,*APT] #h 
,AFT]MA? & ,AFT]?\<TS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,>IF ,DIRLIK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,EI<T  

 ,AFT]MA? & ,AFT]?\<TS 

  

,= MORE ?AN TWO DECADES 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ?IS C5TURY1 AN>*ISM N\RI%$ ,*9ESE RADICALISM4 ,BE=E ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#a#i1 AN>*I/S VIRTUALLY MONOPOLIZ$ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT4 ,HAV+ REA*$ ! APOGEE ( ITS POPUL>ITY 9 ! E>LY ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD1 AN>*ISM 9 ! TW5TIES DECL9$ BE=E ITS NEW COMPETITOR ON ! ,LEFT1 ,M>XIAN COMMUNISM4 ,FOLL[+ ! ATTEMPT TO REASS]T AN AN>*I/ PRES5CE 9 ! REVOLUTION ?R\< ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS1 AN>*I/S ONCE AGA9 DISP]S$ TO !IR REGIONAL BASES1 & AN>*ISM CEAS$ TO EX]T ANY SIGNIFICANT 9FLU5CE ON ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,AN>*I/S DID NOT VANI%1 BUT !Y NO LONG] EXHIBIT$ ! VITALITY ?AT HAD OP5$ UP NEW DIRECTIONS = ! REVOLUTION E>LI]4 ,9DE$1 !Y HAD BECOME IRRELEVANT4 ,:E!R AN>*ISM BECAME IRRELEVANT TO AN UND]/&+ ( ! C\RSE ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION W\LD TAKE 9 LAT] YE>S IS ANO!R MATT]4 

,! VITALITY ( AN>*ISM 9 #a#i#e-#a#i#c WAS B\ND UP ) ! ORI5TATION ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION 9 !SE YE>S4 ,! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION HAD ITS S\RCES 9 A NEW NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS2 BUT1 AS ,I HAVE >GU$ ABOVE1 NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS 9VOLV$ A NEW CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORLD & A NEW CONCEPTION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 /ATE & SOCIETY4 ,AN>*ISM VOIC$ ! URGE TO A UTOPIAN COSMOPOLITANISM & A S5SE ( AN AUTONOM\S SOCIAL EXI/5CE \TSIDE ( ! B\ND>IES ( ! /ATE1 :I* W]E ! DIALECTICAL C\NT]P>T TO ! DEM& 9 NATIONALI/ CONSCI\SNESS = AN ORGANIC UNITY BETWE5 /ATE & SOCIETY TO W>D (F ! WORLD ?AT ?REAT5$ TO 5GULF ,*9A4 ,AN>*I/S1 TOO1 S\<T AN ORGANIC SOCIETY2 BUT !Y BELIEV$ ?AT SU* A SOCIETY C\LD BE CREAT$ ONLY \TSIDE ! REALM ( POLITICS1 ON ! BASIS ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS :O C\LD ASS]T !IR NATURAL 9CL9ATION TO SOCIABILITY ONLY IF !Y W]E LIB]AT$ FROM ! CRIPPL+ CONSEQU5CES ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,!IR REJECTION ( POLITICS WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A CALL = A CULTURAL REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD RELEASE 9DIVIDUALS FROM ! HOLD ON !IR CONSCI\SNESS ( AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS & 5ABLE !M TO A*IEVE A G5U9E PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS4 ,:AT GAVE CR$IBILITY TO !IR >GUM5T WAS A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 :I* SOCIAL MOBILIZATION OP5$ UP ! IMAG9ATION TO ?9K+ ( ! FUTURE 9 NEW WAYS1 & ! DEG5]ATION ( AU?ORITY 9TO CORRUPTION & OPPRESSION ?AT CONFIRM$ ! NECESSITY TO SOCIAL SURVIVAL ( A TOTAL SOCIAL REORGANIZATIONAS WELL AS FAI? 9 ITS POSSIBILITY4 

,AN>*ISM WAS A B5EFICI>Y ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 & IT ALSO PROVID$ A SOCIAL IMAG9>Y ?AT GAVE IT CONCEPTUAL IF NOT ORGANIZATIONAL DIRECTION & A LANGUAGE TO VOICE ! NASC5T URGE TO SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,= TWO DECADES AN>*I/S S]V$ AS ! S\RCE1 OR ! MO/ CONSI/5T EXPON5TS1 ( IDEAS & PRACTICES ?AT W]E TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 %AP+ ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,AMONG !SE W]E ! CALL = A CULTURAL REVOLUTION AGA9/ NOT JU/ POLITICAL AU?ORITY BUT AU?ORITY 9 G5]AL1 MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY ! QUOTIDIAN 9/ITUTIONS & LANGUAGE ( AU?ORITY2 9NOVATIONS 9 $UCATIONAL PRACTICES ?AT REFLECT$ ?IS CONC]N = CULTURAL REVOLUTION2 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 :I* L$ !M TO LABOR & RURAL ORGANIZATION AS WELL AS TO ! REORGANIZATION ( WORK & TO EXP]IM5TS 9 NEW WAYS ( LIV+2 AN E>LY CONC]N = ! LIB]ATION ( WOM51 ( :I* !Y W]E AMONG ! MO/ CONSI/5T ADVOCATES2 & EV5 IDEAS ( POLITICAL REORGANIZATION4 ,AN>*I/S W]E ALSO RESPONSIBLE = 9TRODUC+ TO ,*9A ! LIT]ATURE ( MOD]N ,EUROPEAN RADICALISM 9 :I* !SE IDEAS W]E EMB$D$4 ,!IR CRITIQUE ( ,BOL%EVISM 9 ! #a#i#bS R+S ESPECIALLY TRUE 9 \R DAY :5 ! FATE ( A SOCIALISM ?AT HAS AB&ON$ ITS DEMOCRATIC ROOTS HAS BECOME POIGNANTLY OBVI\S4 

,AN>*ISM WAS MO/ PREVAL5T 9 ,*9A AT A TIME :5 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & A REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE W]E ASSUM+ RECOGNIZABLE =M4 ,NOT ONLY DID AN>*I/S CONTRIBUTE TO ! EM]G5CE ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 BUT AN>*I/ LANGUAGE & PRACTICES 9FUS$ ! RADICAL CULTURE \T ( :I* ?IS DISC\RSE EM]G$4 ,AN>*ISM MAY HAVE DISAPPE>$ FROM SI<T BY ! #a#i#cS1 BUT IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT 9 SPITE ( ! =MAL REPUDIATION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS1 !IR TRACES SURVIV$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE1 :I* MAY ACC\NT = SOME ( ! PECULI> FEATURES ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD ASSUME UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY--TRACES ?AT MAY HAVE BE5 ALL ! MORE P[]FUL BECAUSE !Y 5T]$ ! DISC\RSE NOT AS IDEAS BUT AS CULTURAL PRACTICES4 ,IF !SE PRACTICES 9 !IR CONSEQU5CES APPE> CONTR>Y TO :AT ! AN>*I/S HAD 9T5D$1 ?AT TOO MAY HAVE SOME?+ IMPORTANT TO TELL US4 ,AN>*I/S >GU$ ALL ALONG ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY C\LD BE ONLY AS GOOD AS ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT PRODUC$ IT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS 9 ,*9A W\LD ULTIMATELY TAKE A C\RSE DIFF]5T ?AN ! ONE AN>*I/S HAD 5VISION$1 :I* WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY ! REPUDIATION 7OR ! 9DEF9ITE PO/PONEM5T7 ( ! VISION ?AT HAD 9=M$ ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION4 ,! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION1 = ALL ITS PRACTICAL SUCCESSES UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 HAS HAD A PRICE TO PAY = AB&ON+ ?IS VISION4 ,SO HAS SOCIALISM4 

,! ,DISP]SION ( ,AN>*ISM 

  

