,*APT] #d 
,AN>*I/S ,AGA9/ ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,E>LY ,REPUBLICAN ,*9A 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,>IF ,DIRLIK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,F\R  

 ,AN>*I/S AGA9/ ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,E>LY ,REPUBLICAN ,*9A 

  

,AN>*ISM G]M9AT$ 9 ,*9ESE ?\<T 9 ! RADICAL CULTURE ( ,*9ESE /UD5TS /UDY+ ABROAD4 ,LIKE O!R CURR5TS 9 ,*9ESE RADICALISM1 IT WAS A PRODUCT ( ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUALS' CONFRONTATION ) O!R SOCIETIES ?AT ALREADY %[$ ! /RA9S ( MOD]NITY & /RUGGL$ ) ALT]NATIVES TO ! DOM9ANT CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,*9ESE /UD5TS' EXP]I5CES ABROAD HAD A LIB]AT+ EFFECT ON !IR ?9K+2 ! SAME EXP]I5CES MADE !M W>Y ( :AT !Y F\ND4 

,IT WAS NOT UNTIL AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION ( #aiaa ?AT AN>*ISM APPE>$ )9 ,*9A4 ,! LIT]ATURE ?AT AN>*I/S PRODUC$ ABROAD F\ND ITS WAY 9TO ! MA9L& BE=E #a#i#a#a1 & ! ALREADY VISIBLE MOVEM5T ( ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUALS BETWE5 ,*9A & ! \TSIDE WORLD HAD 9TRODUC$ AN>*ISM TO 9TELLECTUALS AT HOME2 BUT IT WAS 9 ! P]IOD ( RELATIVE POLITICAL FRE$OM ?AT FOLL[$ ! REPUBLICAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiaa ?AT AN>*I/ ACTIVITY TOOK =M ON ,*9ESE SOIL4 ,OV] ! NEXT DECADE AN>*ISM W\LD BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! ?9K+ ( RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS & HELP N\RI% A RADICAL CULTURE ?AT BUR/ =? 9 FULL BLOOM ) ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#a#i4 

,P>IS AN>*I/S PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT P>T 9 ! UNFOLD+ ( AN>*ISM 9 ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC4 ,%ORTLY AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 !Y RETURN$ HOME TO E/ABLI% SEV]AL SOCIETIES 9 ,*9A4 ,!SE SOCIETIES1 H[EV]1 W]E EPHEM]AL2 !IR CONTRIBUTION LAY MORE IMPORTANTLY 9 ! $UCATIONAL PROGRAMS ?AT TOOK ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUALS TO ,FRANCE 9 9CREAS+ NUMB]S & CULM9AT$ LATE 9 ! DECADE 9 ! DILIG5T-WORK FRUGAL-/UDY PROGRAM 7Q+ONG JIANXUE71 :I* WAS TO PLAY A CRUCIAL P>T 9 ! RADICALIZATION ( ,*9ESE Y\?4 ,!SE ACTIVITIES ALSO S]V$ AS A CONDUIT BETWE5 ,EUROPE & ,*9A1 FE$+ 9TO ,*9ESE AN>*ISM DEVELOPM5TS 9 AN>*ISM 9 ,EUROPE4 

,)9 ,*9A1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT DEVELOPM5T WAS ! APPE>ANCE ( AN>*ISM 9 ,GUANGZH\1 :I* WAS ALSO TO HAVE A LONG-T]M 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*ISM4 ,AL?\< RADICAL 9 !IR CONSEQU5CES1 ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S W]E MOD]ATE 7TOOK ! =M1 9 FACT1 ( COOP]ATION ) GOV]NM5T AU?ORITIES 9 ,*9A & ,FRANCE74 ,UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! *>ISMATIC LEAD] ,LIU ,SIFU 7,%IFU1 #a#h#h#d-#a#i#a#e71 ! ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S PROMOT$ A RADICAL AN>*ISM ?AT W\LD BE RESPONSIBLE = IMPORTANT NEW DEVELOPM5TS 9 AN>*I/ ACTIVITY & W\LD =E%AD[ ! DIRECTION ,*9ESE RADICALISM W\LD TAKE 9 ! #a#i#bS1 9 :I* ! ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S W]E TO PLAY A DIRECT & SIGNIFICANT P>T4 

,MO/ IMPORTANT AMONG !SE DEVELOPM5TS WAS ! E/ABLI%M5T 9 ! LATE #a#i#aS ( AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 9TELLECTUALS & ! WORK]S1 A MOVEM5T SPE>HEAD$ BY AN>*I/S4 ,BO? GR\PS ( AN>*I/S W\LD PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 NURTUR+ AN AW>5ESS AMONG 9TELLECTUALS ( ! IMPORTANCE ( LABOR & 9 PROVID+ SOCIAL SPACES )9 :I* 9TELLECTUALS CAME 9TO CONTACT ) LABOR]S4 ,BUT !RE WAS ALSO A DIV]G5CE BETWE5 !M ?AT W5T BACK TO ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC4 ,! ,P>IS AN>*I/S1 ON ! ONE H&1 9CREAS+LY FOCUS$ !IR ATT5TION ON $UCATION & R5D]$ AN>*ISM 9TO AN AB/RACT SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY--SO AB/RACT1 9 FACT1 ?AT IT DID NOT PREV5T !M FROM 5GAG+ 9 HI<LY UNAN>*I/ ACTIVITIES & W\LD CULM9ATE 9 ! #a#i#bS 9 !IR ASSOCIATION ) ! ,RI<T W+ 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 :ILE !Y W]E ALSO CONC]N$ ) PROBLEMS ( CULTURE & $UCATION1 W]E CONSPICU\S = !IR REVOLUTION>Y PURISM & PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 N\RI%+ A SOCIAL RADICALISM ?AT W\LD ON OCCASION BR+ ! TWO GR\PS 9TO OPPOSITION4 

,! ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S ALSO PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T AT ?IS TIME 9 CONSOLIDAT+ AN AN>*I/ ID5TITY BY DRAW+ A CLE> L9E BETWE5 AN>*ISM & O!R SOCIALISMS1 :I* ALSO F\ND !IR WAY 9TO ,*9ESE RADICALISM 9 ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC4 ,! QUE/IONS !Y RAIS$ CONC]N+ SOCIALISM =E%AD[$ ! !MES ?AT 9 ! #a#i#bS W\LD =M ! BASIS = AN>*I/ CRITICISM ( ,M>XI/ COMMUNISM4 

,! FOCUS 9 ?IS *APT] IS ON ! AN>*ISM ( ,%IFU & HIS FOLL[]S & ON ! DEBATES BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S1 :I* W]E ALSO ! FIR/ DEBATES 9 ,*9A )9 SOCIALISM4 ,9 ! NEXT *APT] WE WILL RETURN TO ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S4 

,AN>*I/ ,CURR5TS 9 ! ,E>LY ,REPUBLIC 

  

,! >GUM5TS1 & ! LIT]ATURE ?AT 9=M$ !M1 ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ,TOKYO & ,P>IS 9DICATE ?AT BY ! EVE ( ! REPUBLICAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#a1 ,*9ESE RADICALS HAD A SUFFICI5T GRASP ( AN>*I/ !ORY TO DET]M9E :AT WAS & WAS NOT AN>*ISM4 ,9DE$1 AN>*I/ WRIT+S 9 ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC NO LONG] ASSOCIAT$ AN>*ISM ) NIHILISM2 & AL?\< AN>*I/S NEV] REPUDIAT$ ASSASS9ATION AS A ME?OD ( AN>*I/ REVOLUTION1 9 PRACTICE CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A R5UNCIATION ( ASSASS9ATION ACTIVITY1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,%IFU4 ,MORE FUNDAM5TALLY1 !SE WRIT+S N[ PORTRAY$ AN>*ISM AS PRIM>ILY A SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY1 A CURR5T )9 SOCIALISM ?AT HAD >IS5 9 RESPONSE TO ! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY 9 ! ,WE/4 ,& AN>*I/ ACTIVITY TOOK ! =M ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY TO TRANS=M SOCIETY AT ITS V]Y BASE4 ,?IS NEW ORI5TATION WAS ACCOMPANI$1 AS WE HAVE SE5 ) ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S1 BY A DISASSOCIATION ( AN>*ISM FROM AN>*I/IC CURR5TS )9 PREMOD]N ,*9ESE ?\<T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT PRES5T$ AN>*I/S ) A NEW PROBLEM3 H[ TO DI/+UI% AN>*ISM FROM O!R CURR5TS 9 SOCIALISM1 :I* WAS ESPECIALLY URG5T BECAUSE ! SEV]AL SOCIALI/ GR\PS ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC OV]LAPP$ 9 !IR IDEAS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS ! C5TRAL ISSUE ( DEBATE BETWE5 ,%IFU & ! SOCIALI/S 9 #a#i#a#c-#a#d4 ,AN>*ISM WAS ALREADY A PROBLEM )9 SOCIALISM4 

,NEV]!LESS1 )9 ?IS SOCIAL PHRASEOLOGY1 AN>*ISM RETA9$ ! 9T5SE MORALISM ( ITS ORIG9S1 ?\< AN>*I/ MORALITY POSSIBLY ASSUM$ A NEW VISAGE3 IT WAS NO LONG] JU/ AN ASS]TION ( MORAL AU!NTICITY AGA9/ ! DEPRIVATIONS ( POLITICS BUT1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! EYES ( ! ,FRANCOPHILE ,P>IS AN>*I/S1 A SOCIALLY IMPORTANT MEANS ( CIVILIZ+ ! ,*9ESE POPULATION4 ,TRACES ( ! 9ITIAL RECEPTION ( AN>*ISM W]E ALSO VISIBLE 9 ! CONT9U$ ASSOCIATION ( AN>*I/ MORALITY ) ,BUDDHISM 7&1 TO A LESS] EXT5T1 ) ,DAOISM72 CONSPICU\S AMONG ! AN>*I/S ( ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC WAS ! ,BUDDHI/ MONK ,TAIXU1 & ,BUDDHI/ ASSOCIATIONS 9FUS$1 AT LEA/ 9ITIALLY1 ! AN>*ISM ( ,%IFU & HIS FOLL[]S4 

,BE=E ! REPUBLICAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #aiaa !RE WAS AT LEA/ ONE 9/ANCE ( A ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUAL :O S\<T TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE ! AN>*I/ CONVICTIONS HE HAD ACQUIR$ ABROAD4 ,?IS WAS ,J+ ,MEIJIU1 LAT] ! $ITOR ( ! PRE/IGI\S ,GU(5G RIBAO 7,NATIONAL CU/OMS DAILY71 :OSE SUPPLEM5T1 ,XUEHAI 7,SEA ( LE>N+71 WAS TO BE A MAJOR S\RCE ( AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 ! #a#i#bS4.<#a#i.> ,J+ HAD BE5 A P>TICIPANT 9 ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,SOCIETY = ! ,/UDY ( ,SOCIALISM :ILE A /UD5T 9 ,TOKYO & HAD BE5 DEEPLY IMPRESS$ ) ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ ,KOTOKU ,%USUI'S LECTURES AT ! MEET+S ( ! ,SOCIETY1 :I* CONV]T$ HIM TO AN>*ISM4 ,AFT] HIS RETURN TO ,*9A1 HE ACTIVELY S\<T TO SPREAD AN>*ISM 9 ,TAIYUAN1 ,%ANXI1 HIS NATIVE PROV9CE4 

,9 A LECTURE ON SOCIALISM AT ,%ANXI ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,TAIYUAN 9 #a#i#a#b1 ,J+ TRAC$ ! ORIG9S ( SOCIALISM TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ,FR5* SOCIALI/S ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 PLAC+ P>TICUL> EMPHASIS ON ,SA9T-,SIMON AS ! MO/ FAM\S ( SOCIALI/S4 ,HE CLE>LY VIEW$ SOCIALISM AS A RESPONSE TO CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION ( ! PEOPLE1 :I* HAD 9T5SIFI$ ) ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE 9 HIS ACC\NT ,M>X HELD A PLACE ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE TO ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE1 HE OBS]V$ ?AT ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( SURPLUS VALUE 9 ,CAPITAL HAD MOV$ ! HE>TS ( A :OLE G5]ATION4 ,HE PRES5T$ AN>*ISM AS ! MO/ EXTREME ( ALL SOCIALISMS4 ,9 HIS OP9ION1 NONE ( ! SOCIALISMS SURPASS$ AN>*ISM 9 S]I\SNESS ( ! SE>* = WORLD PEACE & SOCIAL HAPP9ESS1 L(T9ESS ( IDEALS & PURITY ( DOCTR9E4.<#a#i#a.> ,HE OBS]V$ FUR!R ?AT !RE WAS SOME AFF9ITY BETWE5 ?IS EXTREME SOCIALISM & UTOPIAN C\NT]-TRADITIONS 9 ,*9ESE PHILOSOPHY4 ,AN>*ISM WAS MO/ RELEVANT AT ?AT TIME1 HE AV]R$1 BECAUSE GOV]NM5T HAD FAIL$ TO RESOLVE ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 

,J+'S ACC\NT ( SOCIALISM CLE>LY BORE TRACES ( ! AN>*ISM ( ! ,TOKYO AN>*I/S4 ,HE RECALL$ ?AT :ILE LI/5+ TO ! LECTURES ( ! ,SOCIETY = ! ,/UDY ( ,SOCIALISM1 HE WAS 9SPIR$ TO PLAN A %ORT BOOK ?AT W\LD SYN!SIZE AN>*ISM & ! !ORIES ( ,LAOZI4 ,HE WAS MO/ MOV$1 H[EV]1 BY ! ,TOKYO AN>*I/S' ADVOCACY ( ABOLI%+ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR1 :I* HE BELIEV$ HAD BECOME WORSE 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD4 ,HE WAS APP>5TLY ALSO IMPRESS$ BY !IR EMPHASIS ON ! EQUALITY ( M5 & WOM54 ,9 #a#i#a#a-#a#b ,J+ 9ITIAT$ :AT MAY HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ EXP]IM5T 9 ,*9A TO COMB9E LABOR & LE>N+1 FOCUS+ ON WOM54 ,HE UND]TOOK 9 ,TAIYUAN TO E/ABLI% A FACTORY = WOM51 9T5D$ TO BR+ !M ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE4 ,HE ALSO RECRUIT$ CONTEMPOR>Y FEM9I/S TO TEA* ! WOM5 WORK]S 9 ! FACTORY4 ,9 HIS PLAN = ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! FACTORY'S 9COME1 ! L>GE/ PORTION WAS TO GO TO LABOR1 FOLL[$ BY TAL5T 7CAILI7 & CAPITAL4 ,?IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,J+1 9DICAT$ ! RESPECT SOCIALI/S ACCORD$ TO LABOR4.<#a#i#b.> 

,:AT BECAME ( ?IS EXP]IM5T IS NOT CLE>4 ,J+ FELT ?AT ) ! SUCCESS ( ! REPUBLICAN ,REVOLUTION & ! DECL9E ( AN>*ISM 9 ,JAPAN AN>*ISM LO/ SOME ( ITS APPEAL AMONG ,*9ESE RADICALS4 ,HE HIMSELF WAS ELECT$ TO ! NEW REPUBLICAN P>LIAM5T 7ALONG ) ANO!R AN>*I/ ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,TOKYO AN>*I/S1 ,ZHANG ,JI1 :I* W\LD DRAW ! IRE ( ,%IFU74 ,BUT AS LATE AS ! #a#i#bS HIS PUBLICATIONS W]E A S\RCE ( ! AGR>IAN AN>*ISM ?AT HAD EMANAT$ FROM ,TOKYO BE=E #a#i#a#a4 

