,*APT] #f 
,! ,AN>*I/ ,ALT]NATIVE 9 ,*9ESE ,SOCIALISM1 #a#i#b#a-#a#i#b#g 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,>IF ,DIRLIK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,SIX  

 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,ALT]NATIVE 9 ,*9ESE ,SOCIALISM1 #a#i#b#a-#a#i#b#g 

  

,! APPE>ANCE & RAPID ASC5DANCY ( ,M>XIAN COMMUNISM 7OR ,BOL%EVISM7 9 ! #a#i#bS HAS LONG OV]%AD[$ 9 HI/ORIANS' CONSCI\SNESS ! ROLE AN>*ISM PLAY$ 9 N\RI%+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y ?9K+ & ACTIVITY = ! PREVI\S DECADE & A HALF1 :I* CONTRIBUT$ DIRECTLY TO ! F\ND+ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY ( ,*9A 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,WELL PA/ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( COMMUNISM1 AN>*ISM CONT9U$ TO S]VE AS A FECUND S\RCE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS ?AT KEPT ALIVE A RADICAL ALT]NATIVE TO ,BOL%EVISM4 ,AN>*I/ ?9K+ & ACTIVITY DUR+ ?IS P]IOD OV]LAPP$ ) ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY'S CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION1 BUT ALSO %>PLY DIFF]$ ) IT ON QUE/IONS ( /RATEGY & ! ULTIMATE PREMISES ( REVOLUTION4 

,COMMUNI/ P>TY SPOKESM5 7!N & N[7 HAVE *>G$ ?AT AN>*ISM WAS A PETIT-B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY ?AT (F]$ NO VIABLE /RATEGY ( REVOLUTION4 ,BY ! LATE TW5TIES1 :5 ! DECL9E ( AN>*ISM AS A CONT5D] 9 ! REVOLUTION HAD BECOME ALL TOO APP>5T1 AN>*I/S !MSELVES W]E WILL+ TO CONC$E SOME VALIDITY TO ?IS ASSESSM5T4 ,AN>*I/S' BEHAVIOR %[$ A FICKL5ESS ?AT BELI$ !IR PR(ESSIONS ( COMMITM5T TO ! CAUSE !Y ESP\S$2 EV5 ?OSE1 SU* AS ,\ ,%5GBAI & ,HUANG ,L+%UANG1 :O PLAY$ LEAD]%IP ROLES 9 ! MOVEM5T SEEM$ TO GIVE PRIORITY TO P]SONAL 9T]E/ OV] A SU/A9$ COMMITM5T TO ! MOVEM5T4.<#c#f#h.> ,?IS MAY HAVE BE5 A G5]AL *>ACT]I/IC ( RADICAL ACTIVISM 9 ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD4 ,9ITIALLY1 ! F\ND]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 TOO1 SEEM$ UNC]TA9 9 !IR COMMITM5T TO ! CAUSE2 9 !IR CASE1 H[EV]1 ! NECESS>Y SUBMISSION TO ORGANIZATIONAL DISCIPL9E GRADUALLY BR\<T AB\T SOME REGUL>ITY 9 BEHAVIOR4 ,AN>*I/S1 :O CONT9U$ TO 9SI/ ON ! ULTIMATE AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & RESI/$ ORGANIZATIONAL DISCIPL9E1 HAD NO COMP>ABLE 9/ITUTIONAL FRAME ( REF]5CE TO GIVE DIRECTION TO !IR ACTIVITY4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ORGANIZATIONAL COH]5CE1 !RE W]E NO *ECKS ON 9T]PRETIVE AUTONOMY2 & IDEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY1 TOO1 REMA9$ SELF-C5T]$ & FLUID 9 ITS ORI5TATION4 ,! PROLIF]ATION ( AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T1 IRONICALLY1 5HANC$ ! IMPRESSION ( DIFFUS5ESS & TRANSI5CY4 ,AB\T ! ONLY ?+ ?AT UNIFI$ ! AN>*I/S WAS OPPOSITION TO O!R REVOLUTION>IES 7ESPECIALLY ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY74 

,WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ! 9EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! AN>*I/ APPROA* TO REVOLUTION WAS DUE 9 SOME MEASURE TO ! AN>*I/S' CONSCI\S SELF-LIMITATION 9 ! *OICE ( REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( !IR EF=TS TO REMA9 TRUE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS EMB$D$ 9 ! AN>*I/ VISION4 ,9 T]MS ( SPECIFIC REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS1 & AT ! LOCAL LEVEL1 AN>*I/S W]E QUITE CREATIVE4 ,!Y TOOK ! LEAD 9 ,*9A 9 DEVIS+ TACTICS ( POPUL> MOBILIZATION ?AT1 AL?\< )\T CONSEQU5CE 9 !IR H&S1 W\LD BE PUT TO EFFECTIVE USE BY ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ITS [N QUE/ = REVOLUTION4 ,! CONTRA/ HAS MU* TO TELL US AB\T ! +R$I5TS ?AT MADE = REVOLUTION>Y SUCCESS 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ,*9ESE SOCIETY1 & ALSO AB\T ! PRICE ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SUCCESS WAS TO EXACT 9 ! ATT5UATION ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS4 

,AN>*I/S DEM& \R ATT5TION1 NOT = :O !Y W]E OR :AT !Y ACCOMPLI%$1 BUT BECAUSE AGA9/ A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY ?AT PRESUPPOS$ A NECESS>Y COMPROMISE ( REVOLUTION>Y GOALS 9 ORD] TO CONFRONT ! DEM&S ( IMM$IATE POLITICAL NECESSITY1 !Y REAFFIRM$ A REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ?AT PROVIDES AN 9DISP5SABLE CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE FROM ! ,LEFT ON ! UNFOLD+ ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,LIKE AN>*ISM WORLDWIDE 7) ONE OR TWO EXCEPTIONS71 AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A W5T 9TO A DECL9E DUR+ ! DECADE FOLL[+ ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA & W\LD DISAPPE> AS A SIGNIFICANT =CE 9 RADICAL POLITICS BY ! LATE TW5TIES4 ,! DECL9E ( AN>*ISM WAS 9 HI/ORICAL H9DSI<T NOT JU/ ! DECL9E ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE1 IT ALSO SIGNAL$ ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y VISION ?AT HAD FA%ION$ RADICAL ?9K+ = ! PREVI\S TWO DECADES4 

,! SIGNIFICANCE ( AN>*ISM DOES NOT LIE M]ELY 9 ! CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE IT AF=DS TO HI/ORIANS & SOCIALI/S4 ,9 ! EYES ( CONTEMPOR>IES1 AN>*ISM WAS A S]I\S CONT5D] 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION1 &1 AT LEA/ UNTIL ! MID-TW5TIES1 !RE W]E MORE AN>*I/S ?AN ,M>XIAN COMMUNI/S 9 ,*9A4 ,SO LONG AS ,*9ESE RADICALISM RETA9$ ! EXUB]ANT IDEALISM ?AT HAD *>ACT]IZ$ IT AT ! TURN ( ! DECADE1 AN>*ISM CONT9U$ TO IMPRESS RADICALS = ! AU!NTICITY ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y VISION4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ! MASS MOBILIZATION ( ! #a#i#bS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A APPE>$ NOT AS ! WORK ( REVOLUTION>IES 7AS IT HAD E>LI] & W\LD AGA9 AFT] #a#i#b#g7 BUT AS ! \TBUR/ ( A SPONTANE\S POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR ?AT NOT ONLY S\<T TO BREAK ) ! PA/ BUT ALSO PROMIS$ SEEM+LY LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES = ! FUTURE4 ,9 ?IS 5VIRONM5T1 AN>*ISM EX]T$ CONSID]ABLE APPEAL1 & REVOLUTION>IES CONT9U$ TO IMAG9E ! REAL POSSIBILITY ( A ,*9A REORGANIZ$ ALONG ! L9ES ( AN>*I/ SOCIAL MODELS4 

,AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S3 ,COLLABORATION & ,SPLIT 

  

,SOME AN>*I/S EXPRESS$ OPPOSITION TO ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA AS E>LY AS SPR+ #a#i#a#i1 & A MAJOR DEBATE BETWE5 ,*5 ,DUXIU & ! AN>*I/ ,\ ,%5GBAI 9 E>LY #aiba W\LD DRAW ! B\ND>Y BETWE5 AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ CONCEPTIONS ( REVOLUTION2 BUT A DEF9ITIVE SPLIT BETWE5 ! TWO GR\PS DID NOT BECOME APP>5T UNTIL #a#i#b#b4 ,9DE$1 = NE>LY TWO YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S COLLABORAT$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 & !RE WAS CONSID]ABLE CONFUSION OV] ! RELATION%IP ( AN>*ISM TO ,M>XISM4 ,! CONFUSION HAD MU* TO DO ) ! CONTEXT ( RADICAL ACTIVITY 9 ! IMM$IATE ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD & ) ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! F\ND+ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4.<#c#f#i.> 

,! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T 9 #aiai M>K$ A %IFT 9 ! ATT5TION ( ,*9ESE RADICALS T[>D AN UNPREC$5T$ CONC]N ) SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,CULTURAL *ANGE1 :I* HAD PREOCCUPI$ RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS = ! PREC$+ ?REE YE>S1 APPE>$ BY SUMM] #aiai TO BE P>T ( A BROAD] PROBLEM ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA HAD ALREADY /IMULAT$ A %>P] AW>5ESS ( ! PROBLEM ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION BE=E ,MAY #a#i#a#i4 ,! P>TICIPATION ( ,*9ESE LABOR]S 9 ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T FROM E>LY ,JUNE #aiai DREW ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUALS' ATT5TION TO ! CLEAVAGES 9 ,*9ESE SOCIETY1 :I* !Y TOOK TO BE A CONSEQU5CE ( AN EM]G+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 & BR\<T ! QUE/ION ( SOCIAL *ANGE TO ! =EFRONT ( RADICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! RESULT WAS AN 9CREAS+ CONC]N ) CLASS RELATIONS 9 ,*9ESE SOCIETY1 & A TURN TO SOCIALISM AS A MEANS ( RESOLV+ ! PROBLEMS PRES5T$ BY CLASS CLEAVAGE & CONFLICT4 

,9 ! LONG RUN1 ?IS NEW CONC]N W\LD HELP ! SPREAD ( ,M>XISM AMONG RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS4 ,! IMM$IATE RESULT1 H[EV]1 WAS TO PROVOKE ATT5TION1 NOT TO ,M>XISM P] SE1 BUT TO A V>IETY ( SOCIALISMS ?AT W]E AT ODDS ) ,M>XI/ PREMISES ( REVOLUTION1 ESPECIALLY ,M>XISM ( ! ,BOL%EVIK V>IETY4 ,WE HAVE NOT$ ?AT BECAUSE ( A PRIOR ASSOCIATION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION ) AN>*ISM1 ! IMM$IATE EFFECT ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION 9 ,*9A WAS TO /IMULATE 9T]E/1 NOT 9 ,M>XISM BUT 9 AN>*ISM4 ,N[ O!R V>IETIES ( SOCIALISM W]E ADD$ TO ! RADICAL REP]TOIRE4 ,SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAD BECOME A PROM95T ISSUE 9 ,*9ESE RADICALISM1 BUT !RE WAS CONSID]ABLE UNC]TA9TY OV] ! C\RSE IT %\LD TAKE4 

,9 ! YE>S #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b1 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S LIKE AN>*I/S ELSE:]E W]E AMBIVAL5T T[>D ,BOL%EVISM4 ,! 9ITIAL AN>*I/ RESPONSE TO ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION WAS ONE ( 5?USIASM1 :I* NOT ONLY CREAT$ A FAVORABLE IMPRESSION T[>D ! ,REVOLUTION AMONG RADICALS1 BUT ALSO SUGGE/$ TO SOME ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E GUID$ BY AN>*I/ 9T5TIONS4 ,BY E>LY #a#i#a#i1 AS NEWS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK SUPPRESSION ( AN>*I/S REA*$ ! \TSIDE WORLD1 AN>*I/ REPORTS GREW MORE SOMB]4 ,A PIECE 9 ! AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,EVOLUTION ACCUS$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS ( PIRATISM1 D5Y+ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E SOCIALI/S1 BECAUSE TO CALL !M SOCIALI/S W\LD BE TO ADMIT ?AT SOCIALISM P]MITT$ PEOPLE TO EAT ONE ANO!R4 ,O!RS 9 #aiai OBJECT$ TO ! ,BOL%EVIK PROMOTION ( CLASS /RUGGLE BECAUSE1 !Y BELIEV$1 IT BETRAY$ ! HUMANIT>IAN GOALS ( REVOLUTION4 ,!SE CRITICISMS W]E SPORADIC1 H[EV]1 & O!R AN>*I/S W]E QUICK TO RU% TO ! DEF5SE ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,:ILE ,BOL%EVISM FELL %ORT ( ! IDEALS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 !Y >GU$1 UND] CONTEMPOR>Y CIRCUM/ANCES IT PROVID$ ! ONLY VIABLE MODEL ( REVOLUTION2 AN>*I/S %\LD DEF5D ! ,REVOLUTION & HELP MOVE IT ALONG ! PA? ( A TRUE SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,:ATEV] QUALMS AN>*I/S MAY HAVE HAD CONC]N+ ,BOL%EVISM1 !SE DID NOT /OP !M FROM PROPAGAT+ FAVORABLE NEWS ( ! ,REVOLUTION OR EV5 RESPOND+ POSITIVELY TO ! FIR/ ,COM9T]N OV]TURES 9 ,*9A4.<#c#g.> ,!IR DIFF]5CES W]E AS MU* A FUNCTION ( 9T]NAL DIFF]5CES OV] ! CONCEPTION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ( ! =EIGN S\RCES TO :I* !Y HAD ACCESS AS !Y W]E ( ! CONFLICT+ EVID5CE ISSU+ FROM ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,A SIMIL> AMBIVAL5CE *>ACT]IZ$ ! ATTITUDES ( O!R SOCIAL RADICALS T[>D ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 ISSUES ( CLASS CONFLICT1 & ,M>XISM--9CLUD+ ?OSE RADICALS :O 9 #a#i#b-#b#a W\LD E/ABLI% ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE H]E ?AT UNTIL ,NOVEMB] #aib 7:5 AN EMBRYONIC ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION CAME 9TO EXI/5CE71 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( ,M>XI/S1 OR ( A CLE>LY DEF9$ ,M>XI/ POLITICAL ID5TITY1 9 ,*9ESE RADICALISM4 ,A ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGICAL ID5TITY WAS CLE>LY E/ABLI%$ ONLY AFT] ! F\ND+ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY2 EV5 !N1 UNC]TA9TIES W\LD P]SI/4 

,:5 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#b#a1 IT WAS ON ! BASIS ( ,M>XI/ /UDY GR\PS ?AT HAD COME 9TO EXI/5CE DUR+ ! SUMM] & FALL ( #a#i#b1 :I* 9 TURN DREW UPON ! /UDY SOCIETIES ( ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD ?AT HAD SPR\T$ 9 MAJOR URBAN C5T]S ) ! 9TELLECTUAL F]M5T ( PREC$+ YE>S4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 !SE /UDY SOCIETIES W]E IDEOLOGICALLY DIFFUSE & W]E ANIMAT$ BY VAGUE IDEALS & ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLES 9=M$ BY AN>*ISM4 ,:ILE ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION HAD /IMULAT$ 9T]E/ 9 ,M>XISM AMONG ! 9TELLECTUALS 9 !SE SOCIETIES1 9 G5]AL 9TELLECTUALS %>$ 9 ! PREVAIL+ SUSPICION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA & W]E COMMITT$ TO A PEACEFUL SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?R\< SOCIAL REORGANIZATION FROM BEL[4 ,:5 SOME ( !M DID CONV]T TO ,M>XISM & ASSUM$ A ,COMMUNI/ ID5TITY 9 LATE #a#i#b1 !Y DID SO AS ! RESULT ( A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( TRANS=MATION ?AT REQUIR$ !M TO BREAK ) !IR ,MAY ,F\R? LEGACY4.<#c#g#a.> 

,! UNC]TA9TIES ( ?IS P]IOD ( TRANS=MATION W]E ! CONDITION = AN>*I/S' COLLABORATION ) ! RADICALS :O W]E TO E/ABLI% ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! AN>*I/ ,ZH5G ,PEIGANG1 SOMETIME DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #aiai ,HUANG ,L+%UANG COLLABORAT$ ) HIS COLLEAGUES AT ,BEIJ+ ,UNIV]SITY1 ,*5 ,DUXIU & ,LI ,DAZHAO 7! TWO F\ND]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 #a#i#b71 9 E/ABLI%+ A ,SOCIALI/ ,ALLIANCE 7,%EHUI ZHUYIZHE TONGM5G71 :I* ITSELF WAS POSSIBLY A PRODUCT ( A CL&E/9E MEET+ ( ,EA/ ,ASIAN RADICALS HELD 9 ,%AN<AI UND] ,COM9T]N GUIDANCE4.<#c#g#b.> ,SIMIL> ALLIANCES W]E E/ABLI%$ ELSE:]E1 ?\< DETAILS >E NOT AVAILABLE4 

,IT IS NOT CLE> :E!R !RE WAS A DIRECT CONNECTION BETWE5 !SE ALLIANCES & ! ,M>XI/ /UDY SOCIETIES ?AT CAME 9TO EXI/5CE 9 #a#i#b1 FOLL[+ ! >RIVAL 9 ,*9A ( ! ,COM9T]N ORGANIZ] ,GREGORY ,VOIT9SKY4 ,!SE SOCIETIES W]E TO PROVIDE ! IMM$IATE BUILD+ BLOCKS = ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION1 BUT AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 !IR ORGANIZATION & ACTIVITIES4 ,9 ! ,M>XI/ /UDY SOCIETY 9 ,BEIJ+1 AN>*I/S MAY HAVE \TNUMB]$ ?OSE :O LAT] BECAME ,M>XI/S4 ,! SOCIETY 9 ,GUANGZH\ 9ITIALLY CONSI/$ EXCLUSIVELY ( AN>*I/S & TWO ,SOVIET ADVIS]S4 ,9 O!R PLACES1 TOO1 !RE WAS 9ITIAL COLLABORATION4 

,AN>*I/S1 MOREOV]1 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 !SE SOCIETIES4 ,\T ( DEF]5CE TO ITS AN>*I/ MEMB]S1 ! ,BEIJ+ SOCIETY AB/A9$ FROM E/ABLI%+ ORGANIZATIONAL REGULATIONS4 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 BO? 9 ,BEIJ+ & 9 ,GUANGZH\1 AN>*I/S W]E RESPONSIBLE = PUBLI%+ ! LABOR J\RNALS ?AT ! /UDY GR\PS 9ITIAT$4 ,!SE J\RNALS PROMOT$ AN ATTITUDE T[>D LABOR ?AT WAS CONSI/5T ) ! SYNDICALI/ VIEWS ( !IR AN>*I/ $ITORS1 9CLUD+ ! REPUDIATION ( ! POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T ( LABOR]S4.<#c#g#c.> 

,:ILE ?IS COLLABORATION WAS L>GELY A PRODUCT ( ! 9T]NAL DYNAMICS ( ,*9ESE RADICALISM1 IT WAS ALSO 5C\RAG$ BY ,COM9T]N ADVIS]S 9 ,*9A1 :O W]E QUICK TO RECOGNIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9ESE RADICALISM & HOP$ TO RECRUIT AN>*I/S TO ! ,BOL%EVIK CAUSE4 ,AS LATE AS SPR+ #a#i#b#b1 WELL PA/ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 AN>*I/S W]E 9VIT$ TO S5D DELEGATES TO ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,TOIL]S ( ! ,EA/ 9 ,MOSC[4 

,EFFECTIVE COLLABORATION CAME TO AN 5D 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b1 :5 AN EMBRYONIC ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION CAME 9TO EXI/5CE ) ! REORGANIZATION ( REGIONAL ,M>XI/ SOCIETIES 9TO A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION AT ?IS TIME ANN\NC$ A DRAFT PROGRAM 7C5TRAL TO :I* WAS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT7 & ORGANIZATIONAL RULES 9T5D$ TO 5=CE A UNI=M DISCIPL9E NATIONALLY4 ,AN>*I/S1 :O W]E UNWILL+ TO CONDONE DICTATOR%IP ( ANY SORT OR A REGULAT$ ORGANIZATIONAL DISCIPL9E1 )DREW FROM ! NEW ORGANIZATION4 

,! FIR/ POLEMICS BETWE5 AN>*I/S & ,COMMUNI/S ACCOMPANI$ ?IS SPLIT4 ,COMMUNI/ HI/ORIANS 9 G5]AL PRES5T !SE POLEMICS AS A DEF5SE ( ,M>XISM AGA9/ ITS OPPON5TS4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT SOME TRU? TO ?IS1 AL?\< IT IS ONLY A P>TIAL TRU? BECAUSE IT MISSES ! CRUCIAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! DEBATE = ! IDEOLOGICAL UNIFICATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY ITSELF4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS VIEW1 AN>*I/S HAD BE5 ON ! ATTACK AGA9/ ,BOL%EVISM S9CE #a#i#a#i2 AT ?IS TIME1 ,COMMUNI/S TOOK UP ! CUDGEL 9 DEF5SE ( !IR IDEOLOGY4 ,:ILE IT IS TRUE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ?AT AN>*I/S W]E CRITICAL ( DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & W]E OPPOS$ TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ?IS 9T]PRETATION IGNORES ! FACT ?AT ,COMMUNI/S COOP]AT$ ) AN>*I/S WELL 9TO ! FALL ( #aib & ?AT SOME AN>*I/S1 AS 9 ,BEIJ+1 HAD EV5 BE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ NUCLEI 9ITIALLY4 ,BESIDES1 :5 ! ATTACK WAS LAUN*$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S1 IT WAS 9 ! 9T]NAL P>TY ORGAN1 ! ,COMMUNI/1 :I* SUGGE/S ?AT ! ATTACK WAS 9ITIALLY DIRECT$ NOT AGA9/ AN>*I/S 9 G5]AL BUT AGA9/ AN>*I/S 9 ! P>TY &1 EV5 MORE IMPORTANT1 NON-AN>*I/ P>TY MEMB]S :O W]E YET TO %$ ! AN>*I/ IDEAS ) :I* !Y HAD BE5 TA9T$ S9CE ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD4 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT ! POLEMICS AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S1 :I* S\<T TO EXPOSE ! DEFICI5CIES ( AN>*ISM1 W]E 9T5D$ PRIM>ILY AS A CAMPAIGN = IDEOLOGICAL PURIFICATION )9 ! P>TY4 ,! TONE ( ! DISCUSSIONS CONFIRMS ?IS 9T]PRETATION4 

,NEI!R ! SPLIT NOR !SE POLEMICS 5D$ HOPES = UNITY BETWE5 ! TWO GR\PS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES4 ,AN>*I/S W]E 9VIT$ TO & ATT5D$ ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,TOIL]S ( ! ,EA/ 9 E>LY #a#i#b#b4 ,HUANG ,L+%UANG RECALL$ 9 #aibc ?AT UPON HIS RETURN FROM ! ,CONGRESS1 ,*5 ,DUXIU 7N[ ! SECRET>Y-G5]AL ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY71 SUGGE/$ FUR!R COLLABORATION ON ! GR\NDS ?AT AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/,COMMUNI/S %>$ SIMIL> GOALS4.<#c#g#d.> ,9 #aibc ,\ ,%5GBAI 9 TURN EXT5D$ A SIMIL> PLEA TO ,*5 ,DUXIU4 

