IS ANALYSIS4 

,MAX ,/IRN] .<#a#a.> REHABILITAT$ ! 9DIVIDUAL AT A TIME :5 ! PHILOSOPHICAL FIELD WAS DOM9AT$ BY ,HEGELIAN ANTI-9DIVIDUALISM & MO/ RE=M]S 9 ! SOCIAL FIELD HAD BE5 L$ BY ! MISDE$S ( B\RGEOIS EGOTISM TO /RESS ITS OPPOSITE3 WAS NOT ! V]Y WORD 0SOCIALISM0 CREAT$ AS ANTONYM TO 09DIVIDUALISM08 

,/IRN] EXALT$ ! 9TR9SIC VALUE ( ! UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ONE CA/ 9 A S+LE UNREPEATABLE MOLD 7AN IDEA :I* HAS BE5 CONFIRM$ BY REC5T BIOLOGICAL RESE>*74 ,= A LONG TIME ?IS ?9K] REMA9$ ISOLAT$ 9 AN>*I/ CIRCLES1 AN ECC5TRIC FOLL[$ BY ONLY A T9Y SECT ( 9TELLIG5T 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,TODAY1 ! BOLDNESS & SCOPE ( HIS ?\<T APPE> 9 A NEW LI<T4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD SEEMS TO HAVE SET ITSELF ! TASK ( RESCU+ ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM ALL ! =MS ( ALI5ATION :I* CRU% HIM' ?OSE ( 9DIVIDUAL SLAV]Y & ?OSE ( TOTALIT>IAN CON=MISM4 ,9 A FAM\S >TICLE WRITT5 9 #a#i#c#c1 ,SIMONE ,WEIL COMPLA9$ ( NOT F9D+ 9 ,M>XI/ WRIT+S ANY ANSW] TO QUE/IONS >IS+ FROM ! NE$ TO DEF5D ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ! NEW =MS ( OPPRESSION COM+ AFT] CLASSICAL CAPITALI/ OPPRESSION4 ,/IRN] SET \T TO FILL ?IS S]I\S GAP AS E>LY AS ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,HE WROTE 9 A LIVELY /YLE1 CRACKL+ ) APHORISMS3 0,DO NOT SEEK 9 SELF-R5UNCIATION A FRE$OM :I* D5IES Y\R V]Y SELVES1 BUT SEEK Y\R [N SELVES4444 ,LET EA* ( Y\ BE AN ALL-P[]FUL ,I40 ,!RE IS NO FRE$OM BUT ?AT :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL CONQU]S = HIMSELF4 ,FRE$OM GIV5 OR CONC$$ IS NOT FRE$OM BUT 0/OL5 GOODS40 0,!RE IS NO JUDGE BUT MYSELF :O CAN DECIDE :E!R ,I AM RI<T OR WRONG40 0,! ONLY ?+S ,I HAVE NO RI<T TO DO >E ?OSE ,I DO NOT DO ) A FREE M9D40 0,Y\ HAVE ! RI<T TO BE :ATEV] Y\ HAVE ! /R5G? TO BE40 ,:ATEV] Y\ ACCOMPLI% Y\ ACCOMPLI% AS A UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL3 0,NEI!R ! ,/ATE1 SOCIETY1 NOR HUMANITY CAN MA/] ?IS DEVIL40 

,9 ORD] TO EMANCIPATE HIMSELF1 ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ BEG9 BY PUTT+ UND] ! MICROSCOPE ! 9TELLECTUAL BAGGAGE ) :I* HIS P>5TS & TEA*]S HAVE SADDL$ HIM4 ,HE MU/ UND]TAKE A VA/ OP]ATION ( 0DESANCTIFICATION10 BEG9N+ ) ! SO-CALL$ MORALITY ( ! B\RGEOISIE3 0,LIKE ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF1 ITS NATIVE SOIL1 IT IS /ILL F> TOO CLOSE TO ! HEAV5 ( RELIGION1 IS /ILL NOT FREE 5\<1 & UNCRITICALLY BORR[S B\RGEOIS LAWS TO TRANSPLANT !M TO ITS [N GR\ND 9/EAD ( WORK+ \T NEW & 9DEP5D5T DOCTR9ES40 

,/IRN] WAS ESPECIALLY 9C5S$ BY SEXUAL MORALITY4 ,! 0MA*9ATIONS0 ( ,*RI/IANITY 0AGA9/ PASSION0 HAVE SIMPLY BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ! SECUL>I/S4 ,!Y REFUS$ TO LI/5 TO ! APPEAL ( ! FLE% & DISPLAY !IR ZEAL AGA9/ IT4 ,!Y 0SPIT 9 ! FACE ( IMMORALITY40 ,! MORAL PREJUDICES 9CULCAT$ BY ,*RI/IANITY HAVE AN ESPECIALLY /RONG HOLD ON ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 0,! PEOPLE FURI\SLY URGE ! POLICE ON AGA9/ ANY?+ :I* SEEMS TO !M IMMORAL OR EV5 IMPROP]1 & ?IS PUBLIC PASSION = MORALITY PROTECTS ! POLICE AS AN 9/ITUTION F> MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN A GOV]NM5T C\LD EV] DO40 