,9 #aiab ,P>IS AN>*I/S ALSO BR\<T !IR ACTIVITIES HOME4 ,:ILE !Y W\LD %IFT !IR ATT5TION ALMO/ IMM$IATELY TO $UCATION1 A SOCIETY !Y E/ABLI%$ 9 E>LY #aiab YIELDS 9SI<TS 9TO ! BASICALLY MORALI/IC ?RU/ ( !IR CONCEPTION ( AN>*ISM& ( $UCATION4 7,IT W\LD ALSO S]VE TO PROMOTE !IR AN>*ISM1 ALBEIT 9 DISGUIS$ =M1 AS A SIMIL> SOCIETY WAS REVIV$ 9 ,BEIJ+ ,UNIV]SITY A FEW YE>S LAT]47 ,?IS WAS ! ,PROMOTE ,VIRTUE ,SOCIETY 7,J9DE HUI71 :OSE 9=MAL LEAD]%IP 9CLUD$ ,LI ,%IZ5G1 ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 ,ZHANG ,JI1 AS WELL AS ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE 7& LAT] ,GUOM9DANG7 LEAD] ,WANG ,J+WEI4 ,! SOCIETY HAD A COMPLEX /RUCTURE ( RULES ?AT ALSO DET]M9$ MEMB]%IP1 :I* CONSI/$ ( FIVE TYPES1 9 9CREAS+ ORD] ( RIGOR\SNESS3  
  

,! L[E/ CATEGORY ( MEMB]%IP CALL$ = A P]SON NOT TO VISIT PRO/ITUTES & NOT TO GAMBLE2 9 SUCCESSIVELY MORE DEM&+ LEVELS ( MEMB]%IP1 IT WAS /IPULAT$ ?AT ! P]SON %\LD NOT TAKE CONCUB9ES1 NOT S]VE AS AN (FICIAL OR A MEMB] ( AN ASSEMBLY1 & NOT SMOKE1 DR9K1 OR EAT MEAT4  
  

,A SIMIL> BUT SIMPL] SOCIETY WAS E/ABLI%$ AT AB\T ! SAME TIME BY AN ASSOCIATE ( ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S1 ,CAI ,YUANPEI 7:O W\LD ALSO BECOME ! FIR/ M9I/] ( $UCATION UND] ! NEW ,REPUBLIC71 ! ,SIX ,NO'S ,SOCIETY 7,LIUBU HUI74 ,ALSO AIM$ AT BEHAVIORAL IMPROVEM5T1 ! SOCIETY =BADE ITS MEMB]S TO VISIT PRO/ITUTES1 GAMBLE1 TAKE CONCUB9ES1 EAT MEAT1 DR9K LIQUOR1 OR SMOKE4.<#a#i#c.> 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO /RESS1 ESPECIALLY 9 LI<T ( LAT] ACTIVITIES ( ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S1 ?AT !SE SOCIETIES REVEAL$ !IR UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM 9 PRACTICE ?AT WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY A WILL+NESS TO COMPROMISE ! PR9CIPLES !Y PR(ESS$4 ,9 SPITE ( ! PROHIBITION AGA9/ ! P>TICIPATION ( HI<]-LEVEL MEMB]S 9 POLITICS1 ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,PROMOTE ,VIRTUE ,SOCIETY1 ,ZHANG ,JI1 W\LD %ORTLY BECOME A MEMB] ( P>LIAM5T2 :5 ,%IFU CRITICIZ$ HIM = ?IS1 ,WU ,ZHIHUI QUICKLY CAME TO HIS DEF5SE4 ,! V]Y COMPLEXITY ( ! RULES = MEMB]%IP MAY BE SE5 AS A FUNCTION ( !IR IDEOLOGICAL FLEXIBILITY1 TO 5ABLE ! RECRUIT+ ( MEMB]S ( DIFF]+ LEVELS ( COMMITM5T4 ,BO? SOCIETIES1 MOREOV]1 REVEAL$ AN E?ICAL ORI5TATION ?AT P]CEIV$ AN>*ISM PRIM>ILY AS A MEANS ( TRANS=M+ BEHAVIOR4 ,:ILE !Y PR(ESS$ OPPOSITION TO POLITICS1 & AN 9T5TION TO OV]?R[ ! /ATE1 ,P>IS AN>*I/S PROV$ QUITE WILL+ TO FUNCTION )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! /ATE SO LONG AS !Y C\LD PURSUE ?IS CAUSE ( E?ICAL TRANS=MATION4 ,?IS WILL+NESS W\LD COME TO ! =E 9 ! #a#i#bS1 :5 !Y C>RI$ \T !IR AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES UND] ! ,GUOM9DANG UMBRELLA1 9 S]VICE ( A P>TY RULE ?AT 9 !ORY !Y REPUDIAT$4 

,NOT SO ) ! O!R TWO GR\PS ?AT W]E TO PLAY ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T 9 PROPAGAT+ AN>*ISM 9 ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC1 :OSE IDEOLOGICAL PURISM WAS TO SU/A9 A DI/9CTIVE AN>*I/ ID5TITY WELL 9TO ! #a#i#bS3 ! ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S :O GA!R$ >\ND ,%IFU AFT] #a#i#a#b1 & ! PURE SOCIALI/S L$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y MONK ,TAIXU4 ,! MORE IMPORTANT ( !SE 9 ! LONG RUN W]E ! ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S1 :OSE PUBLICATIONS & ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES W\LD PLAY A CRUCIAL P>T 9 ! FL\RI%+ ( AN>*ISM LAT] 9 ! DECADE4 ,! PURE SOCIALI/S1 H[EV]1 ALSO PLAY$ SOME P>T 9 ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC 9 SPREAD+ AN>*ISM & W\LD CONTRIBUTE TO ! NUMB]S ( AN>*I/S 7& TO AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITY7 9 ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD4 

,%IFU & ! ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S W\LD OCCUPY C5T] /AGE 9 AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC1 & !Y WILL BE DISCUSS$ AT L5G? LAT]4 ,WE WILL CONSID] H]E ! PURE SOCIALI/S & ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY 7,ZHONGGUO %EHUI ZHUYI DANG7 ( ,JIANG ,KAN<U1 ( :I* !Y W]E AN (F%OOT1 9 ORD] TO ELUCIDATE ! COMPLEX RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM 9 !SE E>LY YE>S4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY PREC$$ ! ORGANIZATION ( ,%IFU'S GR\P & MAY HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO IT1 BO? BECAUSE IT HELP$ CREATE A SPACE 9 ,*9ESE POLITICS = ! DISSEM9ATION ( SOCIALI/ IDEAS & BECAUSE ITS ECLECTIC SOCIALISM S]V$ AS A S\RCE ( AN>*I/ IDEAS1 :I* BECAME EVID5T :5 ! PURE SOCIALI/S BROKE ) ! P>TY 9 ,OCTOB] OR ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#b1 C\NT]+ ! /ATE SOCIALISM ( ,JIANG ) AN AN>*I/ SOCIALISM ( !IR [N4 ,! CONFUSION OV] AN>*ISM CREAT$ BY ! SOCIALISM ( ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY & ! ,SOCIAL P>TY E/ABLI%$ BY ! PURE SOCIALI/S WAS TO BE A MAJOR CAUSE ( CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ,%IFU & BO? GR\PS ( SOCIALI/S 9 #a#i#a#c-#a#d4 

,JIANG ,KAN<U 7#a#h#h#c-#a#i#d#e7 HAD GA9$ PROM95CE E>LY ON = HIS ADVOCACY ( PROGRESSIVE CAUSES1 9 P>TICUL> 9 ! >EAS ( EQUALITY = WOM5 & ( $UCATION4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#iS1 HE DID $UCATIONAL WORK UND] ,YUAN ,%IKAI1 PROMOT$ WOM5'S S*OOLS1 & TAU<T AT ! ,IMP]IAL ,UNIV]SITY AT ,BEIJ+ 7LAT] ,BEIJ+ ,UNIV]SITY74 ,HE WAS EXPOS$ TO SOCIALISM 9 #a#i#g#a#i#a1 :5 HE W5T ABROAD TO /UDY1 FIR/ 9 ,JAPAN & !N 9 ,EUROPE4 ,:ILE HE WAS 9 ,EUROPE HE CAME TO KN[ ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S & CONTRIBUT$ TWO >TICLES TO ! ,NEW ,]A4 ,!RE IS CONSID]ABLE EVID5CE 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S ?AT HE LE>N$ AT LEA/ SOME ( HIS SOCIALISM FROM ?IS PUBLICATION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 :5 HE BEGAN TO PROMOTE SOCIALISM1 IT WAS MORE ALONG SOCIAL POLICY L9ES1 EV5 ?\< HIS POLICIES DIFF]$ FROM ! SIMIL> SOCIALISM ?AT ,SUN ,YAT-S5 & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE ADVOCAT$4 

,JIANG RETURN$ TO ,*9A FROM ,EUROPE 9 LATE #a#i#a1 /ILL A RELATIVE UNKN[N4 ,:AT BR\<T HIM NATIONAL PROM95CE WAS A LECTURE HE GAVE ON ,JULY #a1 #a#i#a#a1 9 ,HANGZH\1 PROBABLY ! FIR/ PUBLIC LECTURE ON SOCIALISM EV] TO BE GIV5 9 ,*9A4 ,5TITL$ ,SOCIALISM & ,WOM5'S ,$UCATION1 ! LECTURE WAS MORE RADICAL 9 ITS /ATEM5TS ON WOM5 & ! FAMILY ?AN 9 :AT IT SAID ON SOCIALISM4 ,IT SEEM$ RADICAL 5\< TO ! GOV]NOR ( ,ZHEJIANG PROV9CE1 :O ?\<T IT AS DANG]\S AS FLOOD WAT]S & WILD BEA/S & PETITION$ ! ?RONE TO PUNI% ,JIANG4 ,JIANG WAS ABLE TO ESCAPE PUNI%M5T ?R\< ! 9T]CESSION ( HIS HI<LY PLAC$ ACQUA9TANCES4 ,BUT ! 9CID5T BR\<T HIM NATIONAL FAME4 ,! SAME MON? HE ORGANIZ$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,RESE>* ,SOCIETY 7,%EHUI ZHUYI YANJIU HUI71 :I* BECAME ! CORE = ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY1 ,*9A'S FIR/ SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION1 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#a1 B>ELY A MON? AFT] ! UPRIS+ ?AT WAS TO BR+ D[N ! MON>*Y BY ! 5D ( ! YE>4 ,! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY ANN\NC$ AN EI<T-PO9T PROGRAM3 SUPPORT ! ,REPUBLIC2 ABOLI% RACIAL B\ND>IES2 RE=M ! LAW & RESPECT ! 9DIVIDUAL2 DE/ROY ! SY/EM ( 9H]ITANCE2 ORGANIZE PUBLIC ORGANS TO SPREAD EQUAL $UCATION2 PROMOTE PRODUCTIVE 9DU/RIES & /IMULATE LABOR]S2 ABOLI% ALL TAXES BUT ! L& TAX2 LIMIT MILIT>Y SP5D+ & 5C\RAGE COMPETITION O!R ?AN ! MILIT>Y 7TO PROVIDE AN \TLET = ! HUMAN URGE TO COMPETE74 ,UNTIL IT WAS PROSCRIB$ 9 #a#i#a#c1 ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY PROPAGAT$ SOCIALI/ IDEAS 9 ,*9A ?R\< LECTURES & PUBLICATIONS4.<#a#i#d.> ,AT ITS HEI<T1 IT CLAIM$ #b BRAN*ES & #d1 MEMB]S4 ,!SE FIGURES MAY BE TOO HI<1 BUT ,B]NAL HAS CONFIRM$ A L>GE MEMB]%IP = ! P>TY 9 ,EA/ ,*9A4 ,:AT !SE MEMB]S KNEW AB\T SOCIALISM IS ANO!R MATT]4.<#a#i#e.> ,JIANG HIMSELF REM>K$ ?AT MO/ W]E QUITE IGNORANT ( SOCIALISM1 & JUDG+ BY HIS [N KN[L$GE1 !RE IS LITTLE REASON TO D\BT HIS WORD4 ,! P>TY WAS DIFFUSE1 MORE A /UDY GR\P ?AN A POLITICAL P>TY1 & ITS MEMB]S 9CLUD$ AN>*I/S AS WELL AS SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 :I* ACC\NT$ = ! SPLIT 9 LATE #a#i#a#b4 

,TAIXU & ! RADICAL ,BUDDHI/ MONKS ASSOCIAT$ ) HIM1 :O W]E FROM ! BEG9N+ 9CL9$ TO AN>*ISM1 MAY HAVE JO9$ ,JIANG'S P>TY 9ITIALLY BECAUSE ( UNC]TA9TY CONC]N+ ITS PROGRAM4 ,TAIXU HAD BE5 ORDA9$ AS A MONK 9 #a#i#d1 BUT WAS QUICKLY RADICALIZ$ BY ! EM]G+ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & BEGAN TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE4 ,A PROM95T REPRES5TATIVE ( :AT ,HOLMES ,WEL% HAS DESCRIB$ AS ! ,BUDDHI/ REVIVAL 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 HIS EXPOSURE TO SECUL> RADICAL LIT]ATURE HAD CONV9C$ HIM ?AT ,BUDDHISM HAD TO BE MADE RELEVANT TO CONTEMPOR>Y SECUL> CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,HIS READ+ ( AN>*I/ WORKS 9 #a#i#a-#a#a L$ HIM TO AN AN>*I/ SOCIALISM & 9TO ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY4.<#a#i#f.> 

,:5 ,TAIXU & HIS ASSOCIATES BROKE ) ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 LATE #a#i#a#b1 ! REASON !Y GAVE WAS ! 9SUFFICI5CY ( /ATE SOCIALISM TO A*IEVE SOCIALI/ GOALS 7!Y ALSO DI/+UI%$ /ATE SOCIALISM FROM AN>*ISM AS N>R[ & BROAD SOCIALISM74.<#a#i#g.> ,! ,SOCIAL P>TY 7,%EHUI DANG7 ?AT !Y E/ABLI%$ 7TO BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ,JIANG'S ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY7 TOOK AS ITS BASIC PR9CIPLE ! FUNDAM5TALNESS TO ! PURSUIT ( HUMAN HAPP9ESS ( ! TRANS=MATION ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,AS ! P>TY PROGRAM PUT IT1 ! ,SOCIAL P>TY BROKE ) ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY BECAUSE SOCIALI/S RECOGNIZ$ NO NATIONAL B\ND>IES :ILE ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY DID1 SOCIALI/S OPPOS$ GOV]NM5T :ILE ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY DID NOT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! PROGRAM1 ! ,SOCIAL P>TY W\LD SEEK TO 7#a7 ABOLI% CLASS DIVISIONS CREAT$ BY DIFF]5CES 9 WEAL? 7H5CE COMMUNISM71 BY DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 HI< & L[ 7H5CE RESPECT = ! 9DIVIDUAL71 BY DI/9CTIONS ON ! BASIS ( 9TELLIG5CE 7H5CE $UCATIONAL EQUALITY72 7#b7 ELIM9ATE ALL DIVISIONS AMONG PEOPLE ON ! BASIS ( /ATE1 FAMILY1 & RELIGION 7:I* ,TAIXU & O!RS ID5TIFI$ ) ANCE/OR WOR%IP & ! L9EAGE SY/EM74.<#a#i#h.> ,?IS1 !Y BELIEV$1 WAS A PURE SOCIALISM1 :I* !Y ID5TIFI$ EXPLICITLY ) AN>*ISM4 ,AS ONE WRIT] PO9T$ \T1 AN>*ISM WAS NOT RE/RICT$ TO OPPOSITION TO GOV]NM5T1 AS WAS SUGGE/$ BY ! ,*9ESE T]M WUZH5GFU 7LIT]ALLY1 NO GOV]NM5T71 BUT MEANT ! ABOLITION ( ALL NAK$ P[] 7OR1 TYRANNICAL AU?ORITY1 QIANGQUAN71 :I* WAS C\NT]POS$ TO UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLE 7GONGLI74.<#a#i#i.> ,! ,BUDDHI/ ELEM5TS 9 ! ,SOCIAL P>TY'S AN>*ISM W]E EVID5T ABOVE ALL 9 ! 9SI/5CE ON ABOLI%+ ALL DI/9CTIONS4 ,HUA ,L91 9 A CONTRIBUTION TO ! P>TY'S J\RNAL1 ,LIANGX9 7,CONSCI5CE71 ADVOCAT$ NO-B\ND>YISM 7WU%IJIE ZHUYI71 :I* MEANT ?AT ! ABOLITION ( DI/9CTIONS MU/ BE EXT5D$ BEYOND HUMANK9D TO ALL LIV+ CREATURES1 H5CE ?AT !Y %\LD /UDY NOT JU/ WORLD LANGUAGE 7,ESP]ANTO7 BUT ANIMAL LANGUAGES AS WELL TO CREATE A S+LE LANGUAGE4.<#b.> 