,SU* HOPES W\LD NEV] COMPLETELY DIE \T1 & 9 LAT] YE>S SOME AN>*I/S W\LD JO9 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( A BREAK 9 #aibb BETWE5 ! TWO MOVEM5TS4 ,! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ,JULY #aibb BR\<T AB\T A MORE TI<TLY REGULAT$ ORGANIZATION ?AN ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS HAD DONE 9 #a#i#b#a1 :I* FUR!R DISC\RAG$ ! AN>*I/S FROM COLLABORATION4 ,IT IS POSSIBLY MORE IMPORTANT ?AT ) ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9ITIAT$ EF=TS T[>D AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG1 :I* 9 ! EXPANSION ( P[] IT PROMIS$ M>G9ALIZ$ ! NE$ = RECRUIT+ AN>*I/S TO ! ,COMMUNI/ CAUSE4 ,BO? SIDES MAY HAVE GIV5 UP ON ! POSSIBILITY = FUR!R COLLABORATION1 :I* MAY ACC\NT = ! FACT ?AT1 COMP>$ ) ! E>LI] DEBATES1 ! POLEMICS AFT] #aibb ASSUM$ A MU* MORE VIRUL5T TONE4 ,! AN>*I/S' TURN AGA9/ ,BOL%EVISM AFT] #aibb WAS P>T ( A WORLDWIDE AN>*I/ AB&ONM5T ( HOPE 9 ,BOL%EVISM AS A POSSIBLE MEANS TO A G5U9E SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,AN>*ISM & ,BOL%EVISM3 ,! ,P>T+ ( ! ,WAYS 

  

,! ,COMMUNI/ POLEMICS AGA9/ AN>*ISM DID NOT GET UND] WAY UNTIL ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b1 9 ! NEWLY E/ABLI%$ ORGAN ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ! ,COMMUNI/ 7,GONG*&ANG74 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT WAS ! F\ND] ( ! P>TY1 ,*5 ,DUXIU1 :O 9 ,SEPTEMB] FIR$ ! FIR/ SALVO AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S 9 HIS ESSAY ,ON ,POLITICS1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,NEW ,Y\? MAGAZ9E 7:I* HAD JU/ BE5 MADE ! PUBLIC ORGAN ( ! ,COMMUNI/ GR\P 9 ,%AN<AI74.<#c#g#e.> ,*5'S >TICLE ADDRESS$ AN>*I/S AS WELL AS O!R SOCIALI/ COMPETITORS4 ,! DISCUSSION H]E IS RE/RICT$ TO :AT HE HAD TO SAY AB\T AN>*ISM4 

,*5'S DISCUSSION ADDRESS$ ITSELF1 ON ! ONE H&1 TO ?OSE :O W]E OPPOS$ TO ! DISCUSSION ( POLITICS &1 ON ! O!R H&1 TO ?OSE :O ADVOCAT$ POLITICAL DISCUSSION4 ,9 ! FIR/ GR\P HE 9CLUD$ S*OL>S SU* AS ,HU ,%I & ,ZHANG ,DONGSUN1 M]*ANTS ( ! ,%AN<AI *AMB] ( COMM]CE1 & ! AN>*I/S4 ,HIS MA9 CONC]N WAS ) ! AN>*I/S4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! OPPOSITION ( ! FIR/ TWO GR\PS TO POLITICS WAS TEMPOR>Y & RELATIVE1 BAS$ UPON FE> ( W>LORDS2 AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO POLITICS WAS FUNDAM5TAL1 ABSOLUTE1 & SY/EMATIC1 & CALL$ = C>EFUL CONSID]ATION4 

,AN>*I/S' OPPOSITION TO POLITICS1 ,*5 CONC$$1 HAD CONSID]ABLE VALIDITY4 ,!IR CRITICISM ( ! /ATE & NAK$ =CE 7QIANGQUAN7 9 POLITICS WAS BAS$ ON PLAUSIBLE EVID5CE4 ,! /ATES ( ! PA/1 HE PO9T$ \T1 CIT+ ,FRANZ ,OPP5HEIM]1 HAD 9DE$ USURP$ PEOPLE'S RI<TS BY ! USE ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,! AN>*I/ POSITION WAS ALSO SUPPORT$ BY ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL1 :O HAD >GU$ 9 HIS ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIAL ,RECON/RUCTION ?AT :ILE ! /ATE WAS 9 !ORY ! CONC5TRAT$ EXPRESSION ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY1 9 REALITY IT CON/ITUT$ ITSELF AS A P[] \TSIDE ( & ABOVE SOCIETY4 

,*5 AGRE$ ) AN>*I/ VIEWS ON PA/ & PRES5T /ATES4 ,:]E HE DISAGRE$ ) !M WAS 9 !IR EXTRAPOLATION FROM PA/ /ATES TO FUTURE /ATES4 ,AN>*I/S >GU$ ?AT NO MATT] H[ ! /ATE & ITS LAWS W]E RE=M$1 !Y W\LD /ILL BE BAS$ ON CO]CION2 NO FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE WAS POSSIBLE1 !RE=E1 ?AT DID NOT REJECT ABSOLUTELY ! /ATE & ITS LAWS4 ,AGA9/ ?IS POSITION1 ,*5 (F]$ TWO SETS ( >GUM5TS1 ONE !ORETICAL1 ! O!R FACTUAL4 ,!ORETICALLY1 HE >GU$ ?AT ANYONE :O UND]/&S EVOLUTION !ORY \<T NOT TO SPEAK ( FUNDAM5TAL OR NONFUNDAM5TAL1 S9CE ! D5IAL ( REASON TO ! REALITY ( ! WORLD DEPRIV$ ACTION ( ANY ABILITY TO P5ETRATE IT4 ,MOREOV]1 HE >GU$1 9DISCRIM9AT+ OPPOSITION TO =CE 7QIANGQUAN7 WAS UNSCI5TIFIC4 ,HUMAN BE+S US$ =CE DAILY 9 !IR EF=TS TO CONQU] NATURE = HUMAN PURPOSES2 !RE WAS NO?+ WRONG ) ! USE ( =CE ?AT S]V$ HUMAN 5DS4 ,:E!R OR NOT =CE IS EVIL DEP5DS ON H[ IT IS UTILIZ$1 HE CONCLUD$1 S9CE EVIL DOES NOT 9H]E 9 =CE ITSELF4.<#c#g#f.> 

,FACTUALLY1 ,*5 PRES5T$ ?REE >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( US+ =CE4 ,FIR/1 HUMAN MIS]Y WAS A PRODUCT ( ! OPPRESSION ( ! MANY BY ! M9ORITY B\RGEOISIE2 S9CE ! LATT] W\LD NOT REL9QUI% ITS P[] VOLUNT>ILY1 !RE WAS NO WAY TO A*IEVE SIGNIFICANT *ANGE )\T VIOL5T CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT4 ,SECOND1 ! B\RGEOISIE WAS EXP]I5C$ 9 ! MANIPULATION ( P[]2 EV5 AFT] ITS OV]?R[1 !RE=E1 =CE W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO CONTROL IT4 ,F9ALLY1 =CE W\LD BE NECESS>Y EV5 TO DIRECT ! PEOPLE AT L>GE4 ,HUMAN NATURE HAD A BAD AS WELL AS A GOOD SIDE4 ,:ATEV] ORIG9AL HUMAN NATURE HAD BE51 LAZ9ESS & SELFI%NESS HAD BY N[ BECOME SECOND NATURE TO HUMAN BE+S4 ,?IS W\LD NOT *ANGE OV]NI<T ) REVOLUTION1 BUT W\LD REQUIRE ! USE ( CO]CION = SOME TIME TO COME4 ,*5'S CONCLUD+ MESSAGE TO ! AN>*I/S WAS ?AT ?OSE :O W]E OPPOS$ TO ! /ATE & ! LAWS ( ! WORK+ CLASS MI<T AS WELL BE VIEW$ AS FRI5DS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,AN>*I/S W]E QUICK TO P]CEIVE ! IMPLICATION ( ,*5'S >GUM5T4 ,! FOLL[+ ISSUE ( ,NEW ,Y\? PUBLI%$ LETT]S FROM TWO AN>*I/S1 ,ZH5G ,XIANZONG & ,KE ,Q+%E1 ?AT CRITICIZ$ ,*5 = HIS VIEWS ON LAWS & POLITICS1 BUT ESPECIALLY = HIS IMPLICIT DEF5SE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4.<#c#g#g.> ,ZH5G CRITICIZ$ ,*5 = HIS SEEM+ DEF5SE ( A P]PETUAL EXI/5CE = ! /ATE4 ,! /ATE1 HE >GU$1 REPRES5T$ ONLY ONE /AGE 9 HUMAN PROGRESS & %\LD NOT1 !RE=E1 BE VIEW$ AS ET]NAL4 ,HE REJECT$ ! DI/9CTION ,*5 HAD DRAWN BETWE5 ! PA/ & ! PRES5T1 >GU+ ?AT ! /ATE ( ITS V]Y NATURE PREV5T$ HUMAN FRAT]NITY BY DIVID+ PEOPLE4 ,IT MAY HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y 9 ! PA/1 BUT N[ IT WAS NO MORE ?AN A RELIC4 

,ZH5G FUR!R CRITICIZ$ ,*5 = HIS ASS]TION ?AT AN>*I/S REJECT$ VIOL5CE4 ,ONLY SOME AN>*I/S 9SPIR$ BY ,TOL/OY REJECT$ VIOL5CE1 HE PO9T$ \T1 O!RWISE MO/ AN>*I/S AGRE$ ?AT VIOL5CE WAS NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE LIB]ATION4 ,BUT ! NE$ = VIOL5CE W\LD DISAPPE> ) ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,CAPITALISM W\LD HAVE NO HOPE ( RESURRECTION ONCE PRIVATE PROP]TY HAD BE5 ELIM9AT$4 ,IF FUR!R SUPPRESSION BECAME NECESS>Y1 IT %\LD BE ONLY ON A TEMPOR>Y1 TRANSITIONAL BASIS4 ,ZH5G ALSO *ALL5G$ ,*5'S VIEW ?AT =CE W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO OV]COME +RA9$ HABITS ( LAZ9ESS & SELFI%NESS4 ,9 HIS OP9ION1 ,*5 CONF\ND$ ! EVILS ( ONE HI/ORICAL P]IOD ) ! ET]NITY ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,BESIDES1 HE OBS]V$1 EV5 IF SOME PEOPLE DID NOT WORK1 IT W\LD BE V]Y DIFFICULT TO E/ABLI% /&>DS = ! CORRECT APPLICATION ( VIOL5CE ?AT DID NOT VIOLATE ! RI<TS ( O!RS4 ,ZH5G1 9 O!R WORDS1 PREF]R$ TO ]R ON ! SIDE ( FRE$OM FROM CO]CION4 ,! O!R RESPOND5T1 ,KE1 AGRE$ ) ,*5 = ! MO/ P>T1 ADD+ ONLY ?AT !RE WAS NO NE$ TO WORRY TOO MU* AB\T ! /ATE1 BECAUSE ) ! ABOLITION ( PROP]TY ! /ATE W\LD DISAPPE> AUTOMATICALLY4 

,:AT SEEM$ TO BO!R ! TWO AN>*I/S ! MO/ WAS ,*5'S SUGGE/ION ?AT ! /ATE1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 MI<T BE A P]MAN5T FIXTURE = ! FUTURE AS IT HAD BE5 = ! PA/4 ,9 HIS RESPONSE TO ,ZH5G1 ,*5 D5I$ ?AT HE HAD ASSIGN$ P]MAN5CE TO ! /ATE4 ,! MAJOR DIFF]5CE BETWE5 HIMSELF & HIS TWO CRITICS LAY 9 ! TIME P]IOD !Y ASSIGN$ TO ! TRANSITION TO A /ATELESS SOCIETY4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! /ATE W\LD HAVE TO EXI/ = A FAIRLY LONG TIME1 S9CE IT W\LD TAKE A :ILE TO PURGE ! LEGACY ( ! PA/4 ,HE DID NOT %>E !IR OPTIMISM ?AT ONCE PRIVATE PROP]TY HAD BE5 ABOLI%$1 ! EVILS ( CAPITALISM W\LD DISAPPE> AUTOMATICALLY4 ,PRIVATE PROP]TY HAD TAK5 HOLD ( PEOPLE'S HE>TS1 & IT W\LD TAKE SOME TIME TO RID !M ( !IR ATTA*M5T TO IT4 ,HE DISAGRE$ ) ,ZH5G = HIS SUGGE/ION ?AT /ATES DIVID$ PEOPLE2 PEOPLE W]E DIVID$ BY MANY ?+S1 9CLUD+ !IR LANGUAGE & RELIGION4 ,ABOLITION ( ! /ATE W\LD NOT ELIM9ATE !SE O!R DIVISIONS4 ,9 ?IS1 AS 9 ! QUE/ION ( ACQUIR$ HABITS1 ! WEI<T ( ! PA/ HAD AS MU* P[] AS 9/9CTIVE NATURE4 ,IT W\LD TAKE EF=T1 LAWS1 & CO]CION TO PURGE PEOPLE ( ! HOLD ( ! PA/ ON !M4 ,AS = /&>DS1 HE >GU$1 EQUAL %>+ ( RESPONSIBILITIES & ! P]IODIC %IFT+ ( UNPLEASANT TASKS PROVID$ SUFFICI5T MEANS = RESOLV+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( LABOR4 

,TO ,*51 REVOLUTION WAS NOT A S+LE ACT BUT A CONT9U+ PROCESS1 S9CE HE WAS NOT SURE H[ LONG IT W\LD TAKE = REASON TO CONQU] 9/9CT4 ,:AT ULTIMATELY DI/+UI%$ HIM FROM HIS AN>*I/ RESPOND5TS WAS ! GREAT] S5SE ( PESSIMISM ?AT P]VAD$ HIS REPLY TO HIS CRITICS4 ,! /ATE & CO]CION W\LD BE NECESS>Y = ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE 7:I* WAS ! ONLY FUTURE HE WAS WILL+ TO SPEAK (7 BECAUSE !RE WAS NO REASON TO BE OV]LY OPTIMI/IC AB\T HUMAN NATURE4 ,NEI!R WAS IT MEAN+FUL TO SPEAK ( FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATIONS1 S9CE ! TASK AT H& REQUIR$ PIECEMEAL RESOLUTION ( PROBLEMS 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/4 ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT A S+LE 5ORM\S EF=T FOLL[$ BY AN ET]NITY ( EASE2 IT WAS A TASK ?AT REQUIR$ CONT9U+1 & >DU\S1 WORK4 ,! RECOGNITION ( ?IS1 ( ! MAT]IAL CON/RA9TS IMPOS$ BY SOCIETY & HI/ORY ON HUMAN ACTION1 WAS TO ,*5 ! *>ACT]I/IC ?AT DI/+UI%$ ! SCI5TIFIC FROM ! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/4 

,*5'S ANSW] TO ,KE WAS BRIEF1 AS ,KE'S LETT] HAD BE5 BRIEF4 ,MANY OPPOS$ PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 HE PO9T$ \T1 BECAUSE IT WAS NOT DEMOCRATIC2 H[ DEMOCRATIC WAS IT = WORK]S NOT TO BE FREE 9 ! PRES5T SOCIETY8 ,?IS 9ITIAL CLA% BETWE5 ,*5 & HIS AN>*I/ RESPOND5TS WAS C>RI$ \T 9 A C\RTE\S TONE ?AT W\LD *>ACT]IZE ,COMMUNI/ DEBATES ) ! AN>*I/S 9 #a#i#b-#b#a4 ,! DEBATE ITSELF APPE>$ TO BE A DEBATE )9 ! SAME CAMP ( RADICALS :O AGRE$ ON ! PURPOSE ( REVOLUTION IF NOT ON ! MEANS TO IT4 

,COMMUNI/S' ATTACK ON AN>*ISM BEGAN 9 E>NE/ ) ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ 9 ,NOVEMB]4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ CRITIQUE ( AN>*ISM IS 9T]E/+ BECAUSE IT WAS CLE>LY AN 9T]NAL P>TY AFFAIR1 9T5D$ TO PURGE ! 9FLU5CE ( AN>*ISM AMONG P>TY MEMB]S4 ,IF !RE WAS AN IMM$IATE CAUSE = ! DISCUSSION ( AN>*ISM ?AT GOT UND] WAY ALMO/ ) ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ! ,COMMUNI/1 IT WAS ! TI<T5+ ( P>TY ORGANIZATION AT ?IS TIME1 :I* WAS TO RESULT 9 ! EXODUS ( AN>*I/S4 ,9ITIALLY1 MOREOV]1 ! DISCUSSION WAS A ONE-SID$ AFFAIR4 ,TO REPEAT :AT HAS BE5 /AT$ ABOVE1 SOME AN>*I/S HAD BE5 ATTACK+ ,BOL%EVISM S9CE E>LY #a#i#a#i1 BUT IT W\LD BE ]RONE\S TO VIEW !SE ATTACKS AS ! PROVOCATION = ! DISCUSSION 9 ! ,COMMUNI/4 ,O!R AN>*I/S HAD BE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ GR\PS S9CE ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b1 & 9 ! 9ITIAL P]IOD ( P>TY =MATION1 ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S COOP]AT$ ALL OV] ,*9A4 ,COMMUNI/ CRITICISM ( AN>*ISM N[ IS BE/ VIEW$1 !RE=E1 AS AN EF=T TO CL>IFY ISSUES ( ,BOL%EVIK V]SUS AN>*I/ REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS /ILL A S\RCE ( CONSID]ABLE CONFUSION AMONG MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ GR\PS1 MO/ ( :OM HAD BE5 UND] ! SWAY ( AN>*I/ IDEAS UNTIL REC5TLY4 ,! DISCUSSION ( AN>*ISM 9 ! ,COMMUNI/1 MOREOV]1 WAS NOT ADDRESS$ TO ANY GR\P OR 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT TOOK ! =M ( ASS]T+ ! SUP]IORITY ( ,BOL%EVISM OV] AN>*ISM 9 G5]AL4 ,UNLIKE ! SIMULTANE\S DEBATE ) ! ,GUILD SOCIALI/S1 :OM ,COMMUNI/ WRIT]S FREELY DESCRIB$ AS ! RUNN+ DOGS ( CAPITALISM1 ! TONE ! J\RNAL ADOPT$ 9 ! POLEMICS ) AN>*I/S WAS ONE ( EXTREME FRI5DL9ESS1 9T5D$ MORE TO P]SUADE ! AN>*I/S TO AB&ON !IR WRONGFUL WAYS ?AN TO DISCR$IT !M4 ,?IS TONE ( FRI5DL9ESS P]SI/$ EV5 :5 ! IDEOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES BROKE \T 9 PUBLIC DEBATE BETWE5 ,*5 ,DUXIU & HIS =M] /UD5T ,\ ,%5GBAI 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b#a4 ,COMMUNI/-AN>*I/ POLEMICS W\LD NOT ASSUME A TONE ( ACRIMONY UNTIL #a#i#b#b1 BY :I* TIME ! 9EVITABILITY ( ! BREAK BETWE5 ! TWO GR\PS HAD BECOME OBVI\S4 ,! ISSUE RAIS$ BY ,\ ,%5GBAI AT ?IS TIME W\LD PROVIDE ! BASIS = AN>*I/ ATTACKS ON ! ,COMMUNI/S UNTIL ! 5D ( ! DECADE1 :5 AN>*ISM W\LD DISAPPE> FROM ! ,*9ESE SC5E AS A SIGNIFICANT IDEOLOGICAL ALT]NATIVE4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ WAS ! FIR/ ,BOL%EVIK PROPAG&A ORGAN 9 ,*9A & ! FIR/ PUBLICATION TO PROPAGATE SY/EMATICALLY A REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,9 ITS SIX ISSUES PUBLI%$ BETWE5 ,NOVEMB] #aib & ,JULY #a#i#b#a1 ITS READ]S 7MO/LY P>TY MEMB]S7 W]E EXPOS$ = ! FIR/ TIME TO ,L59'S IDEOLOGY ( REVOLUTION1 MA9LY ?R\< TRANSLATIONS ( =EIGN WORKS ON ,L59 & ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS H]E ?AT SECTIONS ( ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION W]E FIR/ TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,*9ESE1 & ,*9ESE ,M>XI/S FIR/ BECAME COGNIZANT ( ,COM9T]N DISCUSSIONS ON WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,MO/ ( ! J\RNAL WAS DEVOT$ TO REPORTS ON ,BOL%EVIK-9SPIR$ MOVEM5TS >\ND ! WORLD1 LABOR MOVEM5TS 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES 79CLUD+ LONG REPORTS ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD71 & CONDITIONS ( LABOR 9 ,*9A4 ,! J\RNAL ALSO PUBLI%$ DISCUSSIONS ON ! PROBLEMS ( REVOLUTION 9 ,*9A ?AT REPRES5T ! FIR/ PUBLICATIONS 9 ,*9A TO TREAT S]I\SLY ! RELEVANCE ( ,BOL%EVISM TO ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,!SE >TICLES1 MO/ ( !M WRITT5 BY ,LI ,DA1 ,ZH\ ,FOHAI1 & ,%I ,CUNTONG1 W]E TO LAY ! GR\ND = DISCUSSIONS ( ,BOL%EVISM 9 LAT] YE>S4 ,AT ! TIME1 H[EV]1 AN>*ISM SEEM$ TO BE ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUE4 

,! 9TRODUCTION TO ! J\RNAL 9 ITS FIR/ ISSUE 5UNCIAT$ ! POLITICAL L9E ?AT IT W\LD PROPAGATE AS AN ORGAN ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,! $ITORIAL AFFIRM$ ! PRIORITY ( ECONOMIC *ANGE TO ALL O!R *ANGE4 ,IT PRES5T$ CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM AS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVES 9 ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD4 ,CAPITALISM HAD DEVELOP$ 9 ,EUROPE & WAS ALREADY 9 DECL9E4 ,SOCIALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS /ILL EM]G+2 ,RUSSIA1 IT DECL>$1 HAD BECOME A LABORATORY = SOCIALISM4 ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES >\ND ! WORLD FOLL[$ ! ,RUSSIAN EXAMPLE1 & SO %\LD ,*9A1 :]E ! EVIL EFFECTS ( CAPITALISM W]E ALREADY BEG9N+ TO BE FELT4 ,*9ESE LABOR]S1 ! $ITORIAL ASS]T$1 FILL$ ! WORLD2 ?OSE ABROAD W]E SLAVES TO =EIGN CAPITAL1 ?OSE 9 ,*9A SLAV$ = =EIGN & ,*9ESE CAPITALI/S ALIKE4 ,IF !Y W]E TO BE SAV$ FROM ?IS SLAV]Y1 ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION PROVID$ ! ONLY C\RSE ( ACTION4 ,! $ITORIAL REJECT$ UNEQUIVOCALLY P>LIAM5T>Y MEANS TO *ANGE AS A LIE 9T5D$ TO DECEIVE LABOR]S4 ,! ONLY WAY = LABOR]S TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES WAS TO WRE/ P[] FROM CAPITALI/S ?R\< CLASS /RUGGLE & E/ABLI% !IR [N P[]4 ,! ULTIMATE GOAL WAS ! CREATION ( A /ATELESS SOCIETY1 :I* W\LD FOLL[ A GU>ANTEE ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS HAD NO HOPE = REVIVAL4 ,IT 5D$ ) A CALL UPON ! AN>*I/S TO JO9 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,AN>*I/S1 TOO1 OPPOS$ PRIVATE PROP]TY & CAPITALISM2 H5CE !Y MU/ P>TICIPATE 9 ! /RUGGLE TO TRANSF] P[] TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,TO DO O!RWISE W\LD BE TO S]VE ! CAPITALI/S :OM !Y DESIR$ TO OV]?R[4.<#c#g#h.> 

,! AG5DA LAID \T 9 ?IS $ITORIAL SET ! C\RSE = >TICLES ?AT FOLL[$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/4 ,! BASIC ISSUE WAS SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 9 P>TICUL>1 DIFF]5CES BETWE5 AN AN>*I/ & A ,BOL%EVIK 7N[ ID5TIFI$ ) COMMUNISM7 /RATEGY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! IDEA ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION PROPAGAT$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ REPRES5T$ ! EM]G5CE 9 ,*9ESE SOCIALISM ( A NEW IDEA ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT 9TEGRAT$ POLITICS & ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9 A PROCESS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! /ATE CORPORATI/ SOLUTIONS FAVOR$ BY SOME SOCIALI/S 79CLUD+ ,GUOM9DANG SOCIALI/S1 /ATE SOCIALI/S1 & ,JIANG ,KAN<U SOCIALISM7 HAD ES*EW$ CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! NAME ( AN IMM$IATE POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 LEAV+ ! TASK ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION TO ! P]IOD AFT] ! SOCIALI/ POLITICAL REVOLUTION HAD BE5 A*IEV$4 ,AN>*I/S & ! SOCIAL CORPORATI/ ,GUILD SOCIALI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD REJECT$ POLITICS 9 ! NAME ( A SOCIAL MOVEM5T ?AT W\LD GRADUALLY TRANS=M SOCIETY & !REBY ABOLI% POLITICS ALTOGE!R OR CREATE A NEW K9D ( POLITICS1 AS ! CASE MI<T BE4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ IDEA ( REVOLUTION ?AT N[ EM]G$ 9 ,*9ESE SOCIALISM REPRES5T$ AN IDEA ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT GAVE EQUAL IMPORTANCE TO POLITICS & ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 CONCEIV+ ( !M 9 A DIALECTICAL RELATION%IP 9 A PROCESS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE ,COMMUNI/ WRIT]S 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ DISMISS$ (FH& ! SOCIALISM ( ! O!R ALT]NATIVES1 !Y TOOK MU* MORE S]I\SLY ! AN>*I/ IDEA ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ) :I* !Y EXPRESS$ A S5SE ( K9%IP4 ,ANY DIFF]5CES W]E PRES5T$ AS DIFF]5CES )9 ! SAME REVOLUTION>Y CAMP1 P]TA9+ TO ! MEANS RA!R ?AN ! 5DS ( REVOLUTION4 