,AFT] #aibg !RE WAS AN IMPORTANT *ANGE 9 ! CONDITIONS ( REVOLUTION 9 ,*9A4 ,= TWO DECADES ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T HAD DRAWN ITS P[] FROM A SOCIAL MOBILIZATION ?AT1 IF NOT QUITE SPONTANE\S1 HAD BE5 ! PRODUCT ( AUTONOM\S SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,AFT] #aibg ! REVOLUTION W\LD TAKE ! =M ( ORGANIZ$ CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO =CES1 EA* ! PRODUCT ( E>LI] YE>S1 ONE ( :I* HAD N[ E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9 GOV]NM5T :ILE ! O!R HAD ESCAP$ 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE TO REGR\P & ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION3 ! ,GUOM9DANG & ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,IT WAS SOCIAL CONFLICT /ILL1 BUT IT WAS ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL CONFLICT1 9 :I* ORGANIZATIONAL ABILITY TOOK PRIORITY OV] SOCIAL VISION 9 DET]M9+ ! \TCOME ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES4 

,9 ?IS SITUATION AN>*I/S1 :O HAD BE5 MU* BETT] AT SOCIAL ACTIVITY ?AN AT SOCIAL ORGANIZATION = POLITICAL CONFLICT1 HAD LITTLE TO CONTRIBUTE & QUICKLY BECAME IRRELEVANT TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y DID NOT AB&ON !IR ACTIVITIES2 BUT ?OSE ACTIVITIES W]E N[ RE/RICT$ TO ! B>ELY VISIBLE SOCIAL NI*ES ?AT REMA9$ )9 ! /RUCTURE ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,SOME 9 LAT] YE>S W\LD JO9 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY OR TAKE REFUGE ) IT2 ! MAJORITY ( ?OSE AB\T :OM WE HAVE 9=MATION CONT9U$ !IR ACTIVITIES )9 ! ,GUOM9DANG FRAMEWORK1 SOME 9 DIRECT S]VICE TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 O!RS 9 RESIGNATION4 

,$UCATION PROVID$ ! PRIM>Y >EA ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! ?IRTIES4 ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S SU* AS ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI SURVIV$ ! DEBACLE ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY & CONT9U$ TO WORK ) $UCATIONAL PROGRAMS SIMIL> TO E>LI] ONES2 9 LAT] YE>S !Y W\LD TAKE CELEBRAT$ PLACES 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG PAN!ON AS P>TY ELD]S :O HAD MADE SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS 9 $UCATION & CULTURE TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S BY ! MID-?IRTIES HELD AN IMPORTANT PLACE 9 ! ,GUANGZH\2 $UCATIONAL E/ABLI%M5T UND] ,GUOM9DANG AUSPICES4 ,9 #aicf ,LIU ,%IX9 WAS APPO9T$ HEAD ( ! ,BUREAU ( ,SOCIAL ,AFFAIRS 9 ,GUANGZH\2 ,HUANG ,YIBO1 ,HUANG ,L+%UANG1 & ,\ ,%5GBAI ALL HELD $UCATIONAL (FICES UND] HIM4 ,AN>*I/S ELSE:]E MAY ALSO HAVE 5GAG$ 9 $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES1 !N & 9 LAT] YE>S1 JUDG+ BY ! FEW MEMOIRS ?AT HAVE BECOME AVAILABLE REC5TLY4.<#e#b#g.> 

,AN>*I/S HAD BE5 DEEPLY CONC]N$ ALL ALONG ) ! PROBLEM ( CULTURE1 & 9 ! #a#i#cS SOME ( !M TURN$ TO ! PURSUIT ( CULTURAL PROBLEMS1 ?\< N[ ! CONC]N ) CULTURE WAS LESS AS A PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION & MORE AS AN AB/RACT PROBLEM4 ,HUA ,L91 :OSE APPROA* TO AN>*ISM HAD ALWAYS EXHIBIT$ AN ES!TIC ORI5TATION1 TURN$ TO WRIT+ AB\T >T & LIT]ATURE4 ,HUANG ,L+%UANG1 :O HAD RETURN$ FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! LATE TW5TIES TO BECOME A UNIV]SITY PR(ESSOR1 BECAME ! ADVOCATE ( A DISCIPL9E ?AT HE DESCRIB$ AS CULTUROLOGY 7W5HUAXUE74 ,AS HE EXPLA9$ IT1 A SY/EMATIC ELABORATION ( CULTURE WAS CRUCIAL TO NATIONAL EXI/5CE2 ! GOAL ( HIS CULTUROLOGY WAS TO =MULATE A SOCIOLOGY ( CULTURE ?AT WAS NOT B\ND BY ,EUROPEAN IDEAS BUT BR\<T 9TO ! /UDY ( CULTURE A ,*9ESE SOCIOLOGY1 9 P>TICUL> ! IDEAS ( ,SUN ,YAT-S54 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,LI ,%IZ5G S\<T TO CREATE A NEW FIELD ( /UDIES1 :I* HE DESCRIB$ ?R\< A NEOLOGISM 7CONSI/+ ( A ,*9ESE & A ,GREEK COMPON5T71 ,KIAOLOGIE1 BROADLY CONCEIV$ AS A /UDY ( ! EMIGRE EXP]I5CE 9 HI/ORY1 :OSE GOAL WAS TO CONTRIBUTE TO WORLD COOP]ATION & GREAT] COSMOPOLITANISM4 ,LI WAS PROBABLY ! =EMO/ VOLUNT>Y EMIGRE 9 MOD]N ,*9ESE HI/ORY1 & IT WAS APPROPRIATE ?AT HE %\LD SEEK TO D]IVE FROM HIS P]SONAL EXP]I5CES A WORLD \TLOOK TO GUIDE A NEW WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! RELATION%IP AMONG PEOPLES4 ,LIKE ,HUANG ,L+%UANG1 HE S\<T TO BR+ A ,*9ESE PRES5CE 9TO ! /UDY ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS C\LD BE VIEW$ AS A RETURN TO P>O*IALISM ( ! =M]LY COSMOPOLITAN AN>*I/S4 ,SU* A VIEW W\LD BE ]RONE\S1 H[EV]2 MORE IMPORTANT1 9 EI!R CASE ! URGE WAS TO CREATE A G5U9ELY COSMOPOLITAN WORLD \TLOOK BY BR++ A ,*9ESE VOICE 9TO A SOCIOLOGY ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T ?AT HAD HI!RTO BE5 DOM9AT$ BY ,EUROPEAN CONCEPTIONS4 ,IF !RE WAS ANY?+ AN>*I/ AB\T !SE UND]TAK+S1 IT WAS A CONT9U$ COMMITM5T TO SU* A COSMOPOLITANISM4.<#e#b#h.> 

,AN>*I/S ALSO CONT9U$ ) !IR EF=TS TO SPREAD ! USE ( ,ESP]ANTO1 BUT H]E TOO ! *ANG$ SITUATION WAS EVID5T4 ,! ,ESP]ANTO S*OOL ?AT ,\ ,%5GBAI CONDUCT$ 9 ,GUANGZH\ UND] ,GUOM9DANG AUSPICES AFT] #aic HAD TO TEA* C\RSES 9 P>TY IDEOLOGY4 ,\ & ,HUANG ,ZUN%5G ALSO UND]TOOK AS P>T ( !IR DUTIES TO TRANSLATE 9TO ,ESP]ANTO WORKS BY ,SUN ,YAT-S5 79CLUD+ ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES7 AS WELL AS IMPORTANT P>TY DOCUM5TS4.<#e#b#i.> 

,9 ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S ALSO CONT9U$ ) LABOR ACTIVITIES4 ,9 #aibg ,LIU ,%IX9 & O!RS E/ABLI%$ A ,F$]ATION ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,WORK]S 7,GEM+ GONGR5 LIANHEHUI74 ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S HAD A HI/ORY ( COLLABORATION ) ,GUOM9DANG-RELAT$ LABOR UNIONS &1 AS WE HAVE SE51 AN>*I/ UNIONS !MSELVES = ! MO/ P>T S\<T TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( LABOR ?R\< RE$UCATION ( BO? LABOR & CAPITAL RA!R ?AN ?R\< CLASS CONFLICT4 ,LIKE E>LI] AN>*I/ UNIONS1 H[EV]1 ?IS ONE ALSO S\<T TO E/ABLI% A UNION ( WORK]S1 :I* BR\<T IT 9TO CONFLICT ) ! ,GUANGDONG ,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNION 7,GUANGDONG ZONG GON<UI71 :I* WAS DOM9AT$ BY EMPLOY]S4 ,AS P>T ( !IR ACTIVITIES1 !Y E/ABLI%$ A ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T ,TRA9+ ,9/ITUTE 7,GONGR5 YUNDONG JIANGXI SUO7 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b#g4 ,EV5 ?\< !Y WANT$ TO BR+ ! F$]ATION UND] ,GUOM9DANG AUSPICES 7) ,WU ,ZHIHUI'S HELP71 ! F$]ATION WAS %UT D[N FOLL[+ ! ,GUANGZH\ 9SURRECTION 7! ,COMMUNE7 BY ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,DECEMB]4 ,9 5SU+ YE>S AN>*I/ LABOR EF=TS REMA9$ W$D$ TO ! ,GUOM9DANG4.<#e#c.> 