,!SE DISCUSSIONS ( SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM 9 ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY'S J\RNAL1 ,HUMANITY 7,R5DAO71 & ! V>I\S J\RNALS PUBLI%$ BY ! ,SOCIAL P>TY1 SU* AS ! ,WORLD ( ,SOCIETY 7,%EHUI %IJIE7 & ,CONSCI5CE1 GAVE BO? AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL A GREAT] VISIBILITY 9 ! POLITICS ( ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC ?AN WE HAVE SUSPECT$ 9 ! PA/4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 !Y HELP EXPLA9 :Y 9T]E/ 9 SOCIALISM MI<T HAVE FL\RI%$ 9 ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD4 ,9 AN IMM$IATE S5SE1 !Y W]E TO PROVOKE ! FIR/ EF=TS AMONG ,*9ESE RADICALS TO COME TO T]MS ) ! COMPLEXITIES ( SOCIALISM4 

,%IFU & ,GUANGZH\ ,AN>*ISM 

  

,%IFU WAS ANY?+ BUT TYPICAL AMONG ,*9ESE AN>*I/S4 ,WIDELY RESPECT$ = HIS S]I\SNESS ( PURPOSE & DEEPLY COMMITT$ TO PRACTIC+ :AT HE PREA*$1 AFT] HIS DEA? 9 #aiae HE WAS TO ACQUIRE ! IMAGE ( A P>ADIGMATIC AN>*I/4 ,BY ! #a#i#bS HIS IDEAS HAD A*IEV$ ! /ATUS ( IDEOLOGY3 ,%IFU ZHUYI1 OR ,%IFU'ISM4 ,WU ,ZHIHUI OBS]V$ ON ONE OCCASION ?AT IF ALL ,*9ESE AN>*I/S W]E LIKE ,%IFU1 AN>*ISM C\LD BE REALIZ$ 9 FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S 79/EAD ( ! ?REE ?\S& ?AT HE EXPECT$74.<#b#a.> 

,NEV]!LESS1 ,%IFU'S C>E] ILLU/RATES ! PA? ?AT L$ RADICALS ( HIS G5]ATION TO AN>*ISM4.<#b#b.> ,HE WAS BORN 9 #ahhd & WAS RADICALIZ$ :ILE 9 ,JAPAN 9 #a#i#d-#a#i#f4 ,HE JO9$ ! NEWLY E/ABLI%$ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE & = ! NEXT TWO YE>S 5GAG$ 9 ASSASS9ATION ACTIVITIES4 ,AN ACCID5TAL EXPLOSION 9 #aig CO/ HIM ONE ( HIS H&S & L&$ HIM 9 JAIL = ! NEXT TWO YE>S4 ,IF ! JAIL EXP]I5CE HAD A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON HIM1 IT IS NOT EVID5T 9 HIS WRIT+S4 ,UPON HIS RELEASE1 HE JO9$ ! ,*9A ,ASSASS9ATION ,CORPS 7,ZH9A AN%A TUAN71 :I* WAS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ,S\? ,*9A 9 ! EV5TS LEAD+ UP TO ! REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#a4 ,:ILE ! SPIRIT ( SELF-SACRIFICE WAS /ILL IMPORTANT 9 MOTIVAT+ ?OSE :O 5GAG$ 9 ASSASS9ATION AS A POLITICAL TACTIC1 ,KREBS HAS OBS]V$ ?AT ! CORPS REPRES5T$ A TRANS=MATION ( /YLE FROM 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( H]OISM T[>D GR\P ACTIVITY ) GREAT] COORD9ATION & DISCIPL9E4.<#b#c.> 

,%IFU WAS PROBABLY FAMILI> ) ! AN>*I/ IDEAS ( ,*9ESE RADICALS 9 ! E>LY #a#iS1 BUT !RE IS LITTLE EVID5CE ?AT AN>*ISM HAD ANY 9FLU5CE ON HIS ?9K+ BEYOND :AT WAS COMMONLY UND]/OOD BY IT 9 ?IS P]IOD4 ,HIS WRIT+S 9 JAIL %[$ A PREOCCUPATION ) ! MORAL BASIS ( POLITICS BUT [$ !IR 9SPIRATION TO CONTEMPOR>Y DEBATES ON ,*9ESE NATIONAL ESS5CE RA!R ?AN TO AN>*ISM4.<#b#d.> 

,AFT] HIS RELEASE FROM JAIL ,%IFU BEGAN TO READ ! LIT]ATURE ON SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM ?AT HAD BEGUN TO EMANATE FROM ,TOKYO & ,P>IS2 ,ZH5G ,PEIGANG RECALLS ?AT AT ?IS TIME ,%IFU RECOMM5D$ ?AT ,ZH5G READ ! MAT]IAL ON SOCIALISM PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,J\RNAL 7,M9BAO7 ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE1 ! ,NEW ,]A1 & ,NATURAL ,JU/ICE1 AS WELL AS V>I\S COLLECTIONS ON AN>*ISM COMPIL$ BY ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S4.<#b#e.> ,?IS MAY ALSO BE ! TIME :5 HE BECAME 9T]E/$ 9 ,BUDDHISM 7HE HAD COME TO KN[ ,TAIXU DUR+ HIS ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,ASSASS9ATION ,CORPS1 ?\< IT IS DIFFICULT TO SAY IF ?IS HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) HIS 9T]E/ 9 ,BUDDHISM74 

,! CONV]SION CAME DUR+ A TRIP TO ,%AN<AI & ! ,YANGZI REGION 9 #aiab ?AT ,%IFU 7ALONG ) SEV]AL ASSOCIATES7 TOOK ) ! POSSIBLE 9T5TION ( ASSASS9AT+ ,*9A'S NEW /RONGMAN1 ,YUAN ,%IKAI4 ,CONV]SION SEEMS AN APPROPRIATE T]M BECAUSE ,%IFU'S ADOPTION ( AN>*ISM TOOK PLACE 9 RELIGI\S SURR\ND+S 79 A SMALL ,BUDDHI/ MONA/]Y NE> ,WE/ ,LAKE 9 ,HANGZH\71 HAD ALL ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A RELIGI\S RITUAL 79CLUD+ A NAME *ANGE TO ,%IFU1 LIT]ALLY MEAN+ TEA*]1 FROM HIS GIV5 NAME ( ,LIU ,SIFU71 & WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A CONSCI\S R5UNCIATION ( ! ACTIVITIES ?AT HAD BR\<T HIM TO AN>*ISM 7ASSASS9ATION74.<#b#f.> 

,! ,CONSCI5CE ,SOCIETY 7,X9%E7 ?AT ISSU$ FROM ! MEET+ 9 ,HANGZH\ WAS SIMIL> TO ! SOCIETIES ,P>IS AN>*I/S HAD ORGANIZ$ E>LI] 9 ! YE>1 :I* HAD TAK5 AS !IR MA9 FOCUS ! E?ICAL IMPROVEM5T ( !IR MEMB]S4 ,! TWELVE PO9TS 9 ITS COV5ANT 5JO9$ ITS MEMB]S NOT TO EAT MEAT1 DR9K LIQUOR1 SMOKE TOBACCO1 USE S]VANTS1 RIDE 9 S$AN *AIRS OR RICK%AWS1 GET M>RI$1 USE FAMILY NAMES1 S]VE AS (FICIALS1 S]VE 9 ASSEMBLIES1 JO9 POLITICAL P>TIES1 S]VE 9 ! MILIT>Y1 & FOLL[ RELIGION4.<#b#g.> 

,IT WAS NOT UNTIL AFT] !IR RETURN TO ,GUANGZH\ ?AT ,%IFU'S GR\P ACQUIR$ A CLE>LY AN>*I/ ID5TITY4 ,! ,CONSCI5CE ,SOCIETY REMA9$ ! SPIRITUAL 7,KREBS'S WORDS7 FRAMEWORK = ! GR\P4 ,9 ,GUANGZH\1 ,%IFU & HIS FOLL[]S LAUN*$ ! ,COCK-CR[ ,SOCIETY 7,HUIM+ XUE%E7 TO PROPAGATE AN>*ISM4 ,9 #aiac ! GR\P ALSO />T$ A J\RNAL ( ITS [N1 ! ,COCK-CR[ ,RECORD1 :I* AFT] ITS SECOND ISSUE WAS *ANG$ TO ,M9%5G 7,PEOPLE'S VOICE1 FROM ,P+M9ZHI %5G1 LIT]ALLY1 ,VOICE ( ! ,COMMON ,PEOPLE74 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,GUANGZH\ WAS ON ITS WAY4.<#b#h.> 

,:5 ! ,COCK-CR[ ,SOCIETY CAME 9TO EXI/5CE1 ITS MEMB]%IP CONSI/$ 5TIRELY ( MEMB]S ( ,%IFU'S FAMILY 7F\R SI/]S & TWO BRO!RS7 & A NUMB] ( CLOSE FRI5DS ) :OM HE HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 RADICAL ACTIVITIES OV] ! PREVI\S YE>S4 ,MEMB]S ( ! SOCIETY %>$ A COMMON H\SEHOLD1 & TO ALL APPE>ANCES1 ,%IFU HAD ! /ATUS ( A PATRI>*1 ?\< A DEMOCRATIC & B5EVOL5T ONE1 :O 9SPIR$ MEMB]S ( HIS H\SEHOLD BY ! EXAMPLE ( HIS COMMITM5T TO AN>*ISM4.<#b#i.> 

,!RE W]E PROBABLY O!R AN>*I/S 9 ,GUANGZH\4 ,ONCE IT HAD COME 9TO EXI/5CE1 H[EV]1 ,%IFU'S GR\P S]V$ AS ! C5T] ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY1 :I* )9 ! NEXT TWO YE>S ATTRACT$ )9 ITS COMPASS Y\NG AN>*I/S :O 9 LAT] YE>S W\LD EM]GE AS PROM95T LEAD]S 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,*9AA TRIBUTE TO ,%IFU'S S]I\SNESS ( PURPOSE4.<#b#a.> ,PRIM>Y AMONG ! GR\P'S ACTIVITIES WAS ! CULTIVATION ( A COMMUNAL LIFE AMONG ITS MEMB]S4 ,%IFU'S H\SEHOLD OP]AT$ AS A COMMUNE1 ?\< IT W\LD APPE> ?AT KIT*5 DUTIES W]E ASSIGN$ TO HIS SI/]S4 ,! GR\P ALSO PLANN$ = A %ORT :ILE TO ACQUIRE L& \TSIDE ( ,GUANGZH\ TO E/ABLI% AN AGR>IAN COMMUNE 7DATONG VILLAGE71 ?\< ?IS CAME TO NAU<T4.<#b#a#a.> 

,?REE ( ! GR\P'S PUBLIC ACTIVITIES W]E P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT BECAUSE ( !IR CONTRIBUTION TO ! SPREAD ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A4 ,FIR/ W]E PUBLICATION ACTIVITIES4 ,! GR\P'S J\RNAL1 ,PEOPLE'S ,VOICE1 WAS TO BE ! LONGE/-LIV$ ( AN>*I/ J\RNALS 9 ,*9A 7FROM #aiac TO #a#i#b#b1 IRREGUL>LY AFT] ,%IFU'S DEA? 9 #a#i#a#e7 & AN IMPORTANT S\RCE ( AN>*I/ !ORY & ACTIVITY4 ,%IFU'S GR\P ALSO PLAY$ A CRUCIAL P>T 9 DISSEM9AT+ ACROSS ! C\NTRY ! AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE ?AT HAD BE5 MADE AVAILABLE 9 ,NEW ,]A & ,NATURAL ,JU/ICE4 ,SELECTIONS FROM ! J\RNALS W]E COMPIL$ & PUBLI%$ AS BOOKS 79 $ITIONS ( FIVE ?\S& COPIES74 ,?ANKS TO !SE EF=TS1 BY ! TIME ( ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T !RE WAS MORE LIT]ATURE ON AN>*ISM 7& ORIG9AL WRIT+S ( ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/S7 AVAILABLE 9 ,*9A ?AN = ANY O!R CURR5T 9 ,EUROPEAN RADICALISM4 ,%IFU'S [N WRIT+S W]E DI/RIBUT$ BY HIS FOLL[]S & W\LD HELP %APE A :OLE G5]ATION'S UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM4.<#b#a#b.> 

,SECOND WAS ! TEA*+ ( ,ESP]ANTO4 ,%IFU DID NOT 9ITIATE ! TEA*+ ( ,ESP]ANTO1 BUT HE PLAC$ A GREAT DEAL ( EMPHASIS ON IT AS P>T ( AN 9T]NATIONALI/ PROGRAM4 ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S1 :O LE>N$ ,ESP]ANTO 9 ! S*OOL HE CONDUCT$ 9 ,GUANGZH\1 W\LD PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 SPREAD+ IT TO O!R P>TS ( ,*9A 9 LAT] YE>S4.<#b#a#c.> 

,MO/ IMPORTANT MAY HAVE BE5 ! 9ITIATION ( LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ,S\? ,*9A1 :I* W\LD MAKE AN>*I/S ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! FIR/ MOD]N LABOR UNIONS 9 ,*9A4 ,:ILE AN>*I/S HAD E>LI] WRITT5 ( ! NE$ TO BR+ TOGE!R RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS & LABOR]S1 IT WAS ,%IFU'S GR\P ?AT FIR/ UND]TOOK SU* ACTIVITY1 PROPAGAT$ SYNDICALISM 9 ,*9A1 &1 UNTIL ! MID-TW5TIES :5 !Y BEGAN TO LOSE GR\ND TO ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 PROVID$ LEAD]%IP 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,MEMB]S ( ,%IFU'S GR\P 7PROM95T AMONG !M HIS BRO!R1 ,LIU ,%IX97 W]E RESPONSIBLE BY ! 5D ( ! DECADE = ORGANIZ+ NE>LY =TY LABOR UNIONS 9 ,GUANGZH\1 = ! FIR/ CELEBRATION ( ,LABOR ,DAY 9 ,*9A 9 #a#i#a#h1 & = ! PUBLICATION ( ! FIR/ J\RNAL 79 ,%AN<AI7 DEVOT$ TO LABOR1 ,LABOR ,MAGAZ9E 7,LAODONG ZAZHI74 ,%IFU APP>5TLY 9ITIAT$ LABOR ORGANIZATION AS SOON AS HE HAD E/ABLI%$ ,COCK-CR[ ,SOCIETY2 ACCORD+ TO ONE REPORT1 9 #aiac HE E/ABLI%$ A ,JU]AN JULOBU 7,RESOLUTION .<8.> ,CLUB71 :I* S]V$ AS ! C5T] = LABOR ORGANIZ+4 ,! 9ITIAL EF=T HAD ! GREATE/ SUCCESS1 NOT ) WORK]S 9 ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SECTOR1 BUT AMONG MASONS1 %OEMAK]S1 B>B]S1 & RE/AURANT EMPLOYES4.<#b#a#d.> ,?IS W\LD ALSO BE ! CASE 9 LAT] YE>S4 

