,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY ,TO ,PRACTICE 

#aig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TAGS 3 DIEGO ABAD DE SANTILLAN1 M>X & 5GELS1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL1 AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL1 WORK]S & PEASANTS1 SUPREME ECONOMIC C\NCIL1 TRADE UNIONS1 SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 TRADE UNIONISM4 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,PREFACE 

      #a1#d#b ,WORDS2 #h1#i#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,9TRODUCTION BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

      #f1#g#f ,WORDS2 #d#d1#d#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,BASIC ,IDEAS ( ,AN>*ISM 

      #i1#e#f ,WORDS2 #f1#f#d#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,9 ,SE>* ( A ,NEW ,SOCIETY 

      #i1#d#i#b ,WORDS2 #f#a1#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,A 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PRACTICE #a#h#h-#a#i#a#d 

      #c1#b ,WORDS2 #a#i1#f#e#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,B 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

      #i1#d#f ,WORDS2 #f1#f#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,C 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,ITALIAN ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS 

      #a1#c#i#c ,WORDS2 #i1#a#e#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,D 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

      #i1#i#c#f ,WORDS2 #f#d1#b#g#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,BY ,WAY ( ,CONCLUSION 

      #c1#f#i#c ,WORDS2 #b#c1#g#i#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,FOOTNOTES 

      #a1#a#i#a ,WORDS2 #h1#d#c#c ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,PREFACE 

,!RE HAS REC5TLY BE5 A R5EWAL ( 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM4 ,BOOKS1 PAMPHLETS1 & AN?OLOGIES >E BE+ DEVOT$ TO IT4 ,IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R ?IS LIT]>Y EF=T IS REALLY V]Y EFFECTIVE4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO TRACE ! \TL9ES ( AN>*ISM4 ,ITS MA/] ?9K]S R>ELY COND5S$ !IR IDEAS 9TO SY/EMATIC WORKS4 ,IF1 ON OCCASION1 !Y TRI$ TO DO SO1 IT WAS ONLY 9 ?9 PAMPHLETS DESIGN$ = PROPAG&A & POPUL>IZATION 9 :I* ONLY FRAGM5TS ( !IR IDEAS CAN BE OBS]V$4 ,MOREOV]1 !RE >E SEV]AL K9DS ( AN>*ISM & MANY V>IATIONS )9 ! ?\<T ( EA* ( ! GREAT LIB]T>IANS4 

,REJECTION ( AU?ORITY & /RESS ON ! PRIORITY ( 9DIVIDUAL JUDGM5T MAKE IT NATURAL = LIB]T>IANS TO 0PR(ESS ! FAI? ( ANTI DOGMATISM40 0,LET US NOT BECOME ! LEAD]S ( A NEW RELIGION10 ,PR\DHON WROTE TO ,M>X1 0EV5 W]E IT TO BE ! RELIGION ( LOGIC & REASON40 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ! VIEWS ( ! LIB]T>IANS >E MORE V>I$1 MORE FLUID1 & H>D] TO APPREH5D ?AN ?OSE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S .<#a.> :OSE RIVAL *UR*ES AT LEA/ TRY TO IMPOSE A SET ( BELIEFS ON !IR FAI?FUL4 

,JU/ BE=E HE WAS S5T TO ! GUILLOT9E1 ! T]RORI/ ,EMILE ,H5RY WROTE A LETT] TO ! GOV]NOR ( ! PRISON :]E HE WAS AWAIT+ EXECUTION EXPLA9+3 0,BEW>E ( BELIEV+ AN>*Y TO BE A DOGMA1 A DOCTR9E ABOVE QUE/ION OR DEBATE1 TO BE V5]AT$ BY ,ITS ADEPTS AS IS ! ,KORAN BY DEV\T ,MOSLEMS4 ,NO6 ! ABSOLUTE FRE$OM :I* WE DEM& CON/ANTLY DEVELOPS \R ?9K+ & RAISES IT T[>D NEW HORIZONS 7ACCORD+ TO ! TURN ( M9D ( V>I\S 9DIVIDUALS 71 TAKES IT \T ( ! N>R[ FRAMEWORK ( REGULATION & CODIFICATION4 ,WE >E NOT 'BELIEV]S'60 ,! CONDEMN$ MAN W5T ON TO REJECT ! 0BL9D FAI?0 ( ! ,FR5* ,M>XI/S ( HIS P]IOD3 0,!Y BELIEVE SOME?+ BECAUSE ,GUESDE .<#b.> HAS SAID ONE MU/ BELIEVE IT1 !Y HAVE A CATE*ISM & IT W\LD BE SACRILEGE TO QUE/ION ANY ( ITS CLAUSES40 

,9 SPITE ( ! V>IETY & RI*NESS ( AN>*I/ ?9K+1 9 SPITE ( CONTRADICTIONS & DOCTR9AL DISPUTES :I* W]E (T5 C5T]$ ON FALSE PROBLEMS1 AN>*ISM PRES5TS A FAIRLY HOMOG5E\S BODY ( IDEAS4 ,AT FIR/ SI<T IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE MAY SEEM TO BE A VA/ DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM ( ,/IRN] 7#a#h#f-#a#h#e#f7 & SOCIAL AN>*ISM4 ,:5 ONE LOOKS MORE DEEPLY 9TO ! MATT]1 H[EV]1 ! P>TISANS ( TOTAL FRE$OM & ?OSE ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION DO NOT APPE> AS F> AP>T AS !Y MAY HAVE ?\<T !MSELVES1 OR AS O!RS MI<T AT FIR/ GLANCE SUPPOSE4 ,! AN>*I/ SOCIETAIRE .<#c.> IS ALSO AN 9DIVIDUALI/ & ! 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/ MAY WELL BE A P>TISAN ( ! SOCIETAIRE APPROA* :O FE>S TO DECL>E HIMSELF4 

,! RELATIVE UNITY ( SOCIAL AN>*ISM >ISES FROM ! FACT ?AT IT WAS DEVELOP$ DUR+ A S+LE P]IOD BY TWO MA/]S1 ONE ( :OM WAS ! DISCIPLE & FOLL[] ( ! O!R3 ! ,FR5*MAN ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 7#a#h#i-#a#h#f#e7 & ! ,RUSSIAN EXILE ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 7#a#h#a#d-#a#h#g#f74 ,! LATT] DEF9$ AN>*ISM AS 0,PR\DHONISM GREATLY DEVELOP$ & PU%$ TO ITS FUR!/ CONCLUSION40 ,?IS TYPE ( AN>*ISM CALL$ ITSELF COLLECTIVI/4 

,ITS SUCCESSORS1 H[EV]1 REJECT$ ! T]M & PROCLAIM$ !MSELVES TO BE COMMUNI/S 70LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S10 ( C\RSE74 ,ONE ( !M1 ANO!R ,RUSSIAN EXILE1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#b#a71 B5T ! DOCTR9E 9 A MORE RIGIDLY UTOPIAN & OPTIMI/IC DIRECTION BUT HIS 0SCI5TIFIC0 APPROA* FAIL$ TO CONCEAL ITS WEAKNESSES4 ,! ,ITALIAN ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 7#a#h#e#c-#a#i#c#b71 ON ! O!R H&1 TURN$ TO AUDACI\S & SOMETIMES PU]ILE ACTIVISM AL?\< HE 5RI*$ AN>*I/ ?9K+ ) HIS 9TRANSIG5T & (T5 LUCID POLEMICS4 ,LAT] ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION PRODUC$ ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE AN>*I/ WORKS1 ?AT ( ,VOL9E 7#a#h#h#b-#a#i#d#e74 .<#d.> 

,! AN>*I/ T]RORISM ( ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAD DRAMATIC & ANECDOTAL FEATURES & AN AURA ( BLOOD :I* APPEAL TO ! TA/E ( ! G5]AL PUBLIC4 ,9 ITS TIME IT WAS A S*OOL = 9DIVIDUAL 5]GY & C\RAGE1 :I* COMM& RESPECT1 & IT HAD ! M]IT ( DRAW+ SOCIAL 9JU/ICE TO PUBLIC ATT5TION2 BUT TODAY IT SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 A TEMPOR>Y & /]ILE DEVIATION 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM4 ,IT SEEMS \T-(-DATE4 ,TO FIX ONE'S ATT5TION ON ! 0/EWPOT0 ( ,RAVA*OL .<#dA.> IS TO IGNORE OR UND]E/IMATE ! FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( A DEF9ITE CONCEPT ( SOCIAL REORGANIZATION4 ,:5 ?IS CONCEPT IS PROP]LY /UDI$ IT APPE>S HI<LY CON/RUCTIVE & NOT DE/RUCTIVE1 AS ITS OPPON5TS PRET5D4 ,IT IS ?IS CON/RUCTIVE ASPECT ( AN>*ISM ?AT WILL BE PRES5T$ TO ! READ] 9 ?IS /UDY4 ,BY :AT RI<T & UPON :AT BASIS8 ,BECAUSE ! MAT]IAL /UDI$ IS NOT ANTIQUAT$ BUT RELEVANT TO LIFE1 & BECAUSE IT POSES PROBLEMS :I* >E MORE ACUTE ?AN EV]4 ,IT APPE>S ?AT LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S ANTICIPAT$ ! NE$S ( \R TIME TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T4 

,?IS SMALL BOOK DOES NOT SEEK TO DUPLICATE ! HI/ORIES & BIBLIOGRAPHIES ( AN>*ISM ALREADY PUBLI%$4 ,!IR AU?ORS W]E S*OL>S1 MA9LY CONC]N$ ) OMITT+ NO NAMES &1 FASC9AT$ BY SUP]FICIAL SIMIL>ITIES1 !Y DISCOV]$ NUM]\S =]UNN]S ( AN>*ISM4 ,!Y GAVE ALMO/ EQUAL WEI<T TO ! G5IUS & TO HIS MO/ M9OR FOLL[]1 & PRES5T$ AN EXCESS ( BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS RA!R ?AN MAK+ A PR(\ND /UDY ( IDEAS4 ,!IR LE>N$ TOMES LEAVE ! READ] ) A FEEL+ ( DIFFUSION1 ALMO/ 9COH]5CE1 /ILL ASK+ HIMSELF :AT AN>*ISM REALLY IS4 ,I HAVE TRI$ A SOME:AT DIFF]5T APPROA*4 ,I ASSUME ?AT ! LIVES ( ! MA/]S ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T >E KN[N4 ,9 ANY CASE' !Y >E (T5 MU* LESS ILLUM9AT+ = \R PURPOSE ?AN SOME WRIT]S IMAG9E4 ,MANY ( !SE MA/]S W]E NOT AN>*I/S ?R\<\T !IR LIVES & !IR COMPLETE WORKS 9CLUDE PASSAGES :I* HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) AN>*ISM4 

,TO TAKE AN EXAMPLE3 9 ! SECOND P>T ( HIS C>E] ,PR\DHON'S ?9K+ TOOK A CONS]VATIVE TURN4 ,HIS V]BOSE & MONUM5TAL ,DE LA ,JU/ICE DANS LA ,REVOLUTION ET DANS L',EGLISE 7#a#h#e#h7 WAS MA9LY CONC]N$ ) ! PROBLEM ( RELIGION & ITS CONCLUSION WAS F> FROM LIB]T>IAN4 ,9 ! 5D1 9 SPITE ( PASSIONATE ANTI-CL]ICALISM1 HE ACCEPT$ ALL ! CATEGORIES ( ,CA?OLICISM1 SUBJECT TO HIS [N 9T]PRETATIONS1 PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! 9/RUCTION & MORAL TRA9+ ( ! PEOPLE W\LD B5EFIT FROM ! PRES]VATION ( ,*RI/IAN SYMBOLISM1 & 9 HIS F9AL WORDS SEEM$ ALMO/ READY TO SAY A PRAY]4 ,RESPECT = HIS MEMORY 9HIBITS ALL BUT A PASS+ REF]5CE TO HIS 0SALUTE TO W>10 HIS DIATRIBES AGA9/ WOM51 OR HIS FITS ( RACISM4 

,! OPPOSITE HAPP5$ TO ,BAKUN94 ,HIS WILD E>LY C>E] AS A REVOLUTION>Y CONSPIRATOR WAS UNCONNECT$ ) AN>*ISM4 ,HE EMBRAC$ LIB]T>IAN IDEAS ONLY 9 #ahfd AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! ,POLI% 9SURRECTION 9 :I* HE PLAY$ A P>T4 ,HIS E>LI] WRIT+S HAVE NO PLACE 9 AN AN>*I/ AN?OLOGY4 ,AS = ,KROPOTK91 HIS PURELY SCI5TIFIC WORK1 = :I* HE IS TODAY CELEBRAT$ 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 AS A %9+ LI<T 9 ! /UDY ( NATIONAL GEOGRAPHY1 HAS NO MORE CONNECTION ) AN>*ISM ?AN HAD HIS PR[> ATTITUDE DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 

,9 PLACE ( A HI/ORICAL & *RONOLOGICAL SEQU5CE AN UNUSUAL ME?OD HAS BE5 ADOPT$ 9 ?IS BOOK3 ! READ] WILL BE PRES5T$ 9 TURN ) ! MA9 CON/RUCTIVE !MES ( AN>*ISM1 & NOT ) P]SONALITIES4 ,I HAVE 9T5TIONALLY OMITT$ ONLY ELEM5TS :I* >E NOT SPECIFICALLY LIB]T>IAN1 SU* AS ! CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM1 A!ISM1 ANTI-MILIT>ISM1 FREE LOVE1 ETC4 ,RA!R ?AN GIVE SECONDH& & !RE=E FAD$ P>APHRASES UNSUPPORT$ BY EVID5CE1 ,I HAVE ALL[$ QUOTATIONS TO SPEAK DIRECTLY AS F> AS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS GIVES ! READ] ACCESS TO ! IDEAS ( ! MA/]S 9 !IR W>M & LIV+ =M1 AS !Y W]E ORIG9ALLY P5N$4 

,SECONDLY1 ! DOCTR9E IS EXAM9$ FROM A DIFF]5T ANGLE3 IT IS %[N 9 ! GREAT P]IODS :5 IT WAS PUT TO ! TE/ BY EV5TS - ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 ,ITALY AFT] #a#i#a#h1 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f4 ,! F9AL *APT] TREATS :AT IS UND\BT$LY ! MO/ ORIG9AL CREATION ( AN>*ISM3 WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T AS IT HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 ! GRIP ( CONTEMPOR>Y REALITY1 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA & ,ALG]IA - & SOON1 P]HAPS1 :O KN[S1 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 

,?R\<\T ?IS LITTLE BOOK ! READ] WILL SEE TWO CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIALISM CONTRA/$ & SOMETIMES RELAT$ TO ONE ANO!R1 ONE AU?ORIT>IAN1 ! O!R LIB]T>IAN4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! ANALYSIS IT IS HOP$ ?AT ! READ] WILL BE L$ TO ASK HIMSELF :I* IS ! CONCEPTION ( ! FUTURE4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

O ,9TRODUCTION BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,A ,FR5* WRIT]1 SYMPA!TIC TO AN>*ISM1 WROTE 9 ! #a#h#iS ?AT 0AN>*ISM HAS A BROAD BACK1 LIKE PAP] IT 5DURES ANY?+0---9CLUD+1 HE NOT$ ?OSE :OSE ACTS >E SU* ?AT 0A MORTAL 5EMY ( AN>*ISM C\LD NOT HAVE DONE BETT]40.<#a.> ,!RE HAVE BE5 MANY /YLES ( ?\<T & ACTION ?AT HAVE BE5 REF]R$ TO AS 0AN>*I/40 ,IT W\LD BE HOPELESS TO TRY TO 5COMPASS ALL ( !SE CONFLICT+ T5D5CIES 9 SOME G5]AL !ORY OR IDEOLOGY4 ,& EV5 IF WE PROCE$ TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION1 AS ,DANIEL ,GU]9 DOES 9 ,AN>*ISM1 IT REMA9S DIFFICULT TO =MULATE ITS DOCTR9ES AS A SPECIFIC & DET]M9ATE !ORY ( SOCIETY & SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! AN>*I/ HI/ORIAN ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK]1 :O PRES5TS A SY/EMATIC CONCEPTION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*I/ ?\<T T[>DS AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 ALONG L9ES ?AT BE> COMP>ISON TO ,GU]9S WORK1 PUTS ! MATT] WELL :5 HE WRITES ?AT AN>*ISM IS NOT 

A FIX$1 SELF-5CLOS$ SOCIAL SY/EM BUT RA!R A DEF9ITE TR5D 9 ! HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D1 :I*1 9 CONTRA/ ) ! 9TELLECTUAL GU>DIAN%IP ( ALL CL]ICAL & GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS1 /RIVES = ! FREE UNH9D]$ UNFOLD+ ( ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL =CES 9 LIFE4 ,EV5 FRE$OM IS ONLY A RELATIVE1 NOT AN ABSOLUTE CONCEPT1 S9CE IT T5DS CON/ANTLY TO BECOME BROAD] & TO AFFECT WID] CIRCLES 9 MORE MANIFOLD WAYS4 ,= ! AN>*I/1 FRE$OM IS NOT AN AB/RACT PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT1 BUT ! VITAL CONCRETE POSSIBILITY = EV]Y HUMAN BE+ TO BR+ TO FULL DEVELOPM5T ALL ! P[]S1 CAPACITIES1 & TAL5TS ) :I* NATURE HAS 5D[$ HIM1 & TURN !M TO SOCIAL ACC\NT4 ,! LESS ?IS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( MAN IS 9FLU5C$ BY ECCLESIA/ICAL OR POLITICAL GU>DIAN%IP1 ! MORE EFFICI5T & H>MONI\S WILL HUMAN P]SONALITY BECOME1 ! MORE WILL IT BECOME ! MEASURE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* IT HAS GR[N4.<#b.> 

,ONE MI<T ASK :AT VALUE !RE IS 9 /UDY+ A 0DEF9ITE TR5D 9 ! HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D0 ?AT DOES NOT >TICULATE A SPECIFIC & DETAIL$ SOCIAL !ORY4 ,9DE$1 MANY COMM5TATORS DISMISS AN>*ISM AS UTOPIAN1 =MLESS1 PRIMITIVE1 OR O!RWISE 9COMPATIBLE ) ! REALITIES ( A COMPLEX SOCIETY4 ,ONE MI<T1 H[EV]1 >GUE RA!R DIFF]5TLY3 ?AT AT EV]Y /AGE ( HI/ORY \R CONC]N MU/ BE TO DISMANTLE ?OSE =MS ( AU?ORITY & OPPRESSION ?AT SURVIVE FROM AN ]A :5 !Y MI<T HAVE BE5 JU/IFI$ 9 T]MS ( ! NE$ = SECURITY OR SURVIVAL OR ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 BUT ?AT N[ CONTRIBUTE TO---RA!R ?AN ALLEVIATE---MAT]IAL & CULTURAL DEFICIT4 ,IF SO1 !RE WILL BE NO DOCTR9E ( SOCIAL *ANGE FIX$ = ! PRES5T & FUTURE1 NOR EV51 NECESS>ILY1 A SPECIFIC & UN*ANG+ CONCEPT ( ! GOALS T[>DS :I* SOCIAL *ANGE %\LD T5D4 ,SURELY \R UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( MAN OR ( ! RANGE ( VIABLE SOCIAL =MS IS SO RUDIM5T>Y ?AT ANY F>-REA*+ DOCTR9E MU/ BE TREAT$ ) GREAT SKEPTICISM1 JU/ AS SKEPTICISM IS 9 ORD] :5 WE HE> ?AT 0HUMAN NATURE0 OR 0! DEM&S ( EFFICI5CY0 OR 0! COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N LIFE0 REQUIRES ?IS OR ?AT =M ( OPPRESSION & AUTOCRATIC RULE4 

,NEV]!LESS1 AT A P>TICUL> TIME !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO DEVELOP1 9S(> AS \R UND]/&+ P]MITS1 A SPECIFIC REALIZATION ( ?IS DEF9ITE TR5D 9 ! HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D1 APPROPRIATE TO ! TASKS ( ! MOM5T4 ,= ,ROCK]1 0! PROBLEM ?AT IS SET = \R TIME IS ?AT ( FREE+ MAN FROM ! CURSE ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & POLITICAL & SOCIAL 5SLAVEM5T02 & ! ME?OD IS NOT ! CONQUE/ & EX]CISE ( /ATE P[]1 NOR /ULTIFY+ P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 BUT RA!R 0TO RECON/RUCT ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! PEOPLES FROM ! GR\ND UP & BUILD IT UP 9 ! SPIRIT ( ,SOCIALISM40 

,BUT ONLY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES >E FITT$ = ?IS TASK1 S9CE !Y >E ! ONLY VALUE-CREAT+ ELEM5T 9 SOCIETY \T ( :I* A NEW FUTURE CAN >ISE4 ,!IRS MU/ BE ! TASK ( FREE+ LABOR FROM ALL ! FETT]S :I* ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION HAS FA/5$ ON IT1 ( FREE+ SOCIETY FROM ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS & PROC$URE ( POLITICAL P[]1 & ( OP5+ ! WAY TO AN ALLIANCE ( FREE GR\PS ( M5 & WOM5 BAS$ ON COOP]ATIVE LABOR & A PLANN$ ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,TO PREP>E ! TOIL+ MASSES 9 ! CITY & C\NTRY = ?IS GREAT GOAL & TO B9D !M TOGE!R AS A MILITANT =CE IS ! OBJECTIVE ( MOD]N ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 & 9 ?IS ITS :OLE PURPOSE IS EXHAU/$4 .<,P4 #a#h.> 

,AS A SOCIALI/1 ,ROCK] W\LD TAKE = GRANT$ 0?AT ! S]I\S1 F9AL1 COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S IS POSSIBLE ONLY UPON ONE CONDITION3 ?AT ( ! APPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL1 ?AT IS1 ( RAW MAT]IAL & ALL ! TOOLS ( LABOR1 9CLUD+ L&1 BY ! :OLE BODY ( ! WORK]S40.<#c.> ,AS AN AN>*OSYNDICALI/1 HE 9SI/S1 FUR!R1 ?AT ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS CREATE 0NOT ONLY ! IDEAS1 BUT ALSO ! FACTS ( ! FUTURE ITSELF0 9 ! PR]EVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 ?AT !Y EMBODY 9 !MSELVES ! /RUCTURE ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY---& HE LOOKS =W>D TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT WILL DISMANTLE ! /ATE APP>ATUS AS WELL AS EXPROPRIATE ! EXPROPRIATORS4 0,:AT WE PUT 9 PLACE ( ! GOV]NM5T IS 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION40 

,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S >E CONV9C$ ?AT A ,SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC ORD] CANNOT BE CREAT$ BY ! DECREES & /ATUTES ( A GOV]NM5T1 BUT ONLY BY ! SOLID>IC COLLABORATION ( ! WORK]S ) H& & BRA9 9 EA* SPECIAL BRAN* ( PRODUCTION2 ?AT IS1 ?R\< ! TAK+ OV] ( ! MANAGEM5T ( ALL PLANTS BY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES UND] SU* =M ?AT ! SEP>ATE GR\PS1 PLANTS1 & BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY >E 9DEP5D5T MEMB]S ( ! G5]AL ECONOMIC ORGANISM & SY/EMATICALLY C>RY ON PRODUCTION & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCTS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY ON ! BASIS ( FREE MUTUAL AGREEM5TS4 .<P4 #i#d.> 

,ROCK] WAS WRIT+ AT A MOM5T :5 SU* IDEAS HAD BE5 PUT 9TO PRACTICE 9 A DRAMATIC WAY 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,JU/ PRIOR TO ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ECONOMI/ ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN HAD WRITT53 

4449 FAC+ ! PROBLEM ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 ! ,REVOLUTION CANNOT CONSID] ! /ATE AS A M$IUM1 BUT MU/ DEP5D ON ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUC]S4 

,WE HAVE FOLL[$ ?IS NORM & WE F9D NO NE$ = ! HYPO!SIS ( A SUP]IOR P[] TO ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% A NEW ORD] ( ?+S4 ,WE W\LD ?ANK ANYONE TO PO9T \T TO US :AT FUNCTION1 IF ANY1 ! ,/ATE CAN HAVE 9 AN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 :]E PRIVATE PROP]TY HAS BE5 ABOLI%$ & 9 :I* P>ASITISM & SPECIAL PRIVILEGE HAVE NO PLACE4 ,! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,/ATE CANNOT BE A LANGUID AFFAIR2 IT MU/ BE ! TASK ( ! ,REVOLUTION TO F9I% ) ! ,/ATE4 ,EI!R ! ,REVOLUTION GIVES SOCIAL WEAL? TO ! PRODUC]S 9 :I* CASE ! PRODUC]S ORGANIZE !MSELVES = DUE COLLECTIVE DI/RIBUTION & ! ,/ATE HAS NO?+ TO DO2 OR ! ,REVOLUTION DOES NOT GIVE SOCIAL WEAL? TO ! PRODUC]S1 9 :I* CASE ! ,REVOLUTION HAS BE5 A LIE & ! ,/ATE W\LD CONT9UE4 

,\R F$]AL C\NCIL ( ECONOMY IS NOT A POLITICAL P[] BUT AN ECONOMIC & ADM9I/RATIVE REGULAT+ P[]4 ,IT RECEIVES ITS ORI5TATION FROM BEL[ & OP]ATES 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! REGIONAL & NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,IT IS A LIAISON CORPS & NO?+ ELSE4.<#d.> 

,5GELS1 9 A LETT] ( #a#h#h#c1 EXPRESS$ HIS DISAGREEM5T ) ?IS CONCEPTION AS FOLL[S3 

,! AN>*I/S PUT ! ?+ UPSIDE D[N4 ,!Y DECL>E ?AT ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION MU/ BEG9 BY DO+ AWAY ) ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! /ATE4444,BUT TO DE/ROY IT AT SU* A MOM5T W\LD BE TO DE/ROY ! ONLY ORGANISM BY MEANS ( :I* ! VICTORI\S PROLET>IAT CAN ASS]T ITS NEWLY-CONQU]$ P[]1 HOLD D[N ITS CAPITALI/ ADV]S>IES1 & C>RY \T ?AT ECONOMIC REVOLUTION ( SOCIETY )\T :I* ! :OLE VICTORY MU/ 5D 9 A NEW DEFEAT & A MASS SLAU<T] ( ! WORK]S SIMIL> TO ?OSE AFT] ! ,P>IS COMMUNE4.<#e.> 

,9 CONTRA/1 ! AN>*I/S---MO/ ELOQU5TLY ,BAKUN9---W>N$ ( ! DANG]S ( ! 0R$ BUREAUCRACY10 :I* W\LD PROVE TO BE 0! MO/ VILE & T]RIBLE LIE ?AT \R C5TURY HAS CREAT$40.<#f.> ,! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,F]N& ,PELL\TI] ASK$3 0,MU/ EV5 ! TRANSITORY /ATE TO :I* WE HAVE TO SUBMIT NECESS>ILY & FATALLY BE A COLLECTIVI/ JAIL8 ,CAN'T IT CONSI/ 9 A FREE ORGANIZATION LIMIT$ EXCLUSIVELY BY ! NE$S ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 ALL POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS HAV+ DISAPPE>$80.<#g.> 

,I DO NOT PRET5D TO KN[ ! ANSW]S TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,BUT IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT UNLESS !RE IS1 9 SOME =M1 A POSITIVE ANSW]1 ! *ANCES = A TRULY DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION ?AT WILL A*IEVE ! HUMANI/IC IDEALS ( ! LEFT >E NOT GREAT4 ,M>T9 ,BUB] PUT ! PROBLEM SUCC9CTLY :5 HE WROTE3 0,ONE CANNOT 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S EXPECT A LITTLE TREE ?AT HAS BE5 TURN$ 9TO A CLUB TO PUT =? LEAVES40.<#h.> ,! QUE/ION ( CONQUE/ OR DE/RUCTION ( /ATE P[] IS :AT ,BAKUN9 REG>D$ AS ! PRIM>Y ISSUE DIVID+ HIM FROM ,M>X4.<#i.> ,9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 ! PROBLEM HAS >IS5 REPEAT$LY 9 ! C5TURY S9CE1 DIVID+ 0LIB]T>IAN0 FROM 0AU?ORIT>IAN0 SOCIALI/S4 

,DESPITE ,BAKUN9'S W>N+S AB\T ! R$ BUREAUCRACY1 & !IR FULFILLM5T UND] ,/AL9'S DICTATOR%IP1 IT W\LD OBVI\SLY BE A GROSS ]ROR 9 9T]PRET+ ! DEBATES ( A C5TURY AGO TO RELY ON ! CLAIMS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL MOVEM5TS AS TO !IR HI/ORICAL ORIG9S4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 IT IS P]V]SE TO REG>D ,BOL%EVISM AS 0,M>XISM 9 PRACTICE40 ,RA!R1 ! LEFT-W+ CRITIQUE ( ,BOL%EVISM1 TAK+ ACC\NT ( ! HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES SURR\ND+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 IS F> MORE TO ! PO9T4.<#a.> 

,! ANTI-,BOL%EVIK1 LEFT-W+ LABOR MOVEM5T OPPOS$ ! ,L59I/S BECAUSE !Y DID NOT GO F> 5\< 9 EXPLOIT+ ! ,RUSSIAN UPHEAVALS = /RICTLY PROLET>IAN 5DS4 ,!Y BECAME PRISON]S ( !IR 5VIRONM5T & US$ ! 9T]NATIONAL RADICAL MOVEM5T TO SATISFY SPECIFICALLY ,RUSSIAN NE$S1 :I* SOON BECAME SYNONYM\S ) ! NE$S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY-,/ATE4 ,! 0B\RGEOIS0 ASPECTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION W]E N[ DISCOV]$ 9 ,BOL%EVISM ITSELF3 ,L59ISM WAS ADJUDG$ A P>T ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY1 DIFF]+ FROM ! LATT] ONLY ON TACTICAL ISSUES4.<#a#a.> 

,IF ONE W]E TO SEEK A S+LE LEAD+ IDEA )9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 IT %\LD1 ,I BELIEVE1 BE ?AT EXPRESS$ BY ,BAKUN9 :51 9 WRIT+ ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 HE ID5TIFI$ HIMSELF AS FOLL[S3 

,I AM A FANATIC LOV] ( LIB]TY1 CONSID]+ IT AS ! UNIQUE CONDITION UND] :I* 9TELLIG5CE1 DIGNITY & HUMAN HAPP9ESS CAN DEVELOP & GR[2 NOT ! PURELY =MAL LIB]TY CONC$$1 MEASUR$ \T & REGULAT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 AN ET]NAL LIE :I* 9 REALITY REPRES5TS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! PRIVILEGE ( SOME F\ND$ ON ! SLAV]Y ( ! RE/2 NOT ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 EGOI/IC1 %ABBY1 & FICTITI\S LIB]TY EXTOLL$ BY ! ,S*OOL ( ,J4-,J4 ,R\SSEAU & O!R S*OOLS ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM1 :I* CONSID]S ! W\LD-BE RI<TS ( ALL M51 REPRES5T$ BY ! ,/ATE :I* LIMITS ! RI<TS ( EA*---AN IDEA ?AT LEADS 9EVITABLY TO ! R$UCTION ( ! RI<TS ( EA* TO Z]O4 ,NO1 ,I MEAN ! ONLY K9D ( LIB]TY ?AT IS WOR?Y ( ! NAME1 LIB]TY ?AT CONSI/S 9 ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ! MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL P[]S ?AT >E LAT5T 9 EA* P]SON2 LIB]TY ?AT RECOGNIZES NO RE/RICTIONS O!R ?AN ?OSE DET]M9$ BY ! LAWS ( \R [N 9DIVIDUAL NATURE1 :I* CANNOT PROP]LY BE REG>D$ AS RE/RICTIONS S9CE !SE LAWS >E NOT IMPOS$ BY ANY \TSIDE LEGISLATOR BESIDE OR ABOVE US1 BUT >E IMMAN5T & 9H]5T1 =M+ ! V]Y BASIS ( \R MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL BE+---!Y DO NOT LIMIT US BUT >E ! REAL & IMM$IATE CONDITIONS ( \R FRE$OM4.<#a#b.> 

,!SE IDEAS GREW \T ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T2 !IR ROOTS >E 9 ,R\SSEAU'S ,DISC\RSE ON ,9EQUALITY1 ,HUMBOLDT'S ,LIMITS ( ,/ATE ,ACTION1 ,KANT'S 9SI/5CE1 9 HIS DEF5SE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ?AT FRE$OM IS ! PRECONDITION = ACQUIR+ ! MATURITY = FRE$OM1 NOT A GIFT TO BE GRANT$ :5 SU* MATURITY IS A*IEV$4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 A NEW & UNANTICIPAT$ SY/EM ( 9JU/ICE1 IT IS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ?AT HAS PRES]V$ & EXT5D$ ! RADICAL HUMANI/ MESSAGE ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ! CLASSICAL LIB]AL IDEALS ?AT W]E P]V]T$ 9TO AN IDEOLOGY TO SU/A9 ! EM]G+ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,9 FACT1 ON ! V]Y SAME ASSUMPTIONS ?AT L$ CLASSICAL LIB]ALISM TO OPPOSE ! 9T]V5TION ( ! /ATE 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS >E ALSO 9TOL]ABLE4 ,?IS IS CLE>1 = EXAMPLE1 FROM ! CLASSIC WORK ( ,HUMBOLDT1 ,! ,LIMITS ( ,/ATE ,ACTION1 :I* ANTICIPAT$ & P]HAPS 9SPIR$ ,MILL4 ,?IS CLASSIC ( LIB]AL ?\<T1 COMPLET$ 9 #a#g#i#b1 IS 9 ITS ESS5CE PR(\NDLY1 ?\< PREMATURELY1 ANTICAPITALI/4 ,ITS IDEAS MU/ BE ATT5UAT$ BEYOND RECOGNITION TO BE TRANSMUT$ 9TO AN IDEOLOGY ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 

,HUMBOLDT'S VISION ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* SOCIAL FETT]S >E REPLAC$ BY SOCIAL BONDS & LABOR IS FREELY UND]TAK5 SUGGE/S ! E>LY ,M>X41 ) HIS DISCUSSION ( ! 0ALI5ATION ( LABOR :5 WORK IS EXT]NAL TO ! WORK]444NOT P>T ( HIS NATURE444.<SO ?AT.> HE DOES NOT FULFILL HIMSELF 9 HIS WORK BUT D5IES HIMSELF444.<& IS.> PHYSICALLY EXHAU/$ & M5TALLY DEBAS$10 ALI5AT$ LABOR ?AT 0CA/S SOME ( ! WORK]S BACK 9TO A B>B>\S K9D ( WORK & TURNS O!RS 9TO MA*9ES10 ?US DEPRIV+ MAN ( HIS 0SPECIES *>ACT]0 ( 0FREE CONSCI\S ACTIVITY0 & 0PRODUCTIVE LIFE40 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,M>X CONCEIVES ( 0A NEW TYPE ( HUMAN BE+ :O NE$S HIS FELL[ M54444.<,! WORK]S' ASSOCIATION BECOMES.> ! REAL CON/RUCTIVE EF=T TO CREATE ! SOCIAL TEXTURE ( FUTURE HUMAN RELATIONS40.<#a#c.> ,IT IS TRUE ?AT CLASSICAL LIB]T>IAN ?\<T IS OPPOS$ TO /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( DEEP] ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! HUMAN NE$ = LIB]TY1 DIV]SITY1 & FREE ASSOCIATION4 ,ON ! SAME ASSUMPTIONS1 CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 WAGE LABOR1 COMPETITIV5ESS1 ! IDEOLOGY ( 0POSSESSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM0---ALL MU/ BE REG>D$ AS FUNDAM5TALLY ANTIHUMAN4 ,LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM IS PROP]LY TO BE REG>D$ AS ! 9H]ITOR ( ! LIB]AL IDEALS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 

,RUDOLF ,ROCK] DESCRIBES MOD]N AN>*ISM AS 0! CONFLU5CE ( ! TWO GREAT CURR5TS :I* DUR+ & S9CE ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION HAVE F\ND SU* *>ACT]I/IC EXPRESSION 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL LIFE ( ,EUROPE3 ,SOCIALISM & ,LIB]ALISM40 ,! CLASSICAL LIB]AL IDEALS1 HE >GUES1 W]E WRECK$ ON ! REALITIES ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC =MS4 ,AN>*ISM IS NECESS>ILY ANTICAPITALI/ 9 ?AT IT 0OPPOSES ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN40 ,BUT AN>*ISM ALSO OPPOSES 0! DOM9ION ( MAN OV] MAN40 ,IT 9SI/S ?AT 0SOCIALISM WILL BE FREE OR IT WILL NOT BE AT ALL4 ,9 ITS RECOGNITION ( ?IS LIES ! G5U9E & PR(\ND JU/IFICATION = ! EXI/5CE ( AN>*ISM40.<#a#d.> ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 AN>*ISM MAY BE REG>D$ AS ! LIB]T>IAN W+ ( SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS SPIRIT ?AT ,DANIEL ,GU]9 HAS APPROA*$ ! /UDY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,AN>*ISM & O!R WORKS4.<#a#e.> ,GU]9 QUOTES ,ADOLPH ,FIS*]1 :O SAID ?AT 0EV]Y AN>*I/ IS A SOCIALI/ BUT NOT EV]Y SOCIALI/ IS NECESS>ILY AN AN>*I/40 ,SIMIL>LY ,BAKUN91 9 HIS 0AN>*I/ MANIFE/O0 ( #a#h#f#e1 ! PROGRAM ( HIS PROJECT$ 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y FRAT]NITY1 LAID D[N ! PR9CIPLE ?AT EA* MEMB] MU/ BE1 TO BEG9 )1 A SOCIALI/4 

,A CONSI/5T AN>*I/ MU/ OPPOSE PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! WAGE SLAV]Y :I* IS A COMPON5T ( ?IS SY/EM1 AS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! PR9CIPLE ?AT LABOR MU/ BE FREELY UND]TAK5 & UND] ! CONTROL ( ! PRODUC]4 ,AS ,M>X PUT IT1 SOCIALI/S LOOK =W>D TO A SOCIETY 9 :I* LABOR WILL 0BECOME NOT ONLY A MEANS ( LIFE1 BUT ALSO ! HI<E/ WANT 9 LIFE10.<#a#f.> AN IMPOSSIBILITY :5 ! WORK] IS DRIV5 BY EXT]NAL AU?ORITY OR NE$ RA!R ?AN 9N] IMPULSE3 0NO =M ( WAGE-LABOR1 EV5 ?\< ONE MAY BE LESS OBNOXI\S ?AT ANO!R1 CAN DO AWAY ) ! MIS]Y ( WAGE-LABOR ITSELF40.<#a#g.> ,A CONSI/5T AN>*I/ MU/ OPPOSE NOT ONLY ALI5AT$ LABOR BUT ALSO ! /UPEFY+ SPECIALIZATION ( LABOR ?AT TAKES PLACE :5 ! MEANS = DEVELOP+ PRODUCTION 

MUTILATE ! WORK] 9TO A FRAGM5T ( A HUMAN BE+1 DEGRADE HIM TO BECOME A M]E APPURT5ANCE ( ! MA*9E1 MAKE HIS WORK SU* A TORM5T ?AT ITS ESS5TIAL MEAN+ IS DE/ROY$2 E/RANGE FROM HIM ! 9TELLECTUAL POT5TIALITIES ( ! LABOR PROCESS 9 V]Y PROPORTION TO ! EXT5T TO :I* SCI5CE IS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO IT AS AN 9DEP5D5T P[]444.<#a#h.> 

,M>X SAW ?IS NOT AS AN 9EVITABLE CONCOMITANT ( 9DU/RIALIZATION1 BUT RA!R AS A FEATURE ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE MU/ BE CONC]N$ TO 0REPLACE ! DETAIL-WORK] ( TODAY444R$UC$ TO A M]E FRAGM5T ( A MAN1 BY ! FULLY DEVELOP$ 9DIVIDUAL1 FIT = A V>IETY ( LABORS444TO :OM ! DIFF]5T SOCIAL FUNCTIONS444>E BUT SO MANY MODES ( GIV+ FREE SCOPE TO HIS [N NATURAL P[]S40.<#a#i.> ,! PR]EQUISITE IS ! ABOLITION ( CAPITAL & WAGE LABOR AS SOCIAL CATEGORIES 7NOT TO SPEAK ( ! 9DU/RIAL >MIES ( ! 0LABOR /ATE0 OR ! V>I\S MOD]N =MS ( TOTALIT>IANISM S9CE CAPITALISM74 ,! R$UCTION ( MAN TO AN APPURT5ANCE ( ! MA*9E1 A SPECIALIZ$ TOOL ( PRODUCTION1 MI<T 9 PR9CIPLE BE OV]COME1 RA!R ?AN 5HANC$1 ) ! PROP] DEVELOPM5T & USE ( TE*NOLOGY1 BUT NOT UND] ! CONDITIONS ( AUTOCRATIC CONTROL ( PRODUCTION BY ?OSE :O MAKE MAN AN 9/RUM5T TO S]VE !IR 5DS1 OV]LOOK+ HIS 9DIVIDUAL PURPOSES1 9 ,HUMBOLDT'S PHRASE4 

,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S S\<T1 EV5 UND] CAPITALISM1 TO CREATE 0FREE ASSOCIATIONS ( FREE PRODUC]S0 ?AT W\LD 5GAGE 9 MILITANT /RUGGLE & PREP>E TO TAKE OV] ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION ON A DEMOCRATIC BASIS4 ,!SE ASSOCIATIONS W\LD S]VE AS 0A PRACTICAL S*OOL ( AN>*ISM40.<#b.> ,IF PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS1 9 ,PR\DHON'S (T5 QUOT$ PHRASE1 M]ELY A =M ( 0!FT0---0! EXPLOITATION ( ! WEAK BY ! /RONG0.<#b#a.>---CONTROL ( PRODUCTION BY A /ATE BUREAUCRACY1 NO MATT] H[ B5EVOL5T ITS 9T5TIONS1 ALSO DOES NOT CREATE ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* LABOR1 MANUAL & 9TELLECTUAL1 CAN BECOME ! HI<E/ WANT 9 LIFE4 ,BO?1 !N1 MU/ BE OV]COME4 

,9 HIS ATTACK ON ! RI<T ( PRIVATE OR BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION11 ! AN>*I/ TAKES HIS /& ) ?OSE :O /RUGGLE TO BR+ AB\T 0! ?IRD & LA/ EMANCIPATORY PHASE ( HI/ORY10 ! FIR/ HAV+ MADE S]FS \T ( SLAVES1 ! SECOND HAV+ MADE WAGE E>N]S \T ( S]FS1 & ! ?IRD :I* ABOLI%ES ! PROLET>IAT 9 A F9AL ACT ( LIB]ATION ?AT PLACES CONTROL OV] ! ECONOMY 9 ! H&S ( FREE & VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUC]S 7,F\RI]1 #a#h#d#h74.<#b#b.> ,! IMM95T DANG] TO 0CIVILIZATION0 WAS NOT$ BY DE ,TOCQUEVILLE1 ALSO 9 #a#h#d#h3 

,AS LONG AS ! RI<T ( PROP]TY WAS ! ORIG9 & GR\NDWORK ( MANY O!R RI<TS1 IT WAS EASILY DEF5D$---OR RA!R IT WAS NOT ATTACK$2 IT WAS !N ! CITADEL ( SOCIETY :ILE ALL ! O!R RI<TS W]E ITS \TWORKS2 IT DID NOT BE> ! BRUNT ( ATTACK &1 9DE$1 !RE WAS NO S]I\S ATTEMPT TO ASSAIL IT4 BUT TODAY1 :5 ! RI<T ( PROP]TY IS REG>D$ AS ! LA/ UNDE/ROY$ REMNANT ( ! >I/OCRATIC WORLD1 :5 IT ALONE IS LEFT /&+1 ! SOLE PRIVILEGE 9 AN EQUALIZ$ SOCIETY1 IT IS A DIFF]5T MATT]4 ,CONSID] :AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ! HE>TS ( ! WORK+-CLASSES1 AL?\< ,I ADMIT !Y >E QUIET AS YET4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !Y >E LESS 9FLAM$ ?AN =M]LY BY POLITICAL PASSIONS PROP]LY SPEAK+2 BUT DO Y\ NOT SEE ?AT !IR PASSIONS1 F> FROM BE+ POLITICAL1 HAVE BECOME SOCIAL8 ,DO Y\ NOT SEE ?AT1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 IDEAS & OP9IONS >E SPREAD+ AMONG !M :I* AIM NOT M]ELY AT REMOV+ SU* & SU* LAWS1 SU* A M9I/RY OR SU* A GOV]NM5T1 BUT AT BREAK+ UP ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( SOCIETY ITSELF8.<#b#c.> 

,! WORK]S ( ,P>IS1 9 #a#h#g#a1 BROKE ! SIL5CE1 & PROCE$$ 

TO ABOLI% PROP]TY1 ! BASIS ( ALL CIVILIZATION6 ,YES1 G5TLEM51 ! ,COMMUNE 9T5D$ TO ABOLI% ?AT CLASS PROP]TY :I* MAKES ! LABOR ( ! MANY ! WEAL? ( ! FEW4 ,IT AIM$ AT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! EXPROPRIATORS4 ,IT WANT$ TO MAKE 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY A TRU? BY TRANS=M+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 L& & CAPITAL1 N[ *IEFLY ! MEANS ( 5SLAV+ & EXPLOIT+ LABOR1 9TO M]E 9/RUM5TS ( FREE & ASSOCIAT$ LABOR4.<#b#d.> 

,! ,COMMUNE1 ( C\RSE1 WAS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD4 ,! NATURE ( ! 0CIVILIZATION0 ?AT ! WORK]S ( ,P>IS S\<T TO OV]COME 9 !IR ATTACK ON 0! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( SOCIETY ITSELF0 WAS REVEAL$1 ONCE AGA91 :5 ! TROOPS ( ! ,V]SAILLES GOV]NM5T RECONQU]$ ,P>IS FROM ITS POPULATION4 ,AS ,M>X WROTE1 BITT]LY BUT ACCURATELY3 

,! CIVILIZATION & JU/ICE ( B\RGEOIS ORD] COMES \T 9 ITS LURID LI<T :5EV] ! SLAVES & DRUDGES ( ?AT ORD] RISE AGA9/ !IR MA/]S4 ,!N ?IS CIVILIZATION & JU/ICE /& =? AS UNDISGUIS$ SAVAG]Y & LAWLESS REV5GE444! 9F]NAL DE$S ( ! SOLDI]Y REFLECT ! 9NATE SPIRIT ( ?AT CIVILIZATION ( :I* !Y >E ! M]C5>Y V9DICATORS4444,! B\RGEOISIE ( ! :OLE WORLD1 :I* LOOKS COMPLAC5TLY UPON ! :OLESALE MASSACRE AFT] ! BATTLE1 IS CONVULS$ BY HORROR AT ! DE/RUCTION ( BRICK & MORT>4 .<,IBID41 PP4 #g#d1 #g#g.> 

,DESPITE ! VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ,BAKUN9 WROTE ?AT ,P>IS OP5S A NEW ]A1 0?AT ( ! DEF9ITIVE & COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! POPUL> MASSES & !IR FUTURE TRUE SOLID>ITY1 ACROSS & DESPITE /ATE B\ND>IES444! NEXT REVOLUTION ( MAN1 9T]NATIONAL 9 SOLID>ITY1 WILL BE ! RESURRECTION ( ,P>IS0---A REVOLUTION ?AT ! WORLD /ILL AWAITS4 

,! CONSI/5T AN>*I/1 !N1 %\LD BE A SOCIALI/1 BUT A SOCIALI/ ( A P>TICUL> SORT4 ,HE WILL NOT ONLY OPPOSE ALI5AT$ & SPECIALIZ$ LABOR & LOOK =W>D TO ! APPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL BY ! :OLE BODY ( WORK]S1 BUT HE WILL ALSO 9SI/ ?AT ?IS APPROPRIATION BE DIRECT1 NOT EX]CIS$ BY SOME ELITE =CE ACT+ 9 ! NAME ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,HE WILL1 9 %ORT1 OPPOSE 

! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION BY ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,IT MEANS ,/ATE-SOCIALISM1 ! COMM& ( ! ,/ATE (FICIALS OV] PRODUCTION & ! COMM& ( MANAG]S1 SCI5TI/S1 %OP-(FICIALS 9 ! %OP4444,! GOAL ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS LIB]ATION FROM EXPLOITATION4 ,?IS GOAL IS NOT REA*$ & CANNOT BE REA*$ BY A NEW DIRECT+ & GOV]N+ CLASS SUB/ITUT+ ITSELF = ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT IS ONLY REALIZ$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES BE+ MA/] OV] PRODUCTION4 

,!SE REM>KS >E TAK5 FROM 0,FIVE ,!SES ON ! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE0 BY ! LEFT-W+ ,M>XI/ ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 ONE ( ! \T/&+ LEFT !ORI/S ( ! C\NCIL COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,& 9 FACT1 RADICAL ,M>XISM M]GES ) AN>*I/ CURR5TS4 

,AS A FUR!R ILLU/RATION1 CONSID] ! FOLL[+ *>ACT]IZATION ( 0REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM03 

,! REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ D5IES ?AT ,/ATE [N]%IP CAN 5D 9 ANY?+ O!R ?AN A BUREAUCRATIC DESPOTISM4 ,WE HAVE SE5 :Y ! ,/ATE CANNOT DEMOCRATICALLY CONTROL 9DU/RY4 ,9DU/RY CAN ONLY BE DEMOCRATICALLY [N$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! WORK]S ELECT+ DIRECTLY FROM !IR [N RANKS 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEES4 ,SOCIALISM WILL BE FUNDAM5TALLY AN 9DU/RIAL SY/EM2 ITS CON/ITU5CIES WILL BE ( AN 9DU/RIAL *>ACT]4 ,?US ?OSE C>RY+ ON ! SOCIAL ACTIVITIES & 9DU/RIES ( SOCIETY WILL BE DIRECTLY REPRES5T$ 9 ! LOCAL & C5TRAL C\NCILS ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! P[]S ( SU* DELEGATES WILL FL[ UPW>DS FROM ?OSE C>RY+ ON ! WORK & CONV]SANT ) ! NE$S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,:5 ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATIVE 9DU/RIAL COMMITTEE MEETS IT WILL REPRES5T EV]Y PHASE ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,H5CE ! CAPITALI/ POLITICAL OR GEOGRAPHICAL /ATE WILL BE REPLAC$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,! TRANSITION FROM ! ONE SOCIAL SY/EM TO ! O!R WILL BE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! POLITICAL ,/ATE ?R\<\T HI/ORY HAS MEANT ! GOV]NM5T ( M5 BY RUL+ CLASSES2 ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,SOCIALISM WILL BE ! GOV]NM5T ( 9DU/RY ADM9I/]$ ON BEHALF ( ! :OLE COMMUNITY4 ,! =M] MEANT ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SUBJECTION ( ! MANY2 ! LATT] WILL MEAN ! ECONOMIC FRE$OM ( ALL---IT WILL BE1 !RE=E1 A TRUE DEMOCRACY4 

,?IS PROGRAMMATIC /ATEM5T APPE>S 9 ,WILLIAM ,PAUL'S ,! ,/ATE1 ITS ,ORIG9S & ,FUNCTIONS1 WRITT5 9 E>LY #a#i#a#g---%ORTLY BE=E ,L59'S ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 P]HAPS HIS MO/ LIB]T>IAN WORK 7SEE NOTE #i74 ,PAUL WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,M>XI/-,DE ,LEONI/ ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY & LAT] ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4.<#b#e.> ,HIS CRITIQUE ( /ATE SOCIALISM RESEMBLES ! LIB]T>IAN DOCTR9E ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ITS PR9CIPLE ?AT S9CE /ATE [N]%IP & MANAGEM5T WILL LEAD TO BUREAUCRATIC DESPOTISM1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ REPLACE IT BY ! 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ) DIRECT WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,MANY SIMIL> /ATEM5TS CAN BE CIT$4 

,:AT IS F> MORE IMPORTANT IS ?AT !SE IDEAS HAVE BE5 REALIZ$ 9 SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I & 9 ,SPA9 7NOT ONLY 9 ! AGRICULTURAL C\NTRYSIDE1 BUT ALSO 9 9DU/RIAL ,B>CELONA7 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,ONE MI<T >GUE ?AT SOME =M ( C\NCIL COMMUNISM IS ! NATURAL =M ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM 9 AN 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,IT REFLECTS ! 9TUITIVE UND]/&+ ?AT DEMOCRACY IS SEV]ELY LIMIT$ :5 ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM IS CONTROLL$ BY ANY =M ( AUTOCRATIC ELITE1 :E!R ( [N]S1 MANAG]S & TE*NOCRATS1 A 0VANGU>D0 P>TY1 OR A /ATE BUREAUCRACY4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS ( AU?ORIT>IAN DOM9ATION ! CLASSICAL LIB]T>IAN IDEALS DEVELOP$ FUR!R BY ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 & ALL TRUE REVOLUTION>IES CANNOT BE REALIZ$2 MAN WILL NOT BE FREE TO DEVELOP HIS [N POT5TIALITIES TO !IR FULLE/1 & ! PRODUC] WILL REMA9 0A FRAGM5T ( A HUMAN BE+10 DEGRAD$1 A TOOL 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS DIRECT$ FROM ABOVE4 

,! PHRASE 0SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION>Y ACTION0 CAN BE MISLEAD+4 ,! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 AT LEA/1 TOOK V]Y S]I\SLY ,BAKUN9'S REM>K ?AT ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS MU/ CREATE 0NOT ONLY ! IDEAS BUT ALSO ! FACTS ( ! FUTURE ITSELF0 9 ! PR]EVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 9 P>TICUL>1 W]E BAS$ ON ! PATI5T WORK ( MANY YE>S ( ORGANIZATION & $UCATION1 ONE COMPON5T ( A LONG TRADITION ( COMMITM5T & MILITANCY4 ,! RESOLUTIONS ( ! ,MADRID ,CONGRESS ( ,JUNE #aica & ! ,S>AGOSSA ,CONGRESS 9 ,MAY #aicf =E%AD[$ 9 MANY WAYS ! ACTS ( ! REVOLUTION1 AS DID ! SOME:AT DIFF]5T IDEAS SKET*$ BY ,SANTILLAN 7SEE NOTE #d7 9 HIS FAIRLY SPECIFIC ACC\NT ( ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION TO BE 9/ITUT$ BY ! REVOLUTION4 ,GU]9 WRITES 0,! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION WAS RELATIVELY MATURE 9 ! M9DS ( LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S1 AS 9 ! POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS40 ,& WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS EXI/$ ) ! /RUCTURE1 ! EXP]I5CE1 & ! UND]/&+ TO UND]TAKE ! TASK ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION :51 ) ! ,FRANCO C\P1 ! TURMOIL ( E>LY #aicf EXPLOD$ 9TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO A COLLECTION ( DOCUM5TS ON COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA91 ! AN>*I/ ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y WRITES3 

,= MANY YE>S1 ! AN>*I/S & ! SYNDICALI/S ( ,SPA9 CONSID]$ !IR SUPREME TASK TO BE ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( ! SOCIETY4 ,9 !IR ASSEMBLIES ( ,SYNDICATES & GR\PS1 9 !IR J\RNALS1 !IR BRO*URES & BOOKS1 ! PROBLEM ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS DISCUSS$ 9CESSANTLY & 9 A SY/EMATIC FA%ION4.<#b#f.> 

,ALL ( ?IS LIES BEH9D ! SPONTANE\S A*IEVEM5TS1 ! CON/RUCTIVE WORK ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 

,! IDEAS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 9 ! S5SE DESCRIB$1 HAVE BE5 SUBM]G$ 9 ! 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES ( ! PA/ HALF-C5TURY4 ,! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGIES HAVE BE5 ?OSE ( /ATE SOCIALISM OR /ATE CAPITALISM 7( 9CREAS+LY MILIT>IZ$ *>ACT] 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 = REASONS ?AT >E NOT OBSCURE74.<#b#g.> ,BUT !RE HAS BE5 A REK9DL+ ( 9T]E/ 9 ! PA/ FEW YE>S4 ,! !SES ,I QUOT$ BY ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK W]E TAK5 FROM A REC5T PAMPHLET ( A RADICAL ,FR5* WORK]S' GR\P 7,9=MATIONS ,CORRESPONDANCE ,\VRI,A8RE74 ,! REM>KS BY ,WILLIAM ,PAUL ON REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM >E CIT$ 9 A PAP] BY ,WALT] ,K5DALL GIV5 AT ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ON ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 9 ,%EFFIELD1 ,5GL&1 9 ,M>* #a#i#f#i4 ,! WORK]S' CONTROL MOVEM5T HAS BECOME A SIGNIFICANT =CE 9 ,5GL& 9 ! PA/ FEW YE>S4 ,IT HAS ORGANIZ$ SEV]AL CONF]5CES & HAS PRODUC$ A SUB/ANTIAL PAMPHLET LIT]ATURE1 & C\NTS AMONG ITS ACTIVE ADH]5TS REPRES5TATIVES ( SOME ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT TRADE UNIONS4 ,! ,AMALGAMAT$ ,5G9E]+ & ,F\NDRY ,WORK]S' ,UNION1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS ADOPT$1 AS (FICIAL POLICY1 ! PROGRAM ( NATIONALIZATION ( BASIC 9DU/RIES UND] 0WORK]S' CONTROL AT ALL LEVELS40.<#b#h.> ,ON ! ,CONT95T1 !RE >E SIMIL> DEVELOPM5TS4 ,MAY #aifh ( C\RSE ACCEL]AT$ ! GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 C\NCIL COMMUNISM & RELAT$ IDEAS 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 AS IT DID 9 ,5GL&4 

,GIV5 ! HI<LY CONS]VATIVE CA/ ( \R HI<LY IDEOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 IT IS NOT TOO SURPRIS+ ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS BE5 RELATIVELY UNT\*$ BY !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,BUT ?AT TOO MAY *ANGE4 ,! ]OSION ( COLD-W> MY?OLOGY AT LEA/ MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO RAISE !SE QUE/IONS 9 FAIRLY BROAD CIRCLES4 ,IF ! PRES5T WAVE ( REPRESSION CAN BE BEAT5 BACK1 IF ! LEFT CAN OV]COME ITS MORE SUICIDAL T5D5CIES & BUILD UPON :AT HAS BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! PA/ DECADE1 !N ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO ORGANIZE 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY ON TRULY DEMOCRATIC L9ES1 ) DEMOCRATIC CONTROL 9 ! WORKPLACE & 9 ! COMMUNITY1 %\LD BECOME A DOM9ANT 9TELLECTUAL ISSUE = ?OSE :O >E ALIVE TO ! PROBLEMS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 &1 AS A MASS MOVEM5T = LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM DEVELOPS1 SPECULATION %\LD PROCE$ TO ACTION4 

,9 HIS MANIFE/O ( #a#h#f#e1 ,BAKUN9 PR$ICT$ ?AT ONE ELEM5T 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WILL BE 0?AT 9TELLIG5T & TRULY NOBLE P>T ( Y\? :I*1 ?\< BELONG+ BY BIR? TO ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 9 ITS G5]\S CONVICTIONS & >D5T ASPIRATIONS1 ADOPTS ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE40 ,P]HAPS 9 ! RISE ( ! /UD5T MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#fS ONE SEES /EPS T[>DS A FULFILLM5T ( ?IS PROPHECY4 

,DANIEL ,GU]9 HAS UND]TAK5 :AT HE HAS DESCRIB$ AS A 0PROCESS ( REHABILITATION0 ( AN>*ISM4 ,HE >GUES1 CONV9C+LY ,I BELIEVE1 ?AT 0! CON/RUCTIVE IDEAS ( AN>*ISM RETA9 !IR VITALITY1 ?AT !Y MAY1 :5 REEXAM9$ & SIFT$1 ASSI/ CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALI/ ?\<T TO UND]TAKE A NEW DEP>TURE444.<&.> CONTRIBUTE TO 5RI*+ ,M>XISM40.<#b#i.> 

,FROM ! 0BROAD BACK0 ( AN>*ISM HE HAS SELECT$ = MORE 9T5SIVE SCRUT9Y ?OSE IDEAS & ACTIONS ?AT CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/4 ,?IS IS NATURAL & PROP]4 ,?IS FRAMEWORK ACCOMMODATES ! MAJOR AN>*I/ SPOKESM5 AS WELL AS ! MASS ACTIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 ANIMAT$ BY AN>*I/ S5TIM5TS & IDEALS4 ,GU]9 IS CONC]N$ NOT ONLY ) AN>*I/ ?\<T BUT ALSO ) ! SPONTANE\S ACTIONS ( POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,HE IS CONC]N$ ) SOCIAL AS WELL AS 9TELLECTUAL CREATIVITY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HE ATTEMPTS TO DRAW FROM ! CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! PA/ LESSONS ?AT WILL 5RI* ! !ORY ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,= ?OSE :O WI% NOT ONLY TO UND]/& ! WORLD1 BUT ALSO TO *ANGE IT1 ?IS IS ! PROP] WAY TO /UDY ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM4 

,GU]9 DESCRIBES ! AN>*ISM ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY AS ESS5TIALLY DOCTR9AL1 :ILE ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 = ! AN>*I/S1 HAS BE5 A TIME ( 0REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE40.<#c.> ,AN>*ISM REFLECTS ?AT JUDGM5T4 ,HIS 9T]PRETATION ( AN>*ISM CONSCI\SLY PO9TS T[>D ! FUTURE4 ,>?UR ,ROS5B]G ONCE PO9T$ \T ?AT POPUL> REVOLUTIONS *>ACT]I/ICALLY SEEK TO REPLACE 0A FEUDAL OR C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY RUL+ BY =CE0 ) SOME =M ( COMMUNAL SY/EM :I* 0IMPLIES ! DE/RUCTION & DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! OLD =M ( ,/ATE40 ,SU* A SY/EM WILL BE EI!R SOCIALI/ OR AN 0EXTREME =M ( DEMOCRACY444.<:I* IS.> ! PRELIM9>Y CONDITION = ,SOCIALISM 9ASMU* AS ,SOCIALISM CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ 9 A WORLD 5JOY+ ! HI<E/ POSSIBLE MEASURE ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM40 ,?IS IDEAL1 HE NOTES1 WAS COMMON TO ,M>X & ! AN>*I/S4.<#c#a.> ,?IS NATURAL /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION RUNS C\NT] TO ! PREVAIL+ T5D5CY T[>DS C5TRALIZATION 9 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE4 

,A C5TURY AGO ,M>X WROTE ?AT ! WORK]S ( ,P>IS 0FELT !RE WAS BUT ONE ALT]NATIVE---! ,COMMUNE1 OR ! EMPIRE---UND] :ATEV] NAME IT MI<T REAPPE>40 

,! EMPIRE HAD RU9$ !M ECONOMICALLY BY ! HAVOC IT MADE ( PUBLIC WEAL?1 BY ! :OLESALE F9ANCIAL SW9DL+ IT FO/]$1 BY ! PROPS IT L5T TO ! >TIFICIALLY ACCEL]AT$ C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL1 & ! CONCOMITANT EXPROPRIATION ( !IR [N RANKS4 ,IT HAD SUPPRESS$ !M POLITICALLY1 IT HAD %OCK$ !M MORALLY BY ITS ORGIES1 IT HAD 9SULT$ !IR ,VOLTAIRIANISM BY H&+ OV] ! $UCATION ( !IR *ILDR5 TO ! FR,A8RES ,IGNORANT9S1 IT HAD REVOLT$ !IR NATIONAL FEEL+ AS ,FR5*M5 BY PRECIPITAT+ !M HEADLONG 9TO A W> :I* LEFT ONLY ONE EQUIVAL5T = ! RU9S IT MADE---! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! EMPIRE4.<#c#b.> 

,! MIS]ABLE ,SECOND ,EMPIRE 0WAS ! ONLY =M ( GOV]NM5T POSSIBLE AT A TIME :5 ! B\RGEOISIE HAD ALREADY LO/1 & ! WORK+ CLASS HAD NOT YET ACQUIR$1 ! FACULTY ( RUL+ ! NATION40 

,IT IS NOT V]Y DIFFICULT TO REPHRASE !SE REM>KS SO ?AT !Y BECOME APPROPRIATE TO ! IMP]IAL SY/EMS ( #a#i#g4 ,! PROBLEM ( 0FREE+ MAN FROM ! CURSE ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & POLITICAL & SOCIAL 5SLAVEM5T0 REMA9S ! PROBLEM ( \R TIME4 ,AS LONG AS ?IS IS SO1 ! DOCTR9ES & ! REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM WILL S]VE AS AN 9SPIRATION & GUIDE4 

"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9,N,O,T,E,S"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9 

,?IS ESSAY IS A REVIS$ V]SION ( ! 9TRODUCTION TO ,DANIEL ,GU]9'S ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE4 ,9 A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T V]SION1 IT APPE>$ 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS1 ,MAY #b#a1 #a#i#g4 

.<#a.> ,OCTAVE ,MIRBEAU1 QUOT$ 9 ,JAMES ,JOLL1 ,! ,AN>*I/S1 PP4 #a#d#e--#f4 

.<#b.> ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 P4 #c#a4 

.<#c.> ,CIT$ BY ,ROCK]1 IBID41 P4 #g#g4 ,?IS QUOTATION & ?AT 9 ! NEXT S5T5CE >E FROM ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 0,! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,ALLIANCE10 9 ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 $4 & TRANS41 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 P4 #b#e#e4 

.<#d.> ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #h#f4 ,9 ! LA/ *APT]1 WRITT5 SEV]AL MON?S AFT] ! REVOLUTION HAD BEGUN1 HE EXPRESSES HIS DISSATISFACTION ) :AT HAD SO F> BE5 A*IEV$ ALONG !SE L9ES4 ,ON ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 SEE MY ,AM]ICAN ,P[] & ! ,NEW ,M&>9S1 *AP4 #a1 & REF]5CES CIT$ !RE2 ! IMPORTANT /UDY BY ,BR\E & ,TEMIME HAS S9CE BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%4 ,SEV]AL O!R IMPORTANT /UDIES HAVE APPE>$ S9CE1 9 P>TICUL>3 ,FRANK ,M9TZ1 ,L',AUTOGE/ION DANS L',ESPAGNE REVOLUTIONAIRE 7,P>IS3 ,$ITIONS ,BELIBA/E1 #a#i#g#a72 ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO1 ,LES ,AN>*I/ES ESPAGNOLS ET LE P\VOIR1 #a#h#f#h--#a#i#f#i 7,P>IS3 ,$ITIONS DU ,SEUIL1 #a#i#f#i72 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ,ESPAGNE LIB]TAIRE1 #a#i#c#f--#a#i#c#i3 ,L',OEUVRE CON/RUCTIVE DE LA ,REVOLUTION ESPAGNOLE 7,P>IS3 ,$ITIONS DU ,C]CLE1 #a#i#g#a74 ,SEE ALSO ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 5L>G$ #aigb $ITION4 

.<#e.> ,CIT$ BY ,ROB]T ,C4 ,TUCK]1 ,! ,M>XIAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,IDEA1 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 