,! AU?OR :O W5T F>!/ 9 REAFFIRM+ ! ESS5TIAL UNITY ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM WAS ,%I ,CUNTONG1 :O ASS]T$ 9 ,H[ ,WE ,MU/ ,C>RY ,\T ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 7,WOM5 ZEMMAYANG GAN %EHUI GEM+7 ?AT HE BELIEV$ 9 ALL ! GOALS ( AN>*ISM 7FREE ORGANIZATION1 FREE ASSOCIATION1 & ! PR9CIPLE ( FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$7 EV5 ?\< HE WAS NOT AN AN>*I/4 ,%I PORTRAY$ COMMUNISM & AN>*ISM AS M]ELY DIFF]5T /AGES 9 HI/ORY1 ) ! ONE S]V+ AS ! MEANS TO ! O!R3 ,AS ,I SEE IT1 IF ONE WANTS TO REALIZE AN>*ISM1 ONE MU/ FIR/ 9/ITUTE COMMUNISM2 ONLY :5 COMMUNISM HAS BE5 FULLY DEVELOP$ CAN !RE BE AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4.<#c#g#i.> ,%I1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT ! ONLY ONE TO ID5TIFY ! TWO4 ,LI ,DA1 :O MAY HAVE /OOD AT ! O!R 5D ( ! SPECTRUM FROM ,%I 9 HIS SUSPICION ( ! AN>*I/S1 NEV]!LESS /AT$ 9 HIS IMPORTANT ESSAY1 ,! ,ANATOMY ( ,AN>*ISM 7,WUZH5GFU ZHUYIZHI JIEPEI71 ?AT EV5 IF ! AN>*I/S W]E NOT COMRADES ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 !Y W]E /ILL FRI5DS1 S9CE !Y %>$ 9 ! GOAL ( OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM4 ,! PROBLEM ) AN>*I/S WAS ?AT !Y HAD NO ME?OD = OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM & ACT$ \T ( EMOTION RA!R ?AN REASON4 ,IT WAS REVEAL+ ?AT ,LI NOT$ NOT ONLY ! POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM1 BUT ?AT ! NUMB] ( AN>*I/S WAS /ILL ON ! RISE4 ,HE 9VIT$ !M TO JO9 ,COMMUNI/ RANKS TO SPE$ UP ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,LI AGRE$ ) ,%I ?AT ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S DESIR$ TO A*IEVE ! SAME K9D ( SOCIETY2 LIKE ,%I1 HE ADD$ ?AT ! A*IEVEM5T ( ?AT SOCIETY 7:]E ! PR9CIPLE ( FROM EA* TO EA* W\LD PREVAIL7 MU/ AWAIT ! REALIZATION ( LIMITLESS ECONOMIC ABUNDANCE1 :I* MU/ BE ITS MAT]IAL PRECONDITION4 

,! AU?OR :O W5T F>!/ 9 REAFFIRM+ ! ESS5TIAL UNITY ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM WAS ,%I ,CUNTONG1 :O ASS]T$ 9 ,H[ ,WE ,MU/ ,C>RY ,\T ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 7,WOM5 ZEMMAYANG GAN %EHUI GEM+7 ?AT HE BELIEV$ 9 ALL ! GOALS ( AN>*ISM 7FREE ORGANIZATION1 FREE ASSOCIATION1 & ! PR9CIPLE ( FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$7 EV5 ?\< HE WAS NOT AN AN>*I/4 ,%I PORTRAY$ COMMUNISM & AN>*ISM AS M]ELY DIFF]5T /AGES 9 HI/ORY1 ) ! ONE S]V+ AS ! MEANS TO ! O!R3 ,AS ,I SEE IT1 IF ONE WANTS TO REALIZE AN>*ISM1 ONE MU/ FIR/ 9/ITUTE COMMUNISM2 ONLY :5 COMMUNISM HAS BE5 FULLY DEVELOP$ CAN !RE BE AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4#a#b ,%I1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT ! ONLY ONE TO ID5TIFY ! TWO4 ,LI ,DA1 :O MAY HAVE /OOD AT ! O!R 5D ( ! SPECTRUM FROM ,%I 9 HIS SUSPICION ( ! AN>*I/S1 NEV]!LESS /AT$ 9 HIS IMPORTANT ESSAY1 ,! ,ANATOMY ( ,AN>*ISM 7,WUZH5GFU ZHUYIZHI JIEPEI71 ?AT EV5 IF ! AN>*I/S W]E NOT COMRADES ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 !Y W]E /ILL FRI5DS1 S9CE !Y %>$ 9 ! GOAL ( OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM4 ,! PROBLEM ) AN>*I/S WAS ?AT !Y HAD NO ME?OD = OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM & ACT$ \T ( EMOTION RA!R ?AN REASON4 ,IT WAS REVEAL+ ?AT ,LI NOT$ NOT ONLY ! POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM1 BUT ?AT ! NUMB] ( AN>*I/S WAS /ILL ON ! RISE4 ,HE 9VIT$ !M TO JO9 ,COMMUNI/ RANKS TO SPE$ UP ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,LI AGRE$ ) ,%I ?AT ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S DESIR$ TO A*IEVE ! SAME K9D ( SOCIETY2 LIKE ,%I1 HE ADD$ ?AT ! A*IEVEM5T ( ?AT SOCIETY 7:]E ! PR9CIPLE ( FROM EA* TO EA* W\LD PREVAIL7 MU/ AWAIT ! REALIZATION ( LIMITLESS ECONOMIC ABUNDANCE1 :I* MU/ BE ITS MAT]IAL PRECONDITION4.<#c#h.> 

,AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S ! ,COMMUNI/S >GU$ ! GREAT] REALISM & RATIONALITY ( !IR ME?OD ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!IR REASON+ TOOK ?REE RELAT$ DIRECTIONS3 ?AT COMMUNISM WAS SUP]IOR TO AN>*ISM 9 ITS PLANS = ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 :I* WAS ESS5TIAL TO REVOLUTION & WAS P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT 9 BACKW>D ,*9A2 9 ACCEPT+ ORGANIZATION1 IT (F]$ A BETT] MEANS ( C>RY+ \T ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* W\LD HAVE NO DIRECTION )\T ORGANIZATION2 &1 F9ALLY1 ?AT COMMUNISM WAS MORE REALI/IC 9 ACCEPT+ ! NECESSITY ( POLITICS4 

,9 HIS ,CONSID]ATIONS ON ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 7,%EHUI GEM+DE %ANGJUE71 ,LI ,DA (F]$ ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE >GUM5T = ! ECONOMIC SUP]IORITY ( COMMUNISM OV] AN>*ISM4 ,REVEAL+ A CLE>LY ,M>XI/ APPRECIATION ( ! PROBLEM1 ,LI /AT$ ?AT :ILE AN>*I/S W]E CONC]N$ MA9LY ) ! PROBLEM ( DI/RIBUTION1 ,COMMUNI/S FOCUS$ ON PRODUCTION1 :I* WAS ESS5TIAL TO ! CREATION ( AN ECONOMIC BASIS = SOCIALISM4 ,9 ADVOCAT+ A C5TRALI/ 7JIZHONG7 APPROA* TO PRODUCTION1 COMMUNISM PROMIS$ A MEANS TO A*IEV+ ?IS 5D4 ,AN>*I/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 ) ! ECONOMIC DISP]SAL 7F5SAN7 !Y FAVOR$1 (F]$ NO MEANS TO BALANCE PRODUCTION AGA9/ CONSUMPTION OR TO 9CREASE ! WEAL? ( SOCIETY4 ,= A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T REQUIR$ C5TRAL 9T]V5TION4 ,?IS %\LD BE ESPECIALLY OBVI\S TO AN>*I/S :O PROPOS$ A SOCIETY ?AT PRESUPPOS$ LIMITLESS ABUNDANCE4.<#c#h#a.> 

,LI >GU$ FUR!R ?AT COMMUNISM WAS SUP]IOR TO AN>*ISM NOT ONLY 9 %[+ ! WAY TO 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION BUT 9 ! REALM ( DI/RIBUTION AS WELL4 ,DI/RIBUTION HAD TWO ASPECTS1 9COME & CONSUMPTION4 ,AN>*I/S DESIR$ TO EQUALIZE ! LATT]4 ,COMMUNI/S1 ! =M]4 ,AN>*I/S DESIR$ TO ABOLI% MONEY & TO DI/RIBUTE GOODS ACCORD+ TO NE$4 ,:ILE ?IS MI<T BE POSSIBLE 9 ! FUTURE1 IT C\LD NOT BE 9/ITUT$ AT PRES5T1 :5 !RE W]E NOT 5\< GOODS TO GO >\ND4 ,LI DID NOT SAY H[ 9COME EQUALIZATION W\LD PROVE SUP]IOR 9 ?IS RESPECT EXCEPT TO NOTE ?AT ) ! CONT9U$ USE ( MONEY1 IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO REGULATE PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 ,:AT HE HAD 9 M9D1 PRESUMABLY1 WAS ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( A COMMODITY ECONOMY :]E PEOPLE W\LD HAVE A *OICE ON H[ TO SP5D !IR MONEY4 

,:ATEV] PROBLEMS MAY HAVE BE5 SUGGE/$ BY ,LI'S [N ALT]NATIVE1 ! DIFF]5CE WAS CLE>LY BETWE5 ! IMM$IATE CREATION ( A ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 :I* /RESS$ FRE$OM ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 & A SOCIETY ?AT PO/PON$ ITS ,COMMUNI/ GOALS UNTIL PRODUCTIVE ABUNDANCE HAD BECOME A REALITY4 ,UNTIL !N1 /ATE DIRECTION & CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION4 ,%I ,CUNTONG1 :O BELIEV$ ?AT ! APPROPRIATE MAT]IAL CONDITIONS W]E ESS5TIAL TO ! CREATION ( ANY SOCIETY1 REAFFIRM$ ?IS POSITION 9 >GU+ ?AT MA*9E PRODUCTION 9 BO? AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY WAS ! PRECONDITION = A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY4 ,9 ,WE/]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ) !IR ADVANC$ PRODUCTION1 ! GR\NDS W]E READY = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 ,*9A ?IS MU/ AWAIT ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,PEOPLE :O ?\<T ?AT SOCIALISM W\LD BE EASI] TO A*IEVE 9 ,*9A BECAUSE ( ! UND]DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 ,%I >GU$1 W]E MISGUID$ BECAUSE !Y OV]LOOK$ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y TO SOCIALISM4.<#c#h#b.> 

,ECONOMIC BACKW>DNESS ALSO PROVID$ A MAJOR REASON = ,COMMUNI/ >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE4 ,ESPECIALLY BECAUSE ,*9A WAS ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D1 >GU$ ,%I1 ! TASK ( DEVELOPM5T MU/ DEVOLVE UPON ! /ATE4 ,BUT POLITICS WAS ALSO IMPORTANT = ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION1 AS ,ZH\ ,FOHAI >GU$ 9 TWO >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ,MAY & ,JUNE #a#i#b#a1 RESPECTIVELY1 ,:Y ,WE ,ADVOCATE ,COMMUNISM8 7,WOM5 WEI%EMMA ZHUZHANG GONG*ANZHUYI7 & ,SEIZ+ ,POLITICAL ,P[] 7,D\QU ZH5GQUAN71.<#c#h#c.> :I* BR\<T ,L59I/ >GUM5TS TO BE> AGA9/ AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO P[] 7QIANGQUAN7 & ! /ATE4 ,RECALL+ ,*5 ,DUXIU'S /ATEM5T 9 ,ON ,POLITICS ?AT POLITICS DID NOT LEAVE ALONE EV5 ?OSE :O WANT$ TO LEAVE IT ALONE1 ,ZH\ >GU$ ?AT )\T ! USE ( P[]1 !RE W\LD BE NO WAY TO A*IEVE REVOLUTION>Y SUCCESS OR1 IF IT C\LD BE A*IEV$1 TO DEF5D REVOLUTION AGA9/ A B\RGEOIS RESURG5CE4 ,A DICTATOR%IP ( LABOR]S WAS NECESS>Y NOT JU/ TO KEEP ! B\RGEOISIE D[N AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ALSO TO TRANS=M SOCIETY & PURGE IT ( ITS PA/ LEGACY4 ,?IS W\LD TAKE A LONG TIME4 ,AN>*I/S W]E TOO OPTIMI/IC1 HE PO9T$ \T1 AB\T ! GOOD-HE>T$NESS 7LIANGX97 ( PEOPLE :O1 !Y BELIEV$1 W\LD AB&ON ALL !IR SELFI% HABITS ONCE ! REVOLUTION HAD TAK5 PLACE4 ,%I ,CUNTONG ADD$ ?AT ! FREE1 SELF-GOV]N+ BODIES ?AT ! AN>*I/S ADVOCAT$ AS ! BASIS = ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY W\LD BE CRU%$ RI<T AWAY UNLESS !RE WAS A P[] TO DEF5D !M4.<#c#h#d.> ,IRONICALLY1 !SE AU?ORS CONC$$ ?AT ORGANIZ$ /ATE P[] WAS ALL ! MORE IMPORTANT 9 ! CREATION ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 9 BACKW>D ,*9A1 :]E IT WAS NOT EV5 CLE> ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION FAVOR$ REVOLUTION4.<#c#h#e.> 

,F9ALLY1 ,COMMUNI/S >GU$ ?AT :ILE SOCIAL CONDITIONS = REVOLUTION EXI/$ 9 ,*9A1 ORGANIZATION WAS NECESS>Y = ! CONV]SION ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9TO A WEAPON ( REVOLUTION4 ,9 HIS ,CONSID]ATIONS ON ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,LI ,DA >GU$ ?AT !RE W]E ALREADY CLASSES 9 ,*9ESE SOCIETY3 !RE HAD LONG BE5 CLASS DIVISION 9 AGRICULTURE2 ) 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 A CLASS DIVISION HAD ALSO EM]G$ BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,:ILE ! ,*9ESE B\RGEOISIE WAS SMALL 9 NUMB]S1 IT WAS 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! =EIGN B\RGEOISIE1 & ! PROLET>IAT SUFF]$ AT ! H&S ( BO?4 ,!RE W]E MANY POSSIBILITIES = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 RANG+ FROM ECONOMI/IC TRADE UNIONS TO POLITICALLY MOTIVAT$ ORGANIZATION4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( !SE ALT]NATIVES 9DICAT$ ?AT :ILE CLASS CONSCI\SNESS WAS A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON1 IT DID NOT NECESS>ILY LEAD TO SPONTANE\S UNITY ( ! CLASS 9 CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! ONLY WAY TO A*IEVE SU* UNITY WAS ?R\< POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! CLASS4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO UNIFY WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 SOLDI]S1 & 9TELLECTUALS :5EV] POSSIBLE1 & TO 5GAGE 9 DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASSES & !IR /ATE4 ,:ILE DIRECT ACTION WAS A ,SORELIAN IDEA 7& ! ,COMMUNI/ DID PUBLI% A PIECE BY ,GEORGE ,SOREL ON ,L597 ?AT AN>*I/S ALSO %>$1 :AT ,LI HAD 9 M9D WAS A ,BOL%EVIK/YLE DIRECT ACTION1 SU* AS ?AT :I* HAD L$ TO ,BOL%EVIK SUCCESS 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,! SPONTANE\S1 FREE ASSOCIATION 9 :I* ! AN>*I/S BELIEV$ (F]$ NO MEANS1 9 ! ,COMMUNI/S' VIEW1 ( UNIFY+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9TO ! POLITICAL =CE NECESS>Y = REVOLUTION>Y SUCCESS4.<#c#h#f.> 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( DEBATE1 ,COMMUNI/ WRIT]S DID NOT FEEL IT NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 H[ ! GOALS !Y PR(ESS$ TO %>E ) AN>*I/S C\LD BE A*IEV$ ?R\< MEANS ?AT CLE>LY /OOD AT ODDS ) ?OSE GOALS4 ,A BASIC AN>*I/ PROPOSITION ?R\<\T HAD BE5 ?AT MEANS & 5DS W]E 9SEP>ABLE 9 ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ?AT UNDESIRABLE MEANS W\LD 9EVITABLY LEAD TO UNDESIRABLE 5DS1 ?AT FRE$OM C\LD NOT BE A*IEV$ ?R\< DICTATOR%IP4 ,! QUE/ION ( 5DS & MEANS W\LD BE IMPORTANT 9 AN>*I/ ATTACKS ON ! ,COMMUNI/S LAT] 9 ! DECADE4 ,= ! TIME BE+1 !Y W]E IRRELEVANT TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ADVOCACY ( REVOLUTION 9 ! ,COMMUNI/1 :I* WAS CONC]N$ NOT ) ULTIMATE GOALS BUT ) IMM$IATE REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY1 & :OSE PRIM>Y GOAL WAS TO PURGE )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY ANY CONT9U+ QUALMS AB\T A ,BOL%EVIK /RATEGY ( REVOLUTION4 ,:AT ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORS >GU$1 ) CONSID]ABLE JU/IFICATION & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS IF NOT ) WISDOM1 WAS ?AT NOBLE ?\< ! GOALS ( AN>*ISM W]E1 AN>*ISM (F]$ NO MEANS ( A*IEV+ !M4 ,:E!R ?IS REQUIR$ ! REJECTION ( AN>*I/ CONSID]ATIONS ON ME?OD IS A MOOT QUE/ION1 AT LEA/ HI/ORICALLY4 ,! IMM$IATE CONC]N 9 E>LY #aiba WAS TO DRAW ) UNAMBIGUITY A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,BOL%EVISM & AN>*ISM4 ,! CRITICISM ( AN>*ISM 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ MAY HAVE A*IEV$ ?IS PURPOSE2 ITS 9EVITABLE CONCOMITANT1 H[EV]1 WAS TO DRIVE ! ,COMMUNI/S !MSELVES 9TO AN IDEOLOGICAL CORN]1 :I* OBVIAT$ ! NE$ = A CRITICAL APPRAISAL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS !Y ADVOCAT$4 ,AN>*ISM MAY HAVE BE5 IMPRACTICAL1 AS !Y CLAIM$1 BUT :E!R IT WAS !RE=E IRRELEVANT 9 ! CONSID]ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY IS ANO!R QUE/ION4 ,! REFUSAL TO 5T]TA9 ?IS QUE/ION1 :I* HAD BE5 ( C5TRAL IMPORTANCE TO ,*9ESE RADICALS ( ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD1 WAS ! MO/ COG5T 9DICATION ( ! RAPIDITY ) :I* ,BOL%EVISM HAD TAK5 HOLD ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IMAG9ATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/S4 

,:5 AN AN>*I/ RESPONSE CAME 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 IT WAS NOT 9 RESPONSE TO >GUM5TS )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ 7( :I* ! AN>*I/S W]E PRESUMABLY UNAW>E1 S9CE ! ,COMMUNI/ WAS SEMISECRET AS AN 9T]NAL ORGAN ( ! ,COMMUNI/ GR\PS71 BUT 9 RESPONSE TO ,*5 ,DUXIU'S PUBLIC CRITICISM ( AN>*ISM4 ,! FIR/ DEBATE BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S FOLL[+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ NUCLEI ]UPT$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 :5 ,\ ,%5GBAI RESPOND$ 9 ,PEOPLE'S ,VOICE TO /ATEM5TS ON AN>*ISM BY ,*5 ,DUXIU 9 A LECTURE AT ,GUANGZH\ 9 ! ,LAW & ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CE ,UNIV]SITY 7,! ,CRITIQUE ( ,SOCIALISM74 ,! EX*ANGE ( LETT]S TO :I* ?IS L$ 7RE/RICT$ TO ,GUANGZH\1 AS F> AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO TELL71 M>K$ ! FIR/ PUBLIC DEBATE BETWE5 ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S4 

,?IS DEBATE1 UNLIKE ! ,COMMUNI/ POLEMICS AGA9/ AN>*ISM1 WAS C>RI$ \T AT A V]Y AB/RACT1 HYPO!TICAL LEVEL4 ,NEI!R ,*5 NOR ,\ 5UNCIAT$ ! CONCRETE IMPLICATIONS ( !IR DEBATE UNTIL ! 5D1 :5 ,*5 F9ALLY /AT$ \TRI<T :AT HAD BE5 9 !IR M9DS ALL ALONG4 ,UNTIL !N1 !Y BO? DANC$ >\ND ! ISSUES ) HYPO!TICAL EXAMPLES TO PROVE OR DISPROVE ! VIABILITY ( AN>*ISM1 ) *>GES & C\NT]*>GES ( MISREPRES5TATION & MUTUAL *>GES ( 9CONSI/5CY4 

,! ISSUE ?AT PROVOK$ & DOM9AT$ ! DEBATE WAS :E!R AN>*ISM WAS COMPATIBLE ) GR\P LIFE4 ,*5 HAD /AT$ 9 HIS LECTURE ?AT :ILE AN>*ISM HAD MU* ( VALUE TO SAY ) REG>D TO ! 9DIVIDUAL CONDUCT ( LIFE1 IT WAS IRRELEVANT :]E SOCIAL ORGANIZATION WAS CONC]N$ BECAUSE ! AN>*I/ ADVOCACY ( ABSOLUTE FRE$OM 7JU$UI ZIY\7 WAS 9COMPATIBLE ) GR\P EXI/5CE4.<#c#h#g.> ,9 HIS OP5 LETT] TO ,*51 ,\ TOOK EXCEPTION TO ?IS /ATEM5T4 ,HE CRITICIZ$ ,*5 = BLURR+ IMPORTANT DI/9CTIONS AMONG AN>*I/S4 ,:ILE SOME AN>*I/S SU* AS ,/IRN] HAD ADVOCAT$ ABSOLUTE FRE$OM = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 !Y W]E ! EXCEPTION RA!R ?AN ! RULE4 ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/S 7) :OM HE ID5TIFI$ HIMSELF7 DID NOT OBJECT TO GR\P LIFE1 OR EV5 TO ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! GR\P 9 9DIVIDUAL LIVES2 :AT !Y REJECT$ WAS ! DESPOTISM ( ! GR\P OV] ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ( ! K9D ?AT WAS IMPLICIT 9 ! USE ( AB/RACT LAWS TO CO]CE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,:AT !Y ADVOCAT$ WAS VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION 7LIANHE7 ?AT RECOGNIZ$ ! RI<T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL NOT TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! GR\P'S ACTIVITIES1 & ! SUB/ITUTION = AB/RACT LAWS ( A FLEXIBLE PUBLIC WILL 7GONGYI7 ?AT W\LD DET]M9E ! GR\P'S FUNCTION+ BUT1 UNLIKE LAWS1 W\LD BE SUBJECT TO *ANGE4 ,AN>*I/S OBJECT$ TO 9DISCRIM9AT+ 9T]F]5CE 9 9DIVIDUAL LIFE )\T REG>D TO :E!R ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS GOOD OR BAD4 ,!Y !MSELVES BELIEV$ 9 ! NECESSITY ( 9T]F]5CE ) 9DIVIDUALS :OSE ACTIVITIES IMP+$ UPON ! RI<TS ( O!RS OR ?REAT5$ GR\P EXI/5CE4 ,9/EAD ( CO]CION1 H[EV]1 AN>*I/S BELIEV$ 9 $UCATION TO *ANGE PEOPLE = ! BETT]4 ,TO PROVE HIS CASE ?AT AN>*ISM WAS COMPATIBLE ) GR\P LIFE1 ,\ CIT$ EXAMPLES ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD4 ,HIS EXAMPLES1 CURI\SLY1 DID NOT S]VE HIS >GUM5T2 !Y 9CLUD$ EXAMPLES NOT ONLY ( TEMPOR>Y ASSOCIATION SU* AS COOP]ATION 9 FIRE FI<T+1 BUT EV5 ( ASSOCIATIONS ( CAPITAL E/ABLI%$ TO BUILD RAILROADS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,!Y W]E1 AT ANY RATE1 RA!R EASY = ,*5 TO DISPOSE (4.<#c#h#h.> 