,9 LATE #a#i#a#c1 9 ! MID/ ( A RESURG5CE ( POLITICAL OPPRESSION1 ,%IFU'S GR\P WAS =C$ TO LEAVE ,GUANGZH\4 ,AFT] A BRIEF SOJ\RN 9 ,MACAO1 ! GR\P MOV$ 9 #aiad TO ,%AN<AI4 ,%ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA? FROM TUB]CULOSIS 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#e1 ,%IFU LAUN*$ 9 ,%AN<AI ! ,SOCIETY ( ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,COMRADES 7,WUZH5GFU GONG*AN ZHUYI TONGZHI HUI74 ,A C\NT]P>T TO ! SOCIETY & BE>+ ! SAME NAME WAS E/ABLI%$ AT AB\T ! SAME TIME 9 ,GUANGZH\1 L$ BY ,%IFU'S BRO!R1 ,LIU ,%IX94 ,!SE SOCIETIES W\LD S]VE AFT] ,%IFU'S DEA? AS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION DUR+ ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T4 

,%IFU WAS AN AN>*I/-COMMUNI/1 A SELF-ACKN[L$G$ DISCIPLE ( ,KROPOTK94 ,HIS IDEAS ON AN>*ISM DIFF]$ LITTLE FROM ?OSE ( ! ,NEW ,]A AN>*I/S4 ,HE D]IV$ MU* ( HIS KN[L$GE ( AN>*ISM1 & ! >GUM5TS HE US$ 9 ITS DEF5SE1 FROM ! E>LI] AN>*I/S4 

,%IFU1 TOO1 CALL$ = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,*9A4 ,!RE WAS LITTLE AMBIGUITY 9 HIS CONCEPT ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,UNLIKE ,JIANG1 BUT LIKE ! E>LI] AN>*I/S HE US$ SOCIAL 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO POLITCAL4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! SOCIAL REALM ( LIFE HAD LITTLE1 IF ANY?+1 TO DO ) ! POLITICAL2 HE W\LD NOT EV5 5T]TA9 ! IDEA ( POLITICS AS AN APP5DAGE TO SOCIETY4 ,POLITICS1 HE SEEM$ TO BELIEVE1 WAS EXTRANE\S TO SOCIETY1 A =CE IMPOS$ UPON SOCIETY FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 HE OPPOS$ ALL P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICS4 ,NEW ,]A AN>*I/S1 TOO1 HAD OPPOS$ POLITICAL P>TICIPATION & >GU$ ?AT TRUE REVOLUTION>Y ACTION MU/ BE SOCIAL ACTION4.<#b#a#e.> ,UNLIKE ! LATT]1 H[EV]1 ,%IFU'S S]I\SNESS ALL[$ NO COMPROMISE2 HIS CRITICISM ( ,ZHANG ,JI EV5 BR\<T HIM 9TO CONFLICT ) ,WU,ZHIHUI1 ONE ( ! DOY5S ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A4 ,9 ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC1 ,%IFU CAME TO REPRES5T OPPOSITION TO POLITICAL ACTION & ! DEF5SE ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT NOT ONLY WAS DI/+UI%$ FROM POLITICAL REVOLUTION BUT S\<T TO ABOLI% POLITICS4 ,POLITICAL REVOLUTION IS ! REVOLUTION ( H]OES1 ! REVOLUTION ( A M9ORITY1 HE OBS]V$2 SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS ! REVOLUTION ( ! COMMON PEOPLE 7P+M971 A REVOLUTION ( ! GREAT MASSES4.<#b#a#f.> 

,%IFU DID DISPLAY SOME HESITATION OV] ! TIM+ ( REVOLUTION1 H[EV]4 ,HE REM>K$ ON ONE OCCASION ?AT ! REVOLUTION C\LD BE A*IEV$ IMM$IATELY2 BUT MO/ ( ! TIME1 HIS /ATEM5TS ON ! TIM+ ( REVOLUTION SUGGE/$ ?AT IT W\LD BE SOME TIME BE=E A SUCCESSFUL AN>*I/ REVOLUTION C\LD BE LAUN*$4 ,AT ! PRES5T1 HE BELIEV$1 ONLY A SMALL VANGU>D WAS AW>E ( ! NECESSITY & ! PR9CIPLES ( REVOLUTION2 MO/ ( ! PEOPLE LACK$ ! KN[L$GE ?AT W\LD MAKE !M GOOD AN>*I/S4 ,HE RECOMM5D$1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT WORK]S E/ABLI% SYNDICATES AT ONCE1 BUT HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! IMM$IATE TASKS ! SYNDICATES \<T TO UND]TAKE W]E $UCATION ( ! WORK]S & ! A*IEVEM5T ( MOD]ATE ECONOMIC 5DS SU* AS HI<] WAGES & %ORT] WORK+ H\RS4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL TASK ( OV]?R[+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & E/ABLI%+ AN AN>*I/ ONE MU/ AWAIT ! DIFFUSION ( KN[L$GE ( AN>*ISM4.<#b#a#g.> 

,! IMM$IATE TASK ( AN>*I/S WAS1 !RE=E1 TO SPREAD ! WORD4 ,?IS WAS REFLECT$ 9 ,%IFU'S PROGRAM = REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,AS HE SAID REPEAT$LY 9 HIS WRIT+S1 HE REG>D$ PROPAG&A AS ! FIR/ ME?OD4 ,?R\< NEWSPAP]S1 BOOKS & PAMPHLETS1 LECTURES & S*OOLS1 HE SAID1 ! TEA*+S ( AN>*ISM MU/ BE TAK5 TO ! COMMON PEOPLE3  
  

.<,IT.> IS ESS5TIAL ?AT A MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE BE /EEP$ 9 ! BRILLIANCE ( \R DOCTR9ES1 ! P]FECTION ( \R !ORIES1 & ! EXCELL5CE ( \R FUTURE ORGANIZATION1 & ?AT LABOR IS HUMANK9D'S NATURAL DUTY & MUTUAL AID ITS 9H]5T VIRTUE4.<#b#a#h.>  
  

,%IFU !N NAM$ SECOND>Y ME?ODS--RESI/ANCE & DI/URBANCES--?AT C\LD HA/5 ! DIFFUSION ( PROPAG&A4 ,! =M] C\LD TAKE ! =M ( RESI/ANCE TO TAXATION & MILIT>Y S]VICE2 IT ALSO C\LD 9CLUDE /RIKES BY WORK]S & G5]AL /RIKES4 ,DI/URBANCES 9CLUD$ ASSASS9ATION & O!R =MS ( POLITICAL VIOL5CE4 ,ONCE ! PROPAG&A REA*$ SATURATION PO9T1 ! GREAT REVOLUTION ( ! COMMON PEOPLE 7P+M9 DA GEM+7 C\LD TAKE PLACE4 ,9 ?IS REVOLUTION ! MASSES W\LD OV]?R[ ! GOV]NM5T & ! CAPITALI/S & MAKE A FRE% />T 9 BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY4.<#b#a#i.> ,! =M ?IS SOCIETY W\LD TAKE1 MOREOV]1 MU/ BE REFLECT$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION = REVOLUTION1 ! MA9 REASON TO DELAY ! REVOLUTION UNTIL ! PEOPLE W]E READY4 

,GOV]NM5T & ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM W]E ! TW9 OBJECTS ( REVOLUTION2 ,%IFU DESCRIB$ SOMETIMES ONE1 SOMETIMES ! O!R1 AS ! GREATE/ 5EMY ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT TO HIM BO? W]E EQUALLY IMPORTANT4 ,TO ?OSE :O OBJECT$ ?AT ,*9A DID NOT HAVE ANY BIG CAPITALI/S1 HE RESPOND$ ?AT SMALL CAPITALI/S1 TOO1 W]E CAPITALI/4 ,9 ! ,PROCLAMATION ( ! ,SOCIETY ( ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,COMRADES ( ,JULY #aiad & ,! ,GOALS & ,ME?ODS ( ! ,AN>*-,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY PUBLI%$ LAT] 9 ! SAME MON?1 HE SUMM>IZ$ BO? ! OBJECTS & ! GOALS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! PROCLAMATION /AT$3 ,WE ADVOCATE WIP+ \T ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM TO REBUILD .<SOCIETY.> AS A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY2 &1 MOREOV]1 NOT US+ GOV]NM5T TO OV]SEE IT4 ,PUT SIMPLY1 WE ADVOCATE ABSOLUTE FRE$OM 9 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE4.<#b#b.> ,! PROCLAMATION W5T ON TO DESCRIBE ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS ! GREATE/ 5EMY ( ! PEOPLE & ! S\RCE ( ALL EVIL 9 SOCIETY4 ,ALL ( ! RES\RCES ( PRODUCTION--L&1 CAPITAL1 & MA*9]Y--W]E CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( A FEW L&LORDS & CAPITALI/S1 ! PEOPLE W]E 9DU/RIAL SLAVES1 & ALL ! B5EFITS W5T TO ! PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY4 ,! AN>*I/S PL$G$ DEA? TO ?IS GREAT EVIL1 ]ADICATION ( ! RI<T TO PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ! RETURN ( ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO SOCIETY4 ,BAS+ !IR [N ACTION ON ! PR9CIPLE FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$1 ! ,SOCIETY DECL>$ ITS 9T5TION TO ORGANIZE A FREE COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 )\T DI/9CTION BETWE5 MALE & FEMALE1 ) EV]Y P]SON CONTRIBUT+ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 ,! LABOR]S C\LD DRAW UPON ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR = !IR [N NE$S )\T ANY LIMITATIONS4 ,AL?\< ! GOV]NM5T CLAIM$ TO MA9TA9 ORD] = ! PEOPLE UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM1 ! PROCLAMATION OBS]V$1 9 REALITY IT TRANSGRESS$ AGA9/ PEOPLE'S FRE$OM4 ,?US GOV]NM5T1 TOO1 MU/ BE ELIM9AT$ SO ?AT PEOPLE C\LD 5JOY !IR RI<T TO A FREE LIFE & EX]CISE !IR ABILITY TO GOV]N !MSELVES4 ,! PROCLAMATION !N DESCRIB$ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 PRES5T SOCIETY & ! SOCIETY 5VISION$ BY ! AN>*I/S3  
  

,AS AN>*ISM TAKES OPPOSITION TO AU?ORITY AS ITS ESS5TIAL PR9CIPLE1 \R P>TY WILL COMPLETELY ]ADICATE & SWEEP AWAY ALL ! EVIL SY/EMS ( PRES5T SOCIETY :I* HAVE AN AU?ORIT>IAN NATURE1 &1 OP]AT+ ) ! TRUE SPIRIT ( FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & FRAT]NAL LOVE1 WE WILL REA* \R IDEAL SOCIETY--)\T L&LORDS1 CAPITALI/S1 LEAD]S1 (FICIALS1 REPRES5TATIVES1 OR HEADS ( FAMILIES2 )\T >MIES1 PRISONS1 POLICEM51 C\RTS1 OR LAW2 )\T RELIGION & )\T ! M>RIAGE SY/EM4 ,AT ?AT TIME !RE WILL BE 9 SOCIETY ONLY FRE$OM1 ! GREAT PR9CIPLE ( MUTUAL AID1 & ! PROSP]\S HAPP9ESS ( LABOR4.<#b#b#a.>  
  

,! ,GOALS & ,ME?ODS /AT$ !SE IDEAS 9 A PROGRAMMATIC LI/ ?AT BRIEFLY CALL$ = 7#a7 PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ALL ! PRODUCTS !RE(2 7#b7 ABOLITION ( CLASSES2 7#c7 ABOLITION ( GOV]NM5T & ALL 9/ITUTIONS1 SU* AS LAWS1 POLICE1 & ! MILIT>Y1 ASSOCIAT$ ) GOV]NM5T2 7#d7 SPONTANE\S1 DEMOCRATIC PUBLIC ASSOCIATIONS TO COORD9ATE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION2 7#e7 ABOLITION ( M>RIAGE1 & ! PUBLIC RE>+ ( *ILDR52 7#f7 FREE PUBLIC $UCATION = ALL2 7#g7 LABOR = ALL MATURE ADULTS 7TW5TIES TO =TIES71 AFT] :I* !Y W\LD RETIRE TO PUBLIC RETIREM5T HOMES2 7#h7 LABOR TO BE RE/RICT$ TO TWO-F\R H\RS A DAY & TO BE COMB9$ ) 9TELLECTUAL-ES!TIC PURSUITS2 7#i7 ABOLITION ( ALL RELIGION & DOGMA TO GIVE FREE PLAY TO ! MORALITY ( MUTUAL AID2 7#a7 AN 9T]NATIONAL LANGUAGE ) ! GOAL ( ABOLI%+ ALL NATIONAL B\ND>IES4.<#b#b#b.> 

,!RE WAS NOT MU* 9 ?IS PROGRAM ?AT WAS ORIG9AL ) ,%IFU4 ,SOME ( ! IDEAS CAME FROM ,KROPOTK9'S WRIT+S1 ESPECIALLY ! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD 7:I* HAD BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9 ! ,NEW ,]A71 O!RS FROM WRIT+S BY O!R AN>*I/S4 ,SOME ( ! SAME IDEAS 7ON LABOR1 $UCATION1 FAMILY7 HAD BE5 9CORPORAT$ A FEW YE>S E>LI] 9 A DESCRIPTION ( ,UTOPIA BY ,LIU ,%IPEI 9 ,NATURAL ,JU/ICE 7SEE *APT] #c74 

,?IS WAS1 9 A S5SE1 TRUE ( ALL ( ,%IFU'S IDEAS1 :I* W]E DI/+UI%$ NOT BY !IR ORIG9ALITY BUT BY HIS PASSION 9 PROPAGAT+ !M4 ,HIS BASIC PREMISE WAS ONE ?AT HE %>$ ) ALL AN>*I/S1 ,*9ESE OR =EIGN3 ?AT HUMAN BE+S HAD A NATURAL MORALITY1 :I* WAS UND]M9$ BY 9/ITUTIONS ?AT FO/]$ IMMORALITY4 ,%IFU BELIEV$ ?AT ALL HUMAN BE+S W]E NATURALLY 5D[$ ) CONSCI5CE 7LIANGX97 & W]E 9CL9$ BY NATURE TO MUTUAL AID & LOVE1 AS WELL AS LABOR4 ,AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS BLUNT$ SU* 9NATE 9CL9ATIONS1 & ! 9/ITUTIONS ( PROP]TY DROVE HUMANS TO SELFI%NESS1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! PURSUIT ( PRIVATE 5DS OV]%AD[$1 EV5 OBLIT]AT$1 ! PURSUIT ( PUBLIC GOALS4 ,?IS WAS ! S\RCE ( ALL CONFLICT & EXPLOITATION 9 SOCIETY4 ,IF !SE 9/ITUTIONS W]E OV]?R[N1 ! NATURAL MORALITY ( PEOPLE W\LD REASS]T ITSELF1 & HUMANK9D W\LD BE ABLE TO %$ ITS BEA/LY H]ITAGE & 5T] ! REALM ( HUMANITY1 :]E ! MORAL & ! RATIONAL W\LD BE ONE & ! SAME1 :]E ALL ! DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 SELF & SOCIETY W\LD DISAPPE>1 & :]E ! 9DIVIDUAL W\LD DISCOV] FRE$OM 9 SPONTANE\S ASSOCIATION ) O!RS4.<#b#b#c.> 

