,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e ,CAPITALISM4--,ORIG9 ,( ,! ,B\RGEOISIE ,& ,PROLET>IAT #ahhgahhg ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ALB]T ,P>SONS ,TEXT 3 ,P>SONS1 ,ALB]T ,RI*>D4 ,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,PHILOSOPHY & ,SCI5TIFIC ,BASIS AS DEF9$ BY SOME ( ITS APO/LES4 ,*ICAGO1 ,MRS4 ,A4 ,R4 ,P>SONS .4 ,*,A,P,T,] ,V4 ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,S,M4--,O,R,I,G,9 ,( ,! ,B,\,R,G,E,O,I,S,I,E ,& ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,T4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#h#d#h1 ! N[ HI/ORICAL 0,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O APPE>$ 9 ,LONDON1 ,5GL&4 ,IT WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ALL ! ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES &"9 SPREAD BROADCA/ BY ! WORK+M5'S SOCIETIES ( ?OSE C\NTRIES ,AN EXTRACT FROM IT IS H]E GIV5 AS FOLL[S3 0,FROM ! S]FS ( ! MIDDLE AGES SPRANG ! BURGESSES ( ! E>LY ,COMMUNES2 & FROM ?IS MUNICIPAL CLASS W]E DEVELOP$ ! FIR/ ELEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( ,AM]ICA1 ! CIRCUMNAVIGATION ( ,AFRICA1 GAVE ! B\RGEOISIE OR MIDDLE CLASS-!N COM+ 9TO BE+-- & WID] FIELDS ( ACTION4 ,! COLONIZATION ( ,AM]ICA1 ! OP5+ UP ( ! ,EA/ ,9DIAN & ,*9ESE M>KETS1 ! COLONIAL TRADE1 ! 9CREASE ( M]*&ISE & ( CURR5CY1 GAVE AN IMPETUS-HI!RTO UNKN[N-TO1 COMM]CE1 %IPP+ & MANUFACTURES1 & AID$ ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5T 9 ! OLD DECAY+ =M ( FEUDAL SOCIETY4 0,! OLD FEUDAL WAY ( MANAG+ ! 9DU/RIAL 9T]E/S ?R\< GUILDS WAS F\ND NO LONG] SUFFICI5T = ! 9CREAS+ DEM&S ( NEW M>KETS4 ,IT WAS REPLAC$ BY ! MANUFACTUR+ SY/EM4 ,GUILDS GAVE WAY TO ! 9DU/RIAL MIDDLE CLASS1 & ! DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T CORPORATIONS WAS SUCCE$$ BY ! DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 ! WORKM5 ( ONE & ! SAME WORK%OP4 0,NEW M>KETS MULTIPLI$2 ! DEM& /ILL 9CREAS$4 ,! MANUFACTUR+ SY/EM 9 ITS TURN WAS F\ND TO BE 9ADEQUATE4 ,!N 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION WAS REVOLUTIONIZ$ BY MA*9]Y & /EAM4 ,! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SY/EM WAS !N DEVELOP$ 9 ALL ITS GIGANTIC PROPORTIONS2 9/EAD ( ! 9DU/RIAL MIDDLE-CLASS WE F9D 9DU/RIAL MILLIONAIRES1 *IEFS ( :OLE 9DU/RIAL >MIES-! MOD]N B\RGEOISIE1 OR MIDDLE-CLASS CAPITALI/S4 ,?IS SY/EM ( MOD]N 9DU/RY F\ND$ A WORLD-WIDE M>KET1 :I* HE DISCOV]Y ( ,AM]ICA HAD PREP>$1 & !REBY AN IMM5SE DEVELOPM5T WAS GIV5 TO COMM]CE1 & TO ! MEANS ( COMMUNICATION BY SEA & L&4 ,?IS AGA9 REACT$ UPON ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 & 9 ! SAME DEGREE ?AT 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 %IPP+ & RAILROADS HAVE 9CREAS$1 SO HAVE ! B\RGEOISIE DEVELOP$ & 9CREAS$ !IR CAPITAL1 & AT ! SAME TIME HAVE DRIV5 TO ! WALL ALL CLASSES !N REMA9+ FROM FEUDAL TIMES4 0,WE