,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,B 
,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

#aigaig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,AN>*ISM HAD F\ND ITS SECOND W9D 9 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM2 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION GAVE IT ITS ?IRD4 ,?IS /ATEM5T MAY AT FIR/ SURPRISE ! READ]1 ACCU/OM$ TO ?9K ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ,OCTOB] #aiag AS ! WORK & DOMA9 ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ALONE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS1 9 FACT1 A GREAT MASS MOVEM5T1 A WAVE RIS+ FROM ! PEOPLE :I* PASS$ OV] & SUBM]G$ IDEOLOGICAL =MATIONS4 ,IT BELONG$ TO NO ONE1 UNLESS TO ! PEOPLE4 ,9 SO F> AS IT WAS AN AU!NTIC REVOLUTION1 TAK+ ITS IMPULSE FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D & SPONTANE\SLY PRODUC+ ! ORGANS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 IT PRES5T$ ALL ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ) LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES4 ,H[EV]1 ! RELATIVE WEAKNESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S PREV5T$ !M FROM EXPLOIT+ SITUATIONS :I* W]E EXCEPTIONALLY FAVORABLE TO ! TRIUMPH ( !IR IDEAS4 

,! ,REVOLUTION WAS ULTIMATELY CONFISCAT$ & DI/ORT$ BY ! MA/]Y1 ACCORD+ TO SOME - ! CUNN+1 ACCORD+ TO O!RS - ( ! PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>Y TEAM GR\P$ >\ND ,L594 ,BUT ?IS DEFEAT ( BO? AN>*ISM & ! AU!NTIC POPUL> REVOLUTION WAS NOT 5TIRELY /]ILE = ! LIB]T>IAN IDEA4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! COLLECTIVE APPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION HAS NOT AGA9 BE5 PUT 9 QUE/ION1 & ?IS SAFEGU>DS ! GR\ND UPON :I*1 ONE DAY P]HAPS1 SOCIALISM FROM BEL[ MAY PREVAIL OV] /ATE REGIM5TATION2 MOREOV]1 ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE HAS PROVID$ ! OCCASION = SOME ,RUSSIAN & SOME NON-,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S TO LE>N ! COMPLEX LESSONS ( A TEMPOR>Y DEFEAT - LESSONS ( :I* ,L59 HIMSELF SEEM$ TO HAVE BECOME AW>E ON ! EVE ( HIS DEA?4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT !Y C\LD RE?9K ! :OLE PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION & AN>*ISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,KROPOTK91 E*O$ BY ,VOL9E1 IT TAU<T !M1 %\LD !Y EV] NE$ TO KN[1 H[ NOT TO MAKE A REVOLUTION4 ,F> FROM PROV+ ?AT LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM IS IMPRACTICABLE1 ! ,SOVIET EXP]I5CE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BROADLY CONFIRM$ ! PROPHETIC CORRECTNESS ( ! VIEWS ( ! F\ND]S ( AN>*ISM &1 9 P>TICUL>1 !IR CRITIQUE ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,A ,L,I,B,],T,>,I,A,N ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,! PO9T ( DEP>TURE ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag WAS ?AT ( #a#i#e1 DUR+ :I* A NEW K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGAN HAD COME 9TO BE+3 ! SOVIETS4 ,!Y W]E BORN 9 ! FACTORIES ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG DUR+ A SPONTANE\S G5]AL /RIKE4 ,9 ! ALMO/ COMPLETE ABS5CE ( A TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T & TRADITION1 ! SOVIETS FILL$ A VACUUM BY COORD9AT+ ! /RUGGLE ( ! FACTORIES ON /RIKE4 ,! AN>*I/ ,VOL9E WAS ONE ( ! SMALL GR\P :I* HAD ! IDEA ( SETT+ UP ! FIR/ SOVIET1 9 CLOSE LIAISON ) ! WORK]S & AT !IR SUGGE/ION4 ,HIS EVID5CE CO9CIDES ) ?AT ( ,TROTSKY1 :O BECAME PRESID5T ( ! SOVIET A FEW MON?S LAT]4 ,9 HIS ACC\NT ( #aie HE WROTE1 )\T ANY PEJORATIVE 9T5T - QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 0,! ACTIVITY ( ! SOVIET REPRES5T$ ! ORGANIZATION ( AN>*Y4 ,ITS EXI/5CE & ITS SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T M>K$ ! CONSOLIDATION ( AN>*Y40 

,?IS EXP]I5CE HAD MADE A P]MAN5T M>K UPON WORK+-CLASS CONSCI\SNESS &1 :5 ! SECOND ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION BROKE \T 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 ITS LEAD]S DID NOT HAVE TO 9V5T ANY?+4 ,! WORK]S TOOK OV] ! FACTORIES SPONTANE\SLY4 ,! SOVIETS REVIV$ ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,ONCE AGA91 !Y TOOK ! PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES BY SURPRISE4 ,ON ,L59'S [N ADMISSION1 ! MASSES ( PEASANTS & WORK]S W]E 0A HUNDR$ TIMES FUR!R TO ! LEFT0 ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! PRE/IGE ( ! SOVIETS WAS SU* ?AT IT WAS ONLY 9 !IR NAME & AT !IR BEHE/ ?AT ! ,OCTOB] 9SURRECTION C\LD BE LAUN*$4 

,9 SPITE ( !IR VIGOR1 H[EV]1 !Y W]E LACK+ 9 HOMOG5EITY1 REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE1 & IDEOLOGICAL PREP>ATION4 ,?IS MADE !M EASY PREY TO POLITICAL P>TIES ) UNC]TA9 REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,AL?\< IT WAS A M9ORITY ORGANIZATION1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY WAS ! ONLY REALLY ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y =CE :I* KNEW :]E IT WAS GO+4 ,IT HAD NO RIVALS ON ! EXTREME LEFT 9 EI!R ! POLITICAL OR ! TRADE-UNION FIELD4 ,IT HAD FIR/-CLASS CADRES AT ITS DISPOSAL1 & SET 9 MOTION1 AS ,VOL9E ADMITT$1 0A FEV]I%1 OV]:ELM+1 FI]CE ACTIVITY40 

,! P>TY MA*9E1 H[EV] - ( :I* ,/AL9 WAS AT ?AT TIME AN OBSCURE ORNAM5T - HAD ALWAYS REG>D$ ! SOVIETS ) SUSPICION AS EMB>RASS+ COMPETITORS4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[]1 ! SPONTANE\S & IRRESI/IBLE T5D5CY T[>D ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION WAS1 AT FIR/1 *ANNEL$ ?R\< WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,A DECREE ( ,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #a#i#a#g1 LEGALIZ$ ! P>TICIPATION ( WORK]S 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES & ! FIX+ ( PRICES2 IT ABOLI%$ TRADE SECRETS1 & COMPELL$ ! EMPLOY]S TO PUBLI% !IR CORRESPOND5CE & !IR ACC\NTS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,VICTOR ,S]GE1 0! LEAD]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION DID NOT 9T5D TO GO BEYOND ?IS40 ,9 ,APRIL #aiah !Y 0/ILL 9T5D$ 4 4 4 TO SET UP MIX$ COMPANIES ) %>ES1 9 :I* ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE & ,RUSSIAN & =EIGN CAPITAL W\LD ALL P>TICIPATE40 0,! 9ITIATIVE = MEASURES ( EXPROPRIATION CAME FROM ! MASSES & NOT FROM AU?ORITY40 

,AS E>LY AS ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#i#a#g1 AT ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS1 A MOTION 9SPIR$ BY AN>*ISM WAS PRES5T$4 ,IT PROPOS$ 0CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION1 & ?AT CONTROL COMMISSIONS %\LD NOT BE SIMPLY 9VE/IGATIVE BODIES1 BUT 4 4 4 FROM ?IS MOM5T ON CELLS ( ! FUTURE PREP>+ TO TRANSF] PRODUCTION TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S40 0,9 ! V]Y E>LY DAYS ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION10 ,ANNA ,PANKRATOVA .<#b#b.> REPORT$1 0AN>*I/ T5D5CIES W]E ! MORE EASILY & SUCCESSFULLY MANIFE/$1 BECAUSE ! CAPITALI/S PUT UP ! LIVELIE/ RESI/ANCE TO ! 5=CEM5T ( ! DECREE ON WORK]S' CONTROL & ACTUALLY REFUS$ WORK]S' P>TICIPATION 9 PRODUCTION40 

,WORK]S' CONTROL 9 EFFECT SOON %[$ ITSELF TO BE A HALF MEASURE1 HALT+ & 9EFFICI5T4 ,! EMPLOY]S SABOTAG$ IT1 CONCEAL$ !IR /OCKS1 REMOV$ TOOLS1 *ALL5G$ OR LOCK$ \T ! WORK]S2 SOMETIMES !Y US$ ! FACTORY COMMITTEES AS SIMPLE AG5TS OR AIDES TO MANAGEM5T2 !Y EV5 ?\<T IT PR(ITABLE TO TRY TO HAVE !IR FIRMS NATIONALIZ$4 ,! WORK]S RESPOND$ TO !SE MANEUV]S BY SEIZ+ ! FACTORIES & RUNN+ !M = !IR [N B5EFIT4 0,WE \RSELVES WILL NOT S5D ! [N]S AWAY10 ! WORK]S SAID 9 !IR RESOLUTIONS1 0BUT WE WILL TAKE *>GE ( PRODUCTION IF !Y WILL NOT 9SURE ?AT ! FACTORIES FUNCTION40 ,ANNA ,PANKRATOVA ADDS ?AT1 9 ?IS FIR/ P]IOD ( 0*AOTIC0 & 0PRIMITIVE0 SOCIALIZATION1 ! FACTORY C\NCILS 0FREQU5TLY TOOK OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( FACTORIES :OSE [N]S HAD BE5 DISMISS$ OR HAD FL$40 