.<#f.> ,BAKUN91 9 A LETT] TO ,H]Z5 & ,OG>EFF1 #a#h#f#f4 ,CIT$ BY ,DANIEL ,GU]91 ,JEUNESSE DU SOCIALISME LIB]TAIRE1 P4 #a#a#i4 

.<#g.> ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]1 CIT$ 9 ,JOLL1 ,AN>*I/S4 ,! S\RCE IS 0,L',AN>*ISME ET LES SYNDICATS \VRI]S10 ,LES ,TEMPS N\VEAUX1 #a#h#i#e4 ,! FULL TEXT APPE>S 9 ,DANIEL ,GU]91 $41 ,NI ,DIEU1 NI ,MA,A-TRE1 AN EXCELL5T HI/ORICAL AN?OLOGY ( AN>*ISM4 

.<#h.> ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 ,PA?S 9 ,UTOPIA1 P4 #a#b#g4 

.<#i.> 0,NO /ATE1 H[EV] DEMOCRATIC10 ,BAKUN9 WROTE1 0NOT EV5 ! R$DE/ REPUBLIC---CAN EV] GIVE ! PEOPLE :AT !Y REALLY WANT1 I4E41 ! FREE SELF-ORGANIZATION & ADM9I/RATION ( !IR [N AFFAIRS FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D1 )\T ANY 9T]F]5CE OR VIOL5CE FROM ABOVE1 BECAUSE EV]Y /ATE1 EV5 ! PSEUDO-,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE CONCOCT$ BY ,MR4 ,M>X1 IS 9 ESS5CE ONLY A MA*9E RUL+ ! MASSES FROM ABOVE1 FROM A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY ( CONCEIT$ 9TELLECTUALS1 :O IMAG9E ?AT !Y KN[ :AT ! PEOPLE NE$ & WANT BETT] ?AN DO ! PEOPLE !MSELVES44440 0,BUT ! PEOPLE WILL FEEL NO BETT] IF ! /ICK ) :I* !Y >E BE+ BEAT5 IS LABEL$ '! PEOPLE'S /ICK' 0 7,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y .<#a#h#g#c.>1 9 ,DOLG(F1 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 P4 #c#c#h7---0! PEOPLE'S /ICK0 BE+ ! DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC4 

,M>X1 ( C\RSE1 SAW ! MATT] DIFF]5TLY4 

,= DISCUSSION ( ! IMPACT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ON ?IS DISPUTE1 SEE ,DANIEL ,GU]9'S COMM5TS 9 ,NI ,DIEU1 NI ,MA,A-TRE2 !SE ALSO APPE>1 SLI<TLY EXT5D$1 9 HIS ,P\R UN M>XISME LIB]TAIRE4 ,SEE ALSO NOTE #b#d4 

.<#a.> ,ON ,L59'S 09TELLECTUAL DEVIATION0 TO ! LEFT DUR+ #a#i#a#g1 SEE ,ROB]T ,V9C5T ,DANIELS1 0,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION3 A ,CASE ,/UDY 9 ! ,G5ESIS & ,TRANS=MATION ( ,COMMUNI/ ,IDEOLOGY10 ,AM]ICAN ,SLAVIC & ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN ,REVIEW1 VOL4 #a#b1 NO4 #a 7#a#i#e#c74 

.<#a#a.> ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 ,M>X & ,KEYNES1 P4 #b#i#e4 

.<#a#b.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 0,LA ,COMMUNE DE ,P>IS ET LA NOTION DE L'ETAT10 REPR9T$ 9 ,GU]91 ,NI ,DIEU1 NI ,MA,A-TRE4 ,BAKUN9'S F9AL REM>K ON ! LAWS ( 9DIVIDUAL NATURE AS ! CONDITION ( FRE$OM CAN BE COMP>$ TO ! CREATIVE ?\<T DEVELOP$ 9 ! RATIONALI/ & ROMANTIC TRADITIONS4 ,SEE MY ,C>TESIAN ,L+UI/ICS & ,LANGUAGE & ,M9D4 

.<#a#c.> ,%LOMO ,AV9]I1 ,! ,SOCIAL & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T ( ,K>L ,M>X1 P4 #a#d#b1 REF]R+ TO COMM5TS 9 ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY4 ,AV9]I /ATES ?AT )9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ONLY ! ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM 0HAVE P]CEIV$ ?AT ! MODES & =MS ( PRES5T SOCIAL ORGANIZATION WILL DET]M9E ! /RUCTURE ( FUTURE SOCIETY40 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 WAS A *>ACT]I/IC POSITION ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 AS NOT$ E>LI]4 

.<#a#d.> ,ROCK]1 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 P4 #b#h4 

.<#a#e.> ,SEE ,GU]9'S WORKS CIT$ E>LI]4 

.<#a#f.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM4 

.<#a#g.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,GRUNDRISSE D] ,KRITIK D] ,POLITIS*5 ,A-KONOMIE1 CIT$ BY ,MATTICK1 ,M>X & ,KEYNES1 P4 #c#f4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 SEE ALSO ,MATTICK'S ESSAY 0,WORK]S' ,CONTROL10 9 ,PRISCILLA ,LONG1 $41 ,! ,NEW ,LEFT2 & ,AV9]I1 ,SOCIAL & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T ( ,M>X4 

.<#a#h.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 QUOT$ BY ,ROB]T ,TUCK]1 :O RI<TLY EMPHASIZES ?AT ,M>X SEES ! REVOLUTION>Y MORE AS A 0FRU/RAT$ PRODUC]0 ?AN A 0DISSATISFI$ CONSUM]0 7,! ,M>XIAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,IDEA74 ,?IS MORE RADICAL CRITIQUE ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION IS A DIRECT \TGR[? ( ! LIB]T>IAN ?\<T ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 

.<#a#i.> ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 CIT$ BY ,AV9]I1 ,SOCIAL & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T ( ,M>X1 P4 #h#c4 

.<#b.> ,PELL\TI]1 0,L',AN>*ISME40 

.<#b#a.> 0,QU'E/-CE QUE LA PROPRIETE80 ,! PHRASE 0PROP]TY IS !FT0 DISPLEAS$ ,M>X1 :O SAW 9 ITS USE A LOGICAL PROBLEM1 !FT PRESUPPOS+ ! LEGITIMATE EXI/5CE ( PROP]TY4 ,SEE ,AV9]I1 ,SOCIAL & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T ( ,M>X4 

.<#b#b.> ,CIT$ 9 ,BUB]'S ,PA?S 9 ,UTOPIA1 P4 #a#i4 

.<#b#c.> ,CIT$ 9 ,J4 ,HAMPD5 ,JACKSON1 ,M>X1 ,PR\DHON & ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIALISM1 P4 #f4 

.<#b#d.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 P4 #b#d4 ,AV9]I OBS]VES ?AT ?IS & O!R COMM5TS ( ,M>X AB\T ! ,COMMUNE REF] PO9T$LY TO 9T5TIONS & PLANS4 ,AS ,M>X MADE PLA9 ELSE:]E1 HIS CONSID]$ ASSESSM5T WAS MORE CRITICAL ?AN 9 ?IS ADDRESS4 

.<#b#e.> ,= SOME BACKGR\ND1 SEE ,WALT] ,K5DALL1 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA94 

.<#b#f.> ,COLLECTIVIZATIONS3 ,L',OEUVRE CON/RUCTIVE DE LA ,REVOLUTION ESPAGNOLE1 P4 #h4 

.<#b#g.> ,= DISCUSSION1 SEE ,MATTICK1 ,M>X & ,KEYNES1 & ,MI*AEL ,KIDRON1 ,WE/]N ,CAPITALISM ,S9CE ! ,W>4 ,SEE ALSO DISCUSSION & REF]5CES CIT$ 9 MY ,AT ,W> ,) ,ASIA1 *AP4 #a1 PP4 #b#c--#f4 

.<#b#h.> ,SEE ,HU< ,SCANLON1 ,! ,WAY ,=W>D = ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL4 ,SCANLON IS ! PRESID5T ( ! ,A,E,F1 ONE ( ,BRITA9'S L>GE/ TRADE UNIONS4 ,! 9/ITUTE WAS E/ABLI%$ AS A RESULT ( ! SIX? ,CONF]5CE ON ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 ,M>* #a#i#f#h1 & S]VES AS A C5T] = DISSEM9AT+ 9=MATION & 5C\RAG+ RESE>*4 

.<#b#i.> ,GU]91 ,NI ,DIEU1 NI ,MA,A-TRE1 9TRODUCTION4 

.<#c.> ,IBID4 

.<#c#a.> ,>?UR ,ROS5B]G1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,BOL%EVISM1 P4 #h#h4 

.<#c#b.> ,M>X1 ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 PP4 #f#b--#c4 

"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9,B,I,B,L,I,O,G,R,A,P,H,Y"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9"9 

,AV9]I1 ,%LOMO4 ,! ,SOCIAL & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T ( ,K>L ,M>X4 ,LONDON3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#h4 

,BAKUN91 ,MI*AEL4 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y4 ,$IT$ & TRANSLAT$ BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#g#b4 

,BUB]1 ,M>T94 ,PA?S 9 ,UTOPIA4 ,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#h4 

,*OMSKY1 ,NOAM4 ,C>TESIAN ,L+UI/ICS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] @& ,R[1 #a#i#f#f4 

------4 ,AM]ICAN ,P[] & ! ,NEW ,M&>9S4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#i4 

------4 ,AT ,W> ) ,ASIA4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g4 

,COLLECTIVIZATIONS3 ,L',OEUVRE CON/RUCTIVE DE LA ,REVOLUTION ESPAGNOLE4 #bND $4 ,T\L\SE3 ,$ITIONS ,C4,N4,T41 #a#i#f#e4 ,FIR/ $ITION1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#c#g4 

,DANIELS1 ,ROB]T ,V9C5T4 0,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION3 A ,CASE ,/UDY 9 ! ,G5ESIS & ,TRANS=MATION ( ,COMMUNI/ ,IDEOLOGY40 ,AM]ICAN ,SLAVIC & ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN ,REVIEW1 VOL4 #a#b1 NO4 #a 7#a#i#e#c74 

,GU]91 ,DANIEL4 ,JEUNESSE DU SOCIALISME LIB]TAIRE4 ,P>IS3 ,LIBRAIRIE ,M>CEL ,RIVI,A8RE1 #a#i#e#i4 

------4 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP]4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#g4 

------4 ,P\R UN M>XISME LIB]TAIRE4 ,P>IS3 ,ROB]T ,LAFFONT1 #a#i#f#i4 

------1 $4 ,NI ,DIEU1 NI ,MA,A-TRE4 ,LAUSANNE3 ,LA ,CITE ,$ITEUR1 N4D4 

,JACKSON1 ,J4 ,HAMPD54 ,M>X1 ,PR\DHON & ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIALISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLLI] ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#b4 

,JOLL1 ,JAMES4 ,! ,AN>*I/S4 ,BO/ON3 ,LITTLE1 ,BR[N @& ,CO41 #a#i#f#d4 

,K5DALL1 ,WALT]4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA9 #a#i--#a#i#b#a4 ,LONDON3 ,WEID5FELD @& ,NICOLSON1 #a#i#f#i4 

,KIDRON1 ,MI*AEL ,WE/]N ,CAPITALISM ,S9CE ! ,W>4 ,LONDON3 ,WEID5FELD @& ,NICOLSON1 #a#i#f#h4 

,MATTICK1 ,PAUL4 ,M>X & ,KEYNES3 ,! ,LIMITS ( ,MIX$ ,ECONOMY4 ,EXT5D+ ,HORIZONS ,S]IES4 ,BO/ON3 ,PORT] ,S>G5T1 #a#i#f#i4 

------4 0,WORK]S' ,CONTROL40 ,9 ,! ,NEW ,LEFT3 ,A ,COLLECTION ( ,ESSAYS1 $IT$ BY ,PRISCILLA ,LONG4 ,BO/ON3 ,PORT] ,S>G5T1 #a#i#f#i4 

,M>X1 ,K>L4 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 #a#h#g#a4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#d#a4 

,PELL\TI]1 ,F]N&4 0,L',AN>*ISME ET LES SYNDICATS \VRI]S40 ,LES ,TEMPS N\VEAUX1 #a#h#i#e4 ,REPR9T$ 9 ,NI ,DIEU1 NI ,MA,A-TRE1 $IT$ BY ,DANIEL ,GU]94 ,LAUSANNE3 ,LA ,CITE ,$ITEUR1 N4D4 

,RI*>DS1 ,V]NON4 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c#f--#a#i#c#i74 ,5L>G$ $4 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b4 

,ROCK]1 ,RUDOLF4 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,LONDON3 ,SECK] @& ,W>BURG1 #a#i#c#h4 

,ROS5B]G1 ,>?UR4 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,BOL%EVISM FROM ,M>X TO ! ,FIR/ ,FIVE ,YE>S' ,PLAN4 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,IAN ,F4 ,MORR[4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,RUSSELL @& ,RUSSELL1 #a#i#f#e4 

,SANTILLAN1 ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE4 ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,GRE5B]G ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#c#g4 

,SCANLON1 ,HU<4 ,! ,WAY ,=W>D = ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL4 ,9/ITUTE = ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL ,PAMPHLET ,S]IES1 NO4 #a1 ,NOTT+HAM1 ,5GL&1 #a#i#f#h4 

,TUCK]1 ,ROB]T ,C4 ,! ,M>XIAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,IDEA4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,W4 ,W4 ,NORTON @& ,CO41 #a#i#f#i4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,BASIC ,IDEAS ( ,AN>*ISM 

,A ,M,A,T,T,] ,( ,W,O,R,D,S 

,! WORD AN>*Y IS AS OLD AS ! WORLD4 ,IT IS D]IV$ FROM TWO ANCI5T ,GREEK WORDS1 AV 7AN71 APXN 7>KHE71 & MEANS SOME?+ LIKE ! ABS5CE ( AU?ORITY OR GOV]NM5T4 ,H[EV]1 = MILL5NIA ! PRESUMPTION HAS BE5 ACCEPT$ ?AT MAN CANNOT DISP5SE ) ONE OR ! O!R1 & AN>*Y HAS BE5 UND]/OOD 9 A PEJORATIVE S5SE1 AS A SYNONYM = DISORD]1 *AOS1 & DISORGANIZATION4 

,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON WAS FAM\S = HIS QUIPS 7SU* AS 0PROP]TY IS !FT07 & TOOK TO HIMSELF ! WORD AN>*Y4 ,AS IF HIS PURPOSE W]E TO %OCK AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 9 #ahd HE 5GAG$ 9 ! FOLL[+ DIALOGUE ) ! 0,PHILI/9E40 

0,Y\ >E A REPUBLICAN40 

 0,REPUBLICAN1 YES2 BUT ?AT MEANS NO?+4 ,RES PUBLICA IS '! ,/ATE4' ,K+S1 TOO1 >E REPUBLICANS40 

 0,AH WELL6 ,Y\ >E A DEMOCRAT80 

 0,NO40 

 0,:AT6 ,P]HAPS Y\ >E A MON>*I/80 

 0,NO40 

 0,CON/ITUTIONALI/ !N80 

 0,GOD =BID40 

 0,!N Y\ >E AN >I/OCRAT80 

 0,NOT AT ALL60 

 0,Y\ WANT A MIX$ =M ( GOV]NM5T80 

 0,EV5 LESS40 

 0,!N :AT >E Y\80 

 0,AN AN>*I/40 

,HE SOMETIMES MADE ! CONCESSION ( SPELL+ AN>*Y 0AN->*Y0 TO PUT ! PACKS ( ADV]S>IES (F ! SC5T4 ,BY ?IS T]M HE UND]/OOD ANY?+ BUT DISORD]4 ,APPE>ANCES NOT)/&+1 HE WAS MORE CON/RUCTIVE ?AN DE/RUCTIVE1 AS WE %ALL SEE4 ,HE HELD GOV]NM5T RESPONSIBLE = DISORD] & BELIEV$ ?AT ONLY A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T C\LD RE/ORE ! NATURAL ORD] & RE-CREATE SOCIAL H>MONY4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT ! LANGUAGE C\LD FURNI% NO O!R T]M & *OSE TO RE/ORE TO ! OLD WORD AN>*Y ITS /RICT ETYMOLOGICAL MEAN+4 ,9 ! HEAT ( HIS POLEMICS1 H[EV]1 HE OB/9ATELY & P>ADOXICALLY ALSO US$ ! WORD AN>*Y 9 ITS PEJORATIVE S5SE ( DISORD]1 ?US MAK+ CONFUSION WORSE CONF\ND$4 ,HIS DISCIPLE ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 FOLL[$ HIM 9 ?IS RESPECT4 

,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 C>RI$ ?IS EV5 FUR!R1 TAK+ MALICI\S PLEASURE 9 PLAY+ ) ! CONFUSION CREAT$ BY ! USE ( ! TWO OPPOSITE MEAN+S ( ! WORD3 = !M1 AN>*Y WAS BO? ! MO/ COLOSSAL DISORD]1 ! MO/ COMPLETE DISORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY &1 BEYOND ?IS GIGANTIC REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW1 /ABLE1 & RATIONAL ORD] BAS$ ON FRE$OM & SOLID>ITY4 

,! IMM$IATE FOLL[]S ( ! TWO FA!RS ( AN>*Y HESITAT$ TO USE A WORD SO DEPLORABLY ELA/IC1 CONVEY+ ONLY A NEGATIVE IDEA TO ! UN9ITIAT$1 & L5D+ ITSELF TO AMBIGUITIES :I* C\LD BE ANNOY+ TO SAY ! LEA/4 ,EV5 ,PR\DHON BECAME MORE CAUTI\S T[>D ! 5D ( HIS BRIEF C>E] & WAS HAPPY TO CALL HIMSELF A 0F$]ALI/40 ,HIS PETTY-B\RGEOIS DESC5DANTS PREF]R$ ! T]M MUTUELLISME TO AN>*ISME & ! SOCIALI/ L9E ADOPT$ COLLECTIVISME1 SOON TO BE DISPLAC$ BY COMMUNISME4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! C5TURY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE TOOK UP A WORD ORIG9AT$ 9 #aheh BY ONE ,JOSEPH ,DEJACQUE TO MAKE IT ! TITLE ( A J\RNAL1 ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE4 ,TODAY ! T]MS 0AN>*I/0 & 0LIB]T>IAN0 HAVE BECOME 9T]*ANGEABLE4 

,MO/ ( !SE T]MS HAVE A MAJOR DISADVANTAGE3 !Y FAIL TO EXPRESS ! BASIC *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! DOCTR9ES !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO DESCRIBE4 ,AN>*ISM IS REALLY A SYNONYM = SOCIALISM4 ,! AN>*I/ IS PRIM>ILY A SOCIALI/ :OSE AIM IS TO ABOLI% ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,AN>*ISM IS ONLY ONE ( ! /REAMS ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T1 ?AT /REAM :OSE MA9 COMPON5TS >E CONC]N = LIB]TY & HA/E TO ABOLI% ! ,/ATE4 ,ADOLPH ,FIS*]1 ONE ( ! ,*ICAGO M>TYRS .<#e.>1 CLAIM$ ?AT 0EV]Y AN>*I/ IS A SOCIALI/1 BUT EV]Y SOCIALI/ IS NOT NECESS>ILY AN AN>*I/40 

,SOME AN>*I/S CONSID] !MSELVES TO BE ! BE/ & MO/ LOGICAL SOCIALI/S1 BUT !Y HAVE ADOPT$ A LABEL ALSO ATTA*$ TO ! T]RORI/S1 OR HAVE ALL[$ O!RS TO HANG IT >\ND !IR NECKS4 ,?IS HAS (T5 CAUS$ !M TO BE MI/AK5 = A SORT ( 0=EIGN BODY0 9 ! SOCIALI/ FAMILY & HAS L$ TO A LONG /R+ ( MISUND]/&+S & V]BAL BATTLES - USUALLY QUITE PURPOSELESS4 ,SOME CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S HAVE TRI$ TO CLE> UP ! MISUND]/&+ BY ADOPT+ A MORE EXPLICIT T]M3 !Y ALIGN !MSELVES ) LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM OR COMMUNISM4 

,A ,V,I,S,C,],A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,T 

,AN>*ISM CAN BE DESCRIB$ FIR/ & =EMO/ AS A VISC]AL REVOLT4 ,! AN>*I/ IS ABOVE ALL A MAN 9 REVOLT4 ,HE REIEETS C@9RI@9T@9 @9C A :OLE ALONG ) ITS GU>DIANS4 ,MAX ,/IRN] DECL>$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ FREES HIMSELF ( ALL ?AT IS SACR$1 & C>RIES \T A VA/ OP]ATION ( DECONSECRATION4 ,!SE 0VAGABONDS ( ! 9TELLECT10 !SE 0BAD *>ACT]S10 0REFUSE TO TREAT AS 9TANGIBLE TRU?S ?+S ?AT GIVE RESPITE & CONSOLATION TO ?\S&S & 9/EAD LEAP OV] ! B>RI]S ( TRADITION TO 9DULGE )\T RE/RA9T ! FANTASIES ( !IR IMPUD5T CRITIQUE40 .<#f.> 

,PR\DHON REJECT$ ALL & ANY 0(FICIAL P]SONS0 - PHILOSOPH]S1 PRIE/S1 MAGI/RATES1 ACADEMICIANS1 J\RNALI/S1 P>LIAM5T>IANS1 ETC4 - = :OM 0! PEOPLE IS ALWAYS A MON/] TO BE F\<T1 MUZZL$1 & *A9$ D[N2 :I* MU/ BE L$ BY TRICK]Y LIKE ! ELEPHANT OR ! RH9OC]OS2 OR C[$ BY FAM9E2 & :I* IS BL$ BY COLONIZATION & W>40 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS .<#g.> EXPLA9$ :Y SOCIETY SEEMS1 TO !SE WELL-HEEL$ G5TLEM51 WOR? PRES]V+3 0,S9CE !RE >E RI* & POOR1 RUL]S & SUBJECTS1 MA/]S & S]VANTS1 ,CAES>S :O GIVE ORD]S = COMBAT & GLADIATORS :O GO & DIE1 ! PRUD5T NE$ ONLY PLACE !MSELVES ON ! SIDE ( ! RI* & ! MA/]S1 & MAKE !MSELVES 9TO C\RTI]S TO ! EMP]ORS40 

,HIS P]MAN5T /ATE ( REVOLT MAKES ! AN>*I/ SYMPA!TIC TO NONCON=MI/S & \TLAWS1 & LEADS HIM TO EMBRACE ! CAUSE ( ! CONVICT & ! \TCA/4 ,BAKUN9 ?\<T ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS SPOKE MO/ UNFAIRLY ( ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 ( ! 0PROLET>IAT 9 RAGS03 0,= ! SPIRIT & =CE ( ! FUTURE SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS ) IT & IT ALONE1 & NOT ) ! /RATUM ( ! WORK+ CLASS :I* HAS BECOME LIKE ! B\RGEOISIE40 

,EXPLOSIVE /ATEM5TS :I* AN AN>*I/ W\LD NOT DISAV[ W]E VOIC$ BY ,BALZAC ?R\< ! *>ACT] ( ,VAUTR91 A P[]FUL 9C>NATION ( SOCIAL PROTE/ - HALF REBEL1 HALF CRIM9AL4 

,H,O,R,R,O,R ,( ,! ,/,A,T,E 

,! AN>*I/ REG>DS ! ,/ATE AS ! MO/ DEADLY ( ! PRECONCEPTIONS :I* HAVE BL9D$ M5 ?R\< ! AGES4 ,/IRN] D5\NC$ HIM :O 0?R\<\T ET]NITY4 4 IS OBSESS$ BY ! ,/ATE40 

,PR\DHON WAS ESPECIALLY FI]CE AGA9/ 0?IS FANTASY ( \R M9DS ?AT ! FIR/ DUTY ( A FREE & RATIONAL BE+ IS TO REF] TO MUSEUMS & LIBR>IES10 & HE LAID B>E ! ME*ANISM :]EBY 0?IS M5TAL PR$ISPOSITION HAS BE5 MA9TA9$ & ITS FASC9ATION MADE TO SEEM 9V9CIBLE3 GOV]NM5T HAS ALWAYS PRES5T$ ITSELF TO M5'S M9DS AS ! NATURAL ORGAN ( JU/ICE & ! PROTECTOR ( ! WEAK40 ,HE MOCK$ ! 9VET]ATE AU?ORIT>IANS :O 0B[ BE=E P[] LIKE *UR* W>D5S BE=E ! SACRAM5T0 & REPROA*$ 0ALL P>TIES )\T EXCEPTION0 = TURN+ !IR GAZE 0UNCEAS+LY T[>D AU?ORITY AS IF TO ! POLE/>40 ,HE LONG$ = ! DAY :5 0R5UNCIATION ( AU?ORITY %ALL HAVE REPLAC$ FAI? 9 AU?ORITY & ! POLITICAL CATE*ISM40 

,KROPOTK9 JE]$ AT ! B\RGEOIS :O 0REG>D$ ! PEOPLE AS A HORDE ( SAVAGES :O W\LD BE USELESS AS SOON AS GOV]NM5T CEAS$ TO FUNCTION40 ,MALATE/A ANTICIPAT$ PSY*OANALYSIS :5 HE UNCOV]$ ! FE> ( FRE$OM 9 ! SUBCONSCI\S ( AU?ORIT>IANS4 

,:AT IS WRONG ) ! ,/ATE 9 ! EYES ( ! AN>*I/S8 

,/IRN] EXPRESS$ IT ?US3 0,WE TWO >E 5EMIES1 ! ,/ATE & ,I40 0,EV]Y ,/ATE IS A TYRANNY1 BE IT ! TYRANNY ( A S+LE MAN OR A GR\P40 ,EV]Y ,/ATE IS NECESS>ILY :AT WE N[ CALL TOTALIT>IAN3 0,! ,/ATE HAS ALWAYS ONE PURPOSE3 TO LIMIT1 CONTROL1 SUBORD9ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL & SUBJECT HIM TO ! G5]AL PURPOSE4444 ,?R\< ITS C5SOR%IP1 ITS SUP]VISION1 & ITS POLICE ! ,/ATE TRIES TO OB/RUCT ALL FREE ACTIVITY & SEES ?IS REPRESSION AS ITS DUTY1 BECAUSE ! 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION DEM&S IT40 0,! ,/ATE DOES NOT P]MIT ME TO USE MY ?\<TS TO !IR FULL VALUE & COMMUNICATE !M TO O!R M5 4 4 4 UNLESS !Y >E ITS [N4444 ,O!RWISE IT %UTS ME UP40 

,PR\DHON WROTE 9 ! SAME VE93 0,! GOV]NM5T ( MAN BY MAN IS S]VITUDE40 0,:OEV] LAYS A H& ON ME TO GOV]N ME IS A USURP] & A TYRANT4 ,I DECL>E HIM TO BE MY 5EMY40 ,HE LAUN*$ 9TO A TIRADE WOR?Y ( A ,MOLI]E OR A ,BEAUM>*AIS3 

0,TO BE GOV]N$ IS TO BE WAT*$ OV]1 9SPECT$1 SPI$ ON1 DIRECT$1 LEGISLAT$1 REGIM5T$1 CLOS$ 91 9DOCTR9AT$1 PREA*$ AT1 CON- TROLL$1 ASSESS$1 EVALUAT$1 C5SOR$1 COMM&$2 ALL BY CREATURES ?AT HAVE NEI!R ! RI<T1 NOR WISDOM1 NOR VIRTUE4444 ,TO BE GOV]N$ MEANS ?AT AT EV]Y MOVE1 OP]ATION1 OR TRANSACTION ONE IS NOT$1 REGI/]$1 5T]$ 9 A C5SUS1 TAX$1 /AMP$1 PRIC$1 ASSESS$1 PAT5T$1 LIC5S$1 AU?ORIZ$1 RECOMM5D$1 ADMONI%$1 PREV5T$1 RE=M$1 SET RI<T1 CORRECT$4 ,GOV]NM5T MEANS TO BE SUBJECT$ TO TRIBUTE1 TRA9$1 RANSOM$1 EXPLOIT$1 MONOPOLIZ$1 EXTORT$1 PRESSUR$1 MY/IFI$1 ROBB$2 ALL 9 ! NAME ( PUBLIC UTILITY & ! G5]AL GOOD4 ,!N1 AT ! FIR/ SIGN ( RESI/ANCE OR WORD ( COMPLA9T1 ONE IS REPRESS$1 F9$1 DESPIS$1 VEX$1 PURSU$1 HU/L$1 BEAT5 UP1 G>ROT$1 IMPRISON$1 %OT1 MA*9E-GUNN$1 JUDG$1 S5T5C$1 DEPORT$1 SACRIFIC$1 SOLD1 BETRAY$1 & TO CAP IT ALL1 RIDICUL$1 MOCK$1 \TRAG$1 & DI%ONOR$4 ,?AT IS GOV]NM5T1 ?AT IS ITS JU/ICE & ITS MORALITY6 4 4 4 ,O HUMAN P]SONALITY6 ,H[ CAN IT BE ?AT Y\ HAVE C[]$ 9 SU* SUBJECTION = SIXTY C5TURIES80 

,BAKUN9 SEES ! ,/ATE AS AN 0AB/RACTION DEV\R+ ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE10 AN 0IMM5SE CEMET]Y :]E ALL ! REAL ASPIRATIONS & LIV+ =CES ( A C\NTRY G5]\SLY & BLISSFULLY ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE BURI$ 9 ! NAME ( ?AT AB/RACTION40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,MALATE/A1 0F> FROM CREAT+ 5]GY1 GOV]NM5T BY ITS ME?ODS WA/ES1 P>ALYZES1 & DE/ROYS 5ORM\S POT5TIAL40 ,AS ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE & ITS BUREAUCRACY WID51 ! DANG] GR[S MORE ACUTE4 ,PR\DHON =ESAW ! GREATE/ EVIL ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY3 0,FONCTIONNAIRISME .<LEGALI/IC RULE BY CIVIL S]VANTS.> 4 4 4 LEADS T[>D /ATE COMMUNISM1 ! ABSORPTION ( ALL LOCAL & 9DIVIDUAL LIFE 9TO ! ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y1 & ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL FREE ?\<T4 ,EV]YONE WANTS TO TAKE REFUGE UND] ! W+ ( P[]1 TO LIVE 9 COMMON40 ,IT IS HI< TIME TO CALL A HALT3 0,C5TRALIZATION HAS GR[N /RONG] & /RONG] 4 4 41 ?+S HAVE REA*$ 4 4 4 ! PO9T :]E SOCIETY & GOV]NM5T CAN NO LONG] COEXI/40 0,FROM ! TOP ( ! HI]>*Y TO ! BOTTOM !RE IS NO?+ 9 ! ,/ATE :I* IS NOT AN ABUSE TO BE RE=M$1 A =M ( P>ASITISM TO BE SUPPRESS$1 OR AN 9/RUM5T ( TYRANNY TO BE DE/ROY$4 ,& Y\ SPEAK TO US ( PRES]V+ ! ,/ATE1 & 9CREAS+ ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE6 ,AWAY ) Y\ - Y\ >E NO REVOLUTION>Y60 

,BAKUN9 HAD AN EQUALLY CLE> & PA9FUL VISION ( AN 9CREAS+LY TOTALIT>IAN ,/ATE4 ,HE SAW ! =CES ( WORLD C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 0BAS$ ON 5ORM\S BUDGETS1 P]MAN5T >MIES1 & A =MIDABLE BUREAUCRACY0 & 5D[$ 0) ALL ! T]RIBLE MEANS ( ACTION GIV5 TO !M BY MOD]N C5TRALIZATION10 AS BECOM+ 0AN IMM5SE1 CRU%+1 ?REAT5+ REALITY40 

,H,O,/,I,L,I,T,Y ,T,O ,B,\,R,G,E,O,I,S ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y 

,! AN>*I/ D5\NCES ! DECEPTION ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY EV5 MORE BITT]LY ?AN DOES ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/4 ,! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 *RI/5$ 0! NATION10 DOES NOT SEEM TO ,/IRN] ANY LESS TO BE FE>$ ?AN ! OLD ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE4 0,! MON>* 4 4 4 WAS A V]Y POOR MAN COMP>$ ) ! NEW ONE1 ! 'SOV]EIGN NATION4' ,9 LIB]ALISM WE HAVE ONLY ! CONT9UATION ( ! ANCI5T CONTEMPT = ! ,SELF40 0,C]TA9LY MANY PRIVILEGES HAVE BE5 ELIM9AT$ ?R\< TIME BUT ONLY = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,/ATE 4 4 4 & NOT AT ALL TO /R5G!N MY ,SELF40 

,9 ,PR\DHON'S VIEW 0DEMOCRACY IS NO?+ BUT A CON/ITUTIONAL TYRANT40 ,! PEOPLE W]E DECL>$ SOV]EIGN BY A 0TRICK0 ( \R =EFA!RS4 ,9 REALITY !Y >E A MONKEY K+ :I* HAS KEPT ONLY ! TITLE ( SOV]EIGN )\T ! MAGNIFIC5CE & GR&EUR4 ,! PEOPLE RULE BUT DO NOT GOV]N1 & DELEGATE !IR SOV]EIGNTY ?R\< ! P]IODIC EX]CISE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ABDICAT+ !IR P[] ANEW EV]Y ?REE OR FIVE YE>S4 ,! DYNA/S HAVE BE5 DRIV5 FROM ! ?RONE BUT ! ROYAL PR]OGATIVE HAS BE5 PRES]V$ 9TACT4 ,9 ! H&S ( A PEOPLE :OSE $UCATION HAS BE5 WILLFULLY NEGLECT$ ! BALLOT IS A CUNN+ SW9DLE B5EFIT+ ONLY ! UNIT$ B>ONS ( 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 & PROP]TY4 

,! V]Y !ORY ( ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE CONTA9S ITS [N NEGATION4 ,IF ! 5TIRE PEOPLE W]E TRULY SOV]EIGN !RE W\LD NO LONG] BE EI!R GOV]NM5T OR GOV]N$2 ! SOV]EIGN W\LD BE R$UC$ TO NO?+2 ! ,/ATE W\LD HAVE NO RAISON D'ETRE1 W\LD BE ID5TICAL ) SOCIETY & DISAPPE> 9TO 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,BAKUN9 SAW ?AT ! 0REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 F> FROM BE+ A GU>ANTEE = ! PEOPLE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CREATES & SAFEGU>DS ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( A GOV]NM5TAL >I/OCRACY AGA9/ ! PEOPLE40 ,UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE IS A SLEI<T ( H&1 A BAIT1 A SAFETY VALVE1 & A MASK BEH9D :I* 0HIDES ! REALLY DESPOTIC P[] ( ! ,/ATE BAS$ ON ! POLICE1 ! BANKS1 & ! >MY10 0AN EXCELL5T WAY ( OPPRESS+ & RU9+ A PEOPLE 9 ! NAME ( ! SO-CALL$ POPUL> WILL :I* S]VES TO CAM\FLAGE IT40 

,! AN>*I/ DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 EMANCIPATION BY ! BALLOT4 ,PR\DHON WAS AN AB/5TIONI/1 AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 ?9K+ ?AT 0! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS S]I\SLY COMPROMIS$ IF IT COMES AB\T ?R\< ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION40 ,TO VOTE W\LD BE A CONTRADICTION1 AN ACT ( WEAKNESS & COMPLICITY ) ! CORRUPT REGIME3 0,WE MU/ MAKE W> ON ALL ! OLD P>TIES TOGE!R1 US+ P>LIAM5T AS A LEGAL BATTLEFIELD1 BUT /AY+ \TSIDE IT40 0,UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE IS ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION10 & TO CON/ITUTE ITSELF A CLASS ! PROLET>IAT MU/ FIR/ 0SEC$E FROM0 B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 

,H[EV]1 ! MILITANT ,PR\DHON FREQU5TLY DEP>T$ FROM ?IS POSITION ( PR9CIPLE4 ,9 ,JUNE #ahdh HE LET HIMSELF BE ELECT$ TO P>LIAM5T & WAS BRIEFLY /UCK 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y GLUE4 ,ON TWO OCCASIONS1 DUR+ ! P>TIAL ELECTIONS ( ,SEPTEMB] #ahdh & ! PRESID5TIAL ELECTIONS ( ,DECEMB] #a ( ! SAME YE>1 HE SUPPORT$ ! C&IDACY ( ,RASPAIL1 A SPOKESMAN ( ! EXTREME ,LEFT4 ,HE EV5 W5T SO F> AS TO ALL[ HIMSELF TO BE BL9D$ BY ! TACTIC ( ! 0! LESS] EVIL10 EXPRESS+ A PREF]5CE = ,G5]AL ,CAVAIGNAC1 P]SECUTOR ( ! ,P>IS PROLET>IAT1 OV] ! APPR5TICE DICTATOR ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON4 ,MU* LAT]1 9 #ahfc & #a#h#f#d1 HE DID ADVOCATE RETURN+ BLANK BALLOT PAP]S1 BUT AS A DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! IMP]IAL DICTATOR%IP1 NOT 9 OPPOSITION TO UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 :I* HE N[ *RI/5$ 0! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE P> EXCELL5CE40 

,BAKUN9 & HIS SUPPORT]S 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL OBJECT$ TO ! EPI!T 0AB/5TIONI/0 HURL$ AT !M BY ! ,M>XI/S4 ,= !M1 BOYCOTT+ ! BALLOT BOX WAS A SIMPLE TACTICAL QUE/ION & NOT AN >TICLE ( FAI?4 ,AL?\< !Y GAVE PRIORITY TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 !Y W\LD NOT AGREE ?AT !Y IGNOR$ 0POLITICS40 ,!Y W]E NOT REJECT+ 0POLITICS10 BUT ONLY B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,!Y DID NOT DISAPPROVE ( A POLITICAL REVOLUTION UNLESS IT WAS TO COME BE=E ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y /E]$ CLE> ( O!R MOVEM5TS ONLY IF !SE W]E NOT DIRECT$ TO ! IMM$IATE & COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,:AT !Y FE>$ & D5\NC$ W]E AMBIGU\S ELECTORAL ALLIANCES ) RADICAL B\RGEOIS P>TIES ( ! #ahdh TYPE1 OR 0POPUL> FRONTS10 AS !Y W\LD BE CALL$ TODAY4 ,!Y ALSO FE>$ ?AT :5 WORK]S W]E ELECT$ TO P>LIAM5T & TRANSLAT$ 9TO B\RGEOIS LIV+ CONDITIONS1 !Y W\LD CEASE TO BE WORK]S & TURN 9TO ,/ATESM51 BECOM+ B\RGEOIS1 P]HAPS EV5 MORE B\RGEOIS ?AN ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4 

,H[EV]1 ! AN>*I/ ATTITUDE T[>D UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE IS F> FROM LOGICAL OR CONSI/5T4 ,SOME CONSID]$ ! BALLOT AS A LA/ EXP$I5T4 ,O!RS1 MORE UNCOMPROMIS+1 REG>D$ ITS USE AS DAMNABLE 9 ANY CIRCUM/ANCES & MADE IT A MATT] ( DOCTR9AL PURITY4 ,?US1 AT ! TIME ( ! ,C>TEL DES ,GAU*ES 7,ALLIANCE ( ! ,LEFT7 ELECTIONS 9 ,MAY #a#i#b#d1 ,MALATE/A REFUS$ TO MAKE ANY CONCESSION4 ,HE ADMITT$ ?AT 9 C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES ! \TCOME ( AN ELECTION MI<T HAVE 0GOOD0 OR 0BAD0 CONSEQU5CES & ?AT ! RESULT W\LD SOMETIMES DEP5D ON AN>*I/ VOTES1 ESPECIALLY IF ! =CES ( ! OPPOS+ POLITICAL GR\P+S W]E FAIRLY EV5LY BALANC$4 0,BUT NO MATT]6 ,EV5 IF SOME M9IMAL PROGRESS W]E TO BE ! DIRECT RESULT ( AN ELECTORAL VICTORY1 ! AN>*I/ %\LD NOT RU% TO ! POLL+ /ATIONS40 ,HE CONCLUD$3 0,AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS KEPT !MSELVES PURE1 & REMA9 ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY P> EXCELL5CE1 ! P>TY ( ! FUTURE1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO RESI/ ! SIR5 SONG ( ELECTIONS40 

,! 9CONSI/5CY ( AN>*I/ DOCTR9E ON ?IS MATT] WAS TO BE ESPECIALLY WELL ILLU/RAT$ 9 ,SPA94 ,9 #aic ! AN>*I/S JO9$ 9 A COMMON FRONT ) B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS TO OV]?R[ ! DICTATOR1 ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 ,! FOLL[+ YE>1 DESPITE !IR (FICIAL AB/5TION1 MANY W5T TO ! POLLS 9 ! MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS :I* L$ TO ! OV]?R[ ( ! MON>*Y4 ,9 ! G5]AL ELECTION ( ,NOVEMB] #aicc !Y /RONGLY RECOMM5D$ AB/5TION FROM VOT+1 & ?IS RETURN$ A VIOL5TLY ANTI-LABOR ,RI<T TO P[] = MORE ?AN TWO YE>S4 ,! AN>*I/S HAD TAK5 C>E TO ANN\NCE 9 ADVANCE ?AT IF !IR AB/5TION L$ TO A VICTORY = REACTION !Y W\LD LAUN* ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y SOON ATTEMPT$ TO DO SO BUT 9 VA9 & AT ! CO/ ( HEAVY LOSSES 7DEAD1 W\ND$1 & IMPRISON$74 

,:5 ! P>TIES ( ! ,LEFT CAME TOGE!R 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9 #a#i#c#f1 ! C5TRAL AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION WAS H>D PRESS$ TO KN[ :AT ATTITUDE TO ADOPT4 ,F9ALLY IT DECL>$ ITSELF1 V]Y HALFHE>T$LY1 = AB/5TION1 BUT ITS CAMPAIGN WAS SO TEPID AS TO GO UNHE>D BY ! MASSES :O W]E 9 ANY CASE ALREADY COMMITT$ TO P>TICIPATION 9 ! ELECTIONS4 ,BY GO+ TO ! POLLS ! MASS ( VOT]S 9SUR$ ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 7#b#f#c LEFT-W+ DEPUTIES1 AS AGA9/ #aha O!RS74 

,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT 9 SPITE ( !IR SAVAGE ATTACKS ON B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 ! AN>*I/S ADMITT$ ?AT IT IS RELATIVELY PROGRESSIVE4 ,EV5 ,/IRN]1 ! MO/ 9TRANSIG5T1 OCCASIONALLY LET SLIP ! WORD 0PROGRESS40 ,PR\DHON CONC$$3 0,:5 A PEOPLE PASSES FROM ! MON>*ICAL TO ! DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 SOME PROGRESS IS MADE40 ,& ,BAKUN9 SAID3 0,IT %\LD NOT BE ?\<T ?AT WE WANT 4 4 4 TO CRITICIZE ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T 9 FAVOR ( MON>*Y4444 ,! MO/ IMP]FECT REPUBLIC IS A ?\S& TIMES BETT] ?AN ! MO/ 5LI<T5$ MON>*Y4444 ,! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM GRADUALLY $UCATES ! MASSES TO PUBLIC LIFE40 ,?IS DISPROVES ,L59'S VIEW ?AT 0SOME AN>*I/S0 PROCLAIM 0?AT ! =M ( OPPRESSION IS A MATT] ( 9DIFF]5CE TO ! PROLET>IAT40 ,?IS ALSO DISPELS ! FE> EXPRESS$ BY ,H5RI ,>VON 9 HIS LITTLE BOOK ,L',AN>*ISME ?AT AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO DEMOCRACY C\LD BE CONFUS$ ) C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION4 

,C,R,I,T,I,Q,U,E ,( ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,>,I,A,N ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,S,M 

,! AN>*I/S W]E UNANIM\S 9 SUBJECT+ AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM TO A B>RAGE ( SEV]E CRITICISM4 ,AT ! TIME :5 !Y MADE VIOL5T & SATIRICAL ATTACKS !SE W]E NOT 5TIRELY WELL F\ND$1 = ?OSE TO :OM !Y W]E ADDRESS$ W]E EI!R PRIMITIVE OR 0VULG>0 COMMUNI/S1 :OSE ?\<T HAD NOT YET BE5 F]TILIZ$ BY ,M>XI/ HUMANISM1 OR ELSE1 9 ! CASE ( ,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES1 W]E NOT AS SET ON AU?ORITY & /ATE CONTROL AS ! AN>*I/S MADE \T4 

,AL?\< 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES 9 SOCIALI/ ?\<T W]E /ILL EMBRYONIC & UNDEVELOP$1 !Y HAVE PROLIF]AT$ 9 \R TIME4 ,9 ! FACE ( !SE EXCRESC5CES1 ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE SEEMS LESS T5D5TI\S1 LESS UNJU/2 SOMETIMES IT EV5 SEEMS TO HAVE A PROPHETIC R+4 

,/IRN] ACCEPT$ MANY ( ! PREMISES ( COMMUNISM BUT ) ! FOLL[+ QUALIFICATION3 ! PR(ESSION ( COMMUNI/ FAI? IS A FIR/ /EP T[>D TOTAL EMANCIPATION ( ! VICTIMS ( \R SOCIETY1 BUT !Y WILL BECOME COMPLETELY 0DISALI5AT$10 & TRULY ABLE TO DEVELOP !IR 9DIVIDUALITY1 ONLY BY ADVANC+ BEYOND COMMUNISM4 

,AS ,/IRN] SAW IT1 9 A COMMUNI/ SY/EM ! WORK] REMA9S SUBJECT TO ! RULE ( A SOCIETY ( WORK]S4 ,HIS WORK IS IMPOS$ ON HIM BY SOCIETY1 & REMA9S = HIM A TASK4 ,DID NOT ! COMMUNI/ ,WEITL+ .<#h.> WRITE3 0,FACULTIES CAN ONLY BE DEVELOP$ 9 SO F> AS !Y DO NOT DISRUPT ! H>MONY ( SOCIETY08 ,TO :I* ,/IRN] REPLI$3 0,:E!R ,I W]E TO BE 'LOYAL' TO A TYRANT OR TO ,WEITL+'S 'SOCIETY' ,I W\LD SUFF] ! SAME ABS5CE ( RI<TS40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 ! COMMUNI/ DOES NOT ?9K ( ! MAN BEH9D ! WORK]4 ,HE OV]LOOKS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUE3 TO GIVE MAN ! OPPORTUNITY TO 5JOY HIMSELF AS AN 9DIVIDUAL AFT] HE HAS FULFILL$ HIS TASK AS A PRODUC]4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ,/IRN] GLIMPS$ ! DANG] ?AT 9 A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ! COLLECTIVE APPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W\LD GIVE ! ,/ATE MORE EXORBITANT P[]S ?AN IT HAS AT PRES5T3 

0,BY ABOLI%+ ALL PRIVATE PROP]TY COMMUNISM MAKES ME EV5 MORE DEP5D5T ON O!RS1 ON ! G5]ALITY OR TOTALITY .<( SOCIETY.>1 &1 9 SPITE ( ITS ATTACKS ON ! ,/ATE1 IT 9T5DS TO E/ABLI% ITS [N ,/ATE1 4 4 4 A /ATE ( AFFAIRS :I* P>ALYZES MY FRE$OM TO ACT & EX]TS SOV]EIGN AU?ORITY OV] ME4 ,COMMUNISM IS RI<TLY 9DIGNANT AB\T ! WRONGS :I* ,I SUFF] AT ! H&S ( 9DIVIDUAL PROPRIETORS1 BUT ! P[] :I* IT WILL PUT 9TO ! H&S ( ! TOTAL SOCIETY IS EV5 MORE T]RIBLE40 

,PR\DHON WAS JU/ AS DISSATISFI$ ) ! 0GOV]NM5TAL1 DICTATORIAL1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 DOCTR9AIRE COMMUNI/ SY/EM0 :I* 0/>TS FROM ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS 5TIRELY SUBORD9ATE TO ! COLLECTIVITY40 ,! COMMUNI/ IDEA ( ! ,/ATE IS EXACTLY ! SAME AS ?AT ( ! =M] MA/]S & MU* LESS LIB]AL3 0,LIKE AN >MY ?AT HAS CAPTUR$ ! 5EMY'S GUNS1 COMMUNISM HAS SIMPLY TURN$ PROP]TY'S >TILL]Y AGA9/ ! >MY ( PROP]TY4 ,! SLAVE ALWAYS APES HIS MA/]40 ,& ,PR\DHON DESCRIBES 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS ! POLITICAL SY/EM :I* HE ATTRIBUTES TO ! COMMUNI/S3 

0,A COMPACT DEMOCRACY - APP>5TLY BAS$ ON ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! MASSES1 BUT 9 :I* ! MASSES HAVE ONLY P[] 5\< TO 9SURE UNIV]SAL S]VITUDE1 ACCORD+ TO ! FOLL[+ PRESCRIPTION BORR[$ FROM ! OLD ABSOLUTISM3 

,! 9DIVISIBILITY ( P[]2 

,ALL-ABSORB+ C5TRALISM2 

,! SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION ( ALL 9DIVIDUAL1 CORPORATE1 OR LOCAL ?\<T BELIEV$ TO BE SUBV]SIVE2 

,AN 9QUISITORIAL POLICE =CE40 

,! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S CALL = A 0REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE40 ,!Y 0BELIEVE ?AT ! ,/ATE MU/ CONT9UE AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!Y PRES]VE ! ,/ATE1 P[]1 AU?ORITY1 & GOV]NM5T1 9CREAS+ !IR SCOPE /ILL FUR!R4 ,ALL !Y DO IS TO *ANGE ! TITLES 4 4 4 AS ?\< *ANG+ ! NAMES W]E 5\< TO TRANS=M ?+S60 ,& ,PR\DHON CONCLUDES BY SAY+3 0,GOV]NM5T IS BY ITS NATURE C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 4 4 4 GIVE P[] TO A ,SA9T ,V9C5T DE ,PAUL & HE WILL BE A ,GUIZOT .<#i.> OR A ,TALLEYR&40 ,BAKUN9 EXT5D$ ?IS CRITICISM ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM3 

,I DETE/ COMMUNISM BECAUSE IT IS ! NEGATION ( LIB]TY & ,I CANNOT CONCEIVE ANY?+ HUMAN )\T LIB]TY4 ,I AM NOT A COMMUNI/ BECAUSE COMMUNISM CONC5TRATES ALL ! P[]S ( SOCIETY & ABSORBS !M 9TO ! ,/ATE1 BECAUSE IT LEADS 9EVITABLY TO ! C5TRALIZATION ( PROP]TY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 :ILE ,I WANT TO SEE ! ,/ATE ABOLI%$4 ,I WANT ! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLE ( /ATE TUTELAGE :I* HAS ALWAYS SUBJECT$1 OPPRESS$1 EXPLOIT$1 & DEPRAV$ M5 :ILE CLAIM+ TO MORALIZE & CIVILIZE !M4 ,I WANT SOCIETY1 & COLLECTIVE OR SOCIAL PROP]TY1 TO BE ORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP ?R\< FREE ASSOCIATION & NOT FROM ! TOP D[N BY AU?ORITY ( ANY K9D4444 ,9 ?AT S5SE ,I AM A COLLECTIVI/ & NOT AT ALL A COMMUNI/4 

,SOON AFT] MAK+ ! ABOVE SPEE* ,BAKUN9 JO9$ ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,& !RE HE & HIS SUPPORT]S CAME 9TO CONFLICT NOT ONLY ) ,M>X & ,5GELS BUT ) O!RS F> MORE VULN]ABLE TO HIS ATTACKS ?AN ! TWO F\ND]S ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM3 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS = :OM ! ,/ATE WAS A FETI% & :O PROPOS$ ! USE ( ! BALLOT & ELECTORAL ALLIANCES TO 9TRODUCE AN AMBIGU\S 0,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE0 7,VOLK/AAT72 ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,BLANQUI/S .<#a.> :O SANG ! VIRTUES ( A TRANSITIONAL DICTATOR%IP BY A REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY4 ,BAKUN9 F\<T !SE DIV]G5T BUT EQUALLY AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPTS TOO? & NAIL1 :ILE ,M>X & ,5GELS OSCILLAT$ BETWE5 !M = TACTICAL REASONS BUT F9ALLY DECID$ TO DISAV[ BO? UND] ! H>ASSM5T ( AN>*I/ CRITICISM4 

,H[EV]1 ! FRICTION BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X >OSE MA9LY FROM ! SECT>IAN & P]SONAL WAY 9 :I* ! LATT] TRI$ TO CONTROL ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ESPECIALLY AFT] #a#h#g4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT !RE W]E WRONGS ON BO? SIDES 9 ?IS QU>REL1 9 :I* ! /AKE WAS ! CONTROL ( ! ORGANIZATION & ?US ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,BAKUN9 WAS NOT )\T FAULT & HIS CASE AGA9/ ,M>X (T5 LACK$ FAIRNESS & EV5 GOOD FAI?4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT = ! MOD]N READ]1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT AS E>LY AS #ahg ,BAKUN9 HAD ! M]IT ( RAIS+ ! AL>M AGA9/ C]TA9 IDEAS ( ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T & ( PROLET>IAN P[] :I* W]E MU* LAT] TO DI/ORT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,SOMETIMES UNJU/LY1 & SOMETIMES ) REASON1 ,BAKUN9 CLAIM$ TO SEE 9 ,M>XISM ! EMBRYO ( :AT WAS TO BECOME ,L59ISM & !N ! MALIGNANT GR[? ( ,/AL9ISM4 

,BAKUN9 MALICI\SLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,M>X & ,5GELS IDEAS :I* !SE TWO M5 NEV] EXPRESS$ OP5LY1 IF 9DE$ !Y H>BOR$ !M AT ALL3 

0,BUT1 IT WILL BE SAID ALL ! WORK]S 4 4 4 CANNOT BECOME S*OL>S2 & IS IT NOT 5\< ?AT ) ?IS ORGANIZATION .<,9T]NATIONAL.> !RE IS A GR\P ( M5 :O HAVE MA/]$ ! SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHY1 & POLITICS ( SOCIALISM AS COMPLETELY AS IS POSSIBLE 9 \R DAY1 SO ?AT ! MAJORITY 4 4 4 CAN BE C]TA9 ( REMA9+ ON ! RI<T ROAD TO ! F9AL EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 4 4 4 SIMPLY BY FAI?FULLY OBEY+ !IR DIRECTIONS8 4 4 4 ,VIE HAVE HE>D ?IS L9E ( REASON+ DEVELOP$ BY 9NU5DO ) ALL SORTS ( SUBTLE & SKILLFUL QUALIFICATIONS BUT NEV] OP5LY EXPRESS$ - !Y >E NOT BRAVE 5\< OR FRANK 5\< = ?AT4 0 

,BAKUN9 CONT9U$ HIS DIATRIBE3 

0,BEG9N+ FROM ! BASIC PR9CIPLE 4 4 4 ?AT ?\<T TAKES PREC$5CE OV] LIFE1 & AB/RACT !ORY OV] SOCIAL PRACTICE1 & 9F]R+ ?AT SOCIOLOGICAL SCI5CE MU/ BECAME ! />T+ PO9T ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL & RECON/RUCTION1 !Y W]E =C$ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT S9CE ?\<T1 !ORY1 & SCI5CE >E1 = ! PRES5T AT ANY RATE1 ! EXCLUSIVE POSSESSIONS ( A V]Y SMALL NUMB] ( P]SONS1 ?AT M9ORITY MU/ DIRECT SOCIAL LIFE4 

,! SUPPOS$ ,POPUL> ,/ATE W\LD BE NO?+ BUT ! DESPOTIC GOV]NM5T ( ! POPUL> MASSES BY A NEW & V]Y N>R[ >I/OCRACY ( KN[L$GE1 REAL OR PRET5D$4 0 

,BAKUN9 TRANSLAT$ ,M>X'S MAJOR WORK1 ,DAS ,KAPITAL1 9TO ,RUSSIAN1 HAD A LIVELY ADMIRATION = HIS 9TELLECTUAL CAPACITY1 FULLY ACCEPT$ ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 & APPRECIAT$ BETT] ?AN ANYONE ,M>X'S !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTION TO ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,:AT HE W\LD NOT CONC$E WAS ?AT 9TELLECTUAL SUP]IORITY CAN CONF] UPON ANYONE ! RI<T TO LEAD ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T3 

0,ONE ASKS ONESELF H[ A MAN AS 9TELLIG5T AS ,M>X C\LD CONCEIVE ( SU* A H]ESY AGA9/ COMMON S5SE & HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE AS ! NOTION ?AT A GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS1 H[EV] 9TELLIG5T & WELL-9T5TION$1 C\LD BECOME ! S\L & ! UNIFY+ & DIRECT+ WILL ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & ( ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL C\NTRIES4444 ,! CREATION ( A UNIV]SAL DICTATOR%IP 4 4 41 A DICTATOR%IP :I* W\LD SOMEH[ P]=M ! TASK ( *IEF 5G9E] ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 REGULAT+ & /E]+ ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! MASSES ( ALL NATIONS AS ONE /E]S A MA*9E 4 4 41 ! CREATION ( SU* A DICTATOR%IP W\LD 9 ITSELF SUFFICE TO KILL ! REVOLUTION & P>ALYZE & DI/ORT ALL POPUL> MOVEM5TS4444 ,& :AT IS ONE TO ?9K ( AN 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS :I*1 9 ! SUPPOS$ 9T]E/ ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 IMPOSES ON ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD A GOV]NM5T 9VE/$ ) DICTATORIAL P[]S80 

,NO D\BT ,BAKUN9 WAS DI/ORT+ ! ?\<TS ( ,M>X QUITE SEV]ELY 9 ATTRIBUT+ TO HIM SU* A UNIV]SALLY AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPT1 BUT ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL HAS S9CE %[N ?AT ! DANG] ( :I* HE W>N$ DID EV5TUALLY MAT]IALIZE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN EXILE %[$ HIMSELF EQUALLY CLE>-SI<T$ AB\T ! DANG] ( /ATE CONTROL UND] A COMMUNI/ REGIME4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ! ASPIRATIONS ( 0DOCTR9AIRE0 SOCIALI/S W\LD 0PUT ! PEOPLE 9TO A NEW H>NESS40 ,!Y D\BTLESS PR(ESS1 AS DO ! LIB]T>IANS1 TO SEE ANY ,/ATE AS OPPRESSIVE1 BUT MA9TA9 ?AT ONLY DICTATOR%IP - !IR [N1 ( C\RSE - CAN CREATE FRE$OM = ! PEOPLE2 TO :I* ! REPLY IS ?AT EV]Y DICTATOR%IP MU/ SEEK TO LA/ AS LONG AS POSSIBLE4 ,9/EAD ( LEAV+ IT TO ! PEOPLE TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE1 !Y WANT TO 0TRANSF] IT 4 4 4 9TO ! H&S ( ! B5EFACTORS1 GU>DIANS1 & TEA*]S1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40 ,!Y SEE QUITE WELL ?AT SU* A GOV]NM5T1 0H[EV] DEMOCRATIC ITS =MS1 WILL BE A REAL DICTATOR%IP10 & 0CONSOLE !MSELVES ) ! IDEA ?AT IT WILL BE TEMPOR>Y & %ORT-LIV$40 ,BUT NO6 ,BAKUN9 RETORT$4 ,?IS SUPPOS$LY 9T]IM DICTATOR%IP WILL 9EVITABLY LEAD TO 0! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE1 ITS PRIVILEGES1 ITS 9EQUALITIES1 & ALL ITS OPPRESSIONS10 TO ! =MATION ( A GOV]NM5TAL >I/OCRACY 0:I* AGA9 BEG9S TO EXPLOIT & RULE 9 ! NAME ( COMMON HAPP9ESS OR TO SAVE ! ,/ATE40 ,& ?IS ,/ATE WILL BE 0! MORE ABSOLUTE BECAUSE ITS DESPOTISM IS C>EFULLY CONCEAL$ UND] OBSEQUI\S RESPECT444 = ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE40 

,BAKUN91 ALWAYS P>TICUL>LY LUCID1 BELIEV$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 0,IF ! WORK]S ( ! ,WE/ WAIT TOO LONG1 ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS WILL SET !M AN EXAMPLE40 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! REVOLUTION WILL BE BASICALLY 0AN>*I/IC40 ,BUT HE WAS FE>FUL ( ! \TCOME3 ! REVOLUTION>IES MI<T WELL SIMPLY C>RY ON ! ,/ATE ( ,PET] ! ,GREAT :I* WAS 0BAS$ ON 4 4 4 SUSP5SION ( ALL EXPRESSIONS ( ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE10 = 0ONE CAN *ANGE ! LABEL ( A ,/ATE & ITS =M 4 4 4 BUT ! F\NDATION WILL REMA9 UN*ANG$40 ,EI!R ! ,/ATE MU/ BE DE/ROY$ OR ONE MU/ 0RECONCILE ONESELF TO ! VILE/ & MO/ DANG]\S LIE ( \R C5TURY 4 4 43 ,R$ ,BUREAUCRACY40 ,BAKUN9 SUMM$ IT UP AS FOLL[S3 0,TAKE ! MO/ RADICAL ( REVOLUTION>IES & PLACE HIM ON ! ?RONE ( ALL ! ,RUSSIAS OR GIVE HIM DICTATORIAL P[]S 4 4 4 & BE=E ! YE> IS \T HE WILL BE WORSE ?AN ! ,CZ> HIMSELF40 

,9 ,RUSSIA ,VOL9E WAS P>TICIPANT1 WITNESS1 & HI/ORIAN ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & AFT]W>DS RECORD$ ?AT EV5TS HAD TAU<T ! SAME LESSON AS ! MA/]S4 ,YES1 9DE$1 SOCIALI/ P[] & SOCIAL REVOLUTION 0>E CONTRADICTORY FACTORS02 !Y CANNOT BE RECONCIL$3 

0,A REVOLUTION :I* IS 9SPIR$ BY /ATE SOCIALISM & ADOPTS ?IS =M1 EV5 'PROVISIONALLY' & 'TEMPOR>ILY1' IS LO/3 IT TAKES A WRONG ROAD D[N AN EV] /EEP] SLOPE4444 ,ALL POLITICAL P[] 9EVITABLY CREATES A PRIVILEG$ POSITION = ?OSE :O EX]CISE IT4444 ,HAV+ TAK5 OV] ! ,REVOLUTION1 MA/]$ IT1 & H>NESS$ IT1 ?OSE 9 P[] >E OBLIG$ TO CREATE ! BUREAUCRATIC & REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS :I* IS 9DISP5SABLE = ANY AU?ORITY ?AT WANTS TO MA9TA9 ITSELF1 TO COMM&1 TO GIVE ORD]S1 9 A WORD4 TO GOV]N4 4 4 4 ,ALL AU?ORITY SEEKS TO SOME EXT5T TO CONTROL SOCIAL LIFE4 ,ITS EXI/5CE PR$ISPOSES ! MASSES TO PASSIVITY1 ITS V]Y PRES5CE SUFFOCATES ANY SPIRIT ( 9ITIATIVE4444 ',COMMUNI/' P[] IS 444 A REAL BLUDGEON4 ,SWOLL5 ) 'AU?ORITY' 4 4 4 IT FE>S EV]Y 9DEP5D5T ACTION4 ,ANY AUTONOM\S ACTION IS IMM$IATELY SE5 AS SUSPECT1 ?REAT5+1 4 4 4 = SU* AU?ORITY WANTS SOLE CONTROL ( ! TILL]4 ,9ITIATIVE FROM ANY O!R S\RCE IS SE5 AS AN 9TRUSION UPON ITS DOMA9 & AN 9FR+EM5T ( ITS PR]OGATIVES &1 !RE=E1 UNACCEPTABLE4 0 

,FUR!R1 AN>*I/S CATEGORICALLY D5Y ! NE$ = 0PROVISIONAL0 & 0TEMPOR>Y0 /AGES4 ,9 #a#i#c#f1 ON ! EVE ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN PLAC$ AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM ON ! HORNS ( A DILEMMA3 0,EI!R ! REVOLUTION GIVES SOCIAL WEAL? TO ! PRODUC]S1 OR IT DOES NOT4 ,IF IT DOES1 ! PRODUC]S ORGANIZE !MSELVES = COLLECTIVE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION & !RE IS NO?+ LEFT = ! ,/ATE TO DO4 ,IF IT DOES NOT GIVE SOCIAL WEAL? TO ! PRODUC]S1 ! REVOLUTION IS NO?+ BUT A DECEPTION & ! ,/ATE GOES ON40 ,ONE CAN SAY ?AT ! DILEMMA IS OV]SIMPLIFI$ H]E2 IT W\LD BE LESS SO IF IT W]E TRANSLAT$ 9TO T]MS ( 9T5T3 ! AN>*I/S >E NOT SO NAIVE AS TO DREAM ?AT ALL ! REMNANTS ( ! ,/ATE W\LD DISAPPE> OV]NI<T1 BUT !Y HAVE ! WILL TO MAKE !M WI!R AWAY AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE2 :ILE ! AU?ORIT>IANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E SATISFI$ ) ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! 9DEF9ITE SURVIVAL ( A 0TEMPOR>Y0 ,/ATE1 >BITR>ILY T]M$ A 0,WORK]S' ,/ATE40 

,S,\,R,C,E,S ,( ,9,S,P,I,R,A,T,I,O,N3 

,! ,9,D,I,V,I,D,U,A,L 

,! AN>*I/ SETS TWO S\RCES ( REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY AGA9/ ! CON/RA9TS & HI]>*IES ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM3 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & ! SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES4 ,SOME AN>*I/S >E MORE 9DIVIDUALI/IC ?AN SOCIAL1 SOME MORE SOCIAL ?AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC4 ,H[EV]1 ONE CANNOT CONCEIVE ( A LIB]T>IAN :O IS NOT AN 9DIVIDUALI/4 ,! OBS]VATIONS MADE BY ,AUGU/9 ,HAMON FROM ! SURVEY M5TION$ E>LI] CONFIRM ?IS ANALYSIS4 

,MAX ,/IRN] .<#a#a.> REHABILITAT$ ! 9DIVIDUAL AT A TIME :5 ! PHILOSOPHICAL FIELD WAS DOM9AT$ BY ,HEGELIAN ANTI-9DIVIDUALISM & MO/ RE=M]S 9 ! SOCIAL FIELD HAD BE5 L$ BY ! MISDE$S ( B\RGEOIS EGOTISM TO /RESS ITS OPPOSITE3 WAS NOT ! V]Y WORD 0SOCIALISM0 CREAT$ AS ANTONYM TO 09DIVIDUALISM08 