,F9ALLY1 AN>*I/S CONT9U$ ) PUBLICATION ACTIVITIES 9 ! #a#i#cS1 ?\< 9 HI<LY SUBDU$ =M4 ,AS F> AS ,I CAN TELL1 ( ! J\RNALS ! AN>*I/S PUBLI%$ 9 ! #a#i#cS1 ONLY ,J+ZHE 7,SPR+ FE/IVAL71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,*5GDU DUR+ ! W> AGA9/ ,JAPAN1 HAD A CLE> ID5TITY & AN AN>*I/ POSITION4 ,MO/ ( ?IS J\RNAL WAS DEVOT$ TO TRANSLATIONS FROM ,SPANI% AN>*I/S OR NEWS ON ! CIVIL W> 9 ,SPA94 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT AN>*I/S = ! FIR/ TIME SUPPORT$ ! W> AGA9/ ,JAPAN AS A W> AGA9/ OPPRESSION & ADVOCAT$ POPUL> MOBILIZATION AS A WAY ( FI<T+ IT4.<#e#c#a.> 

,FOLL[+ ! W> & ! VICTORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 #a#i#d#i1 SOME AN>*I/S W5T ON TO ,HONG ,KONG1 ,TAIWAN1 OR ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :ILE O!RS *OSE TO /AY ON 9 ,*9A4 ,! TONE ( AVAILABLE AN>*I/ MEMOIRS 7FROM ,TAIWAN OR ! ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC ( ,*9A7 SUGGE/S ?AT EV5 :]E !Y CONFESS TO ! ]RORS ( !IR Y\?FUL DAYS1 ! ORIG9AL FAI? D]IV$ FROM AN>*ISM HAS NOT BE5 LO/1 ?\< ON OCCASION ! FAI? F9DS EXPRESSION 9 A HI<LY METAPHYSICAL LANGUAGE ?AT HAS LITTLE TO DO ) CONCRETE PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL *ANGE & REVOLUTION BUT IS REM9ISC5T ( ! LANGUAGE ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM 9 ITS E>LIE/ DAYS4.<#e#c#b.> 

,:E!R ?OSE AN>*I/S :O /AY$ ON 9 ,*9A HAVE HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) ! OCCASIONAL APPE>ANCE ( AN>*I/ IDEAS AFT] #aidi OR ) ! REC5T REVIVAL ( 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM IS DIFFICULT TO SAY4 ,IT IS ALSO DIFFICULT TO SAY :E!R !RE IS A NEW G5]ATION ( AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A1 OR :AT AN>*ISM MI<T MEAN TO !M4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ TWO DECADES !RE HAVE BE5 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S 9 ,HONG ,KONG1 ,P>IS1 & POSSIBLY ELSE:]E4 ,ALSO1 SOME CL&E/9E LIT]ATURE HAS APPE>$ ON OCCASION 9 MAIL RECEIV$ 9 ,*9A1 ADVOCAT+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT IS MORE REM9ISC5T ( AN>*I/ ?AN ( ,M>XI/ 7AT LEA/ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY V]SION7 NOTIONS ( REVOLUTION4.<#e#c#c.> ,I AM NOT FAMILI> 5\< ) ! NUMB]S OR ! ACTIVITIES ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S ABROAD TO SAY :E!R SU* LIT]ATURE EMANAT$ FROM !M OR FROM DISGRUNTL$ RADICALS FROM )9 ,*9A :O HAD ESCAP$ ABROAD4 ,! CONT5T ( ?IS LIT]ATURE DOES NOT PROVIDE SUFFICI5T EVID5CE TO DET]M9E ?AT IT IS 9DE$ ( AN>*I/ ORIG91 = IT MAY [E MORE TO AN ANTI-,COMMUNI/-P>TY DEMOCRATIC ,M>XISM 7:]E IT OV]LAPS ) AN>*ISM7 ?AN TO AN>*I/ 9SPIRATION4 

,AN>*I/IC IDEAS1 H[EV]1 HAVE APPE>$ REPEAT$LY 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC ( ,*9A1 NOT 9 ANY OP5 ADVOCACY ( AN>*ISM1 BUT 9 ! C\NT]POS+ TO ! EXI/+ POLITICAL SY/EM ( AN ALT]NATIVE PR9CIPLE ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 NAMELY1 ! PR9CIPLE UND]LY+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4.<#e#c#d.> ,! MO/ CELEBRAT$ 9/ANCE MAY BE ?AT ( ! GR\P 9 ,HUNAN PROV9CE ?AT CALL$ ITSELF ! ,%5GWULIAN 7AN ABBREVIATION = ! ,F$]ATION ( ! ,PROV9CIAL ,PROLET>IAT71 :I* APPE>$ 9 FALL #aifg AT ! HEI<T ( ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE ! GR\P DECL>$ FEALTY TO ,MAO'S ?\<T & ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION LEAD]%IP1 UNLIKE ! LATT] IT DECL>$ ITS COMMITM5T TO ! CREATION ( A ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMUNE ( ,*9A1 MODEL$ AFT] ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE BUT ALSO CLAIM+ ! 9SPIRATION ( ! ,SOVIET ( ,PETROGRAD 9 #a#i#a#g1 9 :I* ! MASSES %\LD RISE TO TAKE CONTROL ( ! DE/9Y ( !IR SOCIALI/ C\NTRY1 & TO MANAGE ! CITIES1 9DU/RY1 COMMUNICATIONS1 & ECONOMY4.<#e#c#e.> 

,! ,%5GWULIAN WAS BORN ( ! /RUGGLES 9 #aifg BETWE5 A REVOLUTION FROM ! BOTTOM1 :I* W\LD C>RY ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION TO A NEW HI<] /AGE1 & A REVOLUTION /AGE MANAG$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 :I* ALREADY S\<T TO REASS]T ITS CONTROL OV] ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! GR\P'S MANIFE/O1 ,:I!R ,*9A8 PUBLI%$ 9 E>LY #a#i#f#h1 SIMIL> GR\PS HAD CROPP$ UP ELSE:]E 9 ! C\NTRY S9CE ! ,JANU>Y REVOLUTION 9 ,%AN<AI 9 #a#i#f#g1 :I* HAD BE5 ! FIR/ TO DECL>E A MASS REVOLUTION FROM ! BOTTOM4 ,MAO HIMSELF HAD 5C\RAG$ MASS REVOLUTION & COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION1 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION1 BUT WAS TO TURN AGA9/ IT :5 ! REVOLUTION SEEM$ TO BE GETT+ \T ( H&4 ,BY #aifh ! P>TY 9 ITS EF=TS TO RE/ORE DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM HAD ALREADY LAUN*$ AN ATTACK ON ! AN>*I/ !ORY ( MANY C5T]S1 TO :I* NEI!R ,MAO NOR ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION LEAD]%IP WAS PREP>$ TO L5D SUPPORT4.<#e#c#f.> ,GR\PS SU* AS ! ,%5GWULIAN W]E SUPPRESS$ 9 ! PROCESS4 