,WORK]S' CONTROL SOON HAD TO GIVE PLACE TO SOCIALIZATION4 ,L59 LIT]ALLY DID VIOL5CE TO HIS MORE TIMOR\S LIEUT5ANTS BY ?R[+ !M 9TO ! 0CRUCIBLE ( LIV+ POPUL> CREATIVITY10 BY OBLIG+ !M TO SPEAK 9 AU!NTIC LIB]T>IAN LANGUAGE4 ,! BASIS ( REVOLUTION>Y RECON/RUCTION WAS TO BE WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,IT ALONE C\LD >\SE 9 ! MASSES SU* REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM ?AT ! IMPOSSIBLE W\LD BECOME POSSIBLE4 ,:5 ! LA/ MANUAL WORK]1 ANY UNEMPLOY$ P]SON1 ANY COOK1 C\LD SEE ! FACTORIES1 ! L&1 ! ADM9I/RATION 9 ! H&S ( ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S1 ( EMPLOYES1 ( (FICIALS1 ( PEASANTS2 RATION+ 9 ! H&S ( DEMOCRATIC COMMITTEES1 ETC42 ALL CREAT$ SPONTANE\SLY BY ! PEOPLE - 0:5 ! POOR SEE & FEEL ?AT1 !RE WILL BE NO =CE ABLE TO DEFEAT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 ,! FUTURE SEEM$ TO BE OP5+ UP = A REPUBLIC ( ! TYPE ( ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 A REPUBLIC ( SOVIETS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,VOL9E'S ACC\NT1 09 ORD] TO CAT* ! IMAG9ATION ( ! MASSES1 GA9 !IR CONFID5CE & !IR SYMPA?Y1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY ANN\NC$ 4 4 4 SLOGANS :I* HAD UP T9 !N BE5 *>ACT]I/IC 4 4 4 ( AN>*ISM40 ,ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS WAS A SLOGAN :I* ! MASSES 9TUITIVELY UND]/OOD 9 ! LIB]T>IAN S5SE4 ,PET] ,>*9(F REPORT$ ?AT 0! WORK]S 9T]PRET$ ! IDEA ( SOVIET P[] AS ?AT ( !IR [N RI<T TO DISPOSE ( !MSELVES SOCIALLY & ECONOMICALLY40 ,AT ! ,?IRD ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#a#h1 ,L59 DECL>$3 0,AN>*I/ IDEAS HAVE N[ TAK5 ON LIV+ =M40 ,SOON AFT]1 AT ! ,SEV5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS1 ,M>* @9#h1 HE PROPOS$ = ADOPTION !SES :I* DEALT AMONG O!R ?+S ) ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION ADM9I/]$ BY WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 7TRADE UNIONS1 FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ETC472 ! ABOLITION ( (FICIALS 9 *>GE ( MANUAL TRADES1 ( ! POLICE & ! >MY2 ! EQUALITY ( SAL>IES & REMUN]ATION2 ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL MEMB]S ( ! SOVIETS 9 MANAGEM5T & ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,/ATE2 ! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION BY /AGES ( ! SAID ,/ATE & ( ! USE ( MONEY4 ,AT ! ,TRADE-,UNION ,CONGRESS 7SPR+ #a#i#a#h71 ,L59 DESCRIB$ ! FACTORIES AS 0SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNES ( PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S40 ,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,MAXIM(F GOES SO F> AS TO MA9TA9 ?AT 0! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NOT ONLY AB&ON$ ! !ORY ( ! GRADUAL WI!R+ AWAY ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY 9 G5]AL4 ,!Y HAD BECOME SOME K9D ( AN>*I/S40 

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,?IS AUDACI\S ALIGNM5T ) ! 9/9CT ( ! MASSES & !IR REVOLUTION>Y TEMP] MAY HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 GIV+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS COMM& OV] ! REVOLUTION1 BUT HAD NO?+ TO DO ) !IR TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGY OR !IR REAL 9T5TIONS4 ,!Y HAD BE5 AU?ORIT>IANS = A LONG TIME1 & W]E IMBU$ ) IDEAS ( ! ,/ATE1 ( DICTATOR%IP1 ( 3 '3.-.-'3 1 ( A RUL+ P>TY1 ( MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY FROM ABOVE1 ( ALL ?+S :I* W]E 9 FLAGRANT CONTRADICTION ) A REALLY LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTION ( SOVIET DEMOCRACY4 

,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION WAS WRITT5 ON ! EVE ( ! ,OCTOB] 9SURRECTION & MIRRORS ! AMBIVAL5CE ( ,L59'S ?\<TS4 ,SOME PAGES MI<T HAVE BE5 WRITT5 BY A LIB]T>IAN &1 AS WE HAVE SE5 ABOVE .<#b#c.>1 SOME CR$IT AT LEA/ IS GIV5 TO ! AN>*I/S4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS CALL = A REVOLUTION FROM BEL[ RUNS P>ALLEL TO A /ATEM5T ( ! CASE = A REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE4 ,CONCEPTS ( A HI]>*ICAL1 C5TRALIZ$ /ATE SY/EM >E NOT HALF CONCEAL$ AFT]?\<TS BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E FRANKLY EXPRESS$3 ! ,/ATE WILL SURVIVE ! CONQUE/ ( P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT & WILL WI!R AWAY ONLY AFT] A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD4 ,H[ LONG IS ?IS PURGATORY TO LA/8 ,?IS IS NOT CONCEAL$2 WE >E TOLD RA!R ) RELIEF ?AN ) REGRET ?AT ! PROCESS WILL BE 0SL[10 & 0( LONG DURATION40 ,UND] ! GUISE ( SOVIET P[]1 ! REVOLUTION WILL BR+ =? ! 0PROLET>IAN ,/ATE10 OR 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT02 ! WRIT] EV5 LETS SLIP ! EXPRESSION 0B\RGEOIS ,/ATE )\T ! B\RGEOISIE10 JU/ :5 HE IS REVEAL+ HIS 9MO/ ?\<TS4 ,?IS OMNIVOR\S ,/ATE SURELY 9T5DS TO TAKE EV]Y?+ OV]4 

,L59 TOOK A LESSON FROM CONTEMPOR>Y ,G]MAN /ATE CAPITALISM1 ! ,KRIEGSWIRTS*AFT 7W> ECONOMY74 ,ANO!R ( HIS MODELS WAS ! ORGANIZATION ( MOD]N L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY BY CAPITALISM1 ) ITS 0IRON DISCIPL9E40 ,HE WAS P>TICUL>LY 5TRANC$ BY A /ATE MONOPOLY SU* AS ! PO/S & TELEGRAPHS & EXCLAIM$3 0,:AT AN ADMIRABLY P]FECT$ ME*ANISM6 ,! :OLE ( ECONOMIC LIFE ORGANIZ$ LIKE ! PO/AL S]VICES1 4 4 4 ?AT IS ! ,/ATE1 ?AT IS ! ECONOMIC BASE :I* WE NE$40 ,TO SEEK TO DO )\T 0AU?ORITY0 & 0SUBORD9ATION0 IS AN 0AN>*I/ DREAM10 HE CONCLUD$4 ,AT ONE TIME HE HAD WAX$ 5?USIA/IC OV] ! IDEA ( 5TRU/+ PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE TO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & TO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,BUT ?AT WAS A MISDEAL4 ,N[ HE DID NOT HIDE HIS MAGIC PRESCRIPTION3 ALL CITIZ5S BECOM+ 0EMPLOYES & WORK]S ( ONE UNIV]SAL S+LE /ATE TRU/10 ! :OLE ( SOCIETY CONV]T$ 9TO 0ONE GREAT (FICE & ONE GREAT FACTORY40 ,!RE W\LD BE SOVIETS1 TO BE SURE1 BUT UND] ! CONTROL ( ! WORK]S' P>TY1 A P>TY :OSE HI/ORIC TASK IT IS TO 0DIRECT0 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! MO/ CLE>-M9D$ ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S W]E NOT MISL$ BY ?IS VIEW4 ,AT ! PEAK ( ,L59'S LIB]T>IAN P]IOD !Y W]E ALREADY W>N+ ! WORK]S TO BE ON !IR GU>D3 9 !IR J\RNAL1 ,GOLOS ,TRUDA 7,! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR71 9 ! LA/ MON?S ( #aiag & E>LY 9 #aiah ,VOL9E WROTE ! FOLL[+ PROPHETIC W>N+3 

0,ONCE !Y HAVE CONSOLIDAT$ & LEGALIZ$ !IR P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS - :O >E SOCIALI/S1 POLITICIANS1 & BELIEV]S 9 ! ,/ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 C5TRALI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN M5 ( ACTION - WILL BEG9 TO >RANGE ! LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & ! PEOPLE BY GOV]NM5TAL & DICTATORIAL MEANS IMPOS$ FROM ! C5T]S 4444 ,Y\R SOVIETS 4 4 4 WILL GRADUALLY BECOME SIMPLY EXECUTIVE ORGANS ( ! WILL ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4444 ,AN AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICAL /ATE APP>ATUS WILL BE SET UP &1 ACT+ FROM ABOVE1 IT WILL SEEK TO CRU% EV]Y?+ ) ITS IRON FI/ 4 4 4 ,WOE BETIDE ANYONE :O IS NOT 9 AGREEM5T ) ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 

0,ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS WILL BECOME 9 EFFECT ! AU?ORITY ( ! P>TY LEAD]S40 

,IT WAS ,VOL9E'S VIEW ?AT IT WAS ! 9CREAS+LY AN>*I/ T5D5CIES ( ! MASSES :I* OBLIG$ ,L59 TO TURN AWAY FROM HIS ORIG9AL PA? = A TIME4 ,HE W\LD ALL[ ! ,/ATE1 AU?ORITY1 ! DICTATOR%IP1 TO REMA9 ONLY = AN H\R1 = A %ORT MOM5T4 ,& !N W\LD COME 0AN>*ISM40 0,BUT1 GOOD ,GOD1 DO Y\ NOT =ESEE 4 4 4 :AT CITIZ5 ,L59 WILL SAY :5 REAL P[] HAS BE5 CONSOLIDAT$ & IT HAS BECOME POSSIBLE NOT TO LI/5 ANY MORE TO ! VOICE ( ! MASSES8'' ,!N HE WILL COME BACK TO ! BEAT5 PA?4 ,HE WILL CREATE 0A ,M>XI/ ,/ATE10 ( ! MO/ COMPLETE TYPE4 

,IT W\LD1 ( C\RSE1 BE RISKY TO MA9TA9 ?AT ,L59 & HIS TEAM CONSCI\SLY SET A TRAP = ! MASSES4 ,!RE WAS MORE DOCTR9AL DUALISM 9 !M ?AN DELIB]ATE DUPLICITY4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! TWO POLES ( !IR ?\<T WAS SO OBVI\S1 SO FLAGRANT1 ?AT IT WAS TO BE =ESE5 ?AT IT W\LD SOON IMP+E UPON EV5TS4 ,EI!R ! AN>*I/ TR5D & ! PRESSURE ( ! MASSES W\LD OBLIGE ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO =GET ! AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECT ( !IR CONCEPTS1 OR1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! CONSOLIDATION ( !IR P[]1 CO9CID+ ) ! EXHAU/ION ( ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE1 W\LD LEAD !M TO PUT ASIDE !IR TRANSITORY AN>*I/ ?\<TS4 

,A NEW FACTOR !N MADE ITS APPE>ANCE1 DI/URB+ ! BALANCE ( ! ISSUES 9 QUE/ION3 ! T]RIBLE CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! CIVIL W> & ! =EIGN 9T]V5TION1 ! DISORGANIZATION ( TRANSPORT1 ! %ORTAGE ( TE*NICIANS4 ,!SE ?+S DROVE ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S TO EM]G5CY MEASURES1 TO DICTATOR%IP1 TO C5TRALIZATION1 & TO REC\RSE TO ! 0IRON FI/40 ,! AN>*I/S1 H[EV]1 D5I$ ?AT !SE W]E ! RESULT SIMPLY ( OBJECTIVE CAUSES EXT]NAL TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 !IR OP9ION !Y W]E DUE 9 P>T TO ! 9T]NAL LOGIC ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEAS ( ,BOL%EVISM1 TO ! WEAKNESS ( AN OV]C5TRALIZ$ & EXCESSIVELY BUREAUCRATIC AU?ORITY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,VOL9E1 IT WAS1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! 9COMPET5CE ( ! ,/ATE1 & ITS DESIRE TO DIRECT & CONTROL EV]Y?+1 ?AT MADE IT 9CAPABLE ( REORGANIZ+ ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & L$ TO A REAL 0BREAKD[N02 ?AT IS1 TO ! P>ALYZES ( 9DU/RY1 ! RU9 ( AGRICULTURE1 & ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( ! ECONOMY4 