,/IRN] EXALT$ ! 9TR9SIC VALUE ( ! UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ONE CA/ 9 A S+LE UNREPEATABLE MOLD 7AN IDEA :I* HAS BE5 CONFIRM$ BY REC5T BIOLOGICAL RESE>*74 ,= A LONG TIME ?IS ?9K] REMA9$ ISOLAT$ 9 AN>*I/ CIRCLES1 AN ECC5TRIC FOLL[$ BY ONLY A T9Y SECT ( 9TELLIG5T 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,TODAY1 ! BOLDNESS & SCOPE ( HIS ?\<T APPE> 9 A NEW LI<T4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD SEEMS TO HAVE SET ITSELF ! TASK ( RESCU+ ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM ALL ! =MS ( ALI5ATION :I* CRU% HIM' ?OSE ( 9DIVIDUAL SLAV]Y & ?OSE ( TOTALIT>IAN CON=MISM4 ,9 A FAM\S >TICLE WRITT5 9 #a#i#c#c1 ,SIMONE ,WEIL COMPLA9$ ( NOT F9D+ 9 ,M>XI/ WRIT+S ANY ANSW] TO QUE/IONS >IS+ FROM ! NE$ TO DEF5D ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ! NEW =MS ( OPPRESSION COM+ AFT] CLASSICAL CAPITALI/ OPPRESSION4 ,/IRN] SET \T TO FILL ?IS S]I\S GAP AS E>LY AS ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,HE WROTE 9 A LIVELY /YLE1 CRACKL+ ) APHORISMS3 0,DO NOT SEEK 9 SELF-R5UNCIATION A FRE$OM :I* D5IES Y\R V]Y SELVES1 BUT SEEK Y\R [N SELVES4444 ,LET EA* ( Y\ BE AN ALL-P[]FUL ,I40 ,!RE IS NO FRE$OM BUT ?AT :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL CONQU]S = HIMSELF4 ,FRE$OM GIV5 OR CONC$$ IS NOT FRE$OM BUT 0/OL5 GOODS40 0,!RE IS NO JUDGE BUT MYSELF :O CAN DECIDE :E!R ,I AM RI<T OR WRONG40 0,! ONLY ?+S ,I HAVE NO RI<T TO DO >E ?OSE ,I DO NOT DO ) A FREE M9D40 0,Y\ HAVE ! RI<T TO BE :ATEV] Y\ HAVE ! /R5G? TO BE40 ,:ATEV] Y\ ACCOMPLI% Y\ ACCOMPLI% AS A UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL3 0,NEI!R ! ,/ATE1 SOCIETY1 NOR HUMANITY CAN MA/] ?IS DEVIL40 

,9 ORD] TO EMANCIPATE HIMSELF1 ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ BEG9 BY PUTT+ UND] ! MICROSCOPE ! 9TELLECTUAL BAGGAGE ) :I* HIS P>5TS & TEA*]S HAVE SADDL$ HIM4 ,HE MU/ UND]TAKE A VA/ OP]ATION ( 0DESANCTIFICATION10 BEG9N+ ) ! SO-CALL$ MORALITY ( ! B\RGEOISIE3 0,LIKE ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF1 ITS NATIVE SOIL1 IT IS /ILL F> TOO CLOSE TO ! HEAV5 ( RELIGION1 IS /ILL NOT FREE 5\<1 & UNCRITICALLY BORR[S B\RGEOIS LAWS TO TRANSPLANT !M TO ITS [N GR\ND 9/EAD ( WORK+ \T NEW & 9DEP5D5T DOCTR9ES40 

,/IRN] WAS ESPECIALLY 9C5S$ BY SEXUAL MORALITY4 ,! 0MA*9ATIONS0 ( ,*RI/IANITY 0AGA9/ PASSION0 HAVE SIMPLY BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ! SECUL>I/S4 ,!Y REFUS$ TO LI/5 TO ! APPEAL ( ! FLE% & DISPLAY !IR ZEAL AGA9/ IT4 ,!Y 0SPIT 9 ! FACE ( IMMORALITY40 ,! MORAL PREJUDICES 9CULCAT$ BY ,*RI/IANITY HAVE AN ESPECIALLY /RONG HOLD ON ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 0,! PEOPLE FURI\SLY URGE ! POLICE ON AGA9/ ANY?+ :I* SEEMS TO !M IMMORAL OR EV5 IMPROP]1 & ?IS PUBLIC PASSION = MORALITY PROTECTS ! POLICE AS AN 9/ITUTION F> MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN A GOV]NM5T C\LD EV] DO40 

,/IRN] =E%AD[$ MOD]N PSY*OANALYSIS BY OBS]V+ & D5\NC+ ! 9T]NALIZATION ( P>5TAL MORAL VALUES4 ,FROM *ILDHOOD WE >E CONSUM$ ) MORAL PREJUDICES4 ,MORALITY HAS BECOME 0AN 9T]NAL =CE FROM :I* ,I CANNOT FREE MYSELF10 0ITS DESPOTISM IS T5 TIMES WORSE ?AN BE=E1 BECAUSE IT N[ SCOLDS AWAY FROM )9 MY CONSCI5CE40 0,! Y\NG >E S5T TO S*OOL 9 H]DS TO LE>N ! OLD SAWS & :5 !Y KN[ ! V]BIAGE ( ! OLD BY HE>T !Y >E SAID TO HAVE COME ( AGE40 ,/IRN] DECL>$ HIMSELF AN ICONOCLA/3 0,GOD1 CONSCI5CE1 DUTIES1 & LAWS >E ALL ]RORS :I* HAVE BE5 /UFF$ 9TO \R M9DS & HE>TS40 ,! REAL S$UC]S & CORRUPT]S ( Y\? >E ! PRIE/S & P>5TS :O 0MUDDY Y\NG HE>TS & /UPEFY Y\NG M9DS40 ,IF !RE IS ANY?+ ?AT 0COMES FROM ! DEVIL0 IT IS SURELY ?IS FALSE DIV9E VOICE :I* HAS BE5 9T]POLAT$ 9TO ! CONSCI5CE4 

,9 ! PROCESS ( REHABILITAT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ,/IRN] ALSO DISCOV]$ ! ,FREUDIAN SUBCONSCI\S4 ,! ,SELF CANNOT BE APPREH5D$4 ,AGA9/ IT 0! EMPIRE ( ?\<T1 M9D1 & RATIOC9ATION CRUMBLES02 IT IS 9EXPRESSIBLE1 9CONCEIVABLE1 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 & ?R\< ,/IRN]'S LIVELY APHORISMS ONE SEEMS TO HE> ! FIR/ E*OES ( EXI/5TIALI/ PHILOSOPHY3 0,I />T FROM A HYPO!SIS BY TAK+ MYSELF AS HYPO!SIS4444 ,I USE IT SOLELY = MY 5JOYM5T & SATISFACTION4444 ,I EXI/ ONLY BECAUSE ,I N\RI% MY ,SELF4444 ,! FACT ?AT ,I AM ( ABSORB+ 9T]E/ TO MYSELF MEANS ?AT ,I EXI/40 

,( C\RSE ! :ITE HEAT ( IMAG9ATION 9 :I* ,/IRN] WROTE SOMETIMES MISL$ HIM 9TO P>ADOXICAL /ATEM5TS4 ,HE LET SLIP SOME ANTISOCIAL APHORISMS & >RIV$ AT ! POSITION ?AT LIFE 9 SOCIETY IS IMPOSSIBLE3 0,WE DO NOT ASPIRE TO COMMUNAL LIFE BUT TO A LIFE AP>T40 0,! PEOPLE IS DEAD6 ,GOOD-DAY1 ,SELF60 0,! PEOPLE'S GOOD =TUNE IS MY MIS=TUNE60 0,IF IT IS RI<T = ME1 IT IS RI<T4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT IT IS WRONG = O!RS3 LET !M TAKE C>E ( !MSELVES60 

,H[EV]1 !SE OCCASIONAL \TBUR/S >E PROBABLY NOT A FUNDAM5TAL P>T ( HIS ?9K+ &1 9 SPITE ( HIS H]MIT'S BLU/]1 HE ASPIR$ TO COMMUNAL LIFE4 ,LIKE MO/ PEOPLE :O >E 9TROV]T$1 ISOLAT$1 %UT 91 HE SUFF]$ ACUTE NO/ALGIA = IT4 ,TO ?OSE :O ASK$ H[ HE C\LD LIVE 9 SOCIETY ) HIS EXCLUSIV5ESS HE REPLI$ ?AT ONLY ! MAN :O HAS COMPREH5D$ HIS [N 0ON5ESS0 CAN HAVE RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[S4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL NE$S HELP & FRI5DS2 = EXAMPLE1 IF HE WRITES BOOKS HE NE$S READ]S4 ,HE JO9S ) HIS FELL[ MAN 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE HIS /R5G? & FULFILL HIMSELF MORE COMPLETELY ?R\< !IR COMB9$ /R5G? ?AN EI!R C\LD 9 ISOLATION4 0,IF Y\ HAVE SEV]AL MILLION O!RS BEH9D Y\ TO PROTECT Y\1 TOGE!R Y\ WILL BECOME A GREAT =CE & WILL EASILY BE VICTORI\S0 - BUT ON ONE CONDITION3 !SE RELATIONS ) O!RS MU/ BE FREE & VOLUNT>Y & ALWAYS SUBJECT TO REPUDIATION4 ,/IRN] DI/+UI%ES A SOCIETY ALREADY E/ABLI%$1 :I* IS A CON/RA9T1 FROM ASSOCIATION1 :I* IS A VOLUNT>Y ACT4 0,SOCIETY USES Y\1 BUT Y\ USE ASSOCIATION40 ,ADMITT$LY1 ASSOCIATION IMPLIES A SACRIFICE1 A RE/RICTION UPON FRE$OM1 BUT ?IS SACRIFICE IS NOT MADE = ! COMMON GOOD3 0,IT IS MY [N P]SONAL 9T]E/ ?AT BR+S ME TO IT40 

,/IRN] WAS DEAL+ ) V]Y CONTEMPOR>Y PROBLEMS1 ESPECIALLY :5 HE TREAT$ ! QUE/ION ( POLITICAL P>TIES ) SPECIAL REF]5CE TO ! COMMUNI/S4 ,HE WAS SEV]ELY CRITICAL ( ! CON=MISM ( P>TIES3 0,ONE MU/ FOLL[ ONE'S P>TY EV]Y:]E & ANY:]E1 ABSOLUTELY APPROV+ & DEF5D+ ITS BASIC PR9CIPLES40 0,MEMB]S 4 4 4 B[ TO ! SLI<TE/ WI%ES ( ! P>TY40 ,! P>TY'S PROGRAM MU/ 0BE = !M C]TA91 ABOVE QUE/ION4444 ,ONE MU/ BELONG TO ! P>TY BODY & S\L4444 ,ANYONE :O GOES FROM ONE P>TY TO ANO!R IS IMM$IATELY TREAT$ AS A R5EGADE40 ,9 ,/IRN]'S VIEW1 A MONOLI?IC P>TY CEASES TO BE AN ASSOCIATION & ONLY A CORPSE REMA9S4 ,HE REJECT$ SU* A P>TY BUT DID NOT GIVE UP HOPE ( JO9+ A POLITICAL ASSOCIATION3 0,I %ALL ALWAYS F9D 5\< PEOPLE :O WANT TO ASSOCIATE ) ME )\T HAV+ TO SWE> ALLEGIANCE TO MY FLAG40 ,HE FELT HE C\LD ONLY REJO9 ! P>TY IF !RE WAS 0NO?+ COMPULSORY AB\T IT10 & HIS SOLE CONDITION WAS ?AT HE C\LD BE SURE 0( NOT LETT+ HIMSELF BE TAK5 OV] BY ! P>TY40 0,! P>TY IS NO?+ O!R ?AN A P>TY 9 :I* HE TAKES P>T40 0,HE ASSOCIATES FREELY & TAKES BACK HIS FRE$OM 9 ! SAME WAY40 

,!RE IS ONLY ONE WEAKNESS 9 ,/IRN]'S >GUM5T1 ?\< IT MORE OR LESS UND]LIES ALL HIS WRIT+S3 HIS CONCEPT ( ! UNITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT ONLY 0EGOTI/ICAL10 PR(ITABLE = ! 0,SELF0 BUT IS ALSO VALID = ! COLLECTIVITY4 ,! HUMAN ASSOCIATION IS ONLY FRUITFUL IF IT DOES NOT CRU% ! 9DIVIDUAL BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DEVELOPS 9ITIATIVE & CREATIVE 5]GY4 ,IS NOT ! /R5G? ( A P>TY ! SUM ( ALL ! /R5G?S ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O COMPOSE IT8 ,?IS LACUNA 9 HIS >GUM5T IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ,/IRN]'S SYN!SIS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY REMA9$ HALT+ & 9COMPLETE4 ,9 ! ?\<T ( ?IS REBEL ! SOCIAL & ! ANTISOCIAL CLA% & >E NOT ALWAYS RESOLV$4 ,! SOCIAL AN>*I/S W]E TO REPROA* HIM = ?IS1 QUITE RI<TLY4 

,!SE REPROA*ES W]E ! MORE BITT] BECAUSE ,/IRN]1 PRESUMABLY ?R\< IGNORANCE1 MADE ! MI/AKE ( 9CLUD+ ,PR\DHON AMONG ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S :O CONDEMN 9DIVIDUALI/ ASPIRATIONS 9 ! NAME ( 0SOCIAL DUTY40 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,PR\DHON HAD MOCK$ ,/IRN]-LIKE 0ADORATION0 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 .<#a#b.> BUT HIS 5TIRE WORK WAS A SE>* = A SYN!SIS1 OR RA!R AN 0EQUILIBRIUM0 BETWE5 CONC]N = ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY1 BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL P[] & COLLECTIVE P[]4 0,JU/ AS 9DIVIDUALISM IS A PRIMORDIAL HUMAN TRAIT1 SO ASSOCIATION IS ITS COMPLEM5T40 

0,SOME ?9K ?AT MAN HAS VALUE ONLY ?R\< SOCIETY 4 4 4 & T5D TO ABSORB ! 9DIVIDUAL 9TO ! COLLECTIVITY4 ,?US 4 4 4 ! COMMUNI/ SY/EM IS A DEVALUATION ( ! P]SONALITY 9 ! NAME ( SOCIETY4444 ,?AT IS TYRANNY1 A MY/ICAL & ANONYM\S TYRANNY1 IT IS NOT ASSOCIATION4444 ,:5 ! HUMAN P]SONALITY IS DIVE/$ ( ITS PR]OGATIVES1 SOCIETY IS F\ND TO BE )\T ITS VITAL PR9CIPLE40 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,PR\DHON REJECT$ ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC UTOPIANISM ?AT AGGLOM]ATES UNRELAT$ 9DIVIDUALITIES ) NO ORGANIC CONNECTION1 NO COLLECTIVE P[]1 & ?US BETRAYS ITS 9ABILITY TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( COMMON 9T]E/S4 ,9 CONCLUSION3 NEI!R COMMUNISM NOR UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM4 0,WE HAVE TOO MANY JO9T 9T]E/S1 TOO MANY ?+S 9 COMMON40 

,BAKUN91 ALSO1 WAS BO? AN 9DIVIDUALI/ & A SOCIALI/4 ,HE KEPT REIT]AT+ ?AT A SOCIETY C\LD ONLY REA* A HI<] LEVEL BY />T+ FROM ! FREE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,:5EV] HE 5UNCIAT$ RI<TS :I* MU/ BE GU>ANTE$ TO GR\PS1 SU* AS ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION OR SECESSION1 HE WAS C>EFUL TO /ATE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL %\LD BE ! FIR/ TO B5EFIT FROM !M4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL [ES DUTIES TO SOCIETY ONLY 9 SO F> AS HE HAS FREELY CONS5T$ TO BECOME P>T ( IT4 ,EV]YONE IS FREE TO ASSOCIATE OR NOT TO ASSOCIATE1 &1 IF HE SO DESIRES1 0TO GO & LIVE 9 ! DES]TS OR ! =E/S AMONG ! WILD BEA/S40 0,FRE$OM IS ! ABSOLUTE RI<T ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+ TO SEEK NO O!R SANCTION = HIS ACTIONS BUT HIS [N CONSCI5CE1 TO DET]M9E !SE ACTIONS SOLELY BY HIS [N WILL1 & CONSEQU5TLY TO [E HIS FIR/ RESPONSIBILITY TO HIMSELF ALONE40 ,! SOCIETY :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS FREELY *OS5 TO JO9 AS A MEMB] APPE>S ONLY AS A SECOND>Y FACTOR 9 ! ABOVE LI/ ( RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,IT HAS MORE DUTIES TO ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AN RI<TS OV] HIM1 &1 PROVID$ HE HAS REA*$ HIS MAJORITY1 %\LD EX]CISE 0NEI!R SURVEILLANCE NOR AU?ORITY0 OV] HIM1 BUT [E HIM 0! PROTECTION ( HIS LIB]TY40 

,BAKUN9 PU%$ ! PRACTICE ( 0ABSOLUTE & COMPLETE LIB]TY0 V]Y F>3 ,I AM 5TITL$ TO DISPOSE ( MY P]SON AS ,I PLEASE1 TO BE IDLE OR ACTIVE1 TO LIVE EI!R HONE/LY BY MY [N LABOR OR EV5 BY %AMEFULLY EXPLOIT+ *>ITY OR PRIVATE CONFID5CE4 ,ALL ?IS ON ONE CONDITION ONLY3 ?AT ?IS *>ITY OR CONFID5CE IS VOLUNT>Y & GIV5 TO ME ONLY BY 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE ATTA9$ !IR MAJORITY4 ,I EV5 HAVE ! RI<T TO 5T] 9TO ASSOCIATIONS :OSE OBJECTS MAKE !M 0IMMORAL0 OR APP>5TLY SO4 ,9 HIS CONC]N = LIB]TY ,BAKUN9 W5T SO F> AS TO ALL[ ONE TO JO9 ASSOCIATIONS DESIGN$ TO CORRUPT & DE/ROY 9DIVIDUAL OR PUBLIC LIB]TY3 0,LIB]TY CAN & MU/ DEF5D ITSELF ONLY ?R\< LIB]TY2 TO TRY TO RE/RICT IT ON ! SPECI\S PRETEXT ( DEF5D+ IT IS A DANG]\S CONTRADICTION40 

,AS = E?ICAL PROBLEMS1 ,BAKUN9 WAS SURE 0IMMORALITY0 WAS A CONSEQU5CE ( A VICI\SLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,?IS LATT] MU/1 !RE=E1 BE DE/ROY$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM4 ,LIB]TY ALONE CAN BR+ MORAL IMPROVEM5T4 ,RE/RICTIONS IMPOS$ ON ! PRETEXT ( IMPROV+ MORALS HAVE ALWAYS PROV$ DETRIM5TAL TO !M4 ,F> FROM *ECK+ ! SPREAD ( IMMORALITY1 REPRESSION HAS ALWAYS EXT5D$ & DEEP5$ IT4 ,?US IT IS FUTILE TO OPPOSE IT BY RIGOR\S LEGISLATION :I* TRESPASSES ON 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,BAKUN9 ALL[$ ONLY ONE SANCTION AGA9/ ! IDLE1 P>ASITIC1 OR WICK$3 ! LOSS ( POLITICAL RI<TS1 ?AT IS1 ( ! SAFEGU>DS ACCORD$ ! 9DIVIDUAL BY SOCIETY4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL HAS ! RI<T TO ALI5ATE HIS [N FRE$OM BY HIS [N ACTS BUT1 9 ?IS CASE1 IS D5I$ ! 5JOYM5T ( HIS POLITICAL RI<TS = ! DURATION ( HIS VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE4 

,IF CRIMES >E COMMITT$ !Y MU/ BE SE5 AS A DISEASE1 & PUNI%M5T AS TREATM5T RA!R ?AN AS SOCIAL V5GEANCE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! CONVICT$ 9DIVIDUAL MU/ RETA9 ! RI<T NOT TO SUBMIT TO ! S5T5CE IMPOS$ IF HE DECL>ES ?AT HE NO LONG] WI%ES TO BE A MEMB] ( ! SOCIETY CONC]N$4 ,! LATT]1 9 RETURN1 HAS ! RI<T TO EXPEL SU* AN 9DIVIDUAL & DECL>E HIM TO BE \TSIDE ITS PROTECTION4 

,BAKUN91 H[EV]1 WAS F> FROM BE+ A NIHILI/4 ,HIS PROCLAMATION ( ABSOLUTE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM DID NOT LEAD HIM TO REPUDIATE ALL SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS4 ,I BECOME FREE ONLY ?R\< ! FRE$OM ( O!RS3 0,MAN CAN FULFILL HIS FREE 9DIVIDUALITY ONLY BY COMPLEM5T+ IT ?R\< ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS >\ND HIM1 & ONLY ?R\< WORK & ! COLLECTIVE =CE ( SOCIETY40 ,MEMB]%IP 9 ! SOCIETY IS VOLUNT>Y BUT ,BAKUN9 HAD NO D\BT ?AT BECAUSE ( ITS 5ORM\S ADVANTAGES 0MEMB]%IP WILL BE *OS5 BY ALL40 ,MAN IS BO? 0! MO/ 9DIVIDUAL & ! MO/ SOCIAL ( ! ANIMALS40 

,BAKUN9 %[$ NO S(TNESS = EGOISM 9 ITS VULG> S5SE - = B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM 0:I* DRIVES ! 9DIVIDUAL TO CONQUE/ & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( HIS [N WELL-BE+ 4 4 4 9 SPITE ( EV]YONE1 ON ! BACKS ( O!RS1 TO !IR DETRIM5T40 0,SU* A SOLIT>Y & AB/RACT HUMAN BE+ IS AS MU* A FICTION AS ,GOD40 0,TOTAL ISOLATION IS 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL1 & MAT]IAL DEA?40 

,A BROAD & SYN!SIZ+ 9TELLECT1 ,BAKUN9 ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A BRIDGE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & MASS MOVEM5TS3 0,ALL SOCIAL LIFE IS SIMPLY ?IS CONT9UAL MUTUAL DEP5D5CE ( 9DIVIDUALS & ! MASSES4 ,EV5 ! /RONGE/ & MO/ 9TELLIG5T 9DIVIDUALS 4 4 4 >E AT EV]Y MOM5T ( !IR LIVES BO? PROMOT]S & PRODUCTS ( ! DESIRES & ACTIONS ( ! MASSES40 ,! AN>*I/ SEES ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS ! PRODUCT ( ?IS 9T]ACTION2 ?US HE REG>DS 9DIVIDUAL ACTION & AUTONOM\S COLLECTIVE ACTION BY ! MASSES AS EQUALLY FRUITFUL & MILITANT4 

,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S W]E ! 9TELLECTUAL HEIRS ( ,BAKUN94 ,AL?\< 5AMOR$ ( SOCIALIZATION1 ON ! V]Y EVE ( ! #aicf ,REVOLUTION !Y DID NOT FAIL TO MAKE A SOLEMN PL$GE TO PROTECT ! SACR$ AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL3 0,! ET]NAL ASPIRATION TO BE UNIQUE10 WROTE ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 0WILL BE EXPRESS$ 9 A ?\S& WAYS3 ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL NOT BE SUFFOCAT$ BY LEV]+ D[N 4444 ,9DIVIDUALISM1 P]SONAL TA/E1 & ORIG9ALITY WILL HAVE ADEQUATE SCOPE TO EXPRESS !MSELVES40 

,S,\,R,C,E,S ,( ,9,S,P,I,R,A,T,I,O,N3 

,! ,M,A,S,S,E,S 

,FROM ! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh ,PR\DHON LE>N$ ?AT ! MASSES >E ! S\RCE ( P[] ( REVOLUTIONS4 ,AT ! 5D ( #ahdi HE WROTE3 0,REVOLUTIONS HAVE NO 9/IGATORS2 !Y COME :5 FATE BECKONS1 & 5D ) ! EXHAU/ION ( ! MY/]I\S P[] ?AT MAKES !M FL\RI%40 0,ALL REVOLUTIONS HAVE BE5 C>RI$ ?R\< BY ! SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! PEOPLE2 IF OCCASIONALLY GOV]NM5TS HAVE RESPOND$ TO ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEOPLE IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE !Y W]E =C$ OR CON/RA9$ TO DO SO4 ,ALMO/ ALWAYS !Y BLOCK$1 REPRESS$1 /RUCK40 0,:5 LEFT TO !IR [N 9/9CTS ! PEOPLE ALMO/ ALWAYS SEE BETT] ?AN :5 GUID$ BY ! POLICY ( LEAD]S40 0,A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 4 4 4 DOES NOT OCCUR AT ! BEHE/ ( A MA/] ) A READY-MADE !ORY1 OR AT ! DICTATE ( A PROPHET4 ,A TRULY ORGANIC REVOLUTION IS A PRODUCT ( UNIV]SAL LIFE1 & AL?\< IT HAS ITS MESS5G]S & EXECUTORS IT IS REALLY NOT ! WORK ( ANY ONE P]SON40 ,! REVOLUTION MU/ BE CONDUCT$ FROM BEL[ & NOT FROM ABOVE4 ,ONCE ! REVOLUTION>Y CRISIS IS OV] SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION %\LD BE ! TASK ( ! POPUL> MASSES !MSELVES4 ,PR\DHON AFFIRM$ ! 0P]SONALITY & AUTONOMY ( ! MASSES40 

,BAKUN9 ALSO REPEAT$ TIRELESSLY ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION CAN BE NEI!R DECRE$ NOR ORGANIZ$ FROM ABOVE & CAN ONLY BE MADE & FULLY DEVELOP$ BY SPONTANE\S & CONT9U\S MASS ACTION4 ,REVOLUTIONS COME 0LIKE A ?IEF 9 ! NI<T40 ,!Y >E 0PRODUC$ BY ! =CE ( EV5TS40 0,!Y >E LONG 9 PREP>ATION 9 ! DEP?S ( ! 9/9CTIVE CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES - !N !Y EXPLODE1 (T5 PRECIPITAT$ BY APP>5TLY TRIVIAL CAUSES40 0,ONE CAN =ESEE !M1 HAVE PRES5TIM5TS ( !IR APPROA* 4 4 44 BUT ONE CAN NEV] ACCEL]ATE !IR \TBREAK40 0,! AN>*I/ SOCIAL REVOLUTION 4 4 4 >ISES SPONTANE\SLY 9 ! HE>TS ( ! PEOPLE1 DE/ROY+ ALL ?AT H9D]S ! G5]\S UPSURGE ( ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE 9 ORD] !REAFT] TO CREATE NEW =MS ( FREE SOCIAL LIFE :I* WILL >ISE FROM ! V]Y DEP?S ( ! S\L ( ! PEOPLE40 ,BAKUN9 SAW 9 ! ,COMMUNE ( #ahga /RIK+ CONFIRMATION ( HIS VIEWS4 ,! ,COMMUN>DS BELIEV$ ?AT 0! ACTION ( 9DIVIDUALS WAS ALMO/ NO?+0 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ! 0SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! MASSES %\LD BE EV]Y?+40 

,LIKE HIS PR$ECESSORS1 ,KROPOTK9 PRAIS$ 0?IS ADMIRABLE S5SE ( SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION :I* ! PEOPLE 4 4 4 HAS 9 SU* A HI< DEGREE1 BUT IS SO R>ELY P]MITT$ TO APPLY40 ,HE ADD$1 PLAYFULLY1 ?AT 0ONLY HE :O HAS ALWAYS LIV$ ) HIS NOSE BURI$ 9 (FICIAL PAP]S & R$ TAPE C\LD D\BT IT40 

,HAV+ MADE ALL !SE G5]\S & OPTIMI/IC AFFIRMATIONS1 BO? ! AN>*I/ & HIS BRO!R & 5EMY ! ,M>XI/ CONFRONT A GRAVE CONTRADICTION4 ,! SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES IS ESS5TIAL1 AN ABSOLUTE PRIORITY1 BUT NOT SUFFICI5T 9 ITSELF4 ,! ASSI/ANCE ( A REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY CAPABLE ( ?9K+ \T ! REVOLUTION HAS PROV$ TO BE NECESS>Y TO RAISE MASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,H[ IS ?IS ELITE TO BE PREV5T$ FROM EXPLOIT+ ITS 9TELLECTUAL SUP]IORITY TO USURP ! ROLE ( ! MASSES1 P>ALYZE !IR 9ITIATIVE1 & EV5 IMPOSE A NEW DOM9ATION UPON !M8 

,AFT] HIS IDYLLIC EXALTATION ( SPONTANEITY1 ,PR\DHON CAME TO ADMIT ! 9]TIA ( ! MASSES1 TO DEPLORE ! PREJUDICE 9 FAVOR ( GOV]NM5TS1 ! DEF]5TIAL 9/9CT & ! 9F]IORITY COMPLEX :I* 9HIBIT AN UPSURGE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?US ! COLLECTIVE ACTION ( ! PEOPLE MU/ BE /IMULAT$1 & IF NO REVELATION W]E TO COME TO !M FROM \TSIDE1 ! S]VITUDE ( ! L[] CLASSES MI<T GO ON 9DEF9ITELY4 ,& HE ADMITT$ ?AT 09 EV]Y EPO* ! IDEAS :I* /IRR$ ! MASSES HAD FIR/ BE5 G]M9AT$ 9 ! M9DS ( A FEW ?9K]S4444 ,! MULTITUDE NEV] TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE4444 ,9DIVIDUALITY HAS PRIORITY 9 EV]Y MOVEM5T ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT40 ,IT W\LD BE IDEAL IF !SE CONSCI\S M9ORITIES W]E TO PASS ON TO ! PEOPLE !IR SCI5CE1 ! SCI5CE ( REVOLUTION4 ,BUT 9 PRACTICE ,PR\DHON SEEM$ TO BE SKEPTICAL AB\T SU* A SYN!SIS3 TO EXPECT IT W\LD BE TO UND]E/IMATE ! 9TRUSIVE NATURE ( AU?ORITY4 ,AT BE/1 IT MI<T BE POSSIBLE TO 0BALANCE0 ! TWO ELEM5TS4 

,BE=E HIS CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM 9 #a#h#f#d1 ,BAKUN9 WAS 9VOLV$ 9 CONSPIRACIES & SECRET SOCIETIES & BECAME FAMILI> ) ! TYPICALLY ,BLANQUI/ IDEA ?AT M9ORITY ACTION MU/ PREC$E ! AWAK5+ ( ! BROAD MASSES & COMB9E ) !IR MO/ ADVANC$ ELEM5TS AFT] DRAGG+ !M \T ( !IR LE?>GY4 ,! PROBLEM APPE>$ DIFF]5T 9 ! WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL1 :5 ?AT VA/ MOVEM5T WAS AT LA/ E/ABLI%$4 ,AL?\< HE HAD BECOME AN AN>*I/1 ,BAKUN9 REMA9$ CONV9C$ ( ! NE$ = A CONSCI\S VANGU>D3 0,= REVOLUTION TO TRIUMPH OV] REACTION ! UNITY ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T & ACTION MU/ HAVE AN ORGAN 9 ! MID/ ( ! POPUL> AN>*Y :I* WILL BE ! V]Y LIFE & ! S\RCE ( ALL ! 5]GY ( ! REVOLUTION40 ,A GR\P1 SMALL OR L>GE1 ( 9DIVIDUALS 9SPIR$ BY ! SAME IDEA1 & %>+ A COMMON PURPOSE1 WILL PRODUCE 0A NATURAL EFFECT ON ! MASSES40 0,T51 TW5TY1 OR ?IRTY M5 ) A CLE> UND]/&+ & GOOD ORGANIZATION1 KN[+ :AT !Y WANT & :]E !Y >E GO+1 CAN EASILY C>RY ) !M A HUNDR$1 TWO HUNDR$1 ?REE HUNDR$ OR EV5 MORE40 0,WE MU/ CREATE ! WELL-ORGANIZ$ & RI<TLY 9SPIR$ G5]AL /AFFS ( ! LEAD]S ( ! MASS MOVEM5T40 

,! ME?ODS ADVOCAT$ BY ,BAKUN9 >E V]Y SIMIL> TO :AT IS N[ADAYS T]M$ 09FILTRATION40 ,IT CONSI/S ( WORK+ CL&E/9ELY UPON ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & 9FLU5TIAL 9DIVIDUALS 9 EA* LOCALITY 0SO ?AT .<EA*.> ORGANIZATION %\LD CON=M TO \R IDEAS AS F> AS POSSIBLE4 ,?AT IS ! :OLE SECRET ( \R 9FLU5CE40 ,! AN>*I/S MU/ BE LIKE 09VISIBLE PILOTS0 9 ! MID/ ( ! /ORMY MASSES4 ,!Y MU/ DIRECT !M NOT BY 0O/5SIBLE P[]10 BUT BY 0A DICTATOR%IP )\T 9SIGNIA1 TITLE1 OR (FICIAL RI<TS1 ALL ! MORE P[]FUL BECAUSE IT WILL HAVE NONE ( ! M>KS ( P[]40 ,BAKUN9 WAS QUITE AW>E H[ LITTLE HIS T]M9OLOGY 70LEAD]S10 0DICTATOR%IP10 ETC47 DIFF]$ FROM ?AT ( ! OPPON5TS ( AN>*ISM1 & REPLI$ 9 ADVANCE 0TO ANYONE :O ALLEGES ?AT ACTION ORGANIZ$ 9 ?IS WAY IS YET ANO!R ASSAULT UPON ! LIB]TY ( ! MASSES1 AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE A NEW AU?ORIT>IAN P[]03 ,NO6 ! VANGU>D MU/ BE NEI!R ! B5EFACTOR NOR ! DICTATORIAL LEAD] ( ! PEOPLE BUT SIMPLY ! MIDWIFE TO ITS SELF-LIB]ATION4 ,IT CAN A*IEVE NO?+ MORE ?AN TO SPREAD AMONG ! MASSES IDEAS :I* CORRESPOND ) !IR 9/9CTS4 ,! RE/ CAN & MU/ BE DONE BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,! 0REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITIES0 7,BAKUN9 DID NOT DRAW BACK FROM US+ ?IS T]M BUT EXCUS$ IT BY EXPRESS+ ! HOPE ?AT !Y W\LD BE 0AS FEW AS POSSIBLE07 W]E NOT TO IMPOSE ! REVOLUTION ON ! MASSES BUT >\SE IT 9 !IR MID/2 W]E NOT TO SUBJECT !M TO ANY =M ( ORGANIZATION1 BUT /IMULATE !IR AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION FROM BEL[ TO ! TOP4 

,MU* LAT]1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS TO ELUCIDATE :AT ,BAKUN9 HAD SURMIS$3 ?AT ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 LIB]T>IAN SPONTANEITY & ! NE$ = ACTION BY CONSCI\S VANGU>DS W\LD ONLY BE FULLY RESOLV$ :5 SCI5CE & ! WORK+ CLASS BECAME FUZ$1 & ! MASSES BECAME FULLY CONSCI\S1 NE$+ NO MORE 0LEAD]S10 BUT ONLY 0EXECUTIVE ORGANS0 ( !IR 0CONSCI\S ACTION40 ,AFT] EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT /ILL LACK$ SCI5CE & ORGANIZATION1 ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL C\LD ONLY BECOME AN 9/RUM5T ( EMANCIPATION 0:5 IT HAD CAUS$ ! SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHY1 & POLITICS ( SOCIALISM TO P5ETRATE ! REFLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS ( EA* ( ITS MEMB]S40 

,H[EV] !ORETICALLY SATISFY+ ?IS SYN!SIS MI<T BE1 IT WAS A DRAFT DRAWN ON A V]Y DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,UNTIL HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION MADE IT POSSIBLE TO ACCOMPLI% IT1 ! AN>*I/S REMA9$1 LIKE ! ,M>XI/S1 MORE OR LESS IMPRISON$ BY CONTRADICTION4 ,IT WAS TO R5D ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 TORN BETWE5 ! SPONTANE\S P[] ( ! SOVIETS & ! CLAIM ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY TO A 0DIRECT+ ROLE40 ,IT WAS TO %[ ITSELF 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 :]E ! LIB]T>IANS W]E TO SW+ FROM ONE EXTREME TO ! O!R1 FROM ! MASS MOVEM5T TO ! CONSCI\S AN>*I/ ELITE4 

,TWO HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES WILL SUFFICE TO ILLU/RATE ?IS CONTRADICTION4 

,! AN>*I/S W]E TO DRAW ONE CATEGORICAL CONCLUSION FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 A CONDEMNATION ( ! 0LEAD+ ROLE0 ( ! ,P>TY4 ,VOL9E =MULAT$ IT 9 ?IS WAY3 

0,! KEY IDEA ( AN>*ISM IS SIMPLE3 NO P>TY1 OR POLITICAL OR IDEOLOGICAL GR\P1 EV5 IF IT S9C]ELY DESIRES TO DO SO1 WILL EV] SUCCE$ 9 EMANCIPAT+ ! WORK+ MASSES BY PLAC+ ITSELF ABOVE OR \TSIDE !M 9 ORD] TO 'GOV]N' OR 'GUIDE' !M4 ,TRUE EMANCIPATION CAN ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! DIRECT ACTION 4 4 4 ( ?OSE CONC]N$1 ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ?R\< !IR [N CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 7PRODUCTION SYNDICATES1 FACTORY COMMITTEES1 COOP]ATIVES1 ETC47 & NOT UND] ! BANN] ( ANY POLITICAL P>TY OR IDEOLOGICAL BODY4 ,!IR EMANCIPATION MU/ BE BAS$ ON CONCRETE ACTION & 'SELF-ADM9I/RATION1' AID$ BUT NOT CONTROLL$ BY REVOLUTION>IES WORK+ FROM )9 ! MASSES & NOT FROM ABOVE !M4444 ,! AN>*I/ IDEA & ! TRUE EMANCIPATORY REVOLUTION CAN NEV] BE BR\<T TO FRUITION BY AN>*I/S AS SU* BUT ONLY BY ! VA/ MASSES 4 4 41 AN>*I/S1 OR O!R REVOLUTION>IES 9 G5]AL1 >E REQUIR$ ONLY TO 5LI<T5 OR AID !M 9 C]TA9 SITUATIONS4 ,IF AN>*I/S MA9TA9$ ?AT !Y C\LD BR+ AB\T A SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY 0GUID+0 ! MASSES1 SU* A PRET5SION W\LD BE AS ILLUSORY AS ?AT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS & = ! SAME REASONS40 

,H[EV]1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 9 !IR TURN1 W]E TO EXP]I5CE ! NE$ TO ORGANIZE AN IDEOLOGICALLY CONSCI\S M9ORITY1 ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I71 )9 !IR VA/ TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION1 ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T74 ,?IS WAS TO COMBAT ! RE=MI/ T5D5CIES ( SOME 0PURE0 SYNDICALI/S & ! MANEUV]S ( ! AG5TS ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,! ,F,A,I DREW ITS 9SPIRATION FROM ! IDEAS ( ,BAKUN91 & SO TRI$ TO 5LI<T5 RA!R ?AN TO DIRECT4 ,! RELATIVELY HI< LIB]T>IAN CONSCI\SNESS ( MANY ( ! RANK-& FILE MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T ALSO HELP$ IT TO AVOID ! EXCESSES ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES4 ,IT DID NOT1 H[EV]1 P]=M ITS P>T AS GUIDE V]Y WELL1 BE+ CLUMSY & HESITANT AB\T ITS TUTELAGE OV] ! TRADE UNIONS1 IRRESOLUTE 9 ITS /RATEGY1 & MORE RI*LY 5D[$ ) ACTIVI/S & DEMAGOGUES ?AN ) REVOLUTION>IES AS CLE>-?9K+ ON ! LEVEL ( !ORY AS ON ?AT ( PRACTICE4 

,RELATIONS BETWE5 ! MASSES & ! CONSCI\S M9ORITY CON/ITUTE A PROBLEM TO :I* NO FULL SOLUTION HAS BE5 F\ND BY ! ,M>XI/S OR EV5 BY ! AN>*I/S1 & ONE ON :I* IT SEEMS ?AT ! LA/ WORD HAS NOT YET BE5 SAID4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,9 ,SE>* ( A ,NEW ,SOCIETY 

,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,I,S ,N,O,T ,U,T,O,P,I,A,N 

,BECAUSE AN>*ISM IS CON/RUCTIVE1 AN>*I/ !ORY EMPHATICALLY REJECTS ! *>GE ( UTOPIANISM4 ,IT USES ! HI/ORICAL ME?OD 9 AN ATTEMPT TO PROVE ?AT ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE IS NOT AN AN>*I/ 9V5TION1 BUT ! ACTUAL PRODUCT ( ! HIDD5 EFFECTS ( PA/ EV5TS4 ,PR\DHON AFFIRM$ ?AT = #f1 YE>S HUMANITY HAD BE5 CRU%$ BY AN 9EXORABLE SY/EM ( AU?ORITY BUT HAD BE5 SU/A9$ BY A 0SECRET VIRTUE03 0,B5EA? ! APP>ATUS ( GOV]NM5T1 UND] ! %AD[ ( ITS POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SOCIETY WAS SL[LY & SIL5TLY PRODUC+ ITS [N ORGANIZATION1 MAK+ = ITSELF A NEW ORD] :I* EXPRESS$ ITS VITALITY & AUTONOMY40 

,H[EV] H>MFUL GOV]NM5T MAY HAVE BE51 IT CONTA9$ ITS [N NEGATION4 ,IT WAS ALWAYS 0A PH5OM5ON ( COLLECTIVE LIFE1 ! PUBLIC EX]CISE ( ! P[]S ( \R LAW1 AN EXPRESSION ( SOCIAL SPONTANEITY1 ALL S]V+ TO PREP>E HUMANITY = A HI<] /ATE4 ,:AT HUMANITY SEEKS 9 RELIGION & CALLS ',GOD' IS ITSELF4 ,:AT ! CITIZ5 SEEKS 9 GOV]NM5T 4 4 4 IS LIKEWISE HIMSELF - IT IS LIB]TY40 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HA/5$ ?IS 9EXORABLE ADVANCE T[>D AN>*Y3 0,! DAY ?AT \R FA!RS 4 4 4 /AT$ ! PR9CIPLE ( ! FREE EX]CISE ( ALL HIS FACULTIES BY MAN AS A CITIZ51 ON ?AT DAY AU?ORITY WAS REPUDIAT$ 9 HEAV5 & ON E>?1 & GOV]NM5T1 EV5 BY DELEGATION1 BECAME IMPOSSIBLE40 

,! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION DID ! RE/4 ,FROM !N ON POLITICS WAS OV]TAK5 BY ! ECONOMY & SUBORD9AT$ TO IT4 ,GOV]NM5T C\LD NO LONG] ESCAPE ! DIRECT COMPETITION ( PRODUC]S & BECAME 9 REALITY NO MORE ?AN ! RELATION BETWE5 DIFF]5T 9T]E/S4 ,?IS REVOLUTION WAS COMPLET$ BY ! GR[? ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 SPITE ( ITS PROTE/ATIONS1 AU?ORITY N[ EXPRESS$ ONLY SOCIALISM3 0,! ,NAPOLEONIC CODE IS AS USELESS TO ! NEW SOCIETY AS ! ,PLATONIC REPUBLIC3 )9 A FEW YE>S ! ABSOLUTE LAW ( PROP]TY WILL HAVE EV]Y:]E BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! RELATIVE & MOBILE LAW ( 9DU/RIAL COOP]ATION1 & IT WILL !N BE NECESS>Y TO RECON/RUCT ?IS C>DBO>D CA/LE FROM TOP TO BOTTOM40 ,BAKUN91 9 TURN1 RECOGNIZ$ 0! IMM5SE & UND5IABLE S]VICE R5D]$ TO HUMANITY BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION :I* IS FA!R TO US ALL40 ,! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$ FROM ! PEOPLE'S CONSCI\SNESS =EV] & ORD] IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE HAS H5CE=? BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ALL ?AT REMA9S IS TO 0ORGANIZE SOCIETY SO ?AT IT CAN LIVE )\T GOV]NM5T40 ,BAKUN9 RELI$ ON POPUL> TRADITION TO A*IEVE ?IS4 0,9 SPITE ( ! OPPRESSIVE & H>MFUL TUTELAGE ( ! ,/ATE10 ! MASSES HAVE1 ?R\< ! C5TURIES1 0SPONTANE\SLY DEVELOP$ )9 !MSELVES MANY1 IF NOT ALL1 ( ! ESS5TIAL ELEM5TS ( ! MAT]IAL & MORAL ORD] ( REAL HUMAN UNITY40 

,! ,N,E,$ ,= ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N 

,AN>*I/ !ORY DOES NOT SEE ITSELF AS A SYNONYM = DISORGANIZATION4 ,PR\DHON WAS ! FIR/ TO PROCLAIM ?AT AN>*ISM IS NOT DISORD] BUT ORD]1 IS ! NATURAL ORD] 9 CONTRA/ TO ! >TIFICIAL ORD] IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE1 IS TRUE UNITY AS AGA9/ ! FALSE UNITY BR\<T AB\T BY CON/RA9T4 ,SU* A SOCIETY 0?9KS1 SPEAKS1 & ACTS LIKE A MAN1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS NO LONG] REPRES5T$ BY A MAN1 NO LONG] RECOGNIZES P]SONAL AU?ORITIES2 BECAUSE1 LIKE EV]Y ORGANIZ$ LIV+ BE+1 LIKE ! 9F9ITE ( ,PASCAL1 IT HAS ITS C5T] EV]Y:]E & ITS CIRCUMF]5CE NO:]E40 ,AN>*Y IS 0ORGANIZ$1 LIV+ SOCIETY10 0! HI<E/ DEGREE ( LIB]TY & ORD] TO :I* HUMANITY CAN ASPIRE40 ,P]HAPS SOME AN>*I/S ?\<T O!RWISE BUT ! ,ITALIAN ,]RICO ,MALATE/A CALL$ !M TO ORD]3 

0,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN $UCATION GIV5 TO !M1 !Y ?9K ?AT AU?ORITY IS ! S\L ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & REPUDIATE ! LATT] 9 ORD] TO COMBAT ! =M] 4444 ,?OSE AN>*I/S OPPOS$ TO ORGANIZATION MAKE ! FUNDAM5TAL ]ROR ( BELIEV+ ?AT ORGANIZATION IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T AU?ORITY4 ,HAV+ ACCEPT$ ?IS HYPO!SIS !Y REJECT ANY K9D ( ORGANIZATION RA!R ?AN ACCEPT ! M9IMUM ( AU?ORITY 4444 ,IF WE BELIEV$ ?AT ORGANIZATION C\LD NOT EXI/ )\T AU?ORITY WE W\LD BE AU?ORIT>IANS1 BECAUSE WE W\LD /ILL PREF] ! AU?ORITY :I* IMPRISONS & SADD5S LIFE TO ! DISORGANIZATION :I* MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE40 

,! TW5TIE?-C5TURY AN>*I/ ,VOL9E DEVELOP$ & CL>IFI$ ?IS IDEA3 

0,A MI/AK5 - OR1 MORE (T51 DELIB]ATELY 9ACCURATE - 9T]PRETATION ALLEGES ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN CONCEPT MEANS ! ABS5CE ( ALL ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS IS 5TIRELY FALSE3 IT IS NOT A MATT] ( 0ORGANIZATION0 OR 0NONORGANIZATION10 BUT ( TWO DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES ( ORGANIZATION 4444 ,( C\RSE1 SAY ! AN>*I/S1 SOCIETY MU/ BE ORGANIZ$4 ,H[EV]1 ! NEW ORGANIZATION 4 4 4 MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ FREELY1 SOCIALLY1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 FROM BEL[4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ORGANIZATION MU/ NOT ISSUE FROM A C5T] CREAT$ 9 ADVANCE TO CAPTURE ! :OLE & IMPOSE ITSELF UPON IT BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT MU/ COME FROM ALL SIDES TO CREATE NODES ( COORD9ATION1 NATURAL C5T]S TO S]VE ALL !SE PO9TS 4444 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! O!R K9D ( 0ORGANIZATION10 COPI$ FROM ?AT ( ! OLD OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY1 4 4 4 W\LD EXAGG]ATE ALL ! BLEMI%ES ( ! OLD SOCIETY 4 4 4 4 ,IT C\LD !N ONLY BE MA9TA9$ BY MEANS ( A NEW >TIFICE40 

,9 EFFECT1 ! AN>*I/S W\LD BE NOT ONLY PROTAGONI/S ( TRUE ORGANIZATION BUT 0FIR/-CLASS ORGANIZ]S10 AS ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE ADMITT$ 9 HIS BOOK ON ! ,COMMUNE4 ,BUT ?IS PHILOSOPH] ?\<T HE SAW A CONTRADICTION H]E - 0A RA!R SURPRIS+ CONTRADICTION :I* WE F9D REPEAT$LY 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T UP TO PRES5T TIMES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,SPA940 ,IT CAN ONLY 0A/ONI%0 ?OSE = :OM LIB]T>IANS >E A PRIORI DISORGANIZ]S4 

,S,E,L,F-,M,A,N,A,G,E,M,5,T 

,:5 ,M>X & ,5GELS DRAFT$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ( #a#h#d#h1 ON ! EVE ( ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 !Y =ESAW1 AT ANY RATE = A LONG TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! H&S ( AN ALL-EMBRAC+ ,/ATE4 ,!Y TOOK OV] ,L\IS ,BLANC'S AU?ORIT>IAN IDEA ( CONSCRIPT+ BO? AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9TO 0>MIES ( LABOR40 ,PR\DHON WAS ! FIR/ TO PROP\ND AN ANTI-/ATI/ =M ( ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T4 

,DUR+ ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS = PRODUCTION SPRANG UP SPONTANE\SLY 9 ,P>IS & 9 ,LYON4 ,9 #ahdh ?IS BEG9N+ ( SELF-MANAGEM5T SEEM$ TO ,PR\DHON F> MORE ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5T ?AN DID ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT HAD NOT BE5 9V5T$ BY A !ORETICIAN OR PREA*$ BY DOCTR9AIRES1 IT WAS NOT ! ,/ATE :I* PROVID$ ! ORIG9AL /IMULUS1 BUT ! PEOPLE4 ,PR\DHON URG$ ! WORK]S TO ORGANIZE 9 ?IS WAY 9 EV]Y P>T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 TO DRAW 9 SMALL PROP]TY1 TRADE1 & 9DU/RY1 !N L>GE PROP]TY & E/ABLI%M5TS1 &1 F9ALLY1 ! GREATE/ 5T]PRISES ( ALL 7 M9ES1 CANALS1 RAILWAYS1 ETC4 71 & ?US 0BECOME MA/]S ( ALL40 

,! PRES5T T5D5CY IS TO REMEMB] ONLY ,PR\DHON'S NAIVE & PASS+ IDEA ( PRES]V+ SMALL-SCALE TRADE & >TISANS' WORK%OPS4 ,?IS WAS C]TA9LY NAIVE1 & D\BTLESS UNECONOMIC1 BUT HIS ?9K+ ON ?IS PO9T WAS AMBIVAL5T4 ,PR\DHON WAS A LIV+ CONTRADICTION3 HE CA/IGAT$ PROP]TY AS A S\RCE ( 9JU/ICE & EXPLOITATION & HAD A WEAKNESS = IT1 AL?\< ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT HE SAW 9 IT A GU>ANTEE ( ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ,MOREOV]1 ,PR\DHON IS TOO (T5 CONFUS$ ) :AT ,BAKUN9 CALL$ 0! LITTLE SO-CALL$ ,PR\DHONIAN COT]IE0 :I* GA!R$ >\ND HIM 9 HIS LA/ YE>S4 ,?IS RA!R REACTION>Y GR\P WAS /ILLBORN4 ,9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL IT TRI$ 9 VA9 TO PUT ACROSS PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION AGA9/ COLLECTIVISM4 ,! *IEF REASON ?IS GR\P WAS %ORT-LIV$ WAS ?AT MO/ ( ITS ADH]5TS W]E ALL TOO EASILY CONV9C$ BY ,BAKUN9'S >GUM5TS & AB&ON$ !IR SO-CALL$ ,PR\DHONIAN IDEAS TO SUPPORT COLLECTIVISM4 

,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ?IS GR\P1 :O CALL$ !MSELVES MUTUELLI/ES1 W]E ONLY P>TLY OPPOS$ TO COLLECTIVISM3 !Y REJECT$ IT = AGRICULTURE BECAUSE ( ! 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! ,FR5* PEASANT1 BUT ACCEPT$ IT = TRANSPORT1 & 9 MATT]S ( 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T ACTUALLY DEM&$ IT :ILE REJECT+ ITS NAME4 ,!IR FE> ( ! WORD WAS L>GELY DUE TO !IR UNEAS9ESS 9 ! FACE ( ! TEMPOR>Y UNIT$ FRONT SET UP AGA9/ !M BY ,BAKUN9'S COLLECTIVI/ DISCIPLES & C]TA9 AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XI/S :O W]E ALMO/ OP5 SUPPORT]S ( /ATE CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY4 

,PR\DHON REALLY MOV$ ) ! TIMES & REALIZ$ ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TURN BACK ! CLOCK4 ,HE WAS REALI/IC 5\< TO UND]/& ?AT 0SMALL 9DU/RY IS AS /UPID AS PETTY CULTURE0 & RECORD$ ?IS VIEW 9 HIS ,C>NETS4 ,) REG>D TO L>GE-SCALE MOD]N 9DU/RY REQUIR+ A L>GE LABOR =CE1 HE WAS RESOLUTELY COLLECTIVI/3 0,9 FUTURE1 L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY & WIDE CULTURE MU/ BE ! FRUIT ( ASSOCIATION40 0,WE HAVE NO *OICE 9 ! MATT]10 HE CONCLUD$1 & WAX$ 9DIGNANT ?AT ANYONE HAD D>$ TO SUGGE/ ?AT HE WAS OPPOS$ TO TE*NICAL PROGRESS4 

,9 HIS COLLECTIVISM HE WAS1 H[EV]1 AS CATEGORICALLY OPPOS$ TO /ATISM4 ,PROP]TY MU/ BE ABOLI%$4 ,! COMMUNITY 7AS IT IS UND]/OOD BY AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM7 IS OPPRESSION & S]VITUDE4 ,?US ,PR\DHON S\<T A COMB9ATION ( PROP]TY & COMMUNITY3 ?IS WAS ASSOCIATION4 ,! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE MU/ BE CONTROLL$ NEI!R BY CAPITALI/ COMPANIES NOR BY ! ,/ATE4 ,S9CE !Y >E TO ! M5 :O WORK 9 !M 0:AT ! HIVE IS TO ! BEE10 !Y MU/ BE MANAG$ BY ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S1 & ONLY ?US WILL COLLECTIVE P[]S CEASE TO BE 0ALI5AT$0 = ! B5EFIT ( A FEW EXPLOIT]S4 0,WE1 ! WORK]S1 ASSOCIAT$ OR AB\T TO BE ASSOCIAT$10 WROTE ,PR\DHON 9 ! /YLE ( A MANIFE/O1 

0DO NOT NE$ ! ,/ATE 4444 ,EXPLOITATION BY ! ,/ATE ALWAYS MEANS RUL]S & WAGE SLAVES4 ,WE WANT ! GOV]NM5T ( MAN BY MAN NO MORE ?AN ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,SOCIALISM IS ! OPPOSITE ( GOV]NM5TALISM 4444 ,WE WANT !SE ASSOCIATIONS TO BE 4 4 4 ! FIR/ COMPON5TS ( A VA/ F$]ATION ( ASSOCIATIONS & GR\PS UNIT$ 9 ! COMMON BOND ( ! DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC4 

,PR\DHON W5T 9TO DETAIL & 5UM]AT$ PRECISELY ! ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( WORK]S' S]F-MANAGEM5T3 

_? V]Y ASSOCIAT$ 9DIVIDUAL TO HAVE AN 9DIVISIBLE %>E 9 ! PROP]TY ( ! COMPANY4 

_? ,EA* WORK] TO TAKE HIS %>E ( ! HEAVY & REPUGNANT TASKS4 

_? ,EA* TO GO ?R\< ! GAMUT ( OP]ATIONS & 9/RUCTION1 ( GRADES & ACTIVITIES1 TO 9SURE ?AT HE HAS ! WIDE/ TRA9+4 ,PR\DHON WAS 9SI/5T ON ! PO9T ?AT 0! WORK] MU/ GO ?R\< ALL ! OP]ATIONS ( ! 9DU/RY HE IS ATTA*$ TO40 

_? ,(FICE-HOLD]S TO BE ELECT$ & REGULATIONS SUBMITT$ TO ! ASSOCIATES = APPROVAL4 

_? ,REMUN]ATION TO BE PROPORTIONATE TO ! NATURE ( ! POSITION HELD1 ! DEGREE ( SKILL1 & ! RESPONSIBILITY C>RI$4 ,EV]Y ASSOCIATE TO %>E 9 ! PR(ITS 9 PROPORTION TO ! S]VICE HE HAS GIV54 

_? ,EA* TO BE FREE TO SET HIS [N H\RS1 C>RY ON HIS DUTIES1 & TO LEAVE ! ASSOCIATION AT WILL4 

_? ,! ASSOCIAT$ WORK]S TO *OOSE !IR LEAD]S1 5G9E]S1 >*ITECTS1 & ACC\NTANTS4 ,PR\DHON /RESS$ ! FACT ?AT ! PROLET>IAT /ILL LACKS TE*NICIANS3 H5CE ! NE$ TO BR+ 9TO WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T PROGRAMS 09DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL P]SONS ( DI/9CTION0 :O W\LD TEA* ! WORK]S BUS9ESS ME?ODS & RECEIVE FIX$ SAL>IES 9 RETURN3 !RE IS 0ROOM = ALL 9 ! SUN%9E ( ! REVOLUTION40 

,?IS LIB]T>IAN CONCEPT ( SELF-MANAGEM5T IS AT ! OPPOSITE POLE FROM ! PAT]NALI/IC1 /ATI/ =M ( SELF-MANAGEM5T SET \T BY ,L\IS ,BLANC 9 A DRAFT LAW ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#e1 #a#h#d#i4 ,! AU?OR ( ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,LABOR WANT$ TO CREATE WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS SPONSOR$ & F9ANC$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,HE PROPOS$ AN >BITR>Y DIVISION ( ! PR(ITS AS FOLL[S3 #be P]C5T TO A CAPITAL AMORTIZATION FUND2 #be P]C5T TO A SOCIAL SECURITY FUND2 #be P]C5T TO A RES]VE FUND2 #be P]C5T TO BE DIVID$ AMONG ! WORK]S4 .<#a#c.> 

,PR\DHON W\LD HAVE NONE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ?IS K9D4 ,9 HIS VIEW ! ASSOCIAT$ WORK]S MU/ NOT 0SUBMIT TO ! ,/ATE10 BUT 0BE ! ,/ATE ITSELF40 0,ASSOCIATION 4 4 4 CAN DO EV]Y?+ & RE=M EV]Y?+ )\T 9T]F]5CE FROM AU?ORITY1 CAN 5CROA* UPON AU?ORITY & SUBJUGATE IT40 ,PR\DHON WANT$ 0TO GO T[>D GOV]NM5T ?R\< ASSOCIATION1 NOT TO ASSOCIATION ?R\< GOV]NM5T40 ,HE ISSU$ A W>N+ AGA9/ ! ILLUSION1 *]I%$ 9 ! DREAMS ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S1 ?AT ! ,/ATE C\LD TOL]ATE FREE SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,H[ C\LD IT 5DURE 0! =MATION ( 5EMY 5CLAVES ALONGSIDE A C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY08 ,PR\DHON PROPHETICALLY W>N$3 0,:ILE C5TRALIZATION CONT9UES TO 5D[ ! ,/ATE ) COLOSSAL =CE1 NO?+ CAN BE A*IEV$ BY SPONTANE\S 9ITIATIVE OR BY ! 9DEP5D5T ACTIONS ( GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS40 

,IT %\LD BE /RESS$ ?AT 9 ! CONGRESSES ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ! LIB]T>IAN IDEA ( SELF-MANAGEM5T PREVAIL$ OV] ! /ATI/ CONCEPT4 ,AT ! ,LAUSANNE ,CONGRESS 9 #ahfg ! COMMITTEE REPORT]1 A ,BELGIAN CALL$ ,CES> DE ,PAEPE1 PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,/ATE %\LD BECOME ! [N] ( UND]TAK+S ?AT W]E TO BE NATIONALIZ$4 ,AT ?AT TIME ,*>LES ,LONGUET WAS A LIB]T>IAN1 & HE REPLI$3 0,ALL RI<T1 ON CONDITION ?AT IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT WE DEF9E ! ,/ATE AS '! COLLECTIVE ( ! CITIZ5S' 4 4 41 ALSO ?AT !SE S]VICES WILL BE ADM9I/]$ NOT BY /ATE FUNCTION>IES 4 4 4 BUT BY GR\P+S ( WORK]S40 ,! DEBATE CONT9U$ ! FOLL[+ YE> 7#a#h#f#h7 AT ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS & ?IS TIME ! SAME COMMITTEE REPORT] TOOK C>E TO BE PRECISE ON ?IS PO9T3 0,COLLECTIVE PROP]TY W\LD BELONG TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 BUT W\LD BE CONC$$ TO ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S4 ,! ,/ATE W\LD BE NO MORE ?AN A F$]ATION ( V>I\S GR\PS ( WORK]S40 ,?US CL>IFI$1 ! RESOLUTION WAS PASS$4 

,H[EV]1 ! OPTIMISM :I* ,PR\DHON HAD EXPRESS$ 9 #ahdh ) REG>D TO SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS TO PROVE UNJU/IFI$4 ,NOT MANY YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#h#e#g1 HE SEV]ELY CRITICIZ$ ! EXI/+ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS2 9SPIR$ BY NAIVE1 UTOPIAN ILLUSIONS1 !Y HAD PAID ! PRICE ( !IR LACK ( EXP]I5CE4 ,!Y HAD BECOME N>R[ & EXCLUSIVE1 HAD FUNCTION$ AS COLLECTIVE EMPLOY]S1 & HAD BE5 C>RI$ AWAY BY HI]>*ICAL & MANAG]IAL CONCEPTS4 ,ALL ! ABUSES ( CAPITALI/ COMPANIES 0W]E EXAGG]AT$ FUR!R 9 !SE SO-CALL$ BRO!RHOODS40 ,!Y HAD BE5 TOM BY DISCORD1 RIVALRY' DEFECTIONS1 & BETRAYALS4 ,ONCE !IR MANAG]S HAD LE>N$ ! BUS9ESS CONC]N$1 !Y RETIR$ TO 0SET UP AS B\RGEOIS EMPLOY]S ON !IR [N ACC\NT40 ,9 O!R 9/ANCES1 ! MEMB]S HAD 9SI/$ ON DIVID+ UP ! RES\RCES4 ,9 #ahdh SEV]AL HUNDR$ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS HAD BE5 SET UP2 N9E YE>S LAT] ONLY TW5TY REMA9$4 

,AS OPPOS$ TO ?IS N>R[ & P>TICUL>I/ ATTITUDE1 ,PR\DHON ADVOCAT$ A 0UNIV]SAL0 & 0SYN!TIC0 CONCEPT ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,! TASK ( ! FUTURE WAS F> MORE ?AN JU/ 0GETT+ A FEW HUNDR$ WORK]S 9TO ASSOCIATIONS02 IT WAS 0! ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION ( A NATION ( ?IRTY-SIX MILLION S\LS40 ,! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS ( ! FUTURE %\LD WORK = ALL & NOT 0OP]ATE = ! B5EFIT ( A FEW40 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T1 !RE=E1 REQUIR$ ! MEMB]S TO HAVE SOME $UCATION3 0,A MAN IS NOT BORN A MEMB] ( AN ASSOCIATION1 HE BECOMES ONE40 ,! H>DE/ TASK BE=E ! ASSOCIATION IS TO 0$UCATE ! MEMB]S40 ,IT IS MORE IMPORTANT TO CREATE A 0FUND ( M50 ?AN TO =M A 0MASS ( CAPITAL40 

,) REG>D TO ! LEGAL ASPECT1 IT HAD BE5 ,PR\DHON'S FIR/ IDEA TO VE/ ! [N]%IP ( !IR UND]TAK+ 9 ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS BUT N[ HE REJECT$ ?IS N>R[ SOLUTION4 ,9 ORD] TO DO ?IS HE DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 POSSESSION & [N]%IP4 ,[N]%IP IS ABSOLUTE1 >I/OCRATIC1 FEUDAL2 POSSESSION IS DEMOCRATIC1 REPUBLICAN1 EGALIT>IAN3 IT CONSI/S ( ! 5JOYM5T ( AN USUFRUCT :I* CAN NEI!R BE ALI5AT$1 NOR GIV5 AWAY1 NOR SOLD4 ,! WORK]S %\LD HOLD !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ALLEU LIKE ! ANCI5T ,G]MA9S1 .<#a#d.> BUT W\LD NOT BE ! \TRI<T [N]S4 ,PROP]TY W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY F$]AL1 COOP]ATIVE [N]%IP VE/$ NOT 9 ! ,/ATE BUT 9 ! PRODUC]S AS A :OLE1 UNIT$ 9 A VA/ AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION4 

,PR\DHON WAX$ 5?USIA/IC AB\T ! FUTURE ( SU* A REVIS$ & CORRECT$ =M ( SELF-MANAGEM5T3 0,IT IS NOT FALSE RHETORIC ?AT /ATES ?IS1 IT IS AN ECONOMIC & SOCIAL NECESSITY3 ! TIME IS NE> :5 WE %ALL BE UNABLE TO PROGRESS ON ANY BUT !SE NEW CONDITIONS 4444 ,SOCIAL CLASSES 444 MU/ M]GE 9TO ONE S+LE PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATION40 ,W\LD SELF-MANAGEM5T SUCCE$8 0,ON ! REPLY TO ?IS 4 4 4 DEP5DS ! :OLE FUTURE ( ! WORK]S4 ,IF IT IS AFFIRMATIVE AN 5TIRE NEW WORLD WILL OP5 UP = HUMANITY2 IF IT IS NEGATIVE ! PROLET>IAN CAN TAKE IT AS SETTL$4444 ,!RE IS NO HOPE = HIM 9 ?IS WICK$ WORLD40 

,! ,B,A,S,E,S ,( ,E,X,*,A,N,G,E 

,H[ W]E DEAL+S BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS TO BE ORGANIZ$8 ,AT FIR/ ,PR\DHON MA9TA9$ ?AT ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( ALL GOODS C\LD BE MEASUR$ BY ! AM\NT ( LABOR NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE !M4 ,! WORK]S W]E TO BE PAID 9 0WORK V\*]S02 TRAD+ AG5CIES OR SOCIAL %OPS W]E TO BE SET UP :]E !Y W\LD BUY GOODS AT RETAIL PRICES CALCULAT$ 9 H\RS ( WORK4 ,L>GE-SCALE TRADE W\LD BE C>RI$ ON ?R\< A COMP5SATORY CLE>+H\SE OR ,PEOPLE'S ,BANK :I* W\LD ACCEPT PAYM5T 9 WORK V\*]S4 ,?IS BANK W\LD ALSO S]VE AS A CR$IT E/ABLI%M5T L5D+ TO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS ! SUMS NE$$ = EFFECTIVE OP]ATION4 ,! LOANS W\LD BE 9T]E/ FREE4 

,?IS SO-CALL$ MUTUELLI/E S*EME WAS RA!R UTOPIAN & C]TA9LY DIFFICULT TO OP]ATE 9 A CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,E>LY 9 #ahdi ,PR\DHON SET UP ! ,PEOPLE'S ,BANK & 9 SIX WEEKS SOME #b1 PEOPLE JO9$1 BUT IT WAS %ORT-LIV$4 ,IT WAS C]TA9LY F>FET*$ TO BELIEVE ?AT MUTUELLISME W\LD SPREAD LIKE A PAT* ( OIL & TO EXCLAIM1 AS ,PR\DHON DID !N3 0,IT REALLY IS ! NEW WORLD1 ! PROMIS$ SOCIETY :I* IS BE+ GRAFT$ ON TO ! OLD & GRADUALLY TRANS=M+ IT60 