,! RE/ ( ! DEBATE WAS DEVOT$ TO ?RE%+ \T !SE ISSUES4 ,*5 CONC$$ ?AT !RE W]E 9DE$ DIFF]5CES AMONG AN>*I/S ON ! ISSUE ( FRE$OM1 BUT HE 9SI/$ ?AT ALL AN>*I/S SUFF]$ FROM A BASIC CONTRADICTION OV] ?IS ISSUE2 9DE$1 HE OBS]V$1 AN>*I/S SU* AS ,/IRN] W]E PREF]ABLE BECAUSE !Y AT LEA/ RECOGNIZ$ ! CONTRADICTION1 :]EAS AN>*O-COMMUNI/S SU* AS ,KROPOTK9 TRI$ TO COV] IT UP UND] A GUISE ( COMMUNISM4 ,*5 WAS NOT SYMPA!TIC TO ,\'S O!R >GUM5TS4 ,! 9SI/5CE ON ! FRE$OM NOT TO P>TICIPATE 9 GR\P ACTIVITY1 HE >GU$1 W\LD ONLY MAKE GR\P LIFE IMPOSSIBLE & UNPR$ICTABLE2 :AT W\LD HAPP5 TO PRODUCTION1 = 9/ANCE1 IF 9DIVIDUALS SUDD5LY DECID$ NOT TO P>TICIPATE8 ,:ILE VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION MI<T BE POSSIBLE ON A CONT+5T BASIS1 AS ,\'S EXAMPLES 9DICAT$1 ,*5 BELIEV$ ?AT IT PROVID$ NO BASIS = SU/A9$ SOCIAL EXI/5CE ?AT 9EVITABLY DEM&$ CO]CION & SACRIFICE ( 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS TO ! WELF>E ( ! GR\P4 7,:AT IS ! NE$ = AN>*ISM1 HE 9QUIR$ S>CA/ICALLY1 IF CAPITALISM ALREADY PROVID$ ! GR\NDS = FREE ASSOCIATION87 ,AS = PUBLIC WILL1 ,*5 FELT ?AT IT WAS UNRELIABLE BECAUSE IT WAS SUBJECT TO ! VAG>IES ( MASS PSY*OLOGY1 :I* C\LD LEAD TO T]ROR AS EASILY AS TO ASSOCIATION4 ,*5 HAD CONSID]ABLE PRAISE = LAWS AS ELEM5TS 9 HUMAN PROGRESS2 9T]NATIONAL LAWS1 HE PO9T$ \T1 HAD MADE POSSIBLE = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY ! CREATION ( A GLOBAL SOCIETY4 ,PUBLIC WILL1 ON ! O!R H&1 SMACK$ ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETY1 :I* HAD BE5 BAS$ ON ! DESPOTISM ( ! TRIBE OV] ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,HE REJECT$ ! DI/9CTION ,\ HAD DRAWN BETWE5 LAWS & CONTRACTS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 ON ! GR\NDS ?AT ! ONE WAS UNDESIRABLE BECAUSE IT WAS ABOVE SOCIETY1 :ILE ! O!R WAS DESIRABLE BECAUSE IT WAS BAS$ ON 9DIVIDUAL CONS5T2 TO ,*51 CONTRACTS W]E JU/ ANO!R =M ( LAW & W\LD BE MEAN+LESS )\T ! BACK+ ( AB/RACT LAWS4.<#c#h#i.> 

,!SE >GUM5TS BECAME MORE ELABORATE AS ! DEBATE PROGRESS$4 ,TWO DIFF]5CES1 H[EV]1 W]E EVID5T ?R\<\T4 ,*5 BELIEV$ ?AT 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS MU/ BE SACRIFIC$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! GR\P2 ,\ DID NOT4 ,IT FOLL[$ ALSO ?AT ,*5 BELIEV$ 9 ! 9EVITABILITY & FUNCTIONALITY ( CO]CION 9 SOCIAL EXI/5CE2 ,\ DID NOT4 ,*5 UPHELD ! IMPORTANCE ( LAWS 9 SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 :ILE ,\ BELIEV$ ?AT LAWS PREV5T$ PEOPLE FROM DO+ :AT !Y W\LD DO NATURALLY1 ASSOCIATE ) ONE ANO!R FREELY1 S9CE HE BELIEV$ AS FIRMLY AS DID ,*5 ?AT SOCIAL EXI/5CE WAS ! PREMISE ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,\ WAS HOPEFUL ?AT $UCATION W\LD GRADUALLY CORRECT ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR BY PURG+ PEOPLE ( !IR ACQUIR$ HABITS4 ,*5 ?\<T ! AN>*I/ POSITION WAS EXCESSIVELY OPTIMI/IC AB\T ! GOODNESS ( HUMAN NATURE1 & HE WAS ESPECIALLY SUSPICI\S ( ! POSSIBILITY ( EFFECTIVE $UCATION = SOCIAL 5DS )9 ! CONTEXT ( A BAD SOCIETY4 ,P]HAPS NO?+ ILLU/RATES BETT] H[ F> ,*5 HAD TRAVEL$ IDEOLOGICALLY S9CE ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD ?AN HIS SKEPTICISM REG>D+ ! POT5TIAL ( $UCATION = SOCIAL *ANGE1 A BELIEF 9 :I* HE HAD DONE SO MU* TO 9/ILL 9 HIS /UD5TS & FOLL[]S 79CLUD+ ,\7 AS A LEAD] ( ! ,NEW ,CULTURE ,MOVEM5T4 

,ULTIMATELY1 H[EV]1 ?IS DEBATE OV] ! RELATION%IP ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! GR\P WAS A DEBATE OV] REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY4 ,9 HIS LA/ RESPONSE TO ,\1 ,*5 F9ALLY DREW \T ! PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ! DEBATE :5 HE DREW A DI/9CTION BETWE5 DIFF]5T K9DS ( CO]CION4 ,HE HIMSELF WAS OPPOS$ TO CO]CION1 HE /AT$1 :]E IT DEPRIV$ PEOPLE ( !IR HUMANITY4 ,SU* WAS ! CASE ) CLASS OPPRESSION1 :]E ONE CLASS DEPRIV$ ANO!R ( ITS HUMANITY1 OR ) G5D] OPPRESSION :]E ! HUMANITY ( WOM5 WAS SACRIFIC$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( M54 ,BUT !SE /&>DS DID NOT APPLY :]E ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CO9CID$ ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! GR\P4 ,:]E 9T]E/ WAS NOT PRIVATE 9T]E/ BUT PUBLIC 9T]E/1 !RE WAS NO NE$ TO SPEAK ( CO]CION1 S9CE ANY SACRIFICE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL REPRES5T$ A SACRIFICE = ! WELF>E ( ! GR\P ( :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS AN 9TEGRAL P>T1 & ?IS M]ELY ADD$ UP TO SACRIFICE = ONE'S [N SELF4 ,TO ,*51 ! RI<TS ( LABOR UNIONS UND] CAPITALISM & COMMUNISM ILLU/RAT$ ?IS DI/9CTION4 ,9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 LABOR UNIONS HAD ! RI<T TO /RIKE 9 DEF5SE ( !IR RI<TS BECAUSE ?AT REPRES5T$ ! SELF-9T]E/ ( LABOR]S AGA9/ ! SELF-9T]E/ ( ! CAPITALI/S4 ,9 ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY !RE W\LD BE NO NE$ = ! RI<T ( WORK]S TO /RIKE1 BECAUSE ALL PRODUCTION W\LD BE = SOCIETY1 & ITS B5EFITS W\LD ACCRUE TO MEMB]S ( ! SOCIETY EQUALLY4 ,= LABOR]S TO /RIKE W\LD BE EQUIVAL5T TO /RIK+ AGA9/ !MSELVES4.<#c#i.> 

,A D\BLE /&>D1 P]HAPS1 BUT IT PO9T$ TO ! DILEMMAS ( BO? ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S1 :O %>$ AN ORGANIC CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY :]E1 ONCE ! EVILS ( CLASS DIVISION HAD BE5 OV]?R[N1 ANY CONFLICT BETWE5 PRIVATE & PUBLIC 9T]E/ W\LD GRADUALLY DISAPPE>4 ,AS 9 ! CASE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ CRITICISMS ( AN>*ISM1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,*5 & ,\ CONC]N$ NOT ! 5DS BUT ! MEANS ( REVOLUTION4 ,\ BELIEV$ ?AT REVOLUTION C\LD BE A*IEV$ )\T CO]CION1 ?R\< ! AG5CY ( $UCATION2 9DE$1 TO 9TRODUCE CO]CION 9TO ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION WAS TO NIP 9 ! BUD ITS PROMISE ( A GOOD SOCIETY4 ,*5 ,DUXIU1 HAV+ LO/ HIS FAI? 9 ! P[] ( $UCATION1 ?\<T ?AT O!R MEANS W]E NECESS>Y TO BR+ AB\T ! SEAMLESS SOCIETY :OSE 9DIVIDUALS HAD LONG LO/ ! ABILITY TO ASSOCIATE FREELY1 IF 9DE$ !Y HAD EV] HAD IT4 ,ONE DEM&$ A CONSI/5CY ?AT TRANSC5D$ HI/ORY2 ! O!R SAW 9 CONSI/5CY AN OBLIVI\SNESS TO HI/ORY ?AT W\LD ONLY P]PETUATE HUMAN OPPRESSION AT ! H&S ( ! PA/4 

,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,*5 & ,\1 AS ) ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S 9 G5]AL1 W]E NOT SIMPLY POLITICAL BUT PHILOSOPHICAL AS WELL4 ,9 HIS CRITIQUE ( AN>*ISM 9 ! ,COMMUNI/1 ,ZH\ ,FOHAI HAD >GU$ ?AT AN>*I/S W]E OV]LY OPTIMI/IC AB\T HUMAN NATURE1 :I* DEEPLY FLAW$ !IR CONCEPTIONS ( *ANGE4 ,NOT ONLY DID AN>*I/ OPTIMISM LEAD TO UNDULY OPTIMI/IC EXPECTATIONS ( HUMAN BE+S 9 ! FUTURE1 IT ALSO MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPLA9 ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIAL EVILS 9 HI/ORY3 IF PEOPLE W]E NATURALLY GOOD & SOCIABLE1 !RE WAS NO WAY TO EXPLA9 ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( SOCIAL DIVISION & OPPRESSION4.<#c#i#a.> ,*5 ,DUXIU BR\<T SIMIL> >GUM5TS TO BE> AGA9/ ,\ ,%5GBAI :5 HE CRITICIZ$ ,\'S CLAIM ?AT PEOPLE W\LD BE GOOD 9 AN>*I/ SOCIETY BECAUSE IT WAS 9 !IR NATURE TO BE GOOD1 ?AT !IR V]Y S5SE ( %AME W\LD PREV5T !M FROM DO+ EVIL4 

,!IR SKEPTICAL VIEW ( HUMAN CAPABILITY = GOOD1 ! ,COMMUNI/S BELIEV$1 MADE !IR APPROA* TO *ANGE MORE REALI/IC4 ,?IS WAS TRUE TO SOME EXT5T1 BUT ! DIFF]5CES W]E RELATIVE RA!R ?AN ABSOLUTE4 ,:ILE SOME AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A HELD AN UNQUALIFI$ OPTIMISM CONC]N+ ! GOODNESS ( HUMAN NATURE1 SU* OPTIMISM WAS NOT %>$ BY AN>*I/S SU* AS ,\ ,%5GBAI4 ,\ WAS NOT AGA9/ 9T]F]5CE ) 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN BE+S1 HE WAS AGA9/ CO]CION4 ,:AT DI/+UI%$ HIM FROM ,*5 9 HIS DEBATE WAS HIS 9SI/5CE ?AT $UCATION C\LD A*IEVE ALL ! IMPROVEM5T 9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR ?AT WAS NECESS>Y = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A GOOD SOCIETY2 EV5 :]E $UCATION PROV$ HELPLESS1 D5IAL ( SOCIAL P>TICIPATION TO RECALCITRANT 9DIVIDUALS W\LD DO ! JOB4 ,:AT HE CRITICIZ$ AB\T PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY WAS ITS IMM$IATE RESORT TO CO]CION & PUNI%M5T 9 ! NAME ( AB/RACT LAWS1 :I* LEFT NO ROOM = 9DIVIDUAL IMPROVEM5T4 ,\ WAS EV5 WILL+1 AS ,*5 WAS TO RECOGNIZE 9 ! 5D1 TO CONSID] ! NECESSITY ( A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD ( ,BOL%EVISM TO PREP>E SOCIETY = AN>*ISM4 

,COMMUNI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 REJECT$ ! GOODNESS ( HUMAN NATURE ONLY 9 AN IMM$IATE S5SE1 AS A SUFFICI5T PRECONDITION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y1 TOO1 %>$ 9 ! BELIEF ?AT ULTIMATELY SOCIALISM1 9 ITS AN>*I/ EXPRESSION1 WAS A POSSIBILITY3 TO D5Y ?AT POSSIBILITY W\LD 9 FACT HAVE BE5 TANTAM\NT TO D5Y+ ! VISION 9 ! NAME ( :I* !Y LEGITIMIZ$ !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y EF=T4 ,!Y ASSIGN$ PRIORITY1 H[EV]1 TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( APPROPRIATE MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ?AT !Y BELIEV$ W]E NECESS>Y TO ! FUNCTION+ ( ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,ONCE ?AT HAD BE5 A*IEV$1 !Y BELIEV$1 COMMUNISM W\LD BECOME A POSSIBILITY4 ,! HUMAN P]SONALITY ?AT !Y DEEM$ NECESS>Y TO A ,COMMUNI/ EXI/5CE DID NOT O!RWISE DIFF] SIGNIFICANTLY FROM ITS AN>*I/ C\NT]P>T4 

,! DIFF]5CE PO9T$ NEV]!LESS TO A FUNDAM5TAL PHILOSOPHICAL & EPI/EMOLOGICAL PROBLEM ?AT HAS LONG PLAGU$ AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S1 9 ,*9A & ELSE:]E3 H[ TO DESCRIBE PO/REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY 9 ! POLITICAL LANGUAGE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,RI*>D ,SALTMAN HAS >GU$ P]CEPTIVELY ?AT ?IS WAS A PROBLEM = ,BAKUN9 9 HIS CONFRONTATION ) ,M>X & ACC\NTS = MO/ ( ! 9CONSI/5CIES 9 HIS AN>*ISM4.<#c#i#b.> ,M>X HIMSELF WAS DEEPLY AW>E ( ! PROBLEM :5 HE WROTE ?AT ! BEG9N] :O HAS LE>N$ A NEW LANGUAGE ALWAYS TRANSLATES IT BACK 9TO HIS MO!R TONGUE1 BUT HE HAS ASSIMILAT$ ! SPIRIT ( ! NEW LANGUAGE & CAN PRODUCE FREELY 9 IT ONLY :5 HE MOVES 9 IT )\T REMEMB]+ ! OLD & =GETS 9 IT HIS ANCE/RAL TONGUE4.<#c#i#c.> ,! PROBLEM = BO? ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S 9 ?IS DEBATE WAS H[ TO SPEAK 9 A NEW LANGUAGE )\T LOS+ T\* ) REALITY4 ,?IS WAS ULTIMATELY :AT DIVID$ ,*5 & ,\1 ! ,M>XI/S & ! AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A4 ,*5 OBS]V$ SOME:]E ALONG ! L9E ?AT AN>*I/S ACCUS$ HIM ( BE+ UNABLE TO APPRECIATE AN>*ISM BECAUSE HE LOOK$ TO ! FUTURE ?R\< ! SPECTACLES ( ! PRES5T4 ,H[ >E WE TO CREATE ! FUTURE1 HE RETORT$1 IF WE DO NOT />T ) PRES5T REALITY8.<#c#i#d.> ,HIS OBS]VATION CAPTUR$ ! PA?OS ( BO? ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM 9 ?IS 9ITIAL CONFRONTATION4 

,P]HAPS BECAUSE ( !IR MUTUAL APPRECIATION ( ?IS PROBLEM1 ! DEBATE BETWE5 ,*5 & ,\1 AS ) ! PRIOR CRITICISM ( AN>*ISM 9 ! ,COMMUNI/1 RETA9$ A C]TA9 LEVEL ( C\RTE\SNESS & MUTUAL RESPECT 9 SPITE ( AN OCCASIONAL NOTE ( ACRIMONY4 ,9 HIS CONCLUD+ L9ES TO ! DEBATE1 ,*5 HAD NO?+ BUT PRAISE = HIS =M] /UD5T4 ,EV5 IF ,%5GBAI WAS AN AN>*I/1 HE NOT$1 HE RECOGNIZ$ ! NECESSITY ( CLASS /RUGGLE & REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 & EV5 ( A TRANSITIONAL /AGE 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,HE WAS1 MOREOV]1 A FOLL[] ( ,KROPOTK9 & A S9C]E REVOLUTION>Y Y\?1 UNLIKE SOME ( ! L[-QUALITY ,*9ESE-/YLE AN>*I/S 7,ZHU ,QIANZHI874 ,I ONLY REGRET1 HE CONCLUD$1 ?AT !RE >E FEW LIKE HIM AMONG ,*9ESE AN>*I/S4.<#c#i#e.> 

,?IS DEBATE WAS CONDUCT$ 9 A RELATIVELY FRI5DLY TONE1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! CLOSE P]SONAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO M51 BUT ALSO BECAUSE AMONG ! AN>*I/S1 ,\ ,%5GBAI CAME CLOSE/ TO ACCEPT+ A ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE ?AT AN>*I/S HELD BACK !IR CRITICISM ( ,BOL%EVISM SO LONG AS FUR!R COOP]ATION ) ! ,COMMUNI/S REMA9$ A POSSIBILITY4 ,AFT] #a#i#b#b1 :5 ! BREAK BETWE5 ! TWO GR\PS BECAME EVID5T1 AN>*I/ CRITICISMS W\LD ASSUME A MU* H>%] TONE4 

,AN>*ISM ,AGA9/ ,BOL%EVISM & ,M>XISM 

  

,:ILE 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5TS 9 REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS W\LD PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 %AP+ AN>*I/ ATTITUDES T[>D ,BOL%EVISM1 !IR CRITICISM ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ( ,M>XISM WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY D]IVATIVE ( =EIGN AN>*I/S' WRIT+S ON ! SUBJECT4 ,9DE$1 ! LATT]'S DISILLUSIONM5T ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION MAY HAVE PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT P>T 9 ! 9CREAS+LY 9TRANSIG5T REPUDIATION ( ,BOL%EVISM BY ! ,*9ESE AN>*I/S4 ,) ! CONCLUSION ( ! CRISIS 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ?AT HAD BE5 CAUS$ BY =EIGN AGGRESSION & 9T]NAL 9SURRECTION1 & ! 5D ( W> COMMUNISM1 :I* U%]$ 9 ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY1 IT WAS NO LONG] POSSIBLE = AN>*I/S TO BLAME ! %ORTCOM+S ( ,BOL%EVIK SOCIALISM ON EXT]NAL CAUSES4 ,SU* WAS ! CASE ) ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 :O LEFT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 #aiba 9 F9AL DISILLUSIONM5T4 ,!IR ATTACKS ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION !REAFT] LEFT A DEEP IMPRESSION UPON ,*9ESE AN>*I/S2 IT MAY EV5 BE SUGGE/$ ?AT ! WRIT+S 9 P>TICUL> ( ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 :I* W]E BROADLY CIRCULAT$ 9 ,*9A1 & H] P]SONAL CONTACTS ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/S W]E RESPONSIBLE 9 L>GE MEASURE = %AP+ ,*9ESE AN>*I/S' ATTITUDES T[>D ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,ALSO IMPORTANT WAS ! TE/IMONIAL AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S4 ,MME ,KROPOTK9'S CRITICISMS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS PROVID$ AN AU?ORITATIVE VOICE 9 ,*9ESE CRITICISMS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 7,KROPOTK9 HAD DI$ 9 E>LY #a#i#b#a1 RELIEV+ ! AN>*I/S :O HAD BE5 CONC]N$ AB\T HIS SAFETY ( ! NE$ = CAUTION 9 !IR CRITICISMS74 ,MO/ IMPORTANT1 H[EV]1 W]E ! WRIT+S ( ,V>LAAM ,*]KEZOV1 A ,GEORGIAN AN>*I/ :O HAD LONG BE5 A CLOSE ASSOCIATE ( ,KROPOTK9'S4.<#c#i#f.> ,BE=E HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#b#e1 ,*]KEZOV WROTE EXT5SIVELY ON ,M>XISM1 TO :I* HE TRAC$ ! FAIL+S ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,HIS WRIT+S W]E TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,*9ESE & 9CORPORAT$ FREELY 9TO ,*9ESE CRITICISMS ( ,M>XISM4 ,IF ,GOLDMAN %AP$ AN>*I/ VIEWS ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ,*]KEZOV PROVID$ A !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVE ?AT EXT5D$ ! CRITIQUE ( ,BOL%EVISM TO A CRITICISM ( ITS ROOTS 9 ,M>XI/ !ORY4 

,BOL%EVISM & ! ,DI/ORTION ( ,REVOLUTION 

  

,! ,*9ESE :O L$ ! WAY 9 ! CRITICISM ( ,BOL%EVISM & ,M>XISM AFT] #aibb EI!R HAD P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION OR W]E P]SONALLY ACQUA9T$ ) =EIGN AN>*I/S CRITICAL ( ,BOL%EVISM3 ,HUANG ,L+%UANG1 ,Q9 ,BAOPU1 ,BI ,XIU%AO1 & ,BAJ94 ,HUANG'S EXP]I5CES 9 ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,TOIL]S ( ! ,EA/ 9 E>LY #a#i#b#b1 AS WELL AS HIS CONTACTS ) ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S 79CLUD+ A VISIT ) ,MME ,KROPOTK971 CONV9C$ HIM ( ! BANKRUPTCY ( ,BOL%EVISM2 HE RESOLV$ EV5 BE=E HIS RETURN TO ,*9A ?AT ! ,*9ESE PUBLIC %\LD BE 9=M$ ( ! TRUE VISAGE ( ,BOL%EVISM4.<#c#i#g.> ,BI ,XIU%AO1 :O WAS 9 ,FRANCE FROM #aib TO #a#i#b#e1 NOT ONLY WAS ACQUA9T$ ) PROM95T ,FR5* AN>*I/S SU* AS ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 BUT MET ,MME ,KROPOTK9 :5 %E WAS 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#b#c4.<#c#i#h.> ,Q9 ,BAOPU PLAY$ AN ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT P>T 9 !SE CRITICISMS4 ,Q9 HAD BE5 A /UD5T 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BETWE5 #aib & #a#i#b#c1 S5T !RE ) ! FIR/ CONT+5T ( ,*9ESE /UD5TS TO /UDY 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 PREP>ATION = ! F\ND+ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,:ILE !RE1 HE HAD EXT5SIVE CONTACTS ) BO? ,GOLDMAN & ,MME ,KROPOTK9 AS WELL AS ) O!R ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S4 ,UPON HIS RETURN TO ,*9A 9 #a#i#b#c1 HE WAS RESPONSIBLE = 9TRODUC+ ,GOLDMAN'S WRIT+S TO ! ,*9ESE PUBLIC & WROTE A NUMB] ( >TICLES 7& A BOOK-L5G? ACC\NT ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION7 CRITICAL ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,HE WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE = 9TRODUC+ ,GOLDMAN TO ,BAJ94 ,BAJ91 :O 5T]$ 9TO A CORRESPOND5CE ) ,GOLDMAN AT ?IS TIME1 :I* W\LD LA/ UNTIL H] DEA?1 EM]G$ QUICKLY 9 ! MID-TW5TIES AS A PROLIFIC TRANSLATOR ( =EIGN AN>*I/ WORKS 9TO ,*9ESE1 9CLUD+ WORKS BY ,GOLDMAN & ,B]KMAN4 ,HE WAS ! AU?OR ( A NUMB] ( PIECES %>PLY CRITICAL ( ,BOL%EVISM4.<#c#i#i.> 