F9D1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! MOD]N B\RGEOISIE >E !MSELVES ! RESULT ( A LONG PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T1 ( A S]IES ( REVOLUTIONS 9 ! NODES ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 ,EA* ( !SE /AGES 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY CORRESPOND+ PROGRESS4 ,IT WAS AN OPPRESS$ CLASS UND] ! OLD FEUDAL B>ONS2 9 ! M$IEVAL COMMUNES IT ASSUM$ ! =M ( >M$ & SELF GOV]N+ ASSOCIATIONS2 9 ONE C\NTY WE F9D IT EXI/+ AS A COMM]CIAL REPUBLIC OR FREE CITY2 9 ANO!R1 AS ! ?IRD TAXABLE E/ATE ( ! MON>*Y2 !N DUR+ ! PREVAL5CE ( ! MANUFACTUR+ SY/EM 7BE=E ! 9TRODUCTION ( /EAM7 ! MIDDLE-CLASS WAS A C\NT]POISE TO ! NOBILITY 9 ABSOLUTE MON>*IES1 & ! GR\NDWORK ( ! P[]FUL MON>*IAL /ATES G5]ALLY4 ,F9ALLY1 S9CE ! ADV5T ( ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 ) ITS WORLD-WIDE M>KETS1 ?IS CLASS HAS GA9$ EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION ( POLITICAL P[] 9 MOD]N REPRES5TATIVE /ATES4 ,MOD]N GOV]NM5TS >E M]ELY COMMITTEES = MANAG+ ! AFFAIRS ( 9DU/RY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 0,! B\RGEOISIE HAVE PLAY$ AN EXTREMELY REVOLUTION>Y ROLE 9 SOCIETY6 0,! B\RGEOISIE HAVE DE/ROY$ ALL FEUDAL1 PATRI>*AL & IDYLIC RELATIONS :]EV] !Y HAVE COME 9TO P[]4 ,!Y REL5TLESSLY TORE ASUND] ! MANY-SID$ TIES ( ?AT *A9 :I* B\ND M5 TO !IR 'NATURAL SUP]IORS1' & !Y LEFT NO BOND ( UNION BETWE5 MAN & MAN1 SAVE ?AT ( B>E SELF-9T]E/--( CA% PAYM5TS4 ,!Y RESOLV$ P]SONAL DIGNITY 9TO M>KET VALUE1 & SUB/ITUT$ ! S+LE UNPR9CIPL$ IDEA ( FRE$OM ( TRADE = ! NUM]\S1 WELL-E>N$1 *>T]$ LIB]TIES ( ! MIDDLE AGES4 ,*IVALR\S 5?USIASM1 ! EMOTIONS ( PIETY1 & ALL PR9CIPLES ( P]SONAL HONOR HAVE VANI%$ BE=E ! ICY BREA? ( !IR SELFI% CALCULATIONS4 ,9 A WORD1 ! B\RGEOISIE SUB/ITUT$ %AMELESS1 DIRECT OP5 SPOLIATION1 = ! PREVI\S SY/EM ( SPOLIATION CONCEAL$ UND] RELIGI\S & POLITICAL ILLUSIONS4 0,! B\RGEOISIE DIVE/$ ( !IR SANCTITY ALL 9/ITUTIONS H]ET(ORE REG>D$ ) PI\S V5]ATION4 ,!Y CONV]T$ ! PHYSICIAN1 ! JURI/1 ! PRIE/1 ! POET1 ! PHILOSOPH]1 9TO !IR PAID TOOLS & S]VANTS4 0,! B\RGEOISIE HAVE TORN ! T5D] VEIL ( S5TIM5T AWAY FROM DOME/IC TIES & R$UC$ ! FAMILY RELATIONS TO A MORE QUE/ION ( DOLL>S & C5TS4 0,! B\RGEOISIE HAVE DEMON/RAT$ H[ ! BRUTAL =CE ( ! MIDDLE AGES1 :I* IS SO MU* ADMIR$ BY REACTIONI/S1 HAS F\ND ITS MO/ BEFITT+ FULFILLM5T TO-DAY 9 ! LAZIE/ RUFFIANISM4 ,!Y HAVE ALSO %[N :AT HUMAN ACTIVITY IS CAPABLE ( ACCOMPLI%+4 ,!Y HAVE EXECUT$ WORK MORE M>VEL\S ?AN ,EGYPTIAN ,PYRAMIDS1 ,ROMAN ,ACQU$UCTS1 OR ,GO?IC ,CA!DRALS2 & !IR EXP$ITIONS HAVE SURPASS$ BY F> ALL =M] CRUSADES & MIGRATIONS ( NATIONS4 0,! B\RGEOISIE CANNOT EXI/1 )\T CONT9UALLY REVOLUTIONIZ+ MA*9]Y & ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 & CONSEQU5TLY *ANG+ ALL \R SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,P]SI/5CE 9 ! E/ABLI%$ MODES ( PRODUCTION WAS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 =M] YE>S1 ! FIR/ CONDITION ( EXI/5CE = ALL O!R 9DU/RIAL CLASSES4 ,A CONT9UAL *ANGE 9 ! MODES ( PRODUCTION1 A NEV] CEAS+ /ATE ( AGITATION & SOCIAL 9SECURITY1 DI/+UI% ! B\RGEOIS EPO* FROM ALL PREC$+ ONES4 ,! ANCI5T TIES BETWE5 M5--!IR OP9IONS & BELIEF1 HO>Y ) ANTIQUITY->E FA/ DISAPPE>+1 & N[ ONES BECOME WORN \T ]E !Y BECOME FIRMLY ROOT$4 ,EV]Y?