,! IDEA ( WAGES BAS$ ON ! NUMB] ( H\RS WORK$ IS DEBATABLE ON MANY GR\NDS4 ,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S ( ! ,KROPOTK9 S*OOL - ,MALATE/A1 ,ELISE ,RECLUS1 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O - DID NOT FAIL TO CRITICIZE IT4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !Y ?\<T IT UNJU/4 ,CAFI]O >GU$ ?AT 0?REE H\RS ( ,PET]'S WORK MAY BE WOR? FIVE ( ,PAUL'S40 ,O!R FACTORS ?AN DURATION MU/ BE CONSID]$ 9 DET]M9+ ! VALUE ( LABOR3 9T5SITY1 PR(ESSIONAL & 9TELLECTUAL TRA9+1 ETC4 ,! FAMILY COMMITM5TS ( ! WORK]S MU/ ALSO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 .<#a#e.> ,MOREOV]1 9 A COLLECTIVI/ REGIME ! WORK] REMA9S A WAGE SLAVE ( ! COMMUNITY ?AT BUYS & SUP]VISES HIS LABOR4 ,PAYM5T BY H\RS ( WORK P]=M$ CANNOT BE AN IDEAL SOLUTION2 AT BE/ IT W\LD BE A TEMPOR>Y EXP$I5T4 ,WE MU/ PUT AN 5D TO ! MORALITY ( ACC\NT BOOKS1 TO ! PHILOSOPHY ( 0CR$IT & DEBIT40 ,?IS ME?OD ( REMUN]ATION1 D]IV$ FROM MODIFI$ 9DIVIDUALISM1 IS 9 CONTRADICTION TO COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & CANNOT BR+ AB\T A PR(\ND REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9 MAN4 ,IT IS 9COMPATIBLE ) AN>*ISM2 A NEW =M ( [N]%IP REQUIRES A NEW =M ( REMUN]ATION4 ,S]VICE TO ! COMMUNITY CANNOT BE MEASUR$ 9 UNITS ( MONEY4 ,NE$S WILL HAVE TO BE GIV5 PREC$5CE OV] S]VICES1 & ALL ! PRODUCTS ( ! LABOR ( ALL MU/ BELONG TO ALL1 EA* TO TAKE HIS %>E ( !M FREELY4 ,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$ %\LD BE ! MOTTO ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 

,KROPOTK91 ,MALATE/A1 & !IR FOLL[]S SEEM TO HAVE OV]LOOK$ ! FACT ?AT ,PR\DHON HAD ANTICIPAT$ !IR OBJECTIONS & REVIS$ HIS E>LI] IDEAS4 ,9 HIS ,!ORIE DE LA ,PROPRIETE1 PUBLI%$ AFT] HIS DEA?1 HE EXPLA9$ ?AT HE HAD ONLY SUPPORT$ ! IDEA ( EQUAL PAY = EQUAL WORK 9 HIS 0,FIR/ ,MEMOR&UM ON ,PROP]TY0 ( #a#h#d3 0,I HAD =GOTT5 TO SAY TWO ?+S3 FIR/1 ?AT LABOR IS MEASUR$ BY COMB9+ ITS DURATION ) ITS 9T5SITY2 SECOND1 ?AT ONE MU/ NOT 9CLUDE 9 ! WORK]'S WAGES ! AMORTIZATION ( ! CO/ ( HIS $UCATION & ! WORK HE DID ON HIS [N ACC\NT AS AN UNPAID APPR5TICE1 NOR ! PREMIUMS TO 9SURE HIM AGA9/ ! RISKS HE RUNS1 ALL ( :I* V>Y 9 DIFF]5T OCCUPATIONS40 ,PR\DHON CLAIM$ TO HAVE 0REPAIR$0 ?IS 0OMISSION0 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S 9 :I* HE PROPOS$ ?AT MUTUAL 9SURANCE COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS %\LD COMP5SATE = UNEQUAL CO/S & RISKS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,PR\DHON DID NOT REG>D ! REMUN]ATION ( ! MEMB]S ( A WORK]S' ASSOCIATION AS 0WAGES0 BUT AS A %>E ( PR(ITS FREELY DET]M9$ BY ASSOCIAT$ & EQUALLY RESPONSIBLE WORK]S4 ,9 AN AS YET UNPUBLI%$ !SIS1 ,PI]RE ,HAUBTMAN1 ONE ( ,PR\DHON'S MO/ REC5T EXPON5TS1 COMM5TS ?AT WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T W\LD HAVE NO MEAN+ IF IT W]E NOT 9T]PRET$ 9 ?IS WAY4 

,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S SAW FIT TO CRITICIZE ,PR\DHON'S MUTUELLISME & ! MORE LOGICAL COLLECTIVISM ( ,BAKUN9 = NOT HAV+ DET]M9$ ! WAY 9 :I* LABOR W\LD BE REMUN]AT$ 9 A SOCIALI/ SY/EM4 ,!SE CRITICS SEEM$ TO HAVE OV]LOOK$ ! FACT ?AT ! TWO F\ND]S ( AN>*ISM W]E ANXI\S NOT TO LAY D[N A RIGID PATT]N ( SOCIETY PREMATURELY4 ,!Y WANT$ TO LEAVE ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ASSOCIATIONS ! WIDE/ *OICE 9 ?IS MATT]4 ,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S !MSELVES W]E TO PROVIDE ! JU/IFICATION = ?IS FLEXIBILITY & REFUSAL TO JUMP TO CONCLUSIONS1 SO DIFF]5T FROM !IR [N IMPATI5T =ECA/S3 !Y /RESS$ ?AT 9 ! IDEAL SY/EM ( !IR *OICE 0LABOR W\LD PRODUCE MORE ?AN 5\< = ALL0 & ?AT 0B\RGEOIS0 NORMS ( REMUN]ATION C\LD ONLY BE REPLAC$ BY SPECIFICALLY 0COMMUNI/0 NORMS :5 ! ]A ( ABUNDANCE HAD SET 91 & NOT BE=E4 ,9 #ahhd ,MALATE/A1 DRAFT+ ! PROGRAM = A PROJECT$ AN>*I/ 9T]NATIONAL1 ADMITT$ ?AT COMMUNISM C\LD BE BR\<T AB\T IMM$IATELY ONLY 9 A V]Y LIMIT$ NUMB] ( >EAS &1 0= ! RE/10 COLLECTIVISM W\LD HAVE TO BE ACCEPT$ 0= A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD40 

,= COMMUNISM TO BE POSSIBLE1 A HI< /AGE ( MORAL DEVELOPM5T IS REQUIR$ ( ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 A S5SE ( SOLID>ITY BO? ELEVAT$ & PR(\ND1 :I* ! UPSURGE ( ! REVOLUTION MAY NOT SUFFICE TO 9DUCE4 ,?IS D\BT IS ! MORE JU/IFI$ 9 ?AT MAT]IAL CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO ?IS DEVELOPM5T WILL NOT EXI/ AT ! BEG9N+4 

,AN>*ISM WAS AB\T TO FACE ! TE/ ( EXP]I5CE1 ON ! EVE ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 :5 ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN DEMON/RAT$ ! IMM$IATE IMPRACTICABILITY ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 V]Y SIMIL> T]MS4 ,HE HELD ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM HAD NOT PREP>$ HUMAN BE+S = COMMUNISM3 F> FROM DEVELOP+ !IR SOCIAL 9/9CTS & S5SE ( SOLID>ITY IT T5DS 9 EV]Y WAY TO SUPPRESS & P5ALIZE SU* FEEL+S4 

,SANTILLAN RECALL$ ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN & O!R REVOLUTIONS TO P]SUADE ! AN>*I/S TO BE MORE REALI/IC4 ,HE *>G$ !M ) RECEIV+ ! MO/ REC5T LESSONS ( EXP]I5CE ) SUSPICION OR SUP]IORITY4 ,HE MA9TA9$ ?AT IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R A REVOLUTION W\LD LEAD DIRECTLY TO ! REALIZATION ( \R IDEAL ( COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM4 ,! COLLECTIVI/ WAT*WORD1 0TO EA* ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR10 W\LD BE MORE APPROPRIATE ?AN COMMUNISM TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! REAL SITUATION 9 ! FIR/ PHASE ( A REVOLUTION' :5 ! ECONOMY W\LD BE DISORGANIZ$1 PRODUCTION AT A L[ EBB1 & FOOD SUPPLIES A PRIORITY4 ,! ECONOMIC MODELS TO BE TRI$ W\LD1 AT BE/1 EVOLVE SL[LY T[>D COMMUNISM4 ,TO PUT HUMAN BE+S BRUTALLY BEH9D B>S BY IMPRISON+ !M 9 RIGID =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE W\LD BE AN AU?ORIT>IAN APPROA* :I* W\LD H9D] ! REVOLUTION4 ,MUTUELLISME1 COMMUNISM1 COLLECTIVISM >E ONLY DIFF]5T MEANS TO ! SAME 5D4 ,SANTILLAN TURN$ BACK TO ! WISE EMPIRICISM ( ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN91 CLAIM+ = ! COM+ ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ! RI<T TO EXP]IM5T FREELY3 0,! DEGREE ( MUTUELLISME1 COLLECTIVISM1 OR COMMUNISM :I* CAN BE A*IEV$ WILL BE DET]M9$ FREELY 9 EA* LOCALITY & EA* SOCIAL SPH]E40 ,9 FACT1 AS WILL BE SE5 LAT]1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,SPANI% 0COLLECTIVES0 ( #aicf ILLU/RAT$ ! DIFFICULTIES >IS+ FROM ! PREMATURE IMPLEM5TATION ( 9TEGRAL COMMUNISM .<#a#f.>4 

,C,O,M,P,E,T,I,T,I,O,N 

,COMPETITION IS ONE ( ! NORMS 9H]IT$ FROM ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY :I* RAISES ?ORNY PROBLEMS :5 PRES]V$ 9 A COLLECTIVI/ OR SELF-MANAGEM5T ECONOMY4 ,PR\DHON SAW IT AS AN 0EXPRESSION ( SOCIAL SPONTANEITY0 & ! GU>ANTEE ( ! 0FRE$OM0 ( ! ASSOCIATION4 ,MOREOV]1 IT W\LD = A LONG TIME TO COME PROVIDE AN 0IRREPLACEABLE /IMULUS0 )\T :I* AN 0IMM5SE SLACK5+ (F0 W\LD FOLL[ ! HI< T5SION ( 9DU/RY4 ,HE W5T 9TO DETAIL3 

0,! WORK+ BRO!RHOOD IS PL$G$ TO SUPPLY SOCIETY ) ! GOODS & S]VICES ASK$ FROM IT AT PRICES AS NE> AS POSSIBLE TO ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION 4444 ,?US ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATION D5IES ITSELF ANY AMALGAMATION .<( A MONOPOLI/IC TYPE.>1 SUBJECTS ITSELF TO ! LAW ( COMPETITION1 & KEEPS ITS BOOKS & RECORDS OP5 TO SOCIETY1 :I* RES]VES ! P[] TO DISSOLVE ! ASSOCIATION AS ! ULTIMATE SANCTION ( SOCIETY'S RI<T ( SUP]VISION40 0,COMPETITION & ASSOCIATION >E 9T]DEP5D5T 4444 ,! MO/ DEPLORABLE ]ROR ( SOCIALISM IS TO HAVE CONSID]$ IT .<COMPETITION.> AS ! DISORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,!RE CAN 4 4 4 BE 444 NO QUE/ION ( DE/ROY+ COMPETITION 4444 ,IT IS A MATT] ( F9D+ AN EQUILIBRIUM1 ONE C\LD SAY A POLIC+ AG5T40 

,PR\DHON'S ATTA*M5T TO ! PR9CIPLE ( COMPETITION DREW ! S>CASM ( ,L\IS ,BLANC3 0,WE CANNOT UND]/& ?OSE :O HAVE ADVOCAT$ ! /RANGE L9K+ ( TWO CONTR>Y PR9CIPLES4 ,TO GRAFT BRO!RHOOD ONTO COMPETITION IS A WRET*$ IDEA3 IT IS LIKE REPLAC+ EUNU*S BY H]MAPHRODITES40 ,! PRE-,M>XIAN ,L\IS ,BLANC WANT$ TO 0REA* A UNI=M PRICE0 DET]M9$ BY ! ,/ATE1 & PREV5T ALL COMPETITION BETWE5 E/ABLI%M5TS )9 AN 9DU/RY4 ,PR\DHON RETORT$ ?AT PRICES 0CAN ONLY BE FIX$ BY COMPETITION1 ?AT IS1 BY ! P[] ( ! CONSUM] 4 4 4 TO DISP5SE ) ! S]VICES ( ?OSE :O OV]*>GE 44440 0,REMOVE COMPETITION 4 4 4 & Y\ DEPRIVE SOCIETY ( ITS MOTIVE =CE1 SO ?AT IT RUNS D[N LIKE A CLOCK ) A BROK5 SPR+40 

,PR\DHON1 H[EV]1 DID NOT HIDE FROM HIMSELF ! EVILS ( COMPETITION1 :I* HE DESCRIB$ V]Y FULLY 9 HIS TREATISE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,HE KNEW IT TO BE A S\RCE ( 9EQUALITY & ADMITT$ ?AT 09 COMPETITION1 VICTORY GOES TO ! BIG BATTALIONS40 ,IT IS SO 0AN>*IC0 79 ! PEJORATIVE S5SE ( ! T]M7 ?AT IT OP]ATES ALWAYS TO ! B5EFIT ( PRIVATE 9T]E/S1 NECESS>ILY 5G5D]S CIVIL /RIFE &1 9 ! LONG RUN1 CREATES OLIG>*IES4 0,COMPETITION KILLS COMPETITION40 

,9 ,PR\DHON'S VIEW1 H[EV]1 ! ABS5CE ( COMPETITION W\LD BE NO LESS P]NICI\S4 ,TAK+ ! TOBACCO ADM9I/RATION1 .<#a#g.> HE F\ND ?AT ITS PRODUCTS W]E TOO DE> & ITS SUPPLIES 9ADEQUATE SIMPLY BECAUSE IT HAD LONG BE5 A MONOPOLY FREE FROM COMPETITION4 ,IF ALL 9DU/RIES W]E SUBJECT TO SU* A SY/EM1 ! NATION W\LD NEV] BE ABLE TO BALANCE ITS 9COME & EXP5DITURES4 ,! COMPETITION ,PR\DHON DREAM$ ( WAS NOT TO BE ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE COMPETITION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM1 BUT COMPETITION 5D[$ ) A HI<] PR9CIPLE TO 0SOCIALIZE0 IT1 COMPETITION :I* W\LD FUNCTION ON ! BASIS ( FAIR EX*ANGE1 9 A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY1 COMPETITION :I* W\LD BO? PROTECT 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & BR+ BACK TO SOCIETY ! WEAL? :I* IS AT PRES5T DIV]T$ FROM IT BY CAPITALI/ APPROPRIATION4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT !RE WAS SOME?+ UTOPIAN 9 ?IS IDEA4 ,COMPETITION & ! SO-CALL$ M>KET ECONOMY 9EVITABLY PRODUCE 9EQUALITY & EXPLOITATION1 & W\LD DO SO EV5 IF ONE />T$ FROM COMPLETE EQUALITY4 ,!Y C\LD NOT BE COMB9$ ) WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T UNLESS IT W]E ON A TEMPOR>Y BASIS1 AS A NECESS>Y EVIL1 UNTIL 7#a7 A PSY*OLOGY ( 0HONE/ EX*ANGE0 HAD DEVELOP$ AMONG ! WORK]S2 7#b7 MO/ IMPORTANT1 SOCIETY AS A :OLE HAD PASS$ FROM CONDITIONS ( %ORTAGE TO ! /AGE ( ABUNDANCE1 :5 COMPETITION W\LD LOSE ITS PURPOSE4 

,EV5 9 SU* A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 H[EV]1 IT SEEMS DESIRABLE ?AT COMPETITION %\LD BE LIMIT$1 AS 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA TODAY1 TO ! CONSUM]-GOODS SECTOR :]E IT HAS AT LEA/ ! ONE ADVANTAGE ( PROTECT+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! CONSUM]4 

,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ W\LD CONDEMN ,PR\DHON'S V]SION ( A COLLECTIVE ECONOMY AS BE+ BAS$ ON A PR9CIPLE ( CONFLICT2 COMPETITORS W\LD BE 9 A POSITION ( EQUALITY AT ! />T1 ONLY TO BE HURL$ 9TO A /RUGGLE :I* W\LD 9EVITABLY PRODUCE VICTORS & VANQUI%$1 & :]E GOODS W\LD 5D UP BY BE+ EX*ANG$ ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( SUPPLY & DEM&2 0:I* W\LD BE TO FALL RI<T BACK 9TO COMPETITION & ! B\RGEOIS WORLD40 ,SOME CRITICS ( ! ,YUGOSLAV EXP]IM5T FROM O!R COMMUNI/ C\NTRIES USE MU* ! SAME T]MS TO ATTACK IT4 ,!Y FEEL ?AT SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ANY =M M]ITS ! SAME HO/ILITY !Y H>BOR T[>D A COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY1 AS IF ! TWO IDEAS W]E BASICALLY & P]MAN5TLY 9SEP>ABLE4 

,C,5,T,R,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,& ,P,L,A,N,N,+ 

,AT ALL EV5TS1 ,PR\DHON WAS AW>E ?AT MANAGEM5T BY WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS W\LD HAVE TO COV] L>GE UNITS4 ,HE /RESS$ ! 0NE$ = C5TRALIZATION & L>GE UNITS0 & ASK$3 0,DO NOT WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS = ! OP]ATION ( HEAVY 9DU/RY MEAN L>GE UNITS80 0,WE PUT ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION 9 ! PLACE ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION40 ,H[EV]1 HIS FE> ( AU?ORIT>IAN PLANN+ MADE HIM 9/9CTIVELY PREF] COMPETITION 9SPIR$ BY SOLID>ITY4 ,S9CE !N1 AN>*I/ ?9K]S HAVE BECOME ADVOCATES ( A LIB]T>IAN & DEMOCRATIC =M ( PLANN+1 WORK$ \T FROM ! BOTTOM UP BY ! F$]ATION ( SELF-MANAG+ 5T]PRISES4 

,BAKUN9 =ESAW ?AT SELF-MANAGEM5T W\LD OP5 P]SPECTIVES = PLANN+ ON A WORLD-WIDE SCALE3 

0,WORK]S' COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS >E A NEW HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON2 TODAY AS WE WITNESS !IR BIR? WE CANNOT =ESEE !IR FUTURE1 BUT ONLY GUESS AT ! IMM5SE DEVELOPM5T :I* SURELY AWAITS !M & ! NEW POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS !Y WILL G5]ATE4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY POSSIBLE BUT PROBABLE ?AT !Y WILL1 9 TIME1 \TGR[ ! LIMITS ( TODAY'S C\NTIES1 PROV9CES1 & EV5 /ATES TO TRANS=M ! :OLE /RUCTURE ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 :I* WILL NO LONG] BE DIVID$ 9TO NATIONS BUT 9TO 9DU/RIAL UNITS40 

,!SE W\LD !N 0=M A VA/ ECONOMIC F$]ATION0 ) A SUPREME ASSEMBLY AT ITS HEAD4 ,) ! HELP ( 0WORLD-WIDE /ATI/ICS1 GIV+ DATA AS COMPREH5SIVE AS !Y >E DETAIL$ & PRECISE10 IT W\LD BALANCE SUPPLY & DEM&1 DIRECT1 DI/RIBUTE1 & %>E \T WORLD 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION AMONG ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES SO ?AT CRISES 9 TRADE & EMPLOYM5T1 5=C$ /AGNATION1 ECONOMIC DISA/]1 & LOSS ( CAPITAL W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY 5TIRELY DISAPPE>4 

,C,O,M,P,L,E,T,E ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N8 

,!RE WAS AN AMBIGUITY 9 ,PR\DHON'S IDEA ( MANAGEM5T BY ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,IT WAS NOT ALWAYS CLE> :E!R ! SELF-MANAGEM5T GR\PS W\LD CONT9UE TO COMPETE ) CAPITALI/ UND]TAK+S - 9 O!R WORDS1 :E!R A SOCIALI/ SECTOR W\LD COEXI/ ) A PRIVATE SECTOR1 AS IS SAID TO BE ! PRES5T SITUATION 9 ,ALG]IA & O!R NEWLY 9DEP5D5T C\NTRIES - OR :E!R1 ON ! O!R H&1 PRODUCTION AS A :OLE W\LD BE SOCIALIZ$ & MADE SUBJECT TO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,BAKUN9 WAS A CONSI/5T COLLECTIVI/ & CLE>LY SAW ! DANG]S ( ! COEXI/5CE ( ! TWO SECTORS4 ,EV5 9 ASSOCIATION ! WORK]S CANNOT ACCUMULATE ! NECESS>Y CAPITAL TO /& UP TO L>GE-SCALE B\RGEOIS CAPITAL4 ,!RE W\LD ALSO BE A DANG] ?AT ! CAPITALI/ 5VIRONM5T W\LD CONTAM9ATE ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS SO ?AT 0A NEW CLASS ( EXPLOIT]S ( ! LABOR ( ! PROLET>IAT0 W\LD >ISE )9 !M4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T CONTA9S ! SE$S ( ! FULL ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 BUT !SE SE$S CAN ONLY G]M9ATE & GR[ :5 0CAPITAL ITSELF1 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5TS1 RAW MAT]IALS1 & CAPITAL EQUIPM5T 4 4 4 BECOME ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS = BO? AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 & !SE >E FREELY ORGANIZ$ & F$]AT$ AMONG !MSELVES40 0,RADICAL1 CONCLUSIVE SOCIAL *ANGE WILL ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T BY MEANS AFFECT+ ! :OLE SOCIETY10 ?AT IS1 BY A SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* TRANS=MS PRIVATE PROP]TY 9TO COLLECTIVE PROP]TY4 ,9 SU* A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ! WORK]S W\LD BE !IR [N COLLECTIVE CAPITALI/S1 !IR [N EMPLOY]S4 ,ONLY 0?OSE ?+S :I* >E TRULY = P]SONAL USE0 W\LD REMA9 PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

,BAKUN9 ADMITT$ ?AT PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES S]V$ TO ACCU/OM ! WORK]S TO ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES1 & MANAG+ !IR [N AFFAIRS1 & W]E ! FIR/ /EPS 9 COLLECTIVE WORK+-CLASS ACTION1 BUT HE HELD ?AT UNTIL ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAD BE5 A*IEV$ SU* ISL&S 9 ! MID/ ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM W\LD HAVE ONLY A LIMIT$ EFFECT1 & HE URG$ ! WORK]S 0TO ?9K MORE ( /RIKES ?AN ( COOP]ATIVES40 

,T,R,A,D,E ,U,N,I,O,N,S 

,BAKUN9 ALSO VALU$ ! P>T PLAY$ BY TRADE UNIONS1 0! NATURAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! MASSES10 0! ONLY REALLY EFFECTIVE WEAPON0 ! WORK]S C\LD USE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,HE ?\<T ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T C\LD CONTRIBUTE MORE ?AN ! IDEOLOGI/S TO ORGANIZ+ ! =CES ( ! PROLET>IAT 9DEP5D5TLY ( B\RGEOIS RADICALISM4 ,HE SAW ! FUTURE AS ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S BY TRADE4 

,TRADE UNIONISM WAS NOT SPECIALLY M5TION$ AT ! FIR/ CONGRESSES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,FROM ! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS 9 #ahfi ONW>D1 IT BECAME A PRIME ISSUE1 [+ TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! AN>*I/S3 AFT] ! ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM1 TRADE UNIONS W\LD BECOME ! EMBRYO ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! FUTURE2 GOV]NM5T W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY C\NCILS ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 

,9 #ahgf ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 A DISCIPLE ( ,BAKUN91 WROTE HIS ,IDE'ES SUR L^*,ORGANIZATION ,SOCIALE1 9 :I* HE MADE SELF-MANAGEM5T 9CORPORATE TRADE UNIONISM4 ,HE ADVOCAT$ ! CREATION ( CORPORATE F$]ATIONS ( WORK]S1 9 P>TICUL> TRADES :I* W\LD BE UNIT$ 0NOT1 AS BE=E1 TO PROTECT !IR WAGES AGA9/ ! GRE$ ( ! EMPLOY]S1 BUT 4 4 4 TO PROVIDE MUTUAL GU>ANTEES = ACCESS TO ! TOOLS ( !IR TRADE1 :I* W\LD BECOME ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( ! :OLE CORPORATE F$]ATION AS ! RESULT ( RECIPROCAL CONTRACTS40 ,BAKUN9'S VIEW WAS ?AT !SE F$]ATIONS W\LD ACT AS PLANN+ AG5CIES1 ?US FILL+ ONE ( ! GAPS 9 ,PR\DHON'S PLAN = SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,ONE ?+ HAD BE5 LACK+ 9 HIS PROPOSALS3 ! L9K :I* W\LD UNITE ! V>I\S PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS & PREV5T !M FROM RUNN+ !IR AFFAIRS EGOTI/ICALLY1 9 A P>O*IAL SPIRIT1 )\T C>E = ! G5]AL GOOD OR ! O!R WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,TRADE UNIONISM WAS TO FILL ! GAP & >TICULATE SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,IT WAS PRES5T$ AS ! AG5T ( PLANN+ & UNITY AMONG PRODUC]S4 

,! ,C,O,M,M,U,N,E,S 

,DUR+ HIS E>LY C>E] ,PR\DHON WAS 5TIRELY CONC]N$ ) ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,HIS SUSPICION ( ANY?+ POLITICAL L$ HIM TO NEGLECT ! PROBLEM ( T]RITORIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,IT WAS 5\< = HIM TO SAY ?AT ! WORK]S MU/ TAKE ! PLACE ( ! ,/ATE )\T SAY+ PRECISELY H[ ?IS W\LD COME AB\T4 ,9 ! LATT] YE>S ( HIS LIFE HE PAID MORE ATT5TION TO ! POLITICAL PROBLEM1 :I* HE APPROA*$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP 9 TRUE AN>*I/ /YLE4 ,ON A LOCAL BASIS M5 W]E TO COMB9E AMONG !MSELVES 9TO :AT HE CALL$ A 0NATURAL GR\P0 :I* 0CON/ITUTES ITSELF 9TO A CITY OR POLITICAL UNIT1 ASS]T+ ITSELF 9 UNITY1 9DEP5D5CE1 & AUTONOMY40 0,SIMIL> GR\PS1 SOME DI/ANCE AP>T1 MAY HAVE 9T]E/S 9 COMMON2 IT IS CONCEIVABLE ?AT !Y MAY ASSOCIATE TOGE!R & =M A HI<] GR\P = MUTUAL SECURITY40 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! AN>*I/ ?9K] SAW ! SPECT] ( ! HAT$ ,/ATE3 NEV]1 NEV] %\LD ! LOCAL GR\PS 0AS !Y UNITE TO SAFEGU>D !IR 9T]E/S & DEVELOP !IR WEAL? 4 4 4 GO SO F> AS TO ABDICATE 9 A SORT ( SELF-IMMOLATION AT ! FEET ( ! NEW ,MOLO*40 ,PR\DHON DEF9$ ! AUTONOM\S COMMUNE ) SOME PRECISION3 IT IS ESS5TIALLY A 0SOV]EIGN BE+0 &1 AS SU*1 0HAS ! RI<T TO GOV]N & ADM9I/] ITSELF1 TO IMPOSE TAXES1 TO DISPOSE ( ITS PROP]TY & REV5UE1 TO SET UP S*OOLS = ITS Y\? & APPO9T TEA*]S10 ETC4 0,?AT IS :AT A COMMUNE IS1 = ?AT IS :AT COLLECTIVE POLITICAL LIFE IS 4444 ,IT D5IES ALL RE/RICTIONS1 IS SELF-LIMIT+2 ALL EXT]NAL CO]CION IS ALI5 TO IT & A M5ACE TO ITS SURVIVAL40 ,IT HAS BE5 %[N ?AT ,PR\DHON ?\<T SELF-MANAGEM5T 9COMPATIBLE ) AN AU?ORIT>IAN ,/ATE2 SIMIL>LY1 ! COMMUNE C\LD NOT COEXI/ ) AU?ORITY C5TRALIZ$ FROM ABOVE3 

0,!RE IS NO HALFWAY H\SE4 ,! COMMUNE WILL BE SOV]EIGN OR SUBJECT1 ALL OR NO?+4 ,CA/ IT 9 ! BE/ ROLE Y\ CAN2 AS SOON AS IT IS NO LONG] SUBJECT TO ITS [N LAW1 RECOGNIZES A HI<] AU?ORITY1 .<&.> ! L>G] GR\P+ 4 4 4 ( :I* IT IS A MEMB] IS DECL>$ TO BE SUP]IOR 4 4 41 IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT !Y WILL AT SOME TIME DISAGREE & COME 9TO CONFLICT4 ,AS SOON AS !RE IS A CONFLICT ! LOGIC ( P[] 9SURES VICTORY = ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 & ?IS )\T DISCUSSION1 NEGOTIATION1 OR TRIAL1 DEBATE BETWE5 AU?ORITY & SUBORD9ATE BE+ IMP]MISSIBLE1 SC&AL\S1 & ABSURD40 

,BAKUN9 SLOTT$ ! COMMUNE 9TO ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! FUTURE MORE LOGICALLY ?AN ,PR\DHON4 ,! ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUCTIVE WORK]S W]E TO BE FREELY ALLI$ )9 ! COMMUNES & ! COMMUNES1 9 !IR TURN1 FREELY F$]AT$ AMONG !MSELVES4 0,SPONTANE\S LIFE & ACTION HAVE BE5 HELD 9 ABEYANCE = C5TURIES BY ! ALL-ABSORB+ & MONOPOLI/IC P[] ( ! ,/ATE2 ITS ABDICATION WILL RETURN !M TO ! COMMUNES40 

,H[ W\LD TRADE UNIONISM RELATE TO ! COMMUNES8 ,9 #ahh ! ,C\RTEL>Y DI/RICT ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION .<#a#h.> WAS SURE ( ITS ANSW]3 0,! ORGAN ( ?IS LOCAL LIFE WILL BE A F$]ATION ( TRADES1 & ?IS LOCAL F$]ATION WILL BECOME ! COMMUNE40 ,H[EV]1 ?OSE DRAFT+ ! REPORT1 NOT FULLY DECID$ ON ?IS PO9T1 RAIS$ ! QUE/ION3 0,IS IT TO BE A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 OR DELEGATIONS FROM ! TRADES 4 4 4 :I* WILL DRAW UP ! CON/ITUTION ( ! COMMUNE80 ,! CONCLUSION WAS ?AT !RE W]E TWO POSSIBLE SY/EMS TO BE CONSID]$4 ,%\LD ! TRADE UNION OR ! COMMUNE HAVE PRIORITY8 ,LAT]1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,RUSSIA & ,SPA91 ?IS QUE/ION DIVID$ ! 0AN>*O-COMMUNI/S0 FROM ! 0AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S40 

,BAKUN9 SAW ! COMMUNE AS ! IDEAL VEHICLE = ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION = ! B5EFIT ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,9 ! FIR/ /AGE ( SOCIAL REORGANIZATION IT IS ! COMMUNE :I* WILL GIVE ! ESS5TIAL M9IMUM TO EA* 0DISPOSSESS$0 P]SON AS COMP5SATION = ! GOODS CONFISCAT$4 ,HE DESCRIB$ ITS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ) SOME PRECISION4 ,IT WILL BE ADM9I/]$ BY A C\NCIL ( ELECT$ DELEGATES ) EXPRESS POSITIVE M&ATES2 !SE WILL ALWAYS BE RESPONSIBLE TO ! ELECTORATE & SUBJECT TO RECALL4 ,! C\NCIL ( ! COMMUNE MAY ELECT FROM AMONG ITS NUMB] EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES = EA* BRAN* ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ADM9I/RATION ( ! COMMUNE4 ,DIVID+ RESPONSIBILITY AMONG SO MANY HAS ! ADVANTAGE ( 9VOLV+ ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( ! RANK & FILE 9 MANAGEM5T4 ,IT CURTAILS ! DISADVANTAGES ( A SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION 9 :I* A SMALL NUMB] ( ELECT$ DELEGATES C\LD TAKE OV] ALL ! DUTIES1 :ILE ! PEOPLE REMA9$ ALMO/ PASSIVE 9 R>ELY CONVOK$ G5]AL ASSEMBLIES4 ,BAKUN9 9/9CTIVELY GRASP$ ?AT ELECT$ C\NCILS MU/ BE 0WORK+ BODIES10 ) BO? REGULATORY & EXECUTIVE DUTIES - :AT ,L59 WAS LAT] TO CALL 0DEMOCRACY )\T P>LIAM5T>IANISM0 9 ONE ( HIS LIB]T>IAN MOODS4 ,AGA9 ! ,C\RTEL>Y DI/RICT MADE ?IS IDEA MORE EXPLICIT3 

0,9 ORD] TO AVOID FALL+ BACK 9TO ! ]RORS ( C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION1 WE ?9K ?AT ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNE %\LD BE ADM9I/]$ BY DIFF]5T SPECIAL COMMISSIONS = EA* BRAN* ( ACTIVITY & NOT BY A S+LE LOCAL ADM9I/RATIVE BODY 4444 ,?IS >RANGEM5T W\LD PREV5T ADM9I/RATION FROM TAK+ ON ! *>ACT] ( GOV]NM5T40 

,! FOLL[]S ( ,BAKUN9 %[$ NO SU* BALANC$ JUDGM5T ( ! NECESS>Y /AGES ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ! #a#h#hS !Y TOOK ! COLLECTIVI/ AN>*I/S TO TASK4 ,9 A CRITIQUE ( ! PREC$5T SET BY ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ,KROPOTK9 SCOLD$ ! PEOPLE = HAV+ 0ONCE MORE MADE USE ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM )9 ! ,COMMUNE10 = HAV+ 0ABDICAT$ !IR [N 9ITIATIVE 9 FAVOR ( AN ASSEMBLY ( PEOPLE ELECT$ MORE OR LESS BY *ANCE10 & HE LAM5T$ ?AT SOME RE=M]S 0ALWAYS TRY TO PRES]VE ?IS GOV]NM5T BY PROXY AT ANY PRICE40 ,HE HELD ?AT ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM HAD HAD ITS DAY4 ,IT WAS ! ORGANIZ$ DOM9ATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE & MU/ DISAPPE> ) IT4 0,= ! NEW ECONOMIC ]A :I* IS COM+1 WE MU/ SEEK A NEW =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON A PR9CIPLE QUITE DIFF]5T FROM REPRES5TATION40 ,SOCIETY MU/ K9D =MS ( POLITICAL RELATIONS CLOS] TO ! PEOPLE ?AN REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 0NE>] TO SELF-GOV]NM5T1 TO GOV]NM5T ( ONESELF BY ONESELF40 

,= AU?ORIT>IAN OR LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S1 ! IDEAL TO BE PURSU$ MU/ SURELY BE ?IS DIRECT DEMOCRACY :I*1 IF PRESS$ TO ! LIMITS 9 BO? ECONOMIC SELF-MANAGEM5T & T]RITORIAL ADM9I/RATION1 W\LD DE/ROY ! LA/ VE/IGES ( ANY K9D ( AU?ORITY4 ,IT IS C]TA91 H[EV]1 ?AT ! NECESS>Y CONDITION = ITS OP]ATION IS A /AGE ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION 9 :I* ALL WORK]S W\LD POSSESS LE>N+ & SKILLS AS WELL AS CONSCI\SNESS1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ABUNDANCE W\LD HAVE TAK5 ! PLACE ( %ORTAGE4 ,9 #a#h#h1 LONG BE=E ,L591 ! DI/RICT ( ,C\RTEL>Y PROCLAIM$3 0,! MORE OR LESS DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE WILL BECOME DECREAS+LY IMPORTANT 9 A SCI5TIFICALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY40 ,BUT NOT BE=E ITS ADV5T4 

,! ,D,I,S,P,U,T,$ ,T,],M 0,/,A,T,E0 

,! READ] KN[S BY N[ ?AT ! AN>*I/S REFUS$ TO USE ! T]M 0,/ATE0 EV5 = A TRANSITIONAL SITUATION4 ,! GAP BETWE5 AU?ORIT>IANS & LIB]T>IANS HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 V]Y WIDE ON ?IS SCORE4 ,9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ! COLLECTIVI/S1 :OSE SPOKESMAN WAS ,BAKUN91 ALL[$ ! T]MS 0REG5]ATE ,/ATE10 0NEW & REVOLUTION>Y ,/ATE10 OR EV5 0SOCIALI/ ,/ATE0 TO BE ACCEPT$ AS SYNONYMS = 0SOCIAL COLLECTIVE40 ,! AN>*I/S SOON SAW1 H[EV]1 ?AT IT WAS RA!R DANG]\S = !M TO USE ! SAME WORD AS ! AU?ORIT>IANS :ILE GIV+ IT A QUITE DIFF]5T MEAN+4 

,!Y FELT ?AT A NEW CONCEPT CALL$ = A NEW WORD & ?AT ! USE ( ! OLD T]M C\LD BE DANG]\SLY AMBIGU\S2 SO !Y CEAS$ TO GIVE ! NAME 0,/ATE0 TO ! SOCIAL COLLECTIVE ( ! FUTURE4 

,! ,M>XI/S1 = !IR P>T1 W]E ANXI\S TO OBTA9 ! COOP]ATION ( ! AN>*I/S TO MAKE ! PR9CIPLE ( COLLECTIVE [N]%IP TRIUMPH 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL OV] ! LA/ REMNANT ( NEO-,PR\DHONIAN 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,SO !Y W]E WILL+ TO MAKE V]BAL CONCESSIONS & AGRE$ HALFHE>T$LY TO ! AN>*I/S' PROPOSAL TO SUB/ITUTE = ! WORD 0,/ATE0 EI!R F$]ATION OR SOLID>ISATION ( COMMUNES4 ,9 ! SAME SPIRIT1 ,5GELS ATTACK$ HIS FRI5D & COMPATRIOT ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL AB\T ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 & ?\<T IT WISE TO SUGGE/ ?AT HE 0SUPPRESS ! T]M ',/ATE' ?R\<\T1 US+ 9/EAD ,GEME9WES51 A GOOD OLD ,G]MAN WORD MEAN+ ! SAME AS ! ,FR5* WORD ',COMMUNE4'0 ,AT ! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#f#i1 ! COLLECTIVI/ AN>*I/S & ! ,M>XI/S HAD UNIT$ TO DECIDE ?AT ONCE PROP]TY HAD BE5 SOCIALIZ$ IT W\LD BE DEVELOP$ BY COMMUNES SOLID>ISEES4 ,9 HIS SPEE* ,BAKUN9 DOTT$ ! I'S3 

0,I AM VOT+ = COLLECTIVIZATION ( SOCIAL WEAL?1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( ! L&1 9 ! S5SE ( SOCIAL LIQUIDATION4 ,BY SOCIAL LIQUIDATION ,I MEAN ! EXPROPRIATION ( ALL :O >E N[ PROPRIETORS1 BY ! ABOLITION ( ! JURIDICAL & POLITICAL ,/ATE :I* IS ! SANCTION & SOLE GU>ANTOR ( PROP]TY AS IT N[ IS4 ,AS TO SUBSEQU5T =MS ( ORGANIZATION 4 4 4 ,I FAVOR ! SOLID>ISATION ( COMMUNES 4 4 4 ) ALL ! GREAT] SATISFACTION BECAUSE SU* SOLID>ISATION 5TAILS ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY FROM ! BOTTOM UP40 

,H,[ ,%,\,L,D ,! ,P,U,B,L,I,C ,S,],V,I,C,E,S ,B,E ,M,A,N,A,G,$8 

,! COMPROMISE :I* HAD BE5 WORK$ \T WAS A LONG WAY FROM ELIM9AT+ AMBIGUITY1 ! MORE SO S9CE AT ! V]Y SAME ,BASEL ,CONGRESS ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S HAD NOT FELT %Y AB\T APPLAUD+ ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY BY ! ,/ATE4 ,! PROBLEM SUBSEQU5TLY PROV$ ESPECIALLY ?ORNY :5 DISCUSSION TURN$ TO ! MANAGEM5T ( L>GE-SCALE PUBLIC S]VICES LIKE RAILWAYS1 PO/AL S]VICES1 ETC4 ,BY ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#g#b1 ! FOLL[]S ( ,M>X & ?OSE ( ,BAKUN9 HAD P>T$ COMPANY4 ,?US ! DEBATE ON PUBLIC S]VICES >OSE 9 ! MISNAM$ 0ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN0 ,9T]NATIONAL :I* HAD SURVIV$ ! SPLIT4 ,?IS QUE/ION CREAT$ FRE% DISCORD BETWE5 ! AN>*I/S & ?OSE MORE OR LESS 0/ATI/0 SOCIALI/S :O HAD *OS5 TO DETA* !MSELVES FROM ,M>X & REMA9 ) ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,S9CE SU* PUBLIC S]VICES >E NATIONAL 9 SCALE1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT !Y CANNOT BE MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS ALONE1 NOR BY ! COMMUNES ALONE4 ,PR\DHON TRI$ TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM BY 0BALANC+0 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T BY SOME =M ( 0PUBLIC 9ITIATIVE10 :I* HE DID NOT EXPLA9 FULLY4 ,:O WAS TO ADM9I/] ! PUBLIC S]VICES8 ,! F$]ATION ( ! COMMUNES1 ANSW]$ ! LIB]T>IANS2 ! ,/ATE1 ! AU?ORIT>IANS W]E TEMPT$ TO REPLY4 

,AT ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#h#g#d1 ! ,BELGIAN SOCIALI/ ,CES> DE ,PAEPE TRI$ TO BR+ AB\T A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! TWO CONFLICT+ VIEWS4 ,LOCAL PUBLIC S]VICES W\LD GO TO ! COMMUNES TO BE RUN UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATIVE BODY ITSELF1 NOM9AT$ BY ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,PUBLIC S]VICES ON A L>G] SCALE W\LD BE MANAG$ BY A REGIONAL ADM9I/RATION CONSI/+ ( NOM9EES ( ! F$]ATION ( COMMUNES & SUP]VIS$ BY A REGIONAL *AMB] ( LABOR1 :ILE ?OSE ON A NATIONAL SCALE W\LD COME UND] ! 0,WORK]S' ,/ATE10 ?AT IS1 A ,/ATE 0BAS$ ON A COMB9ATION ( FREE WORK]S' COMMUNES40 ,! AN>*I/S W]E SUSPICI\S ( ?IS AMBIGU\S ORGANIZATION BUT DE ,PAEPE PREF]R$ TO TAKE ?IS SUSPICION AS A MISUND]/&+3 WAS IT NOT AFT] ALL A V]BAL QU>REL8 ,IF ?AT WAS SO HE W\LD BE CONT5T TO PUT ! WORD 0,/ATE0 ASIDE :ILE KEEP+ & EV5 EXT5D+ ! ACTUAL ?+ 0UND] ! MORE PLEASANT DISGUISE ( SOME O!R T]M40 

,MO/ ( ! LIB]T>IANS ?\<T ?AT ! REPORT FROM ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS AM\NT$ TO A RE/ORATION ( ! ,/ATE3 !Y SAW ! 0,WORK]S' ,/ATE0 TURN+ 9EVITABLY 9TO AN 0AU?ORIT>IAN ,/ATE40 ,IF IT WAS ONLY A V]BAL QU>REL !Y C\LD NOT SEE :Y !Y %\LD *RI/5 ! NEW SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T BY ! V]Y NAME US$ TO DESCRIBE ! ORGANIZATION :I* WAS TO BE ABOLI%$4 ,AT A SUBSEQU5T CONGRESS AT ,B]NE1 9 #a#h#g#f1 ,MALATE/A ADMITT$ ?AT ! PUBLIC S]VICES REQUIR$ A UNIQUE1 C5TRALIZ$ =M ( ORGANIZATION2 BUT HE REFUS$ TO HAVE !M ADM9I/]$ FROM ABOVE BY A ,/ATE4 ,HIS ADV]S>IES SEEM$ TO HIM TO CONFUSE ! ,/ATE ) SOCIETY1 ?AT 0LIV+ ORGANIC BODY40 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 #a#h#g#g1 AT ! ,UNIV]SAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS 9 ,<5T1 ,CES> DE ,PAEPE ADMITT$ ?AT HIS PRECI\S ,WORK]S' ,/ATE OR ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE 0MI<T = A P]IOD BE NO MORE ?AN A ,/ATE ( WAGE E>N]S10 BUT ?AT 0MU/ BE NO MORE ?AN A TRANSITIONAL PHASE IMPOS$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES10 AFT] :I* ! NAMELESS1 URG5T MASSES W\LD NOT FAIL TO TAKE OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & PUT !M 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E NOT APPEAS$ BY ?IS UNC]TA9 & DI/ANT P]SPECTIVE3 :AT ! ,/ATE TOOK OV] IT W\LD NEV] GIVE UP4 

,F,$,],A,L,I,S,M 

,TO SUM UP3 ! FUTURE LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY WAS TO BE 5D[$ ) A DUAL /RUCTURE3 ECONOMIC1 9 ! =M ( A F$]ATION ( SELF-MANAG+ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS2 ADM9I/RATIVE1 9 ! =M ( A F$]ATION ( ! COMMUNES4 ,! F9AL REQUIREM5T WAS TO CR[N & >TICULATE ?IS $IFICE ) A CONCEPT ( WID] SCOPE1 :I* MI<T BE EXT5D$ TO APPLY TO ! :OLE WORLD3 F$]ALISM4 

,AS ,PR\DHON'S ?\<T MATUR$1 ! F$]ALI/ IDEA WAS CL>IFI$ & BECAME PR$OM9ANT4 ,ONE ( HIS LA/ WRIT+S BORE ! TITLE ,DU ,PR9CIPE ,F$]ATIF ET DE LA ,NECESSITE DE ,RECON/ITU] DE ,P>TI DE LA ,REVOLUTION 7#a#h#f#c7 &1 AS PREVI\SLY M5TION$1 T[>D ! 5D ( HIS LIFE HE WAS MORE 9CL9$ TO CALL HIMSELF A F$]ALI/ ?AN AN AN>*I/4 ,WE NO LONG] LIVE 9 ! AGE ( SMALL1 ANCI5T CITIES :I*1 MOREOV]1 EV5 9 !IR TIME1 SOMETIMES CAME TOGE!R ON A F$]AL BASIS4 ,! PROBLEM ( \R TIME IS ?AT ( ADM9I/]+ L>GE C\NTRIES4 ,PR\DHON COMM5T$3 0,IF ! ,/ATE W]E NEV] TO EXT5D BEYOND ! >EA ( A CITY OR COMMUNE ,I W\LD LEAVE EV]YONE TO MAKE HIS [N JUDGM5T1 & SAY NO MORE4 ,BUT WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT IT IS A MATT] ( VA/ CONGLOM]ATIONS ( T]RITORY )9 :I* CITIES1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES CAN BE C\NT$ BY ! ?\S&40 ,NO QUE/ION ( FRAGM5T+ SOCIETY 9TO MICROCOSMS4 ,UNITY IS ESS5TIAL4 

,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 ! 9T5TION ( ! AU?ORIT>IANS TO RULE !SE LOCAL GR\PS BY ! LAWS ( 0CONQUE/10 TO :I* ,PR\DHON RETORT$3 0,I DECL>E TO !M ?AT ?IS IS COMPLETELY IMPOSSIBLE1 BY VIRTUE ( ! V]Y LAW ( UNITY40 

0,ALL !SE GR\PS 4 4 4 >E 9DE/RUCTIBLE ORGANISMS 4 4 4 :I* CAN NO MORE DIVE/ !MSELVES ( !IR SOV]EIGN 9DEP5D5CE ?AN A MEMB] ( ! CITY CAN LOSE HIS CITIZ5%IP OR PR]OGATIVES AS A FREE MAN 4444 ,ALL ?AT W\LD BE A*IEV$ 444 W\LD BE ! CREATION ( AN IRRECONCILABLE ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! G5]AL SOV]EIGNTY & EA* ( ! SEP>ATE SOV]EIGNTIES1 SETT+ AU?ORITY AGA9/ AU?ORITY2 9 O!R WORDS1 :ILE SUPPOS$LY DEVELOP+ UNITY ONE W\LD BE ORGANIZ+ DIVISION40 

,9 SU* A SY/EM ( 0UNIT>Y ABSORPTION0 ! CITIES OR NATURAL GR\PS 0W\LD ALWAYS BE CONDEMN$ TO LOSE !IR ID5TITY 9 ! SUP]IOR AGGLOM]ATION1 :I* ONE MI<T CALL >TIFICIAL40 ,C5TRALIZATION MEANS 0RETA9+ 9 GOV]NM5TAL RELATION%IP GR\PS :I* >E AUTONOM\S BY !IR NATURE02 04 4 4 ?AT IS1 = MODEM SOCIETY1 ! TRUE TYRANNY40 ,IT IS A SY/EM ( IMP]IALISM1 COMMUNISM1 ABSOLUTISM1 ?UND]$ ,PR\DHON1 ADD+ 9 ONE ( ?OSE AMALGAMATIONS ( :I* HE WAS A MA/]3 0,ALL !SE WORDS >E SYNONYMS40 

,ON ! O!R H&1 UNITY1 REAL UNITY1 C5TRALIZATION1 REAL C5TRALIZATION1 W\LD BE 9DE/RUCTIBLE IF A BOND ( LAW1 A CONTRACT ( MUTUALITY1 A PACT ( F$]ATION W]E CONCLUD$ BETWE5 ! V>I\S T]RITORIAL UNITS3 

0,:AT REALLY C5TRALIZES A SOCIETY ( FREE M5 4 4 4 IS ! CONTRACT4 ,SOCIAL UNITY 444 IS ! PRODUCT ( ! FREE UNION ( CITIZ5S 4444 ,= A NATION TO N@9ANIFE/ ITSELF 9 UNITY1 ?IS UNITY MU/ BE C5TRALIZ$ 4 4 4 9 ALL ITS FUNCTIONS & FACULTIES2 C5TRALIZATION MU/ BE CREAT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 FROM ! P]IPH]Y TO ! C5T]1 & ALL FUNCTIONS MU/ BE 9DEP5D5T & SELF-GOV]N+4 ,! MORE NUM]\S ITS FOCI1 ! /RONG] ! C5TRALIZATION WILL BE40 

,! F$]AL SY/EM IS ! OPPOSITE ( GOV]NM5TAL C5TRALIZATION4 ,! TWO PR9CIPLES ( LIB]T>IANISM & AU?ORIT>IANISM :I* >E 9 P]PETUAL CONFLICT >E DE/9$ TO COME TO T]MS3 0,F$]ATION RESOLVES ALL ! PROBLEMS :I* >ISE FROM ! NE$ TO COMB9E LIB]TY & AU?ORITY4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION PROVID$ ! F\NDATIONS = A NEW ORD]1 ! SECRET ( :I* LIES ) ITS HEIR1 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS IS ! NEW ORD]3 TO UNITE ALL ! PEOPLE 9 A 'F$]ATION ( F$]ATIONS40' ,?IS EXPRESSION WAS NOT US$ C>ELESSLY3 A UNIV]SAL F$]ATION W\LD BE TOO BIG2 ! L>GE UNITS MU/ BE F$]AT$ BETWE5 !MSELVES4 ,9 HIS FAVORITE PROPHETIC /YLE ,PR\DHON DECL>$3 0,! TW5TIE? C5TURY WILL OP5 ! ]A ( F$]ATIONS40 

,BAKUN9 M]ELY DEVELOP$ & /R5G!N$ ! F$]ALI/ IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON4 ,LIKE ,PR\DHON1 HE ACCLAIM$ ! SUP]IORITY ( F$]AL UNITY OV] AU?ORIT>IAN UNITY3 0,:5 ! ACCURS$ P[] ( ! ,/ATE IS NO LONG] !RE TO CON/RA9 9DIVIDUALS1 ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNES1 PROV9CES1 OR REGIONS TO LIVE TOGE!R1 !Y WILL BE MU* MORE CLOSELY B\ND1 WILL CON/ITUTE A F> MORE VIABLE1 REAL1 & P[]FUL :OLE ?AN :AT !Y >E AT PRES5T =C$ 9TO BY ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 EQUALLY OPPRESSIVE TO !M ALL40 ,! AU?ORIT>IANS 0>E ALWAYS CONFUS+ 4 4 4 =MAL1 DOGMATIC1 & GOV]NM5TAL UNITY ) A REAL & LIV+ UNITY :I* CAN ONLY D]IVE FROM ! FREE/ DEVELOPM5T ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 & FROM A F$]AL & ABSOLUTELY VOLUNT>Y ALLIANCE 4 4 4 ( ! WORK]S0 ASSOCIATIONS 9 ! COMMUNES &1 BEYOND ! COMMUNES1 9 ! REGIONS1 BEYOND ! REGIONS1 9 ! NATIONS40 

,BAKUN9 /RESS$ ! NE$ = AN 9T]M$IATE BODY BETWE5 ! COMMUNE & ! NATIONAL F$]AL ORGAN3 ! PROV9CE OR REGION1 A FREE F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES4 ,IT MU/ NOT1 H[EV]1 BE ?\<T ?AT F$]ALISM W\LD LEAD TO EGOISM OR ISOLATION4 ,SOLID>ITY IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM FRE$OM3 0,:ILE ! COMMUNES REMA9 ABSOLUTELY AUTONOM\S1 !Y FEEL 4 4 4 SOLID>ITY AMONG !MSELVES & UNITE CLOSELY )\T LOS+ ANY ( !IR FRE$OM40 ,9 ! MODEM WORLD1 MORAL1 MAT]IAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL 9T]E/S HAVE CREAT$ REAL & P[]FUL UNITY BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T P>TS ( ONE NATION1 & BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T NATIONS2 ?AT UNITY WILL \TLIVE ! ,/ATE4 

,F$]ALISM1 H[EV]1 IS A TWO-$G$ WEAPON4 ,DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ! 0F$]ALISM0 ( ! ,GIROND9S WAS REACTION>Y1 & ! ROYALI/ S*OOL ( ,*>LES ,MAURRAS ADVOCAT$ IT UND] ! NAME ( 0REGIONALISM40 ,9 SOME C\NTRIES1 LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! F$]AL CON/ITUTION IS EXPLOIT$ BY ?OSE :O DEPRIVE M5 ( COLOR ( !IR CIVIL RI<TS4 ,BAKUN9 ?\<T ?AT SOCIALISM ALONE C\LD GIVE F$]ALISM A REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T4 ,= ?IS REASON HIS ,SPANI% FOLL[]S %[$ LITTLE 5?USIASM = ! B\RGEOIS F$]ALI/ P>TY ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL1 :I* CALL$ ITSELF ,PR\DHONI/1 & EV5 = ITS 0CANTONALI/0 LEFT W+ DUR+ ! BRIEF1 & ABORTIVE1 EPISODE ( ! REPUBLIC ( #a#h#g#c4 .<#a#i.> 

,9,T,],N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L,I,S,M 

,! F$]ALI/ IDEA LEADS LOGICALLY TO 9T]NATIONALISM1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! ORGANIZATION ( NATIONS ON A F$]AL BASIS 9TO ! 0L>GE1 FRAT]NAL UNION ( MANK9D40 ,H]E AGA9 ,BAKUN9 %[$ UP ! B\RGEOIS UTOPIANISM ( A F$]AL IDEA NOT BAS$ ON 9T]NATIONAL & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,F> AHEAD ( HIS TIME1 HE WAS A 0,EUROPEAN10 AS PEOPLE SAY TODAY2 HE CALL$ = & DESIR$ A ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE1 ! ONLY WAY 0( MAK+ A CIVIL W> BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T PEOPLES 9 ! ,EUROPEAN FAMILY IMPOSSIBLE40 ,HE WAS C>EFUL1 H[EV]1 TO ISSUE A W>N+ AGA9/ ANY ,EUROPEAN F$]ATION BAS$ ON /ATES 0AS !Y >E AT PRES5T CON/ITUT$40 

0,NO C5TRALIZ$1 BUREAUCRATIC1 & H5CE MILIT>Y ,/ATE1 ALBEIT CALL$ A REPUBLIC1 C\LD 5T] S]I\SLY & S9C]ELY 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION ,BY ITS V]Y CON/ITUTION1 SU* A ,/ATE WILL ALWAYS BE AN OV]T OR COV]T D5IAL ( 9T]NAL LIB]TY1 & H5CE1 NECESS>ILY1 A P]MAN5T DECL>ATION ( W>1 A M5ACE TO ! EXI/5CE ( NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES40 ,ANY ALLIANCE ) A REACTION>Y ,/ATE W\LD BE A 0,BETRAYAL ( ! REVOLUTION40 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE1 FIR/1 & LAT]1 ( ! WORLD1 CAN ONLY BE SET UP AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! OLD ORD] :I* RE/S FROM TOP TO BOTTOM ON VIOL5CE & ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION TAKES PLACE 9 ANY ONE C\NTRY1 ANY =EIGN C\NTRY :I* HAS MADE A REVOLUTION ON ! SAME PR9CIPLES %\LD BE RECEIV$ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y F$]ATION REG>DLESS ( EXI/+ /ATE FRONTI]S4 

,TRUE 9T]NATIONALISM RE/S ON SELF-DET]M9ATION1 :I* IMPLIES ! RI<T ( SECESSION4 ,FOLL[+ ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 PROP\ND$ ?AT 0EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 EA* ASSOCIATION1 COMMUNE1 OR PROV9CE1 EA* REGION & NATION1 HAS ! ABSOLUTE RI<T TO DET]M9E ITS [N FATE1 TO ASSOCIATE ) O!RS OR NOT1 TO ALLY ITSELF ) :OMEV] IT WILL1 OR BREAK ANY ALLIANCE1 )\T REG>D TO SO-CALL$ HI/ORICAL CLAIMS OR ! CONV5I5CE ( ITS NEI<BORS40 0,! RI<T TO UNITE FREELY & SEP>ATE ) ! SAME FRE$OM IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL POLITICAL RI<TS1 )\T :I* CONF$]ATION W9 ALWAYS BE DISGUIS$ C5TRALIZATION40 

,AN>*I/S1 H[EV]1 DID NOT REG>D ?IS PR9CIPLE AS LEAD+ TO SECESSION OR ISOLATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y HELD 0! CONVICTION ?AT ONCE ! RI<T TO SEC$E IS RECOGNIZ$1 SECESSION WILL1 9 FACT1 BECOME IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE NATIONAL UNITS WILL BE FREELY E/ABLI%$ & NO LONG] ! PRODUCT ( VIOL5CE & HI/ORICAL FALSEHOOD40 ,!N1 & !N ONLY1 WILL !Y BECOME 0TRULY /RONG1 FRUITFUL1 & P]MAN5T40 

,LAT]1 ,L591 & ! E>LY CONGRESSES ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ADOPT$ ?IS CONCEPT FROM ,BAKUN91 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS MADE IT ! F\NDATION ( !IR POLICY ON NATIONALITIES & ( !IR ANTI-COLONIALI/ /RATEGY - UNTIL !Y EV5TUALLY BELI$ IT TO TURN TO AU?ORIT>IAN C5TRALIZATION & DISGUIS$ IMP]IALISM4 

,D,E,C,O,L,O,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N 

,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT LOGICAL D$UCTION L$ ! ORIG9ATORS ( F$]ALISM TO A PROPHETIC ANTICIPATION ( ! PROBLEMS ( DECOLONIZATION4 ,PR\DHON DI/+UI%$ ! UNIT 0BAS$ ON CONQUE/0 FROM ! 0RATIONAL0 UNIT & SAW ?AT 0EV]Y ORGANIZATION ?AT EXCE$S ITS TRUE LIMITS & T5DS TO 9VADE OR ANNEX O!R ORGANIZATIONS LOSES 9 /R5G? :AT IT GA9S 9 SIZE1 & MOVES T[>D DISSOLUTION40 ,! MORE A CITY 7I4E41 A NATION7 EXT5DS ITS POPULATION OR ITS T]RITORY1 ! NE>] IT COMES TO TYRANNY &1 F9ALLY1 DISRUPTION3 

0,IF IT SETS UP SUBSIDI>IES OR COLONIES SOME DI/ANCE AWAY1 !SE SUBSIDI>IES OR COLONIES WILL1 SOON] OR LAT]1 *ANGE 9TO NEW CITIES :I* WILL REMA9 L9K$ TO ! MO!R CITY ONLY BY F$]ATION1 OR NOT AT ALL 4444 

,:5 ! NEW CITY IS READY TO SUPPORT ITSELF IT WILL ITSELF DECL>E ITS 9DEP5D5CE3 BY :AT RI<T %\LD ! P>5T CITY PRESUME TO TREAT IT AS A VASSAL1 AS PROP]TY TO BE EXPLOIT$8 

,?US 9 \R TIME WE HAVE SE5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES EMANCIPATE ITSELF FROM ,5GL&2 & ,CANADA LIKEWISE 9 FACT1 IF NOT 9 NAME2 ,AU/RALIA SET \T ON ! ROAD TO SEP>ATION BY ! CONS5T1 & ) ! APPROVAL1 ( ! MO!R C\NTRY4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ,ALG]IA WILL1 SOON] OR LAT]1 CON/ITUTE ITSELF AN ,AFRICAN ,FRANCE UNLESS = ABOM9ABLE1 SELFI% MOTIVES WE KEEP IT AS A S+LE UNIT BY MEANS ( =CE & POV]TY40 

,BAKUN9 HAD AN EYE ON ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES & D\BT$ :E!R 0IMP]IALI/ ,EUROPE0 C\LD KEEP #h MILLION ,ASIATICS 9 S]VITUDE4 0,TWO-?IRDS ( HUMANITY1 #h MILLION ,ASIANS ASLEEP 9 !IR S]VITUDE WILL NECESS>ILY AWAK5 & BEG9 TO MOVE4 ,BUT 9 :AT DIRECTION & TO :AT 5D80 ,HE DECL>$ 0/RONG SYMPA?Y = ANY NATIONAL UPRIS+ AGA9/ ANY =M ( OPPRESSION0 & COMM5D$ TO ! SUBJECT PEOPLES ! FASC9AT+ EXAMPLE ( ! ,SPANI% UPRIS+ AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON4 ,9 SPITE ( ! FANTA/IC DISPROPORTION BETWE5 ! NATIVE GU]RILLAS & ! IMP]IAL TROOPS1 ! OCCUPY+ P[] FAIL$ TO PUT !M D[N1 & ! ,FR5* W]E DRIV5 \T ( ,SPA9 AFT] A FIVE-YE> /RUGGLE4 

,EV]Y PEOPLE 0HAS ! RI<T TO BE ITSELF & NO ONE IS 5TITL$ TO IMPOSE ITS CO/UME1 ITS CU/OMS1 ITS LANGUAGE1 ITS OP9IONS1 OR ITS LAWS40 ,H[EV]1 ,BAKUN9 ALSO BELIEV$ ?AT !RE C\LD BE NO TRUE F$]ALISM )\T SOCIALISM & WI%$ ?AT NATIONAL LIB]ATION C\LD BE A*IEV$ 0AS MU* 9 ! ECONOMIC AS 9 ! POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES0 & 0NOT ) AMBITI\S 9T5T TO SET UP A P[]FUL ,/ATE40 ,ANY REVOLUTION = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE 0WILL NECESS>ILY BE AGA9/ ! PEOPLE 4 4 4 IF IT IS C>RI$ \T )\T ! PEOPLE & MU/ !RE=E DEP5D = SUCCESS ON A PRIVILEG$ CLASS10 & WILL ?US BECOME 0A RETROGRESSIVE1 DISA/R\S1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T40 

,IT W\LD BE REGRETTABLE IF ! DECOLONIZ$ C\NTRIES W]E TO CA/ (F ! =EIGN YOKE ONLY TO FALL 9TO 9DIG5\S POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S S]VITUDE4 ,!IR EMANCIPATION REQUIRES ?AT 0ALL FAI? 9 ANY DIV9E OR HUMAN AU?ORITY BE ]ADICAT$ AMONG ! MASSES40 ,! NATIONAL QUE/ION IS HI/ORICALLY SECOND>Y TO ! SOCIAL QUE/ION & SALVATION DEP5DS ON ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,AN ISOLAT$ NATIONAL REVOLUTION CANNOT SUCCE$4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9EVITABLY BECOMES A WORLD REVOLUTION4 

,BAKUN9 =ESAW ?AT DECOLONIZATION W\LD BE FOLL[$ BY AN EV] EXP&+ F$]ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLES3 0,! FUTURE LIES 9ITIALLY ) ! CREATION ( A ,EUROPEAN-,AM]ICAN 9T]NATIONAL UNIT4 ,LAT]1 MU* LAT]1 ?IS GREAT ,EUROPEAN-,AM]ICAN NATION WILL M]GE ) ! ,AFRICAN & ,ASIATIC UNITS40 

,?IS ANALYSIS BR+S US /RAI<T 9TO ! MIDDLE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

O ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,A 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PRACTICE #a#h#h-#a#i#a#d 

,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,B,E,C,O,M,E,S ,I,S,O,L,A,T,$ ,F,R,O,M ,! ,W,O,R,K,+-,C,L,A,S,S ,M,O,V,E,M,5,T 

,IT IS N[ TIME TO EXAM9E AN>*ISM 9 ACTION4 ,:I* BR+S US TO ! EVE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,LIB]T>IAN IDEAS C]TA9LY PLAY$ SOME P>T 9 ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BUT NOT AN 9DEP5D5T ONE4 ,PR\DHON HAD TAK5 A NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TO ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION EV5 BE=E ITS \TBREAK4 ,HE ATTACK$ IT AS A POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 A B\RGEOIS BOOBY TRAP1 &1 9DE$1 MU* ( ?IS WAS TRUE4 ,MOREOV]1 ACCORD+ TO ,PR\DHON1 IT WAS 9OPPORTUNE & ITS USE ( B>RICADES & /REET BATTLES WAS \TDAT$1 = HE HIMSELF DREAM$ ( A QUITE DIFF]5T ROAD TO VICTORY = HIS PANACEA3 MUTUELLI/E COLLECTIVISM4 ,AS = ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT IT SPONTANE\SLY BROKE AWAY FROM 0TRADITIONAL /ATI/ C5TRALIZATION10 IT WAS ! PRODUCT ( A 0COMPROMISE10 AS ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE HAS NOT$1 A SORT ( 0UNIT$ FRONT0 BETWE5 ! ,PR\DHONI/S & ,BAKUN9ITES ON ! ONE H& & ! ,JACOB9S & ,BLANQUI/S ON ! O!R4 ,IT 0BOLDLY REPUDIAT$0 ! ,/ATE1 BUT ,BAKUN9 HAD TO ADMIT ?AT ! 9T]NATIONALI/ AN>*I/S W]E A 0T9Y M9ORITY0 9 ITS RANKS4 