,! AN>*I/S W]E BY NO MEANS ! ONLY ONES TO 5GAGE 9 POLEMICS AGA9/ ,BOL%EVISM2 !Y >E S+L$ \T H]E BECAUSE ( !IR /RATEGIC ROLE 9 9TRODUC+ TO ,*9A ! WRIT+S & ! VIEWS ( =EIGN AN>*I/S4 ,AS WAS NOT$ ABOVE1 ! AG5DA = ,*9ESE AN>*I/ CRITICISMS ( ,BOL%EVISM WAS SET 9 #a#i#b-#b#a1 9 ,\ ,%5GBAI'S POLEMICS ) ,*5 ,DUXIU4 ,! MAJOR ISSUES ( DEBATE HAD BE5 ! DICTATORIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! NASC5T ,COMMUNI/ P>TY & ! 9CLUSION 9 ITS PROGRAM ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT AS AN IMM$IATE GOAL4 ,\1 VOIC+ ! FEEL+S ( MANY AN>*I/S1 HAD >GU$1 AGA9/ ?IS PROGRAM1 ?AT A G5U9E SOCIAL REVOLUTION C\LD BE A*IEV$ ONLY ?R\< VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 :I* W\LD GU>ANTEE TO ! REVOLUTION ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ITS GOAL ( A FREE COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,KEY TO HIS CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION WAS A TRANS=MATION ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION1 :I* W\LD OBVIATE ! NE$ = CO]CION :5 ! REVOLUTION F9ALLY CAME AB\T4 ,\ BELIEV$1 ) O!R AN>*I/S1 ?AT ! GOAL ( REVOLUTION WAS NOT TO CREATE A NEW CLASS RULE BUT TO ABOLI% CLASSES ALTOGE!R 7:I* W\LD ALSO ELIM9ATE ! NE$ = ! /ATE & POLITICS1 S9CE HE BELIEV$1 ) ,M>XI/S1 ?AT ! /ATE WAS A PRODUCT ( CLASS CONFLICT72 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD M]ELY REPRODUCE ! EVILS ( OLD SOCIETY4.<#d.> 

,AN>*I/ CRITICISM ( ,BOL%EVISM AFT] #aibb FUR!R DEVELOP$ !SE OBJECTIONS4 ,AN>*I/S REJECT$ ! VIEW ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION AS A G5U9E SOCIAL REVOLUTION & PORTRAY$ IT 9/EAD AS A POLITICAL REVOLUTION ?AT HAD M]ELY BR\<T A NEW GR\P 9TO ! CONTROL ( AN OLDFA%ION$ /ATE4 ,HUANG ,L+%UANG RECALL$ ,MME ,KROPOTK9'S TELL+ HIM ?AT ,BOL%EVIK SOCIALISM WAS NOT REAL SOCIALISM1 BECAUSE REAL SOCIALISM C\LD NOT BE BUILT UPON A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[] 7?IS1 %E SAID1 HAD BE5 ,KROPOTK9'S VIEW BE=E HIS DEA?74.<#d#a.> ,! DECL>ATION AGA9/ AN>*I/-,BOL%EVIK COOP]ATION ( A ,R$ ,SOCIETY 7,HONG%E7 9 #aibc /AT$ ?AT 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ! GOAL ( REVOLUTION1 ANO!R REVOLUTION W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO OV]?R[ ?IS NEW P[] /RUCTURE1 :I* M]ELY 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( REVOLUTIONS NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE SOCIALISM & W\LD LEAD UNNECESS>ILY TO FUR!R SACRIFICE & BLOOD%$3 ,IF WE >E TO RELY ON ,BOL%EVISM AS A TRANSITIONAL /AGE 9 MOV+ FROM PRES5T SOCIETY TO AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 IT MEANS ?AT WE HAVE TO GO ?R\< TWO REVOLUTIONS1 ONE TO A*IEVE ,BOL%EVISM & ANO!R TO A*IEVE AN>*ISM4 ,IS ?IS NOT A GREAT SACRIFICE8.<#d#b.> 

,! C5TRAL AN>*I/ OBJECTION TO ,BOL%EVISM WAS OV] ! ISSUE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ! LA/ 9/ALLM5T ( HIS POLEMICS ) ,*51 ,\ ,%5GBAI HAD OBS]V$ ?AT :AT ! REVOLUTION \<T TO ABOLI% WAS NOT M]ELY OPPRESSORS BUT OPPRESSION ITSELF1 S9CE AS LONG AS OPPRESSION EXI/$1 IT DID NOT MATT] :O DID ! OPPRESS+4.<#d#c.> ,BAJ9 DESCRIB$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT AS M]E REVAN*ISM1 :I* NOT ONLY DID NOT CREATE A BETT] WORLD BUT OP5$ ! WAY TO FUR!R CONFLICT3 IF WORK]S BECAME ! NEW DICTATORS1 O!RS W\LD SEEK TO OV]?R[ !M4 ,BESIDES1 HE >GU$1 DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS MEAN+LESS BECAUSE AT ! PRES5T ! PROLET>IAN CLASS CON/ITUTES ! MAJORITY 9 SOCIETY1 & !RE HAS BE5 NO SU* ?+ HI/ORICALLY AS A MAJORITY OPPRESS+ A M9ORITY4.<#d#d.> ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#b#a1 AN UNATTRIBUT$ PIECE 9 ,PEOPLE'S ,VOICE OBS]V$1 RA!R CLEV]LY1 ?AT IF ! PROLET>IAT1 FOLL[+ ! OV]?R[ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ITSELF CLIMB$ ! POLITICAL /AGE AS ! RUL]1 IT W\LD NO LONG] BE ! PROLET>IAT 7LIT]ALLY1 COMMON PEOPLE1 P+M974.<#d#e.> 

,9 HIS REPORT ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ,HUANG HAD OBS]V$ ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS NO?+ BUT A MASK = A DICTATOR%IP ( 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4.<#d#f.> ,SANBO 7,BI ,XIU%AO87 ADD$ 9 HIS POLEMICS ) ,ZH\ ,5LAI 9 ,P>IS ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP WAS NO?+ BUT ! DICTATOR%IP ( A S+LE P>TY &1 )9 ! P>TY1 ( A FEW LEAD]S2 IT \<T TO BE CALL$ 9 REALITY A DICTATOR%IP ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4.<#d#g.> ,AS ,LU ,JIANBO PUT IT 9 AN EXT5SIVE DISCUSSION ( !DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT PUBLI%$ 9 ,LI<T ( ,LE>N+ 9 #a#i#b#d3 ,FACTS TELL US3 ! 9N] L9+ ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS ! DICTATOR%IP ( A S+LE P>TY! ,L59I/ P>TY4 ,! ,SOVIETS HAVE ALREADY BE5 CAPTUR$ BY BUREAUCRATIC SOCIALI/S4,AN>*I/S F\ND AMPLE EVID5CE ( ?IS DICTATOR%IP1 NOT ONLY 9 ! SUPPRESSION BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS ( O!R REVOLUTION>IES 7! AN>*I/S 9 P>TICUL>71 BUT ALSO 9 ! READ9ESS ( ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T TO TURN ITS GUNS ON ! PEOPLE1 AS 9 ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION ( #a#i#b4.<#d#h.> 

,ECONOMIC DICTATOR%IP1 AN>*I/S BELIEV$1 EXAC]BAT$ ! POLITICAL DICTATOR%IP ( ! /ATE2 9 ! FAILURE ( ,BOL%EVIK SOCIALISM1POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION 7JIQUAN7 WAS ! O!R SIDE ( ! CO9 TO ECONOMIC COLLECTIVISM7JI*AN74 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S HAD S9CE ! MID-#a#i#aS DRAWN A DI/9CTION BETWE5 COLLECTIVISM & COMMUNISM 7GONG*AN74 ,AN>*ISM WAS TRULY COMMUNI/2 ,M>XIAN COMMUNISM WAS 9 ESS5CE COLLECTIVI/4 ,! FAILURE ( ,BOL%EVIK SOCIALISM1 !Y N[ >GU$1 RE/$ NOT ONLY 9 ITS REPUDIATION ( DEMOCRACY = DICTATOR%IP1 BUT 9 ITS ECONOMIC BASIS 9 /ATE COLLECTIVISM1 :I* WAS M]ELY CAPITALISM 9 A DIFF]5T =M1.<#d#i.> S9CE ALL IT ACCOMPLI%$ WAS ! REPLACEM5T ( [N]%IP BY 9DIVIDUALS ) [N]%IP BY ! /ATE4 ,?IS NEW =M ( [N]%IP EXAC]BAT$ ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PEOPLE1 S9CE ! /ATE N[ HAD A MONOPOLY OV] EMPLOYM5T & C\LD SET ITS T]MS AS IT PLEAS$4 ,! AN>*I/ >GUM5T WAS SUMM>IZ$ BY ,\ ,%5GBAI 9 A COG5T /ATEM5T3  
  

,M>XIAN SOCIALISM ADVOCATES ! C5TRALIZATION NOT ONLY ( POLITICAL P[] BUT ALSO ( CAPITAL4 ,! C5TRALIZATION ( POLITICAL P[] IS DANG]\S 5\< 9 ITSELF2 ADD TO ?AT ! PLAC+ ( ALL S\RCES ( WEAL? 9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T1 & ! SO-CALL$ /ATE SOCIALISM BECOMES M]ELY /ATE CAPITALISM1 ) ! /ATE AS ! [N] ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! WORK]S AS ITS LABOR]S1 :O H& OV] ! VALUE PRODUC$ BY !IR LABOR4 ,! BUREAUCRATS >E ! MA/]S1 ! WORK]S !IR SLAVES4 ,EV5 ?\< !Y ADVOCATE A /ATE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( WORK]S1 ! RUL]S >E BUREAUCRATS :O DO NOT LABOR1 :ILE WORK]S >E ! SOLE PRODUC]S4 ,!RE=E1 ! SUFF]+ ( WORK]S UND] /ATE SOCIALISM IS NO DIFF]5T FROM ?AT UND] PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,BESIDES1 :ILE ! P[] ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S TO EXPLOIT ! WORK] IS RELATIVELY LIMIT$1 ! /ATE CAN BACK UP ITS EXPLOITATION ) MILIT>Y =CE2 H5CE ! WRET*$NESS ( ! WORK] AT ! V]Y LEA/ EQUALS ?AT UND] CAPITALISM4.<#d#a.>  
  

,IRONICALLY1 AN>*I/S P]CEIV$ 9 ! RELAXATION ( ECONOMIC CONTROLS ) ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY A CONFIRMATION ( !IR VIEW ?AT ,BOL%EVISM WAS BUT A TRANSMUT$ CAPITALISM4 ,Q9 ,BAOPU1 :O WROTE EXT5SIVELY ON ?IS ISSUE1 F\ND 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK CALL ON =EIGN CAPITAL TO HELP DEVELOP ! ,SOVIET ,UNION EVID5CE ( COLLUSION BETWE5 ,BOL%EVIKS & =EIGN CAPITALI/S AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE2 ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HE BELIEV$1 W]E LESS CONC]N$ AB\T ! PEOPLE & SOCIALISM ?AN AB\T ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( ! /ATE4.<#d#a#a.> ,! ,COMMUNI/ ALLIANCE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 ,*9A WAS TO PROVIDE AN>*I/S ) ADDITIONAL EVID5CE ( ! ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ NATURE ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4 

,! ,CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM 

  

,! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ,BOL%EVISM1 ( ITS ECONOMIC POLICIES AS WELL AS ITS /ANCE ON ! QUE/ION ( CLASSES1 IMPLICAT$ ,M>XISM 9 ! FAILURE ( ,BOL%EVIK SOCIALISM4 ,SOME CONT9U$ TO BLAME ! FAILURE ( SOCIALISM 9 ,RUSSIA ON ! BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY1 :I*1 AS AN AGR>IAN SOCIETY1 DID NOT FULFILL ! CONDITIONS UPON :I* SOCIALISM C\LD BE BUILT4.<#d#a#b.> ,9CREAS+LY1 H[EV]1 AN>*I/S TRAC$ ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION TO ITS ,M>XI/ PREMISES4 ,*]KEZOV'S ANALYZES ( ,M>XISM PROVID$ !M ) ! !ORETICAL WEAPONS !Y NE$$4 ,9 SPITE ( A MEASURE ( SIMPLIFICATION1 !SE WRIT+S PRES5T$ AN ANALYSIS ( ,M>XISM ?AT WAS MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ?AN ANY O!R AVAILABLE 9 ,*9A AT ! TIME1 9CLUD+ TO ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :OSE UND]/&+ ( ,M>XISM WAS %AP$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY BY A ,L59I/ 9T]PRETATION4 

,AS IT APPE>$ 9 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S' WRIT+S 7:I* = ! L>GE P>T CONSI/$ ( REPHRASES ( OR DIRECT QUOTATIONS FROM ,*]KEZOV71 ,M>XISM SUFF]$ FROM A FATAL AMBIVAL5CE1 :I* HAD 5T]$ ! !ORY AT ITS V]Y ORIG9S4 ,IT %>$ ) ALL SOCIALISM1 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM1 A VISION ( ! FUTURE 9 :I* SOCIETY W\LD BE MANAG$ BY FREE ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S' & PEASANTS' ORGANIZATIONS 7,GONGNONG ZUZHIDE ZIY\ XIE%E GONGTONG GUANLI74.<#d#a#c.> ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 ! ME?OD ! !ORY SUGGE/$ = REA*+ ?IS GOAL COMPROMIS$ ITS VISION IRR$EEMABLY1 S9CE ALL ( ! KEY CONCEPTS ?AT ,M>X HAD UTILIZ$ TO =MULATE HIS !ORY--H5CE ! !ORY ITSELF--W]E D]IVATIVE ( ! IDEAS ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S & PHILOSOPH]S1 :I* MEANT ?AT HIS ME?ODS W]E %AP$ BY ! PREMISES & PREJUDICES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,M>XISM1 9 O!R WORDS1 SUFF]$ FROM A FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ITS SOCIALI/ VISION>Y GOAL & A ME?OD = ATTA9+ ?AT GOAL ?AT WAS ?OR\<LY 9FECT$ BY B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 ,! ME?OD ITSELF1 MOREOV]1 CONTA9$ A CONTRADICTION3 BETWE5 A T5D5CY ?AT WAS SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC BUT RE=MI/ & A T5D5CY ?AT WAS REVOLUTION>Y BUT ,JACOB9I/ 7H5CE DIVORC$ FROM ! PEOPLE74 ,DIFF]5T ?\< !Y W]E1 NEI!R ME?OD BROKE ) B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 

,:ILE !SE WRIT+S 9SI/$ ?AT ,M>X HAD LACK$ ORIG9ALITY AS A SOCIAL ?9K]1 S9CE HE HAD RECEIV$ ALL ( HIS !ORETICAL 9SI<TS FROM O!RS1 !Y NEV]!LESS RECOGNIZ$ 9 HIM CONSID]ABLE COMPLEXITY1 DRAW+ A DI/9CTION BETWE5 A Y\NG ,M>X & A MATURE ,M>X 9 T]MS ( HIS ATTITUDE T[>D ! /ATE4 ,9 HIS E>LI] WRIT+S1 9CLUD+ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ,M>X HAD PRIVILEG$ ! /ATE AS AN AG5T ( *ANGE & SE5 9 ! SOCIALI/ CAPTURE ( ! /ATE ! KEY TO BR++ AB\T SOCIALISM4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HAD CON/ITUT$ A TURN+ PO9T 9 ,M>X'S ?9K+2 IT HAD 9SPIR$ HIM TO A NEW VIEW ( SOCIALISM AS A F$]ATION ( FREE ASSOCIATIONS 7ZIY\ ZUZHIDE LIANBANG74 ,!REAFT]1 HE HAD AB&ON$ HIS =M] RELIANCE ON ! /ATE AS ! AG5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,AL?\< 9 HIS ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM HE HAD ONCE AGA9 TURN$ TO ! !ME ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 IT WAS NOT CLE> :E!R HE MEANT A DICTATOR%IP ( ! /ATE1 AS SOME ,M>XI/S CLAIM$1 OR A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PEOPLE AFT] ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,COMMUNE4 

,IF !RE WAS A VILLA9 9 ! ACC\NT1 IT WAS ,5GELS4 ,IT WAS ,5GELS :O HAD ELEVAT$ ,M>X TO ! /ATUS ( A CREATIVE G5IUS1 !RE=E COV]+ UP ,M>X'S 9TELLECTUAL DEBT TO B\RGEOIS S*OL>S4 ,IT WAS ,5GELS :O HAD S\<T TO SYN!SIZE ! IRRECONCILABLE PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS ( MAT]IALISM & ! DIALECTIC 9TO A DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM1 :I* HE !N PRES5T$ AS A SCI5CE 7:I*1 ,*]KEZOV >GU$1 DI/ORT$ ,M>X BECAUSE IT PRIVILEG$ ! D$UCTIVE ME?OD OV] ! 9DUCTIVE ME?OD1 :I* ,M>X HAD FAVOR$1 & RE/OR$ TO ,M>XISM ! ,HEGELIAN METAPHYSICS1 :I* ,M>X HAD REPUDIAT$74 ,F9ALLY1 ,5GELS HAD BE5 RESPONSIBLE = RE/OR+ TO ,M>XISM ITS PRE-,P>IS ,COMMUNE PREJUDICE = ! /ATE BY ONCE AGA9 PRIVILEG+ ! /ATE AS AN AG5T ( *ANGE4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 HE HAD ALSO TAK5 REVOLUTION \T ( ,M>XISM & MADE IT 9TO A /RATEGY ( PEACEFUL *ANGE4 

,5GELS1 9 O!R WORDS1 APPE>$ AS ! IMM$IATE S\RCE ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,L59 HAD BROK5 ) ,5GELSIAN ,M>XISM BO? 9 HIS 9SI/5CE ON VIOL5CE & 9 HIS ELEVATION ( ! IDEA ( PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,HE1 TOO1 H[EV]1 HAD DEP>T$ FROM ! PO/-,COMMUNE IDEAS ( ,M>X4 ,RA!R1 HIS APPROA* TO ,M>XISM HAD REVIV$ ! ,JACOB9I/ TRADITION1 :I* R$UC$ ! REAL REVOLUTION>IESWORK]S & PEASANT/O M]E APP5DAGES TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE ! ,BOL%EVIKS S\<T TO REPRES5T !MSELVES AS *AMPIONS ( ! PEOPLE BY CLAIM+ ! ,SOVIETS = !IR [N1 ?IS HAD LITTLE BASIS 9 REALITY1 = ! ,SOVIETS HAD BE5 AN>*I/ 9 9SPIRATION & ORIG94 ,L59'S SOCIALISM1 ,*]KEZOV CONCLUD$1 WAS BUT A MODIFI$ /ATE CAPITALISM1 CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY ) C>RY+ \T ! TASK ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 :I* 9 ADVANC$ C\NTRIES HAD BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,?IS PORTRAYAL ( ,M>XISM WAS ITSELF QUITE R$UCTIONI/ 9 SOME ( ITS KEY CONCLUSIONS2 NEV]!LESS1 IT RAIS$ QUE/IONS CONC]N+ ,M>XISM ?AT RETA9 !IR SIGNIFICANCE TO ?IS DAY &1 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,*9A 9 ! #a#i#bS1 WAS )\T P>ALLEL 9 SOPHI/ICATION4 ,! QUE/IONS IT RAIS$ CONC]N+ ! RELATION%IP ( ,M>XISM TO ITS B\RGEOIS LEGACY1 ! ROLE ,5GELS PLAY$ 9 ! =MULATION ( ,M>XISM AFT] ,M>X1 & ESPECIALLY ! MEAN+ ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! PO/-,COMMUNE WRIT+S ( ,M>X W]E BASIC ISSUES1 :I* >E DEBAT$ TO ?IS DAY4 ,*]KEZOV1 MOREOV]1 BACK$ UP HIS >GUM5TS ) AN EXT5SIVE COV]AGE ( ,M>XI/ & NON-,M>XI/ LIT]ATURE ?AT WAS V]Y IMPRESSIVE = ITS GRASP ( F9E DETAILS 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM4 

,! ISSUES ,*]KEZOV RAIS$ QUICKLY ASSUM$ NE>LY =MULAIC /ATUS 9 AN>*I/ DISCUSSIONS ( ,M>XISM1 AS MAY BE GLEAN$ FROM AN >TICLE BY ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU PUBLI%$ 9 ,PEOPLE'S ,TOCS9 9 E>LY #a#i#b#g4.<#d#a#d.> ,%5 RAIS$ SIX OBJECTIONS TO ,M>XISM3 7#a7 ,M>X HAD COPI$ HIS MO/ BASIC IDEAS FROM O!RS3 CLASS /RUGGLE 7,GUIZOT1 ,CONSID]ANT1 ,BLANC1 ,PR\DHON72 ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL 7,CONSID]ANT72 SURPLUS VALUE 7,SISMONDI1 ,BLANQUI72 RATE ( PR(IT 7,RIC>DO72 HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM 7,VICO1 ,H]D]74 7#b7 ,M>XISM IS UTOPIAN1 NOT SCI5TIFIC BECAUSE SCI5CE IS BAS$ ON ! 9DUCTIVE ME?OD :]EAS ,M>XISM IS METAPHYSICAL2 H5CE ITS ]RORS ON SU* QUE/IONS AS ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL1 OR ITS 9ABILITY TO ACC\NT = ! ROLE CONSCI\SNESS PLAYS 9 SOCIETY BECAUSE ( ITS ASSUMPTION ( TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM1 :I* IGNORES ?AT IT IS HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS ?AT CREATES TE*NOLOGY4 7#c7 ,M>XISM ADVOCATES PRIVATE PROP]TY2 ! /ATE TAKES OV] PRODUCTION & REMUN]ATES 9DIVIDUALS ACCORD+ TO !IR CONTRIBUTION1 :I* TURNS EV]YONE 9TO A CAPITALI/4 7#d7 ,M>XISM IS RE=MI/1 NOT REVOLUTION>Y4 7#e7 ,M>XISM ADVOCATES DICTATOR%IP ( ! FEW4 7#f7 ,M>XISM /RESSES 9DU/RY & IGNORES AGRICULTURE2 H5CE IT IS IRRELEVANT TO ,*9A4 ,! LA/ ITEM1 TO BE DISCUSS$ FUR!R1 WAS A P>TICUL>LY ,*9ESE CONC]N2 ! RE/ W]E M]ELY SUMM>IES ( ,*]KEZOV'S >GUM5T 7AS ,%5 ACKN[L$G$ 9 HIS ESSAY74 

,TWO ( ! ISSUES ?AT ,*]KEZOV RAIS$ W]E ( P>TICUL> IMPORTANCE 9 ,*9ESE DISCUSSIONS ( ,M>XISM3 ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL1 & CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,AN ESSAY ( ,*]KEZOV'S ON ! =M] ISSUE APPE>$ 9 AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS MORE ?AN ONCE1 COMPLEM5T$ BY ,*9ESE DISCUSSIONS ON ! SUBJECT4 ,! ESSAY >GU$1 BAS$ ON EMPIRICAL DATA1 ?AT ,M>X HAD BE5 WRONG 9 PR$ICT+ A PROGRESSIVE CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & SUGGE/$ TO ! CONTR>Y ?AT ! NUMB] ( 9DEP5D5T BUS9ESSES HAD BE5 ON ! RISE S9CE ,M>X'S TIME4 ,AN>*I/S W]E IMPRESS$ BY ,*]KEZOV'S IDEA ?AT ,M>X HAD COPI$ ?IS NOTION FROM O!R ECONOMI/S4 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 H[EV]1 MAY HAVE BE5 ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! QUE/ION = ! FUTURE ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 ,IMP]IALISM3 ,! ,HI<E/ ,/AGE ( ,CAPITALISM ,L59 HAD P]CEIV$ 9 ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL A PROCESS ?AT W\LD FACILITATE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALISM2 ! /ATE NE$$ ONLY TO TAKE OV] FROM L>GE CORPORATIONS 9 ORD] TO CONV]T AN ECONOMY FROM CAPITALI/ TO SOCIALI/4 ,! PROLIF]ATION ( SMALL 5T]PRISES W\LD SUGGE/1 TO ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT /ATE SOCIALISM C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ ONLY BY GO+ AGA9/ ECONOMIC TR5DS1 :I* L5T ADDITIONAL SUPPORT TO ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,:E!R AN>*I/S ALSO P]CEIV$ 9 ?IS AN >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( AN>*ISM IS MORE DIFFICULT TO SAY4.<#d#a#e.> 