,?IS BASIC PREMISE ( ! NATURAL GOODNESS ( PEOPLE WAS NOT NEW 9 ,*9ESE ?\<T1 & IT IS EVID5T ?AT SOME ,*9ESE W]E DRAWN TO AN>*ISM BECAUSE ( AN AFF9ITY !Y P]CEIV$ BETWE5 AN>*ISM & IDEALS LONG EMB$D$ 9 ,*9ESE ?\<T1 :E!R ,CONFUCIAN1 ,DAOI/1 OR ,BUDDHI/4 ,LIU ,%IPEI ?\<T ?AT ,*9ESE HAD AN ADVANTAGE OV] O!RS 9 A*IEV+ AN>*ISM BECAUSE ( !IR ,CONFUCIAN & ,DAOI/ H]ITAGE1 :I* FAVOR$ RE/RICT$ GOV]NM5T4.<#b#b#d.> 

,A S]IES ( >TICLES 9 ! ,NEW ,]A DESCRIB$ ! /ATEM5T ON ,UTOPIA 9 ! WORK ,LI ,YUN 7,EVOLUTION ( RITES7 AS A DEPICTION ( AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 EV5 IF ! AU?OR READ 9TO ?AT /ATEM5T A GREAT DEAL ?AT WAS NOT JU/IFI$ BY ! ORIG9AL4.<#b#b#e.> 

,%IFU %>$ !SE IDIOSYNCRASIES ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM4 ,!RE IS EVID5CE ( ,BUDDHI/ 9FLU5CE ON HIS ?\<T4 ,HIS ,CONSCI5CE ,SOCIETY WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 AN ATMOSPH]E P]MEAT$ BY ,BUDDHISM1 & ! ,COV5ANT ( ! ,SOCIETY S\ND$ MORE ,BUDDHI/ ?AN AN>*I/4 ,YET SU* ANALOGIES MU/ NOT BE TAK5 TOO F>4 ,IF SOME ,*9ESE W]E DRAWN TO AN>*ISM BECAUSE ( ITS AFF9ITY ) ELEM5TS 9 NATIVE ?\<T1 O!RS CRITICIZ$ SU* 9T]PRETATIONS AS P]V]SIONS ( AN>*ISM4 ,%IFU WAS ONE ( ! LATT]4 ,:5 HE DEF5D$ ! POSSIBILITY ( ! SELFLESSNESS ( HUMAN BE+S1 IT WAS NOT ON ! BASIS ( NATIVE IDEAS BUT ON ,KROPOTK9ITE SCI5CE4.<#b#b#f.> ,LIKE ! ,NEW ,]A AN>*I/S BE=E HIM1 HE F\ND NO?+ BUT CORRUPTION & SELFI%NESS 9 ! IDEOLOGY & 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,*9ESE TRADITION4 ,HE REJECT$ VEHEM5TLY ANY SUGGE/ION ?AT AN>*ISM C\LD BE COMP>$ TO AN>*I/IC PHILOSOPHIES ( ! PA/1 SU* AS ,DAOISM4 ,DAOISM1 HE BELIEV$1 WAS NEGATIVE2 :AT HE ADVOCAT$ WAS POSITIVE4.<#b#b#g.> ,%IFU MEANT ?AT :]EAS ,DAOI/S MAY HAVE REJECT$ GOV]NM5T 9 ! NAME ( AN ]EMITIC EXI/5CE1 HE S\<T TO TRANS=M EXI/+ SOCIETY & TO REVOLUTIONIZE HUMAN LIFE AS A :OLE4 ,%IFU REJECT$ POLITICS1 NOT TO ESCAPE IT BUT TO ABOLI% IT4 ,HIS SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS 9=M$ BY A SOCIAL !ORY ?AT HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) TRADITIONAL POLITICAL REASON+4 ,& 9 MAK+ SU* ANALOGIES WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT MO/ ( ! ,*9ESE :O %>$ ) ,%IFU ! SAME TRADITION W]E FRI<T5$ BY :AT HE ADVOCAT$3 A REVOLUTION ( ! PEOPLE ?AT PROMIS$ TO OV]?R[ EXI/+ SOCIETY 9 ITS TOTALITY4 

,AN>*ISM ,AGA9/ ,SOCIALISM 

  

,! PURITY ( ,%IFU'S VISION ( REVOLUTION MADE IT 9EVITABLE ?AT HE W\LD NOT TOL]ATE ANY DI/ORTION ( SOCIALI/ IDEALS4 ,9DE$1 9 #aiad HE LAUN*$ A S]IES ( ATTACKS 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,VOICE ON O!R SOCIALI/S4 ,JIANG ,KAN<U WAS HIS MA9 T>GET1 BUT HE 9CLUD$ 9 HIS POLEMICS ,SUN ,YAT-S5 & ! PURE SOCIALI/S 7! SPL9T] GR\P ( AN>*I/ 9CL9ATION FROM ,JIANG'S SOCIALI/ P>TY74 ,BY ?IS TIME1 ,SUN & ,JIANG W]E BO? \T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,?OSE :O 5GAG$ ,%IFU 9 DISCUSSION W]E MO/LY ! PURE SOCIALI/S & ONE OR TWO ( ,JIANG'S FOLL[]S4 ,JIANG HIMSELF S5T AT LEA/ ONE RESPONSE FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7:]E HE WAS A PR(ESSOR 9 ! ,ORI5TAL ,LANGUAGES ,DEP>TM5T AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA 9 ,B]KELEY71 ! NATURE ( :I* MAY BE GLEAN$ FROM ! EXT5SIVE QUOTATIONS 9 ! ESSAY ,%IFU WROTE TO REFUTE IT4 ,TO APPRECIATE ! ISSUES 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS FIR/ DEBATE AMONG ,*9ESE SOCIALI/S1 A BRIEF SUMM>Y ( ,JIANG ,KAN<U'S IDEAS ON SOCIALISM1 :I* PROVOK$ ! DEBATE1 IS NECESS>Y4 

,JIANG'S SOCIALISM (T5 SEEM$ CONTRADICTORY & CONFUS+1 P>TIALLY BECAUSE ( ! LACK ( A SY/EMATIC EXPOSITION ( HIS VIEWS3 HE EXPLA9$ HIS SOCIALISM = ! MO/ P>T 9 PUBLIC LECTURES1 & HIS EMPHASES V>I$ ) HIS AUDI5CES4 ,AS ,%IFU WAS TO PO9T \T1 H[EV]1 ,JIANG ALSO SUFF]$ FROM CONSID]ABLE CONFUSION OV] ! GOALS & MEANS ( SOCIALISM4 ,EV5 :5 HE PRES5T$ HIS IDEAS MORE SY/EMATICALLY 9 ! #a#i#bS1 A GOOD BIT ( ! CONFUSION REMA9$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HIS VIEWS W]E NOT )\T AN 9N] LOGIC1 & MO/ ( HIS CONTRADICTIONS >E TRACEABLE TO HIS ECLECTIC VIEW ( SOCIALISM4 

,LIKE O!R SOCIALI/S1 ,JIANG SAW SOCIAL REVOLUTION AS ! ESS5CE ( SOCIALISM4 ,! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY DECL>$3 ,PEOPLE'S >MIES HAVE >IS54 ,!Y UND]TAKE RACIAL REVOLUTION1 SPEAK ( POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,BUT POLITICS IS ! EXPRESSION ( SOCIETY4 ,!RE=E1 SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS ! BASIS ( ALL AFFAIRS4.<#b#b#h.> ,9 A PIECE HE PUBLI%$ 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO 9 #a#i#a#d1 AFT] HE HAD LEFT ,*9A1 HE S\ND$ AN EV5 MORE RADICAL NOTE3  
  

,! FAI? ( ! PEOPLE IS GONE 9 REPUBLICANISM4 ,!IR BELIEF ?AT IT WAS ! ,MAN*US ONLY :O W]E OPPRESSIVE IS %ATT]$4 ,!RE REMA9S BUT ONE ?+4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,?AT & ?AT ONLY CAN BR+ RELIEF TO ! TOIL+ MILLIONS ( ,*9A4 ,!IR ONLY HOPE LIES 9 ?IS3 ! TAK+ OV] ( ! 5TIRE ME*ANISM ( PRODUCTION & OP]ATION ( IT BY ! WORK]S = ! WORK]S--! ,SOCIALI/ OR ,9DU/RIAL ,REPUBLIC4 7,ITALICS 9 ORIG9AL7.<#b#b#i.>  
  

,?IS WAS NOT ALL RHETORIC4 ,JIANG1 ( C\RSE1 DID NOT ADVOCATE POLITICAL VIOL5CE4 ,9 ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,RESE>* ,SOCIETY1 HE DESCRIB$ SOCIALISM AS AN IDEOLOGY ( PEACE & HAPP9ESS1 NOT A RADICAL OR DANG]\S ONE2 A CON/RUCTIVE1 NOT A DE/RUCTIVE1 IDEOLOGY1 & BLAM$ ! OCCURR5CE ( VIOL5CE 9 SOCIALI/ HI/ORY UPON ! P]SECUTION TO :I* SOCIALI/S W]E CONT9UALLY SUBJECT$4 ,HE ALSO DESCRIB$ ! SOCIALISM ( ?IS SOCIETY AS NONEXTREMI/4.<#b#c.> 

,:ILE REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS WAS NOT 9TEGRAL TO ,JIANG'S IDEA ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 HE DID 5VISION ! REVOLUTIONIZATION ( SOCIETY OV] ! LONG T]M4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 HIS ADVOCACY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS NOT DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,SUN ,YAT-S5 & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE1 :I* WAS 9T5D$ TO =E/ALL1 NOT TO 9ITIATE1 VIOL5CE 9 SOCIETY4 ,LIKE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE SOCIALI/S1 MOREOV]1 ,JIANG BELIEV$ ?AT ,*9A DID NOT YET SUFF] FROM ! DEEP SOCIAL DIVISIONS & EXPLOITATION ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ,WE/]N SOCIETY1 & C\LD1 !RE=E1 AVOID VIOL5CE & A*IEVE SOCIALISM ) GREAT] EASE ?AN ,WE/]N SOCIETIES4 ,ON ANO!R OCCASION HE OBS]V$ ?AT MO/ SOCIALI/S1 9CLUD+ SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ?\<T VIOL5CE WAS NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE SOCIALISM1 BUT HE REMA9$ NONCOMMITTAL1 DESCRIB+ ! ISSUE AS ACADEMIC4.<#b#c#a.> 

,9DE$1 ,JIANG BELIEV$1 MU* AS ,SUN & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE SOCIALI/S DID1 ?AT SOCIALISM1 RA!R ?AN PRES5T+ A ?REAT TO ! REPUBLICAN ORD]1 W\LD FULFILL ! PROMISE ( REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,WE/]N SOCIETIES HAD FALL5 %ORT ( ! IDEALS ( EQUALITY & DEMOCRACY1 HE BELIEV$1 BECAUSE !Y HAD FAIL$ TO 9/ITUTE SOCIALISM1 & DEMOCRACY C\LD NOT BE REALIZ$ )\T SOCIALISM4.<#b#c#b.> ,= ! SAME REASON HE >GU$1 SOCIALISM NE$$ REPUBLICANISM1 = O!RWISE ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( PROP]TY W\LD LEAD TO DESPOTISM4.<#b#c#c.> ,SPECIFICALLY1 = ,*9A1 HE >GU$ ?AT BECAUSE ( ! P]SI/5CE ( HABITS LEFT FROM DESPOTISM ( ! /ATE & ! FAMILY1 & BECAUSE ( ! EXI/5CE ( 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL OPPRESSION1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO BOL/] REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS ) SOCIALI/ POLICIES4 ,9 HIS DEF5SE ( ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY BE=E ! GOV]NM5T1 HE >GU$ ?AT SOCIALISM S]V$ ! CAUSE ( ! /ATE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMY1 9CLUD+ COMM]CE1 9DU/RY1 & TAXATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HIS SOCIALISM WAS MEANT TO FUR!R NOT JU/ ! CAUSE ( JU/ICE BUT ! CAUSE ( ! NATION AS WELL4 ,HE PRES5T$ SIMIL> >GUM5TS TO ,%AN<AI M]*ANTS TO 9DUCE !M TO SUPPORT HIS P>TY4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ,JIANG BOL/]$ HIS >GUM5TS ) ! OBS]VATION ?AT SOCIALISM REPRES5T$ A NEW TIDE 9 WORLD POLITICS & ?AT ,*9A C\LD NOT AF=D TO CLOSE ITS DOORS TO ?IS ?\<T & ISOLATE ITSELF FROM ! WORLD4.<#b#c#d.> 

,JIANG'S SOCIALISM CONSI/$ ( A VAGUE HUMANIT>IANISM ?AT S\<T TO GU>ANTEE1 NOT EQUALITY SO MU* AS EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY BY CLE>+ AWAY 9/ITUTIONAL & IDEOLOGICAL OB/ACLES TO EQUALITY 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/4 ,9DE$1 :5 HE DID DEF9E SOCIALISM1 HE DEF9$ IT VAGUELY AS HUMANIT>IANISM OR AS ! PURSUIT ( COMMON WELF>E & HAPP9ESS = HUMANK9D4 ,SOCIALISM1 HE EXPLA9$1 IS ! IDEOLOGY ( GREAT UNITY 7DATONG71 NOT ( DIFF]5TIATION4 .<,IT.> DOES NOT HE$ RACIAL1 NATIONAL1 OR RELIGI\S B\ND>IES4 .<,ALL IS.> = ! PUBLIC GOOD1 NOT ! SELF2 .<ALL >E.> TREAT$ ) EQUAL B5EVOL5CE4 .<,ALL WILL 5JOY.> ABSOLUTE EQUALITY1 ABSOLUTE FRE$OM1 ABSOLUTE LOVE4.<#b#c#e.> ,JIANG'S VISION ( ! GOOD SOCIETY MAY HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ BY HIS READ+S 9 ! ,NEW ,]A1 = IT DID HAVE AN>*I/ OV]TONES4 ,HE OBS]V$ 9 ONE ( HIS ESSAYS ?AT HUMANITY WAS NATURALLY EVOLV+ T[>D A WORLD SOCIALISM :5 !RE W\LD BE NO /ATE1 RACE1 FAMILY1 OR RELIGION1 & ! ONLY DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE W\LD BE ?OSE ( LE>N+ & PR(ESSION4 ,9 SU* A SOCIETY !RE W\LD BE NO NE$ = CU/OMS DUTIES OR MILIT>Y EXP5DITURE4 ,OLD VIEWS ( POLITICS1 LAW1 LIVELIHOOD1 & OLD CU/OMS W\LD BE TRANS=M$ UNTIL NO OB/ACLES DIVID$ ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM ! WORLD4 ,SU* A WORLD W\LD BE GOV]N$ )\T ACTION4 ,JIANG CONCLUD$ ?AT ?IS WAS ! WORLD DREAM$ ( BY ! AN>*I/S1 ! WORLD ( ! GREAT UNITY ( ,CONFUCIUS1 ! ,HEAV5 ( ! ,*RI/IANS1 & ! ,P>ADISE ( ! ,BUDDHI/S4.<#b#c#f.> ,AS ?IS LA/ /ATEM5T SUGGE/S1 ,JIANG ALSO VIEW$ SOCIALISM AS M]ELY ! LATE/ MANIFE/ATION ( A LONG+ = GOOD SOCIETY ?AT WAS A COMMON H]ITAGE ( HUMANK9D1 ) AN ESPECIALLY LONG HI/ORY 9 ,*9A4 