,AS A RESULT ( ,BAKUN9'S IMPETUS1 AN>*ISM HAD1 H[EV]1 SUCCE$$ 9 GRAFT+ ITSELF ONTO ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL - A PROLET>IAN1 9T]NATIONALI/1 APOLITICAL1 MASS MOVEM5T4 ,BUT SOMETIME >\ND #ahh ! AN>*I/S BEGAN TO D]IDE 0! TIMID ,9T]NATIONAL ( ! FIR/ P]IOD10 & S\<T TO SET UP 9 ITS PLACE :AT ,MALATE/A 9 #ahhd DESCRIB$ AS ! 0R$\BTABLE ,9T]NATIONAL10 :I* WAS TO BE AN>*I/1 COMMUNI/1 ANTI-RELIGI\S1 ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y1 & REVOLUTION>Y1 ALL AT ! SAME TIME4 ,?IS SC>ECR[ WAS V]Y FLIMSY3 AN>*ISM CUT ITSELF (F FROM ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 ) ! RESULT ?AT IT DET]IORAT$ & LO/ ITS WAY 9 SECT>IANISM & M9ORITY ACTIVISM4 

,:AT CAUS$ ?IS DECL9E8 ,ONE REASON WAS ! SWIFTNESS ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T & ! RAPID CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL RI<TS BY WORK]S :O !N BECAME MORE RECEPTIVE TO P>LIAM5T>Y RE=MISM4 ,IT FOLL[$ ?AT ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T WAS TAK5 OV] BY POLITICALLY M9D$1 ELECTORALI/1 RE=MI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRATS :OSE PURPOSE WAS NOT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BUT ! LEGAL CONQUE/ ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE & ! SATISFACTION ( %ORT-T]M DEM&S4 

,:5 !Y F\ND !MSELVES A SMALL M9ORITY1 ! AN>*I/S AB&ON$ ! IDEA ( MILITANCY )9 L>GE POPUL> MOVEM5TS4 ,FREE RE9 WAS GIV5 TO UTOPIAN DOCTR9ES1 COMB9+ PREMATURE ANTICIPATIONS & NO/ALGIC EVOCATIONS ( A GOLD5 AGE2 ,KROPOTK91 ,MALATE/A1 & !IR FRI5DS TURN$ !IR BACKS ON ! ROAD OP5$ UP BY ,BAKUN9 ON ! PRETEXT ( KEEP+ !IR DOCTR9E PURE4 ,!Y ACCUS$ ,BAKUN91 & AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE 9 G5]AL1 ( HAV+ BE5 0TOO MU* COLOR$ BY ,M>XISM40 ,! AN>*I/S TURN$ 9 ON !MSELVES1 ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES = DIRECT ACTION 9 SMALL CL&E/9E GR\PS :I* W]E EASILY 9FILTRAT$ BY POLICE 9=M]S4 

,BAKUN9'S RETIREM5T WAS SOON FOLL[$ BY HIS DEA? &1 FROM #ahgf ON1 AN>*ISM CAU<T ! BUG ( ADV5TURISM & WILD FANTASY4 ,! ,B]NE ,CONGRESS LAUN*$ ! SLOGAN ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$40 ,CAFI]O & ,MALATE/A H&$ \T ! FIR/ LESSON ( ACTION4 ,ON ,APRIL #e1 #a#h#g#g1 !Y DIRECT$ A B& ( SOME ?IRTY >M$ MILITANTS :O SUDD5LY APPE>$ 9 ! M\NTA9S ( ! ,ITALIAN PROV9CE ( ,B5EV5TO1 BURN$ ! P>I% RECORDS ( A SMALL VILLAGE1 DI/RIBUT$ ! FUNDS 9 ! TAX COLLECTOR'S SAFE TO ! POOR1 & TRI$ TO 9/ALL LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM ON A M9IATURE1 RURAL1 9FANTILE SCALE4 ,9 ! 5D !Y W]E TRACK$ D[N1 NUMB ) COLD1 & YIELD$ )\T RESI/ANCE4 

,?REE YE>S LAT]1 ON ,DECEMB] #b#e1 #a#h#h1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS DECLAIM+ 9 HIS J\RNAL ,LE ,REVOLTE3 0,P]MAN5T REVOLT 9 SPEE*1 WRIT+1 BY ! DAGG] & ! GUN1 OR BY DYNAMITE 4 4 4 ANY?+ SUITS US ?AT IS ALI5 TO LEGALITY40 ,BETWE5 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 & ATTACKS ON 9DIVIDUALS1 ONLY A /EP REMA9$4 ,IT WAS SOON TAK54 

,! DEFECTION ( ! MASS ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD BE5 ONE ( ! REASONS = ! REC\RSE TO T]RORISM1 & 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 DID 9DE$ MAKE SOME CONTRIBUTION TO AWAK5+ ! WORK]S FROM !IR APA?Y4 ,WRIT+ 9 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,PROLET>I5NE1 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#g1 ,ROB]T ,LONZON .<#b.> MA9TA9$ ?AT 0IT WAS LIKE ! /ROKE ( A GONG BR++ ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT TO ITS FEET AFT] ! PRO/RATION 9TO :I* IT HAD BE5 PLUNG$ BY ! MASSACRES ( ! ,COMMUNE .<BY ! RI<T.> 4 4 41 .<& WAS.> ! PRELUDE TO ! F\NDATION ( ! ,C,G,T .<,CONF$]ATION ,G5]AL DU ,TRAVAIL.> & ! MASS TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T ( ! YE>S #a#i-#a#i#a40 ,?IS RA!R OPTIMI/IC VIEW IS CORRECT$ OR SUPPLEM5T$ .<#b#a.> BY ! VIEWS ( ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]1 A Y\NG AN>*I/ :O LAT] W5T OV] TO REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM3 HE BELIEV$ ! USE ( DYNAMITE HAD DET]R$ ! WORK]S FROM PR(ESS+ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 H[EV] DISILLUSION$ !Y MI<T HAVE BE5 ) P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALISM2 NONE ( !M D>$ CALL HIMSELF AN AN>*I/ LE/ HE SEEM TO OPT = ISOLAT$ REVOLT AS AGA9/ COLLECTIVE ACTION4 

,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS W]E NOT SL[ TO USE ! WEAPONS AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S FURNI%$ BY ! COMB9ATION ( BOMBS & ,KROPOTK9I/ UTOPIAS4 

,S,O,C,I,A,L-,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,T,I,C ,C,O,N,D,E,M,N,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M 

,= MANY YE>S ! SOCIALI/ WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T WAS DIVID$ 9TO IRRECONCILABLE SEGM5TS3 :ILE AN>*ISM SLID 9TO T]RORISM COMB9$ ) PASSIVE WAIT+ = ! MILL5NIUM1 ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 MORE OR LESS DI%ONE/LY CLAIM+ TO BE ,M>XI/1 BECAME BOGG$ D[N 9 0P>LIAM5T>Y CRET9ISM40 ,PI]RE ,MONATTE1 AN AN>*I/ :O TURN$ SYNDICALI/1 LAT] RECALL$3 0,! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT 9 ,FRANCE WAS DY+ \T 4 4 4 YE> BY YE>4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS ( ,GUESDE W]E N[ ONLY V]BAL OR1 WORSE1 ELECTORAL & P>LIAM5T>Y2 ?OSE ( ,JAURES SIMPLY1 & V]Y FRANKLY1 M9I/]IAL & GOV]NM5TAL40 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! DIVORCE BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S WAS COMPLET$ AT ! ,LE ,HAVRE ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#h1 :5 ! NEWBORN WORK]S' P>TY ?REW ITSELF 9TO ELECTORAL POLITICS4 

,9 ,P>IS 9 #ahhi ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS FROM V>I\S C\NTRIES DECID$ TO REVIVE ! LONG-NEGLECT$ PRACTICE ( HOLD+ 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ CONGRESSES4 ,?IS OP5$ ! WAY = ! CREATION ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL & SOME AN>*I/S ?\<T IT NECESS>Y TO ATT5D ! MEET+4 ,!IR PRES5CE GAVE RISE TO VIOL5T 9CID5TS1 S9CE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS US$ !IR SUP]IOR NUMB]S TO SUPPRESS ALL >GUM5T FROM !IR OPPON5TS4 ,AT ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS ( #ahia ! LIB]T>IANS W]E BOO$ & EXPELL$4 ,H[EV]1 MANY WORK+-CLASS DELEGATES FROM ,5GL&1 ,ITALY1 & ,HOLL&1 ?\< !Y W]E 9DE$ RE=MI/S1 )DREW 9 PROTE/4 ,! NEXT CONGRESS WAS HELD 9 ,ZURI* 9 #a#h#i#c1 & ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS CLAIM$ ?AT 9 ! FUTURE !Y C\LD EXCLUDE ALL NON-TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS :I* DID NOT RECOGNIZE ! NECESSITY = 0POLITICAL ACTION10 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! CONQUE/ ( B\RGEOIS P[] BY ! BALLOT4 

,AT ! ,LONDON ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#i#f1 A FEW ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S CIRCUMV5T$ ?IS EXCLUSION>Y CONDITION BY GETT+ TRADE UNIONS TO APPO9T !M AS DELEGATES4 ,?IS WAS NOT SIMPLY A SUBT]FUGE1 =1 AS WE %ALL SEE BEL[1 ! AN>*I/S HAD ONCE MORE F\ND ! PA? ( REALITY - !Y HAD 5T]$ ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T4 ,BUT :5 ONE ( !M1 ,PAUL ,DELESALLE1 TRI$ TO M\NT ! RO/RUM1 HE WAS ?R[N VIOL5TLY TO ! BOTTOM ( ! /EPS & 9JUR$4 ,JAURES ACCUS$ ! AN>*I/S ( HAV+ TRANS=M$ ! TRADE UNIONS 9TO REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ GR\PS & ( DISRUPT+ !M1 JU/ AS !Y HAD COME TO ! CONGRESS ONLY TO DISRUPT IT1 0TO ! GREAT B5EFIT ( B\RGEOIS REACTION40 

,! ,G]MAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S AT ! CONGRESS1 ! 9VET]ATE ELECTORALI/S ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T & ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL1 %[$ !MSELVES AS SAVAGE TO ! AN>*I/S AS !Y HAD BE5 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,SUPPORT$ BY ,M>X'S DAU<T]1 ,ELEANOR ,AVEL+1 :O REG>D$ ! AN>*I/S AS 0MADM510 !Y HAD !IR [N WAY ) ! MEET+ & GOT IT TO PASS A RESOLUTION EXCLUD+ FROM FUTURE CONGRESSES ALL 0ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IANS0 9 :ATEV] GUISE !Y MI<T APPE>4 

,LAT]1 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 ,L59 PRES5T$ ! AN>*I/S ) A B\QUET :I* CONCEAL$ SOME ?ORNS4 ,HE /OOD UP = !M 9 RELATION TO ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ACCUS+ ! LATT] ( HAV+ 0LEFT TO ! AN>*I/S A MONOPOLY ( CRITICISM ( P>LIAM5T>IANISM0 & ( HAV+ 0LABEL$0 SU* CRITICISM AS 0AN>*I/40 ,IT WAS H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y C\NTRIES BECAME DISGU/$ ) SU* SOCIALI/S & MORE & MORE SYMPA!TIC TO ! AN>*I/S4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS HAD T]M$ ANY EF=T TO DE/ROY ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE AS AN>*I/4 ,! AN>*I/S 0CORRECTLY DESCRIB$ ! OPPORTUNI/ *>ACT] ( ! IDEAS ( MO/ SOCIALI/ P>TIES ON ! ,/ATE40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,L591 ,M>X & ,PR\DHON W]E AS ONE 9 DESIR+ 0! DEMOLITION ( ! EXI/+ MA*9E ( ! ,/ATE40 0,! OPPORTUNI/S >E UNWILL+ TO ADMIT ! SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ,M>XISM & ! AN>*ISM ( ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN940 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 5T]$ 9TO DEBATE ) ! AN>*I/S 9 AN 0UN,M>XI/0 MANN]4 ,!IR CRITIQUE ( AN>*ISM BOIL$ D[N TO PURE B\RGEOIS BANALITY3 0,WE RECOGNIZE ! ,/ATE1 ! AN>*I/S DON'T40 ,! AN>*I/S >E 9 A /RONG POSITION TO RETORT ?AT ?IS K9D ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS FAIL+ 9 ITS DUTY ( PROVID+ = ! REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,L59 CA/IGAT$ AN ANTI-AN>*I/ PAMPHLET BY ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRAT ,PLEKHANOV AS 0V]Y UNJU/ TO ! AN>*I/S10 0SOPHI/ICAL10 0FULL ( VULG> >GUM5T1 9S9UAT+ ?AT !RE IS NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 AN AN>*I/ & A B&IT40 

,A,N,>,*,I,/,S ,9 ,! ,T,R,A,D,E ,U,N,I,O,N,S 

,9 ! #a#h#iS ! AN>*I/S HAD REA*$ A DEAD 5D & !Y W]E CUT (F FROM ! WORLD ( ! WORK]S :I* HAD BECOME ! MONOPOLY ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS4 ,!Y SNUGGL$ 9TO LITTLE SECTS1 B>RICAD$ !MSELVES 9TO IVORY T[]S :]E !Y POLI%$ UP 9CREAS+LY UNREALI/IC DOGMAS2 OR ELSE !Y P]=M$ & APPLAUD$ ACTS ( 9DIVIDUAL T]RORISM1 & LET !MSELVES BE CAU<T 9 A NET ( REPRESSION & REPRISAL4 

,KROPOTK9 DES]VES CR$IT = BE+ ONE ( ! FIR/ TO CONFESS HIS ]RORS & TO RECOGNIZE ! /]ILITY ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$40 ,9 A S]IES ( >TICLES :I* APPE>$ 9 #ahi HE AFFIRM$ 0?AT ONE MU/ BE ) ! PEOPLE1 :O NO LONG] WANT ISOLAT$ ACTS1 BUT WANT M5 ( ACTION 9SIDE !IR RANKS40 ,HE W>N$ HIS READ]S AGA9/ 0! ILLUSION ?AT ONE CAN DEFEAT ! COALITION ( EXPLOIT]S ) A FEW P\NDS ( EXPLOSIVES40 ,HE PROPOS$ A RETURN TO MASS TRADE UNIONISM LIKE ?AT ( :I* ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL HAD BE5 ! EMBRYO & PROPAGATOR3 0,MON/] UNIONS EMBRAC+ MILLIONS ( PROLET>IANS40 

,IT WAS ! IMP]ATIVE DUTY ( ! AN>*I/S TO P5ETRATE 9TO ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ORD] TO DETA* ! WORK+ MASSES FROM ! FALSE SOCIALI/S :O W]E DECEIV+ !M4 ,9 #ahie AN AN>*I/ WEEKLY1 ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE BY ,F]N& ,PELL\TI] 5TITL$ 0,AN>*ISM & ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS0 :I* EXP\ND$ ! NEW TACTIC4 ,AN>*ISM C\LD DO V]Y WELL )\T DYNAMITE & MU/ APPROA* ! MASSES1 BO? TO PROPAGATE AN>*I/ IDEAS AS WIDELY AS POSSIBLE & TO SAVE ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T FROM ! N>R[ CORPORATISM 9 :I* IT HAD BECOME BOGG$ D[N4 ,! TRADE UNION MU/ BE A 0PRACTICAL S*OOL ( AN>*ISM40 ,AS A LABORATORY ( ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 DETA*$ FROM ELECTORAL COMPETITION & ADM9I/]$ ON AN>*I/ L9ES1 WAS NOT ! TRADE UNION ! ONLY LIB]T>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION :I* C\LD C\NT]BALANCE & DE/ROY ! EVIL 9FLU5CE ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC POLITICIANS8 ,PELL\TI] L9K$ ! TRADE UNIONS TO ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY :I* REMA9$ ! ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE ( ! AN>*I/3 ON ! DAY :5 ! REVOLUTION BREAKS \T1 HE ASK$1 0W\LD !Y NOT BE AN ALMO/ LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION1 READY TO SUCCE$ ! EXI/+ ORD]1 ?US EFFECTIVELY ABOLI%+ ALL POLITICAL AU?ORITY2 EA* ( ITS P>TS CONTROLL+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 MANAG+ ITS [N AFFAIRS1 SOV]EIGN OV] ITSELF BY ! FREE CONS5T ( ITS MEMB]S80 

,LAT]1 AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS ( #a#i#g1 ,PI]RE ,MONATTE DECL>$3 0,TRADE UNIONISM 4 4 4 OP5S UP NEW P]SPECTIVES = AN>*ISM1 TOO LONG FUM$ 9 ON ITSELF40 ,ON ! ONE H&1 0TRADE UNIONISM 4 4 4 HAS R5EW$ AN>*ISM'S AW>5ESS ( ITS WORK+-CLASS ROOTS2 ON ! O!R1 ! AN>*I/S HAVE MADE NO SMALL CONTRIBUTION TO SETT+ ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T ON ! ROAD TO REVOLUTION & TO POPUL>IZ+ ! IDEA ( DIRECT ACTION40 ,AFT] A LIVELY DEBATE1 ?IS CONGRESS ADOPT$ A COMPROMISE RESOLUTION :I* OP5$ ) ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T ( PR9CIPLE3 0,?IS ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS SEES ! TRADE UNIONS BO? AS COMBAT UNITS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE = BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS1 & AS ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUC]S :I* CAN S]VE TO TRANS=M CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO AN AN>*O-COMMUNI/ SOCIETY40 

,! SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/S MET ) SOME DIFFICULTIES 9 !IR EF=TS TO DRAW ! :OLE LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ONTO ! NEW ROAD !Y HAD *OS54 ,! 0PURE ONES0 ( AN>*ISM *]I%$ 9SURM\NTABLE SUSPICIONS ) REG>D TO ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T4 ,!Y RES5T$ IT = HAV+ ITS FEET TOO FIRMLY ON ! GR\ND4 ,!Y ACCUS$ IT ( A COMPLAC5T ATTITUDE T[>D CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ( BE+ AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( IT1 ( LIMIT+ ITSELF TO %ORT-T]M DEM&S4 ,!Y DISPUT$ ITS CLAIM TO BE ABLE TO RESOLVE ! SOCIAL PROBLEM S+LE-H&$4 ,AT ! #aig CONGRESS ,MALATE/A REPLI$ %>PLY TO ,MONATTE1 MA9TA9+ ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL MOVEM5T WAS = ! AN>*I/ A MEANS & NOT AN 5D3 0,TRADE UNIONISM IS NOT1 & NEV] WILL BE1 ANY?+ BUT A LEGALI/IC & CONS]VATIVE MOVEM5T1 UNABLE TO AIM BEYOND - IF ?AT F>6 - ! IMPROVEM5T ( WORK+ CONDITIONS40 ,! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T IS MADE %ORT-SI<T$ BY ! PURSUIT ( IMM$IATE GA9S & TURNS ! WORK]S AWAY FROM ! F9AL /RUGGLE3 0,ONE %\LD NOT ASK WORK]S TO /RIKE2 BUT RA!R TO CONT9UE WORK+1 = !IR [N ADVANTAGE40 ,MALATE/A 5D$ BY W>N+ HIS HE>]S AGA9/ ! CONS]VATISM ( TRADE-UNION BUREAUCRACIES3 0,9 ! 9DU/RIAL MOVEM5T ! (FICIAL IS A DANG] COMP>ABLE ONLY TO P>LIAM5T>IANISM4 ,ANY AN>*I/ :O HAS AGRE$ TO BECOME A P]MAN5T & SAL>I$ (FICIAL ( A TRADE UNION IS LO/ TO AN>*ISM40 

,TO ?IS ,MONATTE REPLI$ ?AT ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T WAS C]TA9LY NO MORE P]FECT ?AN ANY O!R HUMAN 9/ITUTION3 0,F> FROM HID+ ITS FAULTS1 ,I ?9K IT IS WISE TO HAVE !M ALWAYS 9 M9D SO AS TO REACT AGA9/ !M40 ,HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT TRADE UNION (FICIALDOM >\S$ %>P CRITICISM1 (T5 JU/IFI$4 ,BUT HE PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! *>GE ( WI%+ TO SACRIFICE AN>*ISM & ! REVOLUTION TO TRADE UNIONISM3 0,AS ) EV]YONE ELSE H]E1 AN>*Y IS \R F9AL AIM4 ,H[EV]1 BECAUSE TIMES HAVE *ANG$ WE HAVE *ANG$ \R CONCEPTION ( ! MOVEM5T & ( ! REVOLUTION 4444 ,IF1 9/EAD ( CRITICIZ+ ! PA/1 PRES5T1 OR EV5 FUTURE MI/AKES ( TRADE UNIONISM FROM ABOVE1 ! AN>*I/S W\LD CONC]N !MSELVES MORE 9TIMATELY ) ITS WORK1 ! DANG]S ?AT LURK 9 TRADE UNIONISM W\LD BE AV]T$ =EV]40 

,! ANG] ( ! SECT>IAN AN>*I/S WAS NOT 5TIRELY )\T CAUSE4 ,H[EV]1 ! K9D ( TRADE UNION ( :I* !Y DISAPPROV$ BELONG$ TO A PA/ P]IOD3 ?AT :I* WAS AT FIR/ PURELY & SIMPLY CORPORATIVE1 & LAT]1 ! BL9D FOLL[] ( ?OSE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POLITICIANS :O HAD MULTIPLI$ 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ! LONG YE>S FOLL[+ ! REPRESSION ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,! TRADE UNIONISM ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD BE5 REG5]AT$ BY ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S :O HAD 5T]$ IT1 & IT GAVE ! 0PURE0 AN>*I/S ! OPPOSITE CAUSE = COMPLA9T3 IT CLAIM$ TO PRODUCE ITS [N IDEOLOGY1 TO 0BE SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF40 ,ITS MO/ EFFECTIVE SPOKESMAN1 ,EMILE ,P\GET1 MA9TA9$3 0,! TRADE UNION IS SUP]IOR TO ANY O!R =M ( COHESION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS BECAUSE ! TASK ( P>TIAL AMELIORATION & ! MORE DECISIVE ONE ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION CAN BE C>RI$ ON SIDE BY SIDE )9 ITS FRAMEWORK4 ,IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE ! TRADE UNION ANSW]S ?IS TW(OLD NE$1 4 4 4 NO LONG] SACRIFIC+ ! PRES5T TO ! FUTURE OR ! FUTURE TO ! PRES5T1 ?AT ! TRADE UNION /&S \T AS ! BE/ K9D ( GR\P40 

,! CONC]N ( ! NEW TRADE UNIONISM TO EMPHASIZE & PRES]VE ITS 09DEP5D5CE0 WAS PROCLAIM$ 9 A FAM\S *>T] ADOPT$ BY ! ,C,G,T CONGRESS 9 ,AMI5S 9 #a#i#f4 ,! /ATEM5T WAS NOT 9SPIR$ SO MU* BY OPPOSITION TO AN>*ISM AS BY ! DESIRE TO GET RID ( ! TUTELAGE ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & ITS EXT5SION 9 ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,IT WAS ALSO FELT IMPORTANT TO PRES]VE ! COHESION ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T :5 CONFRONT$ ) A PROLIF]ATION ( RIVAL POLITICAL SECTS1 SU* AS EXI/$ 9 ,FRANCE BE=E 0SOCIALI/ UNITY0 WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,PR\DHON'S WORK ,DE LA ,CAPACITE ,POLITIQUE DES ,CLASSES ,\VRI]ES 7#a#h#f#e7 WAS TAK5 BY ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S AS !IR BIBLE2 FROM IT !Y HAD SELECT$ = P>TICUL> ATT5TION ! IDEA ( 0SEP>ATION03 BE+ A DI/9CT CLASS1 ! PROLET>IAT MU/ REFUSE ALL SUPPORT FROM ! OPPOS+ CLASS4 

,SOME AN>*I/S1 H[EV]1 W]E %OCK$ BY ! CLAIM ( TRADE UNIONISM TO DO )\T !IR PATRONAGE4 ,MALATE/A EXCLAIM$ ?AT IT WAS A RADICALLY FALSE DOCTR9E :I* ?REAT5$ ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( AN>*ISM4 ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 HIS FAI?FUL FOLL[]1 E*O$3 0,TRADE UNIONISM CAN - & MU/ - BE SELF-SUFFICI5T 9 ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ EXPLOITATION BY ! EMPLOY]S1 BUT IT CANNOT PRET5D TO BE ABLE TO SOLVE ! SOCIAL PROBLEM BY ITSELF40 ,IT 0IS SO LITTLE SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF ?AT ! V]Y IDEA ( :AT IT IS1 ( :AT IT %\LD BE1 & ( :AT IT %\LD DO1 HAD TO COME TO IT FROM \TSIDE40 

,9 SPITE ( !SE RECRIM9ATIONS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T BR\<T ) !M BY ! AN>*I/ CONV]TS TO TRADE UNIONISM MADE ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE & ! O!R ,LAT9 C\NTRIES A P[] TO BE RECKON$ ) 9 ! YE>S BE=E ! ,GREAT ,W>4 ,?IS AFFECT$ NOT ONLY ! B\RGEOISIE & GOV]NM5T1 BUT ALSO ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC POLITICIANS :O !NCE=? LO/ MO/ ( !IR CONTROL OV] ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,! PHILOSOPH] ,GEORGES ,SOREL CONSID]$ ! 5TRY ( ! AN>*I/S 9TO ! TRADE UNIONS AS ONE ( ! MAJOR EV5TS ( HIS TIME4 ,AN>*I/ DOCTR9E HAD BE5 DILUT$ 9 A MASS MOVEM5T1 ONLY TO EM]GE R5EW$ & FRE%LY TEMP]$4 

,! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS TO REMA9 IMPREGNAT$ ) ?IS FUSION BETWE5 ! AN>*I/ IDEA & ! TRADE-UNION IDEA4 ,UNTIL #aiad ! ,FR5* ,C,G,T WAS ! EPHEM]AL PRODUCT ( ?IS SYN!SIS1 BUT ITS MO/ COMPLETE & DURABLE PRODUCT WAS TO BE ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T 7,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO74 ,IT WAS =M$ 9 #a#i#a1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! RADICAL P>TY ( ! POLITICIAN ,ALEX&RE ,L]R\X4 ,ONE ( ! SPOKESM5 ( ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 DID NOT =GET TO GIVE CR$IT TO ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]1 TO ,EMILE ,P\GET1 & TO ! O!R AN>*I/S :O HAD UND]/OOD H[ NECESS>Y IT WAS TO BEG9 BY IMPLANT+ !IR IDEAS 9 ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

O ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,B 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,AN>*ISM HAD F\ND ITS SECOND W9D 9 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM2 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION GAVE IT ITS ?IRD4 ,?IS /ATEM5T MAY AT FIR/ SURPRISE ! READ]1 ACCU/OM$ TO ?9K ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ,OCTOB] #aiag AS ! WORK & DOMA9 ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ALONE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS1 9 FACT1 A GREAT MASS MOVEM5T1 A WAVE RIS+ FROM ! PEOPLE :I* PASS$ OV] & SUBM]G$ IDEOLOGICAL =MATIONS4 ,IT BELONG$ TO NO ONE1 UNLESS TO ! PEOPLE4 ,9 SO F> AS IT WAS AN AU!NTIC REVOLUTION1 TAK+ ITS IMPULSE FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D & SPONTANE\SLY PRODUC+ ! ORGANS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 IT PRES5T$ ALL ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ) LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES4 ,H[EV]1 ! RELATIVE WEAKNESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S PREV5T$ !M FROM EXPLOIT+ SITUATIONS :I* W]E EXCEPTIONALLY FAVORABLE TO ! TRIUMPH ( !IR IDEAS4 

,! ,REVOLUTION WAS ULTIMATELY CONFISCAT$ & DI/ORT$ BY ! MA/]Y1 ACCORD+ TO SOME - ! CUNN+1 ACCORD+ TO O!RS - ( ! PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>Y TEAM GR\P$ >\ND ,L594 ,BUT ?IS DEFEAT ( BO? AN>*ISM & ! AU!NTIC POPUL> REVOLUTION WAS NOT 5TIRELY /]ILE = ! LIB]T>IAN IDEA4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! COLLECTIVE APPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION HAS NOT AGA9 BE5 PUT 9 QUE/ION1 & ?IS SAFEGU>DS ! GR\ND UPON :I*1 ONE DAY P]HAPS1 SOCIALISM FROM BEL[ MAY PREVAIL OV] /ATE REGIM5TATION2 MOREOV]1 ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE HAS PROVID$ ! OCCASION = SOME ,RUSSIAN & SOME NON-,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S TO LE>N ! COMPLEX LESSONS ( A TEMPOR>Y DEFEAT - LESSONS ( :I* ,L59 HIMSELF SEEM$ TO HAVE BECOME AW>E ON ! EVE ( HIS DEA?4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT !Y C\LD RE?9K ! :OLE PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION & AN>*ISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,KROPOTK91 E*O$ BY ,VOL9E1 IT TAU<T !M1 %\LD !Y EV] NE$ TO KN[1 H[ NOT TO MAKE A REVOLUTION4 ,F> FROM PROV+ ?AT LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM IS IMPRACTICABLE1 ! ,SOVIET EXP]I5CE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BROADLY CONFIRM$ ! PROPHETIC CORRECTNESS ( ! VIEWS ( ! F\ND]S ( AN>*ISM &1 9 P>TICUL>1 !IR CRITIQUE ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,A ,L,I,B,],T,>,I,A,N ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,! PO9T ( DEP>TURE ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag WAS ?AT ( #a#i#e1 DUR+ :I* A NEW K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGAN HAD COME 9TO BE+3 ! SOVIETS4 ,!Y W]E BORN 9 ! FACTORIES ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG DUR+ A SPONTANE\S G5]AL /RIKE4 ,9 ! ALMO/ COMPLETE ABS5CE ( A TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T & TRADITION1 ! SOVIETS FILL$ A VACUUM BY COORD9AT+ ! /RUGGLE ( ! FACTORIES ON /RIKE4 ,! AN>*I/ ,VOL9E WAS ONE ( ! SMALL GR\P :I* HAD ! IDEA ( SETT+ UP ! FIR/ SOVIET1 9 CLOSE LIAISON ) ! WORK]S & AT !IR SUGGE/ION4 ,HIS EVID5CE CO9CIDES ) ?AT ( ,TROTSKY1 :O BECAME PRESID5T ( ! SOVIET A FEW MON?S LAT]4 ,9 HIS ACC\NT ( #aie HE WROTE1 )\T ANY PEJORATIVE 9T5T - QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 0,! ACTIVITY ( ! SOVIET REPRES5T$ ! ORGANIZATION ( AN>*Y4 ,ITS EXI/5CE & ITS SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T M>K$ ! CONSOLIDATION ( AN>*Y40 

,?IS EXP]I5CE HAD MADE A P]MAN5T M>K UPON WORK+-CLASS CONSCI\SNESS &1 :5 ! SECOND ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION BROKE \T 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 ITS LEAD]S DID NOT HAVE TO 9V5T ANY?+4 ,! WORK]S TOOK OV] ! FACTORIES SPONTANE\SLY4 ,! SOVIETS REVIV$ ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,ONCE AGA91 !Y TOOK ! PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES BY SURPRISE4 ,ON ,L59'S [N ADMISSION1 ! MASSES ( PEASANTS & WORK]S W]E 0A HUNDR$ TIMES FUR!R TO ! LEFT0 ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! PRE/IGE ( ! SOVIETS WAS SU* ?AT IT WAS ONLY 9 !IR NAME & AT !IR BEHE/ ?AT ! ,OCTOB] 9SURRECTION C\LD BE LAUN*$4 

,9 SPITE ( !IR VIGOR1 H[EV]1 !Y W]E LACK+ 9 HOMOG5EITY1 REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE1 & IDEOLOGICAL PREP>ATION4 ,?IS MADE !M EASY PREY TO POLITICAL P>TIES ) UNC]TA9 REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,AL?\< IT WAS A M9ORITY ORGANIZATION1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY WAS ! ONLY REALLY ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y =CE :I* KNEW :]E IT WAS GO+4 ,IT HAD NO RIVALS ON ! EXTREME LEFT 9 EI!R ! POLITICAL OR ! TRADE-UNION FIELD4 ,IT HAD FIR/-CLASS CADRES AT ITS DISPOSAL1 & SET 9 MOTION1 AS ,VOL9E ADMITT$1 0A FEV]I%1 OV]:ELM+1 FI]CE ACTIVITY40 

,! P>TY MA*9E1 H[EV] - ( :I* ,/AL9 WAS AT ?AT TIME AN OBSCURE ORNAM5T - HAD ALWAYS REG>D$ ! SOVIETS ) SUSPICION AS EMB>RASS+ COMPETITORS4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[]1 ! SPONTANE\S & IRRESI/IBLE T5D5CY T[>D ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION WAS1 AT FIR/1 *ANNEL$ ?R\< WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,A DECREE ( ,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #a#i#a#g1 LEGALIZ$ ! P>TICIPATION ( WORK]S 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES & ! FIX+ ( PRICES2 IT ABOLI%$ TRADE SECRETS1 & COMPELL$ ! EMPLOY]S TO PUBLI% !IR CORRESPOND5CE & !IR ACC\NTS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,VICTOR ,S]GE1 0! LEAD]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION DID NOT 9T5D TO GO BEYOND ?IS40 ,9 ,APRIL #aiah !Y 0/ILL 9T5D$ 4 4 4 TO SET UP MIX$ COMPANIES ) %>ES1 9 :I* ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE & ,RUSSIAN & =EIGN CAPITAL W\LD ALL P>TICIPATE40 0,! 9ITIATIVE = MEASURES ( EXPROPRIATION CAME FROM ! MASSES & NOT FROM AU?ORITY40 

,AS E>LY AS ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#i#a#g1 AT ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS1 A MOTION 9SPIR$ BY AN>*ISM WAS PRES5T$4 ,IT PROPOS$ 0CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION1 & ?AT CONTROL COMMISSIONS %\LD NOT BE SIMPLY 9VE/IGATIVE BODIES1 BUT 4 4 4 FROM ?IS MOM5T ON CELLS ( ! FUTURE PREP>+ TO TRANSF] PRODUCTION TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S40 0,9 ! V]Y E>LY DAYS ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION10 ,ANNA ,PANKRATOVA .<#b#b.> REPORT$1 0AN>*I/ T5D5CIES W]E ! MORE EASILY & SUCCESSFULLY MANIFE/$1 BECAUSE ! CAPITALI/S PUT UP ! LIVELIE/ RESI/ANCE TO ! 5=CEM5T ( ! DECREE ON WORK]S' CONTROL & ACTUALLY REFUS$ WORK]S' P>TICIPATION 9 PRODUCTION40 

,WORK]S' CONTROL 9 EFFECT SOON %[$ ITSELF TO BE A HALF MEASURE1 HALT+ & 9EFFICI5T4 ,! EMPLOY]S SABOTAG$ IT1 CONCEAL$ !IR /OCKS1 REMOV$ TOOLS1 *ALL5G$ OR LOCK$ \T ! WORK]S2 SOMETIMES !Y US$ ! FACTORY COMMITTEES AS SIMPLE AG5TS OR AIDES TO MANAGEM5T2 !Y EV5 ?\<T IT PR(ITABLE TO TRY TO HAVE !IR FIRMS NATIONALIZ$4 ,! WORK]S RESPOND$ TO !SE MANEUV]S BY SEIZ+ ! FACTORIES & RUNN+ !M = !IR [N B5EFIT4 0,WE \RSELVES WILL NOT S5D ! [N]S AWAY10 ! WORK]S SAID 9 !IR RESOLUTIONS1 0BUT WE WILL TAKE *>GE ( PRODUCTION IF !Y WILL NOT 9SURE ?AT ! FACTORIES FUNCTION40 ,ANNA ,PANKRATOVA ADDS ?AT1 9 ?IS FIR/ P]IOD ( 0*AOTIC0 & 0PRIMITIVE0 SOCIALIZATION1 ! FACTORY C\NCILS 0FREQU5TLY TOOK OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( FACTORIES :OSE [N]S HAD BE5 DISMISS$ OR HAD FL$40 

,WORK]S' CONTROL SOON HAD TO GIVE PLACE TO SOCIALIZATION4 ,L59 LIT]ALLY DID VIOL5CE TO HIS MORE TIMOR\S LIEUT5ANTS BY ?R[+ !M 9TO ! 0CRUCIBLE ( LIV+ POPUL> CREATIVITY10 BY OBLIG+ !M TO SPEAK 9 AU!NTIC LIB]T>IAN LANGUAGE4 ,! BASIS ( REVOLUTION>Y RECON/RUCTION WAS TO BE WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,IT ALONE C\LD >\SE 9 ! MASSES SU* REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM ?AT ! IMPOSSIBLE W\LD BECOME POSSIBLE4 ,:5 ! LA/ MANUAL WORK]1 ANY UNEMPLOY$ P]SON1 ANY COOK1 C\LD SEE ! FACTORIES1 ! L&1 ! ADM9I/RATION 9 ! H&S ( ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S1 ( EMPLOYES1 ( (FICIALS1 ( PEASANTS2 RATION+ 9 ! H&S ( DEMOCRATIC COMMITTEES1 ETC42 ALL CREAT$ SPONTANE\SLY BY ! PEOPLE - 0:5 ! POOR SEE & FEEL ?AT1 !RE WILL BE NO =CE ABLE TO DEFEAT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 ,! FUTURE SEEM$ TO BE OP5+ UP = A REPUBLIC ( ! TYPE ( ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 A REPUBLIC ( SOVIETS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,VOL9E'S ACC\NT1 09 ORD] TO CAT* ! IMAG9ATION ( ! MASSES1 GA9 !IR CONFID5CE & !IR SYMPA?Y1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY ANN\NC$ 4 4 4 SLOGANS :I* HAD UP T9 !N BE5 *>ACT]I/IC 4 4 4 ( AN>*ISM40 ,ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS WAS A SLOGAN :I* ! MASSES 9TUITIVELY UND]/OOD 9 ! LIB]T>IAN S5SE4 ,PET] ,>*9(F REPORT$ ?AT 0! WORK]S 9T]PRET$ ! IDEA ( SOVIET P[] AS ?AT ( !IR [N RI<T TO DISPOSE ( !MSELVES SOCIALLY & ECONOMICALLY40 ,AT ! ,?IRD ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#a#h1 ,L59 DECL>$3 0,AN>*I/ IDEAS HAVE N[ TAK5 ON LIV+ =M40 ,SOON AFT]1 AT ! ,SEV5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS1 ,M>* @9#h1 HE PROPOS$ = ADOPTION !SES :I* DEALT AMONG O!R ?+S ) ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION ADM9I/]$ BY WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 7TRADE UNIONS1 FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ETC472 ! ABOLITION ( (FICIALS 9 *>GE ( MANUAL TRADES1 ( ! POLICE & ! >MY2 ! EQUALITY ( SAL>IES & REMUN]ATION2 ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL MEMB]S ( ! SOVIETS 9 MANAGEM5T & ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,/ATE2 ! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION BY /AGES ( ! SAID ,/ATE & ( ! USE ( MONEY4 ,AT ! ,TRADE-,UNION ,CONGRESS 7SPR+ #a#i#a#h71 ,L59 DESCRIB$ ! FACTORIES AS 0SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNES ( PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S40 ,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,MAXIM(F GOES SO F> AS TO MA9TA9 ?AT 0! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NOT ONLY AB&ON$ ! !ORY ( ! GRADUAL WI!R+ AWAY ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY 9 G5]AL4 ,!Y HAD BECOME SOME K9D ( AN>*I/S40 

,A,N ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,>,I,A,N ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,?IS AUDACI\S ALIGNM5T ) ! 9/9CT ( ! MASSES & !IR REVOLUTION>Y TEMP] MAY HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 GIV+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS COMM& OV] ! REVOLUTION1 BUT HAD NO?+ TO DO ) !IR TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGY OR !IR REAL 9T5TIONS4 ,!Y HAD BE5 AU?ORIT>IANS = A LONG TIME1 & W]E IMBU$ ) IDEAS ( ! ,/ATE1 ( DICTATOR%IP1 ( 3 '3.-.-'3 1 ( A RUL+ P>TY1 ( MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY FROM ABOVE1 ( ALL ?+S :I* W]E 9 FLAGRANT CONTRADICTION ) A REALLY LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTION ( SOVIET DEMOCRACY4 

,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION WAS WRITT5 ON ! EVE ( ! ,OCTOB] 9SURRECTION & MIRRORS ! AMBIVAL5CE ( ,L59'S ?\<TS4 ,SOME PAGES MI<T HAVE BE5 WRITT5 BY A LIB]T>IAN &1 AS WE HAVE SE5 ABOVE .<#b#c.>1 SOME CR$IT AT LEA/ IS GIV5 TO ! AN>*I/S4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS CALL = A REVOLUTION FROM BEL[ RUNS P>ALLEL TO A /ATEM5T ( ! CASE = A REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE4 ,CONCEPTS ( A HI]>*ICAL1 C5TRALIZ$ /ATE SY/EM >E NOT HALF CONCEAL$ AFT]?\<TS BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E FRANKLY EXPRESS$3 ! ,/ATE WILL SURVIVE ! CONQUE/ ( P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT & WILL WI!R AWAY ONLY AFT] A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD4 ,H[ LONG IS ?IS PURGATORY TO LA/8 ,?IS IS NOT CONCEAL$2 WE >E TOLD RA!R ) RELIEF ?AN ) REGRET ?AT ! PROCESS WILL BE 0SL[10 & 0( LONG DURATION40 ,UND] ! GUISE ( SOVIET P[]1 ! REVOLUTION WILL BR+ =? ! 0PROLET>IAN ,/ATE10 OR 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT02 ! WRIT] EV5 LETS SLIP ! EXPRESSION 0B\RGEOIS ,/ATE )\T ! B\RGEOISIE10 JU/ :5 HE IS REVEAL+ HIS 9MO/ ?\<TS4 ,?IS OMNIVOR\S ,/ATE SURELY 9T5DS TO TAKE EV]Y?+ OV]4 

,L59 TOOK A LESSON FROM CONTEMPOR>Y ,G]MAN /ATE CAPITALISM1 ! ,KRIEGSWIRTS*AFT 7W> ECONOMY74 ,ANO!R ( HIS MODELS WAS ! ORGANIZATION ( MOD]N L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY BY CAPITALISM1 ) ITS 0IRON DISCIPL9E40 ,HE WAS P>TICUL>LY 5TRANC$ BY A /ATE MONOPOLY SU* AS ! PO/S & TELEGRAPHS & EXCLAIM$3 0,:AT AN ADMIRABLY P]FECT$ ME*ANISM6 ,! :OLE ( ECONOMIC LIFE ORGANIZ$ LIKE ! PO/AL S]VICES1 4 4 4 ?AT IS ! ,/ATE1 ?AT IS ! ECONOMIC BASE :I* WE NE$40 ,TO SEEK TO DO )\T 0AU?ORITY0 & 0SUBORD9ATION0 IS AN 0AN>*I/ DREAM10 HE CONCLUD$4 ,AT ONE TIME HE HAD WAX$ 5?USIA/IC OV] ! IDEA ( 5TRU/+ PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE TO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & TO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,BUT ?AT WAS A MISDEAL4 ,N[ HE DID NOT HIDE HIS MAGIC PRESCRIPTION3 ALL CITIZ5S BECOM+ 0EMPLOYES & WORK]S ( ONE UNIV]SAL S+LE /ATE TRU/10 ! :OLE ( SOCIETY CONV]T$ 9TO 0ONE GREAT (FICE & ONE GREAT FACTORY40 ,!RE W\LD BE SOVIETS1 TO BE SURE1 BUT UND] ! CONTROL ( ! WORK]S' P>TY1 A P>TY :OSE HI/ORIC TASK IT IS TO 0DIRECT0 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! MO/ CLE>-M9D$ ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S W]E NOT MISL$ BY ?IS VIEW4 ,AT ! PEAK ( ,L59'S LIB]T>IAN P]IOD !Y W]E ALREADY W>N+ ! WORK]S TO BE ON !IR GU>D3 9 !IR J\RNAL1 ,GOLOS ,TRUDA 7,! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR71 9 ! LA/ MON?S ( #aiag & E>LY 9 #aiah ,VOL9E WROTE ! FOLL[+ PROPHETIC W>N+3 

0,ONCE !Y HAVE CONSOLIDAT$ & LEGALIZ$ !IR P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS - :O >E SOCIALI/S1 POLITICIANS1 & BELIEV]S 9 ! ,/ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 C5TRALI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN M5 ( ACTION - WILL BEG9 TO >RANGE ! LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & ! PEOPLE BY GOV]NM5TAL & DICTATORIAL MEANS IMPOS$ FROM ! C5T]S 4444 ,Y\R SOVIETS 4 4 4 WILL GRADUALLY BECOME SIMPLY EXECUTIVE ORGANS ( ! WILL ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4444 ,AN AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICAL /ATE APP>ATUS WILL BE SET UP &1 ACT+ FROM ABOVE1 IT WILL SEEK TO CRU% EV]Y?+ ) ITS IRON FI/ 4 4 4 ,WOE BETIDE ANYONE :O IS NOT 9 AGREEM5T ) ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 

0,ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS WILL BECOME 9 EFFECT ! AU?ORITY ( ! P>TY LEAD]S40 

,IT WAS ,VOL9E'S VIEW ?AT IT WAS ! 9CREAS+LY AN>*I/ T5D5CIES ( ! MASSES :I* OBLIG$ ,L59 TO TURN AWAY FROM HIS ORIG9AL PA? = A TIME4 ,HE W\LD ALL[ ! ,/ATE1 AU?ORITY1 ! DICTATOR%IP1 TO REMA9 ONLY = AN H\R1 = A %ORT MOM5T4 ,& !N W\LD COME 0AN>*ISM40 0,BUT1 GOOD ,GOD1 DO Y\ NOT =ESEE 4 4 4 :AT CITIZ5 ,L59 WILL SAY :5 REAL P[] HAS BE5 CONSOLIDAT$ & IT HAS BECOME POSSIBLE NOT TO LI/5 ANY MORE TO ! VOICE ( ! MASSES8'' ,!N HE WILL COME BACK TO ! BEAT5 PA?4 ,HE WILL CREATE 0A ,M>XI/ ,/ATE10 ( ! MO/ COMPLETE TYPE4 

,IT W\LD1 ( C\RSE1 BE RISKY TO MA9TA9 ?AT ,L59 & HIS TEAM CONSCI\SLY SET A TRAP = ! MASSES4 ,!RE WAS MORE DOCTR9AL DUALISM 9 !M ?AN DELIB]ATE DUPLICITY4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! TWO POLES ( !IR ?\<T WAS SO OBVI\S1 SO FLAGRANT1 ?AT IT WAS TO BE =ESE5 ?AT IT W\LD SOON IMP+E UPON EV5TS4 ,EI!R ! AN>*I/ TR5D & ! PRESSURE ( ! MASSES W\LD OBLIGE ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO =GET ! AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECT ( !IR CONCEPTS1 OR1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! CONSOLIDATION ( !IR P[]1 CO9CID+ ) ! EXHAU/ION ( ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE1 W\LD LEAD !M TO PUT ASIDE !IR TRANSITORY AN>*I/ ?\<TS4 

,A NEW FACTOR !N MADE ITS APPE>ANCE1 DI/URB+ ! BALANCE ( ! ISSUES 9 QUE/ION3 ! T]RIBLE CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! CIVIL W> & ! =EIGN 9T]V5TION1 ! DISORGANIZATION ( TRANSPORT1 ! %ORTAGE ( TE*NICIANS4 ,!SE ?+S DROVE ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S TO EM]G5CY MEASURES1 TO DICTATOR%IP1 TO C5TRALIZATION1 & TO REC\RSE TO ! 0IRON FI/40 ,! AN>*I/S1 H[EV]1 D5I$ ?AT !SE W]E ! RESULT SIMPLY ( OBJECTIVE CAUSES EXT]NAL TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 !IR OP9ION !Y W]E DUE 9 P>T TO ! 9T]NAL LOGIC ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEAS ( ,BOL%EVISM1 TO ! WEAKNESS ( AN OV]C5TRALIZ$ & EXCESSIVELY BUREAUCRATIC AU?ORITY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,VOL9E1 IT WAS1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! 9COMPET5CE ( ! ,/ATE1 & ITS DESIRE TO DIRECT & CONTROL EV]Y?+1 ?AT MADE IT 9CAPABLE ( REORGANIZ+ ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & L$ TO A REAL 0BREAKD[N02 ?AT IS1 TO ! P>ALYZES ( 9DU/RY1 ! RU9 ( AGRICULTURE1 & ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( ! ECONOMY4 

,AS AN EXAMPLE1 ,VOL9E TOLD ! /ORY ( ! =M] ,NOBEL OIL REF9]Y AT ,PETROGRAD4 ,IT HAD BE5 AB&ON$ BY ITS [N]S & ITS #d1 WORK]S DECID$ TO OP]ATE IT COLLECTIVELY4 ,!Y ADDRESS$ !MSELVES TO ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T 9 VA94 ,!N !Y TRI$ TO MAKE ! PLANT WORK ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,!Y DIVID$ !MSELVES 9TO MOBILE GR\PS & TRI$ TO F9D FUEL1 RAW MAT]IALS1 \TLETS1 & MEANS ( TRANSPORT4 ,) REG>D TO ! LATT] !Y HAD ACTUALLY BEGUN DISCUSSIONS ) !IR COMRADES AMONG ! RAILWAYM54 ,! GOV]NM5T BECAME ANGRY1 FEEL+ ?AT ITS RESPONSIBILITY TO ! C\NTRY PREV5T$ IT FROM ALL[+ EA* FACTORY TO ACT 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,! WORK]S' C\NCIL P]SI/$ & CALL$ A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! WORK]S4 ,! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS> ( ,LABOR TOOK ! TR\BLE TO GIVE A P]SONAL W>N+ TO ! WORK]S AGA9/ A 0S]I\S ACT ( 9SUBORD9ATION40 ,HE CA/IGAT$ !IR ATTITUDE AS 0AN>*I/IC & EGOTI/ICAL40 ,HE ?REAT5$ !M ) DISMISSAL )\T COMP5SATION4 ,! WORK]S RETORT$ ?AT !Y W]E NOT ASK+ = ANY PRIVILEGES3 ! GOV]NM5T %\LD LET ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ALL OV] ! C\NTRY ACT 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,ALL 9 VA91 ! GOV]NM5T /UCK TO ITS PO9T ( VIEW & ! FACTORY WAS CLOS$4 

,ONE ,COMMUNI/ CONFIRMS ,VOL9E'S ANALYSIS3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAY4 ,9 #aiba %E COMPLA9$ ?AT NUM]\S EXAMPLES ( WORK]S' 9ITIATIVE HAD COME TO GRIEF AMID 5DLESS PAP]WORK & USELESS ADM9I/RATIVE DISCUSSIONS3 0,H[ MU* BITT]NESS !RE IS AMONG ! WORK]S 4 4 4 :5 !Y SEE :AT !Y C\LD HAVE A*IEV$ IF !Y HAD BE5 GIV5 ! RI<T & ! FRE$OM TO ACT4444 ,9ITIATIVE BECOMES WEAK & ! DESIRE = ACTION DIES D[N40 

,9 FACT ! P[] ( ! SOVIETS ONLY LA/$ A FEW MON?S1 FROM ,OCTOB] #aiag TO ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#h4 ,! FACTORY C\NCILS W]E V]Y SOON DEPRIV$ ( !IR P[]1 ON ! PRETEXT ?AT SELF-MANAGEM5T DID NOT TAKE ACC\NT ( ! 0RATIONAL0 NE$S ( ! ECONOMY1 ?AT IT 9VOLV$ AN EGOISM ( 5T]PRISES COMPET+ ONE ) ! O!R1 GRASP+ = SC>CE RES\RCES1 WANT+ TO SURVIVE AT ANY PRICE EV5 IF O!R FACTORIES W]E MORE IMPORTANT 0= ! ,/ATE0 & BETT] EQUIPP$4 ,9 BRIEF1 ACCORD+ TO ,ANNA ,PANKRATOVA1 ! SITUATION WAS MOV+ T[>D A FRAGM5TATION ( ! ECONOMY 9TO 0AUTONOM\S PRODUC]S' F$]ATIONS ( ! K9D DREAM$ ( BY ! AN>*I/S40 ,NO D\BT ! BUDD+ WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS NOT ABOVE REPROA*4 ,IT HAD TRI$1 PA9FULLY & T5TATIVELY1 TO CREATE NEW =MS ( PRODUCTION :I* HAD NO PREC$5T 9 WORLD HI/ORY4 ,IT HAD C]TA9LY MADE MI/AKES & TAK5 WRONG TURNS4 ,?AT WAS ! PRICE ( APPR5TICE%IP4 ,AS ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAY MA9TA9$1 COMMUNISM C\LD NOT BE 0BORN EXCEPT BY A PROCESS ( PRACTICAL RESE>*1 ) MI/AKES P]HAPS1 BUT />T+ FROM ! CREATIVE =CES ( ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF40 

,! LEAD]S ( ! ,P>TY DID NOT HOLD ?IS VIEW4 ,!Y W]E ONLY TOO PLEAS$ TO TAKE BACK FROM ! FACTORY COMMITTEES ! P[] :I* !Y HAD NOT 9 !IR HE>T ( HE>TS BE5 HAPPY TO H& OV]4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#a#h1 ,L59 /AT$ HIS PREF]5CE = ! 0S+LE WILL0 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES4 ,! WORK]S MU/ OBEY 0UNCONDITIONALLY0 ! S+LE WILL ( ! DIRECTORS ( ! WORK PROCESS4 ,ALL ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S1 ,KOLLONTAY TELLS US1 W]E 0SKEPTICAL ) REG>D TO ! CREATIVE ABILITIES ( WORK]S' COLLECTIVES40 ,MOREOV]1 ! ADM9I/RATION WAS 9VAD$ BY L>GE NUMB]S ( PETTY B\RGEOIS1 LEFT OV] FROM OLD ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM1 :O HAD ADAPT$ !MSELVES ALL TOO QUICKLY TO 9/ITUTIONS ( ! SOVIET TYPE1 & HAD GOT !MSELVES 9TO RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS 9 ! V>I\S COMMISS>IATS1 9SI/+ ?AT ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T %\LD BE 5TRU/$ TO !M & NOT TO WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! /ATE BUREAUCRACY PLAY$ AN 9CREAS+ ROLE 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,FROM ,DECEMB] #e1 #a#i#a#g1 ON1 9DU/RY WAS PUT UND] A ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL1 RESPONSIBLE = ! AU?ORIT>IAN COORD9ATION ( ! ACTIVITY ( ALL ORGANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,FROM ,MAY #bf TO ,JUNE #d1 #a#i#a#h1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCILS MET & DECID$ ?AT ! DIRECTORATE ( EA* 5T]PRISE %\LD BE COMPOS$ ( MEMB]S TWO-?IRDS ( :OM W\LD BE NOM9AT$ BY ! REGIONAL C\NCILS OR ! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL & ONLY ONE ?IRD ELECT$ BY WORK]S ON ! SPOT4 ,A DECREE ( ,MAY #b#h1 #a#i#a#h1 EXT5D$ COLLECTIVIZATION TO 9DU/RY AS A :OLE BUT1 BY ! SAME TOK51 TRANS=M$ ! SPONTANE\S SOCIALIZATIONS ( ! FIR/ MON?S ( ! REVOLUTION 9TO NATIONALIZATIONS4 ,! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL WAS MADE RESPONSIBLE = ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RIES4 ,! DIRECTORS & TE*NICAL /AFF W]E TO REMA9 AT !IR PO/S AS APPO9TEES ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AT ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL AT ! 5D ( #a#i#a#h1 ! FACTORY C\NCILS W]E R\NDLY TR\NC$ BY ! COMMITTEE REPORT] = TRY+ TO DIRECT ! FACTORIES 9 ! PLACE ( ! BO>D ( DIRECTORS4 

,= ! SAKE ( APPE>ANCES1 ELECTIONS TO FACTORY COMMITTEES CONT9U$ TO TAKE PLACE1 BUT A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ CELL READ \T A LI/ ( C&IDATES DRAWN UP 9 ADVANCE & VOT+ WAS BY %[ ( H&S 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! >M$ 0,COMMUNI/ GU>DS0 ( ! 5T]PRISE4 ,ANYONE :O DECL>$ HIS OPPOSITION TO ! PROPOS$ C&IDATES BECAME SUBJECT TO ECONOMIC SANCTIONS 7WAGE CUTS1 ETC474 ,AS ,PET] ,>*9(F REPORT$1 !RE REMA9$ A S+LE OMNIPRES5T MA/] - ! ,/ATE4 ,RELATIONS BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ?IS NEW MA/] BECAME SIMIL> TO ?OSE :I* HAD PREVI\SLY EXI/$ BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL4 

,! FUNCTIONS ( ! SOVIETS HAD BECOME PURELY NOM9AL4 ,!Y W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO 9/ITUTIONS ( GOV]NM5T P[]4 0,Y\ MU/ BECOME BASIC CELLS ( ! ,/ATE10 ,L59 TOLD ! ,CONGRESS ( ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS ON ,JUNE #b#g1 #a#i#a#h4 ,AS ,VOL9E EXPRESS$ IT1 !Y W]E R$UC$ TO ! ROLE ( 0PURELY ADM9I/RATIVE & EXECUTIVE ORGANS RESPONSIBLE = SMALL1 UNIMPORTANT LOCAL MATT]S & 5TIRELY SUBJECT TO 'DIRECTIVES' FROM ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES3 GOV]NM5T & ! LEAD+ ORGANS ( ! ,P>TY40 ,!Y NO LONG] HAD 0EV5 ! %AD[ ( P[]40 ,AT ! ,?IRD ,TRADES-,UNION ,CONGRESS 7,APRIL #a#i#b71 ! COMMITTEE REPORT]1 ,LOZOVOSKY1 ADMITT$3 0,WE HAVE AB&ON$ ! OLD ME?ODS ( WORK]S' CONTROL & WE HAVE PRES]V$ ONLY ! PR9CIPLE ( /ATE CONTROL40 ,FROM N[ ON ?IS 0CONTROL0 WAS TO BE EX]CIS$ BY AN ORGAN ( ! ,/ATE3 ! ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' ,9SPECTORATE4 

,! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS :I* W]E C5TRALI/ 9 /RUCTURE HAD1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 HELP$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ABSORB & SUBJUGATE ! FACTORY C\NCILS :I* W]E F$]ALI/ & LIB]T>IAN 9 !IR NATURE4 ,FROM ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#a#h1 ! FUSION BETWE5 ! TWO TYPES ( ORGANIZATION WAS AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT4 ,FROM !N ON ! TRADE UNIONS PLAY$ A DISCIPL9>Y ROLE UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! ,P>TY4 ,! UNION ( WORK]S 9 ! HEAVY METAL 9DU/RIES ( ,PETROGRAD =BADE 0DISRUPTIVE 9ITIATIVES0 FROM ! FACTORY C\NCILS & OBJECT$ TO !IR 0MO/ DANG]\S0 T5D5CY TO PUT ?IS OR ?AT 5T]PRISE 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S4 ,?IS WAS SAID TO BE ! WOR/ WAY ( IMITAT+ PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES1 0! IDEA ( :I* HAD LONG S9CE BE5 BANKRUPT0 & :I* W\LD 0NOT FAIL TO TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO CAPITALI/ UND]TAK+S40 0,ANY 5T]PRISE AB&ON$ OR SABOTAG$ BY AN 9DU/RIALI/1 ! PRODUCT ( :I* WAS NECESS>Y TO ! NATIONAL ECONOMY1 WAS TO BE PLAC$ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE40 ,IT WAS 0NOT P]MISSIBLE0 ?AT ! WORK]S %\LD TAKE OV] SU* 5T]PRISES )\T ! APPROVAL ( ! TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION4 

,AFT] ?IS PRELIM9>Y TAKE-OV] OP]ATION ! TRADE UNIONS W]E1 9 !IR TURN1 TAM$1 DEPRIV$ ( ANY AUTONOMY1 PURG$2 !IR CONGRESSES W]E PO/PON$1 !IR MEMB]S >RE/$1 !IR ORGANIZATIONS DISB&$ OR M]G$ 9TO L>G] UNITS4 ,AT ! 5D ( ?IS PROCESS ANY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ T5D5CY HAD BE5 WIP$ \T1 & ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T WAS COMPLETELY SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,/ATE & ! S+LE P>TY4 

,! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ ) REG>D TO CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES4 ,9 ! E>LY /AGES ( ! ,REVOLUTION !Y HAD >IS5 EV]Y:]E1 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB]S1 & F$]AT$ ) EA* O!R4 ,!IR (F5SE1 H[EV]1 WAS ?AT !Y W]E \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( ! ,P>TY & A C]TA9 NUMB] ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 7,M5%EVIKS7 HAD 9FILTRAT$ !M4 ,FIR/1 LOCAL %OPS W]E DEPRIV$ ( !IR SUPPLIES & MEANS ( TRANSPORT ON ! PRETEXT ( 0PRIVATE TRADE0 & 0SPECULATION10 OR EV5 )\T ANY PRETEXT AT ALL4 ,!N1 ALL FREE COOP]ATIVES W]E CLOS$ AT ONE /ROKE & /ATE COOP]ATIVES SET UP BUREAUCRATICALLY 9 !IR PLACE4 ,! DECREE ( ,M>* #b1 #a#i#a#i1 ABSORB$ ! CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES 9TO ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,FOOD ,SUPPLIES & ! 9DU/RIAL PRODUC] COOP]ATIVES 9TO ! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL4 ,MANY MEMB]S ( COOP]ATIVES W]E ?R[N 9TO PRISON4 

,! WORK+ CLASS DID NOT REACT EI!R QUICKLY OR VIGOR\SLY 5\<4 ,IT WAS DISP]S$1 ISOLAT$ 9 AN IMM5SE1 BACKW>D1 & = ! MO/ P>T RURAL C\NTRY EXHAU/$ BY PRIVATION & REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 &1 /ILL WORSE1 DEMORALIZ$4 ,F9ALLY1 ITS BE/ MEMB]S HAD LEFT = ! FRONTS ( ! CIVIL W> OR HAD BE5 ABSORB$ 9TO ! P>TY & GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 QUITE A NUMB] ( WORK]S FELT !MSELVES MORE OR LESS DONE \T ( ! FRUITS ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y VICTORIES1 DEPRIV$ ( !IR RI<TS1 SUBJECT$ TO TUTELAGE1 HUMILIAT$ BY ! >ROGANCE & >BITR>Y P[] ( ! NEW MA/]S2 & !SE BECAME AW>E ( ! REAL NATURE ( ! SUPPOS$ 0PROLET>IAN ,/ATE40 ,?US1 DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h1 DISSATISFI$ WORK]S 9 ! ,MOSC[ & ,PETROGRAD FACTORIES ELECT$ DELEGATES FROM AMONG !IR NUMB]1 TRY+ 9 ?IS WAY TO OPPOSE !IR AU!NTIC 0DELEGATE C\NCILS0 TO ! SOVIETS ( 5T]PRISES ALREADY CAPTUR$ BY AU?ORITY4 ,KOLLONTAY BE>S WITNESS ?AT ! WORK] FELT SORE & UND]/OOD ?AT HE HAD BE5 PU%$ ASIDE4 ,HE C\LD COMP>E ! LIFE /YLE ( ! SOVIET FUNCTION>IES ) ! WAY 9 :I* HE LIV$ - HE UPON :OM ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 WAS BAS$1 AT LEA/ 9 !ORY4 

,BY ! TIME ! WORK]S REALLY SAW ! LI<T IT WAS TOO LATE4 ,P[] HAD HAD ! TIME TO ORGANIZE ITSELF SOLIDLY & HAD AT ITS DISPOSAL REPRESSIVE =CES FULLY ABLE TO BREAK ANY ATTEMPT$ AUTONOM\S ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,VOL9E1 A BITT] BUT UNEQUAL /RUGGLE LA/$ SOME ?REE YE>S1 & WAS 5TIRELY UNKN[N \TSIDE ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ?IS A WORK+-CLASS VANGU>D OPPOS$ A /ATE APP>ATUS DET]M9$ TO D5Y ! DIVISION :I* HAD DEVELOP$ BETWE5 ITSELF & ! MASSES4 ,FROM #aiai TO #a#i#b#a1 /RIKES 9CREAS$ 9 ! L>GE CITIES1 9 ,PETROGRAD ESPECIALLY1 & EV5 9 ,MOSC[4 ,!Y W]E SEV]ELY REPRESS$1 AS WE %ALL SEE FUR!R ON4 

,)9 ! DIRECT+ ,P>TY ITSELF A 0,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION0 >OSE :I* DEM&$ A RETURN TO ! DEMOCRACY ( ! SOVIETS & SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,AT ! ,T5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 ONE ( ITS SPOKESM51 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAY1 DI/RIBUT$ A PAMPHLET ASK+ = FRE$OM ( 9ITIATIVE & ORGANIZATION = ! TRADE UNIONS & = A 0CONGRESS ( PRODUC]S0 TO ELECT A C5TRAL ADM9I/RATIVE ORGAN = ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 ,! BRO*URE WAS CONFISCAT$ & BANN$4 ,L59 P]SUAD$ ALMO/ ! :OLE CONGRESS TO VOTE = A RESOLUTION ID5TIFY+ ! !SES ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION ) 0PETTY-B\RGEOIS & AN>*I/ DEVIATIONS03 ! 0SYNDICALISM10 ! 0SEMI-AN>*ISM0 ( ! OPPOSITIONI/S WAS 9 HIS EYES A 0DIRECT DANG]0 TO ! MONOPOLY ( P[] EX]CIS$ BY ! ,P>TY 9 ! NAME ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,FROM !N ON ALL OPPOSITION )9 ! ,P>TY WAS =BIDD5 & ! WAY WAS OP5 TO 0TOTALIT>IANISM10 AS WAS ADMITT$ BY ,TROTSKY YE>S LAT]4 

,! /RUGGLE CONT9U$ )9 ! C5TRAL LEAD]%IP ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,TOMSKY & ,RIAZANOV W]E EXCLUD$ FROM ! ,PRESIDIUM & S5T 9TO EXILE1 BECAUSE !Y HAD /OOD = TRADE UNIONS 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,P>TY4 ,! LEAD] ( ! WORK]S' OPPOSITION1 ,%LYAPAIKOV1 MET ! SAME FATE1 & WAS SOON FOLL[$ BY ! PRIME MOV] ( ANO!R OPPOSITION GR\P3 ,G4 ,I4 ,MIASNIKOV1 A G5U9E WORK] :O HAD PUT ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,MI*AEL TO DEA? 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,HE HAD BE5 A P>TY MEMB] = FIFTE5 YE>S &1 BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 SP5T MORE ?AN SEV5 YE>S 9 PRISON & SEV5TY-FIVE DAYS ON A HUNG] /RIKE4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#a1 HE D>$ TO /ATE 9 A PAMPHLET ?AT ! WORK]S HAD LO/ CONFID5CE 9 ! ,COMMUNI/S1 BECAUSE ! ,P>TY NO LONG] HAD A COMMON LANGUAGE ) ! RANK & FILE & WAS N[ US+ AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS ! REPRESSIVE MEASURES BR\<T 9 AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#b4 