,! ISSUE ( CLASS WAS MORE COMPLEX1 IF ONLY AN>*I/S W]E !MSELVES DIVID$ OV] IT4 ,SOME AN>*I/S REJECT$ IT ALTOGE!R BECAUSE !Y VIEW$ CLASS /RUGGLE AS ANO!R EXPRESSION ( SELFI%NESS 9 SOCIETY1 :I*1 9 ! SOCIAL DIVISIONS IT PROMOT$1 CONTRAV5$ ! HUMANIT>IAN GOALS ( AN>*ISM2 ?IS VIEW ( CLASS W\LD PROVIDE ,GUOM9DANG-RELAT$ AN>*I/S ) AN IDEOLOGICAL WEAPON AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! LATE TW5TIES4 ,O!RS1 :ILE !Y W]E WILL+ TO RECOGNIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( CLASS1 W]E NEV]!LESS RELUCTANT TO ATTRIBUTE TO IT ! C5TRALITY ) :I* ,M>XI/S 5D[$ IT4 ,AN UNATTRIBUT$ >TICLE 9 ,PEOPLE'S ,VOICE 9 #aiba >GU$ ?AT !RE WAS LITTLE REASON TO VIEW ALL HI/ORY AS ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 AS ,M>XI/S CLAIM$1 BECAUSE CLASSES W]E NOT ALWAYS DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ONE ANO!R 9 !IR 9T]E/S2 & EV5 IF CLASS /RUGGLE AT TIMES MOV$ TO ! C5T] ( HI/ORY1 IT WAS NOT ALWAYS C5TRAL1 S9CE O!R LOYALTIES 7SU* AS NATIONAL LOYALTY7 TOOK PREC$5CE OV] CLASS LOYALTY4 ,MO/ 9T]E/+ WAS ! ?\<T EXP]IM5T ! AU?OR SUGGE/$3  
  

,SUPPOSE SOMEONE SUGGE/S ANO!R ME?OD ( REVOLUTION ON ! BASIS ( ! ?REE L9ES 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O3 7#a7 ,WOM5 ( ! WORLD1 UNITE2 7#b7 OV]?R[ ! PRES5T-DAY MALE POLITICAL ORD]2 7#c7 .<E/ABLI%.> A WOMAN'S DICTATOR%IP4 ,PUT SIMPLY1 MALE-FEMALE /RUGGLE1 DICTATOR%IP ( WOM54 ,!Y ALSO SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS IS ! ME?OD ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 & ! MEANS TO ! TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM4 ,%\LD \R SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD BE ! =M] 7,M>X'S7 OR ! LATT] 7WOM5'S78 ,OR %\LD WE LET EA* FOLL[ ITS [N WAY8 ,:ATEV] ! *OICE MI<T BE1 WE ?9K ?AT PEOPLE HAVE NO WI% TO HE$ ?IS K9D ( !ORY4.<#d#a#f.>  
  

,IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE BUT ]RONE\S TO READ ?IS /ATEM5T AS D]OGATORY ( WOM52 ! /RUGGLE ( WOM5 = LIB]ATION WAS AFT] ALL A PRIM>Y CONC]N = AN>*I/S & A PROBABLE REASON = QUE/ION+ AN EXCLUSIVE FOCUS ON ! PROLET>IAT4 ,RA!R1 ! PO9T WAS TO *ALL5GE ! ,M>XI/ ASSUMPTION ( A C5TRAL ?READ TO HI/ORY 9 CLASS /RUGGLE & ! CONSEQU5T C5T]+ ( ! /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION ON ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! GOAL1 9 O!R WORDS1 WAS TO FUR!R OP5 UP ! POSSIBILITIES AVAILABLE 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION BY D5Y+ TO HI/ORY A C5T]4 

,EV5 ?OSE AN>*I/S :O TOOK CLASS /RUGGLE = GRANT$ VIEW$ IT 9 T]MS SLI<TLY DIFF]5T ?AN ?OSE ( ,M>XISM3 NOT AS A FUNCTION ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS BUT RA!R 9 T]MS ( RI* & POOR1 ?OSE :O LIV$ (F ! LABOR ( O!RS & ?OSE :O LABOR$1 OR EV5 ! $UCAT$ V]SUS ! UN$UCAT$4 ,= AN>*I/ ADVOCATES ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! CONCEPT CREAT$ A PROBLEM1 MOREOV]1 BECAUSE ( ! RELATION%IP ?AT ! ,L59I/ >GUM5T E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 CLASS & ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT2 :ILE !Y CONC$$ ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE WAS A BASIC DATUM ( HI/ORY1 !Y 9SI/$ ?AT CLASSES C\LD NOT BE ALL[$ TO EXI/ AFT] ! REVOLUTION BECAUSE ?IS W\LD MEAN ! 9EVITABLE RESURRECTION ( ! /ATE4 ,! REVOLUTION1 9 O!R WORDS1 MU/ PURSUE A /RATEGY ?AT W\LD ABOLI% NOT ONLY EXI/+ CLASS OPPRESSION BUT ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( CLASSES4 ,\ ,%5GBAI1 :O MAY HAVE BE5 CLOSE/ TO ! ,COMMUNI/S ON ! ISSUE ( CLASS1 EXPLA9$3  
  

,I ADVOCATE CLASS W> BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE ?AT CLASSES MU/ BE EXT+UI%$2 IF ! RUL$ CLASSES DO NOT UNITE TO OV]?R[ ! RUL+ CLASS1 ! CLASS SY/EM CANNOT BE EASILY ABOLI%$4 ,BUT ,I WI% TO USE CLASS W> TO ABOLI% CLASSES1 NOT TO OV]TURN !M AS Y\ .<! ,COMMUNI/S.> DO2 MO/ AN>*I/S PURSUE ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T & ADVOCATE CLASS W>4 ,:5 ,I SPEAK ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 IT IS ! REAL WORK+ CLASS2 ,I DO NOT MEAN1 AS Y\ DO1 ORGANIZE A POLITICAL P>TY & VIEW IT AS ! WORK+ CLASS1 MAKE ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO A TOOL ( ! POLITICAL P>TY1 OR MAKE ! P>TY 9TO A DICTATOR OV] ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AL?\< ,I HAVE REFRA9$ FROM CRITICIZ+ ! SY/EM 9 ,RUSSIA1 !RE IS MU* AB\T IT ?AT IS NOT SATISFACTORY4 ,UND] ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 CAPITALI/S >E \R MUTUAL 5EMY1 & 9/EAD ( ATTACK+ ONE ANO!R1 WE MU/ GIVE ONE ANO!R SUPPORT4 ,BUT IF Y\ TRY TO C>RY ! ,RUSSIAN SY/EM TO ,*9A 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 ,I CANNOT GO ALONG ) IT4.<#d#a#g.>  
  

,AN>*I/ OBJECTIONS TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT FUR!R ILLU/RATE ! WAYS 9 :I* AN>*I/S F\ND COMMUNISM TO BE WANT+ 9 ITS CONCEPTION ( ! ROLE ( CLASSES 9 REVOLUTION4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY H]E ?AT :]E ?IS P>TICUL> ISSUE WAS CONC]N$1 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S HAD ALREADY ELABORAT$ >GUM5TS ?AT !Y N[ DEVELOP$ FUR!R 9 !IR CRITICISMS ( ,M>XISM4 ,! PORTRAYAL ( ,M>XISM BY ,*]KEZOV L5T ADDITIONAL SUPPORT TO !SE >GUM5TS4 ,M>X'S VIEWS ON CLASS W]E LACK+ 9 AU!NTICITY1 ,*]KEZOV SUGGE/$1 BECAUSE !Y HAD BE5 COPI$ FROM O!RS2 !Y W]E C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y BECAUSE !Y W]E ROOT$ 9 B\RGEOIS CONCEPTIONS ( POLITICS4 ,M>X'S ONLY DIFF]5CE FROM HIS TEA*]S ,GUIZOT & ,LOR5Z VON ,/E91 BO? DEF5D]S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! B\RGEOISIE1 HAD BE5 ?AT :]EAS !Y HAD JU/IFI$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 HE HAD >GU$ = A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* TO ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S MEANT ECONOMIC /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION1 MEANT TO ,M>XI/S A POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 :I* BASICALLY DIFF]$ LITTLE FROM B\RGEOIS CONCEPTIONS4.<#d#a#h.> 

,AN>*I/S & ,REVOLUTION 9 ,*9A 

  

,= ALL !IR BRAVE TALK AB\T ! BANKRUPTCY ( ,BOL%EVISM & ,M>XISM1 AN>*I/S W]E WELL AW>E BY ! MID-TW5TIES ?AT !Y W]E 9EXORABLY LOS+ GR\ND TO ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,! ALLIANCE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG 7=MALIZ$ 9 E>LY #a#i#b#d7 SIGNIFICANTLY 9CREAS$ ,COMMUNI/ ACCESS TO ! MASS MOVEM5TS4 ,BY ! TIME ( ! SECOND ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#b#e1 ,COMMUNI/S HAD REPLAC$ AN>*I/S 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T2 !IR 9FLU5CE OV] LABOR W\LD DRAW FUR!R =CE FROM ! MASS MOBILIZATION ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,MAY ,?IRTIE? ,9CID5T 9 #a#i#b#e1 AS W\LD !IR 9FLU5CE OV] Y\? & WOM5'S MOVEM5TS &1 />T+ 9 #a#i#b#e1 OV] ! GR[+ AGR>IAN MOVEM5T4 

,AN>*I/S !MSELVES HAD ! OPTION ( BR++ !IR MOVEM5T UND] ! ,GUOM9DANG UMBRELLA4 ,! ,GUOM9DANG HAD ITS [N IDEOLOGY 9 ,SUN ,YAT-S5'S ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES1 ( C\RSE1 BUT UNLIKE ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 IT WAS LOOSE ORGANIZATIONALLY & ACCOMMODAT$ DISP>ATE POLITICAL POSITIONS UND] ITS IDEOLOGICAL UMBRELLA4 ,AS ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU W\LD WRITE 9 #a#i#b#g1 ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES W]E QUITE FLEXIBLE 9 !IR BROADNESS & !IR EMPHASES C\LD *ANGE ) *ANG+ CIRCUM/ANCES4.<#d#a#i.> ,BESIDES1 ! DOY5S ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A1 SU* AS ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 W]E IMPORTANT MEMB]S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG2 !Y N[ PRESSUR$ !IR Y\NG] FOLL[]S TO JO9 ! ,GUOM9DANG TO COMPETE ) ,COMMUNI/S4 

,AFT] ! ,GUOM9DANG SUPPRESSION ( COMMUNISM 9 #a#i#b#g1 MANY AN>*I/S W\LD COLLABORATE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG UND] ! SLOGAN ,USE ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES AS A MEANS TO A*IEVE AN>*ISM 7YI SANM9 ZHUYI WEI %\DUAN1 YI WUZH5GFU ZHUYI WEI MUBIAO2 LIT]ALLY1 ,TAKE ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES AS ME?OD1 AN>*ISM AS GOAL74.<#d#b.> ,9 ! E>LY TW5TIES1 H[EV]1 ! MORE ACTIVI/ AMONG ! AN>*I/S1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE CONNECT$ ) ! ,GUANGZH\ & ,SI*UAN AN>*I/S1 W]E RELUCTANT TO 5T] SU* AN ALLIANCE4 ,:ILE AN>*I/S COLLABORAT$ ) ,GUOM9DANG LABOR LEAD]S 9 ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,%AN<AI 9 #a#i#b#d-#b#e 7& POSSIBLY ALSO 9 ,GUANGZH\71 BECAUSE ( !IR OPPOSITION TO POLITICS !Y REMA9$ W>Y ( ANY ALLIANCE ) A POLITICAL P>TY4 ,9 #aiab ,%IFU HAD CRITICIZ$ ,ZHANG ,JI & ,WU ,ZHIHUI = !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,HIS HEIRS N[ DIRECT$ SIMIL> CRITICISM AT ,WU ,ZHIHUI & ,LI ,%IZ5G = !IR POLITICAL ACTIVITIES4 

,RADICAL AN>*I/S W]E ALSO OPPOS$ TO ! NATIONALI/ GOALS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T L$ BY ! ,GUOM9DANG-,COMMUNI/ ALLIANCE4 ,AT ! HEI<T ( ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A1 AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO CRITICIZE NATIONALISM & PATRIOTISM AS OB/ACLES TO ! PROGRESS ( HUMANK9D1 ROOT$ 9 SELFI%NESS & SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T4 ,!Y BEMOAN$ ! GR[? ( PATRIOTIC S5TIM5T S9CE ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T1 = !Y BELIEV$ ?AT NATIONALISM 9EVITABLY /R5G!N$ ! GOV]NM5T & BUILT WALLS >\ND PEOPLE ?AT SEP>AT$ !M FROM ONE ANO!R4.<#d#b#a.> ,:5 ,JEAN ,GRAVE 9 A LETT] G5TLY REBUK$ ,*9ESE AN>*I/S = !IR 9FLEXIBILITY ON ?IS ISSUE1 REM9D+ !M ?AT HE & ,KROPOTK9 HAD SUPPORT$ ,WORLD ,W> ,I AS A NECESS>Y COMPROMISE1 ,BI ,XIU%AO 7:O HAD KN[N ,GRAVE 9 ,FRANCE7 RESPOND$ ?AT :ILE AN>*I/S W]E OPPOS$ TO IMP]IALISM BECAUSE ( ITS OPPRESSIV5ESS1 !Y C\LD NOT SUPPORT A NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T ?AT GLORIFI$ PATRIOTISM4.<#d#b#b.> 

,BEYOND !SE ISSUES ( PR9CIPLE1 AN>*I/S OPPOS$ ! ,GUOM9DANG AS A B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y 9 NATURE4 ,9DE$1 AN>*I/S P]CEIV$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ALLIANCE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG CONFIRMATION ( !IR BELIEF ?AT ,BOL%EVISM WAS ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS 9 ORI5TATION4 ,9 A LONG ESSAY CRITICIZ+ ,COMMUNI/ RATIONALIZATIONS = JO9+ ! ,GUOM9DANG1 ,MAO ,YIBO PO9T$ \T ?AT ! SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y ,GUOM9DANG SP5T MU* ( ITS TIME SUPPRESS+ REAL REVOLUTION>IES4.<#d#b#c.> 

,AN>*I/ ATTITUDES T[>D !IR COMPETITORS ON ! REVOLUTION>Y SC5E W]E SUMM>IZ$ 9 #aibf 9 A ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,HUNAN ,AN>*I/ ,ALLIANCE 7,HUNANQU WUZH5GFU ZHUYIZHE TONGM5G XUANYAN73  
  

,WE MU/ BREAK D[N ! ]RORS ( O!R DOCTR9ES SO ?AT ! MASSES MAY BE L$ ON TO ! CORRECT PA?4 ,! EVIL DOCTR9ES ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD1 SU* AS IMP]IALISM1 MILIT>ISM1 CAPITALISM1 NE$ NOT BE BROK5 D[N BY US2 ! MASSES ALREADY OPPOSE !M4 ,AS = ! O!RS1 SU* AS ,M>XISM 7I4E41 ,BOL%EVISM & ,L59ISM71 9TEGRAL NATIONALISM 7GUOJIA ZHUYI71 ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES1 ETC41 !Y HAVE ON ! SURFACE SOME TRU? TO !M1 & !RE >E ?OSE AMONG ! MASSES :O BL9DLY PURSUE !M4 ,A LITTLE EXAM9ATION WILL %[1 H[EV]1 ?AT !Y >E NO MORE ?AN MODIFI$ REVAN*ISM 7BA(U ZHUYI71 COMM&ISM 7%\L+ ZHUYI71 & AGGRESSIONISM 7Q9LUE ZHUYI74 ,!SE DOCTR9ES NOT ONLY CANNOT RESOLVE HUMANK9D'S PROBLEMS1 !Y >E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !MSELVES OB/ACLES TO REVOLUTION 9 ! PA? ( HUMAN PROGRESS4.<#d#b#d.>  

,REVOLUTION & ,ORGANIZATION 

  

,AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO PHRASE !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y GOALS 9 BROAD HUMANIT>IAN T]MS4 ,! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 9 #aibc DESCRIB$ ! GOALS ( REVOLUTION AS ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL ?AT WAS CONTR>Y TO REASON1 & ! CREATION ( A SOCIETY ( MUTUAL LABOR1 MUTUAL AID1 & MUTUAL LOVE 7HULAO1 HUZHU1 HUAI74.<#d#b#e.> ,! ,EQUALITY ,SOCIETY 7,JUN%E7 9 ,SI*UAN S\<T TO BR+ AB\T A WORLD ORGANIZ$ >\ND LOVE1 NOT KILL+2 A WORLD ( MUTUAL AID1 NOT COMPETITION4.<#d#b#f.> ,9 #aibg ! AN>*I/-,GUOM9DANG P]IODICAL ,REVOLUTION ,WEEKLY 7,GEM+ ZH\BAO7 DEPICT$ ! GOALS ( AN>*ISM AS ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL ?AT WAS OLD1 IRRATIONAL1 & H>MFUL &1 !RE=E1 UNSUIT$ TO EXI/5CE2 & ! CREATION ( A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS NEW1 RATIONAL1 & B5EFICIAL TO HUMAN EXI/5CE4.<#d#b#g.> ,ALL AN>*I/S AGRE$ ?AT ! GOAL ( AN AU!NTIC REVOLUTION WAS TO TRANS=M SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS & LIFE AT ITS QUOTIDIAN LEVEL1 9 ORD] TO CREATE RECEPTIVITY TO SU* A CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY2 !IR [N ROLE WAS TO 9CITE ! MASSES TO ACTION TO A*IEVE SU* A CONSCI\SNESS4 ,WU ,ZHIHUI E/IMAT$ AT ONE PO9T ?AT ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION W\LD TAKE AB\T ?REE ?\S& YE>S TO A*IEVE 7?\< HE ADD$1 A FEW YE>S LAT]1 ?AT IF EV]Y AN>*I/ WAS A ,%IFU1 IT MI<T TAKE ONLY FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S74.<#d#b#h.> ,IT W\LD ALSO TAKE MANY1 MANY REVOLUTIONS TO A*IEVE ?IS GOAL4 

,AN>*I/S 9 ! TW5TIES1 UNLIKE ?OSE 9 E>LI] YE>S1 C\LD NO LONG] AF=D TO BE SATISFI$ BY VAGUE /ATEM5TS ( REVOLUTION4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ *ALL5GE WAS TO COMPEL AN>*I/S TO PAY CLOS] ATT5TION TO CONCRETE ISSUES ( REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE !Y W]E OPPOS$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ /RATEGY ( REVOLUTION1 AN>*I/S HAD TO EVOLVE A /RATEGY ( !IR [N TO PROVE !IR VIABILITY AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,?IS WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT DEVELOPM5T 9 ,*9ESE AN>*ISM 9 ! TW5TIES4 ,IT WAS EVID5T 9 ! 9CREAS+ ATT5TION DEVOT$ TO ?REE QUE/IONS ) :I* ! ,COMMUNI/S PRES5T$ !M3 ORGANIZATION1 REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY1 & ! DEF5SE ( REVOLUTION 7AN ALT]NATIVE1 9 O!R WORDS1 TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT74 

,! NE$ TO ORGANIZE1 & TO F9D A SUITABLE MEANS ( ORGANIZATION1 W]E MAJOR AN>*I/ PREOCCUPATIONS4 ,AN>*I/S 9SI/$ ?AT !Y W]E NOT OPPOS$ TO ORGANIZATION 7AS ! ,COMMUNI/S *>G$71 ?AT !Y OPPOS$ ONLY ! K9D ( ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS 9CONSI/5T ) ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY !Y S\<T TO CREATE9 O!R WORDS1 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT TOOK AS ITS AIM NOT SOCIAL REVOLUTION BUT ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 :I* WAS HI]>*ICAL & CO]CIVE 9 ITS 9T]NAL FUNCTION+4.<#d#b#i.> ,Q9 ,BAOPU *>G$ ) LAZ9ESS AN>*I/S :O BELIEV$ ?AT AN>*ISM %\LD NOT BE ORGANIZ$1 OR ?AT AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION HAD NO ROOM = DISCIPL9E1 RULES1 & REGULATIONS4 ,ORGANIZATION WAS A NECESSITY ( REVOLUTION1 HE ASS]T$2 AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION WAS DI/+UI%$ FROM O!RS 9 ?AT IT MU/ BE BAS$ ON ! WILL ( ! MASSES 7QUNZHONG YIZHI74 ,LIKE O!R AN>*I/S1 HE BELIEV$ ?AT AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION MU/ MOVE FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 ,HE PROPOS$ AS ! 9ITIAL TASK ( ORGANIZATION ! F\ND+ ( SMALL ORGANIZATIONS 7XIAO ZUZHI7 9 LOCALITIES1 PRODUCTIVE UNITS1 & S*OOLS4 ,!SE ORGANIZATIONS W\LD ASSOCIATE ) O!RS 9 !IR PROXIMITY 9 LOCAL CONGRESSES 7QUHUI74 ,EXCEPT OV] FUNDAM5TAL ISSUES ?AT REQUIR$ CONGRESS DECISION1 ! SMALL ORGANIZATIONS W\LD BE 9DEP5D5T 9 C>RY+ \T DAY-TO-DAY AFFAIRS1 REPRES5T$ BY !IR SECRET>IES4 ,9 ?IS MANN]1 HE BELIEV$1 :OLE C\NTIES & PROV9CES C\LD BE ORGANIZ$ = ACTION4 ,:ILE O!R AN>*I/S AT ! TIME CALL$ = A NATIONAL CONGRESS ( AN>*I/S1 ,Q9 BELIEV$ ?AT SU* A CONGRESS W\LD BE PREMATURE UNTIL AFT] LOCALITIES HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$4 ,) ! C\NTRY ?US ORGANIZ$1 ONCE REVOLUTION BROKE \T AT ! C5T]S ( POLITICAL P[]1 IT W\LD SPREAD RAPIDLY4 ,:AT WAS MO/ IMPORTANT = ! TIME BE+ WAS TO ORGANIZE ! MASSES )\T ! USE ( CO]CION--:I* ALI5AT$ !M1 AS ! ,BOL%EVIK EXAMPLE %[$--& TO NEUTRALIZE ?OSE O!RS :O W]E POT5TIALLY OPPOS$ TO REVOLUTION4 ,HE 5VISAG$ A VIOL5T REVOLUTION1 = HE BELIEV$ ?AT P[] HOLD]S W]E UNLIKELY TO REL9QUI% !IR P[] VOLUNT>ILY4.<#d#c.> 

,:ILE ,Q9'S PROPOSALS REPRES5T$ MA9/REAM AN>*I/ ?9K+ ON ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION1 O!RS W]E WILL+ TO GO /ILL FUR!R4 ,PEOPLE'S ,VANGU>D MAGAZ9E1 MORE RADICAL ?AN MO/ 9 ITS ADVOCACY ( CLASS /RUGGLE & ITS OPPOSITION TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE BY ,MAO ,YIBO ?AT S\ND$ MU* LIKE ! ,BOL%EVIK /RATEGY ! AN>*I/S OPPOS$4 ,AL?\< REVOLUTION WAS CLASS /RUGGLE & MU/ ULTIMATELY DEP5D = ITS SUCCESS ON ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES1 ALL REVOLUTIONS HI/ORICALLY HAD BE5 ! WORK ( ! FEW :OSE CONSCI\SNESS WAS 9 ADVANCE ( ! MASSES !Y REPRES5T$2 !Y1 !RE=E1 MU/ PLAY A /RATEGIC P>T 9 >\S+ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( O!RS & 9 LEAD+ !M 9 REVOLUTION4.<#d#c#a.> 