,/IRN] =E%AD[$ MOD]N PSY*OANALYSIS BY OBS]V+ & D5\NC+ ! 9T]NALIZATION ( P>5TAL MORAL VALUES4 ,FROM *ILDHOOD WE >E CONSUM$ ) MORAL PREJUDICES4 ,MORALITY HAS BECOME 0AN 9T]NAL =CE FROM :I* ,I CANNOT FREE MYSELF10 0ITS DESPOTISM IS T5 TIMES WORSE ?AN BE=E1 BECAUSE IT N[ SCOLDS AWAY FROM )9 MY CONSCI5CE40 0,! Y\NG >E S5T TO S*OOL 9 H]DS TO LE>N ! OLD SAWS & :5 !Y KN[ ! V]BIAGE ( ! OLD BY HE>T !Y >E SAID TO HAVE COME ( AGE40 ,/IRN] DECL>$ HIMSELF AN ICONOCLA/3 0,GOD1 CONSCI5CE1 DUTIES1 & LAWS >E ALL ]RORS :I* HAVE BE5 /UFF$ 9TO \R M9DS & HE>TS40 ,! REAL S$UC]S & CORRUPT]S ( Y\? >E ! PRIE/S & P>5TS :O 0MUDDY Y\NG HE>TS & /UPEFY Y\NG M9DS40 ,IF !RE IS ANY?+ ?AT 0COMES FROM ! DEVIL0 IT IS SURELY ?IS FALSE DIV9E VOICE :I* HAS BE5 9T]POLAT$ 9TO ! CONSCI5CE4 

,9 ! PROCESS ( REHABILITAT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ,/IRN] ALSO DISCOV]$ ! ,FREUDIAN SUBCONSCI\S4 ,! ,SELF CANNOT BE APPREH5D$4 ,AGA9/ IT 0! EMPIRE ( ?\<T1 M9D1 & RATIOC9ATION CRUMBLES02 IT IS 9EXPRESSIBLE1 9CONCEIVABLE1 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 & ?R\< ,/IRN]'S LIVELY APHORISMS ONE SEEMS TO HE> ! FIR/ E*OES ( EXI/5TIALI/ PHILOSOPHY3 0,I />T FROM A HYPO!SIS BY TAK+ MYSELF AS HYPO!SIS4444 ,I USE IT SOLELY = MY 5JOYM5T & SATISFACTION4444 ,I EXI/ ONLY BECAUSE ,I N\RI% MY ,SELF4444 ,! FACT ?AT ,I AM ( ABSORB+ 9T]E/ TO MYSELF MEANS ?AT ,I EXI/40 

,( C\RSE ! :ITE HEAT ( IMAG9ATION 9 :I* ,/IRN] WROTE SOMETIMES MISL$ HIM 9TO P>ADOXICAL /ATEM5TS4 ,HE LET SLIP SOME ANTISOCIAL APHORISMS & >RIV$ AT ! POSITION ?AT LIFE 9 SOCIETY IS IMPOSSIBLE3 0,WE DO NOT ASPIRE TO COMMUNAL LIFE BUT TO A LIFE AP>T40 0,! PEOPLE IS DEAD6 ,GOOD-DAY1 ,SELF60 0,! PEOPLE'S GOOD =TUNE IS MY MIS=TUNE60 0,IF IT IS RI<T = ME1 IT IS RI<T4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT IT IS WRONG = O!RS3 LET !M TAKE C>E ( !MSELVES60 

,H[EV]1 !SE OCCASIONAL \TBUR/S >E PROBABLY NOT A FUNDAM5TAL P>T ( HIS ?9K+ &1 9 SPITE ( HIS H]MIT'S BLU/]1 HE ASPIR$ TO COMMUNAL LIFE4 ,LIKE MO/ PEOPLE :O >E 9TROV]T$1 ISOLAT$1 %UT 91 HE SUFF]$ ACUTE NO/ALGIA = IT4 ,TO ?OSE :O ASK$ H[ HE C\LD LIVE 9 SOCIETY ) HIS EXCLUSIV5ESS HE REPLI$ ?AT ONLY ! MAN :O HAS COMPREH5D$ HIS [N 0ON5ESS0 CAN HAVE RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[S4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL NE$S HELP & FRI5DS2 = EXAMPLE1 IF HE WRITES BOOKS HE NE$S READ]S4 ,HE JO9S ) HIS FELL[ MAN 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE HIS /R5G? & FULFILL HIMSELF MORE COMPLETELY ?R\< !IR COMB9$ /R5G? ?AN EI!R C\LD 9 ISOLATION4 0,IF Y\ HAVE SEV]AL MILLION O!RS BEH9D Y\ TO PROTECT Y\1 TOGE!R Y\ WILL BECOME A GREAT =CE & WILL EASILY BE VICTORI\S0 - BUT ON ONE CONDITION3 !SE RELATIONS ) O!RS MU/ BE FREE & VOLUNT>Y & ALWAYS SUBJECT TO REPUDIATION4 ,/IRN] DI/+UI%ES A SOCIETY ALREADY E/ABLI%$1 :I* IS A CON/RA9T1 FROM ASSOCIATION1 :I* IS A VOLUNT>Y ACT4 0,SOCIETY USES Y\1 BUT Y\ USE ASSOCIATION40 ,ADMITT$LY1 ASSOCIATION IMPLIES A SACRIFICE1 A RE/RICTION UPON FRE$OM1 BUT ?IS SACRIFICE IS NOT MADE = ! COMMON GOOD3 0,IT IS MY [N P]SONAL 9T]E/ ?AT BR+S ME TO IT40 

