,*APT] #b 
,9 ,SE>* ( A ,NEW ,SOCIETY 

#aigaig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,I,S ,N,O,T ,U,T,O,P,I,A,N 

,BECAUSE AN>*ISM IS CON/RUCTIVE1 AN>*I/ !ORY EMPHATICALLY REJECTS ! *>GE ( UTOPIANISM4 ,IT USES ! HI/ORICAL ME?OD 9 AN ATTEMPT TO PROVE ?AT ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE IS NOT AN AN>*I/ 9V5TION1 BUT ! ACTUAL PRODUCT ( ! HIDD5 EFFECTS ( PA/ EV5TS4 ,PR\DHON AFFIRM$ ?AT = #f1 YE>S HUMANITY HAD BE5 CRU%$ BY AN 9EXORABLE SY/EM ( AU?ORITY BUT HAD BE5 SU/A9$ BY A 0SECRET VIRTUE03 0,B5EA? ! APP>ATUS ( GOV]NM5T1 UND] ! %AD[ ( ITS POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SOCIETY WAS SL[LY & SIL5TLY PRODUC+ ITS [N ORGANIZATION1 MAK+ = ITSELF A NEW ORD] :I* EXPRESS$ ITS VITALITY & AUTONOMY40 

,H[EV] H>MFUL GOV]NM5T MAY HAVE BE51 IT CONTA9$ ITS [N NEGATION4 ,IT WAS ALWAYS 0A PH5OM5ON ( COLLECTIVE LIFE1 ! PUBLIC EX]CISE ( ! P[]S ( \R LAW1 AN EXPRESSION ( SOCIAL SPONTANEITY1 ALL S]V+ TO PREP>E HUMANITY = A HI<] /ATE4 ,:AT HUMANITY SEEKS 9 RELIGION & CALLS ',GOD' IS ITSELF4 ,:AT ! CITIZ5 SEEKS 9 GOV]NM5T 4 4 4 IS LIKEWISE HIMSELF - IT IS LIB]TY40 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HA/5$ ?IS 9EXORABLE ADVANCE T[>D AN>*Y3 0,! DAY ?AT \R FA!RS 4 4 4 /AT$ ! PR9CIPLE ( ! FREE EX]CISE ( ALL HIS FACULTIES BY MAN AS A CITIZ51 ON ?AT DAY AU?ORITY WAS REPUDIAT$ 9 HEAV5 & ON E>?1 & GOV]NM5T1 EV5 BY DELEGATION1 BECAME IMPOSSIBLE40 

,! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION DID ! RE/4 ,FROM !N ON POLITICS WAS OV]TAK5 BY ! ECONOMY & SUBORD9AT$ TO IT4 ,GOV]NM5T C\LD NO LONG] ESCAPE ! DIRECT COMPETITION ( PRODUC]S & BECAME 9 REALITY NO MORE ?AN ! RELATION BETWE5 DIFF]5T 9T]E/S4 ,?IS REVOLUTION WAS COMPLET$ BY ! GR[? ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 SPITE ( ITS PROTE/ATIONS1 AU?ORITY N[ EXPRESS$ ONLY SOCIALISM3 0,! ,NAPOLEONIC CODE IS AS USELESS TO ! NEW SOCIETY AS ! ,PLATONIC REPUBLIC3 )9 A FEW YE>S ! ABSOLUTE LAW ( PROP]TY WILL HAVE EV]Y:]E BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! RELATIVE & MOBILE LAW ( 9DU/RIAL COOP]ATION1 & IT WILL !N BE NECESS>Y TO RECON/RUCT ?IS C>DBO>D CA/LE FROM TOP TO BOTTOM40 ,BAKUN91 9 TURN1 RECOGNIZ$ 0! IMM5SE & UND5IABLE S]VICE R5D]$ TO HUMANITY BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION :I* IS FA!R TO US ALL40 ,! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$ FROM ! PEOPLE'S CONSCI\SNESS =EV] & ORD] IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE HAS H5CE=? BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ALL ?AT REMA9S IS TO 0ORGANIZE SOCIETY SO ?AT IT CAN LIVE )\T GOV]NM5T40 ,BAKUN9 RELI$ ON POPUL> TRADITION TO A*IEVE ?IS4 0,9 SPITE ( ! OPPRESSIVE & H>MFUL TUTELAGE ( ! ,/ATE10 ! MASSES HAVE1 ?R\< ! C5TURIES1 0SPONTANE\SLY DEVELOP$ )9 !MSELVES MANY1 IF NOT ALL1 ( ! ESS5TIAL ELEM5TS ( ! MAT]IAL & MORAL ORD] ( REAL HUMAN UNITY40 

,! ,N,E,$ ,= ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N 

,AN>*I/ !ORY DOES NOT SEE ITSELF AS A SYNONYM = DISORGANIZATION4 ,PR\DHON WAS ! FIR/ TO PROCLAIM ?AT AN>*ISM IS NOT DISORD] BUT ORD]1 IS ! NATURAL ORD] 9 CONTRA/ TO ! >TIFICIAL ORD] IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE1 IS TRUE UNITY AS AGA9/ ! FALSE UNITY BR\<T AB\T BY CON/RA9T4 ,SU* A SOCIETY 0?9KS1 SPEAKS1 & ACTS LIKE A MAN1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS NO LONG] REPRES5T$ BY A MAN1 NO LONG] RECOGNIZES P]SONAL AU?ORITIES2 BECAUSE1 LIKE EV]Y ORGANIZ$ LIV+ BE+1 LIKE ! 9F9ITE ( ,PASCAL1 IT HAS ITS C5T] EV]Y:]E & ITS CIRCUMF]5CE NO:]E40 ,AN>*Y IS 0ORGANIZ$1 LIV+ SOCIETY10 0! HI<E/ DEGREE ( LIB]TY & ORD] TO :I* HUMANITY CAN ASPIRE40 ,P]HAPS SOME AN>*I/S ?\<T O!RWISE BUT ! ,ITALIAN ,]RICO ,MALATE/A CALL$ !M TO ORD]3 

0,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN $UCATION GIV5 TO !M1 !Y ?9K ?AT AU?ORITY IS ! S\L ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & REPUDIATE ! LATT] 9 ORD] TO COMBAT ! =M] 4444 ,?OSE AN>*I/S OPPOS$ TO ORGANIZATION MAKE ! FUNDAM5TAL ]ROR ( BELIEV+ ?AT ORGANIZATION IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T AU?ORITY4 ,HAV+ ACCEPT$ ?IS HYPO!SIS !Y REJECT ANY K9D ( ORGANIZATION RA!R ?AN ACCEPT ! M9IMUM ( AU?ORITY 4444 ,IF WE BELIEV$ ?AT ORGANIZATION C\LD NOT EXI/ )\T AU?ORITY WE W\LD BE AU?ORIT>IANS1 BECAUSE WE W\LD /ILL PREF] ! AU?ORITY :I* IMPRISONS & SADD5S LIFE TO ! DISORGANIZATION :I* MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE40 

,! TW5TIE?-C5TURY AN>*I/ ,VOL9E DEVELOP$ & CL>IFI$ ?IS IDEA3 

0,A MI/AK5 - OR1 MORE (T51 DELIB]ATELY 9ACCURATE - 9T]PRETATION ALLEGES ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN CONCEPT MEANS ! ABS5CE ( ALL ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS IS 5TIRELY FALSE3 IT IS NOT A MATT] ( 0ORGANIZATION0 OR 0NONORGANIZATION10 BUT ( TWO DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES ( ORGANIZATION 4444 ,( C\RSE1 SAY ! AN>*I/S1 SOCIETY MU/ BE ORGANIZ$4 ,H[EV]1 ! NEW ORGANIZATION 4 4 4 MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ FREELY1 SOCIALLY1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 FROM BEL[4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ORGANIZATION MU/ NOT ISSUE FROM A C5T] CREAT$ 9 ADVANCE TO CAPTURE ! :OLE & IMPOSE ITSELF UPON IT BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT MU/ COME FROM ALL SIDES TO CREATE NODES ( COORD9ATION1 NATURAL C5T]S TO S]VE ALL !SE PO9TS 4444 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! O!R K9D ( 0ORGANIZATION10 COPI$ FROM ?AT ( ! OLD OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY1 4 4 4 W\LD EXAGG]ATE ALL ! BLEMI%ES ( ! OLD SOCIETY 4 4 4 4 ,IT C\LD !N ONLY BE MA9TA9$ BY MEANS ( A NEW >TIFICE40 

,9 EFFECT1 ! AN>*I/S W\LD BE NOT ONLY PROTAGONI/S ( TRUE ORGANIZATION BUT 0FIR/-CLASS ORGANIZ]S10 AS ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE ADMITT$ 9 HIS BOOK ON ! ,COMMUNE4 ,BUT ?IS PHILOSOPH] ?\<T HE SAW A CONTRADICTION H]E - 0A RA!R SURPRIS+ CONTRADICTION :I* WE F9D REPEAT$LY 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T UP TO PRES5T TIMES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,SPA940 ,IT CAN ONLY 0A/ONI%0 ?OSE = :OM LIB]T>IANS >E A PRIORI DISORGANIZ]S4 

,S,E,L,F-,M,A,N,A,G,E,M,5,T 

,:5 ,M>X & ,5GELS DRAFT$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ( #a#h#d#h1 ON ! EVE ( ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 !Y =ESAW1 AT ANY RATE = A LONG TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! H&S ( AN ALL-EMBRAC+ ,/ATE4 ,!Y TOOK OV] ,L\IS ,BLANC'S AU?ORIT>IAN IDEA ( CONSCRIPT+ BO? AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9TO 0>MIES ( LABOR40 ,PR\DHON WAS ! FIR/ TO PROP\ND AN ANTI-/ATI/ =M ( ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T4 

,DUR+ ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS = PRODUCTION SPRANG UP SPONTANE\SLY 9 ,P>IS & 9 ,LYON4 ,9 #ahdh ?IS BEG9N+ ( SELF-MANAGEM5T SEEM$ TO ,PR\DHON F> MORE ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5T ?AN DID ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT HAD NOT BE5 9V5T$ BY A !ORETICIAN OR PREA*$ BY DOCTR9AIRES1 IT WAS NOT ! ,/ATE :I* PROVID$ ! ORIG9AL /IMULUS1 BUT ! PEOPLE4 ,PR\DHON URG$ ! WORK]S TO ORGANIZE 9 ?IS WAY 9 EV]Y P>T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 TO DRAW 9 SMALL PROP]TY1 TRADE1 & 9DU/RY1 !N L>GE PROP]TY & E/ABLI%M5TS1 &1 F9ALLY1 ! GREATE/ 5T]PRISES ( ALL 7 M9ES1 CANALS1 RAILWAYS1 ETC4 71 & ?US 0BECOME MA/]S ( ALL40 

,! PRES5T T5D5CY IS TO REMEMB] ONLY ,PR\DHON'S NAIVE & PASS+ IDEA ( PRES]V+ SMALL-SCALE TRADE & >TISANS' WORK%OPS4 ,?IS WAS C]TA9LY NAIVE1 & D\BTLESS UNECONOMIC1 BUT HIS ?9K+ ON ?IS PO9T WAS AMBIVAL5T4 ,PR\DHON WAS A LIV+ CONTRADICTION3 HE CA/IGAT$ PROP]TY AS A S\RCE ( 9JU/ICE & EXPLOITATION & HAD A WEAKNESS = IT1 AL?\< ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT HE SAW 9 IT A GU>ANTEE ( ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ,MOREOV]1 ,PR\DHON IS TOO (T5 CONFUS$ ) :AT ,BAKUN9 CALL$ 0! LITTLE SO-CALL$ ,PR\DHONIAN COT]IE0 :I* GA!R$ >\ND HIM 9 HIS LA/ YE>S4 ,?IS RA!R REACTION>Y GR\P WAS /ILLBORN4 ,9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL IT TRI$ 9 VA9 TO PUT ACROSS PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION AGA9/ COLLECTIVISM4 ,! *IEF REASON ?IS GR\P WAS %ORT-LIV$ WAS ?AT MO/ ( ITS ADH]5TS W]E ALL TOO EASILY CONV9C$ BY ,BAKUN9'S >GUM5TS & AB&ON$ !IR SO-CALL$ ,PR\DHONIAN IDEAS TO SUPPORT COLLECTIVISM4 