,AN>*I/S ABROAD HAVE CLAIM$ GR\PS LIKE ! ,%5GWULIAN = !IR [N4.<#e#c#g.> ,! ADVOCACY ( ! COMMUNE AS A PR9CIPLE ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION C]TA9LY PO9TS TO ! REPUDIATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY UPHELD2 :E!R IT SUGGE/S PRIMA FACIE ?AT SU* GR\PS W]E CONSCI\SLY AN>*I/ IS ANO!R MATT]4 ,! DECL>ATION ( FEALTY TO ,MAO & ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION LEAD]%IP 9 LATE #aifg & E>LY #aifh SEEMS PECULI> IF ! GR\P WAS 9DE$ AN>*I/1 S9CE BY !N !Y HAD MADE CLE> !IR OPPOSITION TO ! COMMUNE =M ( ORGANIZATION2.<#e#c#h.> AT ! V]Y LEA/ IT IS EVID5CE ( DEEP POLITICAL NAIVETE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! MODEL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE MAY BE CLAIM$ AS EASILY = A DEMOCRATIC ,M>XISM AS = AN>*ISM & DOES NOT 9 ITSELF PO9T TO AN>*I/ LOYALTIES4 ,! COMMUNE PR9CIPLE WAS TO REAPPE> 9 LAT] YE>S1 DUR+ ! ,DEMOCRACY ,MOVEM5T ( #a#i#g#h-#g#i1 :5 ONCE AGA9 IT S]V$ AS AN 9SPIRATION = ANTIP>TY LEFTI/S4 ,I SUGGE/ ?AT 9 EI!R CASE IT WAS ! EXP]I5CE ( ! REVOLUTION1 RA!R ?AN ANY =MAL AN>*I/ COMMITM5TS1 ?AT PLAY$ ! CRUCIAL P>T 9 REVIV+ IT AS A REVOLUTION>Y IDEAL4 

,9 LI<T ( :AT ,I HAVE >GU$ ABOVE1 IT MAY BE A MOOT QUE/ION :E!R A GR\P SU* AS ! ,%5GWULIAN1 OR ! ,DEMOCRACY ,MOVEM5T1 WAS AN>*I/ OR NOT4 ,AN>*I/ IDEALS1 EMBODI$ 9 SU* NOTIONS AS ! COMMUNE1 W]E 9TEGRAL TO ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE1 :I* !Y HAD HELP$ /RUCTURE AT ITS ORIG9S1 & W]E PRES5T 9 IT AS TRACES LONG AFT] ! REVOLUTION>IES HAD REPUDIAT$ AN AN>*I/ ID5TITY4 ,& :ILE AS TRACES !Y HAD NO ID5TITY ( !IR [N & C\LD NOT S]VE AS ! BASIS = AN EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ POSITION AFT] #a#i#d#i1 !IR DISRUPTIVE PRES5CE MADE ITSELF KN[N 7& S]V$ AS A BEACON = RADICAL DISSATISFACTION ) ! BETRAYAL ( ! REVOLUTION7 EV]Y TIME ! REVOLUTION RAN 9TO S]I\S TR\BLE4 ,= ! PRES5T1 AT LEA/1 MORE SIGNIFICANT 9 ! LEGACY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A MAY BE ?OSE ELEM5TS 9 REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE ?AT MAY %$ SOME LI<T ON ! TWI/S & TURNS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION AFT] #a#i#d#i4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,DISC\RSE & ,*9ESE ,COMMUNISM 

  

,?OSE RADICALS :O E/ABLI%$ ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 #aiba & HAVE DOM9AT$ IT S9CE W]E )\T QUE/ION PRODUCTS ( ,MAY ,F\R? RADICALISM1 9 :I* AN>*ISM PLAY$ A C5TRAL P>T BO? AS AN IDEOLOGY & VISION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION & AS CULTURAL PRACTICE4 ,MANY ( !M ALSO TURN$ TO ,M>XIAN COMMUNISM AFT] GO+ ?R\< AN AN>*I/ PHASE1 9CLUD+ MO/ PROM95TLY ,MAO ,Z$ONG4 ,D5G ,XIAOP+1 ! LA/ MAJOR FIGURE FROM ?AT ]A1 WAS HIMSELF A PRODUCT ( ! WORK-/UDY PROGRAM 9 ,FRANCE ?AT HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$ BY AN>*I/S4 

,:AT ?IS MEANS IS DIFFICULT TO SAY4 ,AN>*ISM WAS NOT ! ONLY ELEM5T 9 REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE ?AT MI<T HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! =M ,M>XISM W\LD TAKE 9 ,*9A 7ASIDE FROM NATIONALISM1 :I* 9 DIFF]5T GUISES WAS COMMON TO ALL ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>IES74 ,MAURICE ,MEISN] HAS >GU$ PLAUSIBLY = A POPULI/ /RA9 9 ,*9ESE ,M>XISM ?AT MAY HAVE GONE A LONG WAY T[>D %AP+ ! ,M>XISM ( ,MAO ,Z$ONG1 :I* WAS TO PLAY ! C5TRAL P>T 9 GIV+ DIRECTION TO ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4.<#e#c#i.> ,MORE IMPORTANT HAVE BE5 ! MAT]IAL CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,! COMMUNISM ?AT EM]G$ VICTORI\S 9 #aidi WAS MORE DIRECTLY A PRODUCT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! #a#i#cS & #a#i#dS ?AN ( ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD4 ,! DEM&S ( A RURAL REVOLUTION & ! GU]RILLA SOCIALISM IT PRODUC$ >E SUFFICI5T PRIMA FACIE TO ACC\NT = SOME ( ! MO/ BASIC IDEOLOGICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL FEATURES ( ,*9ESE COMMUNISM3 ! SUSPICION ( AN ORGANIZATIONAL ISOLATION FROM ! PEOPLE AT L>GE ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ,MAO'S ?9K+1 A RELAT$ SUSPICION ( BUREAUCRATISM1 EMPHASIS ON ORGANIC TIES BETWE5 9TELLECTUALS & ! PEOPLE1 & CONC]N = 9TEGRAT+ RURAL & URBAN DEVELOPM5T4 

,MAY WE IGNORE !SE FEATURES ( ,*9ESE COMMUNISM AS BE+ C5TRAL TO ! AN>*I/ VISION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION8 ,IT IS >GUABLE ?AT !Y CAN ALL BE TRAC$ TO ,M>XISM & ,M>XI/ TEXTS1 BUT ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION HAS BE5 UNIQUE NEV]!LESS 9 ITS URGE TO PUT !M 9TO PRACTICE4 ,& ?\< ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE MAY HAVE BE5 RESPONSIBLE = BR++ !M =W>D 9 REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 !Y EXI/$ AS IDEAS 9 REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE PRIOR TO ! #a#i#cS & POSSIBLY HELP$ REVOLUTION>IES DEAL ) ! EXIG5CIES ( A NOVEL REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT ,*9ESE COMMUNISM WAS %AP$ BY AN>*ISM1 OR ?AT WE MAY DESCRIBE ,MAO ,Z$ONG AS AN AN>*I/4 ,:ILE SOME ,*9ESE WRIT]S 9 !IR FRU/RATION ) ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION1 OR ) ! DEM&S = DEMOCRACY 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION1 HAVE PLAC$ ! BLAME = SU* DEVIATIONS FROM ,M>XISM ON P]SI/5T AN>*I/ 9FLU5CES 9 ! P>TY1 SU* *>GES AM\NT TO LITTLE MORE ?AN A VULG>IZ$ MISUSE ( AN>*ISM TO DEF5D A ,BOL%EVIK CONCEPTION ( ! P>TY4 ,= ALL HIS DEVIATIONS FROM ,BOL%EVISM1 ,MAO WAS COMMITT$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,! CLOSE/ WE HAVE TO A /ATEM5T ON AN>*ISM IS :5 9 #a#i#f#g1 9 RESPONSE TO ! DECL>ATION 9 ,%AN<AI ( A ,%AN<AI COMMUNE1 HE PEEVI%LY QU]I$ ( ,ZHANG ,*UNQIAO & ,YAO ,W5YUAN IF ,*9A WAS TO BE TURN$ 9TO A F$]ATION ( COMMUNES4.<#e#d.> 