,/IRN] WAS DEAL+ ) V]Y CONTEMPOR>Y PROBLEMS1 ESPECIALLY :5 HE TREAT$ ! QUE/ION ( POLITICAL P>TIES ) SPECIAL REF]5CE TO ! COMMUNI/S4 ,HE WAS SEV]ELY CRITICAL ( ! CON=MISM ( P>TIES3 0,ONE MU/ FOLL[ ONE'S P>TY EV]Y:]E & ANY:]E1 ABSOLUTELY APPROV+ & DEF5D+ ITS BASIC PR9CIPLES40 0,MEMB]S 4 4 4 B[ TO ! SLI<TE/ WI%ES ( ! P>TY40 ,! P>TY'S PROGRAM MU/ 0BE = !M C]TA91 ABOVE QUE/ION4444 ,ONE MU/ BELONG TO ! P>TY BODY & S\L4444 ,ANYONE :O GOES FROM ONE P>TY TO ANO!R IS IMM$IATELY TREAT$ AS A R5EGADE40 ,9 ,/IRN]'S VIEW1 A MONOLI?IC P>TY CEASES TO BE AN ASSOCIATION & ONLY A CORPSE REMA9S4 ,HE REJECT$ SU* A P>TY BUT DID NOT GIVE UP HOPE ( JO9+ A POLITICAL ASSOCIATION3 0,I %ALL ALWAYS F9D 5\< PEOPLE :O WANT TO ASSOCIATE ) ME )\T HAV+ TO SWE> ALLEGIANCE TO MY FLAG40 ,HE FELT HE C\LD ONLY REJO9 ! P>TY IF !RE WAS 0NO?+ COMPULSORY AB\T IT10 & HIS SOLE CONDITION WAS ?AT HE C\LD BE SURE 0( NOT LETT+ HIMSELF BE TAK5 OV] BY ! P>TY40 0,! P>TY IS NO?+ O!R ?AN A P>TY 9 :I* HE TAKES P>T40 0,HE ASSOCIATES FREELY & TAKES BACK HIS FRE$OM 9 ! SAME WAY40 

,!RE IS ONLY ONE WEAKNESS 9 ,/IRN]'S >GUM5T1 ?\< IT MORE OR LESS UND]LIES ALL HIS WRIT+S3 HIS CONCEPT ( ! UNITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT ONLY 0EGOTI/ICAL10 PR(ITABLE = ! 0,SELF0 BUT IS ALSO VALID = ! COLLECTIVITY4 ,! HUMAN ASSOCIATION IS ONLY FRUITFUL IF IT DOES NOT CRU% ! 9DIVIDUAL BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DEVELOPS 9ITIATIVE & CREATIVE 5]GY4 ,IS NOT ! /R5G? ( A P>TY ! SUM ( ALL ! /R5G?S ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O COMPOSE IT8 ,?IS LACUNA 9 HIS >GUM5T IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ,/IRN]'S SYN!SIS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY REMA9$ HALT+ & 9COMPLETE4 ,9 ! ?\<T ( ?IS REBEL ! SOCIAL & ! ANTISOCIAL CLA% & >E NOT ALWAYS RESOLV$4 ,! SOCIAL AN>*I/S W]E TO REPROA* HIM = ?IS1 QUITE RI<TLY4 

,!SE REPROA*ES W]E ! MORE BITT] BECAUSE ,/IRN]1 PRESUMABLY ?R\< IGNORANCE1 MADE ! MI/AKE ( 9CLUD+ ,PR\DHON AMONG ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S :O CONDEMN 9DIVIDUALI/ ASPIRATIONS 9 ! NAME ( 0SOCIAL DUTY40 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,PR\DHON HAD MOCK$ ,/IRN]-LIKE 0ADORATION0 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 .<#a#b.> BUT HIS 5TIRE WORK WAS A SE>* = A SYN!SIS1 OR RA!R AN 0EQUILIBRIUM0 BETWE5 CONC]N = ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY1 BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL P[] & COLLECTIVE P[]4 0,JU/ AS 9DIVIDUALISM IS A PRIMORDIAL HUMAN TRAIT1 SO ASSOCIATION IS ITS COMPLEM5T40 

0,SOME ?9K ?AT MAN HAS VALUE ONLY ?R\< SOCIETY 4 4 4 & T5D TO ABSORB ! 9DIVIDUAL 9TO ! COLLECTIVITY4 ,?US 4 4 4 ! COMMUNI/ SY/EM IS A DEVALUATION ( ! P]SONALITY 9 ! NAME ( SOCIETY4444 ,?AT IS TYRANNY1 A MY/ICAL & ANONYM\S TYRANNY1 IT IS NOT ASSOCIATION4444 ,:5 ! HUMAN P]SONALITY IS DIVE/$ ( ITS PR]OGATIVES1 SOCIETY IS F\ND TO BE )\T ITS VITAL PR9CIPLE40 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,PR\DHON REJECT$ ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC UTOPIANISM ?AT AGGLOM]ATES UNRELAT$ 9DIVIDUALITIES ) NO ORGANIC CONNECTION1 NO COLLECTIVE P[]1 & ?US BETRAYS ITS 9ABILITY TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( COMMON 9T]E/S4 ,9 CONCLUSION3 NEI!R COMMUNISM NOR UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM4 0,WE HAVE TOO MANY JO9T 9T]E/S1 TOO MANY ?+S 9 COMMON40 