,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ?IS GR\P1 :O CALL$ !MSELVES MUTUELLI/ES1 W]E ONLY P>TLY OPPOS$ TO COLLECTIVISM3 !Y REJECT$ IT = AGRICULTURE BECAUSE ( ! 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! ,FR5* PEASANT1 BUT ACCEPT$ IT = TRANSPORT1 & 9 MATT]S ( 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T ACTUALLY DEM&$ IT :ILE REJECT+ ITS NAME4 ,!IR FE> ( ! WORD WAS L>GELY DUE TO !IR UNEAS9ESS 9 ! FACE ( ! TEMPOR>Y UNIT$ FRONT SET UP AGA9/ !M BY ,BAKUN9'S COLLECTIVI/ DISCIPLES & C]TA9 AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XI/S :O W]E ALMO/ OP5 SUPPORT]S ( /ATE CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY4 

,PR\DHON REALLY MOV$ ) ! TIMES & REALIZ$ ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TURN BACK ! CLOCK4 ,HE WAS REALI/IC 5\< TO UND]/& ?AT 0SMALL 9DU/RY IS AS /UPID AS PETTY CULTURE0 & RECORD$ ?IS VIEW 9 HIS ,C>NETS4 ,) REG>D TO L>GE-SCALE MOD]N 9DU/RY REQUIR+ A L>GE LABOR =CE1 HE WAS RESOLUTELY COLLECTIVI/3 0,9 FUTURE1 L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY & WIDE CULTURE MU/ BE ! FRUIT ( ASSOCIATION40 0,WE HAVE NO *OICE 9 ! MATT]10 HE CONCLUD$1 & WAX$ 9DIGNANT ?AT ANYONE HAD D>$ TO SUGGE/ ?AT HE WAS OPPOS$ TO TE*NICAL PROGRESS4 

,9 HIS COLLECTIVISM HE WAS1 H[EV]1 AS CATEGORICALLY OPPOS$ TO /ATISM4 ,PROP]TY MU/ BE ABOLI%$4 ,! COMMUNITY 7AS IT IS UND]/OOD BY AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM7 IS OPPRESSION & S]VITUDE4 ,?US ,PR\DHON S\<T A COMB9ATION ( PROP]TY & COMMUNITY3 ?IS WAS ASSOCIATION4 ,! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE MU/ BE CONTROLL$ NEI!R BY CAPITALI/ COMPANIES NOR BY ! ,/ATE4 ,S9CE !Y >E TO ! M5 :O WORK 9 !M 0:AT ! HIVE IS TO ! BEE10 !Y MU/ BE MANAG$ BY ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S1 & ONLY ?US WILL COLLECTIVE P[]S CEASE TO BE 0ALI5AT$0 = ! B5EFIT ( A FEW EXPLOIT]S4 0,WE1 ! WORK]S1 ASSOCIAT$ OR AB\T TO BE ASSOCIAT$10 WROTE ,PR\DHON 9 ! /YLE ( A MANIFE/O1 

0DO NOT NE$ ! ,/ATE 4444 ,EXPLOITATION BY ! ,/ATE ALWAYS MEANS RUL]S & WAGE SLAVES4 ,WE WANT ! GOV]NM5T ( MAN BY MAN NO MORE ?AN ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,SOCIALISM IS ! OPPOSITE ( GOV]NM5TALISM 4444 ,WE WANT !SE ASSOCIATIONS TO BE 4 4 4 ! FIR/ COMPON5TS ( A VA/ F$]ATION ( ASSOCIATIONS & GR\PS UNIT$ 9 ! COMMON BOND ( ! DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC4 

,PR\DHON W5T 9TO DETAIL & 5UM]AT$ PRECISELY ! ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( WORK]S' S]F-MANAGEM5T3 

_? V]Y ASSOCIAT$ 9DIVIDUAL TO HAVE AN 9DIVISIBLE %>E 9 ! PROP]TY ( ! COMPANY4 

_? ,EA* WORK] TO TAKE HIS %>E ( ! HEAVY & REPUGNANT TASKS4 

_? ,EA* TO GO ?R\< ! GAMUT ( OP]ATIONS & 9/RUCTION1 ( GRADES & ACTIVITIES1 TO 9SURE ?AT HE HAS ! WIDE/ TRA9+4 ,PR\DHON WAS 9SI/5T ON ! PO9T ?AT 0! WORK] MU/ GO ?R\< ALL ! OP]ATIONS ( ! 9DU/RY HE IS ATTA*$ TO40 

_? ,(FICE-HOLD]S TO BE ELECT$ & REGULATIONS SUBMITT$ TO ! ASSOCIATES = APPROVAL4 

_? ,REMUN]ATION TO BE PROPORTIONATE TO ! NATURE ( ! POSITION HELD1 ! DEGREE ( SKILL1 & ! RESPONSIBILITY C>RI$4 ,EV]Y ASSOCIATE TO %>E 9 ! PR(ITS 9 PROPORTION TO ! S]VICE HE HAS GIV54 

_? ,EA* TO BE FREE TO SET HIS [N H\RS1 C>RY ON HIS DUTIES1 & TO LEAVE ! ASSOCIATION AT WILL4 

_? ,! ASSOCIAT$ WORK]S TO *OOSE !IR LEAD]S1 5G9E]S1 >*ITECTS1 & ACC\NTANTS4 ,PR\DHON /RESS$ ! FACT ?AT ! PROLET>IAT /ILL LACKS TE*NICIANS3 H5CE ! NE$ TO BR+ 9TO WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T PROGRAMS 09DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL P]SONS ( DI/9CTION0 :O W\LD TEA* ! WORK]S BUS9ESS ME?ODS & RECEIVE FIX$ SAL>IES 9 RETURN3 !RE IS 0ROOM = ALL 9 ! SUN%9E ( ! REVOLUTION40 

,?IS LIB]T>IAN CONCEPT ( SELF-MANAGEM5T IS AT ! OPPOSITE POLE FROM ! PAT]NALI/IC1 /ATI/ =M ( SELF-MANAGEM5T SET \T BY ,L\IS ,BLANC 9 A DRAFT LAW ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#e1 #a#h#d#i4 ,! AU?OR ( ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,LABOR WANT$ TO CREATE WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS SPONSOR$ & F9ANC$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,HE PROPOS$ AN >BITR>Y DIVISION ( ! PR(ITS AS FOLL[S3 #be P]C5T TO A CAPITAL AMORTIZATION FUND2 #be P]C5T TO A SOCIAL SECURITY FUND2 #be P]C5T TO A RES]VE FUND2 #be P]C5T TO BE DIVID$ AMONG ! WORK]S4 .<#a#c.> 

,PR\DHON W\LD HAVE NONE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ?IS K9D4 ,9 HIS VIEW ! ASSOCIAT$ WORK]S MU/ NOT 0SUBMIT TO ! ,/ATE10 BUT 0BE ! ,/ATE ITSELF40 0,ASSOCIATION 4 4 4 CAN DO EV]Y?+ & RE=M EV]Y?+ )\T 9T]F]5CE FROM AU?ORITY1 CAN 5CROA* UPON AU?ORITY & SUBJUGATE IT40 ,PR\DHON WANT$ 0TO GO T[>D GOV]NM5T ?R\< ASSOCIATION1 NOT TO ASSOCIATION ?R\< GOV]NM5T40 ,HE ISSU$ A W>N+ AGA9/ ! ILLUSION1 *]I%$ 9 ! DREAMS ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S1 ?AT ! ,/ATE C\LD TOL]ATE FREE SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,H[ C\LD IT 5DURE 0! =MATION ( 5EMY 5CLAVES ALONGSIDE A C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY08 ,PR\DHON PROPHETICALLY W>N$3 0,:ILE C5TRALIZATION CONT9UES TO 5D[ ! ,/ATE ) COLOSSAL =CE1 NO?+ CAN BE A*IEV$ BY SPONTANE\S 9ITIATIVE OR BY ! 9DEP5D5T ACTIONS ( GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS40 

,IT %\LD BE /RESS$ ?AT 9 ! CONGRESSES ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ! LIB]T>IAN IDEA ( SELF-MANAGEM5T PREVAIL$ OV] ! /ATI/ CONCEPT4 ,AT ! ,LAUSANNE ,CONGRESS 9 #ahfg ! COMMITTEE REPORT]1 A ,BELGIAN CALL$ ,CES> DE ,PAEPE1 PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,/ATE %\LD BECOME ! [N] ( UND]TAK+S ?AT W]E TO BE NATIONALIZ$4 ,AT ?AT TIME ,*>LES ,LONGUET WAS A LIB]T>IAN1 & HE REPLI$3 0,ALL RI<T1 ON CONDITION ?AT IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT WE DEF9E ! ,/ATE AS '! COLLECTIVE ( ! CITIZ5S' 4 4 41 ALSO ?AT !SE S]VICES WILL BE ADM9I/]$ NOT BY /ATE FUNCTION>IES 4 4 4 BUT BY GR\P+S ( WORK]S40 ,! DEBATE CONT9U$ ! FOLL[+ YE> 7#a#h#f#h7 AT ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS & ?IS TIME ! SAME COMMITTEE REPORT] TOOK C>E TO BE PRECISE ON ?IS PO9T3 0,COLLECTIVE PROP]TY W\LD BELONG TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 BUT W\LD BE CONC$$ TO ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S4 ,! ,/ATE W\LD BE NO MORE ?AN A F$]ATION ( V>I\S GR\PS ( WORK]S40 ,?US CL>IFI$1 ! RESOLUTION WAS PASS$4 

,H[EV]1 ! OPTIMISM :I* ,PR\DHON HAD EXPRESS$ 9 #ahdh ) REG>D TO SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS TO PROVE UNJU/IFI$4 ,NOT MANY YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#h#e#g1 HE SEV]ELY CRITICIZ$ ! EXI/+ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS2 9SPIR$ BY NAIVE1 UTOPIAN ILLUSIONS1 !Y HAD PAID ! PRICE ( !IR LACK ( EXP]I5CE4 ,!Y HAD BECOME N>R[ & EXCLUSIVE1 HAD FUNCTION$ AS COLLECTIVE EMPLOY]S1 & HAD BE5 C>RI$ AWAY BY HI]>*ICAL & MANAG]IAL CONCEPTS4 ,ALL ! ABUSES ( CAPITALI/ COMPANIES 0W]E EXAGG]AT$ FUR!R 9 !SE SO-CALL$ BRO!RHOODS40 ,!Y HAD BE5 TOM BY DISCORD1 RIVALRY' DEFECTIONS1 & BETRAYALS4 ,ONCE !IR MANAG]S HAD LE>N$ ! BUS9ESS CONC]N$1 !Y RETIR$ TO 0SET UP AS B\RGEOIS EMPLOY]S ON !IR [N ACC\NT40 ,9 O!R 9/ANCES1 ! MEMB]S HAD 9SI/$ ON DIVID+ UP ! RES\RCES4 ,9 #ahdh SEV]AL HUNDR$ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS HAD BE5 SET UP2 N9E YE>S LAT] ONLY TW5TY REMA9$4 

