,AN>*ISM #aifg ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK ,TEXT 3 ,PHOTO BY ,JIM ,SURKAMP1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M1 A SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT REJECTS AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5T & MA9TA9S ?AT VOLUNT>Y 9/ITUTIONS >E BE/ SUIT$ TO EXPRESS MAN'S NATURAL SOCIAL T5D5CIES4 ,HI/ORICALLY ! WORD 0AN>*I/10 :I* D]IVES FROM ! ,GREEK AN >*OS1 MEAN+ 0NO GOV]NM5T10 APPE>S FIR/ TO HAVE BE5 US$ PEJORATIVELY TO 9DICATE ONE :O D5IES ALL LAW & WI%ES TO PROMOTE *AOS4 ,IT WAS US$ 9 ?IS S5SE AGA9/ ! ,LEVEL]S DUR+ ! ,5GLI% ,CIVIL ,W> & DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION BY MO/ P>TIES 9 CRITICIZ+ ?OSE :O /OOD TO ! LEFT ( !M ALONG ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM4 ,! FIR/ USE ( ! WORD AS AN APPROBATORY DESCRIPTION ( A POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 BY ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON :51 9 HIS ,QU'E/-CE-QUE LA PROPRIETE8 7,:AT ,IS ,PROP]TY81 ,P>IS1 #a#h#d71 HE DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/ BECAUSE HE BELIEV$ ?AT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON AU?ORITY %\LD BE REPLAC$ BY SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON VOLUNT>Y CONTRACTUAL AGREEM5T4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! TWO USES ( ! WORD HAVE SURVIV$ TOGE!R & HAVE CAUS$ CONFUSION 9 DISCUSS+ AN>*ISM1 :I* TO SOME HAS APPE>$ A DOCTR9E ( DE/RUCTION & TO O!RS A B5EVOL5T DOCTR9E BAS$ ON A FAI? 9 ! 9NATE GOODNESS ( MAN4 ,!RE HAS BE5 FUR!R CONFUSION ?R\< ! ASSOCIATION ( AN>*ISM ) NIHILISM & T]RORISM4 ,9 FACT1 AN>*ISM1 :I* IS BAS$ ON FAI? 9 NATURAL LAW & JU/ICE1 /&S AT ! OPPOSITE POLE TO NIHILISM1 :I* D5IES ALL MORAL LAWS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 !RE IS NO NECESS>Y CONNECTION BETWE5 AN>*ISM1 :I* IS A SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY1 & T]RORISM1 :I* IS A POLITICAL MEANS OCCASIONALLY US$ BY 9DIVIDUAL AN>*I/S BUT ALSO BY ACTIONI/S BELONG+ TO A WIDE V>IETY ( MOVEM5TS ?AT HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) AN>*ISM4 ,AN>*ISM AIMS AT ! UTMO/ POSSIBLE FRE$OM COMPATIBLE ) SOCIAL LIFE1 9 ! BELIEF ?AT VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION BY RESPONSIBLE 9DIVIDUALS IS NOT M]ELY MORE JU/ & EQUITABLE BUT IS ALSO1 9 ! LONG RUN1 MORE H>MONI\S & ORD]$ 9 ITS EFFECTS ?AN AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5T4 ,AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY HAS TAK5 MANY =MS1 NONE ( :I* CAN BE DEF9$ AS AN OR?ODOXY1 & ITS EXPON5TS HAVE DELIB]ATELY CULTIVAT$ ! IDEA ?AT IT IS AN OP5 & MUTABLE DOCTR9E4 ,H[EV]1 ALL ITS V>IANTS COMB9E A CRITICISM ( EXI/+ GOV]NM5TAL SOCIETIES1 A VISION ( A FUTURE LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY ?AT MI*ISM 9 G5]AL REJECTS ! /ATE4 ,IT D5IES ! VALUE ( DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES BECAUSE !Y >E BAS$ ON MAJORITY RULE & ON ! DELEGATION ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL %\LD RETA94 ,IT CRITICIZES ,UTOPIAN PHILOSOPHIES BECAUSE !Y AIM AT A /ATIC 0IDEAL0 SOCIETY4 ,IT 9CL9ES T[>D 9T]NATIONALISM & F$]ALISM1 &1 :ILE ! VIEWS ( AN>*I/S ON QUE/IONS ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION V>Y GREATLY1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ALL ( !M REJECT :AT ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 CALL$ ACCUMULAT$ PROP]TY4 ,ATTEMPTS HAVE BE5 MADE BY AN>*I/ APOLOGI/S TO TRACE ! ORIG9S ( !IR PO9T ( VIEW 9 PRIMITIVE NONGOV]NM5TAL SOCIETIES4 ,!RE HAS ALSO BE5 A T5D5CY TO DETECT AN>*I/ PIONE]S AMONG A WIDE V>IETY ( TEA*]S & WRIT]S :O1 = V>I\S RELIGI\S OR PHILOSOPHICAL REASONS1 HAVE CRITICIZ$ ! 9/ITUTION ( GOV]NM5T1 HAVE REJECT$ POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 OR HAVE PLAC$ A GREAT VALUE ON 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,9 ?IS WAY SU* V>I$ ANCE/ORS HAVE BE5 F\ND AS ,LAO-,TSE1 ,Z5O1 ,SP>TACUS1 ,ETI5NE DE ,LA ,BOETIE1 ,?OMAS ,MUNZ]1 ,RABELAIS1 ,F5ELON1 ,DID]OT1 & ,SWIFT2 AN>*I/ TR5DS HAVE ALSO BE5 DETECT$ 9 MANY RELIGI\S GR\PS AIM+ AT A COMMUNALI/IC ORD]1 SU* AS ! ,ESS5ES1 ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN APO/LES1 ! ,ANABAPTI/S1 & ! ,D\KHOBORS4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT SOME ( ! C5TRAL LIB]T>IAN IDEAS >E TO BE F\ND 9 V>Y+ DEGREES AMONG !SE M5 & MOVEM5TS1 ! FIR/ =MS ( AN>*ISM AS A DEVELOP$ SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY APPE>$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! MOD]N ]A1 :5 ! M$IEVAL ORD] HAD DIS9TEGRAT$1 ! ,RE=MATION HAD REA*$ ITS RADICAL1 SECT>IAN PHASE1 & ! RUDIM5T>Y =MS ( MOD]N POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION HAD BEGUN TO APPE>4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! EM]G5CE ( ! MOD]N /ATE & ( CAPITALISM IS P>ALLEL$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( ! PHILOSOPHY ?AT1 9 V>I\S =MS1 HAS OPPOS$ !M MO/ FUNDAM5TALLY4 ,W9/ANLEY4 ,AL?\< ,PR\DHON WAS ! FIR/ WRIT] TO CALL HIMSELF AN AN>*I/1 AT LEA/ TWO PR$ECESSORS \TL9$ SY/EMS ?AT CONTA9 ALL ! BASIC ELEM5TS ( AN>*ISM4 ,! FIR/ WAS ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLEY 7#a#f#i-C4 #a#f#f71 A L95 DRAP] :O L$ ! SMALL MOVEM5T ( ! ,DIGG]S DUR+ ! ,COMMONWEAL?4 ,W9/ANLEY & HIS FOLL[]S PROTE/$ 9 ! NAME ( A RADICAL ,*RI/IANITY AGA9/ ! ECONOMIC DI/RESS ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,CIVIL ,W> & AGA9/ ! 9EQUALITY ?AT ! GR&EES ( ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY SEEM$ 9T5T ON PRES]V+4 ,9 #a#f#d#i-#a#f#e ! ,DIGG]S SQUATT$ ON /RET*ES ( COMMON L& 9 S\!RN ,5GL& & ATTEMPT$ TO SET UP COMMUNITIES BAS$ ON WORK ON ! L& & ! %>+ ( GOODS4 ,! COMMUNITIES FAIL$1 BUT A S]IES ( PAMPHLETS BY ,W9/ANLEY SURVIV$1 ( :I* ,! ,NEW ,LAW ( ,RI$ ! UNIV]SALLY CORRUPT+ NATURE ( AU?ORITY4 ,HE SAW 0AN EQUAL PRIVILEGE TO %>E 9 ! BLESS+ ( LIB]TY0 & DETECT$ AN 9TIMATE L9K BETWE5 ! 