,! PO9T H]E IS NOT TO CAPTURE ,MAO1 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 OR ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION = AN>*ISMTO :I*1 TO MAKE AN 9=M$ GUESS1 AN>*I/S W\LD BE ! FIR/ TO OBJECT4 ,RA!R1 ! QUE/ION IS :E!R WE UND]/& BETT] ! C\RSE COMMUNISM TOOK 9 ,*9A IF WE VIEW IT AS P>T ( A BROAD] REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 :OSE =MATION AN>*ISM PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T HI/ORICALLY & !RE=E 9TRODUC$ DISSONANT ELEM5TS 9TO ! ,BOL%EVIK CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION4 ,?AT ! IDEAS AN>*I/S 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! DISC\RSE W]E NOT EXCLUSIVE TO AN>*ISM BUT OV]LAPP$ ) ,M>XISM 9 LAT] YE>S 5ABL$ ,COMMUNI/S TO DISASSOCIATE !M FROM !IR AN>*I/ ORIG9S & TO CLAIM !M = COMMUNISM4 ,MORE PRECISELY1 ! V]Y IDEAS ?AT APPE> PETIT-B\RGEOIS :5 !Y >E ASSOCIAT$ ) AN>*I/S HAVE BECOME P>T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY'S REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y CAN BE CLAIM$ = ,M>XISM OR ID5TIFI$ ) ,COMMUNI/S1 9 ! PROCESS ( REWRIT+ ! HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION >\ND ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 

,! FACT REMA9S1 H[EV]1 ?AT :ILE !RE MAY BE TEXTUAL GR\NDS = CLAIM+ SU* IDEAS = ,M>XISM1 HI/ORICALLY !Y 5T]$ ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 ,*9A ?R\< AN>*I/ IDEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY & W]E 9ITIALLY ID5TIFI$ ) AN AN>*I/ VISION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,WE HAVE NO REASON TO ASSUME ?AT1 BECAUSE !Y W]E DISASSOCIAT$ FROM !IR AN>*I/ ORIG9S ONCE !Y HAD BECOME 9TEGRAL TO ! DISC\RSE1 !Y W]E PURG$ ( ALL ASSOCIATION ) ! AN>*I/ VISION ( REVOLUTION ?AT HAD 9ITIALLY 9=M$ !M4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT !SE ASSOCIATIONS LIV$ ON 9 REVOLUTION>Y MEMORY 9 SPITE ( !IR =MAL REPUDIATION4 ,WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION 9 ,*9A CO9CIDES ) ! LIFETIME ( ! G5]ATION ?AT E/ABLI%$ ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY & HAS DOM9AT$ IT S9CE4 ,?IS G5]ATION EXP]I5C$ AN>*ISM AS P>T ( ITS POLITICAL COM+-(-AG5OT M]ELY AS AN 9TELLECTUAL AB/RACTION BUT AS A SET ( CULTURAL PRACTICES4 ,AN>*I/ IDEAS1 IF !Y DID 9DE$ LIVE ON AS 9TEGRAL MOM5TS ( A REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE1 DID SO NOT AS 9TELLECTUAL AB/RACTIONS BUT AS AN 5D[M5T ( CRUCIAL MOM5TS 9 ! BIOGRAPHIES ( ?OSE :O MADE ! REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS NOT ! BIOGRAPHY ( A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 ,MAO ,Z$ONG1 ) :OM WE HAVE T5D$ TO ASSOCIATE ! PECULI>ITIES ( ,*9ESE COMMUNISM4 ,9DE$1 FUTURE RESE>* MAY YET REVEAL ?AT SOME ( ?OSE PH5OM5A 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION ?AT HAVE BE5 ID5TIFI$ ) ,MAO 9VOLV$ MANY O!RS :O HAD %>$ HIS EXP]I5CES 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR RADICALIZATION2 SOME ( ! =EMO/ NAMES 9 ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]%IP1 ESPECIALLY $UCATIONAL LEAD]%IP1 W]E PRODUCTS ( ! WORK-/UDY PROGRAM 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! VOCABUL>Y ( ?AT PROGRAM P]SI/S 9 ,*9A TO ?IS DAY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,ZHANG ,GUOTAO1 ! POPULI/ /RA9 9 ,*9ESE COMMUNISM REPRES5T$ BY ! SLOGAN ,GO TO ! PEOPLE 7DAO M9JIAN QU71 :I* 5T]$ ,*9ESE ,M>XISM ) ,*9A'S FIR/ ,M>XI/1 ,LI ,DAZHAO1 F\ND ITS MO/ F]V5T ADVOCATES 9 ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD AMONG ! AN>*I/S1 FROM :OM ,LI ORIG9ALLY D]IV$ ! IDEA4.<#e#d#a.> ,MO/ IMPORTANT1 H[EV]1 W]E TWO IDEAS ?AT AN>*I/S 9TRODUC$ 9TO REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE E>LY ON3 ! IDEA ( 9TEGRAT+ AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY 9 ,*9A'S FUTURE DEVELOPM5T1 & ! IDEA ( LABOR-LE>N+1 :I* PLAY$ A CRUCIAL P>T 9 RADICAL CULTURE DUR+ ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD4 

,! 9TEGRATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY WAS 9 PRACTICE A PRODUCT ( REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! ,YAN'AN P]IOD1 :5 ! EXIG5CIES ( RURAL REVOLUTION UND] W>TIME CONDITIONS =C$ ,COMMUNI/S TO E/ABLI% BASIC 9DU/RIES TO MEET SUBSI/5CE & MILIT>Y NE$S4 ,IT MAY BE NO ACCID5T1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S *OSE MUTUAL AID 7HUZHU7 TO DESCRIBE ! SMALL AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES !Y E/ABLI%$ DUR+ ! ,YAN'AN P]IOD & AFT] #a#i#d#i4 ,MORE SIGNIFICANT WAS ! /RUCTURE ( ! PEOPLE'S COMMUNES E/ABLI%$ FROM #a#i#e#h1 :5 !RE WAS NO SU* NE$1 :I* W]E TO REM9D ,COL9 ,W>D1 $ITOR ( ,KROPOTK9'S ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS ( ,TOMORR[1 ( ,KROPOTK9'S 9DU/RIAL VILLAGES4 ,IT IS ALSO SIGNIFICANT ?AT :5 ! PEOPLE'S COMMUNES W]E E/ABLI%$1 !Y W]E P>T ( AN EM]G+ PROGRAM ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT WAS TO CON/ITUTE A DI/9CT ,*9ESE WAY ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT W\LD DIFF] FROM BO? CAPITALI/ & SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVES ?AT !N EXI/$4 ,:ILE !Y W]E IDEALIZ$ AS ORGANIC UNITS ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT W\LD 9TEGRATE 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE & PROVIDE A CULTURAL 7AS WELL AS A MILIT>Y7 WORLD ( !IR [N1 IT WAS ALSO IMPORTANT ?AT ! PROGRAM ( MOD]NIZATION !Y >TICULAT$ HAD AN ANTIMOD]NI/ ASPECT TO IT1 :I* GLORIFI$ ! C\NTRYSIDE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! CITY & WAS SUSPICI\S ( TE*NOLOGY 7OR ( ! FETI%ISM ( TE*NOLOGY7 AS WELL AS ( ! PR(ESSIONALISM ?AT WAS A BYPRODUCT ( MOD]NITY4 