,AS OPPOS$ TO ?IS N>R[ & P>TICUL>I/ ATTITUDE1 ,PR\DHON ADVOCAT$ A 0UNIV]SAL0 & 0SYN!TIC0 CONCEPT ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,! TASK ( ! FUTURE WAS F> MORE ?AN JU/ 0GETT+ A FEW HUNDR$ WORK]S 9TO ASSOCIATIONS02 IT WAS 0! ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION ( A NATION ( ?IRTY-SIX MILLION S\LS40 ,! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS ( ! FUTURE %\LD WORK = ALL & NOT 0OP]ATE = ! B5EFIT ( A FEW40 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T1 !RE=E1 REQUIR$ ! MEMB]S TO HAVE SOME $UCATION3 0,A MAN IS NOT BORN A MEMB] ( AN ASSOCIATION1 HE BECOMES ONE40 ,! H>DE/ TASK BE=E ! ASSOCIATION IS TO 0$UCATE ! MEMB]S40 ,IT IS MORE IMPORTANT TO CREATE A 0FUND ( M50 ?AN TO =M A 0MASS ( CAPITAL40 

,) REG>D TO ! LEGAL ASPECT1 IT HAD BE5 ,PR\DHON'S FIR/ IDEA TO VE/ ! [N]%IP ( !IR UND]TAK+ 9 ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS BUT N[ HE REJECT$ ?IS N>R[ SOLUTION4 ,9 ORD] TO DO ?IS HE DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 POSSESSION & [N]%IP4 ,[N]%IP IS ABSOLUTE1 >I/OCRATIC1 FEUDAL2 POSSESSION IS DEMOCRATIC1 REPUBLICAN1 EGALIT>IAN3 IT CONSI/S ( ! 5JOYM5T ( AN USUFRUCT :I* CAN NEI!R BE ALI5AT$1 NOR GIV5 AWAY1 NOR SOLD4 ,! WORK]S %\LD HOLD !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ALLEU LIKE ! ANCI5T ,G]MA9S1 .<#a#d.> BUT W\LD NOT BE ! \TRI<T [N]S4 ,PROP]TY W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY F$]AL1 COOP]ATIVE [N]%IP VE/$ NOT 9 ! ,/ATE BUT 9 ! PRODUC]S AS A :OLE1 UNIT$ 9 A VA/ AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION4 

,PR\DHON WAX$ 5?USIA/IC AB\T ! FUTURE ( SU* A REVIS$ & CORRECT$ =M ( SELF-MANAGEM5T3 0,IT IS NOT FALSE RHETORIC ?AT /ATES ?IS1 IT IS AN ECONOMIC & SOCIAL NECESSITY3 ! TIME IS NE> :5 WE %ALL BE UNABLE TO PROGRESS ON ANY BUT !SE NEW CONDITIONS 4444 ,SOCIAL CLASSES 444 MU/ M]GE 9TO ONE S+LE PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATION40 ,W\LD SELF-MANAGEM5T SUCCE$8 0,ON ! REPLY TO ?IS 4 4 4 DEP5DS ! :OLE FUTURE ( ! WORK]S4 ,IF IT IS AFFIRMATIVE AN 5TIRE NEW WORLD WILL OP5 UP = HUMANITY2 IF IT IS NEGATIVE ! PROLET>IAN CAN TAKE IT AS SETTL$4444 ,!RE IS NO HOPE = HIM 9 ?IS WICK$ WORLD40 

,! ,B,A,S,E,S ,( ,E,X,*,A,N,G,E 

,H[ W]E DEAL+S BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS TO BE ORGANIZ$8 ,AT FIR/ ,PR\DHON MA9TA9$ ?AT ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( ALL GOODS C\LD BE MEASUR$ BY ! AM\NT ( LABOR NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE !M4 ,! WORK]S W]E TO BE PAID 9 0WORK V\*]S02 TRAD+ AG5CIES OR SOCIAL %OPS W]E TO BE SET UP :]E !Y W\LD BUY GOODS AT RETAIL PRICES CALCULAT$ 9 H\RS ( WORK4 ,L>GE-SCALE TRADE W\LD BE C>RI$ ON ?R\< A COMP5SATORY CLE>+H\SE OR ,PEOPLE'S ,BANK :I* W\LD ACCEPT PAYM5T 9 WORK V\*]S4 ,?IS BANK W\LD ALSO S]VE AS A CR$IT E/ABLI%M5T L5D+ TO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS ! SUMS NE$$ = EFFECTIVE OP]ATION4 ,! LOANS W\LD BE 9T]E/ FREE4 

,?IS SO-CALL$ MUTUELLI/E S*EME WAS RA!R UTOPIAN & C]TA9LY DIFFICULT TO OP]ATE 9 A CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,E>LY 9 #ahdi ,PR\DHON SET UP ! ,PEOPLE'S ,BANK & 9 SIX WEEKS SOME #b1 PEOPLE JO9$1 BUT IT WAS %ORT-LIV$4 ,IT WAS C]TA9LY F>FET*$ TO BELIEVE ?AT MUTUELLISME W\LD SPREAD LIKE A PAT* ( OIL & TO EXCLAIM1 AS ,PR\DHON DID !N3 0,IT REALLY IS ! NEW WORLD1 ! PROMIS$ SOCIETY :I* IS BE+ GRAFT$ ON TO ! OLD & GRADUALLY TRANS=M+ IT60 

,! IDEA ( WAGES BAS$ ON ! NUMB] ( H\RS WORK$ IS DEBATABLE ON MANY GR\NDS4 ,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S ( ! ,KROPOTK9 S*OOL - ,MALATE/A1 ,ELISE ,RECLUS1 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O - DID NOT FAIL TO CRITICIZE IT4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !Y ?\<T IT UNJU/4 ,CAFI]O >GU$ ?AT 0?REE H\RS ( ,PET]'S WORK MAY BE WOR? FIVE ( ,PAUL'S40 ,O!R FACTORS ?AN DURATION MU/ BE CONSID]$ 9 DET]M9+ ! VALUE ( LABOR3 9T5SITY1 PR(ESSIONAL & 9TELLECTUAL TRA9+1 ETC4 ,! FAMILY COMMITM5TS ( ! WORK]S MU/ ALSO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 .<#a#e.> ,MOREOV]1 9 A COLLECTIVI/ REGIME ! WORK] REMA9S A WAGE SLAVE ( ! COMMUNITY ?AT BUYS & SUP]VISES HIS LABOR4 ,PAYM5T BY H\RS ( WORK P]=M$ CANNOT BE AN IDEAL SOLUTION2 AT BE/ IT W\LD BE A TEMPOR>Y EXP$I5T4 ,WE MU/ PUT AN 5D TO ! MORALITY ( ACC\NT BOOKS1 TO ! PHILOSOPHY ( 0CR$IT & DEBIT40 ,?IS ME?OD ( REMUN]ATION1 D]IV$ FROM MODIFI$ 9DIVIDUALISM1 IS 9 CONTRADICTION TO COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & CANNOT BR+ AB\T A PR(\ND REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9 MAN4 ,IT IS 9COMPATIBLE ) AN>*ISM2 A NEW =M ( [N]%IP REQUIRES A NEW =M ( REMUN]ATION4 ,S]VICE TO ! COMMUNITY CANNOT BE MEASUR$ 9 UNITS ( MONEY4 ,NE$S WILL HAVE TO BE GIV5 PREC$5CE OV] S]VICES1 & ALL ! PRODUCTS ( ! LABOR ( ALL MU/ BELONG TO ALL1 EA* TO TAKE HIS %>E ( !M FREELY4 ,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$ %\LD BE ! MOTTO ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 

,KROPOTK91 ,MALATE/A1 & !IR FOLL[]S SEEM TO HAVE OV]LOOK$ ! FACT ?AT ,PR\DHON HAD ANTICIPAT$ !IR OBJECTIONS & REVIS$ HIS E>LI] IDEAS4 ,9 HIS ,!ORIE DE LA ,PROPRIETE1 PUBLI%$ AFT] HIS DEA?1 HE EXPLA9$ ?AT HE HAD ONLY SUPPORT$ ! IDEA ( EQUAL PAY = EQUAL WORK 9 HIS 0,FIR/ ,MEMOR&UM ON ,PROP]TY0 ( #a#h#d3 0,I HAD =GOTT5 TO SAY TWO ?+S3 FIR/1 ?AT LABOR IS MEASUR$ BY COMB9+ ITS DURATION ) ITS 9T5SITY2 SECOND1 ?AT ONE MU/ NOT 9CLUDE 9 ! WORK]'S WAGES ! AMORTIZATION ( ! CO/ ( HIS $UCATION & ! WORK HE DID ON HIS [N ACC\NT AS AN UNPAID APPR5TICE1 NOR ! PREMIUMS TO 9SURE HIM AGA9/ ! RISKS HE RUNS1 ALL ( :I* V>Y 9 DIFF]5T OCCUPATIONS40 ,PR\DHON CLAIM$ TO HAVE 0REPAIR$0 ?IS 0OMISSION0 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S 9 :I* HE PROPOS$ ?AT MUTUAL 9SURANCE COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS %\LD COMP5SATE = UNEQUAL CO/S & RISKS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,PR\DHON DID NOT REG>D ! REMUN]ATION ( ! MEMB]S ( A WORK]S' ASSOCIATION AS 0WAGES0 BUT AS A %>E ( PR(ITS FREELY DET]M9$ BY ASSOCIAT$ & EQUALLY RESPONSIBLE WORK]S4 ,9 AN AS YET UNPUBLI%$ !SIS1 ,PI]RE ,HAUBTMAN1 ONE ( ,PR\DHON'S MO/ REC5T EXPON5TS1 COMM5TS ?AT WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T W\LD HAVE NO MEAN+ IF IT W]E NOT 9T]PRET$ 9 ?IS WAY4 

,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S SAW FIT TO CRITICIZE ,PR\DHON'S MUTUELLISME & ! MORE LOGICAL COLLECTIVISM ( ,BAKUN9 = NOT HAV+ DET]M9$ ! WAY 9 :I* LABOR W\LD BE REMUN]AT$ 9 A SOCIALI/ SY/EM4 ,!SE CRITICS SEEM$ TO HAVE OV]LOOK$ ! FACT ?AT ! TWO F\ND]S ( AN>*ISM W]E ANXI\S NOT TO LAY D[N A RIGID PATT]N ( SOCIETY PREMATURELY4 ,!Y WANT$ TO LEAVE ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ASSOCIATIONS ! WIDE/ *OICE 9 ?IS MATT]4 ,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S !MSELVES W]E TO PROVIDE ! JU/IFICATION = ?IS FLEXIBILITY & REFUSAL TO JUMP TO CONCLUSIONS1 SO DIFF]5T FROM !IR [N IMPATI5T =ECA/S3 !Y /RESS$ ?AT 9 ! IDEAL SY/EM ( !IR *OICE 0LABOR W\LD PRODUCE MORE ?AN 5\< = ALL0 & ?AT 0B\RGEOIS0 NORMS ( REMUN]ATION C\LD ONLY BE REPLAC$ BY SPECIFICALLY 0COMMUNI/0 NORMS :5 ! ]A ( ABUNDANCE HAD SET 91 & NOT BE=E4 ,9 #ahhd ,MALATE/A1 DRAFT+ ! PROGRAM = A PROJECT$ AN>*I/ 9T]NATIONAL1 ADMITT$ ?AT COMMUNISM C\LD BE BR\<T AB\T IMM$IATELY ONLY 9 A V]Y LIMIT$ NUMB] ( >EAS &1 0= ! RE/10 COLLECTIVISM W\LD HAVE TO BE ACCEPT$ 0= A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD40 

,= COMMUNISM TO BE POSSIBLE1 A HI< /AGE ( MORAL DEVELOPM5T IS REQUIR$ ( ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 A S5SE ( SOLID>ITY BO? ELEVAT$ & PR(\ND1 :I* ! UPSURGE ( ! REVOLUTION MAY NOT SUFFICE TO 9DUCE4 ,?IS D\BT IS ! MORE JU/IFI$ 9 ?AT MAT]IAL CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO ?IS DEVELOPM5T WILL NOT EXI/ AT ! BEG9N+4 