,AS AN EXAMPLE1 ,VOL9E TOLD ! /ORY ( ! =M] ,NOBEL OIL REF9]Y AT ,PETROGRAD4 ,IT HAD BE5 AB&ON$ BY ITS [N]S & ITS #d1 WORK]S DECID$ TO OP]ATE IT COLLECTIVELY4 ,!Y ADDRESS$ !MSELVES TO ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T 9 VA94 ,!N !Y TRI$ TO MAKE ! PLANT WORK ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,!Y DIVID$ !MSELVES 9TO MOBILE GR\PS & TRI$ TO F9D FUEL1 RAW MAT]IALS1 \TLETS1 & MEANS ( TRANSPORT4 ,) REG>D TO ! LATT] !Y HAD ACTUALLY BEGUN DISCUSSIONS ) !IR COMRADES AMONG ! RAILWAYM54 ,! GOV]NM5T BECAME ANGRY1 FEEL+ ?AT ITS RESPONSIBILITY TO ! C\NTRY PREV5T$ IT FROM ALL[+ EA* FACTORY TO ACT 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,! WORK]S' C\NCIL P]SI/$ & CALL$ A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! WORK]S4 ,! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS> ( ,LABOR TOOK ! TR\BLE TO GIVE A P]SONAL W>N+ TO ! WORK]S AGA9/ A 0S]I\S ACT ( 9SUBORD9ATION40 ,HE CA/IGAT$ !IR ATTITUDE AS 0AN>*I/IC & EGOTI/ICAL40 ,HE ?REAT5$ !M ) DISMISSAL )\T COMP5SATION4 ,! WORK]S RETORT$ ?AT !Y W]E NOT ASK+ = ANY PRIVILEGES3 ! GOV]NM5T %\LD LET ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ALL OV] ! C\NTRY ACT 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,ALL 9 VA91 ! GOV]NM5T /UCK TO ITS PO9T ( VIEW & ! FACTORY WAS CLOS$4 

,ONE ,COMMUNI/ CONFIRMS ,VOL9E'S ANALYSIS3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAY4 ,9 #aiba %E COMPLA9$ ?AT NUM]\S EXAMPLES ( WORK]S' 9ITIATIVE HAD COME TO GRIEF AMID 5DLESS PAP]WORK & USELESS ADM9I/RATIVE DISCUSSIONS3 0,H[ MU* BITT]NESS !RE IS AMONG ! WORK]S 4 4 4 :5 !Y SEE :AT !Y C\LD HAVE A*IEV$ IF !Y HAD BE5 GIV5 ! RI<T & ! FRE$OM TO ACT4444 ,9ITIATIVE BECOMES WEAK & ! DESIRE = ACTION DIES D[N40 

,9 FACT ! P[] ( ! SOVIETS ONLY LA/$ A FEW MON?S1 FROM ,OCTOB] #aiag TO ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#h4 ,! FACTORY C\NCILS W]E V]Y SOON DEPRIV$ ( !IR P[]1 ON ! PRETEXT ?AT SELF-MANAGEM5T DID NOT TAKE ACC\NT ( ! 0RATIONAL0 NE$S ( ! ECONOMY1 ?AT IT 9VOLV$ AN EGOISM ( 5T]PRISES COMPET+ ONE ) ! O!R1 GRASP+ = SC>CE RES\RCES1 WANT+ TO SURVIVE AT ANY PRICE EV5 IF O!R FACTORIES W]E MORE IMPORTANT 0= ! ,/ATE0 & BETT] EQUIPP$4 ,9 BRIEF1 ACCORD+ TO ,ANNA ,PANKRATOVA1 ! SITUATION WAS MOV+ T[>D A FRAGM5TATION ( ! ECONOMY 9TO 0AUTONOM\S PRODUC]S' F$]ATIONS ( ! K9D DREAM$ ( BY ! AN>*I/S40 ,NO D\BT ! BUDD+ WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS NOT ABOVE REPROA*4 ,IT HAD TRI$1 PA9FULLY & T5TATIVELY1 TO CREATE NEW =MS ( PRODUCTION :I* HAD NO PREC$5T 9 WORLD HI/ORY4 ,IT HAD C]TA9LY MADE MI/AKES & TAK5 WRONG TURNS4 ,?AT WAS ! PRICE ( APPR5TICE%IP4 ,AS ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAY MA9TA9$1 COMMUNISM C\LD NOT BE 0BORN EXCEPT BY A PROCESS ( PRACTICAL RESE>*1 ) MI/AKES P]HAPS1 BUT />T+ FROM ! CREATIVE =CES ( ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF40 

,! LEAD]S ( ! ,P>TY DID NOT HOLD ?IS VIEW4 ,!Y W]E ONLY TOO PLEAS$ TO TAKE BACK FROM ! FACTORY COMMITTEES ! P[] :I* !Y HAD NOT 9 !IR HE>T ( HE>TS BE5 HAPPY TO H& OV]4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#a#h1 ,L59 /AT$ HIS PREF]5CE = ! 0S+LE WILL0 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES4 ,! WORK]S MU/ OBEY 0UNCONDITIONALLY0 ! S+LE WILL ( ! DIRECTORS ( ! WORK PROCESS4 ,ALL ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S1 ,KOLLONTAY TELLS US1 W]E 0SKEPTICAL ) REG>D TO ! CREATIVE ABILITIES ( WORK]S' COLLECTIVES40 ,MOREOV]1 ! ADM9I/RATION WAS 9VAD$ BY L>GE NUMB]S ( PETTY B\RGEOIS1 LEFT OV] FROM OLD ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM1 :O HAD ADAPT$ !MSELVES ALL TOO QUICKLY TO 9/ITUTIONS ( ! SOVIET TYPE1 & HAD GOT !MSELVES 9TO RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS 9 ! V>I\S COMMISS>IATS1 9SI/+ ?AT ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T %\LD BE 5TRU/$ TO !M & NOT TO WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! /ATE BUREAUCRACY PLAY$ AN 9CREAS+ ROLE 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,FROM ,DECEMB] #e1 #a#i#a#g1 ON1 9DU/RY WAS PUT UND] A ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL1 RESPONSIBLE = ! AU?ORIT>IAN COORD9ATION ( ! ACTIVITY ( ALL ORGANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,FROM ,MAY #bf TO ,JUNE #d1 #a#i#a#h1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCILS MET & DECID$ ?AT ! DIRECTORATE ( EA* 5T]PRISE %\LD BE COMPOS$ ( MEMB]S TWO-?IRDS ( :OM W\LD BE NOM9AT$ BY ! REGIONAL C\NCILS OR ! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL & ONLY ONE ?IRD ELECT$ BY WORK]S ON ! SPOT4 ,A DECREE ( ,MAY #b#h1 #a#i#a#h1 EXT5D$ COLLECTIVIZATION TO 9DU/RY AS A :OLE BUT1 BY ! SAME TOK51 TRANS=M$ ! SPONTANE\S SOCIALIZATIONS ( ! FIR/ MON?S ( ! REVOLUTION 9TO NATIONALIZATIONS4 ,! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL WAS MADE RESPONSIBLE = ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RIES4 ,! DIRECTORS & TE*NICAL /AFF W]E TO REMA9 AT !IR PO/S AS APPO9TEES ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AT ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL AT ! 5D ( #a#i#a#h1 ! FACTORY C\NCILS W]E R\NDLY TR\NC$ BY ! COMMITTEE REPORT] = TRY+ TO DIRECT ! FACTORIES 9 ! PLACE ( ! BO>D ( DIRECTORS4 

,= ! SAKE ( APPE>ANCES1 ELECTIONS TO FACTORY COMMITTEES CONT9U$ TO TAKE PLACE1 BUT A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ CELL READ \T A LI/ ( C&IDATES DRAWN UP 9 ADVANCE & VOT+ WAS BY %[ ( H&S 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! >M$ 0,COMMUNI/ GU>DS0 ( ! 5T]PRISE4 ,ANYONE :O DECL>$ HIS OPPOSITION TO ! PROPOS$ C&IDATES BECAME SUBJECT TO ECONOMIC SANCTIONS 7WAGE CUTS1 ETC474 ,AS ,PET] ,>*9(F REPORT$1 !RE REMA9$ A S+LE OMNIPRES5T MA/] - ! ,/ATE4 ,RELATIONS BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ?IS NEW MA/] BECAME SIMIL> TO ?OSE :I* HAD PREVI\SLY EXI/$ BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL4 

,! FUNCTIONS ( ! SOVIETS HAD BECOME PURELY NOM9AL4 ,!Y W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO 9/ITUTIONS ( GOV]NM5T P[]4 0,Y\ MU/ BECOME BASIC CELLS ( ! ,/ATE10 ,L59 TOLD ! ,CONGRESS ( ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS ON ,JUNE #b#g1 #a#i#a#h4 ,AS ,VOL9E EXPRESS$ IT1 !Y W]E R$UC$ TO ! ROLE ( 0PURELY ADM9I/RATIVE & EXECUTIVE ORGANS RESPONSIBLE = SMALL1 UNIMPORTANT LOCAL MATT]S & 5TIRELY SUBJECT TO 'DIRECTIVES' FROM ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES3 GOV]NM5T & ! LEAD+ ORGANS ( ! ,P>TY40 ,!Y NO LONG] HAD 0EV5 ! %AD[ ( P[]40 ,AT ! ,?IRD ,TRADES-,UNION ,CONGRESS 7,APRIL #a#i#b71 ! COMMITTEE REPORT]1 ,LOZOVOSKY1 ADMITT$3 0,WE HAVE AB&ON$ ! OLD ME?ODS ( WORK]S' CONTROL & WE HAVE PRES]V$ ONLY ! PR9CIPLE ( /ATE CONTROL40 ,FROM N[ ON ?IS 0CONTROL0 WAS TO BE EX]CIS$ BY AN ORGAN ( ! ,/ATE3 ! ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' ,9SPECTORATE4 

,! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS :I* W]E C5TRALI/ 9 /RUCTURE HAD1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 HELP$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ABSORB & SUBJUGATE ! FACTORY C\NCILS :I* W]E F$]ALI/ & LIB]T>IAN 9 !IR NATURE4 ,FROM ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#a#h1 ! FUSION BETWE5 ! TWO TYPES ( ORGANIZATION WAS AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT4 ,FROM !N ON ! TRADE UNIONS PLAY$ A DISCIPL9>Y ROLE UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! ,P>TY4 ,! UNION ( WORK]S 9 ! HEAVY METAL 9DU/RIES ( ,PETROGRAD =BADE 0DISRUPTIVE 9ITIATIVES0 FROM ! FACTORY C\NCILS & OBJECT$ TO !IR 0MO/ DANG]\S0 T5D5CY TO PUT ?IS OR ?AT 5T]PRISE 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S4 ,?IS WAS SAID TO BE ! WOR/ WAY ( IMITAT+ PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES1 0! IDEA ( :I* HAD LONG S9CE BE5 BANKRUPT0 & :I* W\LD 0NOT FAIL TO TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO CAPITALI/ UND]TAK+S40 0,ANY 5T]PRISE AB&ON$ OR SABOTAG$ BY AN 9DU/RIALI/1 ! PRODUCT ( :I* WAS NECESS>Y TO ! NATIONAL ECONOMY1 WAS TO BE PLAC$ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE40 ,IT WAS 0NOT P]MISSIBLE0 ?AT ! WORK]S %\LD TAKE OV] SU* 5T]PRISES )\T ! APPROVAL ( ! TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION4 