,IT MAY NOT BE =TUIT\S ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! PEOPLE'S COMMUNES CO9CID$ ) A R5EW$ DEM& = 9TEGRAT+ LABOR & LE>N+4 ,LABOR-LE>N+1 9 ITS RADICAL 9T]PRETATION1 HAD BE5 L9K$ 9 E>LI] YE>S TO MUTUAL AID & COMMUNAL EXI/5CE2 IT WAS ! CULTURAL C\NT]P>T TO ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION REPRES5T$ BY COMMUNES1 :I* S\<T TO ABOLI% ! DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR ?AT 9EVITABLY OB/RUCT$ SOCIAL UNITY4 ,! (FICIAL 9SI/5CE ON ! NE$ TO COMB9E R$NESS & EXP]TIZE IS FAMILI> & NE$ NOT BE ELABORAT$ H]E2 ! 9SI/5CE ON MAK+ PR(ESSIONALS & 9TELLECTUALS R$D] BY DEM&+ ?AT !Y 5GAGE 9 MANUAL LABOR1 & ON MAK+ LABOR]S MORE EXP]T BY $UCAT+ !M1 WAS TO BE A CORN]/ONE ( RADICAL POLICY = ! NEXT TWO DECADES & TO REA* A CRESC5DO ) ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,MO/ /RIK+ AB\T ?IS 9SI/5CE ON LABOR-LE>N+ HAS BE5 ITS EFFECT ON 9TELLECTUALS & PR(ESSIONALS4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE SIMPLI/IC TO VIEW IT M]ELY AS A MEANS TO ! SUPPRESSION ( 9TELLECTUAL RIVALS TO ! P>TY ELITE 7:I* BY ! TIME ( ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION W\LD 9 TURN F9D ITSELF 9 FIELDS & FACTORIES7 OR AS A FUNCTION ( ,MAOI/ ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM4 ,A ,P>TY ,WORK ,CONF]5CE 9 #aieg SIGNAL$ A %IFT 9 $UCATIONAL POLICY BY CALL+ UPON S*OOLS AT ALL LEVELS TO APPLY ! PR9CIPLE ( COMB9+ WORK ) /UDY4 ,! VOCABUL>Y WAS EV5 MORE REVEAL+4 ,! TITLES ( PUBLICATIONS 9 #aieh ON ! PROGRESS ( ! NEW POLICY 9CLUD$ ! CONCEPT ( DILIG5T--WORK FRUGAL-/UDY 7Q+ONG JIANXUE74.<#e#d#b.> ,IT MAY ALSO HAVE BE5 NO CO9CID5CE ?AT SOME ( ! MORE ELABORATE MEMOIRS ( ! WORK-/UDY PROGRAM 9 ,FRANCE W]E PUBLI%$ AT ?IS TIME1 OR ?AT ! P>TY %\LD HAVE MOBILIZ$ GRADUATES ( ?AT PROGRAM TO URGE Y\? TO 9TEGRATE MANUAL & M5TAL LABOR1 & USE BO? H&S & BRA9S4.<#e#d#c.> ,?AT SAME YE> A ,COMMUNI/ ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 7,GONG*AN ZHUYI LAODONG DAXUE7 WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,JIANGXI TO PROMOTE BO? A TE*NOLOGICAL & A CULTURAL REVOLUTION4.<#e#d#d.> 

,:ILE IT CO9CID$ ) ! R5EW$ RADICALIZATION ( ,*9ESE SOCIETY ) ! ,GREAT ,LEAP ,=W>D ( #a#i#e#h1 & WAS REPRES5T$ = ! NEXT TWO DECADES AS ! KEY TO ! CREATION ( NEW SOCIALI/ 9DIVIDUALS 7& SOCIALISM71 ! CALL = LABOR-LE>N+ ALSO HAD A PRACTICAL SIDE3 TO 9CREASE ! POSSIBILITIES = UNIV]SAL $UCATION4 ,! LABOR-LE>N+ IDEAL FROM ! BEG9N+ HAD AN AMBIGUITY TO IT 9 AN>*I/ ?9K+3 AS ! MEANS TO CREATE A NEW AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUAL & AS A PRACTICAL MEANS TO PROMOTE $UCATION4 ,A SIMIL> AMBIGUITY HAS *>ACT]IZ$ ! PROMOTION ( DILIG5T-WORK FRUGAL-/UDY S9CE #a#i#e#h4 ,DUR+ ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION YE>S1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROMISE ( LABOR-LE>N+ OV]%AD[$ ITS PRACTICAL ASPECTS4 ,S9CE ,MAO'S DEA? ! IDEAL ( DILIG5T-WORK FRUGAL-/UDY HAS APPE>$ ONCE AGA94 ,A CONF]5CE 9 #aihb CALL$ UPON ! NATION TO PROMOTE DILIG5T-WORK FRUGAL-/UDY4.<#e#d#e.> ,9 KEEP+ ) ! PRACTICAL ORI5TATION ( ! PO/-,MAO YE>S 7& ) ! P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ( ,D5G ,XIAOP+1 :OSE P>TICIPATION 9 ! PROGRAM 9 ! #a#i#bS HAD BE5 MOTIVAT$ BY PRACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS--HE APP>5TLY DID LITTLE WORK 9 ,P>IS71 ! EMPHASIS N[ IS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ON ! PRACTICAL B5EFITS TO BE D]IV$ FROM /UD5TS WORK+ TO SUPPORT !IR $UCATION4 

,FUR!R RESE>* IS NECESS>Y BE=E WE MAY /ATE ) ANY CONFID5CE :E!R CONSCI\SNESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y VISION ASSOCIAT$ ) !SE IDEAS ( AN>*I/ ORIG9 PLAY$ ANY P>T 9 !IR APPLICATION AFT] #a#i#d#i--AT LEA/ = ! OLD] G5]ATION ( REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! P]SI/5CE ( ! VOCABUL>Y PROVIDES PRIMA FACIE EVID5CE ( !IR 9TEGRATION 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE ?AT TRANSC5D$ POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES & SUPPRESS$ !IR ORIG9S 9 AN AN>*I/ VISION AS WELL4 ,RECALL+ ?OSE ORIG9S IS SIGNIFICANT NOT ONLY = REMEMB]+ ! IMPORTANT P>T AN>*ISM PLAY$ 9 ! =MATION ( ! DISC\RSE3 ,?AT P]SPECTIVE IS A REM9D]1 9 TURN1 ?AT ?OSE IDEAS W]E NOT PRODUCTS ( PECULI>ITIES 9 ,MAO'S ,M>XISM1 OR ( ! TURN ! ,COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION W\LD TAKE 9 ,*9A 9 RESPONSE TO CIRCUM/ANTIAL CONT+5CIES1 BUT REPRES5T IDEALS ?AT >E AS OLD AS ! HI/ORY ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 

,?IS REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE HAD A RADICALIZ+ EFFECT ON ! ,BOL%EVIK /RUCTURE ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY HAD E/ABLI%$ AFT] #a#i#d#i1 OP5+ UP ! IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE ?AT AN ORGANIZATIONAL IDEOLOGY HAD IMPOS$ ON ! DISC\RSE1 RETURN+ ,*9ESE SOCIETY TO ! PA? ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION TO FULFILL ! UNCOMPLET$ TASKS ?AT ITS UND]LY+ VISION DEM&$4 ,! CONSEQU5CES1 H[EV]1 W]E TO BE VA/LY DIFF]5T ?AN :AT ! AN>*I/S HAD ANTICIPAT$ ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY1 BECAUSE ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! REVOLUTION W]E VA/LY DIFF]5T & SO1 !RE=E1 WAS ! FUNCTION ( ! /RATEGY4 

,:E!R WE SPEAK ( ! COMMUNAL REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 OR ( ! LABOR-LE>N+ IDEAL1 !IR PURPOSE 9 ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION HAD BE5 TO A*IEVE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION \TSIDE ( ! SPH]E ( POLITICS & AGA9/ IT4 ,!Y W]E 9T5D$1 NOT TO E/ABLI% A REVOLUTION>Y HEGEMONY OV] SOCIETY1 BUT TO ABOLI% ALL HEGEMONY4 ,CRUCIAL TO ! PROCESS WAS ! LIB]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS FROM SOCIAL & CULTURAL AU?ORITY SO AS TO REE/ABLI% SOCIETY ON A VOLUNT>Y BASIS4 