9/ITUTION ( PROP]TY & ! LACK ( FRE$OM4 ,9 ! SOCIETY HE SKET*$1 WORK W\LD BE DONE 9 COMMON & ! PRODUCTS %>$ EQUALLY ?R\< A SY/EM ( OP5 /OREH\SES1 )\T COMM]CE4 ,LIKE LAT] LIB]T>IAN PHILOSOPH]S1 ,W9/ANLEY SAW CRIME AS A PRODUCT ( ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY & MA9TA9$ ?AT ! PEOPLE %\LD NOT PUT TRU/ 9 RUL]S4 ,RA!R1 !Y %\LD ACT = !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO 5D SOCIAL 9JU/ICE1 SO ?AT ! L& %\LD BECOME A 0COMMON TREASURY0 :]E FREE M5 C\LD LIVE 9 PL5TY4 ,W9/ANLEY DI$ 9 OBSCURITY &1 \TSIDE ! SMALL & EPHEM]AL GR\P ( ,DIGG]S1 HE APPE>S TO HAVE WIELD$ NO 9FLU5CE1 EXCEPT POSSIBLY OV] ! E>LY ,QUAK]S4 ,GODW94 ,A MORE ELABORATE SKET* ( AN>*ISM1 AL?\< /ILL )\T ! NAME1 WAS PROVID$ BY ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 9 HIS ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7#a#g#i#c74 ,GODW9 DIFF]$ FROM MO/ LAT] AN>*I/S 9 PREF]R+ TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ! GRADUAL &1 AS IT SEEM$ TO HIM1 MORE NATURAL PROCESS ( DISCUSSION AMONG M5 ( GOOD WILL1 BY :I* HE HOP$ TRU? W\LD EV5TUALLY TRIUMPH ?R\< ITS [N P[]4 ,GODW91 :O WAS 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,5GLI% TRADITION ( ,DISS5T & ! ,FR5* PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,5LID 9 A DEVELOP$ =M ! BASIC AN>*I/ CRITICISMS ( ! /ATE1 ( ACCUMULAT$ PROP]TY1 & ( ! DELEGATION ( AU?ORITY ?R\< DEMOCRATIC PROC$URE4 ,HE BELIEV$ 9 A 0FIX$ & IMMUTABLE MORALITY10 MANIFE/+ ITSELF ?R\< 0UNIV]SAL B5EVOL5CE02 MAN1 HE ?\D HIS FELL[ M5 9 ACCORDANCE ) NATURAL JU/ICE4 ,JU/ICE ITSELF WAS BAS$ ON IMMUTABLE TRU?S2 HUMAN LAWS W]E FALLIBLE1 & M5 %\LD USE !IR UND]/&+S TO DET]M9E :AT IS JU/ & %\LD ACT ACCORD+ TO !IR [N REASONS RA!R ?AN 9 OB$I5CE TO ! AU?ORITY ( 0POSITIVE 9/ITUTIONS10 :I* ALWAYS =M B>RI]S TO 5LIRIAGE & EV5 ! ROLE ( AN OR*E/RA CONDUCTOR4 ,= ! PRES5T HE PUT HIS FAI? 9 SMALL GR\PS ( M5 SEEK+ TRU? & JU/ICE2 = ! FUTURE1 9 A SOCIETY ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS ORGANIZ$ LOCALLY 9 P>I%ES & L9K$ LOOSELY 9 A SOCIETY )\T FRONTI]S & ) ! M9IMUM ( ORGANIZATION4 ,EV]Y MAN %\LD TAKE P>T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( NECESSITIES & %\LD %>E HIS PRODUCE ) ALL 9 NE$1 ON ! BASIS ( FREE DI/RIBUTION4 ,GODW9 DI/RU/$ AN EXCESS ( POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC COOP]ATION2 ON ! O!R H&1 HE LOOK$ =W>D TO A FRE] 9T]C\RSE ( 9DIVIDUALS ?R\< ! PROGRESSIVE BREAK+ D[N ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC B>RI]S4 ,H]E1 CONCEIV$ 9 ! PRIMITIVE =M ( A SOCIETY ( FREE L&WORK]S & >TISANS1 WAS ! FIR/ SKET* ( AN AN>*I/ WORLD4 ,! LOGICAL COMPLET5ESS ( ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE1 & ITS A/ONI%+ ANTICIPATION ( LAT] LIB]T>IAN >GUM5TS1 MAKE IT1 AS ,SIR ,ALEX&] ,GRAY SAID1 0! SUM & SUB/ANCE ( AN>*ISM40 ,N9ETE5?-,C5TURY ,EUROPEAN ,AN>*ISM ,H[EV]1 DESPITE !IR SIMIL>ITIES TO LAT] LIB]T>IAN PHILOSOPHIES1 ! SY/EMS ( ,W9/ANLEY & ,GODW9 HAD NO P]CEPTIBLE 9FLU5CE ON N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,EUROPEAN AN>*ISM1 :I* WAS AN 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T & :I* D]IV$ MA9LY FROM ! PECULI> FUSION ( E>LY ,FR5* SOCIALI/ ?