,ALL ?IS1 H[EV]1 LAY 9 ! FUTURE4 ,PURE OR /RICT SOCIALISM1 :I* HE ID5TIFI$ ) COMMUNISM1 WAS NOT ON ! AG5DA = ! PRES5T2 HE !RE=E PREF]R$ TO ADVOCATE A BROAD SOCIALISM ?AT WAS NOT 9CONSI/5T ) CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,ONE ( HIS REASONS = ADVOCAT+ BROAD RA!R ?AN /RICT SOCIALISM WAS ! RA!R ACADEMIC REASON ?AT UNTIL KN[L$GE ( SOCIALISM ACQUIR$ GREAT] DEP?1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY :I* TYPE WAS ! MO/ DESIRABLE2 9SI/+ ON ONE TYPE OR ANO!R W\LD ONLY CREATE SECT>IANISM4.<#b#c#g.> ,JIANG DID NOT BELIEVE ?AT ! WORK]S 9 ,*9A W]E YET MATURE 5\< TO CREATE SOCIALISM2 & S9CE SOCIALISM REQUIR$ ! P>TICIPATION ( WORK]S1 AT ! PRES5T IT WAS BE/ TO PROPAGATE1 RA!R ?AN TRY TO 9/ITUTE1 SOCIALISM4 

,JIANG WAS AW>E ( ! ECLECTICISM ( HIS POSITION :5 HE DISCUSS$ HIS [N SOCIALISM4 ,( ALL ! CURR5TS 9 SOCIALI/ ?\<T1 HE BELIEV$ HIMSELF TO BE CLOSE/ TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* HE VIEW$ AS BE+ AK9 TO COMMUNISM1 A TRANSITIONAL /AGE ON ! WAY TO ! IDEAL SOCIETY4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS DOES NOT ADEQUATELY CONVEY HIS EF=TS TO RECONCILE DIFF]5T K9DS ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 A LETT] HE WROTE TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,DECEMB] #aiab TO PROTE/ ! PROSCRIPTION ( ! ,PURE ,SOCIAL P>TY1 HE UND]TOOK A SURVEY ( SOCIALISM & DIVID$ IT 9TO ! SOCIALISM ( PHILOSOPH]S1 SCI5TI/S1 POLITICAL SCI5TI/S1 ECCLESIA/ICS1 $UCATIONALI/S1 LABOR]S1 ! /ATE1 AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S1 9DIVIDUALI/S1 ,ESP]ANTO1 & ! S+LE-TAX4 ,HE !N W5T ON TO DESCRIBE HIS [N VIEWS3  
  

,:AT ,I HOPE =1 :AT ,I ADVOCATE1 IS D]IV$ FROM ! ?\<T ( PHILOSOPH]S1 BAS$ ON SCI5CE1 ADOPTS ! SPIRIT ( ! ECCLESIA/ICS & ! ATTITUDE ( $UCATIONALI/S1 & GRASPS ! AFFAIRS ( LABOR]S4 ,IT HOLDS ON1 ON ! ONE H&1 TO RADICAL REPUBLICANISM1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 TO A PROGRESSIVE COLLECTIVI/ SY/EM .<:I* HE HAD E>LI] EQUAT$ ) COMMUNISM.>4 .<,IT SEEKS TO.> ELIM9ATE TAXES & ! MILIT>Y1 & /RESSES $UCATION & 9DU/RY4 .<,IT.> TAKES ! 9DIVIDUAL TO BE ! NUCLEUS ( SOCIETY & ! WORLD ITS REALM4 .<,IT SEEKS TO REALIZE.> SELF-GOV]NANCE = ! 9DIVIDUAL & GREAT UNITY = ! WORLD4 ,?IS K9D ( HOPE1 ?IS K9D ( ADVOCACY1 C\LD BE CALL$ 9DIVIDUAL SOCIALISM2 IT C\LD ALSO BE CALL$ WORLD SOCIALISM4.<#b#c#h.>  
  

,GIV5 ?IS ECLECTICISM1 ,JIANG'S =MAL /ATEM5TS AB\T ! GOALS ( HIS SOCIALISM TELL US LITTLE AB\T ! MA9 ?RU/ ( ! IDEAS HE PROPAGAT$4 ,HIS IMM$IATE PROGRAMS = ! A*IEVEM5T ( SOCIALISM1 H[EV]1 >E A GREAT DEAL MORE REVEAL+4 ,JIANG VIEW$ ?REE POLICIES AS FUNDAM5TAL TO HIS SOCIALI/ PROGRAM3 PUBLIC $UCATION1 FRE$OM ( OCCUPATION1 & 9DEP5D5CE ( WEAL?1 OR ! ABOLITION ( 9H]ITANCE4 ,! TWO HE TALK$ AB\T ! MO/1 ! FIR/ & ! ?IRD1 W]E 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! PROGRAM ( ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY4 

,PUBLIC $UCATION WAS ! CORN]/ONE ( ,JIANG'S SOCIALI/ PROGRAM4 ,HE P]CEIV$ 9EQUALITY 9 $UCATION AS ! S\RCE ( ALL 9EQUALITY 9 SOCIETY3 ,ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY >ISES FROM 9EQUALITY 9 ABILITY2 9EQUALITY 9 ABILITY >ISES FROM 9EQUALITY 9 $UCATION4 ,9 ,*9A1 $UCATION WAS UNEQUAL BECAUSE IT WAS PRIVATE1 FAMILY $UCATION2 9 C\NTRIES :]E PUBLIC $UCATION HAD BE5 9/ITUT$1 9EQUALITY ( WEAL? MADE = UNEQUAL ACCESS TO $UCATION1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! RI* MONOPOLIZ$ $UCATION & SU/A9$ ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY4 ,JIANG BELIEV$ ?AT 9EQUALITY 9 ABILITY >OSE NOT FROM NATURAL DIFF]5CES BUT FROM 9EQUALITY 9 ACCESS TO $UCATION4 ,HE ADVOCAT$ ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL BE GIV5 FREE $UCATION BY PUBLIC ORGANS FROM BIR? TO MATURITY4 ,IF ?IS C\LD BE DONE1 !N EA* 9DIVIDUAL W\LD GA9 9DEP5D5CE ( LIVELIHOOD & S]VE HIMSELF OR H]SELF AS WELL AS SOCIETY4 ,9 A FEW G5]ATIONS ! 9EQUALITIES 9H]IT$ FROM FAMILY BACKGR\ND W\LD DISAPPE>1 & ALL W\LD BE ABLE TO SEEK LIVELIHOOD 9 EQUALITY4 ,! ONLY REMA9+ 9EQUALITIES W\LD BE 9 ! PR(ESSIONS & LE>N+1 NOT ( CLASS & WEAL?4 ,JIANG'S EMPHASIS ON $UCATION ACCORD$ ) HIS BELIEF ?AT SOCIAL *ANGE MU/ />T ) *ANGE 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL4.<#b#c#i.> 

,OCCUPATIONAL FRE$OM W\LD HAVE A SIMIL> EFFECT4 ,IF EA* 9DIVIDUAL S\<T AN OCCUPATION 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS OR H] TAL5TS1 ! VIRTU\S W\LD SEEK TO ADVANCE & ! DEG5]ATE W\LD NOT D>E TO REMA9 IDLE4 ,RI<TS & OBLIGATIONS W\LD BE H>MONIZ$4 ,& S9CE EA* W\LD EX]T HIMSELF OR H]SELF TO ! UTMO/1 BO? SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUAL W\LD B5EFIT4 

,F9ALLY1 ,JIANG VIEW$ 9H]ITANCE AS ! GREATE/ CRIME 9 ! WORLD1 ! S\RCE ( ALL 9EQUALITY1 & ADVOCAT$ :AT HE CALL$ 9DEP5D5CE ( PROP]TY 7CAI*AN DULI74 ,9H]ITANCE NOT ONLY P]PETUAT$ 9EQUALITY1 IT HAD A DEMORALIZ+ EFFECT ON ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,:AT A P]SON 9H]IT$ DID NOT REPRES5T HIS OR H] LABOR4 ,SU* WEAL? NOT ONLY WAS UNJU/IFIABLE1 IT ALSO NURTUR$ A P>ASITIC DEP5D5CE ON ! FAMILY4 ,9 ,JIANG'S SOLUTION ALL WEAL? ACQUIR$ DUR+ ! LIFETIME ( AN 9DIVIDUAL W\LD REV]T TO ! PUBLIC C(F]S AT ! 9DIVIDUAL'S DEA? SO ?AT EA* G5]ATION W\LD HAVE TO MAKE A LIV+ = ITSELF4 ,?IS WAY1 ! 9EQUALITY ?AT ATT5D$ EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL AT BIR? W\LD BE ELIM9AT$1 & GREAT] 9DEP5D5CE W\LD BE /IMULAT$4.<#b#d.> 

,ALL ?REE ITEMS ( ,JIANG'S SOCIALI/ PROGRAM W]E 9=M$ BY HIS ULTIMATE COMMITM5T TO ! 9DIVIDUAL AS ! S\RCE & ! 5D ( SOCIALISM4 ,JIANG EV5 DI/+UI%$ HIMSELF FROM O!R SOCIALI/S BY HIS EMPHASIS ON ! 9DIVIDUAL3  
  

,FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D1 ,I HAVE TAK5 ! 9DIVIDUAL TO BE ! .<BASIC.> UNIT ( ! WORLD4 ,?IS IS MY DIFF]5CE FROM SOCIALI/S 9 G5]AL :O TAKE SOCIETY AS !IR ONLY PREMISE4 ,IF SOCIETY IS TAK5 AS ! SOLE PREMISE1 ! RESULT IS TO DISDA9 ! 9DIVIDUAL3 TRAMPL$ UPON .<9 ?IS WAY.>1 ! 9DIVIDUAL LOSES WOR? AS ! UNIT .<( ! WORLD.>1 :I*1 9 TURN1 OBLIT]ATES ! SPIRIT ( 9DEP5D5CE & 9ITIATIVE4 .<,?IS.> R$UCES ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! .<LEVEL ( !.> SCALES ( FI% & DRAGONS1 OR ! COG 9 A MA*9E4  
  

,JIANG DESCRIB$ HIS 9DIVIDUALISM AS ! NEW 9DIVIDUALISM 7X9 G]5 ZHUYI74 ,! NEW 9DIVIDUALISM1 UNLIKE ! OLD 9DIVIDUALISMS ?AT CONSI/$ ( SELF-SEEK+ OR ! SE>* = 9DIVIDUAL SOV]EIGNTY1 SIMULTANE\SLY /RESS$ ! 9DEP5D5CE & ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( 9DIVIDUALS4.<#b#d#a.> ,JIANG BELIEV$ 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( A*IEV+ ?IS NEW 9DIVIDUALISM MORE ON UTILIT>IAN ?AN ON E?ICAL GR\NDS4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT ALL PEOPLE BY NATURE S\<T TO MAXIMIZE !IR SECURITY & HAPP9ESS 7ANLE74 ,S9CE IDEAS ON H[ TO A*IEVE ?IS 5D DIFF]$1 ! SE>* = HAPP9ESS ( EA* 9T]F]$ ) ! SE>* = HAPP9ESS ( O!RS1 SO ?AT NONE FELT SECURE 9 HIS OR H] HAPP9ESS4 ,!RE=E1 !Y HAD TO LE>N ?AT TO B5EFIT ! SELF1 ONE HAD TO B5EFIT O!RS3 ,B5EFIT+ ! SELF IS ! GOAL ( ALL PEOPLE2 B5EFIT+ O!RS IS ! MEANS TO A*IEV+ ?AT GOAL4 ,TO A*IEVE ! NEW 9DIVIDUALISM1 ,JIANG >GU$1 ALL OB/ACLES ?AT /OOD BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! WORLD \<T TO BE ABOLI%$1 9 P>TICUL> RELIGION1 ! /ATE1 & ! FAMILY4.<#b#d#b.> 

,HIS NEW 9DIVIDUALISM1 ,JIANG BELIEV$1 R5D]$ HIS SOCIALISM SUP]IOR TO O!RS4 ,HE WAS OPPOS$ TO ! EGALIT>IANISM ( COMMUNISM1 :I* HE O!RWISE ADMIR$1 ON TWO GR\NDS4 ,FIR/1 ! IDEAL ( FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$ LEFT NO WAY TO DEAL ) ?OSE :O DID NOT CONTRIBUTE ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITY BUT SIMPLY TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! SY/EM4 ,JIANG ?\<T ?IS CONSEQU5CE TO BE V]Y LIKELY1 GIV5 HUMAN 9CL9ATIONS4 ,SECOND1 ,JIANG WAS A SOCIAL ,D>W9I/ 9 \TLOOK & SAW COMPETITION AS ! KEY TO PROGRESS4 ,IF ABSOLUTE EQUALITY PREVAIL$1 HE BELIEV$1 SOCIETY W\LD /AGNATE4.<#b#d#c.> ,HE HAD EXPRESS$ ?IS VIEW AS E>LY AS #aii 9 HIS DEF5SE ( FREE 5T]PRISE 9 HIS ,NEW ,]A >TICLE1 & HE W\LD HOLD IT ?R\<\T HIS C>E]4.<#b#d#d.> ,ON !SE TWO GR\NDS1 HE WAS RELUCTANT TO ABOLI% PROP]TY 7AS LONG AS IT WAS ACQUIR$ BY 9DIVIDUAL EF=T7 OR UNEQUAL REMUN]ATION = DIFF]5T K9DS & LEVELS ( LABOR4 ,AS LONG AS PEOPLE HAD 9C5TIVE1 HE BELIEV$1 !Y W\LD /RIVE TO BETT] !IR LOT1 & ! :OLE SOCIETY W\LD B5EFIT4 ,:AT HE S\<T 9 SOCIALISM1 AS WAS NOT$ ABOVE1 WAS 9DEP5D5CE & EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY1 NOT EGALIT>IANISM4 

,JIANG'S SOCIALISM CONTA9$ MU* ?AT WAS UNOR?ODOX1 EV5 UNSOCIALI/1 BUT HIS >GUM5TS W]E NOT )\T A LOGIC ( !IR [N4 ,! PROBLEMS ( HIS SOCIALISM >E BE/ APPRECIAT$ 9 T]MS ( HIS E>LI] PREOCCUPATIONS ) ! FAMILY & WOM5'S LIB]ATION4 ,JIANG WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ! PROBLEMS ( WOM5'S $UCATION LONG BE=E HE BECAME A SOCIALI/4 ,9 HIS E>LIE/ AVAILABLE ESSAYS1 ! PROBLEMS ?AT PREOCCUPI$ HIM W]E ! OPPRESSION ( WOM5 & ! MEANS TO ABOLI% IT4 ,HE BLAM$ ! FAMILY /RUCTURE = ! 9F]IOR ROLE WOM5 HELD 9 SOCIETY &1 LONG BE=E ! IDEA WAS TO BECOME PREVAL5T DUR+ ! ,NEW ,CULTURE ,MOVEM5T1 DESCRIB$ ! FAMILY AS ! S\RCE ( ALL EVILS 9 SOCIETY4.<#b#d#e.> ,! FAMILY SUPPRESS$ ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( WOM5 &1 BY D5Y+ !M $UCATION1 MADE !M DEP5D5T ON MALES4 ,! CURE1 HE BELIEV$1 WAS TO $UCATE WOM5 & PROVIDE !M ) PR(ESSIONS ?AT !Y MI<T GA9 9DEP5D5CE & COMPETE ) MALES ON AN EQUAL BASIS4 ,:5 HE TURN$ TO ADVOCAT+ SOCIALISM1 ,JIANG G5]ALIZ$ !SE PROBLEMS ( WOM5 & ! FAMILY TO ! :OLE ( HUMANK9D4 ,?IS CONNECTION BETWE5 HIS SOCIALISM & HIS P]CEPTIONS ( ! PROBLEMS ( WOM5 MI<T EXPLA9 :Y ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL'S ,WOM5 & ,SOCIALISM WAS A FAVORITE BOOK ( HIS1 AS ,B]NAL HAS PO9T$ \T1 & :Y ! FIR/ LECTURE HE EV] GAVE ON SOCIALISM WAS ESS5TIALLY A LECTURE ON WOM5'S PROBLEMS4 ,IT ALSO EXPLA9S ! PECULI>ITIES ( HIS SOCIALI/ PROGRAM3 HIS EMPHASIS ON ! NEW 9DIVIDUALISM1 ON 9H]ITANCE1 ON ! NE$ TO SEEK 9DEP5D5T LIVELIHOOD--IDEAS HE HAD >TICULAT$ FIR/ 9 HIS DISCUSSIONS ON WOM5'S PROBLEMS4 ,JIANG'S SOCIALISM1 ONE IS TEMPT$ TO OBS]VE1 WAS MORE ANTIFAMILY ?AN ANTICAPITALI/ 9 ITS PROGRAM4.<#b#d#f.> 