,IMPLEM5TATION ( !SE IDEAS UND] ! ,COMMUNI/ REGIME1 :E!R DUR+ ! ,MAO YE>S OR UND] ,MAO'S SUCCESSORS1 HAS BE5 ANY?+ BUT VOLUNT>Y2 RA!R1 ! PREMISE HAS BE5 ! 5HANCEM5T ( ! P[] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY--& ( ITS HEGEMONY OV] SOCIETY4 ,LIU ,%IPEI MI<T HAVE RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! PEOPLE'S COMMUNES SOME?+ AK9 TO ! RURAL REORGANIZATION HE HAD ADVOCAT$4 ,= ALL ITS ANTI-MOD]NISM1 H[EV]1 ,MAO'S REVOLUTION>Y POLICY WAS GUID$ BY A COMMITM5T TO RAPID NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIC POLITICAL P[]4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! PEOPLE'S COMMUNES CAME TO S]VE NOT AS ! NUCLEI = A NEW SOCIETY BUT AS A MEANS TO SOCIAL CONTROL1 FA/] ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 & ! EFFICI5T EXPLOITATION ( LABOR ?AT ?IS DEM&$--R5D]$ ALL ! MORE RU?LESS = HAV+ BE5 ATTA*$ TO ! SYMBOLS ( REVOLUTION4 ,I HAVE REF]R$ TO ! FATE ( ! COMMUNE PR9CIPLE DUR+ ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,)9 ! CONTEXT ( A POLITICAL SY/EM DOM9AT$ BY ! ALL-P[]FUL ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ! MODEL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE S]V$1 NOT ! PURPOSES ( DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 BUT AS A POLITICAL IMAG9>Y ?AT1 UND] ! GUISE ( POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y CONTROL1 P]PETUAT$ & 5HANC$ ! POLITICAL P5ETRATION ( SOCIETY4 ,& :5 IT WAS TRANSPOS$ AGA9/ ! EXI/+ POLITICAL SY/EM BY ?OSE :O TOOK IT S]I\SLY AS A RADICAL PR9CIPLE ( A SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 IT WAS SUPPRESS$ )\T HESITATION4 ,IT MAY BE A TRIBUTE TO ! P[] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! P>TY ITSELF IS PREP>$ TO REVIVE ?IS POLITICAL IMAG9>Y :5EV] IT NE$S IT1 & CAN REVIVE IT ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,FOLL[+ ! VIOL5T SUPPRESSION ( ! DISSID5T MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#h#i1 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY HAS ONCE AGA9 REVIV$ ! IDEA ( A COMMUNE AS ! BE/ MEANS = ORGANIZ+ ,*9A DEMOCRATICALLY1 ?IS TIME BECAUSE ! COMMUNE'S COMB9ATION ( EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE P[]S MAKES IT ! MO/ VIABLE SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVE TO B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4.<#e#d#f.> ,9 ! PRES5CE ( AN ALL-P[]FUL EXECUTIVE1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 ?IS MEANS1 NOT ! EXT5SION ( ANY DEMOCRATIC P[]S TO SOCIETY1 BUT ! USURPATION BY ! /ATE ( ANY POSSIBLE ASS]TION BY SOCIETY ( SOME MEASURE ( CONTROL OV] ITS [N FATE4 

,SIMIL>LY1 :ILE ,COMMUNI/ P>TY LEAD]S HAVE CONT9U$ TO SPEAK ( PRODUC+ FULLY DEVELOP$ HUMAN BE+S 7N[ QUOT+ ,M>X7 AS ! GOAL ( $UCATION1 NATIONAL & P>TY P[] HAVE BE5 ! CONDITION ( $UCATION AS !Y HAVE SE5 IT4 ,LU ,D+YI1 !N HEAD ( PROPAG&A WORK1 WROTE 9 #a#i#e#h3 ,! COMB9ATION ( $UCATION ) PRODUCTIVE LABOR IS REQUIR$ BY \R C\NTRY'S SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION & SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION1 BY ! GREAT GOAL ( BUILD+ A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY & BY ! NE$ TO DEVELOP \R $UCATION ) GREAT]1 FA/]1 BETT] & MORE ECONOMICAL RESULTS 7! LATT] A G5]AL SLOGAN ( ! ,GREAT ,LEAP ,=W>D74 ,! ALLR\ND DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALS1 HE ALSO W>N$1 MU/ BE UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4.<#e#d#g.> ,! GOAL ( ALL-R\ND DEVELOPM5T WAS NOT ! 9DIVIDUAL OR A NEW K9D ( SOCIETY1 BUT ! BETT] FUNCTION+ ( ! EXI/+ ONE4 ,SU* ALSO WAS ! 9T5TION ( ! CONF]5CE ON DILIG5T-WORK FRUGAL-/UDY CONV5$ BY ,MAO'S SUCCESSORS 9 #a#i#h#b4.<#e#d#h.> 

,A ,CONCLUD+ ,OBS]VATION 

  

,! QUE/ION ?AT HAS GUID$ ?IS /UDY IS NOT :E!R AN>*I/S W]E BETT]1 OR MORE CONSI/5T1 REVOLUTION>IES ?AN O!RS 9 ,*9A 7:I* !Y W]E NOT71 OR :E!R ! AN>*I/ VISION IS A POSSIBILITY--ANY:]E1 BUT P>TICUL>LY )9 ! CONTEXT ( A SOCIETY /RUGGL+ = NATIONAL AUTONOMY OR DEVELOPM5T4 ,:Y ! AN>*I/ VISION %\LD BE VIEW$ AS MORE UTOPIAN ?AN O!R COMPET+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y VISIONS1 OR :AT MI<T BE WRONG ) A UTOPIAN CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY1 >E QUE/IONS TOO COMPLEX TO BE 5T]$ 9TO H]E4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT EXI/+ SOCIETY HAS ITS [N UTOPIANISM1 :OSE PROMISE1 CONTR>Y TO ALL EVID5CE1 CONT9UES TO SU/A9 ITS HEGEMONY4 

,RA!R1 ! QUE/ION IS ?IS3 ,:AT HAVE BE5 ! CONSEQU5CES ( IGNOR+ OR SUPPRESS+ ! AN>*I/ PRES5CE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION1 BO? 9 A N>R[ HI/ORIOGRAPHICAL S5SE & 9 A BROAD] POLITICAL S5SE8 ,ONE HI/ORIAN HAS WRITT5 ?AT AN>*ISM WAS APPEAL+ 9 ,*9A 9ITIALLY BECAUSE IT PROVID$ SIMPLE ANSW]S TO REVOLUTION>IES UNABLE OR UNWILL+ TO DEAL ) ! COMPLEXITIES ( ,WE/]N DEMOCRACY4.<#e#d#i.> ,?IS /UDY HAS %[N1 ,I HOPE1 ?AT H[EV] SIMPLI/IC AN>*I/ SOLUTIONS TO ,*9A'S PROBLEMS MAY SEEM1 AN>*I/S W]E PROBABLY MORE AW>E ?AN MANY ( !IR CONTEMPOR>IES ( ! COMPLEXITIES ( DEMOCRACY & RESPOND$ TO IT ) CONSID]ABLE COMPLEXITY4 ,!IR CONTRIBUTION TO ! =MATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 ,*9A IS ALSO REVEAL+ ( ! COMPLEXITIES ( ?AT DISC\RSE :I*1 = ALL ! EF=TS TO CONTA9 IT1 HAS S]V$ AS A CONT9U+ S\RCE ( VITALITY 9 ! PURSUIT ( A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY4 

,MORE BROADLY1 ! AN>*I/ CONTRIBUTION TO ?IS DISC\RSE PROVIDES AN 9DISP5SABLE CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE ON ! C\RSE ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION WAS TO TAKE3 ! SUPPRESSION 9 ! NAME ( REVOLUTION>Y SUCCESS ( ! V]Y VISION ?AT ANIMAT$ ! REVOLUTION & S]V$ AS ITS RAISON D'ETRE4 ,TO APPRECIATE ?IS1 WE NE$ TO RE?9K :AT AN>*ISM WAS AB\T4 ,ASIDE FROM ! DI/ORTIONS PROVID$ BY A G5]AL CULTURAL & POLITICAL ORI5TATION T[>D AN>*ISM 7:I*1 AMONG ALL ! ?REAT5+ VOCABUL>Y ( RADICAL POLITICS1 HAS CONSI/5TLY REMA9$ ! MO/ ?REAT5+71 EV5 ?OSE SYMPA!TIC TO AN>*ISM HAVE T5D$ TO ID5TIFY IT ) OPPOSITION TO GOV]NM5T1 :I* ,I BELIEVE IS A SIMPLIFICATION4.<#e#e.> ,?\< ,I HESITATE TO G5]ALIZE AB\T :AT AN>*ISM MI<T MEAN TO AN>*I/S1 ,I SUGGE/ H]E ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECT ( AN>*ISM IS ITS CONSI/5T CRITIQUE ( HEGEMONY--9 A BASIC ,GRAMSCIAN ,M>XI/ S5SE1 BUT ) GREAT] CONSI/5CY & DIFF]5T 9T5TIONS ?AN ?OSE ( ,GRAMSCI1 :O AMONG ALL ,M>XI/S HAS COME CLOSE/ TO A DEMOCRATIC 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XISM4 ,GRAMSCI'S GOAL1 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( HEGEMONY1 WAS TO REVEAL ! CULTURAL ROOTS ( HEGEMONY SO AS TO %[ ! WAY TO ! SUB/ITUTION ( REVOLUTION>Y = B\RGEOIS HEGEMONY4.<#e#e#a.> ,AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A1 AS WE HAVE SE51 9 SEEK+ TO ELIM9ATE AU?ORITY FROM SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & LANGUAGE1 S\<T TO ABOLI% HEGEMONY AS A SOCIAL PR9CIPLE 9 G5]AL4 ,! CO9CID5CE ( ! PROBLEM ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION ) ?AT ( CULTURAL REVOLUTION 9 ,*9ESE SOCIETY MAY HAVE DRAMATICALLY ILLU/RAT$ ?IS ANTIHEGEMONIC ?RU/ ( AN>*ISM1 BUT ! CRITIQUE ( HEGEMONY IS COMMON TO MO/ SOCIAL AN>*ISM4 ,AS ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,]RICO ,MALATE/A WROTE ON ONE OCCASION3  
  