,AN>*ISM WAS AB\T TO FACE ! TE/ ( EXP]I5CE1 ON ! EVE ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 :5 ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN DEMON/RAT$ ! IMM$IATE IMPRACTICABILITY ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 V]Y SIMIL> T]MS4 ,HE HELD ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM HAD NOT PREP>$ HUMAN BE+S = COMMUNISM3 F> FROM DEVELOP+ !IR SOCIAL 9/9CTS & S5SE ( SOLID>ITY IT T5DS 9 EV]Y WAY TO SUPPRESS & P5ALIZE SU* FEEL+S4 

,SANTILLAN RECALL$ ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN & O!R REVOLUTIONS TO P]SUADE ! AN>*I/S TO BE MORE REALI/IC4 ,HE *>G$ !M ) RECEIV+ ! MO/ REC5T LESSONS ( EXP]I5CE ) SUSPICION OR SUP]IORITY4 ,HE MA9TA9$ ?AT IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R A REVOLUTION W\LD LEAD DIRECTLY TO ! REALIZATION ( \R IDEAL ( COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM4 ,! COLLECTIVI/ WAT*WORD1 0TO EA* ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR10 W\LD BE MORE APPROPRIATE ?AN COMMUNISM TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! REAL SITUATION 9 ! FIR/ PHASE ( A REVOLUTION' :5 ! ECONOMY W\LD BE DISORGANIZ$1 PRODUCTION AT A L[ EBB1 & FOOD SUPPLIES A PRIORITY4 ,! ECONOMIC MODELS TO BE TRI$ W\LD1 AT BE/1 EVOLVE SL[LY T[>D COMMUNISM4 ,TO PUT HUMAN BE+S BRUTALLY BEH9D B>S BY IMPRISON+ !M 9 RIGID =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE W\LD BE AN AU?ORIT>IAN APPROA* :I* W\LD H9D] ! REVOLUTION4 ,MUTUELLISME1 COMMUNISM1 COLLECTIVISM >E ONLY DIFF]5T MEANS TO ! SAME 5D4 ,SANTILLAN TURN$ BACK TO ! WISE EMPIRICISM ( ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN91 CLAIM+ = ! COM+ ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ! RI<T TO EXP]IM5T FREELY3 0,! DEGREE ( MUTUELLISME1 COLLECTIVISM1 OR COMMUNISM :I* CAN BE A*IEV$ WILL BE DET]M9$ FREELY 9 EA* LOCALITY & EA* SOCIAL SPH]E40 ,9 FACT1 AS WILL BE SE5 LAT]1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,SPANI% 0COLLECTIVES0 ( #aicf ILLU/RAT$ ! DIFFICULTIES >IS+ FROM ! PREMATURE IMPLEM5TATION ( 9TEGRAL COMMUNISM .<#a#f.>4 

,C,O,M,P,E,T,I,T,I,O,N 

,COMPETITION IS ONE ( ! NORMS 9H]IT$ FROM ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY :I* RAISES ?ORNY PROBLEMS :5 PRES]V$ 9 A COLLECTIVI/ OR SELF-MANAGEM5T ECONOMY4 ,PR\DHON SAW IT AS AN 0EXPRESSION ( SOCIAL SPONTANEITY0 & ! GU>ANTEE ( ! 0FRE$OM0 ( ! ASSOCIATION4 ,MOREOV]1 IT W\LD = A LONG TIME TO COME PROVIDE AN 0IRREPLACEABLE /IMULUS0 )\T :I* AN 0IMM5SE SLACK5+ (F0 W\LD FOLL[ ! HI< T5SION ( 9DU/RY4 ,HE W5T 9TO DETAIL3 

0,! WORK+ BRO!RHOOD IS PL$G$ TO SUPPLY SOCIETY ) ! GOODS & S]VICES ASK$ FROM IT AT PRICES AS NE> AS POSSIBLE TO ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION 4444 ,?US ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATION D5IES ITSELF ANY AMALGAMATION .<( A MONOPOLI/IC TYPE.>1 SUBJECTS ITSELF TO ! LAW ( COMPETITION1 & KEEPS ITS BOOKS & RECORDS OP5 TO SOCIETY1 :I* RES]VES ! P[] TO DISSOLVE ! ASSOCIATION AS ! ULTIMATE SANCTION ( SOCIETY'S RI<T ( SUP]VISION40 0,COMPETITION & ASSOCIATION >E 9T]DEP5D5T 4444 ,! MO/ DEPLORABLE ]ROR ( SOCIALISM IS TO HAVE CONSID]$ IT .<COMPETITION.> AS ! DISORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,!RE CAN 4 4 4 BE 444 NO QUE/ION ( DE/ROY+ COMPETITION 4444 ,IT IS A MATT] ( F9D+ AN EQUILIBRIUM1 ONE C\LD SAY A POLIC+ AG5T40 

,PR\DHON'S ATTA*M5T TO ! PR9CIPLE ( COMPETITION DREW ! S>CASM ( ,L\IS ,BLANC3 0,WE CANNOT UND]/& ?OSE :O HAVE ADVOCAT$ ! /RANGE L9K+ ( TWO CONTR>Y PR9CIPLES4 ,TO GRAFT BRO!RHOOD ONTO COMPETITION IS A WRET*$ IDEA3 IT IS LIKE REPLAC+ EUNU*S BY H]MAPHRODITES40 ,! PRE-,M>XIAN ,L\IS ,BLANC WANT$ TO 0REA* A UNI=M PRICE0 DET]M9$ BY ! ,/ATE1 & PREV5T ALL COMPETITION BETWE5 E/ABLI%M5TS )9 AN 9DU/RY4 ,PR\DHON RETORT$ ?AT PRICES 0CAN ONLY BE FIX$ BY COMPETITION1 ?AT IS1 BY ! P[] ( ! CONSUM] 4 4 4 TO DISP5SE ) ! S]VICES ( ?OSE :O OV]*>GE 44440 0,REMOVE COMPETITION 4 4 4 & Y\ DEPRIVE SOCIETY ( ITS MOTIVE =CE1 SO ?AT IT RUNS D[N LIKE A CLOCK ) A BROK5 SPR+40 

,PR\DHON1 H[EV]1 DID NOT HIDE FROM HIMSELF ! EVILS ( COMPETITION1 :I* HE DESCRIB$ V]Y FULLY 9 HIS TREATISE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,HE KNEW IT TO BE A S\RCE ( 9EQUALITY & ADMITT$ ?AT 09 COMPETITION1 VICTORY GOES TO ! BIG BATTALIONS40 ,IT IS SO 0AN>*IC0 79 ! PEJORATIVE S5SE ( ! T]M7 ?AT IT OP]ATES ALWAYS TO ! B5EFIT ( PRIVATE 9T]E/S1 NECESS>ILY 5G5D]S CIVIL /RIFE &1 9 ! LONG RUN1 CREATES OLIG>*IES4 0,COMPETITION KILLS COMPETITION40 

,9 ,PR\DHON'S VIEW1 H[EV]1 ! ABS5CE ( COMPETITION W\LD BE NO LESS P]NICI\S4 ,TAK+ ! TOBACCO ADM9I/RATION1 .<#a#g.> HE F\ND ?AT ITS PRODUCTS W]E TOO DE> & ITS SUPPLIES 9ADEQUATE SIMPLY BECAUSE IT HAD LONG BE5 A MONOPOLY FREE FROM COMPETITION4 ,IF ALL 9DU/RIES W]E SUBJECT TO SU* A SY/EM1 ! NATION W\LD NEV] BE ABLE TO BALANCE ITS 9COME & EXP5DITURES4 ,! COMPETITION ,PR\DHON DREAM$ ( WAS NOT TO BE ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE COMPETITION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM1 BUT COMPETITION 5D[$ ) A HI<] PR9CIPLE TO 0SOCIALIZE0 IT1 COMPETITION :I* W\LD FUNCTION ON ! BASIS ( FAIR EX*ANGE1 9 A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY1 COMPETITION :I* W\LD BO? PROTECT 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & BR+ BACK TO SOCIETY ! WEAL? :I* IS AT PRES5T DIV]T$ FROM IT BY CAPITALI/ APPROPRIATION4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT !RE WAS SOME?+ UTOPIAN 9 ?IS IDEA4 ,COMPETITION & ! SO-CALL$ M>KET ECONOMY 9EVITABLY PRODUCE 9EQUALITY & EXPLOITATION1 & W\LD DO SO EV5 IF ONE />T$ FROM COMPLETE EQUALITY4 ,!Y C\LD NOT BE COMB9$ ) WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T UNLESS IT W]E ON A TEMPOR>Y BASIS1 AS A NECESS>Y EVIL1 UNTIL 7#a7 A PSY*OLOGY ( 0HONE/ EX*ANGE0 HAD DEVELOP$ AMONG ! WORK]S2 7#b7 MO/ IMPORTANT1 SOCIETY AS A :OLE HAD PASS$ FROM CONDITIONS ( %ORTAGE TO ! /AGE ( ABUNDANCE1 :5 COMPETITION W\LD LOSE ITS PURPOSE4 

,EV5 9 SU* A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 H[EV]1 IT SEEMS DESIRABLE ?AT COMPETITION %\LD BE LIMIT$1 AS 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA TODAY1 TO ! CONSUM]-GOODS SECTOR :]E IT HAS AT LEA/ ! ONE ADVANTAGE ( PROTECT+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! CONSUM]4 

,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ W\LD CONDEMN ,PR\DHON'S V]SION ( A COLLECTIVE ECONOMY AS BE+ BAS$ ON A PR9CIPLE ( CONFLICT2 COMPETITORS W\LD BE 9 A POSITION ( EQUALITY AT ! />T1 ONLY TO BE HURL$ 9TO A /RUGGLE :I* W\LD 9EVITABLY PRODUCE VICTORS & VANQUI%$1 & :]E GOODS W\LD 5D UP BY BE+ EX*ANG$ ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( SUPPLY & DEM&2 0:I* W\LD BE TO FALL RI<T BACK 9TO COMPETITION & ! B\RGEOIS WORLD40 ,SOME CRITICS ( ! ,YUGOSLAV EXP]IM5T FROM O!R COMMUNI/ C\NTRIES USE MU* ! SAME T]MS TO ATTACK IT4 ,!Y FEEL ?AT SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ANY =M M]ITS ! SAME HO/ILITY !Y H>BOR T[>D A COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY1 AS IF ! TWO IDEAS W]E BASICALLY & P]MAN5TLY 9SEP>ABLE4 

,C,5,T,R,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,& ,P,L,A,N,N,+ 

,AT ALL EV5TS1 ,PR\DHON WAS AW>E ?AT MANAGEM5T BY WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS W\LD HAVE TO COV] L>GE UNITS4 ,HE /RESS$ ! 0NE$ = C5TRALIZATION & L>GE UNITS0 & ASK$3 0,DO NOT WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS = ! OP]ATION ( HEAVY 9DU/RY MEAN L>GE UNITS80 0,WE PUT ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION 9 ! PLACE ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION40 ,H[EV]1 HIS FE> ( AU?ORIT>IAN PLANN+ MADE HIM 9/9CTIVELY PREF] COMPETITION 9SPIR$ BY SOLID>ITY4 ,S9CE !N1 AN>*I/ ?9K]S HAVE BECOME ADVOCATES ( A LIB]T>IAN & DEMOCRATIC =M ( PLANN+1 WORK$ \T FROM ! BOTTOM UP BY ! F$]ATION ( SELF-MANAG+ 5T]PRISES4 