,BAKUN91 ALSO1 WAS BO? AN 9DIVIDUALI/ & A SOCIALI/4 ,HE KEPT REIT]AT+ ?AT A SOCIETY C\LD ONLY REA* A HI<] LEVEL BY />T+ FROM ! FREE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,:5EV] HE 5UNCIAT$ RI<TS :I* MU/ BE GU>ANTE$ TO GR\PS1 SU* AS ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION OR SECESSION1 HE WAS C>EFUL TO /ATE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL %\LD BE ! FIR/ TO B5EFIT FROM !M4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL [ES DUTIES TO SOCIETY ONLY 9 SO F> AS HE HAS FREELY CONS5T$ TO BECOME P>T ( IT4 ,EV]YONE IS FREE TO ASSOCIATE OR NOT TO ASSOCIATE1 &1 IF HE SO DESIRES1 0TO GO & LIVE 9 ! DES]TS OR ! =E/S AMONG ! WILD BEA/S40 0,FRE$OM IS ! ABSOLUTE RI<T ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+ TO SEEK NO O!R SANCTION = HIS ACTIONS BUT HIS [N CONSCI5CE1 TO DET]M9E !SE ACTIONS SOLELY BY HIS [N WILL1 & CONSEQU5TLY TO [E HIS FIR/ RESPONSIBILITY TO HIMSELF ALONE40 ,! SOCIETY :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS FREELY *OS5 TO JO9 AS A MEMB] APPE>S ONLY AS A SECOND>Y FACTOR 9 ! ABOVE LI/ ( RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,IT HAS MORE DUTIES TO ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AN RI<TS OV] HIM1 &1 PROVID$ HE HAS REA*$ HIS MAJORITY1 %\LD EX]CISE 0NEI!R SURVEILLANCE NOR AU?ORITY0 OV] HIM1 BUT [E HIM 0! PROTECTION ( HIS LIB]TY40 

,BAKUN9 PU%$ ! PRACTICE ( 0ABSOLUTE & COMPLETE LIB]TY0 V]Y F>3 ,I AM 5TITL$ TO DISPOSE ( MY P]SON AS ,I PLEASE1 TO BE IDLE OR ACTIVE1 TO LIVE EI!R HONE/LY BY MY [N LABOR OR EV5 BY %AMEFULLY EXPLOIT+ *>ITY OR PRIVATE CONFID5CE4 ,ALL ?IS ON ONE CONDITION ONLY3 ?AT ?IS *>ITY OR CONFID5CE IS VOLUNT>Y & GIV5 TO ME ONLY BY 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE ATTA9$ !IR MAJORITY4 ,I EV5 HAVE ! RI<T TO 5T] 9TO ASSOCIATIONS :OSE OBJECTS MAKE !M 0IMMORAL0 OR APP>5TLY SO4 ,9 HIS CONC]N = LIB]TY ,BAKUN9 W5T SO F> AS TO ALL[ ONE TO JO9 ASSOCIATIONS DESIGN$ TO CORRUPT & DE/ROY 9DIVIDUAL OR PUBLIC LIB]TY3 0,LIB]TY CAN & MU/ DEF5D ITSELF ONLY ?R\< LIB]TY2 TO TRY TO RE/RICT IT ON ! SPECI\S PRETEXT ( DEF5D+ IT IS A DANG]\S CONTRADICTION40 

,AS = E?ICAL PROBLEMS1 ,BAKUN9 WAS SURE 0IMMORALITY0 WAS A CONSEQU5CE ( A VICI\SLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,?IS LATT] MU/1 !RE=E1 BE DE/ROY$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM4 ,LIB]TY ALONE CAN BR+ MORAL IMPROVEM5T4 ,RE/RICTIONS IMPOS$ ON ! PRETEXT ( IMPROV+ MORALS HAVE ALWAYS PROV$ DETRIM5TAL TO !M4 ,F> FROM *ECK+ ! SPREAD ( IMMORALITY1 REPRESSION HAS ALWAYS EXT5D$ & DEEP5$ IT4 ,?US IT IS FUTILE TO OPPOSE IT BY RIGOR\S LEGISLATION :I* TRESPASSES ON 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,BAKUN9 ALL[$ ONLY ONE SANCTION AGA9/ ! IDLE1 P>ASITIC1 OR WICK$3 ! LOSS ( POLITICAL RI<TS1 ?AT IS1 ( ! SAFEGU>DS ACCORD$ ! 9DIVIDUAL BY SOCIETY4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL HAS ! RI<T TO ALI5ATE HIS [N FRE$OM BY HIS [N ACTS BUT1 9 ?IS CASE1 IS D5I$ ! 5JOYM5T ( HIS POLITICAL RI<TS = ! DURATION ( HIS VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE4 