\*ISM4 ,?IS TRADITION C5T]$ L>GELY ON A DEVELOP+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ?AT ATTA9$ MASS DIM5SIONS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,SPA9 7:]E AN>*ISM REMA9$ /RONG UNTIL ! TRIUMPH ( ,FRANCO 9 #a#i#c#i71 & TO A LESS] EXT5T 9 ,FR5*-SPEAK+ ,SWITZ]L&1 ! ,UKRA9E & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,AP>T FROM ,PR\DHON1 ITS MA9 ADVOCATES W]E ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,PR9CE ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE1 ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 & ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 ) ,MAX ,/IRN] & ,LEO ,TOL/OY ON ! 9DIVIDUALI/ & PACIFI/ FR+ES RESPECTIVELY4 ,ALSO1 !RE >OSE AMONG N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/S A MY/IQUE ?AT ACTION & EV5 !ORY %\LD EM]GE FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,LIB]T>IAN ATTITUDES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 CONNECTION ) ! AN>*OSYNDICALISM ( ,FRANCE & ,SPA91 W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ! RATIONALIZATION & EV5 ROMANTICIZATION ( ! EXP]I5CE ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE2 ! WRIT+S ( ,F]N& ,PELL\TI] & ,GEORGES ,SOREL 9 P>TICUL> EMANATE FROM ?IS ASPECT ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*ISM ASSUM$ A NUMB] ( =MS1 & ! PO9TS ( V>IATION BETWE5 !M LIE 9 ?REE MA9 >EAS3 ! USE ( VIOL5CE1 ! DEGREE ( COOP]ATION COMPATIBLE ) 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 & ! =M ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION APPROPRIATE TO A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM4 ,9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM LIES ON ! EXTREME & SOMETIMES DUBI\S FR+E ( ! LIB]T>IAN PHILOSOPHIES S9CE1 9 SEEK+ TO ASSURE ! ABSOLUTE 9DEP5D5CE ( ! P]SON1 IT (T5 SEEMS TO NEGATE ! SOCIAL BASIS ( TRUE AN>*ISM4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY ! CASE ) ,MAX ,/IRN]1 :O SPECIFICALLY REJECT$ SOCIETY AS WELL AS ! /ATE & R$UC$ ORGANIZATION TO A UNION ( EGOI/S BAS$ ON ! MUTUAL RESPECT ( 0UNIQUE0 9DIVIDUALS1 EA* /&+ UPON HIS 0MI*ISM DUR+ ! #a#h#iS WAS P>TICUL>LY 9CL9$ T[>D 9DIVIDUALISM1 :I* EXPRESS$ ITSELF P>TLY 9 A DI/RU/ ( ORGANIZATION & P>TLY 9 ! ACTIONS ( T]RORI/S LIKE 0,RAVA*OL0 & ,EMILE ,H5RY1 :O ALONE OR 9 T9Y GR\PS C>RI$ \T ASSASS9ATIONS ( PEOPLE OV] :OM !Y HAD APPO9T$ !MSELVES BO? JUDGES & EXECUTION]S4 ,A MILD] =M ( 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM WAS ?AT ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN LIB]T>IAN WRIT] ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK] 7#a#h#e#d-#a#i#c#i71 :O REJECT$ VIOL5CE 9 FAVOR ( REFUSAL TO OBEY & :O1 LIKE ALL 9DIVIDUALI/S1 OPPOS$ ANY =M ( ECONOMIC COMMUNISM4 ,:AT HE ASK$ WAS ?AT PROP]TY %\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ & EQUALIZ$ SO ?AT EV]Y MAN %\LD HAVE CONTROL OV] ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR4 ,MUTUALISM4 ,MUTUALISM1 DEVELOP$ BY ,PR\DHON1 DIFF]$ FROM 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM 9 ITS /RESS ON ! SOCIAL