,BAKUN9 =ESAW ?AT SELF-MANAGEM5T W\LD OP5 P]SPECTIVES = PLANN+ ON A WORLD-WIDE SCALE3 

0,WORK]S' COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS >E A NEW HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON2 TODAY AS WE WITNESS !IR BIR? WE CANNOT =ESEE !IR FUTURE1 BUT ONLY GUESS AT ! IMM5SE DEVELOPM5T :I* SURELY AWAITS !M & ! NEW POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS !Y WILL G5]ATE4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY POSSIBLE BUT PROBABLE ?AT !Y WILL1 9 TIME1 \TGR[ ! LIMITS ( TODAY'S C\NTIES1 PROV9CES1 & EV5 /ATES TO TRANS=M ! :OLE /RUCTURE ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 :I* WILL NO LONG] BE DIVID$ 9TO NATIONS BUT 9TO 9DU/RIAL UNITS40 

,!SE W\LD !N 0=M A VA/ ECONOMIC F$]ATION0 ) A SUPREME ASSEMBLY AT ITS HEAD4 ,) ! HELP ( 0WORLD-WIDE /ATI/ICS1 GIV+ DATA AS COMPREH5SIVE AS !Y >E DETAIL$ & PRECISE10 IT W\LD BALANCE SUPPLY & DEM&1 DIRECT1 DI/RIBUTE1 & %>E \T WORLD 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION AMONG ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES SO ?AT CRISES 9 TRADE & EMPLOYM5T1 5=C$ /AGNATION1 ECONOMIC DISA/]1 & LOSS ( CAPITAL W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY 5TIRELY DISAPPE>4 

,C,O,M,P,L,E,T,E ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N8 

,!RE WAS AN AMBIGUITY 9 ,PR\DHON'S IDEA ( MANAGEM5T BY ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,IT WAS NOT ALWAYS CLE> :E!R ! SELF-MANAGEM5T GR\PS W\LD CONT9UE TO COMPETE ) CAPITALI/ UND]TAK+S - 9 O!R WORDS1 :E!R A SOCIALI/ SECTOR W\LD COEXI/ ) A PRIVATE SECTOR1 AS IS SAID TO BE ! PRES5T SITUATION 9 ,ALG]IA & O!R NEWLY 9DEP5D5T C\NTRIES - OR :E!R1 ON ! O!R H&1 PRODUCTION AS A :OLE W\LD BE SOCIALIZ$ & MADE SUBJECT TO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,BAKUN9 WAS A CONSI/5T COLLECTIVI/ & CLE>LY SAW ! DANG]S ( ! COEXI/5CE ( ! TWO SECTORS4 ,EV5 9 ASSOCIATION ! WORK]S CANNOT ACCUMULATE ! NECESS>Y CAPITAL TO /& UP TO L>GE-SCALE B\RGEOIS CAPITAL4 ,!RE W\LD ALSO BE A DANG] ?AT ! CAPITALI/ 5VIRONM5T W\LD CONTAM9ATE ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS SO ?AT 0A NEW CLASS ( EXPLOIT]S ( ! LABOR ( ! PROLET>IAT0 W\LD >ISE )9 !M4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T CONTA9S ! SE$S ( ! FULL ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 BUT !SE SE$S CAN ONLY G]M9ATE & GR[ :5 0CAPITAL ITSELF1 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5TS1 RAW MAT]IALS1 & CAPITAL EQUIPM5T 4 4 4 BECOME ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS = BO? AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 & !SE >E FREELY ORGANIZ$ & F$]AT$ AMONG !MSELVES40 0,RADICAL1 CONCLUSIVE SOCIAL *ANGE WILL ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T BY MEANS AFFECT+ ! :OLE SOCIETY10 ?AT IS1 BY A SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* TRANS=MS PRIVATE PROP]TY 9TO COLLECTIVE PROP]TY4 ,9 SU* A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ! WORK]S W\LD BE !IR [N COLLECTIVE CAPITALI/S1 !IR [N EMPLOY]S4 ,ONLY 0?OSE ?+S :I* >E TRULY = P]SONAL USE0 W\LD REMA9 PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

,BAKUN9 ADMITT$ ?AT PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES S]V$ TO ACCU/OM ! WORK]S TO ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES1 & MANAG+ !IR [N AFFAIRS1 & W]E ! FIR/ /EPS 9 COLLECTIVE WORK+-CLASS ACTION1 BUT HE HELD ?AT UNTIL ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAD BE5 A*IEV$ SU* ISL&S 9 ! MID/ ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM W\LD HAVE ONLY A LIMIT$ EFFECT1 & HE URG$ ! WORK]S 0TO ?9K MORE ( /RIKES ?AN ( COOP]ATIVES40 

,T,R,A,D,E ,U,N,I,O,N,S 

,BAKUN9 ALSO VALU$ ! P>T PLAY$ BY TRADE UNIONS1 0! NATURAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! MASSES10 0! ONLY REALLY EFFECTIVE WEAPON0 ! WORK]S C\LD USE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,HE ?\<T ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T C\LD CONTRIBUTE MORE ?AN ! IDEOLOGI/S TO ORGANIZ+ ! =CES ( ! PROLET>IAT 9DEP5D5TLY ( B\RGEOIS RADICALISM4 ,HE SAW ! FUTURE AS ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S BY TRADE4 

,TRADE UNIONISM WAS NOT SPECIALLY M5TION$ AT ! FIR/ CONGRESSES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,FROM ! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS 9 #ahfi ONW>D1 IT BECAME A PRIME ISSUE1 [+ TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! AN>*I/S3 AFT] ! ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM1 TRADE UNIONS W\LD BECOME ! EMBRYO ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! FUTURE2 GOV]NM5T W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY C\NCILS ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 

,9 #ahgf ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 A DISCIPLE ( ,BAKUN91 WROTE HIS ,IDE'ES SUR L^*,ORGANIZATION ,SOCIALE1 9 :I* HE MADE SELF-MANAGEM5T 9CORPORATE TRADE UNIONISM4 ,HE ADVOCAT$ ! CREATION ( CORPORATE F$]ATIONS ( WORK]S1 9 P>TICUL> TRADES :I* W\LD BE UNIT$ 0NOT1 AS BE=E1 TO PROTECT !IR WAGES AGA9/ ! GRE$ ( ! EMPLOY]S1 BUT 4 4 4 TO PROVIDE MUTUAL GU>ANTEES = ACCESS TO ! TOOLS ( !IR TRADE1 :I* W\LD BECOME ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( ! :OLE CORPORATE F$]ATION AS ! RESULT ( RECIPROCAL CONTRACTS40 ,BAKUN9'S VIEW WAS ?AT !SE F$]ATIONS W\LD ACT AS PLANN+ AG5CIES1 ?US FILL+ ONE ( ! GAPS 9 ,PR\DHON'S PLAN = SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,ONE ?+ HAD BE5 LACK+ 9 HIS PROPOSALS3 ! L9K :I* W\LD UNITE ! V>I\S PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS & PREV5T !M FROM RUNN+ !IR AFFAIRS EGOTI/ICALLY1 9 A P>O*IAL SPIRIT1 )\T C>E = ! G5]AL GOOD OR ! O!R WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,TRADE UNIONISM WAS TO FILL ! GAP & >TICULATE SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,IT WAS PRES5T$ AS ! AG5T ( PLANN+ & UNITY AMONG PRODUC]S4 

,! ,C,O,M,M,U,N,E,S 

,DUR+ HIS E>LY C>E] ,PR\DHON WAS 5TIRELY CONC]N$ ) ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,HIS SUSPICION ( ANY?+ POLITICAL L$ HIM TO NEGLECT ! PROBLEM ( T]RITORIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,IT WAS 5\< = HIM TO SAY ?AT ! WORK]S MU/ TAKE ! PLACE ( ! ,/ATE )\T SAY+ PRECISELY H[ ?IS W\LD COME AB\T4 ,9 ! LATT] YE>S ( HIS LIFE HE PAID MORE ATT5TION TO ! POLITICAL PROBLEM1 :I* HE APPROA*$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP 9 TRUE AN>*I/ /YLE4 ,ON A LOCAL BASIS M5 W]E TO COMB9E AMONG !MSELVES 9TO :AT HE CALL$ A 0NATURAL GR\P0 :I* 0CON/ITUTES ITSELF 9TO A CITY OR POLITICAL UNIT1 ASS]T+ ITSELF 9 UNITY1 9DEP5D5CE1 & AUTONOMY40 0,SIMIL> GR\PS1 SOME DI/ANCE AP>T1 MAY HAVE 9T]E/S 9 COMMON2 IT IS CONCEIVABLE ?AT !Y MAY ASSOCIATE TOGE!R & =M A HI<] GR\P = MUTUAL SECURITY40 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! AN>*I/ ?9K] SAW ! SPECT] ( ! HAT$ ,/ATE3 NEV]1 NEV] %\LD ! LOCAL GR\PS 0AS !Y UNITE TO SAFEGU>D !IR 9T]E/S & DEVELOP !IR WEAL? 4 4 4 GO SO F> AS TO ABDICATE 9 A SORT ( SELF-IMMOLATION AT ! FEET ( ! NEW ,MOLO*40 ,PR\DHON DEF9$ ! AUTONOM\S COMMUNE ) SOME PRECISION3 IT IS ESS5TIALLY A 0SOV]EIGN BE+0 &1 AS SU*1 0HAS ! RI<T TO GOV]N & ADM9I/] ITSELF1 TO IMPOSE TAXES1 TO DISPOSE ( ITS PROP]TY & REV5UE1 TO SET UP S*OOLS = ITS Y\? & APPO9T TEA*]S10 ETC4 0,?AT IS :AT A COMMUNE IS1 = ?AT IS :AT COLLECTIVE POLITICAL LIFE IS 4444 ,IT D5IES ALL RE/RICTIONS1 IS SELF-LIMIT+2 ALL EXT]NAL CO]CION IS ALI5 TO IT & A M5ACE TO ITS SURVIVAL40 ,IT HAS BE5 %[N ?AT ,PR\DHON ?\<T SELF-MANAGEM5T 9COMPATIBLE ) AN AU?ORIT>IAN ,/ATE2 SIMIL>LY1 ! COMMUNE C\LD NOT COEXI/ ) AU?ORITY C5TRALIZ$ FROM ABOVE3 

0,!RE IS NO HALFWAY H\SE4 ,! COMMUNE WILL BE SOV]EIGN OR SUBJECT1 ALL OR NO?+4 ,CA/ IT 9 ! BE/ ROLE Y\ CAN2 AS SOON AS IT IS NO LONG] SUBJECT TO ITS [N LAW1 RECOGNIZES A HI<] AU?ORITY1 .<&.> ! L>G] GR\P+ 4 4 4 ( :I* IT IS A MEMB] IS DECL>$ TO BE SUP]IOR 4 4 41 IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT !Y WILL AT SOME TIME DISAGREE & COME 9TO CONFLICT4 ,AS SOON AS !RE IS A CONFLICT ! LOGIC ( P[] 9SURES VICTORY = ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 & ?IS )\T DISCUSSION1 NEGOTIATION1 OR TRIAL1 DEBATE BETWE5 AU?ORITY & SUBORD9ATE BE+ IMP]MISSIBLE1 SC&AL\S1 & ABSURD40 

,BAKUN9 SLOTT$ ! COMMUNE 9TO ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! FUTURE MORE LOGICALLY ?AN ,PR\DHON4 ,! ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUCTIVE WORK]S W]E TO BE FREELY ALLI$ )9 ! COMMUNES & ! COMMUNES1 9 !IR TURN1 FREELY F$]AT$ AMONG !MSELVES4 0,SPONTANE\S LIFE & ACTION HAVE BE5 HELD 9 ABEYANCE = C5TURIES BY ! ALL-ABSORB+ & MONOPOLI/IC P[] ( ! ,/ATE2 ITS ABDICATION WILL RETURN !M TO ! COMMUNES40 