,SOMEONE :OSE LEGS HAVE BE5 B\ND FROM BIR? BUT HAD MANAG$ NEV]!LESS TO WALK AS BE/ HE C\LD1 MI<T ATTRIBUTE HIS ABILITY TO MOVE TO ?OSE V]Y BONDS :I* 9 FACT S]VE ONLY TO WEAK5 & P>ALYZE ! MUSCUL> 5]GY ( HIS LEGS4 

,IF TO ! NORMAL EFFECTS ( HABIT IS !N ADD$ ! K9D ( $UCATION (F]$ BY ! MA/]1 ! PRIE/1 ! TEA*]S1 ETC41 :O HAVE A VE/$ 9T]E/ 9 PREA*+ ?AT ! MA/]S & ! GOV]NM5T >E NECESS>Y2 IF ONE W]E TO ADD ! JUDGE & ! POLICEMAN :O >E AT PA9S TO R$UCE TO SIL5CE ?OSE :O MI<T ?9K DIFF]5TLY & BE TEMPT$ TO PROPAGATE !IR IDEAS1 !N IT WILL NOT BE DIFFICULT TO UND]/& H[ ! PREJUDIC$ VIEW ( ! USEFULNESS (1 & ! NECESSITY =1 ! MA/] & ! GOV]NM5T TOOK ROOT 9 ! UNSOPHI/ICAT$ M9DS ( ! LABOR+ MASSES4 

,JU/ IMAG9E IF ! DOCTOR W]E TO EXP\ND TO \R FICTIONAL MAN ) ! B\ND LEGS A !ORY1 CLEV]LY ILLU/RAT$ ) A ?\S& 9V5T$ CASES TO PROVE ?AT IF HIS LEGS W]E FRE$ HE W\LD BE UNABLE TO WALK & W\LD NOT LIVE1 !N ?AT MAN W\LD F]OCI\SLY DEF5D HIS BONDS & CONSID] AS HIS 5EMY ANYONE :O TRI$ TO REMOVE !M4.<#e#e#b.>  
  

,! QUE/ION H]E IS NOT CO]CION BUT HEGEMONY2 & IT IS ! ?OR\<GO+ CRITIQUE ( HEGEMONY 9 AN>*ISM1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/1 ?AT HAS 5ABL$ AN>*I/S TO ?9K :AT CULTURALLY SEEMS UN?9KABLE1 & !RE=E1 TO IMAG9E SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES BEYOND ! IDEOLOGICAL HORIZONS E/ABLI%$ BY POLITICAL IDEOLOGY4 ,?IS IS ALSO ! REASON1 ,I ?9K1 ?AT AN>*I/S--9 ,*9A & ELSE:]E--HAVE DEVOT$ MORE ATT5TION ?AN O!R SOCIALI/S TO PROBLEMS ( QUOTIDIAN SOCIAL & CULTURAL PRACTICES 9 :I* HEGEMONY1 AT ITS MO/ FUNDAM5TAL LEVEL1 IS EMB$D$4.<#e#e#c.> 

,AS ?IS MANUSCRIPT WAS NE>+ COMPLETION 9 ,JUNE #a#i#h#i1 TRAGIC EV5TS OCCURR$ 9 ,*9A :5 A R5EW$ DEMOCRACY MOVEM5T WAS BRUTALLY SUPPRESS$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,D5G ,XIAOP+1 A PRODUCT ( ! WORK-/UDY MOVEM5T ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,= A DECADE ,D5G HAD BE5 HAIL$ 9 ,*9A BUT POSSIBLY MORE 5?USIA/ICALLY ABROAD AS A *AMPION ( DEMOCRACY1 P>TIALLY \T ( AN URGE TO SUPPRESS MEMORIES ( ,MAO & ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( HIS POLICIES ( ONCE AGA9 OP5+ UP ,*9A TO ! \TSIDE WORLD--ESPECIALLY TO A GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,WE HAVE YET TO UND]/& ! NATURE ( ?IS NEW R\ND 9 ! SE>* = DEMOCRACY 9 ,*9A2 BUT ,D5G'S REASON+ 9 SUPPRESS+ IT CLE>LY REVEAL$ :AT SOME HI/ORIANS HAVE KN[N ALL ALONG3 ?AT HE HAS ?R\<\T HIS LIFE BE5 A MORE CONSI/5T ,BOL%EVIK ?AN ,MAO ,Z$ONG1 :O WAS ALWAYS UNCOM=TABLE ) C]TA9 FEATURES ( ,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATION4.<#e#e#d.> ,ACCORD+ TO A REPORT 9 ,ASIA ,WEEK ( ,MAY #a#b1 #a#i#h#i1 ,D5G PURPORT$LY SAID 9 A P>TY MEET+ 9 LATE ,APRIL3 ,! /UD5TS MAY BE ACT+ \T ( L9E BUT ! BROAD MASSES ( WORK]S & PEASANTS >E ON \R SIDE4 ,EV5 IF ! WORK]S & F>M]S 7SIC7 W]E TO JO9 ! /UD5TS1 WE CAN /ILL RELY ON MORE ?AN ?REE MILLION SOLDI]S TO MA9TA9 LAW & ORD]4 ,F9E S5TIM5TS TO BE VOIC$ BY ! LEAD] ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY ?AT D]IVES ITS LEGITIMACY FROM ITS CLAIMS TO REPRES5T ! PEOPLE6 ,9 ! 5D1 ONLY SOLDI]S W]E CLE>LY ) ! P>TY LEAD]%IP & W]E ABLE 9DE$ TO MA9TA9 LAW & ORD]4 ,S9CE !N1 ! P>TY HAS RE-9V5T$ ! PEOPLE TO ONCE AGA9 SECURE ITS HEGEMONY4 

,FROM A LONG-T]M HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ! SUPPRESSION H]E IS NOT ONLY ( A MOVEM5T BUT ALSO ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEAL ?AT IS EMB$D$ 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE4 ,AN>*I/S 9 ! #a#i#bS HAD ALREADY PO9T$ TO SU* AN EV5TUALITY4 ,:5 !Y DISAPPE>$ FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y SC5E 9 ! #a#i#cS1 ?IS SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEAL1 TOO1 W5T 9TO ABEYANCE4 ,ITS ROOTS W]E TOO DEEP 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE1 H[EV]1 = IT TO DISAPPE> COMPLETELY4 ,IRONICALLY1 9 US+ ?IS REVOLUTION>Y IDEAL TO E/ABLI% ITS [N HEGEMONY1 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY MAY HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO KEEP+ IT ALIVE4 ,! IDEAL HAS RESURFAC$ REPEAT$LY TO *ALL5GE ! NEW HEGEMONY1 TO =CE A RE?9K+ ( ! C\RSE ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 TO PRY OP5 ! IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE ?AT A NEW POLITICAL P[] HAS IMPOS$ ON IT1 & TO S]VE AS A REM9D] ( ! UNF9I%$ TASKS ( REVOLUTION4 

,! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A MAY BE A HI/ORY ULTIMATELY ( POLITICAL IRRELEVANCE1 BUT IT PROVIDES US ) A VANTAGE PO9T FROM :I* TO RE?9K ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( POLITICS--NOT JU/ ,*9ESE OR SOCIALI/1 BUT ALL POLITICS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,UPDAT$4 

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