,IF CRIMES >E COMMITT$ !Y MU/ BE SE5 AS A DISEASE1 & PUNI%M5T AS TREATM5T RA!R ?AN AS SOCIAL V5GEANCE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! CONVICT$ 9DIVIDUAL MU/ RETA9 ! RI<T NOT TO SUBMIT TO ! S5T5CE IMPOS$ IF HE DECL>ES ?AT HE NO LONG] WI%ES TO BE A MEMB] ( ! SOCIETY CONC]N$4 ,! LATT]1 9 RETURN1 HAS ! RI<T TO EXPEL SU* AN 9DIVIDUAL & DECL>E HIM TO BE \TSIDE ITS PROTECTION4 

,BAKUN91 H[EV]1 WAS F> FROM BE+ A NIHILI/4 ,HIS PROCLAMATION ( ABSOLUTE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM DID NOT LEAD HIM TO REPUDIATE ALL SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS4 ,I BECOME FREE ONLY ?R\< ! FRE$OM ( O!RS3 0,MAN CAN FULFILL HIS FREE 9DIVIDUALITY ONLY BY COMPLEM5T+ IT ?R\< ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS >\ND HIM1 & ONLY ?R\< WORK & ! COLLECTIVE =CE ( SOCIETY40 ,MEMB]%IP 9 ! SOCIETY IS VOLUNT>Y BUT ,BAKUN9 HAD NO D\BT ?AT BECAUSE ( ITS 5ORM\S ADVANTAGES 0MEMB]%IP WILL BE *OS5 BY ALL40 ,MAN IS BO? 0! MO/ 9DIVIDUAL & ! MO/ SOCIAL ( ! ANIMALS40 

,BAKUN9 %[$ NO S(TNESS = EGOISM 9 ITS VULG> S5SE - = B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM 0:I* DRIVES ! 9DIVIDUAL TO CONQUE/ & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( HIS [N WELL-BE+ 4 4 4 9 SPITE ( EV]YONE1 ON ! BACKS ( O!RS1 TO !IR DETRIM5T40 0,SU* A SOLIT>Y & AB/RACT HUMAN BE+ IS AS MU* A FICTION AS ,GOD40 0,TOTAL ISOLATION IS 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL1 & MAT]IAL DEA?40 

,A BROAD & SYN!SIZ+ 9TELLECT1 ,BAKUN9 ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A BRIDGE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & MASS MOVEM5TS3 0,ALL SOCIAL LIFE IS SIMPLY ?IS CONT9UAL MUTUAL DEP5D5CE ( 9DIVIDUALS & ! MASSES4 ,EV5 ! /RONGE/ & MO/ 9TELLIG5T 9DIVIDUALS 4 4 4 >E AT EV]Y MOM5T ( !IR LIVES BO? PROMOT]S & PRODUCTS ( ! DESIRES & ACTIONS ( ! MASSES40 ,! AN>*I/ SEES ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS ! PRODUCT ( ?IS 9T]ACTION2 ?US HE REG>DS 9DIVIDUAL ACTION & AUTONOM\S COLLECTIVE ACTION BY ! MASSES AS EQUALLY FRUITFUL & MILITANT4 

,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S W]E ! 9TELLECTUAL HEIRS ( ,BAKUN94 ,AL?\< 5AMOR$ ( SOCIALIZATION1 ON ! V]Y EVE ( ! #aicf ,REVOLUTION !Y DID NOT FAIL TO MAKE A SOLEMN PL$GE TO PROTECT ! SACR$ AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL3 0,! ET]NAL ASPIRATION TO BE UNIQUE10 WROTE ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 0WILL BE EXPRESS$ 9 A ?\S& WAYS3 ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL NOT BE SUFFOCAT$ BY LEV]+ D[N 4444 ,9DIVIDUALISM1 P]SONAL TA/E1 & ORIG9ALITY WILL HAVE ADEQUATE SCOPE TO EXPRESS !MSELVES40 

,S,\,R,C,E,S ,( ,9,S,P,I,R,A,T,I,O,N3 

,! ,M,A,S,S,E,S 

,FROM ! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh ,PR\DHON LE>N$ ?AT ! MASSES >E ! S\RCE ( P[] ( REVOLUTIONS4 ,AT ! 5D ( #ahdi HE WROTE3 0,REVOLUTIONS HAVE NO 9/IGATORS2 !Y COME :5 FATE BECKONS1 & 5D ) ! EXHAU/ION ( ! MY/]I\S P[] ?AT MAKES !M FL\RI%40 0,ALL REVOLUTIONS HAVE BE5 C>RI$ ?R\< BY ! SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! PEOPLE2 IF OCCASIONALLY GOV]NM5TS HAVE RESPOND$ TO ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEOPLE IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE !Y W]E =C$ OR CON/RA9$ TO DO SO4 ,ALMO/ ALWAYS !Y BLOCK$1 REPRESS$1 /RUCK40 0,:5 LEFT TO !IR [N 9/9CTS ! PEOPLE ALMO/ ALWAYS SEE BETT] ?AN :5 GUID$ BY ! POLICY ( LEAD]S40 0,A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 4 4 4 DOES NOT OCCUR AT ! BEHE/ ( A MA/] ) A READY-MADE !ORY1 OR AT ! DICTATE ( A PROPHET4 ,A TRULY ORGANIC REVOLUTION IS A PRODUCT ( UNIV]SAL LIFE1 & AL?\< IT HAS ITS MESS5G]S & EXECUTORS IT IS REALLY NOT ! WORK ( ANY ONE P]SON40 ,! REVOLUTION MU/ BE CONDUCT$ FROM BEL[ & NOT FROM ABOVE4 ,ONCE ! REVOLUTION>Y CRISIS IS OV] SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION %\LD BE ! TASK ( ! POPUL> MASSES !MSELVES4 ,PR\DHON AFFIRM$ ! 0P]SONALITY & AUTONOMY ( ! MASSES40 