,H[ W\LD TRADE UNIONISM RELATE TO ! COMMUNES8 ,9 #ahh ! ,C\RTEL>Y DI/RICT ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION .<#a#h.> WAS SURE ( ITS ANSW]3 0,! ORGAN ( ?IS LOCAL LIFE WILL BE A F$]ATION ( TRADES1 & ?IS LOCAL F$]ATION WILL BECOME ! COMMUNE40 ,H[EV]1 ?OSE DRAFT+ ! REPORT1 NOT FULLY DECID$ ON ?IS PO9T1 RAIS$ ! QUE/ION3 0,IS IT TO BE A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 OR DELEGATIONS FROM ! TRADES 4 4 4 :I* WILL DRAW UP ! CON/ITUTION ( ! COMMUNE80 ,! CONCLUSION WAS ?AT !RE W]E TWO POSSIBLE SY/EMS TO BE CONSID]$4 ,%\LD ! TRADE UNION OR ! COMMUNE HAVE PRIORITY8 ,LAT]1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,RUSSIA & ,SPA91 ?IS QUE/ION DIVID$ ! 0AN>*O-COMMUNI/S0 FROM ! 0AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S40 

,BAKUN9 SAW ! COMMUNE AS ! IDEAL VEHICLE = ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION = ! B5EFIT ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,9 ! FIR/ /AGE ( SOCIAL REORGANIZATION IT IS ! COMMUNE :I* WILL GIVE ! ESS5TIAL M9IMUM TO EA* 0DISPOSSESS$0 P]SON AS COMP5SATION = ! GOODS CONFISCAT$4 ,HE DESCRIB$ ITS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ) SOME PRECISION4 ,IT WILL BE ADM9I/]$ BY A C\NCIL ( ELECT$ DELEGATES ) EXPRESS POSITIVE M&ATES2 !SE WILL ALWAYS BE RESPONSIBLE TO ! ELECTORATE & SUBJECT TO RECALL4 ,! C\NCIL ( ! COMMUNE MAY ELECT FROM AMONG ITS NUMB] EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES = EA* BRAN* ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ADM9I/RATION ( ! COMMUNE4 ,DIVID+ RESPONSIBILITY AMONG SO MANY HAS ! ADVANTAGE ( 9VOLV+ ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( ! RANK & FILE 9 MANAGEM5T4 ,IT CURTAILS ! DISADVANTAGES ( A SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION 9 :I* A SMALL NUMB] ( ELECT$ DELEGATES C\LD TAKE OV] ALL ! DUTIES1 :ILE ! PEOPLE REMA9$ ALMO/ PASSIVE 9 R>ELY CONVOK$ G5]AL ASSEMBLIES4 ,BAKUN9 9/9CTIVELY GRASP$ ?AT ELECT$ C\NCILS MU/ BE 0WORK+ BODIES10 ) BO? REGULATORY & EXECUTIVE DUTIES - :AT ,L59 WAS LAT] TO CALL 0DEMOCRACY )\T P>LIAM5T>IANISM0 9 ONE ( HIS LIB]T>IAN MOODS4 ,AGA9 ! ,C\RTEL>Y DI/RICT MADE ?IS IDEA MORE EXPLICIT3 

0,9 ORD] TO AVOID FALL+ BACK 9TO ! ]RORS ( C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION1 WE ?9K ?AT ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNE %\LD BE ADM9I/]$ BY DIFF]5T SPECIAL COMMISSIONS = EA* BRAN* ( ACTIVITY & NOT BY A S+LE LOCAL ADM9I/RATIVE BODY 4444 ,?IS >RANGEM5T W\LD PREV5T ADM9I/RATION FROM TAK+ ON ! *>ACT] ( GOV]NM5T40 

,! FOLL[]S ( ,BAKUN9 %[$ NO SU* BALANC$ JUDGM5T ( ! NECESS>Y /AGES ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ! #a#h#hS !Y TOOK ! COLLECTIVI/ AN>*I/S TO TASK4 ,9 A CRITIQUE ( ! PREC$5T SET BY ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ,KROPOTK9 SCOLD$ ! PEOPLE = HAV+ 0ONCE MORE MADE USE ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM )9 ! ,COMMUNE10 = HAV+ 0ABDICAT$ !IR [N 9ITIATIVE 9 FAVOR ( AN ASSEMBLY ( PEOPLE ELECT$ MORE OR LESS BY *ANCE10 & HE LAM5T$ ?AT SOME RE=M]S 0ALWAYS TRY TO PRES]VE ?IS GOV]NM5T BY PROXY AT ANY PRICE40 ,HE HELD ?AT ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM HAD HAD ITS DAY4 ,IT WAS ! ORGANIZ$ DOM9ATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE & MU/ DISAPPE> ) IT4 0,= ! NEW ECONOMIC ]A :I* IS COM+1 WE MU/ SEEK A NEW =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON A PR9CIPLE QUITE DIFF]5T FROM REPRES5TATION40 ,SOCIETY MU/ K9D =MS ( POLITICAL RELATIONS CLOS] TO ! PEOPLE ?AN REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 0NE>] TO SELF-GOV]NM5T1 TO GOV]NM5T ( ONESELF BY ONESELF40 

,= AU?ORIT>IAN OR LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S1 ! IDEAL TO BE PURSU$ MU/ SURELY BE ?IS DIRECT DEMOCRACY :I*1 IF PRESS$ TO ! LIMITS 9 BO? ECONOMIC SELF-MANAGEM5T & T]RITORIAL ADM9I/RATION1 W\LD DE/ROY ! LA/ VE/IGES ( ANY K9D ( AU?ORITY4 ,IT IS C]TA91 H[EV]1 ?AT ! NECESS>Y CONDITION = ITS OP]ATION IS A /AGE ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION 9 :I* ALL WORK]S W\LD POSSESS LE>N+ & SKILLS AS WELL AS CONSCI\SNESS1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ABUNDANCE W\LD HAVE TAK5 ! PLACE ( %ORTAGE4 ,9 #a#h#h1 LONG BE=E ,L591 ! DI/RICT ( ,C\RTEL>Y PROCLAIM$3 0,! MORE OR LESS DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE WILL BECOME DECREAS+LY IMPORTANT 9 A SCI5TIFICALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY40 ,BUT NOT BE=E ITS ADV5T4 

,! ,D,I,S,P,U,T,$ ,T,],M 0,/,A,T,E0 

,! READ] KN[S BY N[ ?AT ! AN>*I/S REFUS$ TO USE ! T]M 0,/ATE0 EV5 = A TRANSITIONAL SITUATION4 ,! GAP BETWE5 AU?ORIT>IANS & LIB]T>IANS HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 V]Y WIDE ON ?IS SCORE4 ,9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ! COLLECTIVI/S1 :OSE SPOKESMAN WAS ,BAKUN91 ALL[$ ! T]MS 0REG5]ATE ,/ATE10 0NEW & REVOLUTION>Y ,/ATE10 OR EV5 0SOCIALI/ ,/ATE0 TO BE ACCEPT$ AS SYNONYMS = 0SOCIAL COLLECTIVE40 ,! AN>*I/S SOON SAW1 H[EV]1 ?AT IT WAS RA!R DANG]\S = !M TO USE ! SAME WORD AS ! AU?ORIT>IANS :ILE GIV+ IT A QUITE DIFF]5T MEAN+4 

,!Y FELT ?AT A NEW CONCEPT CALL$ = A NEW WORD & ?AT ! USE ( ! OLD T]M C\LD BE DANG]\SLY AMBIGU\S2 SO !Y CEAS$ TO GIVE ! NAME 0,/ATE0 TO ! SOCIAL COLLECTIVE ( ! FUTURE4 

,! ,M>XI/S1 = !IR P>T1 W]E ANXI\S TO OBTA9 ! COOP]ATION ( ! AN>*I/S TO MAKE ! PR9CIPLE ( COLLECTIVE [N]%IP TRIUMPH 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL OV] ! LA/ REMNANT ( NEO-,PR\DHONIAN 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,SO !Y W]E WILL+ TO MAKE V]BAL CONCESSIONS & AGRE$ HALFHE>T$LY TO ! AN>*I/S' PROPOSAL TO SUB/ITUTE = ! WORD 0,/ATE0 EI!R F$]ATION OR SOLID>ISATION ( COMMUNES4 ,9 ! SAME SPIRIT1 ,5GELS ATTACK$ HIS FRI5D & COMPATRIOT ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL AB\T ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 & ?\<T IT WISE TO SUGGE/ ?AT HE 0SUPPRESS ! T]M ',/ATE' ?R\<\T1 US+ 9/EAD ,GEME9WES51 A GOOD OLD ,G]MAN WORD MEAN+ ! SAME AS ! ,FR5* WORD ',COMMUNE4'0 ,AT ! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#f#i1 ! COLLECTIVI/ AN>*I/S & ! ,M>XI/S HAD UNIT$ TO DECIDE ?AT ONCE PROP]TY HAD BE5 SOCIALIZ$ IT W\LD BE DEVELOP$ BY COMMUNES SOLID>ISEES4 ,9 HIS SPEE* ,BAKUN9 DOTT$ ! I'S3 

0,I AM VOT+ = COLLECTIVIZATION ( SOCIAL WEAL?1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( ! L&1 9 ! S5SE ( SOCIAL LIQUIDATION4 ,BY SOCIAL LIQUIDATION ,I MEAN ! EXPROPRIATION ( ALL :O >E N[ PROPRIETORS1 BY ! ABOLITION ( ! JURIDICAL & POLITICAL ,/ATE :I* IS ! SANCTION & SOLE GU>ANTOR ( PROP]TY AS IT N[ IS4 ,AS TO SUBSEQU5T =MS ( ORGANIZATION 4 4 4 ,I FAVOR ! SOLID>ISATION ( COMMUNES 4 4 4 ) ALL ! GREAT] SATISFACTION BECAUSE SU* SOLID>ISATION 5TAILS ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY FROM ! BOTTOM UP40 

,H,[ ,%,\,L,D ,! ,P,U,B,L,I,C ,S,],V,I,C,E,S ,B,E ,M,A,N,A,G,$8 

,! COMPROMISE :I* HAD BE5 WORK$ \T WAS A LONG WAY FROM ELIM9AT+ AMBIGUITY1 ! MORE SO S9CE AT ! V]Y SAME ,BASEL ,CONGRESS ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S HAD NOT FELT %Y AB\T APPLAUD+ ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY BY ! ,/ATE4 ,! PROBLEM SUBSEQU5TLY PROV$ ESPECIALLY ?ORNY :5 DISCUSSION TURN$ TO ! MANAGEM5T ( L>GE-SCALE PUBLIC S]VICES LIKE RAILWAYS1 PO/AL S]VICES1 ETC4 ,BY ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#g#b1 ! FOLL[]S ( ,M>X & ?OSE ( ,BAKUN9 HAD P>T$ COMPANY4 ,?US ! DEBATE ON PUBLIC S]VICES >OSE 9 ! MISNAM$ 0ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN0 ,9T]NATIONAL :I* HAD SURVIV$ ! SPLIT4 ,?IS QUE/ION CREAT$ FRE% DISCORD BETWE5 ! AN>*I/S & ?OSE MORE OR LESS 0/ATI/0 SOCIALI/S :O HAD *OS5 TO DETA* !MSELVES FROM ,M>X & REMA9 ) ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,S9CE SU* PUBLIC S]VICES >E NATIONAL 9 SCALE1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT !Y CANNOT BE MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS ALONE1 NOR BY ! COMMUNES ALONE4 ,PR\DHON TRI$ TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM BY 0BALANC+0 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T BY SOME =M ( 0PUBLIC 9ITIATIVE10 :I* HE DID NOT EXPLA9 FULLY4 ,:O WAS TO ADM9I/] ! PUBLIC S]VICES8 ,! F$]ATION ( ! COMMUNES1 ANSW]$ ! LIB]T>IANS2 ! ,/ATE1 ! AU?ORIT>IANS W]E TEMPT$ TO REPLY4 