ELEM5T 9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,IT REJECT$ BO? POLITICAL ACTION & REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE -- SOME ( ,PR\DHON'S DISCIPLES EV5 OBJECT$ TO /RIKES AS A =M ( CO]CION -- 9 FAVOR ( ! RE=M ( SOCIETY BY ! PEACEFUL SPREAD ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 DEVOT$ P>TICUL>LY TO MUTUAL CR$IT BETWE5 PRODUC]S4 ,A RECURR5T MUTUALI/ PLAN1 NEV] FULFILL$1 WAS ?AT ( ! PEOPLE'S BANK1 :I* W\LD >RANGE ! EX*ANGE ( GOODS ON ! BASIS ( LABOR NOTES4 ,! MUTUALI/S RECOGNIZ$ ?AT WORK]S' SYNDICATES MIY = ! FUNCTION+ ( 9DU/RY & PUBLIC UTILITIES1 BUT !Y REJECT$ L>GE-SCALE COLLECTIVIZATION AS A DANG] TO LIB]TY & BAS$ !IR ECONOMIC APPROA* AS F> AS POSSIBLE ON 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY PEASANTS & SMALL CRAFTSM5 UNIT$ 9 A FRAMEWORK ( EX*ANGE & CR$IT >RANGEM5TS4 ,! MUTUALI/S LAID GREAT /RESS ON F$]ALI/ ORGANIZATION FROM ! LOCAL COMMUNE UPW>D AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! NATIONAL /ATE4 ,MUTUALISM HAD A WIDE FOLL[+ AMONG ,FR5* >TISANS DUR+ ! #a#h#fS4 ,ITS EXPON5TS W]E F]V5TLY 9T]NATIONALI/ & PLAY$ A GREAT P>T 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 #a#h#f#d2 !IR 9FLU5CE DIM9I%$1 H[EV]1 ) ! RISE ( COLLECTIVISM AS AN ALT]NATIVE LIB]T>IAN PHILOSOPHY4 ,COLLECTIVISM4 ,COLLECTIVISM IS ! =M ( AN>*ISM ASSOCIAT$ ) ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN94 ,! COLLECTIVI/ PHILOSOPHY WAS DEVELOP$ BY ,BAKUN9 FROM #ahfd ONW>D1 :5 HE WAS =M+ ! FIR/ 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( AN>*I/S1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,IT WAS COLLECTIVI/ AN>*ISM ?AT =M$ ! PR9CIPAL OPPOSITION TO ,M>XISM 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION & ?US BEGAN ! HI/ORIC RIVALRY BETWE5 LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN VIEWS ( SOCIALISM4 ,BAKUN9 & ! O!R COLLECTIVI/S AGRE$ ) ! MUTUALI/S 9 !IR REJECTION ( ! /ATE & ( POLITICAL ME?ODS1 9 !IR /RESS ON F$]ALISM1 & 9 !IR VIEW ?AT ! WORK] %\LD BE REW>D$ ACCORD+ TO HIS LABOR4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !Y DIFF]$ 9 /RESS+ ! NE$ = REVOLUTION>Y MEANS TO BR+ AB\T ! D[NFALL ( ! /ATE & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT1 !Y ADVOCAT$ ! PUBLIC [N]%IP & ! EXPLOITATION ?R\< WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS ( ! L& & ALL S]VICES & MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,:ILE 9 MUTUALISM ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] HAD BE5 ! BASIC UNIT1 9 COLLECTIVISM IT WAS ! GR\P ( WORK]S2 ,BAKUN9 SPECIFICALLY REJECT$ 9DIVIDUALISM ( ANY K9D & MA9TA9$ ?AT AN>*ISM WAS A SOCIAL DOCTR9E & MU/ BE BAS$ ON ! ACCEPTANCE ( COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,COLLECTIVISM SURVIV$ AS ! DOM9ANT AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL ! #a#i#cS2 ELSE:]E IT WAS REPLAC$ DUR+ ! #a#h#gS BY ! AN>*I/ COMMUNISM ?AT WAS ASSOCIAT$ P>TICUL>LY ) ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 AL?\< IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT ,KROPOTK9 WAS M]ELY ! MO/ >TICULATE EXPON5T ( A TR5D ?AT GREW \T ( DISCUSSIONS AMONG AN>*I/ 9TELLECTUALS 9 ,G5EVA DUR+ ! YE>S IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,?R\< ,KROPOTK9'S LIT]>Y EF=TS AN>*I/ COMMUNISM WAS MU* MORE ELABORATELY WORK$ \T ?AN EI!R MUTUALISM OR COLLECTIVISM2 9 BOOKS LIKE ,LA ,CONQUITE DU PA9 7,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 #a#h#i#b7 & ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS 7#a#h#i#i7 ,KROPOTK9 ELABORAT$ ! S*EME ( A SEMIUTOPIAN DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY BAS$ ON AN 9TEGRATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY1 ( T[N LIFE & C\NTRY LIFE1 ( $UCATION & APPR5TICE%IP4 ,KROPOTK9 ALSO L9K$ HIS !ORIES CLOSELY ) CURR5T EVOLUTION>Y !ORIES 9 ! FIELDS ( AN?ROPOLOGY & BIOLOGY2 AN>*ISM1 HE SUGGE/$ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID 7#a#i#b71 WAS ! F9AL /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( COOP]ATION AS A FACTOR 9 EVOLUTION4 ,AN>*I/ COMMUNISM DIFF]$ FROM COLLECTIVISM ON ONLY ONE FUNDAM5TAL PO9T -- ! WAY 9 :I* ! PRODUCT ( LABOR %\LD BE %>$4 ,9 PLACE ( ! COLLECTIVI/ & MUTUALI/ IDEA ( REMUN]ATION ACCORD+ TO H\RS ( LABOR1 ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S PROCLAIM$ ! SLOGAN 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS MEANS1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S0 & 5VISAG$ OP5 W>EH\SES FROM :I* ANY MAN C\LD HAVE :AT HE WANT$4 ,!Y REASON$1 FIR/1 ?AT WORK WAS A NATURAL NE$ ?AT M5 C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO FULFILL )\T ! ?REAT ( WANT &1 SECOND1 ?AT :]E NO RE/RICTION WAS PLAC$ ON AVAILABLE GOODS1 !RE W\LD BE NO TEMPTATION = ANY MAN TO TAKE MORE ?AN HE C\LD USE4 ,! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S LAID GREAT /RESS ON LOCAL COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION & EV5 ON LOCAL ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICI5CY AS A GU>ANTEE ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM BEGAN TO DEVELOP 9 ! LATE #a#h#hS1 :5 MANY AN>*I/S 5T]$ ! ,FR5* TRADE UNIONS1 OR SYNDICATES1 :I* W]E JU/ BEG9N+ TO REEM]GE AFT] ! P]IOD ( SUPPRESSION ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,LAT]1 AN>*I/ MILITANTS MOV$ 9TO KEY POSITIONS 9 ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL1 F\ND$ 9 #a#h#i#e1 & WORK$ \T ! !ORIES ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,!Y %IFT$ ! BASIS ( AN>*ISM TO ! SYNDICATES1 :I* !Y SAW AS ORGANIZATIONS ?AT UNIT$ ! PRODUC]S 9 COMMON /RUGGLE AS WELL AS 9 COMMON WORK4 ,! COMMON /RUGGLE %\LD TAKE ! =M ( 0DIRECT ACTION10 PRIM>ILY 9 9DU/RY1 S9CE !RE ! WORK]S C\LD /RIKE MO/ %>PLY AT !IR CLOSE/ 5EMIES1 ! CAPITALI/S2 ! HIALYZ+ NOT M]ELY CAPITALISM BUT ALSO ! /ATE4 ,:5 ! /ATE WAS P>ALYZ$1 ! SYNDICATES1 :I* HAD BE5 ! ORGANS ( REVOLT1 C\LD BE TRANS=M$ 9TO ! BASIC UNITS ( ! FREE SOCIETY2 ! WORK]S W\LD TAKE OV] ! FACTORIES :]E !Y HAD BE5 EMPLOYES & W\LD F$]ATE BY 9DU/RIES4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM CREAT$ A MY/IQUE ( ! WORK+ MASSES ?AT RAN C\NT] TO 9DIVIDUALI/ TR5DS2 & ! /RESS ON ! PRODUC]S1 AS DI/9CT FROM ! CONSUM]S1 DI/URB$ ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S1 :O W]E HAUNT$ BY ! VISION ( MASSIVE TRADE UNIONS OSSIFY+ 9TO MONOLI?IC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,SPA9 IT WAS ! SYNDICALI/ V>IANT ?AT BR\*ISM ITS FIR/ & ONLY MASS FOLL[+4 ,! M5 :O ELABORAT$ ! PHILOSOPHY ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM 9CLUD$ MILITANTS1 SU* AS ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]1 ,GEORGES ,YVETOT1 & ,EMILE ,P\GET1 :O AMONG !M CREAT$ ! VISION ( A MOVEM5T >IS+ FROM ! G5IUS ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,!RE W]E ALSO 9TELLECTUALS \TSIDE ! MOVEM5T :O DREW !ORETICAL CONCLUSIONS FROM AN>*OSYNDICALI/ PRACTICE2 ! MO/ IMPORTANT WAS ,GEORGES ,SOREL1 ! AU?OR ( ,REFLEXIONS SUR LA VIOL5CE 7,REFLECTIONS ON ,VIOL5CE1 #a#i#h71 :O SAW ! G5]AL /RIKE AS A SAV+ 0SOCIAL MY?0 ?AT W\LD MA9TA9 SOCIETY 9 A /ATE ( /RUGGLE &1 !RE=E1 ( HEAL?4 ,PACIFI/ AN>*ISM4 ,PACIFI/ AN>*ISM HAS TAK5 TWO =MS4 ,?AT ( ,LEO ,TOL/OY ATTEMPT$ TO GIVE RATIONAL & CONCRETE =M TO ,*RI/IAN E?ICS4 ,TOL/OY REJECT$ ALL VIOL5CE2 HE ADVOCAT$ A MORAL REVOLUTION1 ITS GREAT TACTIC ! REFUSAL TO OBEY4 ,!RE WAS MU*1 H[EV]1 9 ,TOL/OY'S CRITICISMS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY & HIS SUGGE/IONS = ! FUTURE ?AT P>ALLEL$ O!R =MS ( AN>*ISM4 ,HE D5\NC$ ! /ATE1 LAW1 & PROP]TY2 HE =ESAW COOP]ATIVE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO NE$4 ,LAT] A PACIFI/ TR5D APPE>$ 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE2 ITS *IEF EXPON5T WAS ! ,DUT* EX-SOCIALI/1 ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS4 ,IT DIFF]$ FROM /RICT ,TOL/OYISM BY ACCEPT+ SYNDICALI/ =MS ( /RUGGLE ?AT /OPP$ %ORT ( VIOL5CE1 P>TICUL>LY ! MILL5>IAN G5]AL /RIKE = ! ABOLITION ( W>4 ,DESPITE !IR DIFF]5CES1 ALL !SE =MS ( AN>*ISM W]E UNIT$ NOT M]ELY 9 !IR REJECTION ( ! /ATE1 ( POLITICS1 & ( ACCUMULAT$ PROP]TY1 BUT ALSO 9 C]TA9 MORE ELUSIVE ATTITUDES4 ,9 ITS AVOIDANCE ( P>TISAN ORGANIZATION & POLITICAL PRACTICES1 AN>*ISM RETA9$ MORE ( ! MORAL ELEM5T ?AN DID O!R MOVEM5TS ( PROTE/4 ,?IS ASPECT WAS %[N ) P>TICUL> %>PNESS 9 ! DESIRE ( ITS EXPON5TS = ! SIMPLIFICATION ( LIFE1 NOT M]ELY 9 ! S5SE ( REMOV+ ! COMPLICATIONS ( AU?ORITY1 BUT ALSO 9 ES*EW+ ! 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PROBLEM ( RECONCIL+ SOCIAL H>MONY ) COMPLETE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM IS A RECURR5T ONE 9 AN>*I/ ?\GU$ ?AT AN AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY PRODUCES ANTISOCIAL REACTIONS1 :I* W\LD VANI% 9 FRE$OM4 ,IT HAS ALSO BE5 SUGGE/$1 BY ,GODW9 & ,KROP(K9 P>TICUL>LY1 ?AT PUBLIC OP9ION WILL SUFFICE TO DET] ?OSE :O ABUSE !IR LIB]TY4 ,H[EV]1 ,GEORGE ,ORWELL HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT ! RELIANCE ON PUBLIC OP9ION AS A =CE REPLAC+ OV]T CO]CION MI*ISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS 7,CLEVEL&1 #a#i#f#b7 IS A COMPLETE HI/ORY4 ,! 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