,! ,P,>,T ,P,L,A,Y,$ ,B,Y ,! ,A,N,>,*,I,/,S 

,:AT P>T DID ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S PLAY 9 ?IS DRAMA 9 :I* A LIB]T>IAN-/YLE REVOLUTION WAS TRANSMUT$ 9TO ITS OPPOSITE8 ,RUSSIA HAD NO LIB]T>IAN TRADITIONS & IT WAS 9 =EIGN L&S ?AT ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 BECAME AN>*I/S4 ,NEI!R PLAY$ A MILITANT AN>*I/ ROLE 9SIDE ,RUSSIA AT ANY TIME4 ,UP TO ! TIME ( ! #aiag ,REVOLUTION1 ONLY A FEW COPIES ( %ORT EXTRACTS FROM !IR WRIT+S HAD APPE>$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 CL&E/9ELY & ) GREAT DIFFICULTY4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ AN>*I/ 9 ! SOCIAL1 SOCIALI/1 & REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION ( ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS ,VOL9E TOLD US1 0ADVANC$ ,RUSSIAN Y\? W]E READ+ LIT]ATURE :I* ALWAYS PRES5T$ SOCIALISM 9 A /ATI/ =M40 ,PEOPLE'S M9DS W]E SOAK$ 9 IDEAS ( GOV]NM5T1 HAV+ BE5 CONTAM9AT$ BY ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,! AN>*I/S 0W]E A T9Y H&FUL ( M5 )\T 9FLU5CE10 AT ! MO/ A FEW ?\S&4 ,VOL9E REPORT$ ?AT !IR MOVEM5T WAS 0/ILL F> TOO SMALL TO HAVE ANY IMM$IATE1 CONCRETE EFFECT ON EV5TS40 ,MOREOV]1 MO/ ( !M W]E 9DIVIDUALI/ 9TELLECTUALS NOT MU* 9VOLV$ 9 ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,VOL9E WAS AN EXCEPTION1 AS WAS ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 :O C\LD MOVE ! HE>TS ( ! MASSES 9 HIS NATIVE ,UKRA9E4 ,9 ,MAKHNO'S MEMOIRS HE PASS$ ! SEV]E JUDGM5T ?AT 0,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM LAGG$ BEH9D EV5TS OR EV5 FUNCTION$ COMPLETELY \TSIDE !M40 

,H[EV]1 ?IS JUDGM5T SEEMS TO BE LESS ?AN FAIR4 ,! AN>*I/S PLAY$ A F> FROM NEGLIGIBLE P>T 9 EV5TS BETWE5 ! ,FEBRU>Y & ,OCTOB] REVOLUTIONS4 ,TROTSKY ADMITT$ ?IS MORE ?AN ONCE 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 0,BRAVE0 & 0ACTIVE10 ?\< FEW 9 NUMB]S1 !Y W]E A PR9CIPL$ OPPOSITION 9 ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY AT A TIME :5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NOT YET TURN$ ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y4 ,!Y PUT \T ! CALL 0ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS0 LONG BE=E ,L59'S P>TY DID SO4 ,!Y 9SPIR$ ! MOVEM5T = ! SPONTANE\S SOCIALIZATION ( H\S+1 (T5 AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ACTIVI/S PLAY$ A P>T 9 9DUC+ WORK]S TO TAKE OV] ! FACTORIES1 EV5 BE=E ,OCTOB]4 

,DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y DAYS ?AT BR\<T ,K]5SKY'S B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC TO AN 5D1 ! AN>*I/S W]E 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! MILIT>Y /RUGGLE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,DV9SK REGIM5T COMM&$ BY OLD LIB]T>IANS LIKE ,GRA*(F & ,F$OT(F4 ,?IS =CE DISLODG$ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 0CADETS40 ,AID$ BY HIS DETA*M5T1 ! AN>*I/ ,GELEZNIAKOV DISB&$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY3 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ONLY RATIFI$ ! ACCOMPLI%$ FACT4 ,MANY P>TISAN DETA*M5TS W]E =M$ OR L$ BY AN>*I/S 7,MOKRO\SS(F1 ,*]NIAK1 & O!RS71 & F\<T UNREMITT+LY AGA9/ ! ,:ITE >MIES BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#b4 

,SC>CELY A MAJOR CITY WAS )\T AN AN>*I/ OR AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ GR\P1 SPREAD+ A RELATIVELY L>GE AM\NT ( PR9T$ MATT] - PAP]S1 P]IODICALS1 LEAFLETS1 PAMPHLETS1 & BOOKS4 ,!RE W]E TWO WEEKLIES 9 ,PETROGRAD & A DAILY 9 ,MOSC[1 EA* APPE>+ 9 #b#e1 COPIES4 ,AN>*I/ SYMPA?IZ]S 9CREAS$ AS ! ,REVOLUTION DEEP5$ & !N MOV$ AWAY FROM ! MASSES4 ,! ,FR5* CAPTA9 ,JACQUES ,SAD\L1 ON A MISSION 9 ,RUSSIA1 WROTE 9 A REPORT DAT$ ,APRIL #f1 #a#i#a#h3 0,! AN>*I/ P>TY IS ! MO/ ACTIVE1 ! MO/ MILITANT ( ! OPPOSITION GR\PS & PROBABLY ! MO/ POPUL> 4444 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS >E ANXI\S40 ,AT ! 5D ( #a#i#a#h1 ACCORD+ TO ,VOL9E1 0?IS 9FLU5CE BECAME SO GREAT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O C\LD NOT ACCEPT CRITICISM1 /ILL LESS OPPOSITION1 BECAME S]I\SLY DI/URB$40 ,VOL9E REPORTS ?AT = ! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES 0IT WAS EQUIVAL5T 4 4 4 TO SUICIDE TO TOL]ATE AN>*I/ PROPAG&A4 ,!Y DID !IR BE/ FIR/ TO PREV5T1 & !N TO =BID1 ANY MANIFE/ATION ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & F9ALLY SUPPRESS$ !M BY BRUTE =CE40 

,! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T 0BEGAN BY =CIBLY CLOS+ ! (FICES ( LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 & =BIDD+ ! AN>*I/S FROM TAK+ P>T 9 ANY PROPAG&A OR ACTIVITY40 ,9 ,MOSC[ ON ! NI<T ( ,APRIL #a#b1 #a#i#a#h1 DETA*M5TS ( ,R$ ,GU>DS1 >M$ TO ! TEE?1 TOOK OV] BY SURPRISE TW5TY-FIVE H\SES OCCUPI$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,! LATT]1 ?9K+ ?AT !Y W]E BE+ ATTACK$ BY ,:ITE ,GU>DS1 REPLI$ ) GUNFIRE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,VOL9E1 ! AU?ORITIES SOON W5T ON TO 0MORE VIOL5T MEASURES3 IMPRISONM5T1 \TLAW+1 & EXECUTION40 0,= F\R YE>S ?IS CONFLICT WAS TO KEEP ! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES ON !IR TOES 4 4 4 UNTIL ! LIB]T>IAN TR5D WAS F9ALLY CRU%$ BY MILIT>Y MEASURES 7AT ! 5D ( #a#i#b#a740 

,! LIQUIDATION ( ! AN>*I/S WAS ALL ! EASI] S9CE !Y HAD DIVID$ 9TO TWO FACTIONS1 ONE ( :I* REFUS$ TO BE TAM$ :ILE ! O!R ALL[$ ITSELF TO BE DOME/ICAT$4 ,! LATT] REG>D$ 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITY0 AS JU/IFICATION = MAK+ A GE/URE ( LOYALTY TO ! REGIME &1 AT LA/ TEMPOR>ILY1 APPROV+ ITS DICTATORIAL ACTIONS4 ,!Y CONSID]$ A VICTORI\S 5D TO ! CIVIL W> & ! CRU%+ ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION TO BE ! FIR/ NECESSITIES4 

,! MORE 9TRANSIG5T AN>*I/S REG>D$ ?IS AS A %ORT-SI<T$ TACTIC4 ,= ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS W]E BE+ F$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIC IMPOT5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS & ! DISILLUSIONM5T & DISCONT5T ( ! PEOPLE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! AU?ORITIES 5D$ UP BY MAK+ NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! ACTIVE W+ ( ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION :I* WAS DISPUT+ ITS ME?ODS ( CONTROL1 & ! CRIM9AL ACTIVITIES ( ITS RI<T-W+ ADV]S>IES4 ,TO ACCEPT DICTATOR%IP & T]ROR WAS A SUICIDAL POLICY = ! AN>*I/S :O W]E !MSELVES TO BECOME ITS VICTIMS4 ,F9ALLY1 ! CONV]SION ( ! SO-CALL$ SOVIET AN>*I/S MADE ! CRU%+ ( ?OSE O!R1 IRRECONCILABLE1 ONES EASI]1 = !Y W]E TREAT$ AS 0FALSE0 AN>*I/S1 IRRESPONSIBLE & UNREALI/IC DREAM]S1 /UPID MUDDL]S1 MADM51 S[]S ( DIVISION1 &1 F9ALLY1 C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y B&ITS4 

,VICTOR ,S]GE WAS ! MO/ BRILLIANT1 & !RE=E CONSID]$ ! MO/ AU?ORITATIVE1 ( ! CONV]T$ AN>*I/S4 ,HE WORK$ = ! REGIME & PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET 9 ,FR5* :I* ATTEMPT$ TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ AN>*I/ CRITICISM4 ,! BOOK HE WROTE LAT]1 ,L',AN ,I DE LA ,REVOLUTION ,RUSSE1 IS L>GELY A JU/IFICATION ( ! LIQUIDATION ( ! SOVIETS BY ,BOL%EVISM4 ,! ,P>TY - OR RA!R ITS ELITE LEAD]%IP - IS PRES5T$ AS ! BRA9S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS UP TO ! DULY SELECT$ LEAD] ( ! VANGU>D TO DISCOV] :AT ! PROLET>IAT CAN & MU/ DO4 ,)\T !M1 ! MASSES ORGANIZ$ 9 SOVIETS W\LD BE NO MORE ?AN 0A SPR9KL+ ( M5 ) CONFUS$ ASPIRATIONS %OT ?R\< ) GLEAMS ( 9TELLIG5CE40 

,VICTOR ,S]GE WAS C]TA9LY TOO CLE>-M9D$ TO HAVE ANY ILLUSIONS AB\T ! REAL NATURE ( ! C5TRAL ,SOVIET P[]4 ,BUT ?IS P[] WAS /ILL HALO$ ) ! PRE/IGE ( ! FIR/ VICTORI\S PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION2 IT WAS LOA!D BY WORLD C\NT]-REVOLUTION2 & ?AT WAS ONE ( ! REASONS - ! MO/ HONORABLE - :Y ,S]GE & MANY O!R REVOLUTION>IES SAW FIT TO PUT A PADLOCK ON !IR TONGUES4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #aiba ! AN>*I/ ,GA/ON ,LEVAL CAME TO ,MOSC[ 9 ! ,SPANI% DELEGATION TO ! ,?IRD ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 PRIVATE1 ,S]GE CONFID$ TO HIM ?AT 0! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY NO LONG] PRACTICES ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT BUT DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT40 ,RETURN+ TO ,FRANCE1 ,LEVAL PUBLI%$ >TICLES 9 ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE US+ WELL DOCUM5T$ FACTS1 & PLAC+ SIDE BY SIDE :AT ,VICTOR ,S]GE HAD TOLD HIM CONFID5TIALLY & HIS PUBLIC /ATEM5TS1 :I* HE DESCRIB$ AS 0CONSCI\S LIES40 ,9 ,LIV+ ,MY ,LIFE1 ! GREAT ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN WAS NO K9D] TO ,VICTOR ,S]GE1 :OM %E HAD SE5 9 ACTION 9 ,MOSC[4 

,! ,M,A,K,H,N,O,V,T,*,9,A 

,IT HAD BE5 RELATIVELY EASY TO LIQUIDATE ! SMALL1 WEAK NUCLEI ( AN>*I/S 9 ! CITIES1 BUT ?+S W]E DIFF]5T 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 :]E ! PEASANT ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO HAD BUILT UP A /RONG RURAL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 BO? ECONOMIC & MILIT>Y4 ,MAKHNO WAS BORN ( POOR ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS & WAS TW5TY YE>S OLD 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,AS A *ILD1 HE HAD SE5 ! #aie ,REVOLUTION & LAT] BECAME AN AN>*I/4 ,! ,CZ>I/ REGIME S5T5C$ HIM TO DEA?1 COMMUT$ TO EI<T YE>S' IMPRISONM5T1 :I* WAS SP5T1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT 9 IRONS1 9 ,B\TIRKI PRISON1 ! ONLY S*OOL HE WAS EV] TO ATT5D4 ,HE FILL$ AT LEA/ SOME ( ! GAPS 9 HIS $UCATION ) ! HELP ( A FELL[-PRISON]1 ,PET] ,>*9(F4 

,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 ,MAKHNO TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 ORGANIZ+ MASSES ( PEASANTS 9TO AN AUTONOM\S REGION1 A R\<LY CIRCUL> >EA #dh BY #d MILES1 ) SEV5 MILLION 9HABITANTS4 ,ITS S\!RN 5D REA*$ ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV AT ! PORT ( ,B]DIANSK1 & IT WAS C5T]$ 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 A L>GE T[N ( #b1 TO #c1 PEOPLE4 ,?IS WAS A TRADITIONALLY REBELLI\S REGION :I* HAD SE5 VIOL5T DI/URBANCES 9 #a#i#e4 

,! /ORY BEGAN :5 ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN >MIES ( OCCUPATION IMPOS$ A RI<T-W+ REGIME :I* HA/5$ TO RETURN TO !IR =M] [N]S ! L&S :I* HAD BE5 SEIZ$ BY REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS4 ,! L& WORK]S PUT UP AN >M$ DEF5SE ( !IR NEW CONQUE/S4 ,!Y RESI/$ REACTION BUT ALSO ! UNTIMELY 9TRUSION ( ,BOL%EVIK COMMISS>S1 & !IR EXCESSIVE LEVIES4 ,?IS VA/ JACQU]IE .<#b#d.> WAS 9SPIR$ BY A 0LOV] ( JU/ICE10 A SORT ( AN>*I/ ,ROB9 ,HOOD CALL$ 0,FA!R0 ,MAKHNO BY ! PEASANTS4 ,HIS FIR/ FEAT ( >MS WAS ! CAPTURE ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE 9 MID-,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#h4 ,! >MI/ICE ( ,NOVEMB] #a#a1 H[EV]1 L$ TO ! )DRAWAL ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN OCCUPATION =CES1 & GAVE ,MAKHNO A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO BUILD UP RES]VES ( >MS & SUPPLIES4 

,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY1 ! PR9CIPLES ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM W]E APPLI$ 9 ! LIB]AT$ ,UKRA9E1 & SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS PUT 9TO =CE AS F> AS POSSIBLE 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! CIVIL W>4 ,PEASANTS UNIT$ 9 0COMMUNES0 OR 0FREE-WORK SOVIETS10 & COMMUNALLY TILL$ ! L& = :I* !Y HAD F\<T ) ! =M] [N]S4 ,!SE GR\PS RESPECT$ ! PR9CIPLES ( EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY4 ,EA* MAN1 WOMAN1 OR *ILD HAD TO WORK 9 PROPORTION TO HIS OR H] /R5G?1 & COMRADES ELECT$ TO TEMPOR>Y MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS SUBSEQU5TLY RETURN$ TO !IR REGUL> WORK ALONGSIDE ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNES4 

,EA* SOVIET WAS SIMPLY ! EXECUTIVE ( ! WILL ( ! PEASANTS 9 ! LOCALITY FROM :I* IT HAD BE5 ELECT$4 ,PRODUCTION UNITS W]E F$]AT$ 9TO DI/RICTS1 & DI/RICTS 9TO REGIONS4 ,! SOVIETS W]E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A G5]AL ECONOMIC SY/EM BAS$ ON SOCIAL EQUALITY2 !Y W]E TO BE 9DEP5D5T ( ANY POLITICAL P>TY4 ,NO POLITICIAN WAS TO DICTATE HIS WILL TO !M UND] COV] ( SOVIET P[]4 ,MEMB]S HAD TO BE AU!NTIC WORK]S AT ! S]VICE ( ! LABOR+ MASSES4 

,:5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ P>TISANS MOV$ 9TO AN >EA !Y PUT UP PO/]S READ+3 0,! FRE$OM ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS IS !IR [N1 & NOT SUBJECT TO ANY RE/RICTION4 ,IT IS UP TO ! WORK]S & PEASANTS !MSELVES TO ACT1 TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES1 TO AGREE AMONG !MSELVES 9 ALL ASPECTS ( !IR LIVES1 AS !Y !MSELVES SEE FIT & DESIRE 4444 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S CAN DO NO MORE ?AN GIVE AID & C\NSEL 4444 ,9 NO CIRCUM/ANCES CAN !Y1 NOR DO !Y WI% TO1 GOV]N40 

,:51 9 #a#i#b1 ,MAKHNO'S M5 W]E BR\<T TO NEGOTIATE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 !Y DID SO AS !IR EQUALS1 & CONCLUD$ AN EPHEM]AL AGREEM5T ) !M1 TO :I* !Y 9SI/$ ?AT ! FOLL[+ APP5DIX BE ADD$3 0,9 ! >EA :]E ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY IS OP]AT+ ! WORK] & PEASANT POPULATION %ALL CREATE ITS [N FREE 9/ITUTIONS = ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION2 !SE 9/ITUTIONS %ALL BE AUTONOM\S & L9K$ F$]ALLY BY AGREEM5TS ) ! GOV]N+ ORGANS ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLICS40 ,! ,BOL%EVIK NEGOTIATORS W]E /AGG]$ & SEP>AT$ ! APP5DIX FROM ! AGREEM5T 9 ORD] TO REF] IT TO ,MOSC[ :]E ( C\RSE1 IT WAS1 CONSID]$ 0ABSOLUTELY 9ADMISSIBLE40 

,ONE ( ! RELATIVE WEAKNESSES ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T WAS ITS LACK ( LIB]T>IAN 9TELLECTUALS1 BUT IT DID RECEIVE SOME 9T]MITT5T AID FROM \TSIDE4 ,?IS CAME FIR/ FROM ,KH>KOV & ,KURSK :]E ! AN>*I/S1 9SPIR$ BY ,VOL9E1 HAD 9 #aiah =M$ A UNION CALL$ ,NABAT 7! TOCS974 ,9 #aiai !Y HELD A CONGRESS AT :I* !Y DECL>$ !MSELVES 0CATEGORICALLY & DEF9ITELY OPPOS$ TO ANY =M ( P>TICIPATION 9 ! SOVIETS1 :I* HAVE BECOME PURELY POLITICAL BODIES1 ORGANIZ$ ON AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 C5TRALIZ$1 /ATI/ BASIS40 ,! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T REG>D$ ?IS /ATEM5T AS A DECL>ATION ( W> & ! ,NABAT WAS =C$ TO GIVE UP ALL ITS ACTIVITIES4 ,LAT]1 9 ,JULY1 ,VOL9E GOT ?R\< TO ,MAKHNO'S HEADQU>T]S & JO9$ ) ,PET] ,>*9(F TO TAKE *>GE ( ! CULTURAL & $UCATIONAL SIDE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,HE PRESID$ AT ! CONGRESS HELD 9 ,OCTOB] AT ,ALEX&ROVSK1 :]E ! 0,G5]AL ,!SES0 SETT+ \T ! DOCTR9E ( ! 0FREE SOVIETS0 W]E ADOPT$4 

,PEASANT & P>TISAN DELEGATES TOOK P>T 9 !SE CONGRESSES4 ,9 FACT1 ! CIVIL ORGANIZATION WAS AN EXT5SION ( A PEASANT >MY ( 9SURRECTION1 PRACTIC+ GU]RILLA TACTICS4 ,?IS >MY WAS REM>KABLY MOBILE1 COV]+ AS MU* AS #af MILES 9 A DAY1 ?ANKS NOT ONLY TO ITS CAVALRY BUT ALSO TO ITS 9FANTRY1 :I* TRAVEL$ 9 LI<T HORSE-DRAWN C>TS ) SPR+S4 ,?IS >MY WAS ORGANIZ$ ON A SPECIFICALLY LIB]T>IAN1 VOLUNT>Y BASIS4 ,! ELECTIVE PR9CIPLE WAS APPLI$ AT ALL LEVELS & DISCIPL9E FREELY AGRE$ TO3 ! RULES ( ! LATT] W]E DRAWN UP BY COMMISSIONS ( P>TISANS1 !N VALIDAT$ BY G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 & W]E /RICTLY OBS]V$ BY ALL4 

,MAKHNO'S FRANC-TIREURS GAVE ! ,:ITE >MIES ( 9T]V5TION PL5TY ( TR\BLE4 ,! UNITS ( ,BOL%EVIK ,R$ ,GU>DS1 = !IR P>T1 W]E NOT V]Y EFFECTIVE4 ,!Y F\<T ONLY ALONG ! RAILWAYS & NEV] W5T F> FROM !IR >MOR$ TRA9S1 TO :I* !Y )DREW AT ! FIR/ REV]SE1 SOMETIMES )\T TAK+ ON BO>D ALL !IR [N COMBATANTS4 ,?IS DID NOT GIVE MU* CONFID5CE TO ! PEASANTS :O W]E %ORT ( >MS & ISOLAT$ 9 !IR VILLAGES & SO W\LD HAVE BE5 AT ! M]CY ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4 ,>*9(F1 ! HI/ORIAN ( ! ,MAKHNOVT*9A1 WROTE ?AT 0! HONOR ( DE/ROY+ ,D5IK9'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ! AUTUMN ( #aiai IS PR9CIPALLY DUE TO ! AN>*I/ 9SURG5TS40 

,BUT AFT] ! UNITS ( ,R$ ,GU>DS HAD BE5 ABSORB$ 9TO ! ,R$ ,>MY1 ,MAKHNO P]SI/$ 9 REFUS+ TO PLACE HIS >MY UND] ! SUPREME COMM& ( ! ,R$ ,>MY *IEF1 ,TROTSKY4 ,?AT GREAT REVOLUTION>Y !RE=E BELIEV$ IT NECESS>Y TO TURN UPON ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,ON ,JUNE #d1 #a#i#a#i1 HE DRAFT$ AN ORD] BANN+ ! =?COM+ ,MAKHNOVI/ CONGRESS1 ACCUS+ !M ( /&+ \T AGA9/ ,SOVIET P[] 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,HE *>ACT]IZ$ P>TICIPATION 9 ! CONGRESS AS AN ACT ( 0HI< TREASON0 & CALL$ = ! >RE/ ( ! DELEGATES4 ,HE REFUS$ TO GIVE >MS TO ,MAKHNO'S P>TISANS1 FAIL+ 9 HIS DUTY ( ASSI/+ !M1 & SUBSEQU5TLY ACCUS$ !M ( 0BETRAYAL0 & ( ALL[+ !MSELVES TO BE BEAT5 BY ! ,:ITE TR\PE4 ,! SAME PROC$URE WAS FOLL[$ EI<TE5 YE>S LAT] BY ! ,SPANI% ,/AL9I/S AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ BRIGADES4 

,! TWO >MIES1 H[EV]1 CAME TO AN AGREEM5T AGA91 ON TWO OCCASIONS1 :5 ! EXTREME DANG] CAUS$ BY ! 9T]V5TION REQUIR$ !M TO ACT TOGE!R4 ,?IS OCCURR$ FIR/ 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#i1 AGA9/ ,D5IK91 ! SECOND DUR+ ! SUMM] & AUTUMN ( #a#i#b1 BE=E ! M5ACE ( ! ,:ITE =CES ( ,WRANGEL :I* W]E F9ALLY DE/ROY$ BY ,MAKHNO4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ! SUPREME DANG] WAS PA/ ! ,R$ ,>MY RETURN$ TO MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS AGA9/ ! P>TISANS ( ,MAKHNO1 :O RETURN$ BL[ = BL[4 

,AT ! 5D ( ,NOVEMB] #aib ?OSE 9 P[] W5T SO F> AS TO PREP>E AN AMBU%4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS 9VIT$ ! (FIC]S ( ! ,CRIMEAN ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY TO TAKE P>T 9 A MILIT>Y C\NCIL4 ,!RE !Y W]E IMM$IATELY >RE/$ BY ! ,*EKA1 ! POLITICAL POLICE1 & %OT :ILE !IR P>TISANS W]E DIS>M$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME A REGUL> (F5SIVE WAS LAUN*$ AGA9/ ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,! 9CREAS+LY UNEQUAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 LIB]T>IANS & AU?ORIT>IANS CONT9U$ = ANO!R N9E MON?S4 ,9 ! 5D1 H[EV]1 OV]COME BY MORE NUM]\S & BETT] EQUIPP$ =CES1 ,MAKHNO HAD TO GIVE UP ! /RUGGLE4 ,HE MANAG$ TO TAKE REFUGE 9 ,RUMANIA 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#a1 & LAT] REA*$ ,P>IS1 :]E HE DI$ MU* LAT] ( DISEASE & POV]TY4 ,?IS WAS ! 5D ( ! EPIC /ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVT*9A4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PET] ,>*9(F1 IT WAS ! PROTOTYPE ( AN 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ MASSES & H5CE A S\RCE ( FUTURE 9SPIRATION = ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD4 

,K,R,O,N,/,A,D,T 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y-,M>* #a#i#b#a1 ! ,PETROGRAD WORK]S & ! SAILORS ( ! ,KRON/ADT =TRESS W]E DRIV5 TO REVOLT1 ! ASPIRATIONS :I* 9SPIR$ !M BE+ V]Y SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS4 

,! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( URBAN WORK]S HAD BECOME 9TOL]ABLE ?R\< LACK ( FOOD/UFFS1 FUEL1 & TRANSPORT1 & ANY EXPRESSION ( DISCONT5T WAS BE+ CRU%$ BY A MORE & MORE DICTATORIAL & TOTALIT>IAN REGIME4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y /RIKES BROKE \T 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ,MOSC[1 & SEV]AL O!R L>GE 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,! WORK]S DEM&$ BREAD & LIB]TY2 !Y M>*$ FROM ONE FACTORY TO ANO!R1 CLOS+ !M D[N1 ATTRACT+ NEW CONT+5TS ( WORK]S 9TO !IR DEMON/RATIONS4 ,! AU?ORITIES REPLI$ ) GUNFIRE1 & ! ,PETROGRAD WORK]S 9 TURN BY A PROTE/ MEET+ ATT5D$ BY #a1 WORK]S4 ,KRON/ADT WAS AN ISL& NAVAL BASE =TY-EI<T MILES FROM ,PETROGRAD 9 ! ,GULF ( ,F9L& :I* WAS FROZ5 DUR+ ! W9T]4 ,IT WAS POPULAT$ BY SAILORS & SEV]AL ?\S& WORK]S EMPLOY$ 9 ! NAVAL >S5ALS4 ,! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS HAD BE5 9 ! VANGU>D ( ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( #aie & #a#i#a#g4 ,AS ,TROTSKY PUT IT1 !Y HAD BE5 ! 0PRIDE & GLORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION40 ,! CIVILIAN 9HABITANTS ( ,KRON/ADT HAD =M$ A FREE COMMUNE1 RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,9 ! C5T] ( ! =TRESS AN 5ORM\S PUBLIC SQU>E S]V$ AS A POPUL> =UM HOLD+ AS MANY AS #c1 P]SONS4 

,9 #aiba ! SAILORS C]TA9LY DID NOT HAVE ! SAME REVOLUTION>Y MAKEUP & ! SAME P]SONNEL AS 9 #a#i#a#g2 !Y HAD BE5 DRAWN FROM ! PEASANTRY F> MORE ?AN !IR PR$ECESSORS2 BUT ! MILITANT SPIRIT HAD REMA9$ & AS A RESULT ( !IR E>LI] P]=MANCE !Y RETA9$ ! RI<T TO TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 WORK]S' MEET+S 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,:5 ! WORK]S ( ! =M] CAPITAL W5T ON /RIKE !Y S5T EMISS>IES :O W]E DRIV5 BACK BY ! =CES ( ORD]4 ,DUR+ TWO MASS MEET+S HELD 9 ! MA9 SQU>E !Y TOOK UP AS !IR [N ! DEM&S ( ! /RIK]S4 ,SIXTE5 ?\S& SAILORS1 WORK]S1 & SOLDI]S ATT5D$ ! SECOND MEET+ HELD ON ,M>* #a1 AS DID ! HEAD ( /ATE1 ,KAL991 PRESID5T ( ! C5TRAL EXECUTIVE4 ,9 SPITE ( HIS PRES5CE !Y PASS$ A RESOLUTION DEM&+ ?AT ! WORK]S1 ,R$ SOLDI]S1 & SAILORS ( ,PETROGRAD1 ,KRON/ADT1 & ! ,PETROGRAD PROV9CE BE CALL$ TOGE!R DUR+ ! NEXT T5 DAYS 9 A CONF]5CE 9DEP5D5T ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,!Y ALSO CALL$ = ! ABOLITION ( 0POLITICAL (FIC]S10 ASK$ ?AT NO POLITICAL P>TY %\LD HAVE PRIVILEGES1 & ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ %OCK DETA*M5TS 9 ! >MY & 0,COMMUNI/ GU>DS0 9 ! FACTORIES %\LD BE DISB&$4 

,IT WAS 9DE$ ! MONOPOLY ( P[] ( ! GOV]N+ P>TY :I* !Y W]E ATTACK+4 ,! ,KRON/ADT REBELS D>$ TO CALL ?IS MONOPOLY AN 0USURPATION40 ,LET ! ANGRY SAILORS SPEAK = !MSELVES1 AS WE SKIM ?R\< ! PAGES ( ! (FICIAL J\RNAL ( ?IS NEW COMMUNE1 ! ,IZVE/IA ( ,KRON/ADT4 ,ACCORD+ TO !M1 ONCE IT HAD SEIZ$ P[] ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD ONLY ONE CONC]N3 TO KEEP IT BY FAIR MEANS OR F\L4 ,IT HAD LO/ CONTACT ) ! MASSES1 & PROV$ ITS 9ABILITY TO GET ! C\NTRY \T ( A /ATE ( G5]AL COLLAPSE4 ,IT HAD BECOME BUREAUCRATIC & LO/ ! CONFID5CE ( ! WORK]S4 ,! SOVIETS1 HAV+ LO/ !IR REAL P[]1 HAD BE5 M$DL$ )1 TAK5 OV]1 & MANIPULAT$1 ! TRADE UNIONS W]E BE+ MADE 9/RUM5TS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AN OMNIPOT5T POLICE APP>ATUS WEI<$ ON ! PEOPLE1 5=C+ ITS LAWS BY GUNFIRE & ! USE ( T]ROR4 ,ECONOMIC LIFE HAD BECOME NOT ! PROMIS$ SOCIALISM1 BAS$ ON FREE LABOR1 BUT A H>% /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,! WORK]S W]E SIMPLY WAGE E>N]S UND] ?IS NATIONAL TRU/1 EXPLOIT$ JU/ AS BE=E4 ,! IRREV]5T M5 ( ,KRON/ADT W5T SO F> AS TO EXPRESS D\BT AB\T ! 9FALLIBILITY ( ! SUPREME LEAD]S ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y MOCK$ ,TROTSKY1 & EV5 ,L591 IRREV]5TLY4 ,!IR IMM$IATE DEM&S W]E ! RE/ORATION ( ALL FRE$OMS & FREE ELECTIONS TO ALL ! ORGANS ( SOVIET DEMOCRACY1 BUT BEYOND ?IS !Y W]E LOOK+ TO A MORE DI/ANT OBJECTIVE ) A CLE>LY AN>*I/ CONT5T3 A 0?IRD REVOLUTION40 

,! REBELS DID1 H[EV]1 9T5D TO KEEP )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ,REVOLUTION & UND]TOOK TO WAT* OV] ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y PROCLAIM$ ?AT !Y HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ?OSE :O W\LD HAVE WI%$ TO 0RETURN TO ! KN\T ( ,CZ>ISM10 & ?\< !Y DID NOT CONCEAL !IR 9T5TION ( DEPRIV+ ! 0,COMMUNI/S0 ( P[]1 ?IS WAS NOT TO BE = ! PURPOSE ( 0RETURN+ ! WORK]S & PEASANTS TO SLAV]Y40 ,MOREOV]1 !Y DID NOT CUT (F ALL POSSIBILITY ( COOP]ATION ) ! REGIME1 /ILL HOP+ 0TO BE ABLE TO F9D A COMMON LANGUAGE40 ,F9ALLY1 ! FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION !Y W]E DEM&+ WAS NOT TO BE = JU/ ANYBODY1 BUT ONLY = S9C]E BELIEV]S 9 ! ,REVOLUTION3 AN>*I/S & 0LEFT SOCIALI/S0 7A =MULA :I* W\LD EXCLUDE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS OR ,M5%EVIKS74 

,! AUDACITY ( ,KRON/ADT WAS MU* MORE ?AN A ,L59 OR A ,TROTSKY C\LD 5DURE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S HAD ONCE & = ALL ID5TIFI$ ! ,REVOLUTION ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & ANY?+ :I* W5T AGA9/ ?IS MY? MU/1 9 !IR EYES1 APPE> AS 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y40 ,!Y SAW ! :OLE ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ OR?ODOXY 9 DANG]4 ,KRON/ADT FRI<T5$ !M ! MORE1 S9CE !Y W]E GOV]N+ 9 ! NAME ( ! PROLET>IAT &1 SUDD5LY1 !IR AU?ORITY WAS BE+ DISPUT$ BY A MOVEM5T :I* !Y KNEW TO BE AU!NTICALLY PROLET>IAN4 ,L591 MOREOV]1 HELD ! RA!R SIMPLI/IC IDEA ?AT A ,CZ>I/ RE/ORATION WAS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( HIS [N P>TY4 ,! /ATESM5 ( ! ,KREML9 9 #aiba >GU$ 9 ! SAME WAY AS ?OSE1 MU* LAT]1 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#e#f3 ,KRON/ADT WAS ! =]UNN] ( ,BUDAPE/4 

,TROTSKY1 ! MAN ) ! 0IRON FI/10 UND]TOOK TO BE P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = ! REPRESSION4 0,IF Y\ P]SI/1 Y\ WILL BE %OT D[N FROM COV] LIKE P>TRIDGES10 HE ANN\NC$ TO ! 0MUT9E]S40 ,! SAILORS W]E TREAT$ AS 0,:ITE ,GU>DI/S10 ACCOMPLICES ( ! 9T]V5TIONI/ ,WE/]N P[]S1 & ( ! 0,P>IS ,B\RSE40 ,!Y W]E TO BE R$UC$ TO SUBMISSION BY =CE ( >MS4 ,IT WAS 9 VA9 ?AT ! AN>*I/S ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 :O HAD F\ND ASYLUM 9 ! FA!RL& ( ! WORK]S AFT] BE+ DEPORT$ FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 S5T A PA!TIC LETT] TO ,Z9OVIEV1 9SI/+ ?AT ! USE ( =CE W\LD DO 09CALCULABLE DAMAGE TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 & ADJUR+ ! 0,BOL%EVIK COMRADES0 TO SETTLE ! CONFLICT ?R\< FRAT]NAL NEGOTIATION4 ,! ,PETROGRAD WORK]S C\LD NOT COME TO ! AID ( ,KRON/ADT BECAUSE !Y W]E ALREADY T]RORIZ$1 & SUBJECT TO M>TIAL LAW4 

,AN EXP$ITION>Y =CE WAS SET UP COMPOS$ ( C>EFULLY H&-PICK$ TROOPS1 = MANY ,R$ SOLDI]S W]E UNWILL+ TO FIRE ON !IR CLASS BRO!RS4 ,?IS =CE WAS PUT UND] ! COMM& ( A =M] ,CZ>I/ (FIC]1 ! FUTURE ,M>%ALL ,TUKA*EVSKY4 ,! BOMB>DM5T ( ! =TRESS BEGAN ON ,M>* #g4 ,UND] ! HEAD+ 0,LET ! WORLD KN[60 ! BESIEG$ 9HABITANTS LAUN*$ A LA/ APPEAL3 0,MAY ! BLOOD ( ! 9NOC5T BE ON ! HEAD ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 MAD1 DRUNK & 5RAG$ ) P[]4 ,LONG LIVE ! P[] ( ! SOVIETS60 ,! ATTACK+ =CE MOV$ ACROSS ! FROZ5 ,GULF ( ,F9L& ON ,M>* #ah & QUELL$ ! 0REBELLION0 9 AN ORGY ( KILL+4 

,! AN>*I/S HAD PLAY$ NO P>T 9 ?IS AFFAIR4 ,H[EV]1 ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE ( ,KRON/ADT HAD 9VIT$ TWO LIB]T>IANS TO JO9 IT3 ,Y>*\K 7! F\ND] ( ! ,KRON/ADT SOVIET ( #a#i#a#g7 & ,VOL9E2 9 VA91 = !Y W]E AT ! TIME IMPRISON$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,IDA ,METT1 HI/ORIAN ( ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT 79 ,LA ,COMMUNE DE ,CRON/ADT71 COMM5T$ ?AT 0! AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE WAS BR\<T TO BE> ONLY TO ! EXT5T TO :I* AN>*ISM ITSELF PROPAGAT$ ! IDEA ( WORK]S' DEMOCRACY40 ,! AN>*I/S DID NOT PLAY ANY DIRECT P>T 9 EV5TS1 BUT !Y ASSOCIAT$ !MSELVES ) !M4 ,VOL9E LAT] WROTE3 0,KRON/ADT WAS ! FIR/ 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T ATTEMPT ( ! PEOPLE TO FREE !MSELVES ( ALL CONTROL & C>RY \T ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION3 ?IS ATTEMPT WAS MADE DIRECTLY1 4 4 4 BY ! WORK+ MASSES !MSELVES1 )\T 'POLITICAL %EPH]DS1' )\T 'LEAD]S1' OR 'TUTORS4' ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN ADD$3 0,KRON/ADT BLEW SKY HI< ! MY? ( ! PROLET>IAN ,/ATE2 IT PROV$ ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,REVOLUTION W]E REALLY 9COMPATIBLE40 

,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,L,I,V,+ ,& ,D,E,A,D 

,AL?\< ! AN>*I/S PLAY$ NO DIRECT P>T 9 ! ,KRON/ADT RIS+1 ! REGIME TOOK ADVANTAGE ( CRU%+ IT TO MAKE AN 5D ( AN IDEOLOGY :I* CONT9U$ TO FRI<T5 !M4 ,A FEW WEEKS E>LI]1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #h1 ! AG$ ,KROPOTK9 HAD DI$ ON ,RUSSIAN SOIL1 & HIS REMA9S HAD BE5 GIV5 AN IMPOS+ FUN]AL1 :I* WAS FOLL[$ BY AN IMM5SE CONVOY ( AB\T #a1 PEOPLE4 ,OV] ! HEADS ( ! CR[D1 AMONG ! R$ FLAGS1 ONE C\LD SEE ! BLACK BANN]S ( ! AN>*I/ GR\PS 9SCRIB$ 9 LETT]S ( FIRE3 0,:]E !RE IS AU?ORITY !RE IS NO FRE$OM40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,KROPOTK9'S BIOGRAPH]S1 ?IS WAS 0! LA/ GREAT DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK TYRANNY1 & MANY TOOK P>T MORE TO DEM& FRE$OM ?AN TO PRAISE ! GREAT AN>*I/40 

,HUNDR$S ( AN>*I/S W]E >RE/$ AFT] ,KRON/ADT1 & ONLY A FEW MON?S LAT]1 ! LIB]T>IAN ,FANNY ,B>ON & EI<T ( H] COMRADES W]E %OT 9 ! CELL>S ( ! ,*EKA PRISON 9 ,MOSC[4 ,MILITANT AN>*ISM HAD RECEIV$ A FATAL BL[4 ,BUT \TSIDE ,RUSSIA1 ! AN>*I/S :O HAD LIV$ ?R\< ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION UND]TOOK AN 5ORM\S LABOR ( CRITICISM & DOCTR9AL REVISION :I* RE9VIGORAT$ LIB]T>IAN ?\<T & MADE IT MORE CONCRETE4 ,AS E>LY AS ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 ! CONGRESS ( ! ,CONF$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,UKRA9E1 ,NABAT1 HAD CATEGORICALLY REJECT$ ! EXPRESSION 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 SEE+ ?AT IT L$ 9EVITABLY TO DICTATOR%IP OV] ! MASSES BY ?AT FRACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT 5TR5*$ 9 ! ,P>TY1 BY (FICIALS1 & A H&FUL ( LEAD]S4 ,JU/ BE=E HE DI$ ,KROPOTK9 HAD ISSU$ A 0,MESSAGE TO ! ,WORK]S ( ! ,WE/0 9 :I* HE SORR[FULLY D5\NC$ ! RISE ( A 0=MIDABLE BUREAUCRACY03 0,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?IS ATTEMPT TO BUILD A COMMUNI/ REPUBLIC ON ! BASIS ( A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 UND] ! IRON LAW ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE P>TY1 HAS 5D$ 9 A T]RIBLE FIASCO4 ,RUSSIA TEA*ES US H[ NOT TO IMPOSE COMMUNISM40 

,A PA!TIC APPEAL FROM ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TO ! WORLD PROLET>IAT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,JANU>Y #g-#a#d1 #a#i#b#a1 ISSUE ( ! ,FR5* J\RNAL ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE3 0,COMRADES1 PUT AN 5D TO ! DOM9ATION ( Y\R B\RGEOISIE JU/ AS WE HAVE DONE H]E4 ,BUT DO NOT REPEAT \R ]RORS2 DO NOT LET /ATE COMMUNISM E/ABLI% ITSELF 9 Y\R C\NTRIES60 ,9 #aib ! ,G]MAN AN>*I/1 ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 :O LAT] LIV$ & DI$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WROTE ,DIE ,BANKROTTE DES ,RUSSIS*5 ,/AUTSKOMMUNISMUS 7,! ,BANKRUPTCY ( ,/ATE ,COMMUNISM71 :I* APPE>$ 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ ANALYSIS TO BE MADE ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 HIS VIEW ! FAM\S 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 WAS NOT ! EXPRESSION ( ! WILL ( A S+LE CLASS1 BUT ! DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TY PRET5D+ TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( A CLASS & KEPT 9 P[] BY =CE ( BAYONETS4 0,UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA A NEW CLASS HAS DEVELOP$1 ! 'COMMISS>OCRACY1' :I* OPPRESSES ! BROAD MASSES JU/ AS MU* AS ! OLD REGIME US$ TO DO40 ,BY SY/EMATICALLY SUBORD9AT+ ALL ! FACTORS 9 SOCIAL LIFE TO AN ALL-P[]FUL GOV]NM5T 5D[$ ) EV]Y PR]OGATIVE1 0ONE C\LD NOT FAIL TO 5D UP ) ! HI]>*Y ( (FICIALS :I* PROV$ FATAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION40 0,NOT ONLY DID ! ,BOL%EVIKS BORR[ ! /ATE APP>ATUS FROM ! PREVI\S SOCIETY1 BUT !Y HAVE GIV5 IT AN ALL-EMBRAC+ P[] :I* NO O!R GOV]NM5T >ROGATES TO ITSELF40 

,9 ,JUNE #aibb ! GR\P ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S EXIL$ 9 ,G]MANY PUBLI%$ A REVEAL+ LITTLE BOOK UND] ! NAMES ( ,A4 ,GORIELIK1 ,A4 ,KOM(F1 & ,VOL9E3 ,REPRESSION DE L',AN>*ISME 5 ,RUSSIE ,SOVIETIQUE7,! ,REPRESSION ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA74 ,VOL9E MADE A ,FR5* TRANSLATION :I* APPE>$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#b#c4 ,IT CONTA9$ AN ALPHABETICAL LI/ ( ! M>TYRS ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM4 ,9 #a#i#b#a-#a#i#b#b1 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 & 9 #a#i#b#b-#a#i#b#c1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN PUBLI%$ A SUCCESSION ( PAMPHLETS ON ! DRAMATIC EV5TS :I* !Y HAD WITNESS$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,9 !IR TURN1 ,PET] ,>*9(F & ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO HIMSELF1 ESCAP$ ,MAKHNOVITES :O HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9 ! ,WE/1 PUBLI%$ !IR EVID5CE4 

,! TWO GREAT LIB]T>IAN CLASSICS ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK3 ,TW5TY ,YE>S ( ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA BY ,G4 ,P4 ,MAXIM(F & ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION BY ,VOL9E1 CAME MU* LAT]1 DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 & W]E WRITT5 ) ! MATURITY ( ?\<T MADE POSSIBLE BY ! PASSAGE ( ! YE>S4 

,= ,MAXIM(F1 :OSE ACC\NT APPE>$ 9 ,AM]ICA1 ! LESSONS ( ! PA/ BR\<T TO HIM A SURE EXPECTATION ( A BETT] FUTURE4 ,! NEW RUL+ CLASS 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 CANNOT & WILL NOT BE P]MAN5T1 & IT WILL BE SUCCE$$ BY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS >E DRIV+ ?IS DEVELOPM5T =W>D3 0,IS IT CONCEIVABLE 4 4 4 ?AT ! WORK]S MI<T DESIRE ! RETURN ( ! CAPITALI/S TO !IR 5T]PRISES8 ,NEV]6 = !Y >E REBELL+ SPECIFICALLY AGA9/ EXPLOITATION BY ! ,/ATE & ITS BUREAUCRATS40 ,:AT ! WORK]S DESIRE IS TO REPLACE ?IS AU?ORIT>IAN MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION ) !IR [N FACTORY C\NCILS1 & TO UNITE !SE C\NCILS 9TO ONE VA/ NATIONAL F$]ATION4 ,:AT !Y DESIRE IS WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! PEASANTS HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ( RETURN+ TO AN 9DIVIDUALI/ ECONOMY4 ,COLLECTIVE AGRICULTURE IS ! ONLY SOLUTION1 TOGE!R ) ! COLLABORATION ( ! RURAL COLLECTIVES ) ! FACTORY C\NCILS & TRADE UNIONS3 9 %ORT1 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROGRAM ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 9 COMPLETE FRE$OM4 

,VOL9E /RONGLY ASS]T$ ?AT ANY EXP]IM5T ON ! ,RUSSIAN MODEL C\LD ONLY LEAD TO 0/ATE CAPITALISM BAS$ ON AN ODI\S EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES10 ! 0WOR/ =M ( CAPITALISM & ONE :I* HAS ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO DO ) ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY T[>D A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY40 ,IT C\LD DO NO?+ BUT PROMOTE 0! DICTATOR%IP ( A S+LE P>TY :I* LEADS UNAVOIDABLY TO ! REPRESSION ( ALL FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 PRESS1 ORGANIZATION1 & ACTION1 EV5 = REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES1 ) ! SOLE EXCEPTION ( ! P>TY 9 P[]10 & TO A 0SOCIAL 9QUISITION0 :I* SUFFOCATES 0! V]Y BREA? ( ! ,REVOLUTION40 ,VOL9E W5T ON TO MA9TA9 ?AT ,/AL9 0DID NOT FALL FROM ! MOON40 ,/AL9 & ,/AL9ISM >E1 9 HIS VIEW1 ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EM F\ND$ & E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#b#a4 0,?IS IS ! LESSON ! WORLD MU/ LE>N FROM ! TREM5D\S & DECISIVE ,BOL%EVIK EXP]IM5T3 A LESSON :I* GIVES P[]FUL SUPPORT TO ! LIB]T>IAN !SIS & :I* EV5TS WILL SOON MAKE CLE> TO ! UND]/&+ ( ALL ?OSE :O GRIEVE1 SUFF]1 ?9K1 & /RUGGLE40 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

O ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,C 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,ITALIAN ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS 

,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA1 & W5T ALONG ) ! P>TISANS ( SOVIET P[] 9 ! P]IOD IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,GREAT ,W>4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 RECEIV$ ) DEEP SYMPA?Y BY ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S1 ESPECIALLY BY !IR VANGU>D1 ! METAL WORK]S ( ! NOR!RN P>T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #a#i#a#i1 ! ,ITALIAN ,F$]ATION ( ,METAL ,WORK]S 7,F,I,O,M7 WON A CONTRACT PROVID+ = ! ELECTION ( 09T]NAL COMMISSIONS0 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,!Y SUBSEQU5TLY TRI$ TO TRANS=M !SE ORGANS ( WORK]S' REPRES5TATION 9TO FACTORY C\NCILS ) A MANAG]IAL FUNCTION1 BY CONDUCT+ A S]IES ( /RIKES & OCCUPATIONS ( ! FACTORIES4 

,! LA/ ( !SE1 AT ! 5D ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#b1 ORIG9AT$ 9 A LOCK\T BY EMPLOY]S4 #a LL@9 METAL WORK]S AS A :OLE DECID$ TO CONT9UE PRODUCTION ON !IR [N4 ,!Y TRI$ P]SUASION & CON/RA9T ALT]NATELY1 BUT FAIL$ TO W9 ! COOP]ATION ( ! 5G9E]S & SUP]VISORY P]SONNEL4 ,! MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORIES HAD1 !RE=E1 TO BE CONDUCT$ BY TE*NICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE WORK]S' COMMITTEES4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T W5T QUITE A LONG WAY3 9 ! E>LY P]IOD ASSI/ANCE WAS OBTA9$ FROM ! BANKS1 BUT :5 IT WAS )DRAWN ! SELF-MANAGEM5T SY/EM ISSU$ ITS [N MONEY TO PAY ! WORK]S' WAGES4 ,V]Y /RICT SELF-DISCIPL9E WAS REQUIR$1 ! USE ( ALCOHOLIC BEV]AGES =BIDD51 & >M$ PATROLS W]E ORGANIZ$ = SELF-DEF5SE4 ,V]Y CLOSE SOLID>ITY WAS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! FACTORIES UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,ORES & COAL W]E PUT 9TO A COMMON POOL1 & %>$ \T EQUITABLY4 

,! RE=MI/ W+ ( ! TRADE UNIONS OPT$ = COMPROMISE ) ! EMPLOY]S4 ,AFT] A FEW WEEKS ( MANAG]IAL OCCUPATION1 ! WORK]S HAD TO LEAVE ! FACTORIES 9 EX*ANGE = A PROMISE TO EXT5D WORK]S' CONTROL1 A PROMISE :I* WAS NOT KEPT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT W+1 COMPOS$ ( AN>*I/S & LEFT SOCIALI/S1 CRI$ TREASON1 9 VA94 

,?IS LEFT W+ HAD A !ORY1 A SPOKESMAN1 & A PUBLICATION4 ,! WEEKLY ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO 7,! ,NEW ,ORD]7 FIR/ APPE>$ 9 ,TUR9 ON ,MAY #a1 #a#i#a#i4 ,IT WAS $IT$ BY A LEFT SOCIALI/1 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 ASSI/$ BY A PR(ESSOR ( PHILOSOPHY AT ,TUR9 ,UNIV]SITY ) AN>*I/ IDEAS1 WRIT+ UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,C>LO ,PETRI1 & ALSO ( A :OLE NUCLEUS ( ,TUR9 LIB]T>IANS4 ,9 ! FACTORIES1 ! ,ORD9E ,NUOVO GR\P WAS SUPPORT$ BY A NUMB] ( PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MILITANTS ( ! METAL TRADES1 ,PIETRO ,F]R]O & ,MAURIZIO ,G>9O4 ,! MANIFE/O ( ,ORD9E ,NUOVO WAS SIGN$ BY SOCIALI/S & LIB]T>IANS TOGE!R1 AGREE+ TO REG>D ! FACTORY C\NCILS AS 0ORGANS SUIT$ TO FUTURE COMMUNI/ MANAGEM5T ( BO? ! 9DIVIDUAL FACTORY & ! :OLE SOCIETY40 

,ORD9E ,NUOVO T5D$ TO REPLACE TRADITIONAL TRADE UNIONISM BY ! /RUCTURE ( FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,IT WAS NOT 5TIRELY HO/ILE TO TRADE UNIONS1 :I* IT REG>D$ AS ! 0/RONG BACKBONE ( ! GREAT PROLET>IAN BODY40 ,H[EV]1 9 ! /YLE ( ,MALATE/A 9 #a#i#g1 IT WAS CRITICAL ( ! DECAD5CE ( A BUREAUCRATIC & RE=MI/ TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY2 IT D5\NC$ ! 9ABILITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS TO ACT AS 9/RUM5TS ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,ORD9E ,NUOVO ATTRIBUT$ EV]Y VIRTUE TO ! FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,IT REG>D$ !M AS ! MEANS ( UNIFY+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! ONLY ORGAN :I* C\LD RAISE ! WORK]S ABOVE ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( ! DIFF]5T TRADES & L9K ! 0ORGANIZ$0 ) ! 0UNORGANIZ$40 ,IT GAVE ! C\NCILS CR$IT = G5]AT+ A PRODUC]S' PSY*OLOGY1 PREP>+ ! WORK]S = SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,?ANKS TO !M ! CONQUE/ ( ! FACTORY BECAME A CONCRETE PROSPECT = ! L[LIE/ WORK]1 )9 HIS REA*4 ,! C\NCILS W]E REG>D$ AS A PREFIGURATION ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S W]E ( A MORE REALI/IC & LESS V]BOSE TURN ( M9D ?AN ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 & SOMETIMES 9DULG$ 9 IRONIC COMM5T ON ! 0?AUMATURGICAL0 EXCESSES ( ! S]MONS 9 FAVOR ( FACTOR'3 C\NCILS4 ,( C\RSE !Y W]E AW>E ( !IR M]ITS1 BUT /OPP$ %ORT ( HYP]BOLE4 ,GRAMSCI D5\NC$ ! RE=MISM ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 NOT )\T REASON1 BUT ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S PO9T$ \T ?AT 9 A NON-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ! FACTORY C\NCILS1 TOO1 C\LD DEG5]ATE 9TO ORGANS ( CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,?OSE MO/ CONC]N$ ) TRADE UNIONISM ALSO ?\<T IT UNJU/ ?AT ,ORD9E ,NUOVO 9DISCRIM9ATELY CONDEMN$ NOT ONLY RE=MI/ TRADE UNIONISM BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONISM ( !IR C5T]1 ! ,ITALIAN ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION4 .<#b#e.> 

,LA/LY1 & MO/ IMPORTANT1 ! AN>*I/S W]E SOME:AT UNEASY AB\T ! AMBIGU\S & CONTRADICTORY 9T]PRETATION :I* ,ORD9E ,NUOVO PUT ON ! PROTOTYPE ( ! FACTORY C\NCILS1 ! SOVIETS4 ,C]TA9LY ,GRAMSCI (T5 US$ ! T]M 0LIB]T>IAN0 9 HIS WRIT+S1 & HAD CROSS$ SWORDS ) ! 9VET]ATE AU?ORIT>IAN ,ANGELO ,TASCA1 :O PROP\ND$ AN UNDEMOCRATIC CONCEPT ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 :I* W\LD R$UCE ! FACTORY C\NCILS TO M]E 9/RUM5TS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & :O EV5 ATTACK$ ,GRAMSCI'S ?9K+ AS 0,PR\DHONIAN40 ,GRAMSCI DID NOT KN[ 5\< AB\T EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! FREE SOVIETS ( ! E>LY MON?S ( ! REVOLUTION & ! TAM$ SOVIETS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,/ATE4 ,?IS L$ HIM TO USE AMBIGU\S =MULATIONS4 ,HE SAW ! FACTORY C\NCIL AS ! 0MODEL ( ! PROLET>IAN ,/ATE10 :I* HE EXPECT$ TO BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO A WORLD SY/EM3 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,HE ?\<T HE C\LD RECONCILE ,BOL%EVISM ) ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! ,/ATE & A DEMOCRATIC 9T]PRETATION ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 

,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S HAD BEGUN BY WELCOM+ ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS ) UNCRITICAL 5?USIASM4 ,ON ,JUNE #a1 #a#i#a#i1 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I1 ONE ( !IR NUMB]1 HAD PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,AUTO-,DEMOCRACY0 HAIL+ ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME AS 0! MO/ PRACTICAL EXP]IM5T 9 9TEGRAL DEMOCRACY ON ! L>GE/ SCALE YET ATTEMPT$10 & 0! ANTI!SIS ( C5TRALIZ+ /ATE SOCIALISM40 

,H[EV]1 A YE> LAT]1 AT ! CONGRESS ( ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,UNION1 ,MAURIZIO ,G>9O WAS TALK+ QUITE DIFF]5TLY3 ! SOVIETS :I* HAD BE5 SET UP 9 ,RUSSIA BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E MAT]IALLY DIFF]5T FROM WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T AS CONCEIV$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,!Y =M$ ! 0BASIS ( A NEW ,/ATE1 9EVITABLY C5TRALIZ$ & AU?ORIT>IAN40 

,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S & ! FRI5DS ( ,GRAMSCI W]E SUBSEQU5TLY TO FOLL[ DIV]G5T PA?S4 ,! LATT] AT FIR/ MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 LIKE ! TRADE UNIONS1 WAS AN ORGANIZATION 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM & ?AT IT WAS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 NEI!R NECESS>Y NOR DESIRABLE TO SUPPORT IT4 ,!Y !N MADE AN 0EXCEPTION0 = ! COMMUNI/ GR\PS )9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,AFT] ! SPLIT AT ,LIVORNO ON ,JANU>Y #b#a1 #a#i#b#a1 !SE GR\PS =M$ ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! ,ITALIAN LIB]T>IANS1 = !IR P>T1 HAD TO AB&ON SOME ( !IR ILLUSIONS & PAY MORE ATT5TION TO A PROPHETIC LETT] WRITT5 TO !M BY ,MALATE/A AS E>LY AS ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#i4 ,?IS W>N$ !M AGA9/ 0A NEW GOV]NM5T :I* HAS SET ITSELF UP .<9 ,RUSSIA.> ABOVE ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO BRIDLE IT & SUBJECT IT TO ! PURPOSES ( A P>TICUL> P>TY 4 4 4 OR RA!R ! LEAD]S ( A P>TY40 ,! OLD REVOLUTION>Y >GU$ PROPHETICALLY ?AT IT WAS A DICTATOR%IP1 ) ITS DECREES1 ITS P5AL SANCTIONS1 ITS EXECUTIVE AG5TS1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ITS >M$ =CES :I* HAVE S]V$ TO DEF5D ! ,REVOLUTION AGA9/ ITS EXT]NAL 5EMIES1 BUT TOMORR[ WILL S]VE TO IMPOSE ! WILL ( ! DICTATORS ON ! WORK]S1 TO *ECK ! C\RSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 TO CONSOLIDATE NEWLY E/ABLI%$ 9T]E/S1 & TO DEF5D A NEWLY PRIVILEG$ CLASS AGA9/ ! MASSES4 ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 & !IR COMPANIONS >E C]TA9LY S9C]E REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT !Y >E PREP>+ ! GOV]NM5TAL CADRES :I* WILL 5ABLE !IR SUCCESSORS TO PR(IT BY ! ,REVOLUTION & KILL IT4 ,!Y WILL BE ! FIR/ VICTIMS ( !IR [N ME?ODS4 

,TWO YE>S LAT]1 ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,UNION MET 9 CONGRESS AT ,ANCONA ON ,NOVEMB] #b-#d1 #a#i#b#a1 & REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 9/EAD D5\NC+ IT AS 0! MA9 5EMY ( ! ,REVOLUTION10 0! OPPRESSOR & EXPLOIT] ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 :OSE NAME IT PRET5DS TO EX]CISE AU?ORITY40 ,& ! LIB]T>IAN WRIT] ,LUIGI ,FABBRI 9 ! SAME YE> CONCLUD$ ?AT 0A CRITICAL /UDY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS ( IMM5SE IMPORTANCE 4 4 4 BECAUSE ! ,WE/]N REVOLUTION>IES CAN DIRECT !IR ACTIONS 9 SU* A WAY AS TO AVOID ! ]RORS :I* HAVE BE5 BR\<T TO LI<T BY ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE40 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

O ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,D 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

,! ,S,O,V,I,E,T ,M,I,R,A,G,E 

,! TIME LAG BETWE5 SUBJECTIVE AW>5ESS & OBJECTIVE REALITY IS A CON/ANT 9 HI/ORY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S & ?OSE :O WITNESS$ ! ,RUSSIAN DRAMA DREW A LESSON AS E>LY AS #aib :I* ONLY BECAME KN[N1 ADMITT$1 & %>$ YE>S LAT]4 ,! FIR/ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 TRIUMPH OV] A SIX? ( ! GLOBE HAD SU* PRE/IGE & GLITT] ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T LONG REMA9$ HYPNOTIZ$ BY SO IMPOS+ AN EXAMPLE4 0,C\NCILS0 9 ! IMAGE ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS SPRANG UP ALL OV] ! PLACE1 NOT ONLY 9 ,ITALY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 BUT 9 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 & ,HUNG>Y4 ,9 ,G]MANY ! SY/EM ( C\NCILS WAS ! ESS5TIAL ITEM 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SP>TACUS ,LEAGUE ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T4 

,9 #aiai ! PRESID5T ( ! ,BAV>IAN ,REPUBLIC1 ,KURT ,EISN]1 WAS ASSASS9AT$ 9 ,MUNI*4 ,A ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC WAS !N PROCLAIM$ UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! LIB]T>IAN WRIT] ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 :O WAS 9 TURN ASSASS9AT$ BY ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,HIS FRI5D & COMPANION 9 >MS1 ! AN>*I/ POET ,]I* ,MUHSAM1 COMPOS$ A 0,RATE-,M>SEILLAISE0 7 ,M>SEILLAISE ( ! ,C\NCILS 71 9 :I* ! WORK]S W]E CALL$ TO >MS NOT TO =M BATTALIONS BUT C\NCILS ON ! MODEL ( ?OSE ( ,RUSSIA & ,HUNG>Y1 & ?US TO MAKE AN 5D ( ! C5TURIES-OLD WORLD ( SLAV]Y4 

,H[EV]1 9 ! SPR+ ( #aib A ,G]MAN OPPOSITION GR\P ADVOCAT+ ,RATE-,KOMMUNISMUS 7,COMMUNISM ( ! C\NCILS7 LEFT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO =M A ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY 7,K,A,P,D74 .<#b#f.> ,! IDEA ( C\NCILS 9SPIR$ A SIMIL> GR\P 9 ,HOLL& L$ BY ,H]MANN ,GORT] & ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK4 ,DUR+ A LIVELY POLEMIC ) ,L591 ! =M] WAS NOT AFRAID TO REPLY1 9 PURE LIB]T>IAN /YLE1 TO ! 9FALLIBLE LEAD] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 0,WE >E /ILL LOOK+ = REAL LEAD]S :O WILL NOT SEEK TO DOM9ATE ! MASSES & WILL NOT BETRAY !M4 ,AS LONG AS WE DO NOT HAVE !M WE WANT EV]Y?+ TO BE DONE FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D & BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! MASSES OV] !MSELVES4 ,IF ,I HAVE A M\NTA9 GUIDE & HE LEADS ME OV] A PRECIPICE1 ,I PREF] TO DO )\T40 ,PANNEKOEK PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! C\NCILS W]E A =M ( SELF-GOV]NM5T :I* W\LD REPLACE ! =MS ( GOV]NM5T ( ! OLD WORLD2 JU/ LIKE ,GRAMSCI HE C\LD SEE NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! LATT] & 0,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP40 

,9 MANY PLACES1 ESPECIALLY ,BAV>IA1 ,G]MANY1 & ,HOLL&1 ! AN>*I/S PLAY$ A POSITIVE P>T 9 ! PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! SY/EM ( C\NCILS4 

,SIMIL>LY1 9 ,SPA9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E DAZZL$ BY ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,MADRID CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T .<#b#g.> 7,DECEMB] #a-#b1 #a#i#a#i71 ADOPT$ A /ATEM5T :I* /AT$ ?AT 0! EPIC ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE HAS ELECTRIFI$ ! WORLD PROLET>IAT40 ,BY ACCLAMATION1 0)\T RETIC5CE1 AS A BEAUTY GIVES H]SELF TO ! MAN %E LOVES10 ! CONGRESS VOT$ PROVISIONALLY TO JO9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL BECAUSE ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 EXPRESS+ ! HOPE1 H[EV]1 ?AT A UNIV]SAL WORK]S' CONGRESS W\LD BE CALL$ TO DET]M9E ! BASIS UPON :I* A TRUE WORK]S' 9T]NATIONAL C\LD BE BUILT4 ,A FEW TIMID VOICES ( DISS5T W]E HE>D1 H[EV]3 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS A 0POLITICAL0 REVOLUTION & DID NOT 9CORPORATE ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAL4 ,! CONGRESS TOOK NO NOTICE & DECID$ TO S5D A DELEGATION TO ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL :I* OP5$ 9 ,MOSC[ ON ,JULY #a#e1 #a#i#b4 

,BY !N1 H[EV]1 ! LOVE MAT* WAS ALREADY ON ! WAY TO BREAK+ UP4 ,! DELEGATE REPRES5T+ ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WAS PRESS$ TO TAKE P>T 9 E/ABLI%+ AN 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y TRADE-UNION C5T]1 BUT HE JIB$ :5 PRES5T$ ) A TEXT :I* REF]R$ TO ! 0CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]10 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 & PROPOS$ AN ORGANIC RELATION %IP BETWE5 ! TRADE UNIONS & ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES :I* ?9LY DISGUIS$ A RELATION%IP ( SUBORD9ATION ( ! =M] TO ! LATT]4 ,9 ! =?COM+ MEET+S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T] NATIONAL ! TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATIONS ( ! DIFF]5T NATIONS W\LD BE REPRES5T$ BY ! DELEGATES ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES ( !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES2 & ! PROJECT$ ,R$ ,TRADE-,UNION ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD BE OP5LY CONTROLL$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T] NATIONAL & ITS NATIONAL SECTIONS4 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 ! ,SPANI% SPOKESMAN1 SET =? ! LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTION ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & EXCLAIM$3 0,! REVOLUTION IS NOT1 & CANNOT BE1 ! WORK ( A P>TY4 ,! MO/ A P>TY CAN DO IS TO FOM5T A C\P D'ETAT4 ,BUT A C\P D'ETAT IS NOT A REVOLUTION40 ,HE CONCLUD$3 0,Y\ TELL US ?AT ! REVOLUTION CANNOT TAKE PLACE )\T A COMMUNI/ P>TY & ?AT )\T ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] EMANCIPATION IS NOT POSSIBLE1 & ?AT )\T DICTATOR%IP ONE CANNOT DE/ROY ! B\RGEOISIE3 ALL !SE ASS]TIONS >E ABSOLUTELY GRATUIT\S40 

,9 VIEW ( ! D\BTS EXPRESS$ BY ! ,C,N,T DELEGATE1 ! COMMUNI/S MADE A %[ ( ADJU/+ ! RESOLUTION ) REG>D TO ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,! ,RUSSIAN TRADE-UNION LEAD] ,LOZOVSKY NEV]!LESS ULTIMATELY PUBLI%$ ! TEXT 9 ITS ORIG9AL =M )\T ! MODIFICATIONS 9TRODUC$ BY ,PE/ANA1 BUT BE>+ HIS SIGNATURE4 ,FROM ! RO/RUM ,TROTSKY HAD LAID 9TO ! ,SPANI% DELEGATE = NE>LY AN H\R BUT ! PRESID5T DECL>$ ! DEBATE CLOS$ :5 ,PE/ANA ASK$ = TIME TO REPLY TO !SE ATTACKS4 