,AT ISSUE 9 ,%IFU'S POLEMICS AGA9/ ! SOCIALI/S WAS ! NATURE ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 SPITE ( ! P$ANTIC NATURE ( ! DISCUSSION1 :I* (T5 PRES5T$ ! PROBLEM AT H& AS A PROBLEM ( S*OL>%IP1 ! POLEMICS W]E MOTIVAT$ MA9LY BY A /RUGGLE OV] ! 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]%IP ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A4 ,IT IS CLE> FROM MANY ( ,%IFU'S /ATEM5TS ?AT HE WAS IRK$ BY ! CLAIMS ( ,SUN & ,JIANG TO ! LEAD]%IP ( SOCIALISM 9 ,*9A1 & EV5 MORE BY ! WILL+NESS ( MANY TO TAKE !M AT !IR WORD4.<#b#d#g.> 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! POLEMICS RAIS$ ISSUES ( SUB/ANCE ?AT W]E TO DIVIDE AN>*I/S & O!R SOCIALI/S 9 5SU+ YE>S4 ,! />T+ PO9T ( ! DISCUSSION WAS ! QUE/ION :E!R ,SUN & ,JIANG W]E REALLY SOCIALI/S4 ,?IS 9EVITABLY L$ TO ! QUE/ION ( :AT CON/ITUT$ SOCIALISM1 & TO ANSW] ?IS ,%IFU 7& TO A LESS] EXT5T ,JIANG7 TURN$ TO ANALYSIS ( ! T]M9OLOGY & HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM4 ,%IFU OBVI\SLY DESIR$ TO V9DICATE HIS VIEWS1 BUT 9 ! PROCESS HE DID MU* TO CLE> AWAY ! T]M9OLOGICAL CONFUSION ?AT HAD PLAGU$ ,*9ESE SOCIALISM = A DECADE4 ,MO/ ( HIS CRITICISMS1 MOREOV]1 W]E QUITE JU/IFI$ IF NOT UNBIAS$4 

,:AT BR\<T ,SUN 9TO ,%IFU'S POLEMICS WAS A LECTURE ,SUN HAD GIV5 9 #aiab TO A GA!R+ ( ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY4 ,9 HIS LECTURE ,SUN REIT]AT$ HIS COMMITM5T TO SOCIALISM & ELABORAT$ ON ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM HE HAD ADVOCAT$ S9CE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE DAYS3 ! UTILIZATION ( ,H5RY ,GEORGE'S S+LE-TAX POLICY TO EQUALIZE L&[N]%IP1 & ! CONTROL ( MONOPOLIES4 ,HE ALSO EMB>K$ ON A PROLONG$ DISC\RSE ON SOCIALISM1 :]E HE ACKN[L$G$ ,M>X AS ! FA!R ( SOCIALISM BUT 9SI/$ ?AT ,M>X'S IDEAS BE COMPLEM5T$ ) ,GEORGE'S BECAUSE ,GEORGE HAD MADE EQUALLY IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIALISM4 ,SUN ALSO DESCRIB$ COMMUNISM AS ! HI<E/ IDEAL ( ALL SOCIALISM1 BUT EXPRESS$ D\BT ?AT PEOPLE W]E MORALLY PREP>$ = ! REALIZATION ( ?AT IDEAL4.<#b#d#h.> 

,%IFU ATTACK$ ,SUN & ,JIANG 9 ! SAME >TICLE4 ,HIS >GUM5TS AGA9/ ! TWO V>I$ ) ! DIFF]5T POLICIES !Y PROPOS$1 BUT BASICALLY HE LEVI$ ! SAME *>GES AGA9/ BO?4 ,FIR/1 HE SAID ?AT NEI!R ,SUN NOR ,JIANG ADVOCAT$ SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ?AT BO? ADVOCAT$ SOCIAL POLICY4 ,!Y W]E NOT EV5 SOCIALI/S1 S9CE !Y DID NOT PROPOSE TO ABOLI% PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ! S9E QUA NON ( ALL SOCIALISM4 ,JIANG'S 9H]ITANCE S*EME & ,SUN'S S+LE-TAX POLICY W]E BO? *>ACT]I/IC ( /ATE SOCIALISM1 :I* WAS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM SOCIALISM 7AS ,JIANG HIMSELF HAD /AT$ 9 ONE ( HIS WRIT+S74 ,SECOND1 HE *>G$ !M ) IGNORANCE ( SOCIALISM4 ,NEI!R ( !M WAS CLE> AB\T ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM1 & !Y EASILY BL5D$ ! TWO4 ,!Y W]E NOT EV5 AW>E ( ! DIFF]5CES AMONG SOCIALI/S1 AS WAS EVID5T 9 ,SUN'S EQUATION ( ,M>X & ,GEORGE & 9 ,JIANG'S MANY /ATEM5TS CONF\ND+ AN>*ISM1 COMMUNISM1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 & /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,SOCIALI/S W]E ONE 9 ADVOCAT+ ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ,%IFU PO9T$ \T1 BUT !RE WAS A BASIC DIFF]5CE AMONG SOCIALI/S OV] H[ ?IS GOAL WAS TO BE A*IEV$4 ,SOCIALI/S 79CLUD+ ,M>XI/S7 >GU$ = COLLECTIVISM1 ?AT IS1 CONTROL ( PROP]TY BY PUBLIC ORGANSNAMELY1 ! /ATE4 ,ONLY AN>*I/S ADVOCAT$ COMMUNISM1 :I* SIGNIFI$ DIRECT CONTROL ( PROP]TY BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,JIANG1 9 ,%IFU'S OP9ION1 DISPLAY$ UTT] IGNORANCE ( ?IS FACT 9 HIS CONTRADICTORY /ATEM5TS AB\T COMMUNISM4 ,%IFU ALSO CRITICIZ$ ,JIANG = HIS BELIEF 9 ! NECESSITY ( COMPETITION1 :I* RAN C\NT] TO ! SPIRIT ?AT UND]LAY SOCIALISM4.<#b#d#i.> 

,%IFU'S CRITICISM ( ! PURE SOCIALI/S WAS 9 A DIFF]5T VE94 ,! PURE SOCIALI/S HAD BROK5 ) ,JIANG'S P>TY BECAUSE ( !IR AN>*I/ 9CL9ATIONS1 & 9DE$ !IR PROGRAM REVEAL$ !IR AN>*I/ PREMISES4 ,%IFU WAS NOT 5TIRELY HAPPY ) ?IS PROGRAM1 :I* DISPLAY$ NATIVI/IC & NATIONALI/IC T5D5CIES1 BUT HIS BASIC CRITICISM WAS ( !IR RET5TION ( ! WORD SOCIALI/ 9 !IR P>TY NAME4 ,IF !Y W]E AN>*I/S1 HE /AT$1 !Y %\LD CALL !MSELVES AN>*I/S & NOT SOCIALI/S4.<#b#e.> 

,! CONTROV]SY ?AT FOLL[$ REVOLV$ >\ND ! QUE/ION ( :AT CON/ITUT$ SOCIALISM1 & ! RELATION%IP ( SOCIALISM TO AN>*ISM4 ,TO REFUTE HIS OPPON5TS1 ,%IFU DREW UPON HIS CONSID]ABLE KN[L$GE ( ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM TO CL>IFY QUE/IONS ON ! EVOLUTION ( T]M9OLOGY4 ,! DETAILS W]E (T5 T$I\S & P$ANTIC1 BUT HIS MAJOR PO9TS W]E1 BRIEFLY1 !SE3 7#a7 SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM REPRES5T$ TWO DIFF]5T CURR5TS FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,JIANG WAS WRONG 9 HIS ASS]TION ?AT UNTIL ,BAKUN9'S SPLIT ) ,M>X 9 #a#h#g#a1 AN>*ISM HAD BE5 9DI/9CT FROM SOCIALISM4 ,?\< ,%IFU WAS WILL+ TO ACKN[L$GE ,M>X'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIALISM1 HE REJECT$ ,JIANG'S SUGGE/ION ?AT ,M>X WAS ! POPE ( SOCIALISM4 ,HE HIMSELF VIEW$ ,M>X AS A /ATE SOCIALI/ :O HAD D]IV$ MO/ ( HIS COLLECTIVI/ IDEAS FROM ,SA9T-,SIMON2.<#b#e#a.> 7#b7 AN>*ISM WAS MORE SCI5TIFIC ?AN ,M>XISM4 ,M>X WAS A SCI5TIFIC SOCIALI/1 BUT ,KROPOTK9 HAD GIV5 SOCIALISM A FIRM] SCI5TIFIC BASIS2.<#b#e#b.> 7#c7 AN>*ISM WAS BROAD] 9 COMPASS ?AN SOCIALISM4 ,SOCIALISM P]TA9$ TO ! ECONOMY1 AN>*ISM TO POLITICS4 ,BUT :ILE ALL AN>*I/S W]E ( NECESSITY ALSO SOCIALI/S1 SOCIALI/S W]E NOT AN>*I/S1 BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT OPPOS$ TO GOV]NM5T2 AN>*ISM1 !RE=E1 CONTA9$ SOCIALISM4.<#b#e#c.> ,%IFU REJECT$ ! SUGGE/ION ?AT S9CE ! CONCEPT ( SOCIETY 9CLUD$ EV]Y?+ )9 IT1 SOCIALISM REPRES5T$ ! BROAD] CONCEPT4 ,SOCIETY1 HE >GU$1 DID NOT COV] POLITICS1 :I* WAS EXTRANE\S TO IT2 IT WAS NOT CORRECT TO SAY1 !RE=E1 ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD 9CLUDE AN>*ISM4.<#b#e#d.> 

,9 REJECT+ T]MS SU* AS EXTREME SOCIALISM1 PURE SOCIALISM1 NONGOV]N+ 7WUZHI7 ?AT HAD BE5 US$ V>I\SLY TO DESCRIBE AN>*ISM1 ,%IFU WAS ABLE TO CL>IFY A NUMB] ( T]M9OLOGICAL & CONCEPTUAL QUE/IONS P]TA9+ TO AN>*ISM & PO9T \T ITS AUTONOM\S CONT5T4 ,NOT LEA/ IMPORTANT WAS HIS CL>IFICATION ( ! MEAN+ ( ! COMMON ,*9ESE T]M = AN>*ISM1 WUZH5GFU ZHUYI 7LIT]ALLY1 NOGOV]NM5TALISM71 :I* MANY APP>5TLY TOOK LIT]ALLY AS ONLY ! REJECTION ( GOV]NM5T1 NO?+ MORE4 ,%IFU1 CIT+ ! ORIG9AL =EIGN T]M9OLOGY1 PO9T$ \T ?AT ! MISUND]/&+ WAS A MATT] ( TRANSLATION1 & ?AT AN>*ISM 9CLUD$ OPPOSITION TO ALL AU?ORITY1 NOT JU/ GOV]NM5T4 ,MOREOV]1 HE EXPLA9$1 ?IS WAS ONLY ! NEGATIVE ASPECT ( AN>*ISM4 ,ON ! POSITIVE SIDE1 AN>*I/S S\<T TO REORGANIZE SOCIETY & E/ABLI% A TOTALLY NEW K9D ( SOCIETY4.<#b#e#e.> 

,HIS CONTRIBUTION TO ! DISCUSSION1 H[EV]1 W5T BEYOND MATT]S ( T]M9OLOGY4 ,%IFU WAS QUITE JU/IFI$ 9 HIS CRITIQUE ( ! CONFUSION OV] SOCIALISM 9 ! ?9K+ ( ,SUN & ,JIANG4 ,HIS [N T]M9OLOGICAL PURITY WAS RA!R VACU\S2 AN>*I/S 9 ! ,WE/ DID NOT DISASSOCIATE !MSELVES FROM ! T]M SOCIALISM1 & ,KROPOTK9 HIMSELF US$ AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM 9T]*ANGEABLY 9 HIS WRIT+S4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,SUN & ,JIANG1 H[EV]1 ! CONFUSION WAS BASICALLY CONCEPTUAL4 ,BO? M5 CONF\ND$ NOT ONLY DIFF]5T CURR5TS 9 SOCIALISM BUT SOCIALISM & CAPITALISM AS WELL4 ,!IR IDEAS ON SOCIALISM E*O$ ! VIEWS ( LATE-N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIAL RE=M]S :O US$ SOCIALI/ POLICIES TO PRES]VE & IMPROVE1 NOT TO OV]?R[1 ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,SUN1 AS ,%IFU PO9T$ \T1 NEV] QUITE UND]/OOD CAPITALISM1 & :ILE HE WAS OPPOS$ TO MONOPOLY CAPITAL1 HE NEV] REJECT$ CAPITALISM AS SU*4 ,?AT ?IS WAS AN ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS IS EVID5T 9 ! ESSAY BY ,HU ,HANM9 PUBLI%$ A NUMB] ( YE>S E>LI] 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,J\RNAL TO EXPLA9 ,SUN'S POLICIES4 ,IF ,HU'S EXPLANATION REFLECT$ ,SUN'S VIEWS1 & !RE IS LITTLE REASON TO ?9K IT DID NOT1 ,SUN HIMSELF ADVOCAT$ EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY1 NOT AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIALISM4.<#b#e#f.> 

,! SAME WAS TRUE ( ,JIANG'S SOCIALISM1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$4 ,%IFU OBS]V$ 9 ONE ( HIS ESSAYS ?AT ,JIANG P$DL$ ! IDEAS ( ,SA9T-,SIMON 9 ,*9A4.<#b#e#g.> ,:ILE ,JIANG'S [N WRIT+S DID NOT ACKN[L$GE ANY 9TELLECTUAL DEBT TO ,SA9T-,SIMON1 !RE >E 9TRIGU+ RESEMBLANCES BETWE5 ,JIANG'S & ,SA9T-,SIMON'S IDEAS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,JIANG'S EMPHASIS ON ! ABOLITION ( 9H]ITANCE1 HIS VIEW ?AT LE>N+ %\LD BE ! ONLY BASIS = 9EQUALITY1 HIS /RESS ON PR(ESSIONAL $UCATION1 & HIS 9SI/5CE ON ! CREATION ( AN 9DU/RIAL REPUBLIC TO REPLACE ! EXI/+ ONE4.<#b#e#h.> ,JIANG'S 9SI/5CE ?AT 9H]IT$ 9EQUALITY %\LD BE ABOLI%$ & EV]YONE BE GIV5 AN EQUAL />T 9 LIFE ?R\< $UCATION WAS QUITE REM9ISC5T ( ,SA9T-,SIMON1 :O REJECT$ H]$IT>Y 9EQUALITY BUT NOT ?AT 9EQUALITY :I* WAS A PRODUCT ( DIFF]5CES 9 P]SONAL EF=T & LE>N+4 ,:E!R ,JIANG [$ HIS IDEAS TO ,SA9T-,SIMON OR NOT1 IT IS CLE> ?AT HIS SOCIALISM DID CONDONE 9EQUALITY4 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 ,JIANG W\LD *ANGE ! DETAILS ( HIS PROGRAM BUT NEV] ?IS BASIC PREMISE2 IF ANY?+1 HE BECAME MORE SYMPA!TIC TO CAPITALI/S EV5 AS HE CONT9U$ TO ADVOCATE SOCIALISM4.<#b#e#i.> 