,BAKUN9 ALSO REPEAT$ TIRELESSLY ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION CAN BE NEI!R DECRE$ NOR ORGANIZ$ FROM ABOVE & CAN ONLY BE MADE & FULLY DEVELOP$ BY SPONTANE\S & CONT9U\S MASS ACTION4 ,REVOLUTIONS COME 0LIKE A ?IEF 9 ! NI<T40 ,!Y >E 0PRODUC$ BY ! =CE ( EV5TS40 0,!Y >E LONG 9 PREP>ATION 9 ! DEP?S ( ! 9/9CTIVE CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES - !N !Y EXPLODE1 (T5 PRECIPITAT$ BY APP>5TLY TRIVIAL CAUSES40 0,ONE CAN =ESEE !M1 HAVE PRES5TIM5TS ( !IR APPROA* 4 4 44 BUT ONE CAN NEV] ACCEL]ATE !IR \TBREAK40 0,! AN>*I/ SOCIAL REVOLUTION 4 4 4 >ISES SPONTANE\SLY 9 ! HE>TS ( ! PEOPLE1 DE/ROY+ ALL ?AT H9D]S ! G5]\S UPSURGE ( ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE 9 ORD] !REAFT] TO CREATE NEW =MS ( FREE SOCIAL LIFE :I* WILL >ISE FROM ! V]Y DEP?S ( ! S\L ( ! PEOPLE40 ,BAKUN9 SAW 9 ! ,COMMUNE ( #ahga /RIK+ CONFIRMATION ( HIS VIEWS4 ,! ,COMMUN>DS BELIEV$ ?AT 0! ACTION ( 9DIVIDUALS WAS ALMO/ NO?+0 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ! 0SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! MASSES %\LD BE EV]Y?+40 

,LIKE HIS PR$ECESSORS1 ,KROPOTK9 PRAIS$ 0?IS ADMIRABLE S5SE ( SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION :I* ! PEOPLE 4 4 4 HAS 9 SU* A HI< DEGREE1 BUT IS SO R>ELY P]MITT$ TO APPLY40 ,HE ADD$1 PLAYFULLY1 ?AT 0ONLY HE :O HAS ALWAYS LIV$ ) HIS NOSE BURI$ 9 (FICIAL PAP]S & R$ TAPE C\LD D\BT IT40 

,HAV+ MADE ALL !SE G5]\S & OPTIMI/IC AFFIRMATIONS1 BO? ! AN>*I/ & HIS BRO!R & 5EMY ! ,M>XI/ CONFRONT A GRAVE CONTRADICTION4 ,! SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES IS ESS5TIAL1 AN ABSOLUTE PRIORITY1 BUT NOT SUFFICI5T 9 ITSELF4 ,! ASSI/ANCE ( A REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY CAPABLE ( ?9K+ \T ! REVOLUTION HAS PROV$ TO BE NECESS>Y TO RAISE MASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,H[ IS ?IS ELITE TO BE PREV5T$ FROM EXPLOIT+ ITS 9TELLECTUAL SUP]IORITY TO USURP ! ROLE ( ! MASSES1 P>ALYZE !IR 9ITIATIVE1 & EV5 IMPOSE A NEW DOM9ATION UPON !M8 

,AFT] HIS IDYLLIC EXALTATION ( SPONTANEITY1 ,PR\DHON CAME TO ADMIT ! 9]TIA ( ! MASSES1 TO DEPLORE ! PREJUDICE 9 FAVOR ( GOV]NM5TS1 ! DEF]5TIAL 9/9CT & ! 9F]IORITY COMPLEX :I* 9HIBIT AN UPSURGE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?US ! COLLECTIVE ACTION ( ! PEOPLE MU/ BE /IMULAT$1 & IF NO REVELATION W]E TO COME TO !M FROM \TSIDE1 ! S]VITUDE ( ! L[] CLASSES MI<T GO ON 9DEF9ITELY4 ,& HE ADMITT$ ?AT 09 EV]Y EPO* ! IDEAS :I* /IRR$ ! MASSES HAD FIR/ BE5 G]M9AT$ 9 ! M9DS ( A FEW ?9K]S4444 ,! MULTITUDE NEV] TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE4444 ,9DIVIDUALITY HAS PRIORITY 9 EV]Y MOVEM5T ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT40 ,IT W\LD BE IDEAL IF !SE CONSCI\S M9ORITIES W]E TO PASS ON TO ! PEOPLE !IR SCI5CE1 ! SCI5CE ( REVOLUTION4 ,BUT 9 PRACTICE ,PR\DHON SEEM$ TO BE SKEPTICAL AB\T SU* A SYN!SIS3 TO EXPECT IT W\LD BE TO UND]E/IMATE ! 9TRUSIVE NATURE ( AU?ORITY4 ,AT BE/1 IT MI<T BE POSSIBLE TO 0BALANCE0 ! TWO ELEM5TS4 