,AT ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#h#g#d1 ! ,BELGIAN SOCIALI/ ,CES> DE ,PAEPE TRI$ TO BR+ AB\T A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! TWO CONFLICT+ VIEWS4 ,LOCAL PUBLIC S]VICES W\LD GO TO ! COMMUNES TO BE RUN UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATIVE BODY ITSELF1 NOM9AT$ BY ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,PUBLIC S]VICES ON A L>G] SCALE W\LD BE MANAG$ BY A REGIONAL ADM9I/RATION CONSI/+ ( NOM9EES ( ! F$]ATION ( COMMUNES & SUP]VIS$ BY A REGIONAL *AMB] ( LABOR1 :ILE ?OSE ON A NATIONAL SCALE W\LD COME UND] ! 0,WORK]S' ,/ATE10 ?AT IS1 A ,/ATE 0BAS$ ON A COMB9ATION ( FREE WORK]S' COMMUNES40 ,! AN>*I/S W]E SUSPICI\S ( ?IS AMBIGU\S ORGANIZATION BUT DE ,PAEPE PREF]R$ TO TAKE ?IS SUSPICION AS A MISUND]/&+3 WAS IT NOT AFT] ALL A V]BAL QU>REL8 ,IF ?AT WAS SO HE W\LD BE CONT5T TO PUT ! WORD 0,/ATE0 ASIDE :ILE KEEP+ & EV5 EXT5D+ ! ACTUAL ?+ 0UND] ! MORE PLEASANT DISGUISE ( SOME O!R T]M40 

,MO/ ( ! LIB]T>IANS ?\<T ?AT ! REPORT FROM ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS AM\NT$ TO A RE/ORATION ( ! ,/ATE3 !Y SAW ! 0,WORK]S' ,/ATE0 TURN+ 9EVITABLY 9TO AN 0AU?ORIT>IAN ,/ATE40 ,IF IT WAS ONLY A V]BAL QU>REL !Y C\LD NOT SEE :Y !Y %\LD *RI/5 ! NEW SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T BY ! V]Y NAME US$ TO DESCRIBE ! ORGANIZATION :I* WAS TO BE ABOLI%$4 ,AT A SUBSEQU5T CONGRESS AT ,B]NE1 9 #a#h#g#f1 ,MALATE/A ADMITT$ ?AT ! PUBLIC S]VICES REQUIR$ A UNIQUE1 C5TRALIZ$ =M ( ORGANIZATION2 BUT HE REFUS$ TO HAVE !M ADM9I/]$ FROM ABOVE BY A ,/ATE4 ,HIS ADV]S>IES SEEM$ TO HIM TO CONFUSE ! ,/ATE ) SOCIETY1 ?AT 0LIV+ ORGANIC BODY40 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 #a#h#g#g1 AT ! ,UNIV]SAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS 9 ,<5T1 ,CES> DE ,PAEPE ADMITT$ ?AT HIS PRECI\S ,WORK]S' ,/ATE OR ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE 0MI<T = A P]IOD BE NO MORE ?AN A ,/ATE ( WAGE E>N]S10 BUT ?AT 0MU/ BE NO MORE ?AN A TRANSITIONAL PHASE IMPOS$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES10 AFT] :I* ! NAMELESS1 URG5T MASSES W\LD NOT FAIL TO TAKE OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & PUT !M 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E NOT APPEAS$ BY ?IS UNC]TA9 & DI/ANT P]SPECTIVE3 :AT ! ,/ATE TOOK OV] IT W\LD NEV] GIVE UP4 

,F,$,],A,L,I,S,M 

,TO SUM UP3 ! FUTURE LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY WAS TO BE 5D[$ ) A DUAL /RUCTURE3 ECONOMIC1 9 ! =M ( A F$]ATION ( SELF-MANAG+ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS2 ADM9I/RATIVE1 9 ! =M ( A F$]ATION ( ! COMMUNES4 ,! F9AL REQUIREM5T WAS TO CR[N & >TICULATE ?IS $IFICE ) A CONCEPT ( WID] SCOPE1 :I* MI<T BE EXT5D$ TO APPLY TO ! :OLE WORLD3 F$]ALISM4 

,AS ,PR\DHON'S ?\<T MATUR$1 ! F$]ALI/ IDEA WAS CL>IFI$ & BECAME PR$OM9ANT4 ,ONE ( HIS LA/ WRIT+S BORE ! TITLE ,DU ,PR9CIPE ,F$]ATIF ET DE LA ,NECESSITE DE ,RECON/ITU] DE ,P>TI DE LA ,REVOLUTION 7#a#h#f#c7 &1 AS PREVI\SLY M5TION$1 T[>D ! 5D ( HIS LIFE HE WAS MORE 9CL9$ TO CALL HIMSELF A F$]ALI/ ?AN AN AN>*I/4 ,WE NO LONG] LIVE 9 ! AGE ( SMALL1 ANCI5T CITIES :I*1 MOREOV]1 EV5 9 !IR TIME1 SOMETIMES CAME TOGE!R ON A F$]AL BASIS4 ,! PROBLEM ( \R TIME IS ?AT ( ADM9I/]+ L>GE C\NTRIES4 ,PR\DHON COMM5T$3 0,IF ! ,/ATE W]E NEV] TO EXT5D BEYOND ! >EA ( A CITY OR COMMUNE ,I W\LD LEAVE EV]YONE TO MAKE HIS [N JUDGM5T1 & SAY NO MORE4 ,BUT WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT IT IS A MATT] ( VA/ CONGLOM]ATIONS ( T]RITORY )9 :I* CITIES1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES CAN BE C\NT$ BY ! ?\S&40 ,NO QUE/ION ( FRAGM5T+ SOCIETY 9TO MICROCOSMS4 ,UNITY IS ESS5TIAL4 

,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 ! 9T5TION ( ! AU?ORIT>IANS TO RULE !SE LOCAL GR\PS BY ! LAWS ( 0CONQUE/10 TO :I* ,PR\DHON RETORT$3 0,I DECL>E TO !M ?AT ?IS IS COMPLETELY IMPOSSIBLE1 BY VIRTUE ( ! V]Y LAW ( UNITY40 

0,ALL !SE GR\PS 4 4 4 >E 9DE/RUCTIBLE ORGANISMS 4 4 4 :I* CAN NO MORE DIVE/ !MSELVES ( !IR SOV]EIGN 9DEP5D5CE ?AN A MEMB] ( ! CITY CAN LOSE HIS CITIZ5%IP OR PR]OGATIVES AS A FREE MAN 4444 ,ALL ?AT W\LD BE A*IEV$ 444 W\LD BE ! CREATION ( AN IRRECONCILABLE ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! G5]AL SOV]EIGNTY & EA* ( ! SEP>ATE SOV]EIGNTIES1 SETT+ AU?ORITY AGA9/ AU?ORITY2 9 O!R WORDS1 :ILE SUPPOS$LY DEVELOP+ UNITY ONE W\LD BE ORGANIZ+ DIVISION40 

,9 SU* A SY/EM ( 0UNIT>Y ABSORPTION0 ! CITIES OR NATURAL GR\PS 0W\LD ALWAYS BE CONDEMN$ TO LOSE !IR ID5TITY 9 ! SUP]IOR AGGLOM]ATION1 :I* ONE MI<T CALL >TIFICIAL40 ,C5TRALIZATION MEANS 0RETA9+ 9 GOV]NM5TAL RELATION%IP GR\PS :I* >E AUTONOM\S BY !IR NATURE02 04 4 4 ?AT IS1 = MODEM SOCIETY1 ! TRUE TYRANNY40 ,IT IS A SY/EM ( IMP]IALISM1 COMMUNISM1 ABSOLUTISM1 ?UND]$ ,PR\DHON1 ADD+ 9 ONE ( ?OSE AMALGAMATIONS ( :I* HE WAS A MA/]3 0,ALL !SE WORDS >E SYNONYMS40 

,ON ! O!R H&1 UNITY1 REAL UNITY1 C5TRALIZATION1 REAL C5TRALIZATION1 W\LD BE 9DE/RUCTIBLE IF A BOND ( LAW1 A CONTRACT ( MUTUALITY1 A PACT ( F$]ATION W]E CONCLUD$ BETWE5 ! V>I\S T]RITORIAL UNITS3 

0,:AT REALLY C5TRALIZES A SOCIETY ( FREE M5 4 4 4 IS ! CONTRACT4 ,SOCIAL UNITY 444 IS ! PRODUCT ( ! FREE UNION ( CITIZ5S 4444 ,= A NATION TO N@9ANIFE/ ITSELF 9 UNITY1 ?IS UNITY MU/ BE C5TRALIZ$ 4 4 4 9 ALL ITS FUNCTIONS & FACULTIES2 C5TRALIZATION MU/ BE CREAT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 FROM ! P]IPH]Y TO ! C5T]1 & ALL FUNCTIONS MU/ BE 9DEP5D5T & SELF-GOV]N+4 ,! MORE NUM]\S ITS FOCI1 ! /RONG] ! C5TRALIZATION WILL BE40 

,! F$]AL SY/EM IS ! OPPOSITE ( GOV]NM5TAL C5TRALIZATION4 ,! TWO PR9CIPLES ( LIB]T>IANISM & AU?ORIT>IANISM :I* >E 9 P]PETUAL CONFLICT >E DE/9$ TO COME TO T]MS3 0,F$]ATION RESOLVES ALL ! PROBLEMS :I* >ISE FROM ! NE$ TO COMB9E LIB]TY & AU?ORITY4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION PROVID$ ! F\NDATIONS = A NEW ORD]1 ! SECRET ( :I* LIES ) ITS HEIR1 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS IS ! NEW ORD]3 TO UNITE ALL ! PEOPLE 9 A 'F$]ATION ( F$]ATIONS40' ,?IS EXPRESSION WAS NOT US$ C>ELESSLY3 A UNIV]SAL F$]ATION W\LD BE TOO BIG2 ! L>GE UNITS MU/ BE F$]AT$ BETWE5 !MSELVES4 ,9 HIS FAVORITE PROPHETIC /YLE ,PR\DHON DECL>$3 0,! TW5TIE? C5TURY WILL OP5 ! ]A ( F$]ATIONS40 

,BAKUN9 M]ELY DEVELOP$ & /R5G!N$ ! F$]ALI/ IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON4 ,LIKE ,PR\DHON1 HE ACCLAIM$ ! SUP]IORITY ( F$]AL UNITY OV] AU?ORIT>IAN UNITY3 0,:5 ! ACCURS$ P[] ( ! ,/ATE IS NO LONG] !RE TO CON/RA9 9DIVIDUALS1 ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNES1 PROV9CES1 OR REGIONS TO LIVE TOGE!R1 !Y WILL BE MU* MORE CLOSELY B\ND1 WILL CON/ITUTE A F> MORE VIABLE1 REAL1 & P[]FUL :OLE ?AN :AT !Y >E AT PRES5T =C$ 9TO BY ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 EQUALLY OPPRESSIVE TO !M ALL40 ,! AU?ORIT>IANS 0>E ALWAYS CONFUS+ 4 4 4 =MAL1 DOGMATIC1 & GOV]NM5TAL UNITY ) A REAL & LIV+ UNITY :I* CAN ONLY D]IVE FROM ! FREE/ DEVELOPM5T ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 & FROM A F$]AL & ABSOLUTELY VOLUNT>Y ALLIANCE 4 4 4 ( ! WORK]S0 ASSOCIATIONS 9 ! COMMUNES &1 BEYOND ! COMMUNES1 9 ! REGIONS1 BEYOND ! REGIONS1 9 ! NATIONS40 

,BAKUN9 /RESS$ ! NE$ = AN 9T]M$IATE BODY BETWE5 ! COMMUNE & ! NATIONAL F$]AL ORGAN3 ! PROV9CE OR REGION1 A FREE F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES4 ,IT MU/ NOT1 H[EV]1 BE ?\<T ?AT F$]ALISM W\LD LEAD TO EGOISM OR ISOLATION4 ,SOLID>ITY IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM FRE$OM3 0,:ILE ! COMMUNES REMA9 ABSOLUTELY AUTONOM\S1 !Y FEEL 4 4 4 SOLID>ITY AMONG !MSELVES & UNITE CLOSELY )\T LOS+ ANY ( !IR FRE$OM40 ,9 ! MODEM WORLD1 MORAL1 MAT]IAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL 9T]E/S HAVE CREAT$ REAL & P[]FUL UNITY BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T P>TS ( ONE NATION1 & BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T NATIONS2 ?AT UNITY WILL \TLIVE ! ,/ATE4 