,%IFU'S [N VIEWS1 TOO1 CONTA9$ S]I\S FLAWS1 NOT ! LEA/ ( :I* WAS ! CONSI/5CY HE IMPOS$ UPON SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM4 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ?AT HE HAD A BETT] GRASP ( ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM 9 ,EUROPE ?AN HIS ADV]S>IES HAD2 NEV]!LESS1 HIS WAS A HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM SE5 ?R\< AN>*I/ EYES4 ,HE R$UC$ ALL SOCIALI/S TO A UNI=M FIELD ( COLLECTIVISM1 A T]M HE EQUAT$ ) /ATE SOCIALISM1 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO COMMUNISM1 :I* HE ID5TIFI$ ) AN>*ISM4 ,HE SAW ,M>XISM 9 T]MS ( ITS CONTEMPOR>Y MANIFE/ATIONS1 :I* REPRES5T$ V>I\S MODES ( ACCOMMODATION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 & COMPLETELY IGNOR$ ! REVOLUTION>Y VISION ?AT HAD 9=M$ ,M>X'S [N WRIT+S1 A VISION ?AT DID NOT DIFF] SIGNIFICANTLY FROM ! AN>*I/ ONE4 ,MOREOV]1 ,%IFU WAS HIMSELF SELECTIVE 9 HIS USE ( HI/ORY4 ,:ILE HE PO9T$ TO !IR EMPHASIS ON ! ABOLITION ( 9H]ITANCE AS PRO( ?AT BO? ,M>X & ,JIANG W]E /ATE SOCIALI/S1 HE IGNOR$ ! FACT ?AT IT WAS ,BAKUN9'S 9SI/5CE ON ! ABOLITION ( 9H]ITANCE 7:I* ,M>X HAD OPPOS$ AS A PETIT-B\RGEOIS MEASURE7 ?AT HAD DIVID$ ! ,BASLE ,CONGRESS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#h#f#i4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ,%IFU WAS UNAW>E ( ?IS CONFLICT1 BUT HE DID DISPLAY KN[L$GE ( O!R 9TRICATE ASPECTS ( ! CONFLICTS )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & IT W\LD BE SURPRIS+ IF HE DID NOT HAVE ACCESS TO ?IS RA!R CONSPICU\S FACT4.<#b#f.> 

,LIKE ,KROPOTK9 HIMSELF1 ,%IFU IGNOR$ ! FACT ?AT AN>*I/S [$ MU* ( !IR SOCIAL !ORY 7! ANALYSIS ( CLASSES & CAPITALISM7 TO ,M>XISM4.<#b#f#a.> ,! AN>*I/ CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIALI/ !ORY LAY 9 !IR 9SI/5CE ON ! NE$ TO RECOGNIZE ! AUTONOM\S P[] ( ! /ATE1 :I* ,M>X HAD 5COMPASS$ 7AT LEA/ ON ! SURFACE7 )9 ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIAL 9T]E/S4 ,BUT !RE WAS LITTLE 9 AN>*I/ SOCIAL !ORY ?AT W5T BEYOND ,M>X'S =MULATIONS4 ,BY IGNOR+ ?IS1 ,%IFU WAS ABLE1 UNJU/IFIABLY1 TO CLAIM ! :OLE T]RITORY ( SOCIALISM = AN>*ISM4 

,F9ALLY1 ,%IFU MISS$ ! PO9T AB\T SOCIALISM 9 HIS 9SI/5CE ?AT SOCIALISM P]TA9$ ONLY TO ! ECONOMY & ?AT POLITICS EXI/$ 9DEP5D5TLY ( SOCIETY 7:I* CONTRADICT$ HIS [N BELIEF ?AT POLITICS S]V$ CLASS 9T]E/74 ,HE CAME CLOS] TO ! TRU? ) AN>*I/S :O1 :ILE !Y HAVE NOT IGNOR$ ! PROBLEM ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 HAVE BE5 MO/ CONSPICU\S = !IR PREOCCUPATION ) AU?ORITY1 ESPECIALLY POLITICAL AU?ORITY4.<#b#f#b.> ,BUT ! DI/+UI%+ FEATURE ( SOCIALI/ !ORY LIES 9 ITS 9TEGRATION ( V>I\S ASPECTS ( EXI/5CE 9TO A UNIFI$ ANALYSIS SO ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPLA9 ONE ASPECT 9 ISOLATION4 ,H[EV] SOCIALI/S MAY HAVE DIFF]$ O!RWISE1 !Y DID NOT SEP>ATE ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL PROBLEMS3 ! GOAL ( ECONOMIC *ANGE WAS ALSO TO EFFECT *ANGES 9 SOCIAL & POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,%IFU D5I$ ANY SIGNIFICANT ROLE TO POLITICS1 ( C\RSE1 BUT ?IS PREMISE ( ! 9TEGRAT$NESS ( ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL RELATIONS WAS IMPLICIT 9 ! !ORY ?AT HE HIMSELF UPHELD4 ,HIS EF=TS TO RE/RICT ! SCOPE ( SOCIALISM1 !RE=E1 >E BE/ UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( HIS URGE TO PROVE ! SUP]IORITY ( AN>*ISM BY 5D[+ IT ) AN ALL-5COMPASS+ SCOPE ?AT COV]$ :AT SOCIALISM PURPORT$LY DID NOT4 

,IF AN>*ISM HAS A BROAD] SCOPE ?AN SOCIALISM1 ,M>XI/ OR O!RWISE1 IT IS 9 ! LOYALTY TO ! VISION ( HUMANITY ?AT ALL SOCIALI/S HAVE %>$ )\T BE+ EQUALLY P]SI/5T 9 !IR LOYALTY4 ,& IF ,%IFU HAD AN $GE OV] HIS ADV]S>IES 9 !SE POLEMICS1 IT WAS DUE1 NOT M]ELY TO HIS SUP]IOR KN[L$GE1 BUT1 EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 TO HIS VISION>Y CONSI/5CY4 ,JIANG & ,SUN DID 9DE$ MAKE /ATEM5TS AB\T SOCIALISM ?AT W]E 9DEF5SIBLE 9 T]MS ( VISION OR !ORY2 BUT !Y DID %[ SOME S5SITIVITY TO ! REALITIES >\ND !M4 ,%IFU IGNOR$ ALMO/ TOTALLY ! CONDITIONS )9 :I* HE PROPAGAT$ HIS IDEAS4 ,LIKE O!R AN>*I/S1 HIS VIEWS ON REVOLUTION W]E AHI/ORICAL1 BAS$ ON C]TA9 UNIV]SAL PREMISES AB\T HUMAN BE+S & !IR RELATION%IP TO SOCIETY & POLITICS4 ,ON ! R>E OCCASIONS :5 HE DID REF] TO ,*9A'S SPECIFIC CONDITIONS1 HE CONC$$ 7)\T SAY+ SO7 ?AT ,*9ESE W]E NOT YET READY = ! REVOLUTION HE ADVOCAT$4 ,9 FACT1 HE1 LIKE O!R AN>*I/S1 FAC$ A DILEMMA ?AT HE WAS UNWILL+ TO ACKN[L$GE3 ?AT ! REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD U%] 9 AN>*I/ SOCIETY MU/ AWAIT ! $UCATION ( PEOPLE TO PREP>E !M = AN>*ISM1 BUT ?AT SU* $UCATION WAS IMPOSSIBLE AS LONG AS BAD SOCIETY P]SI/$4 ,HIS AN>*ISM PROVID$ A VISION BUT NO WAY ( A*IEV+ IT4 

,CONCLUSION 

  

,AN>*I/-SOCIALI/ DIFF]5CES REFLECT$ A BASIC DIFF]5CE 9 ! CONCEPTUALIZATION ( ! ROLE ( SELF-9T]E/ 9 SOCIETY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 AN>*I/S REJECT$ ! NATURALNESS ( 9T]E/ & VIEW$ IT AS ! FABRICATION ( A SOCIAL /RUCTURE W>P$ BY P[] & EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT 9T]E/ C\LD BE ABOLI%$ IF SOCIETY W]E RECON/ITUT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NATURAL COOP]ATIVE 9CL9ATIONS ( HUMANITY4 ,SOCIALI/S SU* AS ,SUN & ,JIANG1 ON ! O!R H&1 HELD A DIFF]5T VIEW ( 9T]E/1 EA* = HIS [N REASON4 ,JIANG1 TAK+ ! PURSUIT ( SELF-9T]E/ AS A NATURAL 5D[M5T ( HUMANITY1 D5I$ ! POSSIBILITY ( ABOLI%+ IT4 ,SUN1 :ILE HE REJECT$ ?IS PREMISE1 NEV]!LESS ?\<T ?AT ! PURSUIT ( SELF-9T]E/ HAD ACC\NT$ = ! IMM5SE DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,WE/ UND] CAPITALISM & BELIEV$ ?AT1 IF KEPT )9 B\NDS1 IT W\LD ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO ,*9A'S DEVELOPM5T4 

,! ATTITUDES ( ,SUN & ,JIANG T[>D POLITICS W]E FUNCTIONS ( !SE PREMISES CONC]N+ 9T]E/4 ,AN>*I/S1 :O SAW 9 POLITICS ONE ( ! BASIC S\RCES = ! UND]M9+ ( NATURAL MORALITY1 VIEW$ ! ABOLITION ( POLITICS & ! ABOLITION ( SELFI%NESS AS P>T ( ! SAME PROCESS4 ,BO? ,SUN & ,JIANG SAW 9 POLITICS A MEANS--! ONLY MEANS--TO CONTROL PRIVATE 9T]E/ & BR+ IT 9TO ! S]VICE ( SOCIETY1 RA!R ?AN ( A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY4 

,SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S W]E ONE 9 !IR BELIEF ?AT ,*9A REQUIR$ MORE ?AN A POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 ?AT SOCIETY ITSELF W\LD HAVE TO UND]GO IMPORTANT *ANGES IF !IR GOALS W]E TO BE REALIZ$4 ,BUT !Y HELD DIFF]5T VIEWS AB\T H[ ?IS WAS TO BE A*IEV$4 ,AN>*I/S ADVOCAT$ A SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD ABOLI% ALL EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BO? ,JIANG & ,SUN1 H[EV]1 ADVOCAT$ A REVOLUTION :OSE GOAL WAS TO CURTAIL PRECISELY ?AT EV5TUALITY4 ,JIANG WAS MUDDY ON ?IS ISSUE AT ! TIME1 ?\< HE W\LD /ATE IT MORE EXPLICITLY AT A LAT] TIME4 ,SUN WAS V]Y CLE> ALL ALONG ?AT HIS POLICIES W]E HYGI5IC1 DESIGN$ TO =E/ALL ! %>P5+ ( CLASS CONFLICT TO ! PO9T :]E ONLY A SOCIAL UPHEAVAL C\LD RESOLVE IT4 ,BO? S\<T TO H>MONIZE CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S 9 SOCIETY ?R\< ! 9T]M$IACY ( POLITICS4 

,!SE TWO MODES ( APPROA* TO SOCIAL *ANGE & REVOLUTION REPRES5T$ ! TWO BASIC MESSAGES SOCIALISM CONVEY$ TO ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! YE>S BE=E #a#i#a#i3 A VISION ( TOTAL REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION1 & A POLITICAL !ORY ?AT %[$ ! WAY TO REORGANIZE 9T]E/ 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE GREAT] EQUALITY & M9IMIZE CONFLICT4 ,REG>DLESS ( ! PECULI>LY ,*9ESE COAT+ !SE MESSAGES ASSUM$ 9 ,*9A1 !Y REFLECT$ ! TWO MAJOR CURR5TS 9 ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,SUN & ,JIANG ADVOCAT$ DIFFUSE SOCIALISMS ?AT DID NOT EV5 REJECT BASIC 9/ITUTIONS OR IDEAS ( CAPITALISM1 & !Y C\LD PO9T = SUPPORT TO TR5DS 9 ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM1 :I* 9CREAS+LY HAD COME TO ACCOMMODATE CAPITALISM & /ROVE TO USE ! P[] ( ! /ATE TO REGULATE 9T]E/ 9 SOCIETY4 ,AS SOCIALISM LO/ ITS REVOLUTION>Y VISION1 AN>*I/S REMA9$ ! ONLY ONES TO RETA9 !IR FAI?FULNESS TO ! ORIG9AL GOALS ( SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,AN>*I/S W]E UNABLE1 H[EV]1 TO CONV]T !IR VISION 9TO REVOLUTION>Y REALITY4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY A PROBLEM = ! ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 :O DID NOT EV5 HAVE A CON/ITU5CY = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION !Y PROPOS$4 ,9 ! 5D1 !Y TOO HAD TO FALL BACK UPON ! >GUM5T ?AT ! PEOPLE W]E NOT YET READY = AN>*ISM4 

,?IS W\LD *ANGE 9 ! #a#i#bS :5 ,*9ESE SOCIETY EXP]I5C$ L>GE-SCALE MASS MOBILIZATION4 ,! REVOLUTIONIZATION ( ,*9ESE SOCIETY 7ACCOMPANI$ BY A G5]AL LOSS ( FAI? 9 POLITICS7 9CREAS$ RECEPTIVITY TO ! AN>*I/ >GUM5T4 ,& AN>*I/S PROV$ TO BE BETT] PREP>$ ?AN MO/ 9 RESPOND+ TO SU* SPONTANE\S MOBILIZATION4 ,MANY ( ,%IFU'S DISCIPLES RESURFAC$ AT ?IS TIME TO PROVIDE LEAD]%IP TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,?IS TIME1 H[EV]1 AN>*I/S W]E TO F9D A MORE S]I\S COMPETITOR ON ! ,LEFT4 ,AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 #a#i#b#a1 AN>*I/S HAD TO COMPETE ) ! ,COMMUNI/S OV] ! LEAD]%IP ( MASS MOVEM5TS1 & ?\< !Y 9ITIALLY HAD AN ADVANTAGE OV] ! ,COMMUNI/S BO? 9 ! /UD5T & 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 BY #aibabb !Y HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO LOSE GR\ND TO ! LATT]4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S BELIEV$ 9 SOCIAL REVOLUTION AS F]V5TLY AS DID ! AN>*I/S1 BUT TO !M SOCIAL REVOLUTION MEANT ! BASIS = A NEW K9D ( POLITICS1 NOT A SUB/ITUTE = IT4 ,AN>*I/S1 PHILOSOPHICALLY SUSPICI\S ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 W]E NOT ABLE TO COORD9ATE !IR ACTIVITIES SUFFICI5TLY TO COMPETE ) ! ,COMMUNI/S = ANY L5G? ( TIME4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S %>$ !IR VISION 7:I* DEPRIV$ ! AN>*I/S ( !IR MAJOR PROPAG&A APPEAL7 & HAD ! $GE OV] !M 9 ORGANIZATION AS WELL AS 9 CONSCI\SNESS ( ! REALITIES ( P[]4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/