,BE=E HIS CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM 9 #a#h#f#d1 ,BAKUN9 WAS 9VOLV$ 9 CONSPIRACIES & SECRET SOCIETIES & BECAME FAMILI> ) ! TYPICALLY ,BLANQUI/ IDEA ?AT M9ORITY ACTION MU/ PREC$E ! AWAK5+ ( ! BROAD MASSES & COMB9E ) !IR MO/ ADVANC$ ELEM5TS AFT] DRAGG+ !M \T ( !IR LE?>GY4 ,! PROBLEM APPE>$ DIFF]5T 9 ! WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL1 :5 ?AT VA/ MOVEM5T WAS AT LA/ E/ABLI%$4 ,AL?\< HE HAD BECOME AN AN>*I/1 ,BAKUN9 REMA9$ CONV9C$ ( ! NE$ = A CONSCI\S VANGU>D3 0,= REVOLUTION TO TRIUMPH OV] REACTION ! UNITY ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T & ACTION MU/ HAVE AN ORGAN 9 ! MID/ ( ! POPUL> AN>*Y :I* WILL BE ! V]Y LIFE & ! S\RCE ( ALL ! 5]GY ( ! REVOLUTION40 ,A GR\P1 SMALL OR L>GE1 ( 9DIVIDUALS 9SPIR$ BY ! SAME IDEA1 & %>+ A COMMON PURPOSE1 WILL PRODUCE 0A NATURAL EFFECT ON ! MASSES40 0,T51 TW5TY1 OR ?IRTY M5 ) A CLE> UND]/&+ & GOOD ORGANIZATION1 KN[+ :AT !Y WANT & :]E !Y >E GO+1 CAN EASILY C>RY ) !M A HUNDR$1 TWO HUNDR$1 ?REE HUNDR$ OR EV5 MORE40 0,WE MU/ CREATE ! WELL-ORGANIZ$ & RI<TLY 9SPIR$ G5]AL /AFFS ( ! LEAD]S ( ! MASS MOVEM5T40 

,! ME?ODS ADVOCAT$ BY ,BAKUN9 >E V]Y SIMIL> TO :AT IS N[ADAYS T]M$ 09FILTRATION40 ,IT CONSI/S ( WORK+ CL&E/9ELY UPON ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & 9FLU5TIAL 9DIVIDUALS 9 EA* LOCALITY 0SO ?AT .<EA*.> ORGANIZATION %\LD CON=M TO \R IDEAS AS F> AS POSSIBLE4 ,?AT IS ! :OLE SECRET ( \R 9FLU5CE40 ,! AN>*I/S MU/ BE LIKE 09VISIBLE PILOTS0 9 ! MID/ ( ! /ORMY MASSES4 ,!Y MU/ DIRECT !M NOT BY 0O/5SIBLE P[]10 BUT BY 0A DICTATOR%IP )\T 9SIGNIA1 TITLE1 OR (FICIAL RI<TS1 ALL ! MORE P[]FUL BECAUSE IT WILL HAVE NONE ( ! M>KS ( P[]40 ,BAKUN9 WAS QUITE AW>E H[ LITTLE HIS T]M9OLOGY 70LEAD]S10 0DICTATOR%IP10 ETC47 DIFF]$ FROM ?AT ( ! OPPON5TS ( AN>*ISM1 & REPLI$ 9 ADVANCE 0TO ANYONE :O ALLEGES ?AT ACTION ORGANIZ$ 9 ?IS WAY IS YET ANO!R ASSAULT UPON ! LIB]TY ( ! MASSES1 AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE A NEW AU?ORIT>IAN P[]03 ,NO6 ! VANGU>D MU/ BE NEI!R ! B5EFACTOR NOR ! DICTATORIAL LEAD] ( ! PEOPLE BUT SIMPLY ! MIDWIFE TO ITS SELF-LIB]ATION4 ,IT CAN A*IEVE NO?+ MORE ?AN TO SPREAD AMONG ! MASSES IDEAS :I* CORRESPOND ) !IR 9/9CTS4 ,! RE/ CAN & MU/ BE DONE BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,! 0REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITIES0 7,BAKUN9 DID NOT DRAW BACK FROM US+ ?IS T]M BUT EXCUS$ IT BY EXPRESS+ ! HOPE ?AT !Y W\LD BE 0AS FEW AS POSSIBLE07 W]E NOT TO IMPOSE ! REVOLUTION ON ! MASSES BUT >\SE IT 9 !IR MID/2 W]E NOT TO SUBJECT !M TO ANY =M ( ORGANIZATION1 BUT /IMULATE !IR AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION FROM BEL[ TO ! TOP4 

,MU* LAT]1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS TO ELUCIDATE :AT ,BAKUN9 HAD SURMIS$3 ?AT ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 LIB]T>IAN SPONTANEITY & ! NE$ = ACTION BY CONSCI\S VANGU>DS W\LD ONLY BE FULLY RESOLV$ :5 SCI5CE & ! WORK+ CLASS BECAME FUZ$1 & ! MASSES BECAME FULLY CONSCI\S1 NE$+ NO MORE 0LEAD]S10 BUT ONLY 0EXECUTIVE ORGANS0 ( !IR 0CONSCI\S ACTION40 ,AFT] EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT /ILL LACK$ SCI5CE & ORGANIZATION1 ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL C\LD ONLY BECOME AN 9/RUM5T ( EMANCIPATION 0:5 IT HAD CAUS$ ! SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHY1 & POLITICS ( SOCIALISM TO P5ETRATE ! REFLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS ( EA* ( ITS MEMB]S40 