,AFT] ?IS PRELIM9>Y TAKE-OV] OP]ATION ! TRADE UNIONS W]E1 9 !IR TURN1 TAM$1 DEPRIV$ ( ANY AUTONOMY1 PURG$2 !IR CONGRESSES W]E PO/PON$1 !IR MEMB]S >RE/$1 !IR ORGANIZATIONS DISB&$ OR M]G$ 9TO L>G] UNITS4 ,AT ! 5D ( ?IS PROCESS ANY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ T5D5CY HAD BE5 WIP$ \T1 & ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T WAS COMPLETELY SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,/ATE & ! S+LE P>TY4 

,! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ ) REG>D TO CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES4 ,9 ! E>LY /AGES ( ! ,REVOLUTION !Y HAD >IS5 EV]Y:]E1 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB]S1 & F$]AT$ ) EA* O!R4 ,!IR (F5SE1 H[EV]1 WAS ?AT !Y W]E \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( ! ,P>TY & A C]TA9 NUMB] ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 7,M5%EVIKS7 HAD 9FILTRAT$ !M4 ,FIR/1 LOCAL %OPS W]E DEPRIV$ ( !IR SUPPLIES & MEANS ( TRANSPORT ON ! PRETEXT ( 0PRIVATE TRADE0 & 0SPECULATION10 OR EV5 )\T ANY PRETEXT AT ALL4 ,!N1 ALL FREE COOP]ATIVES W]E CLOS$ AT ONE /ROKE & /ATE COOP]ATIVES SET UP BUREAUCRATICALLY 9 !IR PLACE4 ,! DECREE ( ,M>* #b1 #a#i#a#i1 ABSORB$ ! CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES 9TO ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,FOOD ,SUPPLIES & ! 9DU/RIAL PRODUC] COOP]ATIVES 9TO ! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL4 ,MANY MEMB]S ( COOP]ATIVES W]E ?R[N 9TO PRISON4 

,! WORK+ CLASS DID NOT REACT EI!R QUICKLY OR VIGOR\SLY 5\<4 ,IT WAS DISP]S$1 ISOLAT$ 9 AN IMM5SE1 BACKW>D1 & = ! MO/ P>T RURAL C\NTRY EXHAU/$ BY PRIVATION & REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 &1 /ILL WORSE1 DEMORALIZ$4 ,F9ALLY1 ITS BE/ MEMB]S HAD LEFT = ! FRONTS ( ! CIVIL W> OR HAD BE5 ABSORB$ 9TO ! P>TY & GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 QUITE A NUMB] ( WORK]S FELT !MSELVES MORE OR LESS DONE \T ( ! FRUITS ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y VICTORIES1 DEPRIV$ ( !IR RI<TS1 SUBJECT$ TO TUTELAGE1 HUMILIAT$ BY ! >ROGANCE & >BITR>Y P[] ( ! NEW MA/]S2 & !SE BECAME AW>E ( ! REAL NATURE ( ! SUPPOS$ 0PROLET>IAN ,/ATE40 ,?US1 DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h1 DISSATISFI$ WORK]S 9 ! ,MOSC[ & ,PETROGRAD FACTORIES ELECT$ DELEGATES FROM AMONG !IR NUMB]1 TRY+ 9 ?IS WAY TO OPPOSE !IR AU!NTIC 0DELEGATE C\NCILS0 TO ! SOVIETS ( 5T]PRISES ALREADY CAPTUR$ BY AU?ORITY4 ,KOLLONTAY BE>S WITNESS ?AT ! WORK] FELT SORE & UND]/OOD ?AT HE HAD BE5 PU%$ ASIDE4 ,HE C\LD COMP>E ! LIFE /YLE ( ! SOVIET FUNCTION>IES ) ! WAY 9 :I* HE LIV$ - HE UPON :OM ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 WAS BAS$1 AT LEA/ 9 !ORY4 

,BY ! TIME ! WORK]S REALLY SAW ! LI<T IT WAS TOO LATE4 ,P[] HAD HAD ! TIME TO ORGANIZE ITSELF SOLIDLY & HAD AT ITS DISPOSAL REPRESSIVE =CES FULLY ABLE TO BREAK ANY ATTEMPT$ AUTONOM\S ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,VOL9E1 A BITT] BUT UNEQUAL /RUGGLE LA/$ SOME ?REE YE>S1 & WAS 5TIRELY UNKN[N \TSIDE ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ?IS A WORK+-CLASS VANGU>D OPPOS$ A /ATE APP>ATUS DET]M9$ TO D5Y ! DIVISION :I* HAD DEVELOP$ BETWE5 ITSELF & ! MASSES4 ,FROM #aiai TO #a#i#b#a1 /RIKES 9CREAS$ 9 ! L>GE CITIES1 9 ,PETROGRAD ESPECIALLY1 & EV5 9 ,MOSC[4 ,!Y W]E SEV]ELY REPRESS$1 AS WE %ALL SEE FUR!R ON4 

,)9 ! DIRECT+ ,P>TY ITSELF A 0,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION0 >OSE :I* DEM&$ A RETURN TO ! DEMOCRACY ( ! SOVIETS & SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,AT ! ,T5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 ONE ( ITS SPOKESM51 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAY1 DI/RIBUT$ A PAMPHLET ASK+ = FRE$OM ( 9ITIATIVE & ORGANIZATION = ! TRADE UNIONS & = A 0CONGRESS ( PRODUC]S0 TO ELECT A C5TRAL ADM9I/RATIVE ORGAN = ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 ,! BRO*URE WAS CONFISCAT$ & BANN$4 ,L59 P]SUAD$ ALMO/ ! :OLE CONGRESS TO VOTE = A RESOLUTION ID5TIFY+ ! !SES ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION ) 0PETTY-B\RGEOIS & AN>*I/ DEVIATIONS03 ! 0SYNDICALISM10 ! 0SEMI-AN>*ISM0 ( ! OPPOSITIONI/S WAS 9 HIS EYES A 0DIRECT DANG]0 TO ! MONOPOLY ( P[] EX]CIS$ BY ! ,P>TY 9 ! NAME ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,FROM !N ON ALL OPPOSITION )9 ! ,P>TY WAS =BIDD5 & ! WAY WAS OP5 TO 0TOTALIT>IANISM10 AS WAS ADMITT$ BY ,TROTSKY YE>S LAT]4 

,! /RUGGLE CONT9U$ )9 ! C5TRAL LEAD]%IP ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,TOMSKY & ,RIAZANOV W]E EXCLUD$ FROM ! ,PRESIDIUM & S5T 9TO EXILE1 BECAUSE !Y HAD /OOD = TRADE UNIONS 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,P>TY4 ,! LEAD] ( ! WORK]S' OPPOSITION1 ,%LYAPAIKOV1 MET ! SAME FATE1 & WAS SOON FOLL[$ BY ! PRIME MOV] ( ANO!R OPPOSITION GR\P3 ,G4 ,I4 ,MIASNIKOV1 A G5U9E WORK] :O HAD PUT ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,MI*AEL TO DEA? 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,HE HAD BE5 A P>TY MEMB] = FIFTE5 YE>S &1 BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 SP5T MORE ?AN SEV5 YE>S 9 PRISON & SEV5TY-FIVE DAYS ON A HUNG] /RIKE4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#a1 HE D>$ TO /ATE 9 A PAMPHLET ?AT ! WORK]S HAD LO/ CONFID5CE 9 ! ,COMMUNI/S1 BECAUSE ! ,P>TY NO LONG] HAD A COMMON LANGUAGE ) ! RANK & FILE & WAS N[ US+ AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS ! REPRESSIVE MEASURES BR\<T 9 AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#b4 

,! ,P,>,T ,P,L,A,Y,$ ,B,Y ,! ,A,N,>,*,I,/,S 

,:AT P>T DID ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S PLAY 9 ?IS DRAMA 9 :I* A LIB]T>IAN-/YLE REVOLUTION WAS TRANSMUT$ 9TO ITS OPPOSITE8 ,RUSSIA HAD NO LIB]T>IAN TRADITIONS & IT WAS 9 =EIGN L&S ?AT ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 BECAME AN>*I/S4 ,NEI!R PLAY$ A MILITANT AN>*I/ ROLE 9SIDE ,RUSSIA AT ANY TIME4 ,UP TO ! TIME ( ! #aiag ,REVOLUTION1 ONLY A FEW COPIES ( %ORT EXTRACTS FROM !IR WRIT+S HAD APPE>$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 CL&E/9ELY & ) GREAT DIFFICULTY4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ AN>*I/ 9 ! SOCIAL1 SOCIALI/1 & REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION ( ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS ,VOL9E TOLD US1 0ADVANC$ ,RUSSIAN Y\? W]E READ+ LIT]ATURE :I* ALWAYS PRES5T$ SOCIALISM 9 A /ATI/ =M40 ,PEOPLE'S M9DS W]E SOAK$ 9 IDEAS ( GOV]NM5T1 HAV+ BE5 CONTAM9AT$ BY ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,! AN>*I/S 0W]E A T9Y H&FUL ( M5 )\T 9FLU5CE10 AT ! MO/ A FEW ?\S&4 ,VOL9E REPORT$ ?AT !IR MOVEM5T WAS 0/ILL F> TOO SMALL TO HAVE ANY IMM$IATE1 CONCRETE EFFECT ON EV5TS40 ,MOREOV]1 MO/ ( !M W]E 9DIVIDUALI/ 9TELLECTUALS NOT MU* 9VOLV$ 9 ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,VOL9E WAS AN EXCEPTION1 AS WAS ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 :O C\LD MOVE ! HE>TS ( ! MASSES 9 HIS NATIVE ,UKRA9E4 ,9 ,MAKHNO'S MEMOIRS HE PASS$ ! SEV]E JUDGM5T ?AT 0,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM LAGG$ BEH9D EV5TS OR EV5 FUNCTION$ COMPLETELY \TSIDE !M40 

,H[EV]1 ?IS JUDGM5T SEEMS TO BE LESS ?AN FAIR4 ,! AN>*I/S PLAY$ A F> FROM NEGLIGIBLE P>T 9 EV5TS BETWE5 ! ,FEBRU>Y & ,OCTOB] REVOLUTIONS4 ,TROTSKY ADMITT$ ?IS MORE ?AN ONCE 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 0,BRAVE0 & 0ACTIVE10 ?\< FEW 9 NUMB]S1 !Y W]E A PR9CIPL$ OPPOSITION 9 ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY AT A TIME :5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NOT YET TURN$ ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y4 ,!Y PUT \T ! CALL 0ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS0 LONG BE=E ,L59'S P>TY DID SO4 ,!Y 9SPIR$ ! MOVEM5T = ! SPONTANE\S SOCIALIZATION ( H\S+1 (T5 AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ACTIVI/S PLAY$ A P>T 9 9DUC+ WORK]S TO TAKE OV] ! FACTORIES1 EV5 BE=E ,OCTOB]4 

,DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y DAYS ?AT BR\<T ,K]5SKY'S B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC TO AN 5D1 ! AN>*I/S W]E 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! MILIT>Y /RUGGLE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,DV9SK REGIM5T COMM&$ BY OLD LIB]T>IANS LIKE ,GRA*(F & ,F$OT(F4 ,?IS =CE DISLODG$ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 0CADETS40 ,AID$ BY HIS DETA*M5T1 ! AN>*I/ ,GELEZNIAKOV DISB&$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY3 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ONLY RATIFI$ ! ACCOMPLI%$ FACT4 ,MANY P>TISAN DETA*M5TS W]E =M$ OR L$ BY AN>*I/S 7,MOKRO\SS(F1 ,*]NIAK1 & O!RS71 & F\<T UNREMITT+LY AGA9/ ! ,:ITE >MIES BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#b4 

,SC>CELY A MAJOR CITY WAS )\T AN AN>*I/ OR AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ GR\P1 SPREAD+ A RELATIVELY L>GE AM\NT ( PR9T$ MATT] - PAP]S1 P]IODICALS1 LEAFLETS1 PAMPHLETS1 & BOOKS4 ,!RE W]E TWO WEEKLIES 9 ,PETROGRAD & A DAILY 9 ,MOSC[1 EA* APPE>+ 9 #b#e1 COPIES4 ,AN>*I/ SYMPA?IZ]S 9CREAS$ AS ! ,REVOLUTION DEEP5$ & !N MOV$ AWAY FROM ! MASSES4 ,! ,FR5* CAPTA9 ,JACQUES ,SAD\L1 ON A MISSION 9 ,RUSSIA1 WROTE 9 A REPORT DAT$ ,APRIL #f1 #a#i#a#h3 0,! AN>*I/ P>TY IS ! MO/ ACTIVE1 ! MO/ MILITANT ( ! OPPOSITION GR\PS & PROBABLY ! MO/ POPUL> 4444 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS >E ANXI\S40 ,AT ! 5D ( #a#i#a#h1 ACCORD+ TO ,VOL9E1 0?IS 9FLU5CE BECAME SO GREAT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O C\LD NOT ACCEPT CRITICISM1 /ILL LESS OPPOSITION1 BECAME S]I\SLY DI/URB$40 ,VOL9E REPORTS ?AT = ! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES 0IT WAS EQUIVAL5T 4 4 4 TO SUICIDE TO TOL]ATE AN>*I/ PROPAG&A4 ,!Y DID !IR BE/ FIR/ TO PREV5T1 & !N TO =BID1 ANY MANIFE/ATION ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & F9ALLY SUPPRESS$ !M BY BRUTE =CE40 

,! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T 0BEGAN BY =CIBLY CLOS+ ! (FICES ( LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 & =BIDD+ ! AN>*I/S FROM TAK+ P>T 9 ANY PROPAG&A OR ACTIVITY40 ,9 ,MOSC[ ON ! NI<T ( ,APRIL #a#b1 #a#i#a#h1 DETA*M5TS ( ,R$ ,GU>DS1 >M$ TO ! TEE?1 TOOK OV] BY SURPRISE TW5TY-FIVE H\SES OCCUPI$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,! LATT]1 ?9K+ ?AT !Y W]E BE+ ATTACK$ BY ,:ITE ,GU>DS1 REPLI$ ) GUNFIRE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,VOL9E1 ! AU?ORITIES SOON W5T ON TO 0MORE VIOL5T MEASURES3 IMPRISONM5T1 \TLAW+1 & EXECUTION40 0,= F\R YE>S ?IS CONFLICT WAS TO KEEP ! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES ON !IR TOES 4 4 4 UNTIL ! LIB]T>IAN TR5D WAS F9ALLY CRU%$ BY MILIT>Y MEASURES 7AT ! 5D ( #a#i#b#a740 

,! LIQUIDATION ( ! AN>*I/S WAS ALL ! EASI] S9CE !Y HAD DIVID$ 9TO TWO FACTIONS1 ONE ( :I* REFUS$ TO BE TAM$ :ILE ! O!R ALL[$ ITSELF TO BE DOME/ICAT$4 ,! LATT] REG>D$ 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITY0 AS JU/IFICATION = MAK+ A GE/URE ( LOYALTY TO ! REGIME &1 AT LA/ TEMPOR>ILY1 APPROV+ ITS DICTATORIAL ACTIONS4 ,!Y CONSID]$ A VICTORI\S 5D TO ! CIVIL W> & ! CRU%+ ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION TO BE ! FIR/ NECESSITIES4 

,! MORE 9TRANSIG5T AN>*I/S REG>D$ ?IS AS A %ORT-SI<T$ TACTIC4 ,= ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS W]E BE+ F$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIC IMPOT5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS & ! DISILLUSIONM5T & DISCONT5T ( ! PEOPLE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! AU?ORITIES 5D$ UP BY MAK+ NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! ACTIVE W+ ( ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION :I* WAS DISPUT+ ITS ME?ODS ( CONTROL1 & ! CRIM9AL ACTIVITIES ( ITS RI<T-W+ ADV]S>IES4 ,TO ACCEPT DICTATOR%IP & T]ROR WAS A SUICIDAL POLICY = ! AN>*I/S :O W]E !MSELVES TO BECOME ITS VICTIMS4 ,F9ALLY1 ! CONV]SION ( ! SO-CALL$ SOVIET AN>*I/S MADE ! CRU%+ ( ?OSE O!R1 IRRECONCILABLE1 ONES EASI]1 = !Y W]E TREAT$ AS 0FALSE0 AN>*I/S1 IRRESPONSIBLE & UNREALI/IC DREAM]S1 /UPID MUDDL]S1 MADM51 S[]S ( DIVISION1 &1 F9ALLY1 C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y B&ITS4 

,VICTOR ,S]GE WAS ! MO/ BRILLIANT1 & !RE=E CONSID]$ ! MO/ AU?ORITATIVE1 ( ! CONV]T$ AN>*I/S4 ,HE WORK$ = ! REGIME & PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET 9 ,FR5* :I* ATTEMPT$ TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ AN>*I/ CRITICISM4 ,! BOOK HE WROTE LAT]1 ,L',AN ,I DE LA ,REVOLUTION ,RUSSE1 IS L>GELY A JU/IFICATION ( ! LIQUIDATION ( ! SOVIETS BY ,BOL%EVISM4 ,! ,P>TY - OR RA!R ITS ELITE LEAD]%IP - IS PRES5T$ AS ! BRA9S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS UP TO ! DULY SELECT$ LEAD] ( ! VANGU>D TO DISCOV] :AT ! PROLET>IAT CAN & MU/ DO4 ,)\T !M1 ! MASSES ORGANIZ$ 9 SOVIETS W\LD BE NO MORE ?AN 0A SPR9KL+ ( M5 ) CONFUS$ ASPIRATIONS %OT ?R\< ) GLEAMS ( 9TELLIG5CE40 

,VICTOR ,S]GE WAS C]TA9LY TOO CLE>-M9D$ TO HAVE ANY ILLUSIONS AB\T ! REAL NATURE ( ! C5TRAL ,SOVIET P[]4 ,BUT ?IS P[] WAS /ILL HALO$ ) ! PRE/IGE ( ! FIR/ VICTORI\S PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION2 IT WAS LOA!D BY WORLD C\NT]-REVOLUTION2 & ?AT WAS ONE ( ! REASONS - ! MO/ HONORABLE - :Y ,S]GE & MANY O!R REVOLUTION>IES SAW FIT TO PUT A PADLOCK ON !IR TONGUES4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #aiba ! AN>*I/ ,GA/ON ,LEVAL CAME TO ,MOSC[ 9 ! ,SPANI% DELEGATION TO ! ,?IRD ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 PRIVATE1 ,S]GE CONFID$ TO HIM ?AT 0! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY NO LONG] PRACTICES ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT BUT DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT40 ,RETURN+ TO ,FRANCE1 ,LEVAL PUBLI%$ >TICLES 9 ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE US+ WELL DOCUM5T$ FACTS1 & PLAC+ SIDE BY SIDE :AT ,VICTOR ,S]GE HAD TOLD HIM CONFID5TIALLY & HIS PUBLIC /ATEM5TS1 :I* HE DESCRIB$ AS 0CONSCI\S LIES40 ,9 ,LIV+ ,MY ,LIFE1 ! GREAT ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN WAS NO K9D] TO ,VICTOR ,S]GE1 :OM %E HAD SE5 9 ACTION 9 ,MOSC[4 

,! ,M,A,K,H,N,O,V,T,*,9,A 

,IT HAD BE5 RELATIVELY EASY TO LIQUIDATE ! SMALL1 WEAK NUCLEI ( AN>*I/S 9 ! CITIES1 BUT ?+S W]E DIFF]5T 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 :]E ! PEASANT ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO HAD BUILT UP A /RONG RURAL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 BO? ECONOMIC & MILIT>Y4 ,MAKHNO WAS BORN ( POOR ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS & WAS TW5TY YE>S OLD 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,AS A *ILD1 HE HAD SE5 ! #aie ,REVOLUTION & LAT] BECAME AN AN>*I/4 ,! ,CZ>I/ REGIME S5T5C$ HIM TO DEA?1 COMMUT$ TO EI<T YE>S' IMPRISONM5T1 :I* WAS SP5T1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT 9 IRONS1 9 ,B\TIRKI PRISON1 ! ONLY S*OOL HE WAS EV] TO ATT5D4 ,HE FILL$ AT LEA/ SOME ( ! GAPS 9 HIS $UCATION ) ! HELP ( A FELL[-PRISON]1 ,PET] ,>*9(F4 

,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 ,MAKHNO TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 ORGANIZ+ MASSES ( PEASANTS 9TO AN AUTONOM\S REGION1 A R\<LY CIRCUL> >EA #dh BY #d MILES1 ) SEV5 MILLION 9HABITANTS4 ,ITS S\!RN 5D REA*$ ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV AT ! PORT ( ,B]DIANSK1 & IT WAS C5T]$ 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 A L>GE T[N ( #b1 TO #c1 PEOPLE4 ,?IS WAS A TRADITIONALLY REBELLI\S REGION :I* HAD SE5 VIOL5T DI/URBANCES 9 #a#i#e4 

,! /ORY BEGAN :5 ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN >MIES ( OCCUPATION IMPOS$ A RI<T-W+ REGIME :I* HA/5$ TO RETURN TO !IR =M] [N]S ! L&S :I* HAD BE5 SEIZ$ BY REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS4 ,! L& WORK]S PUT UP AN >M$ DEF5SE ( !IR NEW CONQUE/S4 ,!Y RESI/$ REACTION BUT ALSO ! UNTIMELY 9TRUSION ( ,BOL%EVIK COMMISS>S1 & !IR EXCESSIVE LEVIES4 ,?IS VA/ JACQU]IE .<#b#d.> WAS 9SPIR$ BY A 0LOV] ( JU/ICE10 A SORT ( AN>*I/ ,ROB9 ,HOOD CALL$ 0,FA!R0 ,MAKHNO BY ! PEASANTS4 ,HIS FIR/ FEAT ( >MS WAS ! CAPTURE ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE 9 MID-,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#h4 ,! >MI/ICE ( ,NOVEMB] #a#a1 H[EV]1 L$ TO ! )DRAWAL ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN OCCUPATION =CES1 & GAVE ,MAKHNO A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO BUILD UP RES]VES ( >MS & SUPPLIES4 