,F$]ALISM1 H[EV]1 IS A TWO-$G$ WEAPON4 ,DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ! 0F$]ALISM0 ( ! ,GIROND9S WAS REACTION>Y1 & ! ROYALI/ S*OOL ( ,*>LES ,MAURRAS ADVOCAT$ IT UND] ! NAME ( 0REGIONALISM40 ,9 SOME C\NTRIES1 LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! F$]AL CON/ITUTION IS EXPLOIT$ BY ?OSE :O DEPRIVE M5 ( COLOR ( !IR CIVIL RI<TS4 ,BAKUN9 ?\<T ?AT SOCIALISM ALONE C\LD GIVE F$]ALISM A REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T4 ,= ?IS REASON HIS ,SPANI% FOLL[]S %[$ LITTLE 5?USIASM = ! B\RGEOIS F$]ALI/ P>TY ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL1 :I* CALL$ ITSELF ,PR\DHONI/1 & EV5 = ITS 0CANTONALI/0 LEFT W+ DUR+ ! BRIEF1 & ABORTIVE1 EPISODE ( ! REPUBLIC ( #a#h#g#c4 .<#a#i.> 

,9,T,],N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L,I,S,M 

,! F$]ALI/ IDEA LEADS LOGICALLY TO 9T]NATIONALISM1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! ORGANIZATION ( NATIONS ON A F$]AL BASIS 9TO ! 0L>GE1 FRAT]NAL UNION ( MANK9D40 ,H]E AGA9 ,BAKUN9 %[$ UP ! B\RGEOIS UTOPIANISM ( A F$]AL IDEA NOT BAS$ ON 9T]NATIONAL & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,F> AHEAD ( HIS TIME1 HE WAS A 0,EUROPEAN10 AS PEOPLE SAY TODAY2 HE CALL$ = & DESIR$ A ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE1 ! ONLY WAY 0( MAK+ A CIVIL W> BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T PEOPLES 9 ! ,EUROPEAN FAMILY IMPOSSIBLE40 ,HE WAS C>EFUL1 H[EV]1 TO ISSUE A W>N+ AGA9/ ANY ,EUROPEAN F$]ATION BAS$ ON /ATES 0AS !Y >E AT PRES5T CON/ITUT$40 

0,NO C5TRALIZ$1 BUREAUCRATIC1 & H5CE MILIT>Y ,/ATE1 ALBEIT CALL$ A REPUBLIC1 C\LD 5T] S]I\SLY & S9C]ELY 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION ,BY ITS V]Y CON/ITUTION1 SU* A ,/ATE WILL ALWAYS BE AN OV]T OR COV]T D5IAL ( 9T]NAL LIB]TY1 & H5CE1 NECESS>ILY1 A P]MAN5T DECL>ATION ( W>1 A M5ACE TO ! EXI/5CE ( NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES40 ,ANY ALLIANCE ) A REACTION>Y ,/ATE W\LD BE A 0,BETRAYAL ( ! REVOLUTION40 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE1 FIR/1 & LAT]1 ( ! WORLD1 CAN ONLY BE SET UP AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! OLD ORD] :I* RE/S FROM TOP TO BOTTOM ON VIOL5CE & ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION TAKES PLACE 9 ANY ONE C\NTRY1 ANY =EIGN C\NTRY :I* HAS MADE A REVOLUTION ON ! SAME PR9CIPLES %\LD BE RECEIV$ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y F$]ATION REG>DLESS ( EXI/+ /ATE FRONTI]S4 

,TRUE 9T]NATIONALISM RE/S ON SELF-DET]M9ATION1 :I* IMPLIES ! RI<T ( SECESSION4 ,FOLL[+ ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 PROP\ND$ ?AT 0EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 EA* ASSOCIATION1 COMMUNE1 OR PROV9CE1 EA* REGION & NATION1 HAS ! ABSOLUTE RI<T TO DET]M9E ITS [N FATE1 TO ASSOCIATE ) O!RS OR NOT1 TO ALLY ITSELF ) :OMEV] IT WILL1 OR BREAK ANY ALLIANCE1 )\T REG>D TO SO-CALL$ HI/ORICAL CLAIMS OR ! CONV5I5CE ( ITS NEI<BORS40 0,! RI<T TO UNITE FREELY & SEP>ATE ) ! SAME FRE$OM IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL POLITICAL RI<TS1 )\T :I* CONF$]ATION W9 ALWAYS BE DISGUIS$ C5TRALIZATION40 

,AN>*I/S1 H[EV]1 DID NOT REG>D ?IS PR9CIPLE AS LEAD+ TO SECESSION OR ISOLATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y HELD 0! CONVICTION ?AT ONCE ! RI<T TO SEC$E IS RECOGNIZ$1 SECESSION WILL1 9 FACT1 BECOME IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE NATIONAL UNITS WILL BE FREELY E/ABLI%$ & NO LONG] ! PRODUCT ( VIOL5CE & HI/ORICAL FALSEHOOD40 ,!N1 & !N ONLY1 WILL !Y BECOME 0TRULY /RONG1 FRUITFUL1 & P]MAN5T40 

,LAT]1 ,L591 & ! E>LY CONGRESSES ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ADOPT$ ?IS CONCEPT FROM ,BAKUN91 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS MADE IT ! F\NDATION ( !IR POLICY ON NATIONALITIES & ( !IR ANTI-COLONIALI/ /RATEGY - UNTIL !Y EV5TUALLY BELI$ IT TO TURN TO AU?ORIT>IAN C5TRALIZATION & DISGUIS$ IMP]IALISM4 

,D,E,C,O,L,O,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N 

,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT LOGICAL D$UCTION L$ ! ORIG9ATORS ( F$]ALISM TO A PROPHETIC ANTICIPATION ( ! PROBLEMS ( DECOLONIZATION4 ,PR\DHON DI/+UI%$ ! UNIT 0BAS$ ON CONQUE/0 FROM ! 0RATIONAL0 UNIT & SAW ?AT 0EV]Y ORGANIZATION ?AT EXCE$S ITS TRUE LIMITS & T5DS TO 9VADE OR ANNEX O!R ORGANIZATIONS LOSES 9 /R5G? :AT IT GA9S 9 SIZE1 & MOVES T[>D DISSOLUTION40 ,! MORE A CITY 7I4E41 A NATION7 EXT5DS ITS POPULATION OR ITS T]RITORY1 ! NE>] IT COMES TO TYRANNY &1 F9ALLY1 DISRUPTION3 

0,IF IT SETS UP SUBSIDI>IES OR COLONIES SOME DI/ANCE AWAY1 !SE SUBSIDI>IES OR COLONIES WILL1 SOON] OR LAT]1 *ANGE 9TO NEW CITIES :I* WILL REMA9 L9K$ TO ! MO!R CITY ONLY BY F$]ATION1 OR NOT AT ALL 4444 

,:5 ! NEW CITY IS READY TO SUPPORT ITSELF IT WILL ITSELF DECL>E ITS 9DEP5D5CE3 BY :AT RI<T %\LD ! P>5T CITY PRESUME TO TREAT IT AS A VASSAL1 AS PROP]TY TO BE EXPLOIT$8 

,?US 9 \R TIME WE HAVE SE5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES EMANCIPATE ITSELF FROM ,5GL&2 & ,CANADA LIKEWISE 9 FACT1 IF NOT 9 NAME2 ,AU/RALIA SET \T ON ! ROAD TO SEP>ATION BY ! CONS5T1 & ) ! APPROVAL1 ( ! MO!R C\NTRY4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ,ALG]IA WILL1 SOON] OR LAT]1 CON/ITUTE ITSELF AN ,AFRICAN ,FRANCE UNLESS = ABOM9ABLE1 SELFI% MOTIVES WE KEEP IT AS A S+LE UNIT BY MEANS ( =CE & POV]TY40 

,BAKUN9 HAD AN EYE ON ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES & D\BT$ :E!R 0IMP]IALI/ ,EUROPE0 C\LD KEEP #h MILLION ,ASIATICS 9 S]VITUDE4 0,TWO-?IRDS ( HUMANITY1 #h MILLION ,ASIANS ASLEEP 9 !IR S]VITUDE WILL NECESS>ILY AWAK5 & BEG9 TO MOVE4 ,BUT 9 :AT DIRECTION & TO :AT 5D80 ,HE DECL>$ 0/RONG SYMPA?Y = ANY NATIONAL UPRIS+ AGA9/ ANY =M ( OPPRESSION0 & COMM5D$ TO ! SUBJECT PEOPLES ! FASC9AT+ EXAMPLE ( ! ,SPANI% UPRIS+ AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON4 ,9 SPITE ( ! FANTA/IC DISPROPORTION BETWE5 ! NATIVE GU]RILLAS & ! IMP]IAL TROOPS1 ! OCCUPY+ P[] FAIL$ TO PUT !M D[N1 & ! ,FR5* W]E DRIV5 \T ( ,SPA9 AFT] A FIVE-YE> /RUGGLE4 

,EV]Y PEOPLE 0HAS ! RI<T TO BE ITSELF & NO ONE IS 5TITL$ TO IMPOSE ITS CO/UME1 ITS CU/OMS1 ITS LANGUAGE1 ITS OP9IONS1 OR ITS LAWS40 ,H[EV]1 ,BAKUN9 ALSO BELIEV$ ?AT !RE C\LD BE NO TRUE F$]ALISM )\T SOCIALISM & WI%$ ?AT NATIONAL LIB]ATION C\LD BE A*IEV$ 0AS MU* 9 ! ECONOMIC AS 9 ! POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES0 & 0NOT ) AMBITI\S 9T5T TO SET UP A P[]FUL ,/ATE40 ,ANY REVOLUTION = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE 0WILL NECESS>ILY BE AGA9/ ! PEOPLE 4 4 4 IF IT IS C>RI$ \T )\T ! PEOPLE & MU/ !RE=E DEP5D = SUCCESS ON A PRIVILEG$ CLASS10 & WILL ?US BECOME 0A RETROGRESSIVE1 DISA/R\S1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T40 

,IT W\LD BE REGRETTABLE IF ! DECOLONIZ$ C\NTRIES W]E TO CA/ (F ! =EIGN YOKE ONLY TO FALL 9TO 9DIG5\S POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S S]VITUDE4 ,!IR EMANCIPATION REQUIRES ?AT 0ALL FAI? 9 ANY DIV9E OR HUMAN AU?ORITY BE ]ADICAT$ AMONG ! MASSES40 ,! NATIONAL QUE/ION IS HI/ORICALLY SECOND>Y TO ! SOCIAL QUE/ION & SALVATION DEP5DS ON ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,AN ISOLAT$ NATIONAL REVOLUTION CANNOT SUCCE$4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9EVITABLY BECOMES A WORLD REVOLUTION4 

,BAKUN9 =ESAW ?AT DECOLONIZATION W\LD BE FOLL[$ BY AN EV] EXP&+ F$]ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLES3 0,! FUTURE LIES 9ITIALLY ) ! CREATION ( A ,EUROPEAN-,AM]ICAN 9T]NATIONAL UNIT4 ,LAT]1 MU* LAT]1 ?IS GREAT ,EUROPEAN-,AM]ICAN NATION WILL M]GE ) ! ,AFRICAN & ,ASIATIC UNITS40 

,?IS ANALYSIS BR+S US /RAI<T 9TO ! MIDDLE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

,FROM 3 ,LIB,COM4ORG4 

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