,UND] CONTEMPOR>Y CIRCUM/ANCES ORGANIZATION FROM ! BOTTOM UP WAS POSSIBLY A HOPELESS DREAM 7AS ! ,COMMUNI/S BELIEV$7 )\T A L>G] ORGANIZATIONAL UMBRELLA TO COORD9ATE & TO PROTECT IT2 BUT ! MAJORITY ( AN>*I/S REFUS$ TO 5T]TA9 ANY SU* PROJECT4 ,9 #aibg ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU WAS /ILL PLEAD+ ) FELL[ AN>*I/S TO OV]COME !IR QUALMS AB\T P>TICIPAT+ 9 A NATIONAL CONGRESS4.<#d#c#b.> ,AS WE HAVE SE51 AN>*I/ EF=TS TO F$]ATE LOCAL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E 9 ! 5D FRUITLESS BECAUSE !Y %I$ AWAY FROM ANY SUGGE/ION ( C5TRALIZATION 9 ! MOVEM5T4 

,AN>*I/ SUSPICION ( C5TRALIZATION ACC\NTS ALSO = ! DIRECTION AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY W\LD TAKE4 ,9 !IR DISCUSSIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY1 AN>*I/S TOOK AS !IR IMM$IATE GOAL ! OV]?R[ ( ! /ATE & CAPITALISM4 ,9 ,H[ TO ,RESOLVE ! ,PROBLEMS ( ,PRES5T-DAY ,*9ESE ,POLITICS1 ,\ ,%5GBAI1 :O WAS HELD 9 HI< E/EEM BY FELL[ AN>*I/S = HIS ATT5TION TO CONCRETE REVOLUTION>Y PROBLEMS1 DISCUSS$ ! SAD /ATE ( ,*9ESE POLITICS OV] ! PREC$+ T5 YE>S & \TL9$ A PROGRAM ( ACTION3  
  

,ON ! BASIS ( !SE EXP]I5CES1 WE DEEPLY FEEL ?AT ! CAUSES ( POPUL> MIS]Y >E !SE3 7#a7 ,BECAUSE ( ! PRES5T POLITICAL SY/EM P[] IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 A FEW H&S ) ! RESULT ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE DO NOT HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY = FREE P>TICIPATION4 7#b7 ,BECAUSE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/S ) ! RESULT ?AT ! B5EFITS ?AT \<T TO ACCRUE TO LABOR]S >E USURP$ BY CAPITALI/S4 

,!RE=E1 IF WE WI% TO PURSUE ! HAPP9ESS ( ! PEOPLE1 WE MU/ SEEK TO RE=M BO? ! POLITICAL & ! ECONOMIC SY/EM2 ! PR9CIPLE ( RE=M IS NO?+ BUT ADVANC+ FROM A SITUATION ( EXTREME ABS5CE ( FRE$OM TO RELATIVE FRE$OM4 ,! IMPORTANT PO9TS >E !SE3 7#a7 ABOLI% ! SY/EM ( W>LORD & BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL NATIONALLY & PROV9CIALLY TO 9/ITUTE BUR<]S' SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 CITIES & TO E/ABLI% A NATIONAL ASSOCIATION ( SELF-GOV]N+ CITIES & VILLAGES2 7#b7 ABOLI% CAPITALISM1 RETURN ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO PUBLIC [N]%IP BY ! PRODUC]S1 SO ?AT ONLY ! PRODUC]S HAVE ! RI<T TO USE & 5JOY !M4 

,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( POLITICAL !ORY1 ! N>R[] ! SCOPE ( /ATE P[]1 ! FRE] >E ! PEOPLE2 !RE=E1 BE=E ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 ?OSE :O PURSUE ! HAPP9ESS ( ! PEOPLE %\LD DIM9I% ! P[] ( ! /ATE TO A M9IMUM4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR %\LD BELONG TO ! SELF OR ?OSE ) :OM ! SELF WI%ES TO %>E2 SO ?AT EA* EX]TS HIMSELF OR H]SELF TO ! UTMO/ 9 ! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION4 ,!RE=E1 BUR<] SELF-GOV]NM5T & ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION >E ! PA?S TO FRE$OM & EQUALITY4.<#d#c#c.>  
  

,:ILE MO/ AN>*I/S AGRE$ ?AT ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] HOLD]S CON/ITUT$ ! MAJOR T>GETS ( REVOLUTION1 !RE WAS SOME DISAGREEM5T OV] :O WAS TO BE 9CLUD$ AMONG ! =CES ?AT W\LD C>RY \T ! REVOLUTION4 ,\ ,%5GBAI1 ,Q9 ,BAOPU1 & SYNDICALI/S SU* AS ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU & ,LU ,JIANBO CONCEIV$ ( REVOLUTION 9 CLASS T]MS & LOOK$ TO URBAN & RURAL LABOR]S AS ! MA9 =CE ( REVOLUTION4 ,9TELLECTUALS W]E MORE PROBLEMATIC2 :ILE ,BAOPU RE/RICT$ REVOLUTION TO ! MASSES1 & 9CLUD$ ! PETIT-B\RGEOISIE AMONG ! =CES ?AT HAD TO BE NEUTRALIZ$1 ,MAO ,YIBO1 AS WE HAVE SE51 PRIVILEG$ 9TELLECTUALS ) A VANGU>D ROLE = !IR REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS4 ,AN>*I/S ALSO DIFF]$ OV] !IR EMPHASES ON URBAN & RURAL LABOR]S1 AL?\< !Y DID NOT NECESS>ILY VIEW RURAL & URBAN REVOLUTION AS MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE4 ,SOME1 H[EV]1 DID BELIEVE ?AT BECAUSE ,*9A WAS AN AGR>IAN SOCIETY1 ! PROLET>IAT HAD BUT A SMALL ROLE TO PLAY 9 ! REVOLUTION2 ONE SU* AN>*I/ PO9T$ TO PEASANTS1 WOM51 & SOLDI]S AS ! GR\PS ON :I* AN>*I/S %\LD CONC5TRATE !IR ATT5TION4.<#d#c#d.> 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,9/ITUTIONS ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,LABOR ,SYNDICATES & ,RURAL ,COMMUNES 

  

,AN>*I/S HAD LONG >GU$ ?AT A MEAN+FUL SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ 9 ! V]Y PROCESS ( REVOLUTION CREATE ! 9/ITUTIONS ON :I* FUTURE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION W\LD BE BAS$4 ,TWO 9/ITUTIONS W]E =EMO/ 9 AN>*I/ DISCUSSIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY AT ?IS TIME & ALSO PROVID$ ! MA9 OBJECTS ( AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY3 SYNDICATES = ORGANIZ+ URBAN LABOR]S1 & COMMUNES = ! ORGANIZATION ( VILLAGES4 ,SOME AN>*I/S ALSO BELIEV$ ?AT ! PEOPLE'S MILITIA 7M9TUAN7 9 ! VILLAGES1 AN AGE-OLD 9/ITUTION 9 ,*9A1 C\LD BE UTILIZ$ FRUITFULLY BO? 9 C>RY+ \T & 9 DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION4 

,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 />T+ ) ,%IFU'S F$]ATION 9 ,%AN<AI 9 #a#i#a#e1 HAD /RESS$ SYNDICATES 7GONGTUAN1 TO BE DI/+UI%$ FROM LABOR UNIONS1 GON<UI7 AS ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W\LD S]VE NOT ONLY AS AG5TS ( REVOLUTION BUT AS ! CORES = LABOR]S ( FUTURE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,%AN<AI ,BRAN* ( ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/S /AT$ 9 #a#i#b#d3  
  

,! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE NOT ONLY WILL /AMP \T BUREAUCRATS1 CAPITALI/S1 & !IR APP5DAGES1 BUT ALSO PUT AN 5D TO DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 9TELLECTUALS1 WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 & M]*ANTS4 ,EV]YONE WILL LABOR = SOCIETY & BECOME LABOR]S :O WILL WORK BO? ) !IR M9DS & !IR H&S4 ,9 ORD] TO MEET ! NE$S ( PRODUCTION = NECESSITIES OR LUXURIES1 TO SATISFY G5]AL OR P>TICUL> NE$S1 !SE LABOR]S WILL ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 A V>IETY ( GR\PS 7TUANTI74 ,!SE GR\PS WILL F$]ATE FREELY ) O!R GR\PS1 & REPLACE PRES5T-DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ORD] = !SE FREELY ORGANIZ$ GR\PS TO FULFILL !IR PROMISE1 IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO OV]?R[ ! PRES5T SY/EM4 ,BUT !SE GR\PS CANNOT BE E/ABLI%$ OV]NI<T2 IF A BASIS = !M IS NOT 9/ITUT$ PRES5TLY1 :5 ! REVOLUTION COMES AB\T & ! OLD SY/EM IS OV]?R[N )\T A NEW ONE TO REPLACE IT1 ALL WILL BE *AOS4 ,IT IS BE/ = ! WORK]S ( ! :OLE WORLD OR ! :OLE C\NTRY TO UNITE 7TUANJIE QILAI71 TO DECL>E W> UPON CAPITALI/S & ! GOV]NM5T ?R\< SU* ME?ODS AS ! G5]AL /RIKE 7ZONGTONGM5G BAGONG71 ON ! ONE H&1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 TO E/ABLI% A F\NDATION = FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ( ?IS ?AT MANY AN>*I/S ALSO ADVOCATE SYNDICALISM4.<#d#c#e.>  
  

,%AN<AI WAS 9 ! TW5TIES ! C5T] ( AN>*I/ SYNDICALI/ ACTIVITY4 ,AN>*I/S HAD BE5 ! FIR/ TO ORGANIZE MOD]N LABOR UNIONS 9 ,*9A1 FIR/ 9 ,GUANGZH\ & !N 9 C5TRAL ,*9A1 9 ,HUNAN4 ,!IR 9FLU5CE 9 LABOR UNIONS DECL9$ 7?\< IT DID NOT DISAPPE>7 9 ,GUANGZH\ AFT] ! ALLIANCE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG ALL[$ ! ,COMMUNI/S TO MAKE 9ROADS 9TO LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,S\?4 ,9 C5TRAL ,*9A ! BLOODY SUPPRESSIONS ( LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 #a#i#b#b-#b#c1 & ONCE AGA9 ! 9CREASE 9 ,COMMUNI/ 9FLU5CE1 DROVE ,HUNANESE AN>*I/S TO ,%AN<AI1 :]E !Y QUICKLY ASSUM$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! BURGEON+ SYNDICALI/ ACTIVITY4 ,! ,F$]ATION ( ,%AN<AI ,SYNDICATES ORGANIZ$ 9 #aibd HELD SWAY OV] =TY TO FIFTY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & R\<LY FIFTY ?\S& WORK]S4.<#d#c#f.> ,! F$]ATION 7:I* ! ,COMMUNI/ LABOR ORGANIZ] & HI/ORIAN ,D5G ,ZHONGXIA W\LD DESCRIBE AS AN ORGANIZATION ( VAGABOND UNIONS7 WAS NOT AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION2 ,GUOM9DANG LABOR LEAD]S PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 IT1 & SOME ( ITS MEMB] UNIONS W]E LESS 9T]E/$ 9 ! PROMOTION ( LABOR 9T]E/S ?AN 9 RECONCIL+ LABOR & CAPITAL:I* WAS NOT NECESS>ILY 9CONSI/5T ) ! AN>*I/ WI% TO BR+ AB\T A REVOLUTION ?AT TRANSC5D$ CLASS 9T]E/4 ,AN>*I/S POSSIBLY PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITY1 H[EV]1 & ! IDEOLOGICAL SLOGAN ( ! F$]ATION1 ,LET US ASK = BREAD ONLY1 & LEAVE POLITICS ALONE1REFLECT$ ! ORI5TATION ( ! AN>*I/S1 :O S\<T TO SPREAD AMONG F$]ATION MEMB]S ! AN>*I/ MESSAGE3 ,RESOLVE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS1 OPPOSE ALL POLITICS1 5GAGE 9 DIRECT ACTION1 DO NOT RELY UPON ANY P>TY1.<#d#c#g.> AS DID ! USE ( SYNDICATE--OV] LABOR UNION--BY ! F$]ATION 9 DESCRIB+ ITSELF4 

,AN>*I/S HAD ALSO BE5 ! FIR/ AMONG ,*9ESE SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES TO RAISE ! QUE/ION ( A RURAL REVOLUTION4 ,%IFU'S FOLL[]S HAD MADE ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% AN AGR>IAN COMMUNE 9 ! MID-#a#i#a,OS4 ,UND] AN>*I/ 9SPIRATION1 ! IDEA ( GO+ TO ! PEOPLE HAD GA9$ CURR5CY 9 ,*9ESE RADICALISM DUR+ ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T4 ,! ,NEW ,VILLAGE ,MOVEM5T ?AT FL\RI%$ 9 #a#i#a#i-#b REF]R$ NOT TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( RURAL COMMUNES BUT RA!R TO COMMUNES ?AT MADE AGRICULTURAL WORK P>T ( !IR DAILY ACTIVITY2 IT NEV]!LESS HELP$ SPREAD A RURAL ORI5TATION AMONG URBAN RADICALS4 ,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T AN>*I/S TOOK ! LEAD 9 C>RY+ REVOLUTION TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE ?AT ,COMMUNI/S :O DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES 9 AGR>IAN ACTIVITY 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 SU* AS ,P5G ,PAI 9 ,GUANGDONG1 TURN$ TO AGR>IAN ACTIVITY 9ITIALLY UND] AN>*I/ 9SPIRATION4 

,AN>*I/S 9 ! TW5TIES BELIEV$ ?AT AGR>IAN ACTIVITY %\LD GO BEYOND ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NEW VILLAGES1 :I* W]E ESCAPI/ 9 NATURE1 & SEEK TO REVOLUTIONIZE ! EXI/+ VILLAGE4.<#d#c#h.> ,AT LEA/ SOME AMONG ! AN>*I/S TOOK ?IS TO HE>T4 ,JUDG+ BY ! LIT]ATURE 7:I* IS SP>SE & SPORADIC71 AN>*I/S ASSOCIAT$ ) ,J+ ,MEIJIU 9 ! ,NOR? MAY HAVE PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT P>T 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,J+1 ! $ITOR ( ,NATIONAL ,CU/OMS ,DAILY1 HAD BE5 9TRODUC$ TO AN>*ISM 9 #a#i#g-#h :ILE A /UD5T 9 ,JAPAN1 & HIS AN>*ISM C>RI$ ! IMPR9T ( ! ,TOKYO AN>*I/S1 :O PROMOT$ AN ANTIMOD]NI/ AN>*ISM ?AT DREW UPON NATIVE IDEALS & ,TOL/OYAN IDEAS & /RESS$ A RURAL LIFE 9 :I* M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR1 AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY1 W\LD BE COMB9$4 ,J+ HIMSELF HAD 5GAG$ 9 ATTEMPTS TO 5T]PRISES 9 HIS NATIVE ,%ANXI EV5 BE=E ! #aiaa ,REVOLUTION4.<#d#c#i.> ,! ,SEA ( ,LE>N+1 SUPPLEM5T TO HIS ,NATIONAL ,CU/OMS ,DAILY1 (T5 PUBLI%$ >TICLES ON RURAL REVOLUTION4 ,9 ,JUNE #aibc A DRAFT PROGRAM = AN ,ALLIANCE = AN ,AGR>IAN ,MOVEM5T 7,NONGCUN YUNDONG TONGM5G7 APPE>$ 9 ! PAP] & /AT$ AS ITS GOAL ! USE BY TILL]S ( !IR [N P[] TO ACQUIRE = !MSELVES PR(IT & HAPP9ESS4 ,! ,ALLIANCE PROGRAM WAS TO ADVANCE ! ORGANIZATION ( TILL]S1 E/ABLI% A F$]ATION ( SU* ORGANIZATIONS1 HELP ! TILL]S ACQUIRE L&1 & PROMOTE SELF-GOV]NM5T4.<#d#d.> 

,! ,SEA ( ,LE>N+ WAS NOT ALONE 9 PROMOT+ AN AGR>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,AN>*I/ P]IODICALS W]E RIFE ) REPORTS ON ATTEMPTS TO E/ABLI% COMMUNES OR PROMOTE RURAL REVOLUTION ACROSS ! FACE ( ,*9A4 ,AN AN>*I/ OBJECTION TO ,M>XISM WAS ?AT ,M>XISM1 ) ITS PREOCCUPATION ) ! PROLET>IAT1 HAD A BL9D SPOT T[>D ! PEASANTRY & IGNOR$ #h P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION4 ,COMMUNISM WAS UNSUITABLE 9 ,*9A1 SOME AN>*I/S BELIEV$1 BECAUSE ,*9A WAS /ILL A L>GELY AGR>IAN SOCIETY2 SOME W5T SO F> AS TO CRITICIZE ! ,COMMUNI/S = !IR FETI%ISM ( DEVELOPM5T1 :I* L$ !M TO OV]LOOK ! VIRTUES ( AGR>IAN SOCIETY4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT AN>*ISM WAS MU* MORE SUITABLE 9 ORGANIZ+ A SOCIETY :]E1 [+ TO ?\S&S ( YE>S ( AGR>IAN EXI/5CE OV] :I* ! /ATE HAD LITTLE P[]1 ! POPULATION HAD EVOLV$ HABITS ( SELF-GOV]NM5T CONDUCIVE TO AN>*ISM4 ,O!RS ADD$ ?AT REVOLUTION WAS EASI] 9 ! VILLAGE1 BO? BECAUSE ( !SE HABITS & = TACTICAL REASONS2 UNLIKE ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* HAD TO COMPEL ! B\RGEOISIE TO TURN OV] !IR PROP]TY TO WORK]S1 ALL PEASANTS NE$$ TO DO BY WAY ( /RUGGLE WAS TO KEEP :AT !Y ALREADY HAD4.<#d#d#a.> ,AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,%AANXI 9 ! ,NOR? P]CEIV$ 9 ! SELF-GOV]N+ VILLAGE A MODEL = AN>*I/ REORGANIZATION ( ! WORLD4.<#d#d#b.> 

,SOME AN>*I/S >GU$ ?AT ! VILLAGE MILITIA (F]$ A P>TICUL>LY EFFECTIVE MEANS = REVOLUTION>Y REORGANIZATION ( ! VILLAGE4 ,AS SELF-DEF5SE ORGANIZATIONS = ! RURAL POPULATION1 !Y BELIEV$1 ! MILITIA HAD PLAY$ A REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ?R\<\T ,*9ESE HI/ORY1 AL?\< MO/ ( ! TIME ! GOV]NM5T HAD MANAG$ TO BR+ !M UND] CONTROL & TURN !M TO C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSES4 ,! TASK WAS TO R5D] !M 9DEP5D5T & BR+ !M >\ND TO OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE4 ,) ! RI<T TRA9+1 NOT ONLY ! MILITIA BUT EV5 B&ITS C\LD BE BR\<T >\ND TO ! AN>*I/ CAUSE4 ,SU* TRA9+ %\LD 9CLUDE MILIT>Y TRA9+ = BO? M5 & WOM51 & $UCATION ?R\< FILMS & PUBLIC P]=MANCES 7PLAYS & OP]AS7 AS WELL AS WRITT5 MAT]IALS ON REVOLUTION>IES & REVOLUTION4 ,ONCE ?IS WAS ACCOMPLI%$1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO MAKE SURE ?AT !Y W]E WELL PROVISION$ & 9CL9$ T[>D UNION ) O!R MILITIA4 ,! MILITIA1 ?US RE-=M$1 W\LD PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T NOT ONLY 9 BR++ AB\T ! REVOLUTION BUT ALSO 9 DEF5D+ IT AGA9/ C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,LI ,%AOL+3  
  

,! LA/ FEW YE>S1 ,I HAVE CON/ANTLY BE5 ?9K+ ( A %ORT-CUT TO REVOLUTION )\T MU* SUCCESS4 ,$UCATION IS ! MO/ RELIABLE ME?OD BUT ALSO V]Y SL[4 ,! NEW VILLAGE IS V]Y DIFFICULT UND] CONDITIONS ( W>LORD RULE2 SCATT]$ UPRIS+S SACRIFICE MANY LIVES )\T SIGNIFICANT CONSEQU5CE4 ,AFT] MU* ?\<T1 ,I HAVE DECID$ ?AT MILITIA (F] A RELATIVELY RELIABLE & QUICK ME?OD4 ,JU/ SPEAK+ ( 9/ANCES ) :I* ,I AM FAMILI>1 ! CASES ( ,HUNAN & ,GUANGDONG1 9 !SE TWO PROV9CES ! MILITIA >E /RONG2 !Y (T5 *ASE AWAY GOV]NM5T & W>LORD =CES1 OR R5D] !M 9EFFECTIVE4 ,:ILE !RE >E ?OSE 9 !M :O >E NO GOOD1 !IR REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT 9 OPPOS+ ! GOV]NM5T IS 9EXT+UI%ABLE4 ,I RAISE ?IS ISSUE ) ! HOPE ?AT COMRADES WILL EXAM9E IT ) C>E4.<#d#d#c.>  
  

,SOME COMRADES APP>5TLY DID4 ,9 ! LATE TW5TIES1 ,FAN ,TIANJUN P>TICIPAT$ 9 AN AN>*I/-L$ MILITIA 9 ,FUJIAN1 :I* S\<T TO E/ABLI% A BASE >EA 7AFT] ! ,COMMUNI/ MODEL74 ,= A BRIEF P]IOD ITS SUCCESS WAS SU* ?AT IT EV5 ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S :O ?\<T ?AT ,FUJIAN MI<T BECOME ! BASE = AN ,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION4.<#d#d#d.> 

,SOCIAL & ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ,AN>*I/ ,ACTIVITY 

  

,:E!R URBAN OR RURAL1 AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY FOLL[$ A COMMON PATT]N1 ONE ?AT REVEALS ?AT 9 SPITE ( A DESIRE TO MEET ! ,COMMUNI/ *ALL5GE1 IT WAS AN AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION ?AT %AP$ AN>*I/S' REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY4 ,! PO9T ( DEP>TURE & ! 5D ( ?IS ACTIVITY WAS ! TRANS=MATION ( WORK]S' & PEASANTS' SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 TO /IMULATE A SELF-AW>5ESS 7ZIJUE7 ?AT W\LD 5ABLE !M TO TAKE *>GE ( !IR [N /RUGGLES AGA9/ P[]4 ,:ILE AN>*I/S DID COME TO PLAY LEAD+ ROLES 9 ! ORGANIZATIONS !Y E/ABLI%$1 !Y C\LD CLAIM ) SOME FAIRNESS ?AT1 UNLIKE !IR ,COMMUNI/ C\NT]P>TS1 !Y DID NOT SEEK TO SWAY ! MASSES ?R\< A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION2 RA!R1 !Y WANT$ TO HELP !M ORGANIZE 9 ORD] TO PURSUE !IR [N 9T]E/S 7:I* IS CR$IBLE IF ONLY BECAUSE ?IS WAS ! FLAW 9 AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY74 ,! CORN]/ONE ( AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY WAS $UCATION1 NOT $UCATION 9 ! ORD9>Y S5SE1 :I* !Y REJECT$1 BUT AN $UCATION = REVOLUTION ?AT MADE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 =MAL $UCATION & PROPAG&A1 ?AT TOOK AS ITS PRIM>Y GOAL ! TRANS=MATION ( QUOTIDIAN LIFE & CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! TACTICS W]E SIMPLE3 E/ABLI% CONTACT ) LABOR]S 7PROLET>IAN OR PEASANT72 ?R\< ! HELP ( !SE CONTACTS ORGANIZE WORK]S' CLUBS & P>T-TIME S*OOLS 9 :I* WORK] P>TICIPATION W\LD BE 5C\RAG$2 GRADUALLY MOVE ON TO ! ORGANIZATION ( A UNION AS ! CONFID5CE ( LABOR]S WAS SECUR$4 ,IF !SE TACTICS DO NOT S\ND V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ,COMMUNI/ TACTICS1 IT IS BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT V]Y DIFF]5T1 EXCEPT 9 GOALS4 ,AN>*I/S1 H[EV]1 HAD BE5 US+ !SE TACTICS = NE>LY ?REE YE>S :5 ,COMMUNI/S ADOPT$ !M 9 !IR FIR/ OV]TURES TO LABOR 9 #a#i#b4.<#d#d#e.> 