,PE/ANA SP5T SEV]AL MON?S 9 ,MOSC[ & LEFT ,RUSSIA ON ,SEPTEMB] #f1 #a#i#b1 PR(\NDLY DISILLUSION$ BY ALL ?AT HE HAD OBS]V$ DUR+ ?AT TIME4 ,9 AN ACC\NT ( A SUBSEQU5T VISIT TO ,B]L91 ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] DESCRIB$ ,PE/ANA AS BE+ LIKE A MAN 0SAV$ FROM A %IPWRECK40 ,HE HAD NOT ! HE>T TO TELL HIS ,SPANI% COMRADES ! TRU?4 ,IT SEEM$ TO HIM LIKE 0MURD]0 TO DE/ROY ! IMM5SE HOPE :I* ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD RAIS$ 9 !M4 ,AS SOON AS HE CROSS$ ! ,SPANI% BORD] HE WAS ?R[N 9TO PRISON & WAS ?US SP>$ ! PA9FUL DUTY ( BE+ ! FIR/ TO SPEAK4 

,DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #aiba A DIFF]5T DELEGATION FROM ! ,C,N,T TOOK P>T 9 ! F\ND+ CONGRESS ( ! ,R$ ,TRADE-,UNION ,9T]NATIONA,L ,AMONG ! ,C,N,T DELEGATES !RE W]E Y\NG DISCIPLES ( ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVISM1 SU* AS ,JOAQU9 ,MAUR9 & ,&RES ,N91 BUT !RE WAS ALSO A ,FR5* AN>*I/1 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 :O HAD A COO.> HEAD4 ,HE TOOK ! RISK ( BE+ ACCUS$ ( 0PLAY+ ! GAME ( ! B\RGEOISIE0 & 0HELP+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION0 RA!R ?AN KEEP SIL5T ,NOT TO TELL ! MASSES ?AT :AT HAD FAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIA WAS NOT ! ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ! ,/ATE1 & NOT 0TO %[ !M BEH9D ! LIV+ ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,/ATE :I* WAS P>ALYZ+ & KILL+ IT10 W\LD HAVE BE5 WORSE ?AN SIL5CE4 ,HE US$ !SE T]MS1 9 ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#a4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT 0ANY HONE/ & LOYAL COLLABORATION0 ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD BECOME IMPOSSIBLE &1 ON HIS RETURN TO ,SPA91 RECOMM5D$ TO ! ,C,N,T ?AT IT )DRAW FROM ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL & ITS BOGUS TRADE UNION AFFILIATE4 

,HAV+ BE5 GIV5 ?IS LEAD1 ,PE/ANA DECID$ TO PUBLI% HIS FIR/ REPORT &1 SUBSEQU5TLY1 EXT5D IT BY A SECOND 9 :I* HE W\LD REVEAL ! 5TIRE TRU? AB\T ,BOL%EVISM3 

,! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY >E EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE ( ?OSE :I* IT WAS AFFIRM+ & PROCLAIM+ DUR+ ! FIR/ H\RS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! PR9CIPLES1 ME?ODS1 & F9AL OBJECTIVES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY >E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 4444 ,AS SOON AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD OBTA9$ ABSOLUTE P[]1 IT DECRE$ ?AT ANYONE :O DID NOT ?9K AS A COMMUNI/ 7?AT IS1 ACCORD+ TO ITS [N DEF9ITION7 HAD NO RI<T TO ?9K AT ALL 4444 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS D5I$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT ALL ! SACR$ RI<TS :I* ! ,REVOLUTION HAD CONF]R$ UPON IT4 

,PE/ANA1 FUR!R1 CA/ D\BT ON ! VALIDITY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL3 A SIMPLE EXT5SION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 IT C\LD NOT REPRES5T ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! EYES ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAT4 

,! NATIONAL CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T HELD AT ,S>AGOSSA 9 ,JUNE #aibb RECEIV$ ?IS REPORT & DECID$ TO )DRAW FROM ! TRADE UNION FRONT1 ! ,R$ ,TRADE-,UNION ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT WAS ALSO DECID$ TO S5D DELEGATES TO AN 9T]NATIONAL AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ CONF]5CE HELD 9 ,B]L9 9 ,DECEMB]1 FROM :I* RESULT$ A 0,WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION40 ,?IS WAS NOT A REAL 9T]NATIONAL1 S9CE ASIDE FROM ! IMPORTANT ,SPANI% GR\P1 IT HAD ! SUPPORT ( V]Y SMALL NUMB]S 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 .<#b#h.> 

,FROM ! TIME ( ?IS BREA* ,MOSC[ BORE AN 9VET]ATE HATR$ = ,SPANI% AN>*ISM4 ,JOAQU9 ,MAUR9 & ,&RES ,N9 W]E DIS[N$ BY ! ,C,N,T & LEFT IT TO F\ND ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,9 ,MAY #aibd ,MAUR9 PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET DECL>+ W> TO ! DEA? ON HIS =M] COMRADES3 0,! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( AN>*ISM IS A DIFFICULT TASK 9 A C\NTRY 9 :I* ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T BE>S ! M>K ( FIFTY YE>S ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A4 ,BUT WE %ALL GET !M40 ,A ?REAT :I* WAS LAT] C>RI$ \T4 

,! ,A,N,>,*,I,/ ,T,R,A,D,I,T,I,O,N ,9 ,S,P,A,9 

,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAD ?US REAM$ ! LESSON ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION V]Y E>LY1 & ?IS PLAY$ A P>T 9 9SPIR+ !M TO PREP>E AN ANT9OMIAN REVOLUTION4 ,! DEG5]ATION ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM 9CREAS$ !IR DET]M9ATION TO BR+ AB\T ! VICTORY ( A LIB]T>IAN =M ( COMMUNISM4 ,!Y HAD BE5 CRUELLY DISAPPO9T$ 9 ! ,SOVIET MIRAGE &1 9 ! WORDS ( ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 SAW 9 AN>*ISM 0! LA/ HOPE ( R5EWAL DUR+ ?IS SOMB] P]IOD40 

,! BASIS = A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION WAS PRETTY WELL LAID 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! POPUL> MASSES & 9 ! ?9K+ ( LIB]T>IAN !ORETICIANS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WAS1 0BECAUSE ( ITS PSY*OLOGY1 ITS TEMP]AM5T1 & ITS REACTIONS1 ! MO/ ,SPANI% ?+ 9 ALL ,SPA940 ,IT WAS ! D\BLE PRODUCT ( A COMP\ND DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT SUIT$ BO? ! BACKW>D /ATE ( A POORLY DEVELOP$ C\NTRY1 9 :I* RURAL LIV+ CONDITIONS REMA9$ >*AIC1 & ALSO ! GR[? ( A MODEM PROLET>IAT BORN ( 9DU/RIALIZATION 9 C]TA9 >EAS4 ,! UNIQUE FEATURE ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM WAS A /RANGE MIXTURE ( PA/ & FUTURE4 ,! SYMBIOSIS BETWE5 !SE TWO T5D5CIES WAS F> FROM P]FECT4 

,9 #a#i#a#h1 ! ,C,N,T HAD MORE ?AN A MILLION TRADE-UNION MEMB]S4 ,9 ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD IT WAS /RONG 9 ,CATALONIA1 & RA!R LESS SO 9 ,MADRID & ,VAL5CIA2 .<#b#i.> BUT IT ALSO HAD DEEP ROOTS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 AMONG ! POOR PEASANTS :O PRES]V$ A TRADITION ( VILLAGE COMMUNALISM1 T+$ ) LOCAL PATRIOTISM & A COOP]ATIVE SPIRIT4 ,9 #ahih ! AU?OR ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A HAD DESCRIB$ ! SURVIVALS ( ?IS AGR>IAN COLLECTIVISM4 ,MANY VILLAGES /ILL HAD COMMON PROP]TY FROM :I* !Y ALLOCAT$ PLOTS TO ! L&LESS1 OR :I* !Y US$ TOGE!R ) O!R VILLAGES = PA/URAGE OR O!R COMMUNAL PURPOSES4 ,9 ! REGION ( L>GE-SCALE L&[N]%IP1 9 ! S\?1 ! AGRICULTURAL DAY LABOR]S PREF]R$ SOCIALIZATION TO ! DIVISION ( ! L&4 

,MOREOV]1 MANY DECADES ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 9 ! =M ( SMALL POPUL> PAMPHLETS1 HAD PREP>$ ! BASIS = AGR>IAN COLLECTIVISM4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS ESPECIALLY P[]FUL AMONG ! PEASANTS ( ! S\? 7,&ALUSIA71 ( ! EA/ 7>EA ( ! ,LEVANT >\ND ,VAL5CIA71 & ( ! NOR!A/ 7,>AGON1 >\ND ,S>AGOSSA74 

,?IS D\BLE BASE1 BO? 9DU/RIAL & RURAL1 HAD TURN$ ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM ( ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 9 SOME:AT DIV]G5T DIRECTIONS1 ! ONE COMMUNALI/1 ! O!R SYNDICALI/4 ,! COMMUNALISM WAS EXPRESS$ 9 A MORE LOCAL1 MORE RURAL SPIRIT1 ONE MI<T ALMO/ SAY3 MORE S\!RN1 = ONE ( ITS PR9CIPAL BA/IONS WAS 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,SYNDICALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS MORE URBAN & UNIT>IAN 9 SPIRIT - MORE NOR!RLY1 TOO1 S9CE ITS MA9 C5T] WAS ,CATALONIA4 ,LIB]T>IAN !ORETICIANS W]E SOME:AT TORN & DIVID$ ON ?IS SUBJECT4 

,SOME HAD GIV5 !IR HE>TS TO ,KROPOTK9 & HIS ]UDITE BUT SIMPLI/IC IDEALIZATION ( ! COMMUNES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES :I* !Y ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,SPANI% TRADITION ( ! PRIMITIVE PEASANT COMMUNITY4 ,!IR FAVORITE SLOGAN WAS ! 0FREE COMMUNE40 ,V>I\S PRACTICAL EXP]IM5TS 9 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS :I* FOLL[$ ! F\NDATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,BY FREE MUTUAL AGREEM5T SOME GR\PS ( SMALL-PEASANT PROPRIETORS DECID$ TO WORK TOGE!R1 TO DIVIDE ! PR(ITS 9TO EQUAL P>TS1 & TO PROVIDE = !IR [N CONSUMPTION BY 0DRAW+ FROM ! COMMON POOL40 ,!Y DISMISS$ ! MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATIONS & REPLAC$ !M BY ELECT$ COMMITTEES1 NAIVELY BELIEV+ ?AT !Y C\LD FREE !MSELVES FROM ! SURR\ND+ SOCIETY1 TAXATION1 & MILIT>Y S]VICE4 

,BAKUN9 WAS ! F\ND] ( ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVI/1 SYNDICALI/1 & 9T]NATIONALI/ WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,?OSE AN>*I/S :O W]E MORE REALI/IC1 MORE CONC]N$ ) ! PRES5T ?AN ! GOLD5 AGE1 T5D$ TO FOLL[ HIM & HIS DISCIPLE ,RIC>DO ,MELLA4 ,!Y W]E CONC]N$ ) ECONOMIC UNIFICATION & BELIEV$ ?AT A LONG TRANSITIONAL P]IOD W\LD BE NECESS>Y DUR+ :I* IT W\LD BE WIS] TO REW>D LABOR ACCORD+ TO ! H\RS WORK$ & NOT ACCORD+ TO NE$4 ,!Y 5VISAG$ ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( ! FUTURE AS A COMB9ATION ( LOCAL TRADE-UNION GR\P+S & F$]ATIONS ( BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY4 

,= A LONG TIME ! SYNDICATOS UNICOS 7LOCAL UNIONS7 PR$OM9AT$ )9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,!SE GR\PS1 CLOSE TO ! WORK]S1 FREE FROM ALL CORPORATE EGOISM1 S]V$ AS A PHYSICAL & SPIRITUAL HOME = ! PROLET>IAT4 .<#c.> ,TRA9+ 9 !SE LOCAL UNIONS HAD FUZ$ ! IDEAS ( ! TRADE UNION & ! COMMUNE 9 ! M9DS ( RANK-&-FILE MILITANTS4 

,! !ORETICAL DEBATE 9 :I* ! SYNDICALI/S OPPOS$ ! AN>*I/S AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS ( #aig .<#c#a.> WAS REVIV$ 9 PRACTICE TO DIVIDE ! ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 ,! /RUGGLE = DAY-TO-DAY DEM&S )9 ! ,C,N,T HAD CREAT$ A RE=MI/ T5D5CY 9 ! FACE ( :I* ! ,F,A,I 7,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA71 F\ND$ 9 #a#i#b#g1 UND]TOOK ! DEF5SE ( ! 9TEGRITY ( AN>*I/ DOCTR9ES4 ,9 #aica A 0,MANIFE/O ( ! ,?IRTY0 WAS PUT \T BY ! SYNDICALI/ T5D5CY CONDEMN+ ! 0DICTATOR%IP0 ( M9ORITIES )9 ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T1 & DECL>+ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( TRADE UNIONISM & ITS CLAIM TO BE SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF4 ,SOME TRADE UNIONS LEFT ! ,C,N,T & A RE=MI/ ELEM5T P]SI/$ )9 ?AT TRADE-UNION C5T] EV5 AFT] ! BREA* HAD BE5 HEAL$ ON ! EVE ( ! ,JULY #aicf ,REVOLUTION4 

,!,O,R,Y 

,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CONT9U\SLY PUBLI%$ ! MAJOR & EV5 M9OR WORKS ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM 9 ! ,SPANI% LANGUAGE4 ,!Y ?US PRES]V$ FROM NEGLECT1 & EV5 P]HAPS ABSOLUTE DE/RUCTION1 ! TRADITIONS ( A SOCIALISM BO? REVOLUTION>Y & FREE4 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y WAS A ,G]MAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ WRIT] :O PUT HIMSELF AT ! S]VICE ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 0! PROBLEM ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS CONT9U\SLY & SY/EMATICALLY DISCUSS$ 9 !IR TRADE-UNION & GR\P MEET+S1 9 !IR PAP]S1 !IR PAMPHLETS1 & !IR BOOKS40 

,! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC1 9 #a#i#c#a1 L$ TO AN \TBUR/ ( 0ANTICIPATORY0 WRIT+S3 ,PEIRATS LI/S AB\T FIFTY TITLES1 /RESS+ ?AT !RE W]E MANY MORE1 & EMPHASIZES ?AT ?IS 0OBSESSION ) REVOLUTION>Y CON/RUCTION0 L$ TO A PROLIF]ATION ( WRIT+S :I* CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO PREP>+ ! PEOPLE = A REVOLUTION>Y ROAD4 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME'S PAMPHLET ( #a#h#g#f1 ,IDE'ES SUR ,L',ORGANIZATION ,SOCIALE1 WAS KN[N TO ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S BECAUSE IT HAD BE5 L>GELY QUOT$ 9 ,PI]RE ,BESN>D'S BOOK1 ,LES ,SYNDICATS ,\VRI]S ET LA ,REVOLUTION ,SOCIALE1 :I* APPE>$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#c4 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL HAD EMIGRAT$ TO ! ,>G5T9E & 9 #aica PUBLI%$ ,SOCIAL ,RECON/RUCTION 9 ,SPA91 :I* GAVE DIRECT 9SPIRATION TO ! IMPORTANT WORK ( ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 TO BE DISCUSS$ BEL[4 

,9 #a#i#c#b1 ! C\NTRY DOCTOR ,ISAAC ,PU5TE PUBLI%$ A RA!R NAIVE & IDEALI/IC \TL9E ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM2 ITS IDEAS W]E TAK5 UP BY ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#f4 ,PU5TE HIMSELF HAD BECOME ! MOV+ SPIRIT ( AN 9SURRECTION>Y COMMITTEE 9 ,>AGON 9 #a#i#c#c4 

,! ,S>AGOSSA PROGRAM ( #aicf DEF9$ ! OP]ATION ( A DIRECT VILLAGE DEMOCRACY ) SOME PRECISION4 ,A COMMUNAL C\NCIL WAS TO BE ELECT$ BY A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! 9HABITANTS & =M$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( V>I\S TE*NICAL COMMITTEES4 ,! G5]AL ASSEMBLY WAS TO MEET :5EV] ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNE REQUIR$ IT1 ON ! REQUE/ ( MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNAL C\NCIL OR ON ! DIRECT DEM& ( ! 9HABITANTS4 ,! V>I\S RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS W\LD HAVE NO EXECUTIVE OR BUREAUCRATIC *>ACT]4 ,! 9CUMB5TS 7) ! EXCEPTION ( A FEW TE*NICIANS & /ATI/ICIANS7 W\LD C>RY \T !IR DUTIES AS PRODUC]S1 LIKE EV]YBODY ELSE1 MEET+ AT ! 5D ( ! DAY'S WORK TO DISCUSS MATT]S ( DETAIL :I* DID NOT REQUIRE DECISIONS BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 

,ACTIVE WORK]S W]E TO RECEIVE A PRODUC]'S C>D ON :I* W\LD BE RECORD$ ! AM\NT ( LABOR P]=M$1 EVALUAT$ 9 DAILY UNITS1 :I* C\LD BE EX*ANG$ = GOODS4 ,! 9ACTIVE MEMB]S ( ! POPULATION W\LD RECEIVE SIMPLY A CONSUM]'S C>D4 ,!RE WAS TO BE NO G5]AL NORM3 ! AUTONOMY ( ! COMMUNES WAS TO BE RESPECT$4 ,IF !Y ?\<T FIT1 !Y C\LD E/ABLI% A DIFF]5T SY/EM ( 9T]NAL EX*ANGE1 ON ! SOLE CONDITION ?AT IT DID NOT 9JURE ! 9T]E/S ( ! O!R COMMUNES4 ,! RI<T TO COMMUNAL AUTONOMY W\LD1 H[EV]1 NOT OBVIATE ! DUTY ( COLLECTIVE SOLID>ITY )9 ! PROV9CIAL & REGIONAL F$]ATIONS ( COMMUNES4 

,ONE ( ! MAJOR CONC]NS ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS WAS ! CULTIVATION ( ! M9D4 ,?R\<\T !IR LIVES ALL M5 W]E TO BE ASSUR$ ( ACCESS TO SCI5CE1 >T1 & RESE>* ( ALL K9DS1 PROVID$ ONLY ?AT !SE ACTIVITIES REMA9$ COMPATIBLE ) PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL RES\RCES4 ,SOCIETY WAS NO LONG] TO BE DIVID$ 9TO MANUAL WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS3 ALL W]E TO BE1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 BO? ONE & ! O!R4 ,! PRACTICE ( SU* P>ALLEL ACTIVITIES W\LD 9SURE A HEAL?Y BALANCE 9 HUMAN NATURE4 ,ONCE HIS DAY'S WORK AS A PRODUC] WAS F9I%$ ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS TO BE ! ABSOLUTE MA/] ( HIS [N TIME4 ,! ,C,N,T =ESAW ?AT SPIRITUAL NE$S W\LD BEG9 TO BE EXPRESS$ 9 A F> MORE PRESS+ WAY AS SOON AS ! EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY HAD SATISFI$ MAT]IAL NE$S4 

,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM HAD LONG BE5 CONC]N$ TO SAFEGU>D ! AUTONOMY ( :AT IT CALL$ 0AFF9ITY GR\PS40 ,!RE W]E MANY ADEPTS ( NATURISM & VEGET>IANISM AMONG ITS MEMB]S1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! POOR PEASANTS ( ! S\?4 ,BO? !SE WAYS ( LIV+ W]E CONSID]$ SUITABLE = ! TRANS=MATION ( ! HUMAN BE+ 9 PREP>ATION = A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,AT ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS ! MEMB]S DID NOT =GET TO CONSID] ! FATE ( GR\PS ( NATURI/S & NUDI/S1 0UNSUIT$ TO 9DU/RIALIZATION40 ,AS !SE GR\PS W\LD BE UNABLE TO SUPPLY ALL !IR [N NE$S1 ! CONGRESS ANTICIPAT$ ?AT !IR DELEGATES TO ! MEET+S ( ! CONF$]ATION ( COMMUNES W\LD BE ABLE TO NEGOTIATE SPECIAL ECONOMIC AGREEM5TS ) ! O!R AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL COMMUNES4 ,DOES ?IS MAKE US SMILE8 ,ON ! EVE ( A VA/1 BLOODY1 SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 ! ,C,N,T DID NOT ?9K IT FOOLI% TO TRY TO MEET ! 9F9ITELY V>I$ ASPIRATIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN BE+S4 

,) REG>D TO CRIME & PUNI%M5T ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS FOLL[$ ! TEA*+S ( ,BAKUN91 /AT+ ?AT SOCIAL 9JU/ICE IS ! MA9 CAUSE ( CRIME &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ONCE ?IS HAS BE5 REMOV$ (F5SES WILL R>ELY BE COMMITT$4 ,! CONGRESS AFFIRM$ ?AT MAN IS NOT NATURALLY EVIL4 ,! %ORTCOM+S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 9 ! MORAL FIELD AS WELL AS 9 HIS ROLE AS PRODUC]1 W]E TO BE 9VE/IGAT$ BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES :I* W\LD MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO F9D A JU/ SOLUTION 9 EA* SEP>ATE CASE4 

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS UNWILL+ TO RECOGNIZE ! NE$ = ANY P5AL ME?ODS O!R ?AN M$ICAL TREATM5T & RE$UCATION4 ,IF1 AS ! RESULT ( SOME PA?OLOGICAL CONDITION1 AN 9DIVIDUAL W]E TO DAMAGE ! H>MONY :I* %\LD REIGN AMONG HIS EQUALS HE W\LD BE TREAT$ = HIS UNBALANC$ CONDITION1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HIS E?ICAL & SOCIAL S5SE W\LD BE /IMULAT$4 ,IF ]OTIC PASSIONS W]E TO GO BEYOND ! B\NDS IMPOS$ BY RESPECT = ! FRE$OM ( O!RS1 ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS RECOMM5D$ A 0*ANGE ( AIR10 BELIEV+ IT TO BE AS GOOD = PHYSICAL ILLNESS AS = LOVESICKNESS4 ,! TRADE-UNION F$]ATION REALLY D\BT$ ?AT SU* EXTREME BEHAVIOR W\LD /ILL OCCUR 9 SURR\ND+S ( SEXUAL FRE$OM4 

,:5 ! ,C,N,T CONGRESS ADOPT$ ! ,S>AGOSSA PROGRAM 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#f1 NO ONE REALLY EXPECT$ ?AT ! TIME TO APPLY IT W\LD COME ONLY TWO MON?S LAT]4 ,9 PRACTICE ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! L& & ( 9DU/RY :I* WAS TO FOLL[ ! REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY ( ,JULY #ai DIFF]$ CONSID]ABLY FROM ?IS IDYLLIC PROGRAM4 ,:ILE ! WORD 0COMMUNE0 OCCURR$ 9 EV]Y L9E1 ! T]M ACTUALLY US$ = SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION UNITS WAS TO BE COLLECTIVIDADES4 ,?IS WAS NOT SIMPLY A *ANGE ( T]M9OLOGY3 ! CREATORS ( ,SPANI% SELF-MANAGEM5T LOOK$ TO O!R S\RCES = !IR 9SPIRATION4 

,TWO MON?S BE=E ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN HAD PUBLI%$ A BOOK1 ,EL ,ORGANISMO ,ECONOMICO DE LA ,REVOLUCION 7,! ,ECONOMIC ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION74 ,?IS \TL9E ( AN ECONOMIC /RUCTURE DREW A SOME:AT DIFF]5T 9SPIRATION FROM ! ,S>AGOSSA PROGRAM4 

,UNLIKE MANY ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 ,SANTILLAN WAS NOT A RIGID & /]ILE DISCIPLE ( ! GREAT AN>*I/S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,HE REGRETT$ ?AT AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE ( ! PREVI\S TW5TY-FIVE OR ?IRTY YE>S %\LD HAVE PAID SO LITTLE ATT5TION TO ! CONCRETE PROBLEMS ( A NEW ECONOMY1 & ?AT IT HAD NOT OP5$ UP ORIG9AL P]SPECTIVES ON ! FUTURE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN>*ISM HAD PRODUC$ A SUP]ABUNDANCE ( WORKS1 9 EV]Y LANGUAGE1 GO+ OV] & OV] AN 5TIRELY AB/RACT CONCEPTION ( LIB]TY4 ,SANTILLAN COMP>$ ?IS 9DIGE/IBLE BODY ( WORK ) ! REPORTS PRES5T$ TO ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ! LATT] SEEM$ TO HIM ! MORE BRILLIANT = ! COMP>ISON4 ,HE ?\<T !Y HAD %[N A V]Y MU* BETT] UND]/&+ ( ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ?AN HAD APPE>$ 9 SUBSEQU5T P]IODS4 

,SANTILLAN WAS NOT BACKW>D1 BUT A TRUE MAN ( HIS TIMES4 ,HE WAS AW>E ?AT 0! TREM5D\S DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N 9DU/RY HAS CREAT$ A :OLE S]IES ( NEW PROBLEMS1 :I* IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO =ESEE AT AN E>LI] TIME40 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ( GO+ BACK TO ! ,ROMAN *>IOT OR TO PRIMITIVE =MS ( >TISAN PRODUCTION4 ,ECONOMIC 9SUL>ITY1 A P>O*IAL WAY ( ?9K+1 ! PATRIA *ICA 7LITTLE FA!RL&7 DE> TO ! HE>TS ( RURAL ,SPANI>DS NO/ALGIC = A GOLD5 AGE1 ! SMALL-SCALE & M$IEVAL 0FREE COMMUNE0 ( ,KROPOTK9 - ALL !SE MU/ BE RELEGAT$ TO A MUSEUM ( ANTIQUITIES4 ,!Y >E ! VE/IGES ( \T-(-DATE COMMUNALI/ CONCEPTIONS4 ,NO 0FREE COMMUNES0 CAN EXI/ FROM ! ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW3 0,\R IDEAL IS ! COMMUNE :I* IS ASSOCIAT$1 F$]AT$1 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! TOTAL ECONOMY ( ! C\NTRY1 & ( O!R C\NTRIES 9 A /ATE ( REVOLUTION40 ,TO REPLACE ! S+LE [N] BY A HYDRA-HEAD$ [N] IS NOT COLLECTIVISM1 IS NOT SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,! L&1 ! FACTORIES1 ! M9ES1 ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT >E ! PRODUCT ( ! WORK ( ALL & MU/ BE AT ! S]VICE ( ALL4 ,N[ADAYS ! ECONOMY IS NEI!R LOCAL1 NOR EV5 NATIONAL1 BUT WORLD-WIDE4 ,! *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( MOD]N LIFE IS ! COHESION ( ALL ! PRODUCTIVE & DI/RIBUTIVE =CES4 0,A SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY1 DIRECT$ & PLANN$1 IS AN IMP]ATIVE NECESSITY & CORRESPONDS TO ! TR5D ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N ECONOMIC WORLD40 

,SANTILLAN =ESAW ! FUNCTION ( COORD9AT+ & PLANN+ AS BE+ C>RI$ \T BY A F$]AL ECONOMIC C\NCIL1 :I* W\LD NOT BE A POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 BUT SIMPLY AN ORGAN ( COORD9ATION1 AN ECONOMIC & ADM9I/RATIVE REGULATOR4 ,ITS DIRECTIVES W\LD COME FROM BEL[1 FROM ! FACTORY C\NCILS F$]AT$ 9TO TRADE UNION C\NCILS = DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 & 9TO LOCAL ECONOMIC C\NCILS4 ,! F$]AL C\NCIL IS ?US AT ! RECEIV+ 5D ( TWO *A9S ( AU?ORITY1 ONE BAS$ ON LOCALITY & ! O!R ON OCCUPATION4 ,! ORGANIZATIONS AT ! BASE PROVIDE IT ) /ATI/ICS SO ?AT IT WILL BE AW>E ( ! REAL ECONOMIC SITUATION AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T4 ,9 ?IS WAY IT CAN SPOT MAJOR DEFICI5CIES1 & DET]M9E ! SECTORS 9 :I* NEW 9DU/RIES OR CROPS >E MO/ URG5TLY REQUIR$4 0,! POLICEM5 WILL NO LONG] BE NECESS>Y :5 ! SUPREME AU?ORITY LIES 9 FIGURES & /ATI/ICS40 ,9 SU* A SY/EM /ATE CO]CION HAS NO UTILITY1 IS /]ILE1 EV5 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! F$]AL C\NCIL SEES TO ! PROPAGATION ( NEW NORMS1 ! GR[? ( 9T]DEP5D5CE BETWE5 ! REGIONS & ! =MATION ( NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 ,IT /IMULATES RESE>* 9TO NEW ME?ODS ( WORK1 NEW MANUFACTUR+ PROCESSES1 NEW AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES4 ,IT DI/RIBUTES LABOR FROM ONE REGION TO ANO!R1 FROM ONE BRAN* ( ! ECONOMY TO ANO!R4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,SANTILLAN LE>N$ A GREAT DEAL FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT TAU<T HIM TO BEW>E ( ! DANG] ( A RESURG5CE ( ! /ATE & BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS2 BUT1 ON ! O!R1 IT TAU<T HIM ?AT A VICTORI\S REVOLUTION CAN NOT AVOID PASS+ ?R\< 9T]M$IATE ECONOMIC =MS1 .<#c#b.> 9 :I* !RE SURVIVES = A TIME :AT ,M>X & ,L59 CALL 0B\RGEOIS LAW40 ,= 9/ANCE1 !RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( ABOLI%+ ! BANK+ & MONET>Y SY/EM AT ONE FELL SWOOP4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS MU/ BE TRANS=M$ & US$ AS A TEMPOR>Y MEANS ( EX*ANGE TO KEEP SOCIAL LIFE MOV+ & PREP>E ! WAY TO NEW ECONOMIC =MS4 

,SANTILLAN WAS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION3 HE BECAME1 9 TURN1 A MEMB] ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ MILITIA 75D ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f71 A MEMB] ( ! ,CATALONIAN ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL 7,AUGU/ #a#a71 & ,ECONOMICS ,M9I/] ( ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T 7MID-,DECEMB]74 

,A,N 0,A,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L0 ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WAS1 ?US1 RELATIVELY WELL PREP>$1 BO? 9 ! M9DS ( LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S & 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,RI<T REG>D$ ! ELECTORAL VICTORY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicf AS ! BEG9N+ ( A REVOLUTION4 

,9 FACT1 ! MASSES SOON BROKE \T ( ! N>R[ FRAMEWORK ( !IR SUCCESS AT ! BALLOT BOX4 ,!Y IGNOR$ ! RULES ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y GAME & DID NOT EV5 WAIT = A GOV]NM5T TO BE =M$ TO SET ! PRISON]S FREE4 ,! F>M]S CEAS$ TO PAY R5T TO ! L&LORDS1 ! AGRICULTURAL DAY LABOR]S OCCUPI$ L& & BEGAN TO CULTIVATE IT1 ! VILLAG]S GOT RID ( !IR MUNICIPAL C\NCILS & HA/5$ TO ADM9I/] !MSELVES1 ! RAILWAYM5 W5T ON /RIKE TO 5=CE A DEM& = ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! RAILWAYS4 ,! BUILD+ WORK]S ( ,MADRID CALL$ = WORK]S' CONTROL1 ! FIR/ /EP T[>D SOCIALIZATION4 

,! MILIT>Y *IEFS1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,COLONEL ,FRANCO1 RESPOND$ TO ! SYMPTOMS ( REVOLUTION BY A PUTS*4 ,BUT !Y ONLY SUCCE$$ 9 ACCEL]AT+ ! PROGRESS ( A REVOLUTION :I* HAD1 9 FACT1 ALREADY BEGUN4 ,9 ,MADRID1 9 ,B>CELONA1 9 ,VAL5CIA P>TICUL>LY1 9 ALMO/ EV]Y BIG CITY BUT ,SEVILLE1 ! PEOPLE TOOK ! (F5SIVE1 BESIEG$ B>RACKS1 SET UP B>RICADES 9 ! /REETS & OCCUPI$ /RATEGIC POSITIONS4 ,! WORK]S RU%$ FROM ALL SIDES TO ANSW] ! CALL ( !IR TRADE UNIONS4 ,!Y ASSAULT$ ! /RON<OLDS ( ! ,FRANCO =CES1 ) NO CONC]N = !IR [N LIVES1 ) NAK$ H&S & UNCOV]$ BREA/S4 ,!Y SUCCE$$ 9 TAK+ GUNS FROM ! 5EMY & P]SUAD+ SOLDI]S TO JO9 !IR RANKS4 

,?ANKS TO ?IS POPUL> FURY ! MILIT>Y PUTS* WAS *ECK$ )9 ! FIR/ TW5TY-F\R H\RS2 & !N ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN QUITE SPONTANE\SLY4 ,IT W5T =W>D UNEV5LY1 ( C\RSE1 9 DIFF]5T REGIONS & CITIES1 BUT ) ! GREATE/ IMPETUOSITY 9 ,CATALONIA &1 ESPECIALLY1 ,B>CELONA4 ,:5 ! E/ABLI%$ AU?ORITIES RECOV]$ FROM !IR A/ONI%M5T1 !Y F\ND ?AT !Y SIMPLY NO LONG] EXI/$4 ,! ,/ATE1 ! POLICE1 ! >MY1 ! ADM9I/RATION1 ALL SEEM$ TO HAVE LO/ !IR RAISON D'ETRE4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D HAD BE5 DRIV5 (F OR LIQUIDAT$ & ! VICTORI\S WORK]S W]E MA9TA9+ ORD]4 ,! MO/ URG5T TASK WAS TO ORGANIZE FOOD SUPPLIES3 COMMITTEES DI/RIBUT$ FOOD/UFFS FROM B>RICADES TRANS=M$ 9TO CANTE5S1 & !N OP5$ COMMUNAL RE/AURANTS4 ,LOCAL ADM9I/RATION WAS ORGANIZ$ BY NEI<BORHOOD COMMITTEES1 & W> COMMITTEES SAW TO ! DEP>TURE ( ! WORK]S' MILITIA TO ! FRONT4 ,! TRADE-UNION C5T] HAD BECOME ! REAL T[N HALL4 ,?IS WAS NO LONG] ! 0DEF5SE ( ! REPUBLIC0 AGA9/ FASCISM1 IT WAS ! ,REVOLUTION - A ,REVOLUTION :I*1 UNLIKE ! ,RUSSIAN ONE1 DID NOT HAVE TO CREATE ALL ITS ORGANS ( AU?ORITY FROM SCRAT*3 ! ELECTION ( SOVIETS WAS MADE UNNECESS>Y BY ! OMNIPRES5T AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION ) ITS V>I\S COMMITTEES AT ! BASE4 ,9 ,CATALONIA ! ,C,N,T & ITS CONSCI\S M9ORITY1 ! ,F,A,I1 W]E MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! AU?ORITIES1 :I* HAD BECOME M]E PHANTOMS4 

,9 ,B>CELONA ESPECIALLY1 !RE WAS NO?+ TO PREV5T ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES FROM SEIZ+ DE JURE ! P[] :I* !Y W]E ALREADY EX]CIS+ DE FACTO4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT DO SO4 ,= DECADES1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM HAD BE5 W>N+ ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ! DECEPTIONS ( 0POLITICS0 & EMPHASIZ+ ! PRIMACY ( ! 0ECONOMIC40 ,IT HAD CON/ANTLY S\<T TO DIV]T ! PEOPLE FROM A B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO LEAD !M TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?R\< DIRECT ACTION4 ,ON ! BR9K ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! AN>*I/S >GU$ SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 LET ! POLITICIANS DO :AT !Y WILL2 WE1 ! 0APOLITICAL10 WILL LAY H&S ON ! ECONOMY4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #a#i#c#f1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,9=MATION ,BULLET9 PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,! ,FUTILITY ( ,GOV]NM5T10 SUGGE/+ ?AT ! ECONOMIC EXPROPRIATION :I* WAS TAK+ PLACE W\LD LEAD IPSO FACTO TO ! 0LIQUIDATION ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 :I* W\LD DIE ( ASPHYXIATION40 

,A,N,>,*,I,/,S ,9 ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T 

,?IS UND]E/IMATION ( GOV]NM5T1 H[EV]1 WAS V]Y RAPIDLY REV]S$ & ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S SUDD5LY BECAME GOV]NM5TALI/S4 ,SOON AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #ai 9 ,B>CELONA1 AN 9T]VIEW TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! AN>*I/ ACTIVI/ ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ! PRESID5T ( ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T1 ! B\RGEOIS LIB]AL ,COMPANYS4 ,HE WAS READY TO RESIGN BUT WAS KEPT 9 (FICE4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I REFUS$ TO EX]CISE AN AN>*I/ 0DICTATOR%IP10 & DECL>$ !IR WILL+NESS TO COLLABORATE ) O!R LEFT GR\P+S4 ,BY MID-,SEPTEMB]1 ! ,C,N,T WAS CALL+ ON ! PRIME M9I/] ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 TO SET UP A FIFTE5-MEMB] 0,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL0 9 :I* !Y W\LD BE SATISFI$ ) FIVE PLACES4 ,?IS WAS AS GOOD AS ACCEPT+ ! IDEA ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 A CAB9ET UND] ANO!R NAME4 

,! AN>*I/S 5D$ UP BY ACCEPT+ PORTFOLIOS 9 TWO GOV]NM5TS3 FIR/ 9 ,CATALONIA & SUBSEQU5TLY 9 ,MADRID4 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I1 WAS 9 ,B>CELONA &1 ON ,APRIL #a#d1 #a#i#c#g1 WROTE AN OP5 LETT] TO HIS COMRADE1 M9I/] ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 REPROA*+ ! AN>*I/S ) BE+ 9 ! GOV]NM5T ONLY AS HO/AGES & FRONTS 0= POLITICIANS :O FLIRT ) ! .<CLASS.> 5EMY40 .<#c#c.> ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,/ATE ) :I* ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAD AGRE$ TO BECOME 9TEGRAT$ REMA9$ A B\RGEOIS ,/ATE :OSE (FICIALS & POLITICAL P]SONNEL (T5 HAD BUT LITTLE LOYALTY TO ! REPUBLIC4 ,:AT WAS ! REASON = ?IS *ANGE ( HE>T8 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION HAD TAK5 PLACE AS ! CONSEQU5CE ( A PROLET>IAN C\NT]ATTACK AGA9/ A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y C\P D'ETAT4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ! ,REVOLUTION TOOK ON ! *>ACT] ( SELF-DEF5SE1 A MILIT>Y *>ACT]1 BECAUSE ( ! NECESSITY TO OPPOSE ! COHORTS ( ,COLONEL ,FRANCO ) ANTI-FASCI/ MILITIA4 ,FAC$ BY A COMMON DANG]1 ! AN>*I/S ?\<T ?AT !Y HAD NO *OICE BUT TO JO9 ) ALL ! O!R TRADE-UNION =CES1 & EV5 POLITICAL P>TIES1 :I* W]E READY TO /& AGA9/ ! ,FRANCO REBELLION4 ,AS ! FASCI/ P[]S 9CREAS$ !IR SUPPORT = ,FRANCO1 ! ANTI-FASCI/ /RUGGLE DEG5]AT$ 9TO A REAL W>1 A TOTAL W> ( ! CLASSICAL TYPE4 ,! LIB]T>IANS C\LD ONLY TAKE P>T 9 IT BY AB&ON+ MORE & MORE ( !IR PR9CIPLES1 BO? POLITICAL & MILIT>Y4 ,!Y REASON$1 FALSELY1 ?AT ! VICTORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY BE ASSUR$ BY FIR/ W9N+ ! W> &1 AS ,SANTILLAN WAS TO ADMIT1 !Y 0SACRIFIC$ EV]Y?+0 TO ! W>4 ,B]N]I >GU$ 9 VA9 AGA9/ ! PRIORITY ( ! W> AS SU*1 & MA9TA9$ ?AT ! DEFEAT ( ,FRANCO C\LD ONLY BE 9SUR$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y W>4 ,TO PUT A BRAKE ON ! ,REVOLUTION WAS1 9 FACT1 TO WEAK5 ! /RONGE/ >M ( ! ,REPUBLIC3 ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( ! MASSES4 ,AN EV5 MORE S]I\S ASPECT ( ! MATT] WAS ?AT ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 BLOCKAD$ BY ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES & 9 GRAVE DANG] FROM ! ADVANC+ FASCI/ TR\PE1 NE$$ ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y AID 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,?IS AID WAS GIV5 ON A TWO-FOLD CONDITION3 #a 7 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MU/ PR(IT FROM IT AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 & ! AN>*I/S AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE2 #b7 ,/AL9 WANT$ AT ANY PRICE TO PREV5T ! VICTORY ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT W\LD HAVE BE5 LIB]T>IAN1 BUT BECAUSE IT W\LD HAVE EXPROPRIAT$ CAPITAL 9VE/M5TS BELONG+ TO ,BRITA9 :I* WAS PRESUM$ TO BE AN ALLY ( ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 9 ! 0DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE0 AGA9/ ,HITL]4 ,! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/S W5T SO F> AS TO D5Y ?AT A REVOLUTION HAD TAK5 PLACE3 A LEGAL GOV]NM5T WAS SIMPLY TRY+ TO OV]COME A MILIT>Y MUT9Y4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 !RE WAS A BLOODY /RUGGLE 9 ,B>CELONA & ! WORK]S W]E DIS>M$ BY ! =CES ( ORD] UND] ,/AL9I/ COMM&4 ,9 ! NAME ( UNIT$ ACTION AGA9/ ! FASCI/S ! AN>*I/S =BADE ! WORK]S TO RETALIATE4 ,! SAD P]SI/5CE ) :I* !Y ?REW !MSELVES 9TO ! ]ROR ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 UNTIL ! F9AL DEFEAT ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 CANNOT BE DEALT ) 9 ?IS %ORT BOOK4 

,S,E,L,F-,M,A,N,A,G,E,M,5,T ,9 ,A,G,R,I,C,U,L,T,U,R,E 

,NEV]!LESS1 9 ! FIELD TO :I* !Y ATTA*$ ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE1 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S %[$ !MSELVES MU* MORE 9TRANSIG5T & COMPROMIS$ TO A MU* LESS] DEGREE4 ,AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS V]Y L>GELY SELF-PROPELL$4 ,BUT AS ! ,/ATE GREW /RONG] & ! W> MORE & MORE TOTALIT>IAN1 AN 9CREAS+LY %>P CONTRADICTION DEVELOP$ BETWE5 A B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC AT W> & AN EXP]IM5T 9 COMMUNISM OR RA!R 9 LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVISM4 ,9 ! 5D1 IT WAS SELF-MANAGEM5T :I* HAD TO RETREAT1 SACRIFIC$ ON ! ALT> ( 0ANTIFASCISM40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PEIRATS1 A ME?ODICAL /UDY ( ?IS EXP]IM5T 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T HAS YET TO BE MADE2 IT WILL BE A DIFFICULT TASK1 S9CE SELF-MANAGEM5T PRES5T$ SO MANY V>IANTS 9 DIFF]5T PLACES & AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 ,?IS MATT] DES]VES ALL ! MORE ATT5TION1 BECAUSE RELATIVELY LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T IT4 ,EV5 )9 ! ,REPUBLICAN RANKS IT WAS EI!R PASS$ OV] OR UND]-RAT$4 ,! CIVIL W> SUBM]G$ IT & EV5 TODAY OV]%AD[S IT 9 HUMAN MEMORY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !RE IS NO REF]5CE TO IT 9 ! FILM ,TO ,DIE 9 ,MADRID1 & YET IT IS PROBABLY ! MO/ CREATIVE LEGACY ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM4 

,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 WAS A LI<TN+ DEF5SIVE ACTION BY ! PEOPLE TO C\NT] ! PRONUNCIAM5TO ( ,FRANCO4 ,! 9DU/RIALI/S & L>GE L&[N]S IMM$IATELY AB&ON$ !IR PROP]TY & TOOK REFUGE ABROAD4 ,! WORK]S & PEASANTS TOOK OV] ?IS AB&ON$ PROP]TY1 ! AGRICULTURAL DAY LABOR]S DECID$ TO CONT9UE CULTIVAT+ ! SOIL ON !IR [N4 ,!Y ASSOCIAT$ TOGE!R 9 0COLLECTIVES0 QUITE SPONTANE\SLY4 ,9 ,CATALONIA A REGIONAL CONGRESS ( PEASANTS WAS CALL$ TOGE!R BY ! ,C,N,T ON ,SEPTEMB] #e & AGRE$ TO ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( L& UND] TRADE UNION MANAGEM5T & CONTROL4 ,L>GE E/ATES & ! PROP]TY ( FASCI/S W]E TO BE SOCIALIZ$1 :ILE SMALL L&[N]S W\LD HAVE FREE *OICE BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY & COLLECTIVE PROP]TY4 ,LEGAL SANCTION CAME LAT]3 ON ,OCTOB] #g1 #a#i#c#f1 ! ,REPUBLICAN C5TRAL GOV]NM5T CONFISCAT$ )\T 9DEMNITY ! PROP]TY ( 0P]SONS COMPROMIS$ 9 ! FASCI/ REBELLION40 ,?IS MEASURE WAS 9COMPLETE FROM A LEGAL PO9T ( VIEW1 S9CE IT ONLY SANCTION$ A V]Y SMALL P>T ( ! TAKE-OV]S ALREADY C>RI$ \T SPONTANE\SLY BY ! PEOPLE2 ! PEASANTS HAD C>RI$ \T EXPROPRIATION )\T DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 ?OSE :O HAD TAK5 P>T 9 ! MILIT>Y PUTS* & ?OSE :O HAD NOT4 

,9 UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES :]E ! TE*NICAL RES\RCES NECESS>Y = L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURE >E ABS5T1 ! POOR PEASANT IS MORE ATTRACT$ BY PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :I* HE HAS NOT YET 5JOY$1 ?AN BY SOCIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ,SPA91 H[EV]1 LIB]T>IAN $UCATION & A COLLECTIVI/ TRADITION COMP5SAT$ = TE*NICAL UND]DEVELOPM5T1 C\NT]$ ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC T5D5CIES ( ! PEASANTS1 & TURN$ !M DIRECTLY T[>D SOCIALISM4 ,! LATT] WAS ! *OICE ( ! POOR] PEASANTS1 :ILE ?OSE :O W]E SLI<TLY BETT] (F1 AS 9 ,CATALONIA1 CLUNG TO 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,A GREAT MAJORITY 7#i P]C5T7 ( L& WORK]S *OSE TO JO9 COLLECTIVES FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 ,?IS DECISION CREAT$ A CLOSE ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! PEASANTS & ! CITY WORK]S1 ! LATT] BE+ SUPPORT]S ( ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY ! V]Y NATURE ( !IR FUNCTION4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS WAS EV5 HI<] 9 ! C\NTRY ?AN 9 ! CITIES4 

,! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES SET !MSELVES UP ) A TW(OLD MANAGEM5T1 ECONOMIC & GEOGRAPHICAL4 ,! TWO FUNCTIONS W]E DI/9CT1 BUT 9 MO/ CASES IT WAS ! TRADE UNIONS :I* ASSUM$ !M OR CONTROLL$ !M4 ,A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( WORK+ PEASANTS 9 EA* VILLAGE ELECT$ A MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE :I* WAS TO BE RESPONSIBLE = ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION4 ,AP>T FROM ! SECRET>Y1 ALL ! MEMB]S CONT9U$ !IR MANUAL LABOR4 ,WORK WAS OBLIGATORY = ALL HEAL?Y M5 BETWE5 EI<TE5 & SIXTY4 ,! PEASANTS W]E DIVID$ 9TO GR\PS ( T5 OR MORE1 EA* L$ BY A DELEGATE1 & EA* BE+ ALLOCAT$ AN >EA TO CULTIVATE1 OR AN OP]ATION TO P]=M1 APPROPRIATE TO ! AGE ( ITS MEMB]S & ! NATURE ( ! WORK CONC]N$4 ,! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE RECEIV$ ! DELEGATES FROM ! GR\PS EV]Y EV5+4 ,) REG>D TO LOCAL ADM9I/RATION1 ! COMMUNE FREQU5TLY CALL$ ! 9HABITANTS TOGE!R 9 G5]AL ASSEMBLY TO RECEIVE REPORTS ( ACTIVITIES UND]TAK54 ,EV]Y?+ WAS PUT 9TO ! COMMON POOL ) ! EXCEPTION ( CLO?+1 FURNITURE1 P]SONAL SAV+S1 SMALL DOME/IC ANIMALS1 G>D5 PLOTS1 & P\LTRY KEPT = FAMILY USE4 ,>TISANS1 HAIRDRESS]S1 %OEMAK]S1 ETC41 W]E GR\P$ 9 COLLECTIVES2 ! %EEP BELONG+ TO ! COMMUNITY W]E DIVID$ 9TO FLOCKS ( SEV]AL HUNDR$S1 PUT 9 ! *>GE ( %EPH]DS1 & ME?ODICALLY DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! M\NTA9 PA/URES4 

,) REG>D TO ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS1 V>I\S SY/EMS W]E TRI$ \T1 SOME BAS$ ON COLLECTIVISM & O!RS ON MORE OR LESS TOTAL COMMUNISM1 & /ILL O!RS RESULT+ FROM A COMB9ATION ( ! TWO4 ,MO/ COMMONLY1 PAYM5T WAS BAS$ ON FAMILY NE$S4 ,EA* HEAD ( A FAMILY RECEIV$ A DAILY WAGE ( SPECIALLY M>K$ PESETAS :I* C\LD ONLY BE EX*ANG$ = CONSUM] GOODS 9 ! COMMUNAL %OPS1 :I* W]E (T5 SET UP 9 ! *UR* OR ITS BUILD+S4 ,ANY BALANCE NOT CONSUM$ WAS PLAC$ 9 A PESETA CR$IT ACC\NT = ! B5EFIT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE TO DRAW A LIMIT$ AM\NT ( POCKET MONEY FROM ?IS BALANCE4 ,R5T1 ELECTRICITY1 M$ICAL C>E1 PH>MACEUTICALS1 OLD-AGE ASSI/ANCE1 ETC41 W]E ALL FREE4 ,$UCATION WAS ALSO FREE & (T5 GIV5 9 S*OOLS SET UP 9 =M] CONV5TS2 IT WAS COMPULSORY = ALL *ILDR5 UND] F\RTE51 :O W]E =BIDD5 TO P]=M MANUAL LABOR4 

,MEMB]%IP 9 ! COLLECTIVE CONT9U$ TO BE VOLUNT>Y1 AS WAS REQUIR$ BY ! BASIC CONC]N ( ! AN>*I/ = FRE$OM4 ,NO PRESSURE WAS BR\<T TO BE> ON ! SMALL F>M]S4 ,*OOS+ TO REMA9 \TSIDE ! COMMUNITY1 !Y C\LD NOT EXPECT TO RECEIVE ITS S]VICES & B5EFITS S9CE !Y CLAIM$ TO BE SUFFICI5T UNTO !MSELVES4 ,H[EV]1 !Y C\LD OPT TO P>TICIPATE AS !Y WI%$ 9 COMMUNAL WORK & !Y C\LD BR+ !IR PRODUCE TO ! COMMUNAL %OPS4 ,!Y W]E ADMITT$ TO G5]AL ASSEMBLIES & ! 5JOYM5T ( SOME COLLECTIVE B5EFITS4 ,!Y W]E =BIDD5 ONLY TO TAKE OV] MORE L& ?AN !Y C\LD CULTIVATE1 & SUBJECT TO ONLY ONE RE/RICTION3 ?AT !IR PRES5CE OR !IR PROP]TY %\LD NOT DI/URB ! SOCIALI/ ORD]4 ,9 SOME PLACES SOCIALIZ$ >EAS W]E RECON/ITUT$ 9TO L>G] UNITS BY VOLUNT>Y EX*ANGE ( PLOTS ) 9DIVIDUAL PEASANTS4 ,9 MO/ VILLAGES 9DIVIDUALI/S1 :E!R PEASANTS OR TRAD]S1 DECREAS$ 9 NUMB] AS TIME W5T ON4 ,!Y FELT ISOLAT$ & PREF]R$ TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVES4 

,IT APPE>S ?AT ! UNITS :I* APPLI$ ! COLLECTIVI/ PR9CIPLE ( DAY WAGES W]E MORE SOLID ?AN ! COMP>ATIVELY FEW :I* TRI$ TO E/ABLI% COMPLETE COMMUNISM TOO QUICKLY1 TAK+ NO ACC\NT ( ! EGOISM /ILL DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 HUMAN NATURE1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! WOM54 ,9 SOME VILLAGES :]E CURR5CY HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$ & ! POPULATION HELP$ ITSELF FROM ! COMMON POOL1 PRODUC+ & CONSUM+ )9 ! N>R[ LIMITS ( ! COLLECTIVES1 ! DISADVANTAGES ( ?IS P>ALYZ+ SELF-SUFFICI5CY MADE !MSELVES FELT1 & 9DIVIDUALISM SOON RETURN$ TO ! =E1 CAUS+ ! BREAKUP ( ! COMMUNITY BY ! )DRAWAL ( MANY =M] SMALL F>M]S :O HAD JO9$ BUT DID NOT HAVE A REALLY COMMUNI/ WAY ( ?9K+4 

,! COMMUNES W]E UNIT$ 9TO CANTONAL F$]ATIONS1 ABOVE :I* W]E REGIONAL F$]ATIONS4 ,9 !ORY ALL ! L&S BELONG+ TO A CANTONAL F$]ATION W]E TREAT$ AS A S+LE UNIT )\T 9T]M$IATE B\ND>IES4 .<#c#d.> ,SOLID>ITY BETWE5 VILLAGES WAS PU%$ TO ! LIMIT1 & EQUALIZATION FUNDS MADE IT POSSIBLE TO GIVE ASSI/ANCE TO ! POORE/ COLLECTIVES4 ,TOOLS1 RAW MAT]IALS1 & SURPLUS LABOR W]E ALL MADE AVAILABLE TO COMMUNITIES 9 NE$4 

,! EXT5T ( RURAL SOCIALIZATION WAS DIFF]5T 9 DIFF]5T PROV9CES4 ,AS ALREADY SAID1 ,CATALONIA WAS AN >EA ( SMALL- & M$IUM SIZ$ F>MS1 & ! PEASANTRY HAD A /RONG 9DIVIDUALI/IC TRADITION1 SO ?AT H]E !RE W]E NO MORE ?AN A FEW PILOT COLLECTIVES4 ,9 ,>AGON1 ON ! O!R H&1 MORE ?AN ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! L& WAS SOCIALIZ$4 ,! CREATIVE 9ITIATIVE ( ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S 9 ?IS REGION HAD BE5 /IMULAT$ BY A LIB]T>IAN MILITIA UNIT1 ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 PASS+ ?R\< ON ITS WAY TO ! NOR!RN FRONT TO FI<T ! ,FRANCO TROOPS1 & BY ! SUBSEQU5T E/ABLI%M5T ( A REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITY CREAT$ AT ! BASE1 :I* WAS UNIQUE ( ITS K9D 9 ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,AB\T #de COLLECTIVES W]E SET UP1 ) SOME HALF A MILLION MEMB]S4 ,9 ! ,LEVANT REGION 7FIVE PROV9CES1 CAPITAL ,VAL5CIA71 ! RI*E/ 9 ,SPA91 SOME #i COLLECTIVES W]E E/ABLI%$1 COV]+ #dc P]C5T ( ! GEOGRAPHICAL >EA1 #e P]C5T ( CITRUS PRODUCTION1 & #g P]C5T ( ! CITRUS TRADE4 ,9 ,CA/ILE1 AB\T #c COLLECTIVES W]E CREAT$1 ) >\ND #a1 MEMB]S4 ,SOCIALIZATION ALSO MADE HEADWAY 9 ,E/REMADURA & P>T ( ,&ALUSIA1 :ILE A FEW E>LY ATTEMPTS W]E QUICKLY REPRESS$ 9 ! ,A/URIAS4 

,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT GRASS-ROOTS SOCIALISM WAS NOT ! WORK ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ALONE1 AS MANY PEOPLE HAVE SUPPOS$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ! SUPPORT]S ( SELF-MANAGEM5T W]E (T5 0LIB]T>IANS )\T KN[+ IT40 ,9 ,E/REMADURA & ,&ALUSIA1 ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC1 ,CA?OLIC1 & 9 ! ,A/URIAS EV5 COMMUNI/1 PEASANTS TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! S\!RN >EAS NOT CONTROLL$ BY ! AN>*I/S1 :]E MUNICIPALITIES TOOK OV] L>GE E/ATES 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN MANN]1 ! DAY LABOR]S UN=TUNATELY DID NOT FEEL ?IS TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION3 !IR WAGES & CONDITIONS W]E NOT *ANG$2 !RE WAS NO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS AN 9DISPUTABLE SUCCESS EXCEPT :]E IT WAS SABOTAG$ BY ITS OPPON5TS OR 9T]RUPT$ BY ! W>4 ,IT WAS NOT DIFFICULT TO BEAT ! RECORD ( L>GE-SCALE PRIVATE [N]%IP1 = IT HAD BE5 DEPLORABLE4 ,SOME #a1 FEUDAL L&[N]S HAD BE5 9 POSSESSION ( HALF ! T]RITORY ( ! ,SPANI% ,P59SULA4 ,IT HAD SUIT$ !M TO LET A L>GE P>T ( !IR L& LIE FALL[ RA!R ?AN TO P]MIT ! DEVELOPM5T ( A /RATUM ( 9DEP5D5T F>M]S1 OR TO GIVE !IR DAY LABOR]S DEC5T WAGES2 TO DO EI!R ( !SE W\LD HAVE UND]M9$ !IR M$IEVAL FEUDAL AU?ORITY4 ,?US !IR EXI/5CE HAD RET>D$ ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATURAL WEAL? ( ! ,SPANI% L&4 

,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION ! L& WAS BR\<T TOGE!R 9TO RATIONAL UNITS1 CULTIVAT$ ON A L>GE SCALE & ACCORD+ TO ! G5]AL PLAN & DIRECTIVES ( AGRONOMI/S4 ,! /UDIES ( AGRICULTURAL TE*NICIANS BR\<T AB\T YIELDS #c TO #e P]C5T HI<] ?AN BE=E4 ,! CULTIVAT$ >EAS 9CREAS$1 HUMAN1 ANIMAL1 & ME*ANICAL 5]GY WAS US$ 9 A MORE RATIONAL WAY1 & WORK+ ME?ODS P]FECT$4 ,CROPS W]E DIV]SIFI$1 IRRIGATION EXT5D$1 RE=E/ATION 9ITIAT$1 & TREE NURS]IES />T$4 ,PIGG]IES W]E CON/RUCT$1 RURAL TE*NICAL S*OOLS BUILT1 & DEMON/RATION F>MS SET UP1 SELECTIVE CATTLE BRE$+ WAS DEVELOP$1 & AUXILI>Y AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RIES PUT 9TO OP]ATION4 ,SOCIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE %[$ ITSELF SUP]IOR ON ! ONE H& TO L>GE-SCALE ABS5TEE [N]%IP1 :I* LEFT P>T ( ! L& FALL[2 & ON ! O!R TO SMALL F>MS CULTIVAT$ BY PRIMITIVE TE*NIQUES1 ) POOR SE$ & NO F]TILIZ]S4 

,A FIR/ ATTEMPT AT AGRICULTURAL PLANN+ WAS MADE1 BAS$ ON PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION /ATI/ICS PRODUC$ BY ! COLLECTIVES1 BR\<T TOGE!R BY ! RESPECTIVE CANTONAL COMMITTEES & !N BY ! REGIONAL COMMITTEE :I* CONTROLL$ ! QUANTITY & QUALITY ( PRODUCTION )9 ITS >EA4 ,TRADE \TSIDE ! REGION WAS H&L$ BY A REGIONAL COMMITTEE :I* COLLECT$ ! GOODS TO BE SOLD & 9 EX*ANGE = !M B\<T ! GOODS REQUIR$ BY ! REGION AS A :OLE4 ,RURAL AN>*O-SYNDICALISM %[$ ITS ORGANIZATIONAL ABILITY & CAPACITY = COORD9ATION TO BE/ ADVANTAGE 9 ! ,LEVANT4 ,! EXPORT ( CITRUS REQUIR$ ME?ODICAL MOD]N COMM]CIAL TE*NIQUES2 !Y W]E BRILLIANTLY PUT 9TO PLAY1 9 SPITE ( A FEW LIVELY DISPUTES ) RI* PRODUC]S4 

,CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T W5T H& 9 H& ) MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY3 A CAMPAIGN WAS UND]TAK5 TO BR+ LIT]ACY TO ADULTS2 REGIONAL F$]ATIONS SET UP A PROGRAM ( LECTURES1 FILMS1 & !ATRICAL P]=MANCES 9 ALL ! VILLAGES4 ,!SE SUCCESSES W]E DUE NOT ONLY TO ! /R5G? ( ! TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION BUT1 TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE1 ALSO TO ! 9TELLIG5CE & 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,AL?\< ! MAJORITY ( !M W]E ILLIT]ATE1 ! PEASANTS %[$ A DEGREE ( SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS1 PRACTICAL GOOD S5SE1 & SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY & SACRIFICE :I* DREW ! ADMIRATION ( =EIGN OBS]V]S4 ,F5N] ,BROCKWAY1 !N ( ! ,BRITI% ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY1 N[ ,LORD ,BROCKWAY1 VISIT$ ! COLLECTIVE ( ,SEGORBE & REPORT$3 0,! SPIRIT ( ! PEASANTS' !IR 5?USIASM1 & ! WAY !Y CONTRIBUTE TO ! COMMON EF=T & ! PRIDE :I* !Y TAKE 9 IT1 >E ALL ADMIRABLE40 

,S,E,L,F-,M,A,N,A,G,E,M,5,T ,9 ,9,D,U,/,R,Y 

,SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS ALSO TRI$ \T 9 9DU/RY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! MO/ 9DU/RIALIZ$ >EA 9 ,SPA94 ,WORK]S :OSE EMPLOY]S HAD FL$ SPONTANE\SLY UND]TOOK TO KEEP ! FACTORIES GO+4 ,= MORE ?AN F\R MON?S1 ! FACTORIES ( ,B>CELONA1 OV] :I* WAV$ ! R$ & BLACK FLAG ( ! ,C,N,T1 W]E MANAG$ BY REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' COMMITTEES )\T HELP OR 9T]F]5CE FROM ! ,/ATE1 SOMETIMES EV5 )\T EXP]I5C$ MANAG]IAL HELP4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAD ONE PIECE ( GOOD =TUNE 9 BE+ AID$ BY TE*NICIANS4 ,9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#a#h1 & 9 ,ITALY 9 #a#i#b1 DUR+ ?OSE BRIEF EXP]IM5TS 9 ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES1 ! 5G9E]S HAD REFUS$ TO HELP ! NEW EXP]IM5T ( SOCIALIZATION2 9 ,SPA9 MANY ( !M COLLABORAT$ CLOSELY ) ! WORK]S FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 

,A TRADE-UNION CONF]5CE REPRES5T+ #f1 WORK]S WAS HELD 9 ,B>CELONA 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 ) ! OBJECT ( DEVELOP+ ! SOCIALIZATION ( 9DU/RY4 ,! 9ITIATIVE ( ! WORK]S WAS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ BY A DECREE ( ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T DAT$ ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f4 ,?IS RATIFI$ ! FAIT ACCOMPLI1 BUT 9TRODUC$ AN ELEM5T ( GOV]NM5T CONTROL ALONGSIDE SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,TWO SECTORS W]E CREAT$1 ONE SOCIALI/1 ! O!R PRIVATE4 ,ALL FACTORIES ) MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ WORK]S W]E TO BE SOCIALIZ$ 7& ?OSE ) BETWE5 FIFTY & A HUNDR$ C\LD BE1 ON ! REQUE/ ( ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! WORK]S71 AS W]E ?OSE :OSE PROPRIETORS EI!R HAD BE5 DECL>$ 0SUBV]SIVE0 BY A PEOPLE'S C\RT OR HAD /OPP$ PRODUCTION1 & ?OSE :OSE IMPORTANCE JU/IFI$ TAK+ !M \T ( ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 7,9 FACT MANY 5T]PRISES W]E SOCIALIZ$ BECAUSE !Y W]E HEAVILY 9 DEBT47 

,A FACTORY UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS DIRECT$ BY A MANAG]IAL COMMITTEE ( FIVE TO FIFTE5 MEMB]S REPRES5T+ ! V>I\S TRADES & S]VICES4 ,!Y W]E NOM9AT$ BY ! WORK]S 9 G5]AL ASSEMBLY & S]V$ = TWO YE>S1 HALF BE+ *ANG$ EA* YE>4 ,! COMMITTEE APPO9T$ A MANAG] TO :OM IT DELEGAT$ ALL OR P>T ( ITS [N P[]S4 ,9 V]Y L>GE FACTORIES ! SELECTION ( A MANAG] REQUIR$ ! APPROVAL ( ! SUP]VISORY ORGANIZATION4 ,MOREOV]1 A GOV]NM5T CONTROLL] WAS APPO9T$ TO EA* MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE4 ,9 EFFECT IT WAS NOT COMPLETE SELF-MANAGEM5T BUT A SORT ( JO9T MANAGEM5T 9 V]Y CLOSE LIAISON ) ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T4 

,! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE C\LD BE RECALL$1 EI!R BY ! G5]AL MEET+ ( ! WORK]S OR BY ! G5]AL C\NCIL ( ! P>TICUL> BRAN* ( ! 9DU/RY 7COMPOS$ ( F\R REPRES5TATIVES ( MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES1 EI<T ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 & F\R TE*NICIANS APPO9T$ BY ! SUP]VISORY ORGANIZATION74 ,?IS G5]AL C\NCIL PLANN$ ! WORK & DET]M9$ ! DIVISION ( ! PR(ITS1 & ITS DECISIONS W]E M&ATORY4 ,9 ?OSE 5T]PRISES :I* REMA9$ 9 PRIVATE H&S AN ELECT$ WORK]S' COMMITTEE WAS TO CONTROL ! PRODUCTION PROCESS & CONDITIONS ( WORK 09 CLOSE COLLABORATION ) ! EMPLOY]40 ,! WAGE SY/EM WAS MA9TA9$ 9TACT 9 ! SOCIALIZ$ FACTORIES4 ,EA* WORK] CONT9U$ TO BE PAID A FIX$ WAGE4 ,PR(ITS W]E NOT DIVID$ ON ! FACTORY LEVEL & WAGES ROSE V]Y LITTLE AFT] SOCIALIZATION1 9 FACT EV5 LESS ?AN 9 ! SECTOR :I* REMA9$ PRIVATE4 

,! DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f1 WAS A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ASPIRATIONS TO SELF-MANAGEM5T & ! T5D5CY TO TUTELAGE BY ! LEFTI/ GOV]NM5T1 AS WELL AS A COMPROMISE BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,IT WAS DRAFT$ BY A LIB]T>IAN M9I/]1 & RATIFI$ BY ! ,C,N,T1 BECAUSE AN>*I/ LEAD]S W]E 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,H[ C\LD !Y OBJECT TO ! 9T]V5TION ( GOV]NM5T 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T :5 !Y !MSELVES HAD !IR H&S ON ! LEV]S ( P[]8 ,ONCE ! WOLF IS ALL[$ 9TO ! %EEPFOLD HE ALWAYS 5DS UP BY ACT+ AS ITS MA/]4 