,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY1 ! PR9CIPLES ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM W]E APPLI$ 9 ! LIB]AT$ ,UKRA9E1 & SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS PUT 9TO =CE AS F> AS POSSIBLE 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! CIVIL W>4 ,PEASANTS UNIT$ 9 0COMMUNES0 OR 0FREE-WORK SOVIETS10 & COMMUNALLY TILL$ ! L& = :I* !Y HAD F\<T ) ! =M] [N]S4 ,!SE GR\PS RESPECT$ ! PR9CIPLES ( EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY4 ,EA* MAN1 WOMAN1 OR *ILD HAD TO WORK 9 PROPORTION TO HIS OR H] /R5G?1 & COMRADES ELECT$ TO TEMPOR>Y MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS SUBSEQU5TLY RETURN$ TO !IR REGUL> WORK ALONGSIDE ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNES4 

,EA* SOVIET WAS SIMPLY ! EXECUTIVE ( ! WILL ( ! PEASANTS 9 ! LOCALITY FROM :I* IT HAD BE5 ELECT$4 ,PRODUCTION UNITS W]E F$]AT$ 9TO DI/RICTS1 & DI/RICTS 9TO REGIONS4 ,! SOVIETS W]E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A G5]AL ECONOMIC SY/EM BAS$ ON SOCIAL EQUALITY2 !Y W]E TO BE 9DEP5D5T ( ANY POLITICAL P>TY4 ,NO POLITICIAN WAS TO DICTATE HIS WILL TO !M UND] COV] ( SOVIET P[]4 ,MEMB]S HAD TO BE AU!NTIC WORK]S AT ! S]VICE ( ! LABOR+ MASSES4 

,:5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ P>TISANS MOV$ 9TO AN >EA !Y PUT UP PO/]S READ+3 0,! FRE$OM ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS IS !IR [N1 & NOT SUBJECT TO ANY RE/RICTION4 ,IT IS UP TO ! WORK]S & PEASANTS !MSELVES TO ACT1 TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES1 TO AGREE AMONG !MSELVES 9 ALL ASPECTS ( !IR LIVES1 AS !Y !MSELVES SEE FIT & DESIRE 4444 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S CAN DO NO MORE ?AN GIVE AID & C\NSEL 4444 ,9 NO CIRCUM/ANCES CAN !Y1 NOR DO !Y WI% TO1 GOV]N40 

,:51 9 #a#i#b1 ,MAKHNO'S M5 W]E BR\<T TO NEGOTIATE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 !Y DID SO AS !IR EQUALS1 & CONCLUD$ AN EPHEM]AL AGREEM5T ) !M1 TO :I* !Y 9SI/$ ?AT ! FOLL[+ APP5DIX BE ADD$3 0,9 ! >EA :]E ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY IS OP]AT+ ! WORK] & PEASANT POPULATION %ALL CREATE ITS [N FREE 9/ITUTIONS = ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION2 !SE 9/ITUTIONS %ALL BE AUTONOM\S & L9K$ F$]ALLY BY AGREEM5TS ) ! GOV]N+ ORGANS ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLICS40 ,! ,BOL%EVIK NEGOTIATORS W]E /AGG]$ & SEP>AT$ ! APP5DIX FROM ! AGREEM5T 9 ORD] TO REF] IT TO ,MOSC[ :]E ( C\RSE1 IT WAS1 CONSID]$ 0ABSOLUTELY 9ADMISSIBLE40 

,ONE ( ! RELATIVE WEAKNESSES ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T WAS ITS LACK ( LIB]T>IAN 9TELLECTUALS1 BUT IT DID RECEIVE SOME 9T]MITT5T AID FROM \TSIDE4 ,?IS CAME FIR/ FROM ,KH>KOV & ,KURSK :]E ! AN>*I/S1 9SPIR$ BY ,VOL9E1 HAD 9 #aiah =M$ A UNION CALL$ ,NABAT 7! TOCS974 ,9 #aiai !Y HELD A CONGRESS AT :I* !Y DECL>$ !MSELVES 0CATEGORICALLY & DEF9ITELY OPPOS$ TO ANY =M ( P>TICIPATION 9 ! SOVIETS1 :I* HAVE BECOME PURELY POLITICAL BODIES1 ORGANIZ$ ON AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 C5TRALIZ$1 /ATI/ BASIS40 ,! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T REG>D$ ?IS /ATEM5T AS A DECL>ATION ( W> & ! ,NABAT WAS =C$ TO GIVE UP ALL ITS ACTIVITIES4 ,LAT]1 9 ,JULY1 ,VOL9E GOT ?R\< TO ,MAKHNO'S HEADQU>T]S & JO9$ ) ,PET] ,>*9(F TO TAKE *>GE ( ! CULTURAL & $UCATIONAL SIDE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,HE PRESID$ AT ! CONGRESS HELD 9 ,OCTOB] AT ,ALEX&ROVSK1 :]E ! 0,G5]AL ,!SES0 SETT+ \T ! DOCTR9E ( ! 0FREE SOVIETS0 W]E ADOPT$4 

,PEASANT & P>TISAN DELEGATES TOOK P>T 9 !SE CONGRESSES4 ,9 FACT1 ! CIVIL ORGANIZATION WAS AN EXT5SION ( A PEASANT >MY ( 9SURRECTION1 PRACTIC+ GU]RILLA TACTICS4 ,?IS >MY WAS REM>KABLY MOBILE1 COV]+ AS MU* AS #af MILES 9 A DAY1 ?ANKS NOT ONLY TO ITS CAVALRY BUT ALSO TO ITS 9FANTRY1 :I* TRAVEL$ 9 LI<T HORSE-DRAWN C>TS ) SPR+S4 ,?IS >MY WAS ORGANIZ$ ON A SPECIFICALLY LIB]T>IAN1 VOLUNT>Y BASIS4 ,! ELECTIVE PR9CIPLE WAS APPLI$ AT ALL LEVELS & DISCIPL9E FREELY AGRE$ TO3 ! RULES ( ! LATT] W]E DRAWN UP BY COMMISSIONS ( P>TISANS1 !N VALIDAT$ BY G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 & W]E /RICTLY OBS]V$ BY ALL4 

,MAKHNO'S FRANC-TIREURS GAVE ! ,:ITE >MIES ( 9T]V5TION PL5TY ( TR\BLE4 ,! UNITS ( ,BOL%EVIK ,R$ ,GU>DS1 = !IR P>T1 W]E NOT V]Y EFFECTIVE4 ,!Y F\<T ONLY ALONG ! RAILWAYS & NEV] W5T F> FROM !IR >MOR$ TRA9S1 TO :I* !Y )DREW AT ! FIR/ REV]SE1 SOMETIMES )\T TAK+ ON BO>D ALL !IR [N COMBATANTS4 ,?IS DID NOT GIVE MU* CONFID5CE TO ! PEASANTS :O W]E %ORT ( >MS & ISOLAT$ 9 !IR VILLAGES & SO W\LD HAVE BE5 AT ! M]CY ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4 ,>*9(F1 ! HI/ORIAN ( ! ,MAKHNOVT*9A1 WROTE ?AT 0! HONOR ( DE/ROY+ ,D5IK9'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ! AUTUMN ( #aiai IS PR9CIPALLY DUE TO ! AN>*I/ 9SURG5TS40 

,BUT AFT] ! UNITS ( ,R$ ,GU>DS HAD BE5 ABSORB$ 9TO ! ,R$ ,>MY1 ,MAKHNO P]SI/$ 9 REFUS+ TO PLACE HIS >MY UND] ! SUPREME COMM& ( ! ,R$ ,>MY *IEF1 ,TROTSKY4 ,?AT GREAT REVOLUTION>Y !RE=E BELIEV$ IT NECESS>Y TO TURN UPON ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,ON ,JUNE #d1 #a#i#a#i1 HE DRAFT$ AN ORD] BANN+ ! =?COM+ ,MAKHNOVI/ CONGRESS1 ACCUS+ !M ( /&+ \T AGA9/ ,SOVIET P[] 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,HE *>ACT]IZ$ P>TICIPATION 9 ! CONGRESS AS AN ACT ( 0HI< TREASON0 & CALL$ = ! >RE/ ( ! DELEGATES4 ,HE REFUS$ TO GIVE >MS TO ,MAKHNO'S P>TISANS1 FAIL+ 9 HIS DUTY ( ASSI/+ !M1 & SUBSEQU5TLY ACCUS$ !M ( 0BETRAYAL0 & ( ALL[+ !MSELVES TO BE BEAT5 BY ! ,:ITE TR\PE4 ,! SAME PROC$URE WAS FOLL[$ EI<TE5 YE>S LAT] BY ! ,SPANI% ,/AL9I/S AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ BRIGADES4 

,! TWO >MIES1 H[EV]1 CAME TO AN AGREEM5T AGA91 ON TWO OCCASIONS1 :5 ! EXTREME DANG] CAUS$ BY ! 9T]V5TION REQUIR$ !M TO ACT TOGE!R4 ,?IS OCCURR$ FIR/ 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#i1 AGA9/ ,D5IK91 ! SECOND DUR+ ! SUMM] & AUTUMN ( #a#i#b1 BE=E ! M5ACE ( ! ,:ITE =CES ( ,WRANGEL :I* W]E F9ALLY DE/ROY$ BY ,MAKHNO4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ! SUPREME DANG] WAS PA/ ! ,R$ ,>MY RETURN$ TO MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS AGA9/ ! P>TISANS ( ,MAKHNO1 :O RETURN$ BL[ = BL[4 

,AT ! 5D ( ,NOVEMB] #aib ?OSE 9 P[] W5T SO F> AS TO PREP>E AN AMBU%4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS 9VIT$ ! (FIC]S ( ! ,CRIMEAN ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY TO TAKE P>T 9 A MILIT>Y C\NCIL4 ,!RE !Y W]E IMM$IATELY >RE/$ BY ! ,*EKA1 ! POLITICAL POLICE1 & %OT :ILE !IR P>TISANS W]E DIS>M$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME A REGUL> (F5SIVE WAS LAUN*$ AGA9/ ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,! 9CREAS+LY UNEQUAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 LIB]T>IANS & AU?ORIT>IANS CONT9U$ = ANO!R N9E MON?S4 ,9 ! 5D1 H[EV]1 OV]COME BY MORE NUM]\S & BETT] EQUIPP$ =CES1 ,MAKHNO HAD TO GIVE UP ! /RUGGLE4 ,HE MANAG$ TO TAKE REFUGE 9 ,RUMANIA 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#a1 & LAT] REA*$ ,P>IS1 :]E HE DI$ MU* LAT] ( DISEASE & POV]TY4 ,?IS WAS ! 5D ( ! EPIC /ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVT*9A4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PET] ,>*9(F1 IT WAS ! PROTOTYPE ( AN 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ MASSES & H5CE A S\RCE ( FUTURE 9SPIRATION = ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD4 

,K,R,O,N,/,A,D,T 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y-,M>* #a#i#b#a1 ! ,PETROGRAD WORK]S & ! SAILORS ( ! ,KRON/ADT =TRESS W]E DRIV5 TO REVOLT1 ! ASPIRATIONS :I* 9SPIR$ !M BE+ V]Y SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS4 

,! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( URBAN WORK]S HAD BECOME 9TOL]ABLE ?R\< LACK ( FOOD/UFFS1 FUEL1 & TRANSPORT1 & ANY EXPRESSION ( DISCONT5T WAS BE+ CRU%$ BY A MORE & MORE DICTATORIAL & TOTALIT>IAN REGIME4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y /RIKES BROKE \T 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ,MOSC[1 & SEV]AL O!R L>GE 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,! WORK]S DEM&$ BREAD & LIB]TY2 !Y M>*$ FROM ONE FACTORY TO ANO!R1 CLOS+ !M D[N1 ATTRACT+ NEW CONT+5TS ( WORK]S 9TO !IR DEMON/RATIONS4 ,! AU?ORITIES REPLI$ ) GUNFIRE1 & ! ,PETROGRAD WORK]S 9 TURN BY A PROTE/ MEET+ ATT5D$ BY #a1 WORK]S4 ,KRON/ADT WAS AN ISL& NAVAL BASE =TY-EI<T MILES FROM ,PETROGRAD 9 ! ,GULF ( ,F9L& :I* WAS FROZ5 DUR+ ! W9T]4 ,IT WAS POPULAT$ BY SAILORS & SEV]AL ?\S& WORK]S EMPLOY$ 9 ! NAVAL >S5ALS4 ,! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS HAD BE5 9 ! VANGU>D ( ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( #aie & #a#i#a#g4 ,AS ,TROTSKY PUT IT1 !Y HAD BE5 ! 0PRIDE & GLORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION40 ,! CIVILIAN 9HABITANTS ( ,KRON/ADT HAD =M$ A FREE COMMUNE1 RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,9 ! C5T] ( ! =TRESS AN 5ORM\S PUBLIC SQU>E S]V$ AS A POPUL> =UM HOLD+ AS MANY AS #c1 P]SONS4 

,9 #aiba ! SAILORS C]TA9LY DID NOT HAVE ! SAME REVOLUTION>Y MAKEUP & ! SAME P]SONNEL AS 9 #a#i#a#g2 !Y HAD BE5 DRAWN FROM ! PEASANTRY F> MORE ?AN !IR PR$ECESSORS2 BUT ! MILITANT SPIRIT HAD REMA9$ & AS A RESULT ( !IR E>LI] P]=MANCE !Y RETA9$ ! RI<T TO TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 WORK]S' MEET+S 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,:5 ! WORK]S ( ! =M] CAPITAL W5T ON /RIKE !Y S5T EMISS>IES :O W]E DRIV5 BACK BY ! =CES ( ORD]4 ,DUR+ TWO MASS MEET+S HELD 9 ! MA9 SQU>E !Y TOOK UP AS !IR [N ! DEM&S ( ! /RIK]S4 ,SIXTE5 ?\S& SAILORS1 WORK]S1 & SOLDI]S ATT5D$ ! SECOND MEET+ HELD ON ,M>* #a1 AS DID ! HEAD ( /ATE1 ,KAL991 PRESID5T ( ! C5TRAL EXECUTIVE4 ,9 SPITE ( HIS PRES5CE !Y PASS$ A RESOLUTION DEM&+ ?AT ! WORK]S1 ,R$ SOLDI]S1 & SAILORS ( ,PETROGRAD1 ,KRON/ADT1 & ! ,PETROGRAD PROV9CE BE CALL$ TOGE!R DUR+ ! NEXT T5 DAYS 9 A CONF]5CE 9DEP5D5T ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,!Y ALSO CALL$ = ! ABOLITION ( 0POLITICAL (FIC]S10 ASK$ ?AT NO POLITICAL P>TY %\LD HAVE PRIVILEGES1 & ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ %OCK DETA*M5TS 9 ! >MY & 0,COMMUNI/ GU>DS0 9 ! FACTORIES %\LD BE DISB&$4 

,IT WAS 9DE$ ! MONOPOLY ( P[] ( ! GOV]N+ P>TY :I* !Y W]E ATTACK+4 ,! ,KRON/ADT REBELS D>$ TO CALL ?IS MONOPOLY AN 0USURPATION40 ,LET ! ANGRY SAILORS SPEAK = !MSELVES1 AS WE SKIM ?R\< ! PAGES ( ! (FICIAL J\RNAL ( ?IS NEW COMMUNE1 ! ,IZVE/IA ( ,KRON/ADT4 ,ACCORD+ TO !M1 ONCE IT HAD SEIZ$ P[] ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD ONLY ONE CONC]N3 TO KEEP IT BY FAIR MEANS OR F\L4 ,IT HAD LO/ CONTACT ) ! MASSES1 & PROV$ ITS 9ABILITY TO GET ! C\NTRY \T ( A /ATE ( G5]AL COLLAPSE4 ,IT HAD BECOME BUREAUCRATIC & LO/ ! CONFID5CE ( ! WORK]S4 ,! SOVIETS1 HAV+ LO/ !IR REAL P[]1 HAD BE5 M$DL$ )1 TAK5 OV]1 & MANIPULAT$1 ! TRADE UNIONS W]E BE+ MADE 9/RUM5TS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AN OMNIPOT5T POLICE APP>ATUS WEI<$ ON ! PEOPLE1 5=C+ ITS LAWS BY GUNFIRE & ! USE ( T]ROR4 ,ECONOMIC LIFE HAD BECOME NOT ! PROMIS$ SOCIALISM1 BAS$ ON FREE LABOR1 BUT A H>% /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,! WORK]S W]E SIMPLY WAGE E>N]S UND] ?IS NATIONAL TRU/1 EXPLOIT$ JU/ AS BE=E4 ,! IRREV]5T M5 ( ,KRON/ADT W5T SO F> AS TO EXPRESS D\BT AB\T ! 9FALLIBILITY ( ! SUPREME LEAD]S ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y MOCK$ ,TROTSKY1 & EV5 ,L591 IRREV]5TLY4 ,!IR IMM$IATE DEM&S W]E ! RE/ORATION ( ALL FRE$OMS & FREE ELECTIONS TO ALL ! ORGANS ( SOVIET DEMOCRACY1 BUT BEYOND ?IS !Y W]E LOOK+ TO A MORE DI/ANT OBJECTIVE ) A CLE>LY AN>*I/ CONT5T3 A 0?IRD REVOLUTION40 

,! REBELS DID1 H[EV]1 9T5D TO KEEP )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ,REVOLUTION & UND]TOOK TO WAT* OV] ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y PROCLAIM$ ?AT !Y HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ?OSE :O W\LD HAVE WI%$ TO 0RETURN TO ! KN\T ( ,CZ>ISM10 & ?\< !Y DID NOT CONCEAL !IR 9T5TION ( DEPRIV+ ! 0,COMMUNI/S0 ( P[]1 ?IS WAS NOT TO BE = ! PURPOSE ( 0RETURN+ ! WORK]S & PEASANTS TO SLAV]Y40 ,MOREOV]1 !Y DID NOT CUT (F ALL POSSIBILITY ( COOP]ATION ) ! REGIME1 /ILL HOP+ 0TO BE ABLE TO F9D A COMMON LANGUAGE40 ,F9ALLY1 ! FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION !Y W]E DEM&+ WAS NOT TO BE = JU/ ANYBODY1 BUT ONLY = S9C]E BELIEV]S 9 ! ,REVOLUTION3 AN>*I/S & 0LEFT SOCIALI/S0 7A =MULA :I* W\LD EXCLUDE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS OR ,M5%EVIKS74 

,! AUDACITY ( ,KRON/ADT WAS MU* MORE ?AN A ,L59 OR A ,TROTSKY C\LD 5DURE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S HAD ONCE & = ALL ID5TIFI$ ! ,REVOLUTION ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & ANY?+ :I* W5T AGA9/ ?IS MY? MU/1 9 !IR EYES1 APPE> AS 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y40 ,!Y SAW ! :OLE ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ OR?ODOXY 9 DANG]4 ,KRON/ADT FRI<T5$ !M ! MORE1 S9CE !Y W]E GOV]N+ 9 ! NAME ( ! PROLET>IAT &1 SUDD5LY1 !IR AU?ORITY WAS BE+ DISPUT$ BY A MOVEM5T :I* !Y KNEW TO BE AU!NTICALLY PROLET>IAN4 ,L591 MOREOV]1 HELD ! RA!R SIMPLI/IC IDEA ?AT A ,CZ>I/ RE/ORATION WAS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( HIS [N P>TY4 ,! /ATESM5 ( ! ,KREML9 9 #aiba >GU$ 9 ! SAME WAY AS ?OSE1 MU* LAT]1 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#e#f3 ,KRON/ADT WAS ! =]UNN] ( ,BUDAPE/4 

,TROTSKY1 ! MAN ) ! 0IRON FI/10 UND]TOOK TO BE P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = ! REPRESSION4 0,IF Y\ P]SI/1 Y\ WILL BE %OT D[N FROM COV] LIKE P>TRIDGES10 HE ANN\NC$ TO ! 0MUT9E]S40 ,! SAILORS W]E TREAT$ AS 0,:ITE ,GU>DI/S10 ACCOMPLICES ( ! 9T]V5TIONI/ ,WE/]N P[]S1 & ( ! 0,P>IS ,B\RSE40 ,!Y W]E TO BE R$UC$ TO SUBMISSION BY =CE ( >MS4 ,IT WAS 9 VA9 ?AT ! AN>*I/S ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 :O HAD F\ND ASYLUM 9 ! FA!RL& ( ! WORK]S AFT] BE+ DEPORT$ FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 S5T A PA!TIC LETT] TO ,Z9OVIEV1 9SI/+ ?AT ! USE ( =CE W\LD DO 09CALCULABLE DAMAGE TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 & ADJUR+ ! 0,BOL%EVIK COMRADES0 TO SETTLE ! CONFLICT ?R\< FRAT]NAL NEGOTIATION4 ,! ,PETROGRAD WORK]S C\LD NOT COME TO ! AID ( ,KRON/ADT BECAUSE !Y W]E ALREADY T]RORIZ$1 & SUBJECT TO M>TIAL LAW4 

,AN EXP$ITION>Y =CE WAS SET UP COMPOS$ ( C>EFULLY H&-PICK$ TROOPS1 = MANY ,R$ SOLDI]S W]E UNWILL+ TO FIRE ON !IR CLASS BRO!RS4 ,?IS =CE WAS PUT UND] ! COMM& ( A =M] ,CZ>I/ (FIC]1 ! FUTURE ,M>%ALL ,TUKA*EVSKY4 ,! BOMB>DM5T ( ! =TRESS BEGAN ON ,M>* #g4 ,UND] ! HEAD+ 0,LET ! WORLD KN[60 ! BESIEG$ 9HABITANTS LAUN*$ A LA/ APPEAL3 0,MAY ! BLOOD ( ! 9NOC5T BE ON ! HEAD ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 MAD1 DRUNK & 5RAG$ ) P[]4 ,LONG LIVE ! P[] ( ! SOVIETS60 ,! ATTACK+ =CE MOV$ ACROSS ! FROZ5 ,GULF ( ,F9L& ON ,M>* #ah & QUELL$ ! 0REBELLION0 9 AN ORGY ( KILL+4 