,WE HAVE GLIMPSES ( !SE ACTIVITIES FROM TWO REPORTS PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION J\RNAL1 ,SPR+ ,?UND]1 ONE ON URBAN1 ! O!R ON RURAL ACTIVITIES4 ,! =M] WAS A REPORT ON AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,%AN<AI PUBLI%$ 9 E>LY #a#i#b#d4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! REPORT1 AN>*I/S ( ! ,FREE ,PEOPLE ,SOCIETY 7L$ BY ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU1 :O COOP]AT$ CLOSELY ) ,HUNANESE AN>*I/S 9 ,%AN<AI7 HAD BE5 ACTIVE 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,%AN<AI ,SYNDICATES1 AS WELL AS A COMPLEM5T>Y ORGANIZATION1 ,UNION ( ,Y\NG ,LABOR]S 7,LAOGONG Q+NIANHUI74 ,!Y PUBLI%$ !IR [N P]IODICAL1 ,FREE ,PEOPLE1 AS WELL AS TWO LABOR J\RNALS ASSOCIAT$ ) !SE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,LABOR ,T5-DAILY 7,LAODONG XUNKAN7 & ,Y\NG ,LABOR]S ,T5-DAILY 7,LAOGONG Q+NIAN XUNKAN74 ,!Y CONDUCT$ $UCATIONAL ACTIVITY 9 FACTORIES ) UNIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! F$]ATION1 SPREAD+ ! MESSAGE RESOLVE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS1 OPPOSE ALL POLITICS1 5GAGE 9 DIRECT ACTION1 DO NOT RELY UPON ANY POLITICAL P>TY4 ,9 CONJUNCTION ) !SE $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES1 !Y W]E PLANN+ = A LABOR UNIV]SITY 7LAODONG DAXUE74.<#d#d#f.> 

,AN>*I/S W\LD NOT A*IEVE !IR DREAM ( E/ABLI%+ A LABOR UNIV]SITY UNTIL #aibg :51 UND] ! AUSPICES ( ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S1 !Y W]E ABLE TO E/ABLI% ! ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 7,GUOLI LAODONG DAXUE71 :I* = A BRIEF P]IOD PROMIS$ TO FULFILL !IR GOAL ( TRA9+ A NEW K9D ( LABOR LEAD]1 DRAWN FROM AMONG ! RANKS ( LABOR]S1 :O W\LD BE AT ONCE A LABOR] & AN 9TELLECTUAL1 OV]COM+ A DI/9CTION ?AT HAD LONG DIVID$ SOCIETY 9TO CLASSES4 ,! PLANS = SU* A UNIV]SITY W]E LAID AS E>LY AS #a#i#b#d4 ,! /ATEM5T ( 9T5TION AN>*I/S DREW UP AT ! TIME IS REVEAL+ ( !IR APPROA* TO LABOR &1 !RE=E1 ( ! ULTIMATE 9T5TION UND]LY+ !IR REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES3  
  

,:AT IS LABOR] $UCATION8 ,IT IS ! K9D ( $UCATION TO ADVANCE ! SELF-AW>5ESS ( LABOR]S2 IT IS ! K9D ( $UCATION ?AT WILL HELP LABOR]S ADVANCE FROM ! /ATUS ( SLAVE TO ?AT ( HUMAN BE+ 7]N72 IT IS ! K9D ( $UCATION ?AT WILL HELP LABOR]S' ABILITIES & %[ !M H[ TO PURSUE A LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 LABOR]S' $UCATION IS ! $UCATION ( LABOR]S TO BECOME HUMAN BE+S2 IT IS AN $UCATION 9 REVOLUTION BECAUSE = LABOR]S REVOLUTION & BECOM+ HUMAN BE+S >E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,IF !Y WANT TO BECOME HUMAN BE+S1 TO BE 9DEP5D5T & FREE1 TO SU/A9 LIFE1 TO SATISFY !IR SPIRITUAL NE$S & NOT BE EXPLOIT$1 CONTROLL$ OR OPPRESS$1 IS !RE ANY WAY O!R ?AN REVOLUTION8.<#d#d#g.>  
  

,! REPORT ON AGR>IAN ACTIVITY 7PUBLI%$ ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#c7 CONC]N$ AN UNNAM$ VILLAGE 9 ,GUANGDONG :]E AN>*I/S HAD BE5 ACTIVE = ! PREVI\S TWO YE>S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR1 ,DAN5G 7A P5 NAME71 ! VILLAGE S*OOL HAD PLAY$ AN AXIAL ROLE 9 !SE ACTIVITIES4 ,RECALL+ ! EXP]I5CES 9 E/ABLI%+ A PEASANTS' ASSOCIATION1 HE RELAT$ ?AT !Y HAD />T$ (F ) A NI<T S*OOL :]E1 9 ADDITION TO TEA*+ ! VILLAG]S BASIC READ+ & >I?METIC1 !Y HAD TOLD !IR PUPILS /ORIES ( WORLD REVOLUTION & REVOLUTION>IES1 :I* GRADUALLY MADE ! VILLAG]S FEEL ?AT REVOLUTION MI<T BR+ AB\T AN IMPROVEM5T 9 !IR LIVES4 ,ON ,MAY ,DAY !Y DI/RIBUT$ PAMPHLETS AMONG ! VILLAG]S1 HELD A LANT]N P>ADE1 & CONCLUD$ ! FE/IVITIES ) A REVOLUTION>Y OP]A4 ,SOON AFT]1 ! VILLAG]S CAME TO !M ) A REQUE/ = ORGANIZATION4.<#d#d#h.> ,SIMIL>LY1 AN>*I/S 9 NOR!RN ,%AANXI COMB9$ G5]AL & REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION TO GRADUALLY MOBILIZE VILLAG]S2 9 !IR CASE A G5]AL $UCATION TO /IMULATE SELF-AW>5ESS COMB9$ ) TE*NICAL $UCATION TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVE ME?ODS4.<#d#d#i.> 

,$UCATION REMA9$ = ! AN>*I/S ! MO/ RELIABLE ME?OD ( REVOLUTION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! EXP]I5CE ( FAILURE 9 ! FACE ( OPPRESSION1 & ! *ALL5GE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ADVOCACY ( PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 TAU<T AT LEA/ SOME ( ! AN>*I/S ?AT ! CREATION ( REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS WAS NOT SUFFICI5T TO MAKE REVOLUTION1 ?AT !Y MU/ ALSO F9D WAYS TO DEF5D REVOLUTION AGA9/ ITS 5EMIES4 ,?IS WAS A MAJOR REASON 9 ,LI ,%AOL+'S CONSID]ATION ( PEOPLE'S MILITIA AS AN 9/RUM5T ( REVOLUTION4 ,A SIMIL> IDEA WAS PROPOS$ 9 #aibd BY ! PROM95T ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/ ,LIANG ,B+XIAN1 ?IS TIME = URBAN >EAS4 ,LIANG >GU$ ?AT 9ASMU* AS $UCATION WAS CRUCIAL TO REVOLUTION1 REVOLUTION 5TAIL$ QUE/IONS ( P[] & W\LD C]TA9LY 5D UP 9 FAILURE IF IT C\LD NOT DEF5D ITSELF4 ,HE1 !RE=E1 PROPOS$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( REVOLUTION>Y CORPS 7GEM+ TUANTI7 TO SUPPLEM5T SYNDICATES4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! SYNDICATES W\LD PROVIDE ! BASIS = SOCIAL & ECONOMIC REORGANIZATION1 BUT 9 ! P]IOD ( TRANSITION ! REVOLUTION>Y CORPS W\LD PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 OV]?R[+ ! P[] ( ! /ATE & ! B\RGEOISIE & DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ !M4 ,LIANG'S PROPOSAL EMPHASIZ$ URBAN >EAS BUT WAS NOT RE/RICT$ TO !M4 ,REVOLUTION1 HE BELIEV$1 C\LD NOT BE SUCCESSFUL UNLESS IT 5COMPASS$ RURAL >EAS4.<#d#e.> 

,!SE S*EMES REPRES5T$ AN AN>*I/ ANSW] TO A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD 9 ! REVOLUTION ?AT = ! ,COMMUNI/S WAS 5CAPSULAT$ 9 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,AN>*I/S HAD E>LI] BELIEV$ ?AT ONCE ! REVOLUTION BROKE \T1 ! NATURAL 9CL9ATION TO AN>*ISM 9 ALL HUMAN BE+S W\LD QUICKLY U%] 9 AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD 9VOLVE P[] & REQUIRE A P]IOD ( >M$ PREP>ATION1 W>F>E1 & DEF5SE BE=E A*IEV+ ITS SOCIAL GOALS REVEAL$ A NEW SOB]NESS T[>D QUE/IONS ( REVOLUTION ?AT AN>*I/S [$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ *ALL5GE4.<#d#e#a.> ,!Y REPUDIAT$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT UNCONDITIONALLY1 BUT !Y C\LD NOT IGNORE ! V]Y REAL QUE/IONS ?AT IT RAIS$4 ,UNLIKE !IR ,COMMUNI/ OPPON5TS1 :O JU/IFI$ DICTATOR%IP BY NECESSITY BUT ALSO LE>N$ QUICKLY TO CELEBRATE IT 9 5DLESS AFFIRMATIONS ( ! 9DISP5SABLE VANGU>D ROLE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 AN>*I/S REMA9$ DIS9CL9$ TO BREAK ) ! COMMITM5T TO POPUL> 9ITIATIVE ?AT 9=M$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y VISION4 ,!IR ME?ODS W]E AT BE/ RELUCTANT COMPROMISES ) ! REALITIES ( P[]1 BUT NOT COMPROMISE 5\< = ANY SIGNIFICANT GA9S 9 ! CONTE/ = REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP4 

,9 ,RETROSPECT 

  

,HEAV5 HELPS ?OSE :O HELP !MSELVES1 AN AN>*I/ WROTE 9 ,PEOPLE'S ,TOCS9 9 #a#i#b#g1 & W5T ON TO COMPLA9 ?AT = LACK ( AN ORGANIZATION1 AN>*I/S W]E BUSY CULTIVAT+ O!RS' G>D5S 9/EAD ( !IR [N4.<#d#e#b.> ,! REF]5CE WAS TO AN>*I/S' COOP]ATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,SU* COOP]ATION WAS NOT NEW1 BUT :5 ! ,GUOM9DANG BROKE ) ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 #a#i#b#g1 AN>*I/S SAW AN OPPORTUNITY TO PURSUE !IR CAUSE )9 ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,:ILE SOME AN>*I/S REMA9$ ADAMANTLY OPPOS$ TO SU* COOP]ATION 7AMONG !M ,\ ,%5GBAI & ! ,SI*UAN AN>*I/S ,BAJ9 & ,LU ,JIANBO71 O!RS =M]LY OPPOS$ TO IT 7SU* AS ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU7 C\LD NOT RESI/ ! TEMPTATION4 ,! MO/ VISIBLE MANIFE/ATION ( ! COOP]ATION WAS ! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY & ! J\RNAL ,REVOLUTION ,WEEKLY ASSOCIAT$ ) IT1 9 :I* ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU1 ,BI ,XIU%AO1 & ,HUNANESE AN>*I/S1 AS WELL AS =EIGN AN>*I/S SU* AS ,JACQUES ,RECLUS 7GR&-NEPHEW ( ,ELISEE ,RECLUS :O HAD FIR/ 9SPIR$ ,LI ,%IZ5G TO AN>*ISM 9 ,P>IS7 PLAY$ IMPORTANT P>TS1 UND] ! SPONSOR%IP ( ! ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI4.<#d#e#c.> ,O!R IMPORTANT AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,%IFU'S BRO!R ,LIU ,%IX91 REMA9$ ACTIVE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,GUANGZH\ UND] ,GUOM9DANG AUSPICES4.<#d#e#d.> ,IRONICALLY1 ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( POLITICS SEEMS TO HAVE MADE = SOME WILL+NESS TO WORK ) O!R POLITICAL GR\PS SO LONG AS AN>*I/S W]E NOT COMPELL$ TO AB&ON AN>*ISM = ANO!R IDEOLOGY4 

,= SOME ! COOP]ATION CONT9U$ TO ! P]IOD ( ! W> ) ,JAPAN AFT] #a#i#c#g4 ,O!R AN>*I/S W\LD 5D UP JO9+ ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,?R\< IT ALL1 ! AN>*I/S DID MAKE AN EF=T TO RETA9 !IR ID5TITY AS AN>*I/S4 ,! AN>*I/S 9 ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY TURN$ TO ! CRITICISM ( ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK & ,WU ,ZHIHUI :5 9 #aibh ! ,GUOM9DANG SUPPRESS$ ! MASS MOVEM5TS !Y HAD HOP$ TO LEAD4 ,REVOLUTION ,WEEKLY WAS %UT D[N 9 #a#i#b#i1 & ?\< ! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY /AY$ OP5 UNTIL #a#i#c#b1 BY #aibh IT HAD ALREADY LO/ ! REVOLUTION>Y MISSION IT HAD 9ITIALLY ASSUM$ 9 AN>*I/ EYES4 ,AL?\< AN>*I/ PLANS = REVOLUTION MAY NOT HAVE DISAPPE>$1 !Y HAD EVAPORAT$4 

,!SE PLANS APPE> AT FIR/ SI<T NOT AS PRODUCTS ( A S]I\S PURSUIT ( REVOLUTION BUT AS ! FANCIFUL GAME-PLANS ( Y\NG RADICALS PLAY+ AT REVOLUTION 7MO/ ( ! AN>*I/S W]E 9DE$ QUITE Y\NG74 ,I HOPE ! EVID5CE PRES5T$ ABOVE WILL CLE> AWAY SU* AN IMPRESSION4 ,! AN>*I/S MAY HAVE BE5 IDEALI/IC 9 !IR EF=TS TO REMA9 TRUE TO !IR VISION1 BUT !Y W]E DEADLY S]I\S AS REVOLUTION>IES4 ,!IR REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES OV]LAPP$ ?OSE ( ! ,COMMUNI/S2 9 !IR APPROA*ES TO /RATEGIES ( BO? URBAN & RURAL REVOLUTION1 !Y W]E ! FIR/ TO UTILIZE ME?ODS ?AT W\LD ALSO BECOME ! ME?ODS ( ,COMMUNI/S & C>RY ! LATT] TO SUCCESS :5 ! POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T WAS HOSPITABLE4 ,!Y W]E ALSO WILL+ TO LE>N FROM ! ,COMMUNI/S & TO RISK SOME MEASURE ( COMPROMISE TO MEET ! *ALL5GE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK /RATEGY ( REVOLUTION4 

,BUT !Y W]E UNWILL+ TO PO/PONE !IR REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS 9DEF9ITELY 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE IMM$IATE SUCCESS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT AN>*I/S W]E ! ONLY REVOLUTION>Y PURI/S ON ! SC5E OR ?AT !Y DID NOT MAKE S]I\S ]RORS4 ,!IR EF=T TO DISCR$IT ,M>XISM RA!R ?AN TO LI/5 C>EFULLY TO :AT ,M>XI/ !ORY HAD TO SAY AB\T SOCIETY BL9D$ !M TO CONCRETE PROBLEMS ( REVOLUTION AS MU* AS ! ,COMMUNI/ DISDA9 = AN>*ISM BL9D$ ,COMMUNI/S TO :AT !Y HAD TO SAY AB\T ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y VISION & PRACTICE4 ,! VAGU5ESS ( !IR SOCIAL ANALYSIS DEPRIV$ !M 7AS ! ,COMMUNI/S *>G$ & !Y W]E WILL+ TO CONC$E 9 ! 5D7 ( A VIABLE ME?OD ( REVOLUTION4 

,! ,COMMUNI/S !MSELVES W]E VAGUE ON SOCIAL ANALYSIS ON OCCASION & BELIEV$ 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( ALLIANCES ?AT TRANSC5D$ CLASSES4 ,BUT !Y HAD :AT ! AN>*I/S DID NOT HAVE3 A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT ULTIMATELY /OOD AS A PO9T ( REF]5CE = ALL REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 COORD9AT$ & GAVE IT DIRECTION1 & WAS ABLE1 ONCE IT HAD REALIZ$ ! NECESSITY1 TO PROTECT SU* ACTIVITY ) P[]4 ,!ORY & VISION1 ONCE !Y W]E EMBODI$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ACQUIR$ A CONCRET5ESS & A PURPOSE1 :I* GAVE DIRECTION 9 ,COMMUNI/ H&S TO ! SAME ME?ODS ( REVOLUTION ?AT ! AN>*I/S HAD PURSU$4 ,AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES DO 9DE$ RESEMBLE PURPOSELESS REVOLUTION>Y PLAY 9 ! ABS5CE ( A COMP>ABLE ORGANIZATION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 :AT 5D[$ !M ) REVOLUTION>Y S]I\SNESS WAS !IR REALIZATION ?AT ! ORGANIZATIONAL CAPTURE ( REVOLUTION W\LD IRRETRIEVABLY DIV]T REVOLUTION FROM ! 9T5TION ?AT GAVE IT MEAN+4 

,! OPPOSITION TO ORGANIZATIONAL C5TRALIZATION P] SE DOES NOT REVEAL ! FULL DI/9CTIV5ESS ( ! AN>*I/ >GUM5T OR ITS ?OR\<GO+ RADICALISM4 ,!RE IS ANO!R1 DEEP] ASPECT TO ! PROBLEM ?AT BR+S 9TO RELIEF AN>*I/ DIFF]5CES NOT JU/ ) ,BOL%EVISM BUT ) ,M>XISM1 :AT WE MI<T CALL ! DEEP /RUCTURE ( AN>*ISM1 :I* MAY 9 ! LONG RUN BE MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN ANY SPECIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS AN>*ISM MAY HAVE MADE TO REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY 9 ,*9A4 ,I DESCRIB$ ?IS E>LI] AS ! D5IAL ( A C5T] TO REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS AN IMPLICIT DET]M9ANT ( AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 NOT ONLY 9 !IR REJECTION ( AN ORGANIZATIONAL C5T] TO REVOLUTION BUT ALSO 9 !IR SUSPICION ( ANY CONCEPTUALIZATION ( SOCIETY ?AT PRESUPPOS$ A C5T] TO SOCIETY & HI/ORY1 BE IT ! PROLET>IAT OR EV5 ! V]Y IDEA ( CLASS4 ,9DE$1 IT MAY BE SUGGE/$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ IDEA ( FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY WAS 9EXTRICABLY L9K$ ) A DESIRE TO ABOLI% A PREVAL5T T5D5CY TO VIEW SOCIETY 9 T]MS ( A C5T]4 ,! $ITORIAL 9 ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,SPR+ ,?UND]1 ! J\RNAL ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION1 >GU$ JU/ SU* A CASE4 ,! AU?OR1 ,WANG ,SIW5G 7:O WAS ALSO ! $ITOR71 BAS$ HIS CASE = AN>*ISM ON ! ASSUMPTION ( ! NATURALNESS ( DIVISION ( LABOR & COOP]ATION 9 SOCIETY 7F5GONG HEZUODE %EHUI %5<UO74 ,:AT MADE ?IS NATURAL WAS ?AT IT WAS A REFLECTION 9 SOCIETY ( ! FUNCTION+ ( ! COSMOS AS MOD]N SCI5CE UND]/OOD IT4 ,S9CE ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 :5 PEOPLE /ILL BELIEV$ ?AT HUMAN BE+S W]E ! C5T] ( ! UNIV]SE1 SCI5CE HAD DISCOV]$ ?AT !RE WAS NO P[] ?AT WAS ALMI<TY &1 !RE=E1 ! C5T] ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,FROM ! SOL> SY/EM TO ! M9UTE/ P>TICLES ( LIFE1 FROM ! SOL> SY/EM TO ALL ! SOL> SY/EMS 9 ! UNIV]SE1 !RE WAS NO S+LE UNIT ?AT CONTROLL$ ! UNIV]SE OR EV5 ! IMM$IATE SPACE >\ND IT4 ,EV]Y?+ DEP5D$ RA!R ON RELATION%IPS1 :I* %AP$ ! L>GE AS WELL AS ! SMALL 7! SUN AS MU* AS ! PLANETS71 MADE !M EQUALLY 9DEP5D5T & EQUALLY DEP5D5T ON ONE ANO!R4 ,HUMAN ORGANIZATION MU/ BE EGALIT>IAN1 BECAUSE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! COSMOS WAS EGALIT>IAN 7YUZH\DE ZUZHI1 GEWEI P+H5G74 ,LIKEWISE1 HUMAN ORGANIZATION MU/ /RIVE TO A*IEVE FRE$OM = ALL REG>DLESS ( PLACE1 G5D]1 CLASS1 OR RACE BECAUSE !RE WAS NO SU* ?+ 9 ! COSMOS AS ONE RUL+ 5TITY4.<#d#e#e.> 

,WANG DID NOT ACKN[L$GE ANY DEBT TO O!RS 9 HIS ESSAY1 BUT TEXTUAL SIMIL>ITIES SUGGE/ ?AT HIS DISCUSSION WAS MO/LY D]IVATIVE ( ,KROPOTK9'S ,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,PHILOSOPHY & ,IDEAL1 :]E ,KROPOTK9 HAD 9ITIALLY MADE ! CASE = DEC5T]+ SOCIETY & HI/ORY SO ?AT HUMANK9D C\LD RECON/ITUTE ITSELF ON ! BASIS ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY1 ! PRECONDITIONS = A SOCIAL EXI/5CE ( MUTUAL AID4 ,SPEAK+ ( REC5T DEVELOPM5TS 9 A/RONOMY1 HE WROTE1 COG5TLY3 ,?US ! C5T]1 ! ORIG9 ( =CE1 =M]LY TRANSF]R$ FROM ! E>? TO ! SUN1 N[ TURNS \T TO BE SCATT]$ & DISSEM9AT$4 ,HIS SURVEY ( ! MOD]N SCI5CES CONFIRM$ ?IS FUNDAM5TAL F9D+ ( A/RONOMY4.<#d#e#f.> 

,IT MAY BE ?AT 9 A WORLD )\T C5T]1 POLITICS1 9CLUD+ REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 HAS NO PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 ,9 ?IS1 H[EV]1 AN>*I/S SAW NOT ! ?REAT ( *AOS BUT ! POSSIBILITY ( A NEW BEG9N+ = HUMANITY1 ?IS TIME ON ! BASIS ( FREE & EQUAL ASSOCIATION4 ,9 ?IS P>TICUL> S5SE AN>*I/S W]E ALSO CORRECT 9 >GU+ ?AT ,M>XISM %>$ MU* 9 COMMON ) ! PHILOSOPHIES IT REJECT$1 BECAUSE ! PURSUIT ( A C5T] TO REPLACE ! C5T]S ( OLD SOCIETY W\LD SEEM TO BE *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL V>IETIES ( ,M>XISM & ( ,M>X'S [N LOCATION ( A C5T] TO HI/ORY 9 CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I*1 AS ! AN>*I/S PO9T$ \T1 HAS L$ TO A ,M>XI/ NEGLECT ( O!R /RUGGLES 9 HI/ORY--& O!R POSSIBILITIES ( LIB]ATION4 

,9 #aiba P>TICIPANTS 9 ! ,MAY ,DAY P>ADE 9 ,GUANGZH\ >RIV$ AT A CROSSROADS :]E !Y W]E GREET$ BY TWO PORTRAITS HANG+ ON OPPOSITE SIDES ( ! /REET1 ONE ( ,M>X1 ! O!R ( ,KROPOTK94.<#d#e#g.> ,?IS MAY HAVE BE5 ! LA/ OCCASION = SU* AN 5C\NT]4 ,9 5SU+ YE>S1 ,M>X & ,KROPOTK9 9EXORABLY MOV$ F>!R & F>!R AP>T 9 ! ?9K+ ( ,*9ESE RADICALS4 ,AN>*I/S W]E TO LOSE BY !IR REJECTION ( ,M>X4 ,COMMUNI/S W\LD W9 ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ! REPUDIATION ( AN>*ISM ONCE ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ W\LD ALSO EXACT A PRICE FROM !IR REVOLUTION>Y VISION1 IF 9 LESS VISIBLE WAYS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/