,9 SPITE ( ! CONSID]ABLE P[]S :I* HAD BE5 GIV5 TO ! G5]AL C\NCILS ( BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 IT APPE>$ 9 PRACTICE ?AT WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T T5D$ TO PRODUCE A SORT ( P>O*IAL EGOISM1 A SPECIES ( 0B\RGEOIS COOP]ATIVISM10 AS ,PEIRATS CALL$ IT1 EA* PRODUCTION UNIT CONC]N+ ITSELF ONLY ) ITS [N 9T]E/S4 ,!RE W]E RI* COLLECTIVES & POOR COLLECTIVES4 ,SOME C\LD PAY RELATIVELY HI< WAGES :ILE O!RS C\LD NOT EV5 MANAGE TO MA9TA9 ! WAGE LEVEL :I* HAD PREVAIL$ BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,SOME HAD PL5TY ( RAW MAT]IALS1 O!RS W]E V]Y %ORT1 ETC4 ,?IS IMBALANCE WAS FAIRLY SOON REM$I$ BY ! CREATION ( A C5TRAL EQUALIZATION FUND1 :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE TO DI/RIBUTE RES\RCES FAIRLY4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f1 A TRADE-UNION ASSEMBLY WAS HELD 9 ,VAL5CIA1 :]E IT WAS DECID$ TO COORD9ATE ! V>I\S SECTORS ( PRODUCTION 9TO A G5]AL ORGANIC PLAN1 :I* W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO AVOID H>MFUL COMPETITION & ! DISSIPATION ( EF=T4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ! TRADE UNIONS UND]TOOK ! SY/EMATIC REORGANIZATION ( :OLE TRADES1 CLOS+ D[N HUNDR$S ( SMALL 5T]PRISES & CONC5TRAT+ PRODUCTION 9 ?OSE ?AT HAD ! BAT EQUIPM5T4 ,= 9/ANCE3 9 ,CATALONIA F\NDRIES W]E R$UC$ FROM OV] #g TO #b#d1 TANN]IES FROM #ga TO #d1 GLASS WORKS FROM AB\T #a TO AB\T #c4 ,H[EV]1 9DU/RIAL C5TRALIZATION UND] TRADE-UNION CONTROL C\LD NOT BE DEVELOP$ AS RAPIDLY & COMPLETELY AS ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ PLANN]S W\LD HAVE WI%$4 ,:Y WAS ?IS8 ,BECAUSE ! ,/AL9I/S & RE=MI/S OPPOS$ ! APPROPRIATION ( ! PROP]TY ( ! MIDDLE CLASS & %[$ SCRUPUL\S RESPECT = ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 

,9 ! O!R 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 ! ,CATALONIAN SOCIALIZATION DECREE WAS NOT 9 =CE & COLLECTIVIZATIONS W]E NOT SO FREQU5T AS 9 ,CATALONIA2 H[EV]1 PRIVATE 5T]PRISES W]E (T5 5D[$ ) WORK]S' CONTROL COMMITTEES1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ! ,A/URIAS4 

,9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS1 ON ! :OLE1 AS SUCCESSFUL AS AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T HAD BE54 ,OBS]V]S AT FIR/ H& W]E FULL ( PRAISE1 ESPECIALLY ) REG>D TO ! EXCELL5T WORK+ ( URBAN PUBLIC S]VICES UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,SOME FACTORIES1 IF NOT ALL1 W]E MANAG$ 9 A REM>KABLE FA%ION4 ,SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY MADE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,! FEW >MS FACTORIES BUILT 9 ,SPA9 BE=E #aicf HAD BE5 SET UP \TSIDE ,CATALONIA3 ! EMPLOY]S1 9 FACT1 W]E AFRAID ( ! ,CATALONIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ! ,B>CELONA REGION1 !RE=E1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO CONV]T FACTORIES 9 GREAT HA/E SO ?AT !Y MI<T S]VE ! DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,WORK]S & TE*NICIANS COMPET$ ) EA* O!R 9 5?USIASM & 9ITIATIVE1 & V]Y SOON W> MAT]IEL MADE MA9LY 9 ,CATALONIA WAS >RIV+ AT ! FRONT4 ,NO LESS EF=T WAS PUT 9TO ! MANUFACTURE ( *EMICAL PRODUCTS ESS5TIAL = W> PURPOSES4 ,SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY W5T AHEAD EQUALLY FA/ 9 ! FIELD ( CIVILIAN REQUIREM5TS2 = ! FIR/ TIME ! CONV]SION ( TEXTILE FIB]S WAS UND]TAK5 9 ,SPA91 & HEMP1 ESP>TO1 RICE /RAW1 & CELLULOSE W]E PROCESS$4 

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,9 ! MEAN:ILE1 CR$IT & =EIGN TRADE HAD REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( ! PRIVATE SECTOR BECAUSE ! B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T WI%$ IT SO4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,/ATE CONTROLL$ ! BANKS1 BUT IT TOOK C>E NOT TO PLACE !M UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,MANY COLLECTIVES W]E %ORT ( WORK+ CAPITAL & HAD TO LIVE ON ! AVAILABLE FUNDS TAK5 OV] AT ! TIME ( ! ,JULY #aicf ,REVOLUTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y HAD TO MEET !IR DAY-TO-DAY NE$S BY *ANCE ACQUISITIONS SU* AS ! SEIZURE ( JEWELRY & PRECI\S OBJECTS BELONG+ TO *UR*ES1 CONV5TS1 OR ,FRANCO SUPPORT]S :O HAD FL$4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD PROPOS$ ! CREATION ( A 0CONF$]AL BANK0 TO F9ANCE SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,BUT IT WAS UTOPIAN TO TRY TO COMPETE ) PRIVATE F9ANCE CAPITAL :I* HAD NOT BE5 SOCIALIZ$4 ,! ONLY SOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 TO PUT ALL F9ANCE CAPITAL 9TO ! H&S ( ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT2 BUT ! ,C,N,T WAS IMPRISON$ 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 & D>$ NOT GO AS F> AS ?AT4 

,! MAJOR OB/ACLE1 H[EV]1 WAS ! 9CREAS+LY OP5 HO/ILITY TO SELF-MANAGEM5T MANIFE/$ BY ! V>I\S POLITICAL G5]AL /AFFS ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,IT WAS *>G$ ) BREAK+ ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! SMALL B\RGEOISIE1 & H5CE 0PLAY+ ! GAME0 ( ! FASCI/ 5EMY4 7,ITS DETRACTORS W5T SO F> AS TO REFUSE >MS TO ! LIB]T>IAN VANGU>D :I*1 ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 WAS R$UC$ TO FAC+ ! FASCI/ MA*9E GUNS ) NAK$ H&S - & !N BE+ REPROA*$ = ITS 09ACTIVITY40 7 

,IT WAS ! ,/AL9I/ M9I/] ( AGRICULTURE1 ,VIC5TE ,URIBE1 :O HAD E/ABLI%$ ! DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #g1 #a#i#c#f1 :I* LEGALIZ$ P>T ( ! RURAL COLLECTIVIZATIONS4 ,APPE>ANCES TO ! CONTR>Y1 HE WAS IMBU$ ) AN ANTI-COLLECTIVI/ SPIRIT & HOP$ TO DEMORALIZE ! PEASANTS LIV+ 9 SOCIALIZ$ GR\PS4 ,! VALIDATION ( COLLECTIVIZATIONS WAS SUBJECT$ TO V]Y RIGID & COMPLICAT$ JURIDICAL REGULATIONS4 ,! COLLECTIVES W]E OBLIG$ TO ADH]E TO AN EXTREMELY /RICT TIME LIMIT1 & ?OSE :I* HAD NOT BE5 LEGALIZ$ ON ! DUE DATE W]E AUTOMATICALLY PLAC$ \TSIDE ! LAW & !IR L& MADE LIABLE TO BE+ RE/OR$ TO ! PREVI\S [N]S4 

,URIBE DISC\RAG$ ! PEASANTS FROM JO9+ ! COLLECTIVES & FOM5T$ DISCONT5T AGA9/ !M4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #aicf HE MADE A SPEE* DIRECT$ TO ! 9DIVIDUALI/ SMALL PROPRIETORS1 DECL>+ ?AT ! GUNS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! GOV]NM5T W]E AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,HE GAVE !M IMPORT$ F]TILIZ] :I* HE WAS REFUS+ TO ! COLLECTIVES4 ,TOGE!R ) HIS ,/AL9I/ COLLEAGUE1 ,JUAN ,COMOR]A1 9 *>GE ( ! ECONOMY ( ,CATALONIA1 HE BR\<T ! SMALL- & M$IUM-SCALE L&[N]S TOGE!R 9TO A REACTION>Y UNION1 SUBSEQU5TLY ADD+ ! TRAD]S & EV5 SOME [N]S ( L>GE E/ATES DISGUIS$ AS SMALLHOLD]S4 ,!Y TOOK ! ORGANIZATION ( FOOD SUPPLIES = ,B>CELONA AWAY FROM ! WORK]S' UNIONS & H&$ IT OV] TO PRIVATE TRADE4 

,F9ALLY1 :5 ! ADVANCE GU>D ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,B>CELONA HAD BE5 CRU%$ 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 .<#c#e.> ! COALITION GOV]NM5T W5T SO F> AS TO LIQUIDATE AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T BY MILIT>Y MEANS4 ,ON ! PRETEXT ?AT IT HAD REMA9$ 0\TSIDE ! CURR5T ( C5TRALIZATION10 ! ,>AGON 0REGIONAL DEF5SE C\NCIL0 WAS DISSOLV$ BY A DECREE ( ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#i#c#g4 ,ITS F\ND]1 ,JOAQU9 ,ASCASO1 WAS *>G$ ) 0SELL+ 2 44 #a1#g@9@9 :I* WAS ACTUALLY AN ATTEMPT TO GET FUNDS = ! COLLECTIVES4 ,SOON AFT] ?IS1 ! #a#a? ,MOBILE ,DIVISION ( ,COMM&] ,LI/] 7A ,/AL9I/71 SUPPORT$ BY TANKS1 W5T 9TO ACTION AGA9/ ! COLLECTIVES4 ,>AGON WAS 9VAD$ LIKE AN 5EMY C\NTRY1 ?OSE 9 *>GE ( SOCIALIZ$ 5T]PRISES W]E >RE/$1 !IR PREMISES OCCUPI$1 !N CLOS$2 MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES W]E DISSOLV$1 COMMUNAL %OPS EMPTI$1 FURNITURE BROK5 UP1 & FLOCKS DISB&$4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ PRESS D5\NC$ 0! CRIMES ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION40 ,?IRTY P]C5T ( ! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES W]E COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4 

,EV5 BY ?IS BRUTALITY1 H[EV]1 ,/AL9ISM WAS NOT G5]ALLY SUCCESSFUL 9 =C+ ! PEASANTS ( ,>AGON TO BECOME PRIVATE [N]S4 ,PEASANTS HAD BE5 =C$ AT PI/OL PO9T TO SIGN DE$S ( [N]%IP1 BUT AS SOON AS ! ,LI/] ,DIVISION HAD GONE1 !SE W]E DE/ROY$ & ! COLLECTIVES REBUILT4 ,AS ,G4 ,MUNIS1 ! ,SPANI% ,TROTSKYI/1 WROTE3 0,?IS WAS ONE ( ! MO/ 9SPIR+ EPISODES ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,! PEASANTS REAFFIRM$ !IR SOCIALI/ BELIEFS 9 SPITE ( GOV]NM5TAL T]ROR & ! ECONOMIC BOYCOTT TO :I* !Y W]E SUBJECT$40 

,!RE WAS ANO!R1 LESS H]OIC1 REASON = ! RE/ORATION ( ! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES3 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD REALIZ$1 AFT] ! EV5T1 ?AT IT HAD 9JUR$ ! LIFE =CE ( ! RURAL ECONOMY1 5DANG]$ ! CROPS FROM LACK ( MANP[]1 DEMORALIZ$ ! FI<T]S ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 & DANG]\SLY RE9=C$ ! MIDDLE CLASS ( L&$ PROPRIETORS4 ,! ,P>TY1 !RE=E1 TRI$ TO REPAIR ! DAMAGE IT HAD ITSELF DONE1 & TO REVIVE SOME ( ! COLLECTIVES4 ,! NEW COLLECTIVES1 H[EV]1 NEV] REGA9$ ! EXT5T OR QUALITY ( L& ( !IR PR$ECESSORS1 NOR ! ORIG9AL MANP[]1 S9CE MANY MILITANTS HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ OR HAD S\<T %ELT] FROM P]SECUTION 9 ! AN>*I/ DIVISIONS AT ! FRONT4 

,REPUBLICANS C>RI$ \T >M$ ATTACKS ( ! SAME K9D AGA9/ AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ! ,LEVANT1 9 ,CA/ILE1 & 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,HUESCA & ,T]UEL4 ,H[EV]1 IT SURVIV$1 BY HOOK OR BY CROOK1 9 MANY >EAS :I* HAD NOT YET FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,FRANCO TROOPS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,LEVANT4 

,! AMBIGU\S ATTITUDE1 TO PUT IT MILDLY1 ( ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T TO RURAL SOCIALISM CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC3 ! POOR PEASANTS W]E NOT ALWAYS CLE>LY AW>E ?AT IT WAS 9 !IR 9T]E/S TO FI<T = ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,9 SPITE ( ITS SUCCESSES1 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS SABOTAG$ BY ! ADM9I/RATIVE BUREAUCRACY & ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S4 ,! RADIO & PRESS LAUN*$ A =MIDABLE PREP>ATORY CAMPAIGN ( D5IGRATION & CALUMNY1 QUE/ION+ ! HONE/Y ( ! FACTORY MANAGEM5T C\NCILS4 ,! ,REPUBLICAN C5TRAL GOV]NM5T REFUS$ TO GRANT ANY CR$IT TO ,CATALONIAN SELF-MANAGEM5T EV5 :5 ! LIB]T>IAN M9I/] ( ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY1 ,FABREGAS1 (F]$ ! BILLION PESETAS ( SAV+S BANK DEPOSITS AS SECURITY4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 ! ,/AL9I/ ,COMOR]A TOOK OV] ! PORTFOLIO ( ! ECONOMY1 & DEPRIV$ ! SELF-MANAG$ FACTORIES ( RAW MAT]IALS :I* HE LAVI%$ ON ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 ,HE ALSO FAIL$ TO DELIV] TO ! SOCIALI/ 5T]PRISES SUPPLIES :I* HAD BE5 ORD]$ = !M BY ! ,CATALAN ADM9I/RATION4 

,! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T HAD A /RANGLEHOLD OV] ! COLLECTIVES2 ! NATIONALIZATION ( TRANSPORT MADE IT POSSIBLE = IT TO SUPPLY SOME & CUT (F ALL DELIV]IES TO O!RS4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IMPORT$ ,REPUBLICAN >MY UNI=MS 9/EAD ( TURN+ TO ! ,CATALONIAN TEXTILE COLLECTIVES4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #b#b1 #a#i#c#g1 IT PASS$ A DECREE SUSP5D+ ! APPLICATION ( ! ,CATALONIAN ,OCTOB] #aicf SOCIALIZATION DECREE TO ! METAL & M9+ 9DU/RIES4 ,?IS WAS DONE ON ! PRETEXT ( ! NECESSITIES ( NATIONAL DEF5SE2 & ! ,CATALONIAN DECREE WAS SAID TO BE 0CONTR>Y TO ! SPIRIT ( ! ,CON/ITUTION40 ,=EM5 & MANAG]S :O HAD BE5 DRIV5 \T BY SELF-MANAGEM5T1 OR RA!R1 ?OSE :O HAD BE5 UNWILL+ TO ACCEPT TE*NICAL PO/S 9 ! SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES1 W]E BR\<T BACK1 FULL ( A DESIRE = REV5GE4 

,! 5D CAME ) ! DECREE ( ,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#c#h1 :I* MILIT>IZ$ ALL W> 9DU/RIES UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,W> ,SUPPLIES4 ,AN OV]BL[N & ILL-BEHAV$ BUREAUCRACY 9VAD$ ! FACTORIES - A SW>M ( 9SPECTORS & DIRECTORS :O [$ !IR POSITION SOLELY TO !IR POLITICAL AFFILIATIONS1 9 P>TICUL> TO !IR REC5T MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,/AL9I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! WORK]S BECAME DEMORALIZ$ AS !Y SAW !MSELVES DEPRIV$ ( CONTROL OV] 5T]PRISES :I* !Y HAD CREAT$ FROM SCRAT* DUR+ ! FIR/ CRITICAL MON?S ( ! W>1 & PRODUCTION SUFF]$ 9 CONSEQU5CE4 

,9 O!R BRAN*ES1 ,CATALAN 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T SURVIV$ UNTIL ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC WAS CRU%$4 ,IT WAS SL[$ D[N1 H[EV]1 = 9DU/RY HAD LO/ ITS MA9 \TLETS & !RE WAS A %ORTAGE ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ! GOV]NM5T HAV+ CUT (F ! CR$IT NECESS>Y TO PUR*ASE !M4 

,TO SUM UP1 ! NEWBORN ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES W]E IMM$IATELY =C$ 9TO ! /RAIT JACKET ( A W> C>RI$ ON BY CLASSIC MILIT>Y ME?ODS1 9 ! NAME ( :I* ! ,REPUBLIC CLIPP$ ! W+S ( ITS [N VANGU>D & COMPROMIS$ ) REACTION AT HOME4 

,! LESSON :I* ! COLLECTIVES HAVE LEFT BEH9D !M1 H[EV]1 IS A /IMULAT+ ONE4 ,9 #ai* ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN WAS 9SPIR$ TO PRAISE !M ?US3 0,! COLLECTIVIZATION ( L& & 9DU/RY %9ES \T AS ! GREATE/ A*IEVEM5T ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,EV5 IF ,FRANCO W]E TO W9 & ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S W]E TO BE EXT]M9AT$1 ! IDEA !Y HAVE LAUN*$ WILL LIVE ON40 ,ON ,JULY #b#a1 #a#i#c#g1 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y MADE A SPEE* 9 ,B>CELONA 9 :I* %E CLE>LY POS$ ! ALT]NATIVES3 0,ON ! ONE H&1 ! SUPPORT]S ( AU?ORITY & ! TOTALIT>IAN ,/ATE1 ( A /ATE-DIRECT$ ECONOMY1 ( A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* MILIT>IZES ALL M5 & CONV]TS ! ,/ATE 9TO ONE HUGE EMPLOY]1 ONE HUGE 5TREPR5EUR2 ON ! O!R H&1 ! OP]ATION ( M9ES1 FIELDS1 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 BY ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF1 ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADE-UNION F$]ATIONS40 ,?IS WAS ! DILEMMA ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 BUT 9 ! NE> FUTURE IT MAY BECOME ?AT ( SOCIALISM ! WORLD OV]4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

O ,BY ,WAY ( ,CONCLUSION 

,! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION DEPRIV$ AN>*ISM ( ITS ONLY FOOT 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT CAME \T ( ?IS TRIAL CRU%$1 DISP]S$1 &1 TO SOME EXT5T1 DISCR$IT$4 ,HI/ORY CONDEMN$ IT SEV]ELY &1 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 UNJU/LY4 ,IT WAS NOT 9 FACT1 OR AT ANY RATE ALONE1 RESPONSIBLE = ! VICTORY ( ! ,FRANCO =CES4 ,:AT REMA9$ FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! RURAL & 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES1 SET UP 9 TRAGICALLY UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 WAS ON ! :OLE TO !IR CR$IT4 ,?IS EXP]I5CE WAS1 H[EV]1 UND]E/IMAT$1 CALUMNIAT$1 & D5I$ RECOGNITION4 ,AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM HAD AT LA/ GOT RID ( UNDESIRABLE LIB]T>IAN COMPETITION &1 = YE>S1 REMA9$ MA/] ( ! FIELD4 ,= A TIME IT SEEM$ AS ?\< /ATE SOCIALISM WAS TO BE JU/IFI$ BY ! MILIT>Y VICTORY ( ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 AGA9/ ,NAZISM 9 #aide & BY UND5IABLE1 & EV5 IMPOS+1 SUCCESSES 9 ! TE*NICAL FIELD4 

,H[EV]1 ! V]Y EXCESSES ( ?IS SY/EM SOON BEGAN TO G5]ATE !IR [N NEGATION4 ,!Y 5G5D]$ ! IDEA ?AT P>ALYZ+ /ATE C5TRALIZATION %\LD BE LOOS5$ UP1 ?AT PRODUCTION UNITS %\LD HAVE MORE AUTONOMY1 ?AT WORK]S W\LD DO MORE & BETT] WORK IF !Y HAD SOME SAY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES4 ,:AT M$IC9E CALLS 0ANTIBODIES0 W]E G5]AT$ 9 ONE ( ! C\NTRIES BR\<T 9TO S]VITUDE BY ,/AL94 ,TITO'S ,YUGOSLAVIA FRE$ ITSELF FROM ! TOO HEAVY YOKE :I* WAS MAK+ IT 9TO A SORT ( COLONY4 ,IT !N PROCE$$ TO REEVALUATE ! DOGMAS :I* C\LD N[ SO CLE>LY BE SE5 AS ANTI-ECONOMIC4 ,IT W5T BACK TO S*OOL UND] ! MA/]S ( ! PA/1 DISCOV]+ & DISCREETLY READ+ ,PR\DHON4 ,IT BUBBL$ 9 ANTICIPATION4 ,IT EXPLOR$ ! TOO-LITTLE-KN[N LIB]T>IAN >EAS ( ?9K+ 9 ! WORKS ( ,M>X & ,L594 ,AMONG O!R ?+S IT DUG \T ! CONCEPT ( ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* HAD NOT1 IT IS TRUE1 BE5 ALTOGE!R ELIM9AT$ FROM ! POLITICAL VOCABUL>Y1 BUT HAD C]TA9LY BECOME NO MORE ?AN A RITUAL =MULA QUITE EMPTY ( SUB/ANCE4 ,GO+ BACK TO ! %ORT P]IOD DUR+ :I* ,BOL%EVISM HAD ID5TIFI$ ITSELF ) PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY FROM BEL[1 ) ! SOVIETS1 ,YUGOSLAVIA GLEAN$ A WORD :I* HAD BE5 5UNCIAT$ BY ! LEAD]S ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION & !N QUICKLY =GOTT53 SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,ATT5TION WAS ALSO FUM$ TO ! EMBRYONIC FACTORY C\NCILS :I* HAD >IS5 AT ! SAME TIME1 ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y CONTAGION1 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY &1 MU* LAT]1 ,HUNG>Y4 ,AS REPORT$ 9 ! ,FR5* REVIEW ,>GUM5TS BY ! ,ITALIAN1 ,ROB]TO ,GUIDUCCI1 ! QUE/ION >OSE :E!R 0! IDEA ( ! C\NCILS1 :I* HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$ BY ,/AL9ISM = OBVI\S REASONS10 C\LD NOT 0BE TAK5 UP AGA9 9 MOD]N T]MS40 

,:5 ,ALG]IA WAS DECOLONIZ$ & BECAME 9DEP5D5T ITS NEW LEAD]S S\<T TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE ! SPONTANE\S OCCUPATIONS ( AB&ON$ ,EUROPEAN PROP]TY BY PEASANTS & WORK]S4 ,!Y DREW !IR 9SPIRATION FROM ! ,YUGOSLAV PREC$5T & TOOK ITS LEGISLATION 9 ?IS MATT] AS A MODEL4 

,IF ITS W+S >E NOT CLIPP$1 SELF-MANAGEM5T IS UND\BT$LY AN 9/ITUTION ) DEMOCRATIC1 EV5 LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES4 ,FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES ( #a#i#c@9#a#i#c#g1 SELF-MANAGEM5T SEEKS TO PLACE ! ECONOMY UND] ! MANAGEM5T ( ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES4 ,TO ?IS 5D A ?REE-TI] WORK]S' REPRES5TATION IS SET UP 9 EA* 5T]PRISE1 BY MEANS ( ELECTIONS3 ! SOV]EIGN G5]AL ASSEMBLY2 ! WORK]S' C\NCIL1 A SMALL] DELIB]ATIVE BODY2 &1 F9ALLY1 ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE1 :I* IS ! EXECUTIVE ORGAN4 ,! LEGISLATION PROVIDES C]TA9 SAFEGU>DS AGA9/ ! ?REAT ( BUREAUCRATIZATION3 REPRES5TATIVES CANNOT /& = REELECTION TOO (T51 MU/ BE DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 PRODUCTION1 ETC4 ,9 ,YUGOSLAVIA ! WORK]S CAN BE CONSULT$ BY REF]5DUM AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 :ILE 9 V]Y L>GE 5T]PRISES G5]AL ASSEMBLIES TAKE PLACE 9 WORK SECTIONS4 

,BO? 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA & 9 ,ALG]IA' AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 OR AS A PROMISE = ! FUTURE1 GREAT IMPORTANCE IS ATTRIBUT$ TO ! COMMUNE1 & MU* IS MADE ( ! FACT ?AT SELF-MANAG+ WORK]S WILL BE REPRES5T$ !RE4 ,9 !ORY1 AGA91 ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS %\LD T5D TO BECOME DEC5TRALIZ$1 & TO BE C>RI$ \T MORE & MORE AT ! LOCAL LEVEL4 

,!SE GOOD 9T5TIONS >E F> FROM BE+ C>RI$ \T 9 PRACTICE4 ,9 !SE C\NTRIES SELF-MANAGEM5T IS COM+ 9TO BE+ 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A DICTATORIAL1 MILIT>Y1 POLICE /ATE :OSE SKELETON IS =M$ BY A S+LE P>TY4 ,AT ! HELM !RE IS AN AU?ORIT>IAN & PAT]NALI/IC AU?ORITY :I* IS BEYOND CONTROL & ABOVE CRITICISM4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES ( ! POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION & ! LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES ( ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY >E ?US QUITE 9COMPATIBLE4 

,MOREOV]1 A C]TA9 DEGREE ( BUREAUCRATIZATION T5DS TO %[ ITSELF EV5 )9 ! 5T]PRISES1 9 SPITE ( ! PRECAUTIONS ( ! LEGISLATORS4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S >E NOT YET MATURE 5\< TO P>TICIPATE EFFECTIVELY 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,!Y LACK $UCATION & TE*NICAL KN[L$GE1 HAVE NOT GOT RID ( ! OLD WAGE-E>N+ M5TALITY1 & TOO WILL+LY PUT ALL !IR P[]S 9TO ! H&S ( !IR DELEGATES4 ,?IS 5ABLES A SMALL M9ORITY TO BE ! REAL MANAG]S ( ! 5T]PRISE1 TO >ROGATE TO !MSELVES ALL SORTS ( PRIVILEGES & DO EXACTLY AS !Y LIKE4 ,!Y ALSO P]PETUATE !MSELVES 9 DIRECTORIAL POSITIONS1 GOV]N+ )\T CONTROL FROM BEL[1 LOS+ CONTACT ) REALITY & CUTT+ !MSELVES (F FROM ! RANK-&-FILE WORK]S1 :OM !Y (T5 TREAT ) >ROGANCE & CONTEMPT4 ,ALL ?IS DEMORALIZES ! WORK]S & TURNS !M AGA9/ SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,F9ALLY1 /ATE CONTROL IS (T5 EX]CIS$ SO 9DISCREETLY & SO OPPRESSIVELY ?AT ! 0SELF-MANAG]S0 DO NOT REALLY MANAGE AT ALL4 ,! /ATE APPO9TS DIRECTORS TO ! ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T )\T MU* C>+ :E!R ! LATT] AGREE OR NOT1 AL?\<1 ACCORD+ TO ! LAW1 !Y %\LD BE CONSULT$4 ,!SE BUREAUCRATS (T5 9T]F]E EXCESSIVELY 9 MANAGEM5T1 & SOMETIMES BEHAVE 9 ! SAME >BITR>Y WAY AS ! =M] EMPLOY]S4 ,9 V]Y L>GE ,YUGOSLAV 5T]PRISES DIRECTORS >E NOM9AT$ 5TIRELY BY ! ,/ATE2 !SE PO/S >E H&$ \T TO HIS OLD GU>D BY ,M>%ALL ,TITO4 

,MOREOV]1 ,YUGOSLAVIAN SELF-MANAGEM5T IS EXTREMELY DEP5D5T ON ! ,/ATE = F9ANCE4 ,IT LIVES ON CR$ITS ACCORD$ TO IT BY ! ,/ATE & IS FREE TO DISPOSE ( ONLY A SMALL P>T ( ITS PR(ITS1 ! RE/ BE+ PAID TO ! TREASURY 9 ! =M ( A TAX4 ,REV5UE D]IV$ FROM ! SELF-MANAGEM5T SECTOR IS US$ BY ! ,/ATE NOT ONLY TO DEVELOP ! BACKW>D SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY1 :I* IS NO MORE ?AN JU/1 BUT ALSO TO PAY = ! HEAVILY BUREAUCRATIZ$ GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS1 ! >MY1 ! POLICE =CES1 & = PRE/IGE EXP5DITURE1 :I* IS SOMETIMES QUITE EXCESSIVE4 ,:5 ! MEMB]S ( SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES >E 9ADEQUATELY PAID1 ?IS BLUNTS ! 5?USIASM = SELF-MANAGEM5T & IS 9 CONFLICT ) ITS PR9CIPLES4 

,! FRE$OM ( ACTION ( EA* 5T]PRISE1 MOREOV]1 IS FAIRLY /RICTLY LIMIT$1 S9CE IT IS SUBJECT TO ! ECONOMIC PLANS ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 :I* >E DRAWN UP >BITR>ILY )\T CONSULTATION ( ! RANK & FILE4 ,9 ,ALG]IA ! SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES >E ALSO OBLIG$ TO C$E TO ! ,/ATE ! COMM]CIAL H&L+ ( A CONSID]ABLE PORTION ( !IR PRODUCTS4 ,9 ADDITION1 !Y >E PLAC$ UND] ! SUP]VISION ( 0ORGANS TO SUPPLY DIS9T]E/$ TE*NICAL ( TUTELAGE10 :I* >E SUPPOS$ & BOOKKEEP+ ASSI/ANCE BUT1 9 PRACTICE1 T5D TO REPLACE ! ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T & TAKE OV] !IR FUNCTIONS4 

,9 G5]AL1 ! BUREAUCRACY ( ! TOTALIT>IAN ,/ATE IS UNSYMPA!TIC TO ! CLAIMS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T TO AUTONOMY4 ,AS ,PR\DHON =ESAW1 IT F9DS IT H>D TO TOL]ATE ANY AU?ORITY EXT]NAL TO ITSELF4 ,IT DISLIKES SOCIALIZATION & LONGS = NATIONALIZATION1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! DIRECT MANAGEM5T BY (FICIALS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ITS OBJECT IS TO 9FR+E UPON SELF-MANAGEM5T1 R$UCE ITS P[]S1 & 9 FACT ABSORB IT4 

,! S+LE P>TY IS NO LESS SUSPICI\S ( SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & LIKEWISE F9DS IT H>D TO TOL]ATE A RIVAL4 ,IF IT EMBRACES SELF-MANAGEM5T1 IT DOES SO TO /IFLE IT MORE EFFECTIVELY4 ,! P>TY HAS CELLS 9 MO/ ( ! 5T]PRISES & IS /RONGLY TEMPT$ TO TAKE P>T 9 MANAGEM5T1 TO DUPLICATE ! ORGANS ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S OR R$UCE !M TO ! ROLE ( DOCILE 9/RUM5TS1 BY FALSIFY+ ELECTIONS & SETT+ \T LI/S ( C&IDATES 9 ADVANCE4 ,! P>TY TRIES TO 9DUCE ! WORK]S' C\NCILS TO 5DORSE DECISIONS ALREADY TAK5 9 ADVANCE1 & TO MANIPULATE & %APE ! NATIONAL CONGRESSES ( ! WORK]S4 

,SOME 5T]PRISES UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T REACT TO AU?ORIT>IAN & C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES BY BECOM+ ISOLATIONI/1 BEHAV+ AS ?\< !Y W]E AN ASSOCIATION ( SMALL PROPRIETORS1 & TRY+ TO OP]ATE = ! SOLE B5EFIT ( ! WORK]S 9VOLV$4 ,!Y T5D TO R$UCE !IR MANP[] SO AS TO DIVIDE ! CAKE 9TO L>G] PORTIONS4 ,!Y ALSO SEEK TO PRODUCE AS LITTLE ( EV]Y?+ 9/EAD ( SPECIALIZ+4 ,!Y DEVOTE TIME & 5]GY TO GETT+ >\ND PLANS OR REGULATIONS DESIGN$ TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,9 ,YUGOSLAVIA FREE COMPETITION BETWE5 5T]PRISES HAS BE5 ALL[$1 BO? AS A /IMULANT & TO PROTECT ! CONSUM]1 BUT 9 PRACTICE ! T5D5CY TO AUTONOMY HAS L$ TO FLAGRANT 9EQUALITIES \TPUT & TO ECONOMIC IRRATIONALITIES4 

,?US SELF-MANAGEM5T ITSELF 9CORPORATES A P5DULUM-LIKE MOVEM5T :I* MAKES IT SW+ CON/ANTLY BETWE5 TWO EXTREMES3 EXCESSIVE AUTONOMY OR EXCESSIVE C5TRALIZATION2 AU?ORITY OR AN>*Y2 CONTROL FROM BEL[ OR CONTROL FROM ABOVE4 ,?R\< ! YE>S ,YUGOSLAVIA1 9 P>TICUL>1 HAS CORRECT$ C5TRALIZATION BY AUTONOMY1 !N AUTONOMY BY C5TRALIZATION1 CON/ANTLY REMODEL+ ITS 9/ITUTIONS )\T SO F> SUCCESSFULLY ATTA9+ A 0HAPPY M$IUM40 

,MO/ ( ! WEAKNESSES ( SELF-MANAGEM5T C\LD BE AVOID$ OR CORRECT$ IF !RE W]E AN AU!NTIC TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T1 9DEP5D5T ( AU?ORITY & ( ! S+LE P>TY1 SPR++ FROM ! WORK]S !MSELVES & AT ! SAME TIME ORGANIZ+ !M1 & ANIMAT$ BY ! SPIRIT *>ACT]I/IC ( ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,9 ,YUGOSLAVIA & 9 ,ALG]IA1 H[EV]1 TRADE UNIONISM IS EI!R SUBSIDI>Y OR SUP]NUM]>Y1 OR IS SUBJECT TO ! ,/ATE1 TO ! S+LE P>TY4 ,IT CANNOT1 !RE=E1 ADEQUATELY FURFILL ! TASK ( CONCILIATOR BETWE5 AUTONOMY & C5TRALIZATION :I* IT %\LD UND]TAKE1 & C\LD P]=M MU* BETT] ?AN TOTALIT>IAN POLITICAL ORGANS4 ,9 FACT1 A TRADE UNIONISM :I* G5U9ELY ISSU$ FROM ! WORK]S1 :O SAW 9 IT !IR [N REFLECTION1 W\LD BE ! MO/ EFFECTIVE ORGAN = H>MONIZ+ ! C5TRIFUGAL & C5TRIPETAL =CES1 = 0CREAT+ AN EQUILIBRIUM0 AS ,PR\DHON PUT IT1 BETWE5 ! CONTRADICTIONS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,! PICTURE1 H[EV]1 MU/ NOT BE SE5 AS 5TIRELY BLACK4 ,SELFMANAGEM5T C]TA9LY HAS P[]FUL & T5ACI\S OPPON5TS1 :O HAVE NOT GIV5 UP HOPE ( MAK+ IT FAIL4 ,BUT IT HAS1 9 FACT1 %[N ITSELF QUITE DYNAMIC 9 ! C\NTRIES :]E EXP]IM5TS >E BE+ C>RI$ ON4 ,IT HAS OP5$ UP NEW P]SPECTIVES = ! WORK]S & RE/OR$ TO !M SOME PLEASURE 9 !IR WORK4 ,IT HAS OP5$ !IR M9DS TO ! RUDIM5TS ( AU!NTIC SOCIALISM1 :I* 9VOLVES ! PROGRESSIVE DISAPPE>ANCE ( WAGES1 ! DISALI5ATION ( ! PRODUC] :O WILL BECOME A FREE & SELF-DET]M9+ BE+4 ,SELFMANAGEM5T HAS 9 ?IS WAY 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY & REGI/]$ CONSID]ABLE POSITIVE RESULTS1 EV5 DUR+ ! TRIALS & ]RORS ( ! 9ITIAL P]IOD4 

,FROM RA!R TOO F> AWAY1 SMALL CIRCLES ( AN>*I/S FOLL[ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,YUGOSLAV & ,ALG]IAN SELF-MANAGEM5T ) A MIXTURE ( SYMPA?Y & DISBELIEF4 ,!Y FEEL ?AT IT IS BR++ SOME FRAGM5TS ( !IR IDEAL 9TO REALITY1 BUT ! EXP]IM5T IS NOT DEVELOP+ ALONG ! IDEALI/IC L9ES =ESE5 BY LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y IT IS BE+ TRI$ 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN FRAMEWORK :I* IS REPUGNANT TO AN>*ISM4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ?IS FRAMEWORK MAKES SELF-MANAGEM5T FRAGILE3 !RE IS ALWAYS A DANG] ?AT IT WILL BE DEV\R$ BY ! CANC] ( AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,H[EV]1 A CLOSE & UNPREJUDIC$ LOOK AT SELF-MANAGEM5T SEEMS TO REVEAL RA!R 5C\RAG+ SIGNS4 

,9 ,YUGOSLAVIA SELF-MANAGEM5T IS A FACTOR FAVOR+ ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! REGIME4 ,IT HAS CREAT$ A HEAL?I] BASIS = RECRUITM5T 9 WORK+-CLASS CIRCLES4 ,! P>TY IS BEG9N+ TO ACT AS AN 9SPIRATION RA!R ?AN A DIRECTOR1 ITS CADRES >E BECOM+ BETT] SPOKESM5 = ! MASSES1 MORE S5SITIVE TO !IR PROBLEMS & ASPIRATIONS4 ,AS ,ALB]T ,MEI/]1 A Y\NG ,SWISS SOCIOLOGI/ :O SET HIMSELF ! TASK ( /UDY+ ?IS PH5OM5ON ON ! SPOT1 COMM5TS1 SELF-MANAGEM5T CONTA9S A 0DEMOCRATIC VIRUS0 :I*1 9 ! LONG RUN1 9VADES ! S+LE P>TY ITSELF4 ,HE REG>DS IT AS A 0TONIC40 ,IT WELDS ! L[] P>TY E*ELONS TO ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T IS SO CLE> ?AT IT IS BR++ ,YUGOSLAV !ORETICIANS TO USE LANGUAGE :I* W\LD NOT DISGRACE A LIB]T>IAN4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ONE ( !M1 ,/ANE ,KAVCIC1 /ATES3 0,9 FUTURE ! /RIK+ =CE ( SOCIALISM 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA CANNOT BE A POLITICAL P>TY & ! ,/ATE ACT+ FROM ! TOP D[N1 BUT ! PEOPLE1 ! CITIZ5S1 ) CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS :I* 5ABLE !M TO ACT FROM ! BASE UP40 ,HE CONT9UES BRAVELY ?AT SELF-MANAGEM5T IS 9CREAS+LY LOOS5+ UP 0! RIGID DISCIPL9E & SUBORD9ATION :I* >E *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL POLITICAL P>TIES40 

,! TR5D IS NOT SO CLE> 9 ,ALG]IA1 = ! EXP]IM5T IS ( MORE REC5T ORIG9 & /ILL 9 DANG] ( BE+ CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION4 ,A CLUE MAY BE F\ND 9 ! FACT ?AT AT ! 5D ( #a#i#f#d1 ,HOC9E ,ZAH\ANE1 !N HEAD ( ORI5TATION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT1 PUBLICLY CONDEMN$ ! T5D5CY ( ! 0ORGANS ( GUIDANCE0 TO PLACE !MSELVES ABOVE ! MEMB]S ( ! SELF-MANAGEM5T GR\PS & TO ADOPT AN AU?ORIT>IAN ATTITUDE T[>D !M4 ,HE W5T ON3 0,:5 ?IS HAPP5S1 SOCIALISM NO LONG] EXI/S4 ,!RE REMA9S ONLY A *ANGE 9 ! =M ( EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S40 ,?IS (FICIAL CONCLUD$ BY ASK+ ?AT ! PRODUC]S 0%\LD BE TRULY MA/]S ( !IR PRODUCTION0 & NO LONG] BE 0MANIPULAT$ = 5DS :I* >E =EIGN TO SOCIALISM40 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT ,HOC9E ,ZAH\ANE HAS S9CE BE5 REMOV$ FROM (FICE BY A MILIT>Y C\P D'E'TAT & HAS BECOME ! LEAD+ SPIRIT ( A CL&E/9E SOCIALI/ OPPOSITION4 ,HE IS = ! TIME BE+ 9 COMPULSORY RESID5CE 9 A TORRID >EA ( ! ,SAH>A4 

,TO SUM UP1 SELF-MANAGEM5T MEETS ) ALL K9DS ( DIFFICULTIES & CONTRADICTIONS1 YET1 EV5 N[1 IT APPE>S 9 PRACTICE TO HAVE ! M]IT ( 5ABL+ ! MASSES TO PASS ?R\< AN APPR5TICE%IP 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY ACT+ FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D2 ! M]IT ( DEVELOP+1 5C\RAG+1 & /IMULAT+ !IR FREE 9ITIATIVE1 ( IMBU+ !M ) A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY 9/EAD ( P]PETUAT+ AGE-OLD HABITS ( PASSIVITY1 SUBMISSION1 & ! 9F]IORITY COMPLEX LEFT TO !M BY PA/ OPPRESSION1 AS IS ! CASE UND] /ATE COMMUNISM4 ,?IS APPR5TICE%IP IS SOMETIMES LABORI\S1 PROGRESSES RA!R SL[LY1 LOADS SOCIETY ) EXTRA BURD5S & MAY1 POSSIBLY1 BE C>RI$ \T ONLY AT ! CO/ ( SOME 0DISORD]40 ,MANY OBS]V]S ?9K1 H[EV]1 ?AT !SE DIFFICULTIES1 DELAYS1 EXTRA BURD5S1 & GR[+ PA9S >E LESS H>MFUL ?AN ! FALSE ORD]1 ! FALSE LU/]1 ! FALSE 0EFFICI5CY0 ( /ATE COMMUNISM :I* R$UCES MAN TO NO?+1 KILLS ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEOPLE1 P>ALYZES PRODUCTION1 &1 9 SPITE ( MAT]IAL ADVANCES OBTA9$ AT A HI< PRICE1 DISCR$ITS ! V]Y IDEA ( SOCIALISM4 

,! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 ITSELF IS REEVALUAT+ ITS ME?ODS ( ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T1 & WILL CONT9UE TO DO SO UNLESS ! PRES5T T5D5CY TO LIB]ALIZATION IS CANCEL$ BY A REGRESSION TO AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,BE=E HE FELL1 ON ,OCTOB] #a#e1 #a#i#f#d1 ,KHRU%*EV SEEM$ TO HAVE UND]/OOD1 H[EV] TIMIDLY & BELAT$LY1 ! NE$ = 9DU/RIAL DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #aifd ,PRAVDA PUBLI%$ A LONG >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,! ,/ATE ( ! ,:OLE ,PEOPLE0 :I* S\<T TO DEF9E ! *ANGES ( /RUCTURE ?AT DIFF]5TIATE ! =M ( ,/ATE 0SAID TO BE ( ! :OLE PEOPLE0 FROM ?AT ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT02 NAMELY1 PROGRESS T[>D DEMOCRATIZATION1 P>TICIPATION ( ! MASSES 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIETY ?R\< SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & ! REVITALIZATION ( ! SOVIETS1 ! TRADE UNIONS1 ETC4 

,! ,FR5* DAILY ,LE ,MONDE ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#f1 #a#i#f#e1 PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE BY ,MI*EL ,TATU1 5TITL$ 0,A ,MAJOR ,PROBLEM3 ,! ,LIB]ATION ( ! ,ECONOMY10 EXPOS+ ! MO/ S]I\S EVILS 0AFFECT+ ! :OLE ,SOVIET BUREAUCRATIC MA*9E1 ESPECIALLY ! ECONOMY40 ,! HI< TE*NICAL LEVEL ?IS ECONOMY HAS ATTA9$ MAKES ! RULE ( BUREAUCRACY OV] MANAGEM5T EV5 MORE UNACCEPTABLE4 ,AS ?+S >E AT PRES5T1 DIRECTORS ( 5T]PRISES CANNOT MAKE DECISIONS ON ANY SUBJECT )\T REF]R+ TO AT LEA/ ONE (FICE1 & MORE (T5 TO HALF A DOZ54 0,NO ONE DISPUTES ! REM>KABLE TE*NICAL1 SCI5TIFIC1 & ECONOMIC PROGRESS :I* HAS BE5 MADE 9 ?IRTY YE>S ( ,/AL9I/ PLANN+4 ,! RESULT1 H[EV]1 IS PRECISELY ?AT ?IS ECONOMY IS N[ 9 ! CLASS ( DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES1 & ?AT ! OLD /RUCTURES :I* 5ABL$ IT TO REA* ?IS LEVEL >E N[ TOTALLY1 & EV] MORE AL>M+LY1 UNSUITABLE40 0,MU* MORE W\LD BE NE$$ ?AN DETAIL$ RE=MS2 A SPECTACUL> *ANGE ( ?\<T & ME?OD1 A SORT ( NEW DE-,/AL9IZATION W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO BR+ TO AN 5D ! 5ORM\S 9]TIA :I* P]MEATES ! MA*9E AT EV]Y LEVEL40 ,AS ,]NE/ ,M&EL HAS PO9T$ \T1 H[EV]1 9 AN >TICLE 9 ! ,FR5* REVIEW ,LES ,TEMPS ,MOD]NES1 DEC5TRALIZATION CANNOT /OP AT GIV+ AUTONOMY TO ! DIRECTORS ( 5T]PRISES1 IT MU/ LEAD TO REAL WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,! LATE ,GEORGES ,GURVIT*1 A LEFT-W+ SOCIOLOGI/1 CAME TO A SIMIL> CONCLUSION4 ,HE CONSID]S ?AT T5D5CIES TO DEC5TRALIZATION & WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T HAVE ONLY JU/ BEGUN 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R41 & ?AT !IR SUCCESS W\LD %[ 0?AT ,PR\DHON WAS MORE RI<T ?AN ONE MI<T HAVE ?\<T40 

,9 ,CUBA ! LATE /ATE SOCIALI/ ,*E ,GUEV>A HAD TO QUIT ! DIRECTION ( 9DU/RY1 :I* HE HAD RUN UNSUCCESSFULLY [+ TO OV]C5TRALIZATION4 ,9 ,CUBA3 ,SOCIALISM & ,DEVELOPM5T1 ,R5E ,DUMONT1 A ,FR5* SPECIALI/ 9 ! ,CA/RO ECONOMY1 DEPLORES ITS 0HYP]C5TRALIZATION0 & BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,HE P>TICUL>LY EMPHASIZ$ ! 0AU?ORIT>IAN0 ]RORS ( A M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T :I* TRIES TO MANAGE ! FACTORIES ITSELF & 5DS UP ) EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE RESULTS3 0,BY TRY+ TO BR+ AB\T A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ONE 5DS UP 9 PRACTICE 4 4 4 BY LETT+ ANY K9D ( ?+ BE DONE1 BECAUSE ONE CANNOT MA9TA9 CONTROL OV] :AT IS ESS5TIAL40 ,HE MAKES ! SAME CRITICISM ( ! /ATE MONOPOLY ( DI/RIBUTION3 ! P>ALYZES :I* IT PRODUCES C\LD HAVE BE5 AVOID$ 0IF EA* PRODUCTION UNIT HAD PRES]V$ ! FUNCTION ( SUPPLY+ ITSELF DIRECTLY40 0,CUBA IS BEG9N+ ALL OV] AGA9 ! USELESS CYCLE ( ECONOMIC ]RORS ( ! SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES10 A ,POLI% COLLEAGUE 9 A V]Y GOOD POSITION TO KN[ CONFID$ TO ,R5E ,DUMONT4 ,! AU?OR CONCLUDES BY ABJUR+ ! ,CUBAN REGIME TO TURN TO AUTONOM\S PRODUCTION UNITS &1 9 AGRICULTURE1 TO F$]ATIONS ( SMALL F>M-PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES4 ,HE IS NOT AFRAID TO GIVE ! REM$Y A NAME1 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 :I* C\LD P]FECTLY WELL BE RECONCIL$ ) PLANN+4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! VOICE ( ,R5E ,DUMONT HAS NOT YET BE5 HE>D 9 ,HAVANA4 

,! LIB]T>IAN IDEA HAS REC5TLY COME \T ( ! %AD[ TO :I* ITS DETRACTORS HAD RELEGAT$ IT4 ,9 A L>GE P>T ( ! WORLD ! MAN ( TODAY HAS BE5 ! GU9EA PIG ( /ATE COMMUNISM1 & IS ONLY N[ EM]G+1 REEL+1 FROM ! EXP]I5CE4 ,SUDD5LY HE IS TURN+1 ) LIVELY CURIOSITY & (T5 ) PR(IT1 TO ! R\< DRAFTS = A NEW SELF-MANAGEM5T SOCIETY :I* ! PIONE]S ( AN>*ISM W]E PUTT+ =W>D 9 ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,HE IS NOT SWALL[+ !M :OLE1 ( C\RSE1 BUT DRAW+ LESSONS FROM !M1 & 9SPIRATION TO TRY TO COMPLETE ! TASK PRES5T$ BY ! SECOND HALF ( ?IS C5TURY3 TO BREAK ! FETT]S1 BO? ECONOMIC & POLITICAL1 ( :AT HAS BE5 TOO SIMPLY CALL$ 0,/AL9ISM02 & ?IS1 )\T R5\NC+ ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( SOCIALISM3 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !REBY DISCOV]+ - OR R$ISCOV]+ - ! =MS ( A REAL1 AU!NTIC SOCIALISM1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 SOCIALISM COMB9$ ) LIB]TY4 

,PR\DHON1 9 ! MID/ ( ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION1 WISELY ?\<T ?AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 ASK+ TOO MU* ( HIS >TISANS TO GO1 IMM$IATELY1 ALL ! WAY TO 0AN>*Y40 ,9 DEFAULT ( ?IS MAXIMUM PROGRAM1 HE SKET*$ \T A M9IMUM LIB]T>IAN PROGRAM3 PROGRESSIVE R$UCTION 9 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 P>ALLEL DEVELOPM5T ( ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE FROM BEL[1 ?R\< :AT HE CALL$ CLUBS1 & :I* ! MAN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY W\LD CALL C\NCILS4 ,IT SEEMS TO BE ! MORE OR LESS CONSCI\S PURPOSE ( MANY CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALI/S TO SEEK \T SU* A PROGRAM4 

,AL?\< A POSSIBILITY ( REVIVAL IS ?US OP5$ UP = AN>*ISM1 IT WILL NOT SUCCE$ 9 FULLY REHABILITAT+ ITSELF UNLESS IT IS ABLE TO BELIE1 BO? 9 !ORY & 9 PRACTICE1 ! FALSE 9T]PRETATIONS TO :I* IT HAS SO LONG BE5 SUBJECT4 ,AS WE SAW1 9 #aibd ,JOAQUM ,MAUR9 WAS IMPATI5T TO F9I% ) IT 9 ,SPA91 & SUGGE/$ ?AT IT W\LD NEV] BE ABLE TO MA9TA9 ITSELF EXCEPT 9 A FEW 0BACKW>D C\NTRIES0 :]E ! MASSES W\LD 0CL+0 TO IT BECAUSE !Y >E 5TIRELY )\T 0SOCIALI/ $UCATION10 & HAVE BE5 0LEFT TO !IR NATURAL 9/9CTS40 ,HE CONCLUD$3 0,ANY AN>*I/ :O SUCCE$S 9 IMPROV+ HIMSELF1 9 LE>N+1 & 9 SEE+ CLE>LY1 AUTOMATICALLY CEASES TO BE AN AN>*I/40 

,! ,FR5* HI/ORIAN ( AN>*ISM1 ,JEAN ,MAITRON1 SIMPLY CONFUS$ 0AN>*Y0 & DISORGANIZATION4 ,A FEW YE>S AGO HE IMAG9$ ?AT AN>*ISM HAD DI$ ) ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 = \R EPO* IS ONE ( 0PLANS1 ORGANIZATION1 & DISCIPL9E40 ,MORE REC5TLY ! ,BRITI% WRIT] ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK SAW FIT TO ACCUSE ! AN>*I/S ( BE+ IDEALI/S SWIMM+ AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT CURR5T ( HI/ORY1 FE$+ ON AN IDYLLIC VISION ( ! FUTURE :ILE CL++ TO ! MO/ ATTRACTIVE FEATURES ( A DY+ PA/4 ,ANO!R ,5GLI% SPECIALI/ ON ! SUBJECT1 ,JAMES ,JOLL1 9SI/S ?AT ! AN>*I/S >E \T-(-DATE1 = !IR IDEAS >E OPPOS$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY1 TO MASS PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 & DEP5D ON A RETROGRADE ROMANTIC VISION ( AN IDEALIZ$ SOCIETY ( >TISANS & PEASANTS1 & ON A TOTAL REJECTION ( ! REALITIES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 .<#c#g.> 

,9 ! PREC$+ PAGES ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT ?IS IS NOT A TRUE PICTURE ( AN>*ISM4 ,BAKUN9'S WORKS BE/ EXPRESS ! NATURE ( CON/RUCTIVE AN>*ISM1 :I* DEP5DS ON ORGANIZATION1 ON SELFDISCIPL9E1 ON 9TEGRATION1 ON F$]ALI/ & NONCO]CIVE C5TRALIZATION4 ,IT RE/S UPON L>GE-SCALE MOD]N 9DU/RY1 UP-TO-DATE TE*NIQUES1 ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT1 & 9T]NATIONALISM ON A WORLD SCALE4 ,9 ?IS REG>D IT IS ( \R TIMES1 & BELONGS TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IT MAY WELL BE /ATE COMMUNISM1 & NOT AN>*ISM1 :I* IS \T ( /EP ) ! NE$S ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD4 

,9 #aibd ,JOAQU9 ,MAUR9 RELUCTANTLY ADMITT$ ?AT ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 0SYMPTOMS ( DECL9E0 HAD BE5 0FOLL[$ BY SUDD5 REVIVAL40 ,! FUTURE MAY %[ ?AT ONLY 9 ?IS RELUCTANT ADMISSION WAS ! ,SPANI% ,M>XI/ A GOOD PROPHET4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

O ,FOOTNOTES 

#a4 ,AU?ORIT>IAN WAS AN EPI!T US$ BY ! LIB]T>IAN AN>*I/S & D5OT$ ?OSE SOCIALI/S :OM !Y CONSID]$ LESS LIB]T>IAN ?AN !MSELVES & :O !Y !RE=E PRESUM$ W]E 9 FAVOR ( AU?ORITY4 

#b4 ,JULES ,GUESDE 7#a#h#d#e-#a#i#b#b7 9 #ahgi 9TRODUC$ ,M>XI/ IDEAS TO ! ,FR5* WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 

#c4 ,! T]M SOCIETAIRE IS US$ TO DEF9E A =M ( AN>*ISM :I* REPUDIATES 9DIVIDUALISM & AIMS AT 9TEGRATION 9TO SOCIETY4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4 7 

#d4 0,VOL9E0 WAS ! PSEUDONYM ( ,V4 ,M4 ,EI*5BAUM1 AU?OR ( ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,9CONNUE #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a1 ! ?IRD VOLUME ( :I* IS 9 ,5GLI% AS ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#e#e74 ,ANO!R P>TIAL TRANSLATION IS ,N9ETE5-SEV5TE53 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$ 7#a#i#e#d7 4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4 7 

#dA4 ,ALIAS ( ! ,FR5* T]RORI/ ,FRANCOIS-,CLAUDIUS ,KO5IG/E9 7#a#h#e#i-#a#h#i#b7 :O COMMITT$ MANY ACTS ( VIOL5T T]RORISM & WAS EV5TUALLY EXECUT$4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4 7 

#e4 ,9 #ahhc AN ACTIVE NUCLEUS ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S F\ND$ AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!Y W]E UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS1 HELD 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#h#h#a1 & ALSO ( ,JOHANN ,MO/1 A SOCIAL DEMOCRAT TURN$ AN>*I/1 :O REA*$ ,AM]ICA 9 #a#h#h#b4 ,ALB]T ,R4 ,P>SONS & ,ADOLPH ,FIS*] W]E ! MOV+ SPIRITS 9 ! ASSOCIATION1 :I* TOOK ! LEAD 9 A HUGE MASS MOVEM5T CONC5TRAT$ ON W9N+ AN EI<T-H\R DAY4 ,! CAMPAIGN = ?IS WAS LAUN*$ BY ! TRADE UNIONS & ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR1 & ,MAY #a1 #a#h#h#f1 WAS FIX$ AS ! DEADL9E = BR++ ! EI<T-H\R DAY 9TO =CE4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( ,MAY1 A NATIONWIDE /RIKE 9VOLV$ #a#i1 WORK]S ( :OM #h1 W]E 9 ,*ICAGO4 ,IMPRESSIVE MASS DEMON/RATIONS OCCURR$ 9 ?AT CITY ON ,MAY #a & = SEV]AL DAYS !REAFT]4 ,PANIC-/RICK5 & T]RIFI$ BY ?IS WAVE ( REBELLION1 ! B\RGEOISIE RESOLV$ TO CRU% ! MOVEM5T AT ITS S\RCE1 RESORT+ TO BLOODY PROVOCATION IF NE$ BE4 ,DUR+ A /REET MEET+ ON ,MAY #d1 #a#h#h#e1 9 ,HAYM>KET ,SQU>E1 A BOMB ?R[N AT ! LEGS ( ! PO.>ICE 9 AN UNEXPLA9$ MANN] PROVID$ ! NECESS>Y PRETEXT4 ,EI<T LEAD]S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T W]E >RE/$1 SEV5 ( !M S5T5C$ TO DEA?1 & F\R SUBSEQU5TLY HANG$ 7A FIF? COMMITT$ SUICIDE 9 HIS CELL ! DAY BE=E ! EXECUTION74 ,S9CE !N ! ,*ICAGO M>TYRS - ,P>SONS1 ,FIS*]1 ,5GE.>1 ,SPIES1 & ,L+G - HAVE BE.>ONG$ TO ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT1 & ! UNIV]SAL CELEBRATION ( ,MAY ,DAY 7,MAY #a7 /ILL COMMEMORATES ! ATROCI\S CRIME COMMITT$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

#f4 ,ALL QUOTATIONS HAVE BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% BY ! TRANSLATOR4 

#g4 ,FR5* WRIT] 7#a#h#c-#a#i#e7 KN[N PR9CIPALLY AS A GEOGRAPH]4 ,HIS BRO!R ,ELIE PLAY$ AN ACTIVE P>T DUR+ ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 

#h4 ,WILHELM ,WEITL+ 7#a#h#h-#a#h#g#a71 ,G]MAN UTOPIAN COMMUNI/ WRIT] & F\ND] ( ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S' ,CLUBS DUR+ ! #a#h#cS & #a#h#dS4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 

#i4 ,GUIZOT1 A M9I/] UND] ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE1 WAS KN[N = HIS EXTREME CONS]VATIVE VIEWS4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 

#a4 ,FOLL[]S ( ,AUGU/E ,BLANQUI 7#a#h#e-#a#h#h#a71 ,FR5* SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTON>Y' ADVOCATE ( 9SURRECTION BY M9ORITIES4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 

#a#a4 ,9 HIS BOOK ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N4 

#a#b4 ,)\T DIRECT M5TION ( ,/IRN]1 :OSE WORK HE MAY NOT1 !RE=E1 HAVE READ4 

#a#c4 ,CF4 ! #aifc DECREES BY :I* ! ,ALG]IAN ,REPUBLIC 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ! SELF-MANAGEM5T :I* HAD BE5 ORIG9AT$ SPONTANE\SLY BY ! PEASANTS4 ,! APPORTIONM5T - IF NOT ! ACTUAL P]C5TAGES - IS V]Y SIMIL>1 & ! LA/ QU>T]1 0TO BE DIVID$ AMONG TILE WORK]S10 IS ! SAME AS ! 0BALANCE0 OV] :I* !RE WAS CONTROV]SY 9 ,ALG]IA4 

#a#d4 ,ALLEU IS A FEUDAL T]M = H]ITABLE 9ALI5ABLE PROP]TY4 ,! ,G]MA9S W]E A ,G]MAN TRIBE 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM WAS HI<LY DEVELOP$4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 

#a#e4 ,CF4 A SIMIL> DISCUSSION 9 ! ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM1 DRAFT$ BY ,K>L ,M>X 9 #ahge ?\< NOT PUBLI%$ UNTIL #a#h#i#a4 

#a#f4 ,CUBA IS TODAY GROP+LY & PREMATURELY TRY+ TO F9D ! WAY TO 9TEGRAL COMMUNISM4 

#a#g4 ,A /ATE MONOPOLY 9 ,FRANCE4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 

#a#h4 ,A ,SWISS BRAN* ( ! ,9TEMATIONAL :I* HAD ADOPT$ ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS4 

#a#i4 ,PI Y ,M>GALL WAS A M9I/] 9 ! P]IOD BETWE5 #ahgc & #ahgd :5 A REPUBLIC WAS BRIEFLY E/ABLI%$ 9 ,SPA94 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 ,:51 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g1 ,F$5CA ,MONTS5Y1 A WOMAN AN>*I/ :O HAD BECOME A M9I/]1 PRAIS$ ! LEGIONALISM ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL1 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL REPLI$ ?AT HE WAS F> FROM A FAI?FUL FOLL[] ( ,BAKUN94 

#b4 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,PROLET>I5NE IS A ,FR5* MON?LY2 ,ROB]T ,L\ZON A VET]AN REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 

#b#a4 ,ROB]T ,LONZON PO9T$ \T TO ! AU?OR ?AT FROM A DIALECTIC PO9T ( VIEW ?IS /ATEM5T & ?AT ( ,PELL\TI] >E 9 NO WAY MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE3 T]RORISM HAD CONTRADICTORY EFFECTS ON ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 

#b#b4 ,A ,BOL%EVIK HI/ORIAN :O LAT] BECAME A ,/AL9I/4 

#b#c4 SEE .<,S,O,C,I,A,L-,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,T,I,C ,C,O,N,D,E,M,N,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M.>4 

#b#d4 ,JACQU]IE WAS ! NAME GIV51 TO ! ,FR5* PEASANT REVOLT ( #aceh 7FROM RACQUES1 ! NICKNAME ( ! ,FR5* PEASANT74 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 

#b#e4 ,DEBATE AMONG AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ON ! RELATIVE M]ITS ( FACTORY C\NCILS & TRADE UNIONS WAS1 MOREOV]1 NO?+ NEW2 IT HAD REC5TLY DIVID$ ! AN>*I/S 9 ,RUSSIA & EV5 CAUS$ A SPLIT 9 ! RANKS ( ! $ITORIAL TEAM 9 *>GE ( ! LIB]T>IAN PAP] ,GOLOS ,TRUDA1 SOME MEMB]S REMA9+ FAI?FUL TO CLASSICAL SYNDICALISM :ILE O!RS1 9CLUD+ ,G4 ,P4 ,MAXIM(F1 OPT$ = ! C\NCILS4 

#b#f4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#b1 ! ,K,A,P,D SET UP A 0,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,9T]NATIONAL0 ) ,DUT* & ,BELGIAN OPPOSITION GR\PS4 

#b#g4 ,! ,SPANI% ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR4 

#b#h4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! TRADE UNIONI/S :O FOLL[$ ,PI]RE ,BESN>D W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL ,UNITAIRE 7OB$I5T TO ! ,COMMUNI/S7 &1 9 #a#i#b#d1 F\ND$ ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5LRALE DU ,TRAVAIL ,SYNDICALI/E ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE4 

#b#i4 ,:]EAS 9 ,CA/ILE & 9 ! ,A/URIAS1 ETC41 ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC TRADE UNION C5T]1 ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S 7,U,G,T7 WAS PR$OM9ANT4 

#c4 ,! ,C,N,T ONLY AGRE$ TO ! CREATION ( 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,9 #aiai ?IS HAD BE5 REJECT$ BY ! 0PURE0 AN>*I/S AS LEAD+ T[>D C5TRALISM & BUREAUCRACY2 BUT IT HAD BECOME ESS5TIAL TO REPLY TO ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITALISM BY ! CONC5TRATION ( ! UNIONS 9 A S+LE 9DU/RY4 ,! L>GE 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS W]E ONLY REALLY /ABILIZ$ 9 #a#i#c#g4 

#c#a4 ,SEE .<,A,N,>,*,I,/,S ,9 ,! ,T,R,A,D,E ,U,N,I,O,N,S.>4 

#c#b4 ,NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) 9T]M$IATE POLITICAL =MS1 :I* ! AN>*I/S1 UNLIKE ! ,M>XI/S1 REJECT4 

#c#c4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION TO :I* ! ,C,N,T WAS AFFILIAT$ HAD A SPECIAL CONGRESS 9 ,P>IS1 ,JUNE #a#a-#a#c1 #a#i#c#g1 AT :I* ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ TRADE-UNION C5T] WAS REPROA*$ = P>TICIPAT+ 9 GOV]NM5T & = ! CONCESSIONS IT HAD MATE 9 CONSEQU5CE4 ,) ?IS BACK+1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE DECID$ TO PUBLI% A S]IES ( >TICLES 9 ! ,JULY #h1 #a#e1 & #bb ISSUES ( ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE1 5TITL$ 0,! ,FATAL ,SLOPE40 ,!SE W]E SEV]ELY CRITICAL ( ! DECISION ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S TO TAKE P>T 9 GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS 5RAG$ & BR\<T AB\T ! RESIGNATION ( ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION1 ,PI]RE ,BESN>D4 

#cd 0,9 !ORY10 BECAUSE !RE WAS SOME LITIGATION BETWE5 VILLAGES ON ?IS SUBJECT4 

#c#e4 ,?IS REF]S TO ! TIME :5 ! ,P,\,M 7,P>TIDO ,OBR]O ,UNIDO ,M>XI/A7 TOGE!R ) RANK-&-FILE AN>*I/S CAME 9TO >M$ CONFLICT ) ! POLICE & W]E DEFEAT$ & CRU%$4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 

#c#f4 ,AS ( ,JULY #a#i#f#i4 

#c#g4 ,JAMES ,JOLL REC5TLY WROTE TO ! AU?OR ?AT AFT] READ+ ?IS BOOK HE HAD TO SOME EXT5T REVIS$ HIS VIEWS4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifi 3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY ,TO ,PRACTICE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #f1 #bag 3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY ,TO ,PRACTICE -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY ,TO ,PRACTICE -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/