,! AN>*I/S HAD PLAY$ NO P>T 9 ?IS AFFAIR4 ,H[EV]1 ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE ( ,KRON/ADT HAD 9VIT$ TWO LIB]T>IANS TO JO9 IT3 ,Y>*\K 7! F\ND] ( ! ,KRON/ADT SOVIET ( #a#i#a#g7 & ,VOL9E2 9 VA91 = !Y W]E AT ! TIME IMPRISON$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,IDA ,METT1 HI/ORIAN ( ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT 79 ,LA ,COMMUNE DE ,CRON/ADT71 COMM5T$ ?AT 0! AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE WAS BR\<T TO BE> ONLY TO ! EXT5T TO :I* AN>*ISM ITSELF PROPAGAT$ ! IDEA ( WORK]S' DEMOCRACY40 ,! AN>*I/S DID NOT PLAY ANY DIRECT P>T 9 EV5TS1 BUT !Y ASSOCIAT$ !MSELVES ) !M4 ,VOL9E LAT] WROTE3 0,KRON/ADT WAS ! FIR/ 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T ATTEMPT ( ! PEOPLE TO FREE !MSELVES ( ALL CONTROL & C>RY \T ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION3 ?IS ATTEMPT WAS MADE DIRECTLY1 4 4 4 BY ! WORK+ MASSES !MSELVES1 )\T 'POLITICAL %EPH]DS1' )\T 'LEAD]S1' OR 'TUTORS4' ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN ADD$3 0,KRON/ADT BLEW SKY HI< ! MY? ( ! PROLET>IAN ,/ATE2 IT PROV$ ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,REVOLUTION W]E REALLY 9COMPATIBLE40 

,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,L,I,V,+ ,& ,D,E,A,D 

,AL?\< ! AN>*I/S PLAY$ NO DIRECT P>T 9 ! ,KRON/ADT RIS+1 ! REGIME TOOK ADVANTAGE ( CRU%+ IT TO MAKE AN 5D ( AN IDEOLOGY :I* CONT9U$ TO FRI<T5 !M4 ,A FEW WEEKS E>LI]1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #h1 ! AG$ ,KROPOTK9 HAD DI$ ON ,RUSSIAN SOIL1 & HIS REMA9S HAD BE5 GIV5 AN IMPOS+ FUN]AL1 :I* WAS FOLL[$ BY AN IMM5SE CONVOY ( AB\T #a1 PEOPLE4 ,OV] ! HEADS ( ! CR[D1 AMONG ! R$ FLAGS1 ONE C\LD SEE ! BLACK BANN]S ( ! AN>*I/ GR\PS 9SCRIB$ 9 LETT]S ( FIRE3 0,:]E !RE IS AU?ORITY !RE IS NO FRE$OM40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,KROPOTK9'S BIOGRAPH]S1 ?IS WAS 0! LA/ GREAT DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK TYRANNY1 & MANY TOOK P>T MORE TO DEM& FRE$OM ?AN TO PRAISE ! GREAT AN>*I/40 

,HUNDR$S ( AN>*I/S W]E >RE/$ AFT] ,KRON/ADT1 & ONLY A FEW MON?S LAT]1 ! LIB]T>IAN ,FANNY ,B>ON & EI<T ( H] COMRADES W]E %OT 9 ! CELL>S ( ! ,*EKA PRISON 9 ,MOSC[4 ,MILITANT AN>*ISM HAD RECEIV$ A FATAL BL[4 ,BUT \TSIDE ,RUSSIA1 ! AN>*I/S :O HAD LIV$ ?R\< ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION UND]TOOK AN 5ORM\S LABOR ( CRITICISM & DOCTR9AL REVISION :I* RE9VIGORAT$ LIB]T>IAN ?\<T & MADE IT MORE CONCRETE4 ,AS E>LY AS ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 ! CONGRESS ( ! ,CONF$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,UKRA9E1 ,NABAT1 HAD CATEGORICALLY REJECT$ ! EXPRESSION 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 SEE+ ?AT IT L$ 9EVITABLY TO DICTATOR%IP OV] ! MASSES BY ?AT FRACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT 5TR5*$ 9 ! ,P>TY1 BY (FICIALS1 & A H&FUL ( LEAD]S4 ,JU/ BE=E HE DI$ ,KROPOTK9 HAD ISSU$ A 0,MESSAGE TO ! ,WORK]S ( ! ,WE/0 9 :I* HE SORR[FULLY D5\NC$ ! RISE ( A 0=MIDABLE BUREAUCRACY03 0,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?IS ATTEMPT TO BUILD A COMMUNI/ REPUBLIC ON ! BASIS ( A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 UND] ! IRON LAW ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE P>TY1 HAS 5D$ 9 A T]RIBLE FIASCO4 ,RUSSIA TEA*ES US H[ NOT TO IMPOSE COMMUNISM40 

,A PA!TIC APPEAL FROM ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TO ! WORLD PROLET>IAT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,JANU>Y #g-#a#d1 #a#i#b#a1 ISSUE ( ! ,FR5* J\RNAL ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE3 0,COMRADES1 PUT AN 5D TO ! DOM9ATION ( Y\R B\RGEOISIE JU/ AS WE HAVE DONE H]E4 ,BUT DO NOT REPEAT \R ]RORS2 DO NOT LET /ATE COMMUNISM E/ABLI% ITSELF 9 Y\R C\NTRIES60 ,9 #aib ! ,G]MAN AN>*I/1 ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 :O LAT] LIV$ & DI$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WROTE ,DIE ,BANKROTTE DES ,RUSSIS*5 ,/AUTSKOMMUNISMUS 7,! ,BANKRUPTCY ( ,/ATE ,COMMUNISM71 :I* APPE>$ 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ ANALYSIS TO BE MADE ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 HIS VIEW ! FAM\S 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 WAS NOT ! EXPRESSION ( ! WILL ( A S+LE CLASS1 BUT ! DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TY PRET5D+ TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( A CLASS & KEPT 9 P[] BY =CE ( BAYONETS4 0,UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA A NEW CLASS HAS DEVELOP$1 ! 'COMMISS>OCRACY1' :I* OPPRESSES ! BROAD MASSES JU/ AS MU* AS ! OLD REGIME US$ TO DO40 ,BY SY/EMATICALLY SUBORD9AT+ ALL ! FACTORS 9 SOCIAL LIFE TO AN ALL-P[]FUL GOV]NM5T 5D[$ ) EV]Y PR]OGATIVE1 0ONE C\LD NOT FAIL TO 5D UP ) ! HI]>*Y ( (FICIALS :I* PROV$ FATAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION40 0,NOT ONLY DID ! ,BOL%EVIKS BORR[ ! /ATE APP>ATUS FROM ! PREVI\S SOCIETY1 BUT !Y HAVE GIV5 IT AN ALL-EMBRAC+ P[] :I* NO O!R GOV]NM5T >ROGATES TO ITSELF40 

,9 ,JUNE #aibb ! GR\P ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S EXIL$ 9 ,G]MANY PUBLI%$ A REVEAL+ LITTLE BOOK UND] ! NAMES ( ,A4 ,GORIELIK1 ,A4 ,KOM(F1 & ,VOL9E3 ,REPRESSION DE L',AN>*ISME 5 ,RUSSIE ,SOVIETIQUE7,! ,REPRESSION ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA74 ,VOL9E MADE A ,FR5* TRANSLATION :I* APPE>$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#b#c4 ,IT CONTA9$ AN ALPHABETICAL LI/ ( ! M>TYRS ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM4 ,9 #a#i#b#a-#a#i#b#b1 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 & 9 #a#i#b#b-#a#i#b#c1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN PUBLI%$ A SUCCESSION ( PAMPHLETS ON ! DRAMATIC EV5TS :I* !Y HAD WITNESS$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,9 !IR TURN1 ,PET] ,>*9(F & ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO HIMSELF1 ESCAP$ ,MAKHNOVITES :O HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9 ! ,WE/1 PUBLI%$ !IR EVID5CE4 

,! TWO GREAT LIB]T>IAN CLASSICS ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK3 ,TW5TY ,YE>S ( ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA BY ,G4 ,P4 ,MAXIM(F & ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION BY ,VOL9E1 CAME MU* LAT]1 DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 & W]E WRITT5 ) ! MATURITY ( ?\<T MADE POSSIBLE BY ! PASSAGE ( ! YE>S4 

,= ,MAXIM(F1 :OSE ACC\NT APPE>$ 9 ,AM]ICA1 ! LESSONS ( ! PA/ BR\<T TO HIM A SURE EXPECTATION ( A BETT] FUTURE4 ,! NEW RUL+ CLASS 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 CANNOT & WILL NOT BE P]MAN5T1 & IT WILL BE SUCCE$$ BY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS >E DRIV+ ?IS DEVELOPM5T =W>D3 0,IS IT CONCEIVABLE 4 4 4 ?AT ! WORK]S MI<T DESIRE ! RETURN ( ! CAPITALI/S TO !IR 5T]PRISES8 ,NEV]6 = !Y >E REBELL+ SPECIFICALLY AGA9/ EXPLOITATION BY ! ,/ATE & ITS BUREAUCRATS40 ,:AT ! WORK]S DESIRE IS TO REPLACE ?IS AU?ORIT>IAN MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION ) !IR [N FACTORY C\NCILS1 & TO UNITE !SE C\NCILS 9TO ONE VA/ NATIONAL F$]ATION4 ,:AT !Y DESIRE IS WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! PEASANTS HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ( RETURN+ TO AN 9DIVIDUALI/ ECONOMY4 ,COLLECTIVE AGRICULTURE IS ! ONLY SOLUTION1 TOGE!R ) ! COLLABORATION ( ! RURAL COLLECTIVES ) ! FACTORY C\NCILS & TRADE UNIONS3 9 %ORT1 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROGRAM ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 9 COMPLETE FRE$OM4 

,VOL9E /RONGLY ASS]T$ ?AT ANY EXP]IM5T ON ! ,RUSSIAN MODEL C\LD ONLY LEAD TO 0/ATE CAPITALISM BAS$ ON AN ODI\S EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES10 ! 0WOR/ =M ( CAPITALISM & ONE :I* HAS ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO DO ) ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY T[>D A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY40 ,IT C\LD DO NO?+ BUT PROMOTE 0! DICTATOR%IP ( A S+LE P>TY :I* LEADS UNAVOIDABLY TO ! REPRESSION ( ALL FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 PRESS1 ORGANIZATION1 & ACTION1 EV5 = REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES1 ) ! SOLE EXCEPTION ( ! P>TY 9 P[]10 & TO A 0SOCIAL 9QUISITION0 :I* SUFFOCATES 0! V]Y BREA? ( ! ,REVOLUTION40 ,VOL9E W5T ON TO MA9TA9 ?AT ,/AL9 0DID NOT FALL FROM ! MOON40 ,/AL9 & ,/AL9ISM >E1 9 HIS VIEW1 ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EM F\ND$ & E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#b#a4 0,?IS IS ! LESSON ! WORLD MU/ LE>N FROM ! TREM5D\S & DECISIVE ,BOL%EVIK EXP]IM5T3 A LESSON :I* GIVES P[]FUL SUPPORT TO ! LIB]T>IAN !SIS & :I* EV5TS WILL SOON MAKE CLE> TO ! UND]/&+ ( ALL ?OSE :O GRIEVE1 SUFF]1 ?9K1 & /RUGGLE40 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

,FROM 3 ,LIB,COM4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifi 3 ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,B -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #f1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,B -- ,ADD$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/