,H[EV] !ORETICALLY SATISFY+ ?IS SYN!SIS MI<T BE1 IT WAS A DRAFT DRAWN ON A V]Y DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,UNTIL HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION MADE IT POSSIBLE TO ACCOMPLI% IT1 ! AN>*I/S REMA9$1 LIKE ! ,M>XI/S1 MORE OR LESS IMPRISON$ BY CONTRADICTION4 ,IT WAS TO R5D ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 TORN BETWE5 ! SPONTANE\S P[] ( ! SOVIETS & ! CLAIM ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY TO A 0DIRECT+ ROLE40 ,IT WAS TO %[ ITSELF 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 :]E ! LIB]T>IANS W]E TO SW+ FROM ONE EXTREME TO ! O!R1 FROM ! MASS MOVEM5T TO ! CONSCI\S AN>*I/ ELITE4 

,TWO HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES WILL SUFFICE TO ILLU/RATE ?IS CONTRADICTION4 

,! AN>*I/S W]E TO DRAW ONE CATEGORICAL CONCLUSION FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 A CONDEMNATION ( ! 0LEAD+ ROLE0 ( ! ,P>TY4 ,VOL9E =MULAT$ IT 9 ?IS WAY3 

0,! KEY IDEA ( AN>*ISM IS SIMPLE3 NO P>TY1 OR POLITICAL OR IDEOLOGICAL GR\P1 EV5 IF IT S9C]ELY DESIRES TO DO SO1 WILL EV] SUCCE$ 9 EMANCIPAT+ ! WORK+ MASSES BY PLAC+ ITSELF ABOVE OR \TSIDE !M 9 ORD] TO 'GOV]N' OR 'GUIDE' !M4 ,TRUE EMANCIPATION CAN ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! DIRECT ACTION 4 4 4 ( ?OSE CONC]N$1 ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ?R\< !IR [N CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 7PRODUCTION SYNDICATES1 FACTORY COMMITTEES1 COOP]ATIVES1 ETC47 & NOT UND] ! BANN] ( ANY POLITICAL P>TY OR IDEOLOGICAL BODY4 ,!IR EMANCIPATION MU/ BE BAS$ ON CONCRETE ACTION & 'SELF-ADM9I/RATION1' AID$ BUT NOT CONTROLL$ BY REVOLUTION>IES WORK+ FROM )9 ! MASSES & NOT FROM ABOVE !M4444 ,! AN>*I/ IDEA & ! TRUE EMANCIPATORY REVOLUTION CAN NEV] BE BR\<T TO FRUITION BY AN>*I/S AS SU* BUT ONLY BY ! VA/ MASSES 4 4 41 AN>*I/S1 OR O!R REVOLUTION>IES 9 G5]AL1 >E REQUIR$ ONLY TO 5LI<T5 OR AID !M 9 C]TA9 SITUATIONS4 ,IF AN>*I/S MA9TA9$ ?AT !Y C\LD BR+ AB\T A SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY 0GUID+0 ! MASSES1 SU* A PRET5SION W\LD BE AS ILLUSORY AS ?AT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS & = ! SAME REASONS40 

,H[EV]1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 9 !IR TURN1 W]E TO EXP]I5CE ! NE$ TO ORGANIZE AN IDEOLOGICALLY CONSCI\S M9ORITY1 ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I71 )9 !IR VA/ TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION1 ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T74 ,?IS WAS TO COMBAT ! RE=MI/ T5D5CIES ( SOME 0PURE0 SYNDICALI/S & ! MANEUV]S ( ! AG5TS ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,! ,F,A,I DREW ITS 9SPIRATION FROM ! IDEAS ( ,BAKUN91 & SO TRI$ TO 5LI<T5 RA!R ?AN TO DIRECT4 ,! RELATIVELY HI< LIB]T>IAN CONSCI\SNESS ( MANY ( ! RANK-& FILE MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T ALSO HELP$ IT TO AVOID ! EXCESSES ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES4 ,IT DID NOT1 H[EV]1 P]=M ITS P>T AS GUIDE V]Y WELL1 BE+ CLUMSY & HESITANT AB\T ITS TUTELAGE OV] ! TRADE UNIONS1 IRRESOLUTE 9 ITS /RATEGY1 & MORE RI*LY 5D[$ ) ACTIVI/S & DEMAGOGUES ?AN ) REVOLUTION>IES AS CLE>-?9K+ ON ! LEVEL ( !ORY AS ON ?AT ( PRACTICE4 

,RELATIONS BETWE5 ! MASSES & ! CONSCI\S M9ORITY CON/ITUTE A PROBLEM TO :I* NO FULL SOLUTION HAS BE5 F\ND BY ! ,M>XI/S OR EV5 BY ! AN>*I/S1 & ONE ON :I* IT SEEMS ?AT ! LA/ WORD HAS NOT YET BE5 SAID4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

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