+ FIX$ & /ABLE VANI%ES2 EV]Y?+ HOLY & V5]ABLE IS PR(AN$2 & M5 >E =C$ TO LOOK AT !IR MUTUAL RELATIONS1 AT ! PROBLEM ( LIFE1 9 ! SOB]E/1 MO/ MATT]-(-FACT MANN]4 0,! NE$ ( AN EV] 9CREAS+ M>KET = !IR PRODUCE DRIVES ! B\RGEOISIE ALL OV] ! 5TIRE GLOBE-!Y F\ND SETTLEM5TS1 =M CONNECTIONS & SET UP MEANS ( COMMUNICATION EV]Y:]E4 ,?R\< !IR CONTROL ( ! WORLD'S M>KETS !Y HAVE GIV5 A COSMOPOLITAN T5D5CY TO ! PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION ( ALL C\NTRIES4 ,TO ! GREAT REGRET ( ! REACTIONI/S ! B\RGEOISIE HAVE DEPRIV$ MOD]N 9DU/RY ( ITS NATIONAL F\NDATION4 ,! OLD NATIONAL MANUFACTURES HAVE BE5 9 SOME CASES ANNIHILAT$ & >E /ILL BE+ DE/ROY$4 ,!Y >E SUP]S$$ BY NEW MODES ( 9DU/RY1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( :I* IS BECOM+ A VITAL QUE/ION = ALL CIVILIZ$ NATIONS1 :]E RAW MAT]IALS >E NOT 9DIG5\S1 BUT >E BR\E NOT M]ELY CONSUM$ 9 ! HOME M>KET1 BUT ?R\<\T ! ! :OLE WORLD4 ,9/EAD ( ! OLD PRIMITIVE WANTS1 SUPPLI$ ONLY BY HOME PRODUCTION1 -WE N[ F9D NEW WANTS SUPPLI$ BY ! PRODUCTS ( ! MO/ DI/ANT L&S & CLIMES4 ,9/EAD ( ! OLD LOCAL1 NATIONAL FEEL+ ( 9DEP5D5CE & ISOLATION1 WE F9D UNIV]SAL 9T]C\RSE & 9T]-DEP5D5CE AMONG NATIONS4 ,! SAME FACT OBTA9S 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL WORLD6 ,! 9TELLECTUAL PRODUCTIONS ( EA* NATION BECOME ! COMMON PROP]TY ( ALL NATIONS4 ,NATIONAL P>TIALITY & PREJUDICE >E FA/ BECOM+ IMPOSSIBLE & A UNIV]SAL LIT]ATURE IS BE+ =M$ FROM ! NUM]\S LOCAL & NATIONAL LIT]ATURES4 0,?R\< 9CESSANT IMPROVEM5TS 9 MA*9]Y & ! MEANS ( COMMUNICATION1 ! B\RGEOISIE DRAW ! MO/ B>B>\S NATIONS 9TO ! MAGIC CIRCLE ( CIVILIZATION4 ,*EAP GOODS >E !IR >TILL]Y = BATT]+ D[N ,*9ESE WALLS & TO OV]COME ! OB/9ATE HATR$ 5T]TA9$ T[>DS /RANG]S BY SEMI-CIVILIZ$ NATIONS4 ,UND] P5ALTY ( RU91 ! B\RGEOISIE COMPEL BY COMPETITION ! UNIV]SAL ADOPTION ( !IR SY/EM ( PRODUCTION2 !Y =CE ALL NATIONS TO ACCEPT :AT IS CALL$ CIVILIZATIONTO BECOME B\RGEOIS-& ?US ! MIDDLE CLASS %APES ! WORLD AFT] ITS [N IMAGE4 0,! B\RGEOISIE HAVE SUBJECT$ ! RURAL DI/RICTS TO ! ASC5DANCY ( ! T[N2 !Y HAVE CREAT$ 5ORM\S CITIES1 & BY CAUS+ AN IMM5SE 9CREASE ( POPULATION 9 MANUFACTUR+ DI/RICTS1 COMP>$ ) AGRICULTURAL1 HAVE REMOV$ A GREAT] P>T ( ! POPULATION FROM ! SIMPLICITY ( C\NTRY LIFE4 ,NOT ONLY HAVE !Y MADE ! C\NTRY SUBORD9ATE TO ! T[N1 !Y HAVE ALSO MADE B>B>\S & HALF CIVILIZ$ TRIBES DEP5D5T ON CIVILIZ$ NATIONS1 ! AGRICULTURAL ON ! MANUFACTUR+ NATIONS1 ! ,EA/ ON ! ,WE/4 ,! DIVISION ( PROP]TY1 ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION DISAPPE> UND] ! RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y AGGLOM]ATE POPULATION1 !Y C5TRALIZE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & CONC5TRATE PROP]TY 9 ! H&S ( ! FEW4 ,POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION IS ! NATURAL RESULT4 ,9DEP5D5T PROV9CES1 ) DIFF]5T 9T]E/S1 EA* AFFECT$ BY SEP>ATE CU/OMS & UND] SEP>ATE LOCAL GOV]NM5T >E BR\IFF-UND] ! SAME NATIONAL CLASS 9T]E/4 0,! RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAS ONLY PREVAIL$ = AB\T A C5TURY1 BUT DUR+ ?AT TIME IT HAS CALL$ 9TO BE+ GREAT] GIGANTIC P[]S ( ,PRODUCTION ?AN ALL PREC$+ G5]ATIONS COMB9$4 ,! SUBJECTION ( ! ELEM5TS ( NATURE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MA*9]Y1 ! APPLICATION ( *EMI/RY TO AGRICULTURE & MANUFACTURES1 RAILWAYS1 TELEGRAPHS1 /EAM%IPS1 ! CLE>+ & CULTIVATION ( :OLE CONT95TS1 ! CANALIZ+ ( RIV]S1--L>GE POPULATIONS1 :OLE 9DU/RIAL >MIES1 SPR++ UP AS IF BY MAGIC4 ,:AT PREC$+ C5TURY EV] EV5 DREAM$ ( !SE PRODUCTIVE P[]S SLUMB]+ 9 ! BOSOM ( SOCIETY8 0,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT !SE MEANS ( PRODUCTION & TRAFFIC :I* S]VE AS ! F\NDATION ( MIDDLE CLASS DEVELOPM5T1 ORIG9AT$ 9 FEUDAL TIMES4 ,AT A C]TA9 /AGE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( !SE MEANS1 ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* FEUDAL SOCIETY PRODUC$ & EX*ANG$-! FEUDAL SY/EM ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY--9 A WORD ! FEUDAL CONDITIONS ( PROP]TY NO LONG] SUFFIC$ = ! 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( MANK9D4 ,!SE CONDITIONS !N BECAME A H9DRANCE TO PRODUCTION2 9/EAD ( AN ASSI/ANCE1 !Y W]E SO MANY FETT]S :I* HAD TO BE BROK5 & !Y W]E BROK54 0,!Y W]E SUP]S$$ BY UNRE/RICT$ COMPETITION ) ITS APPROPRIATE SOCIAL & POLITICAL CON/ITUTIONS1 ) ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SUPREMACY ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,AT ! PRES5T MOM5T A SIMIL> MOVEM5T IS GO+ ON4 ,MOD]N MIDDLE CLASS SOCIETY :I* HAS REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! CONDITIONS ( PROP]TY & CALL$ =? SU* COLLOSSAL P[]S ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 RESEMBLES ! WIZ>D :O LOSES CONTROL ( ! 9F]NAL P[]S HE HAS CONJUR$4 ,! HI/ORY ( MANUFACTURES & COMM]CEHAS BE5 = MANY YE>S ! HI/ORY ( ! REVOLTS ( ! MOD]N P[]S ( PRODUCTION AGA9/ ! MOD]N CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION-AGA9/ ! V]Y CONDITIONS ( PROP]TY :I* >E VITAL TO ! EXI/5CE & SUPREMACY ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO REF] TO ! PANICS OR COMM]CIAL CRISES1 :I* 9 !IR P]IODICAL RECURR5CE1 MORE & MORE 5DANG] ! EXI/5CE ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,9 SU* A CRISIS IS NOT ONLY A L>G] QUANTITY ( SOCIAL PRODUCTS DE/ROY$1 BUT ALSO A L>GE PORTION ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ITSELF4 0,DUR+ SU* PANICS A SOCIAL EPIDEMIC BREAKS =?1 :I* 9 ALL =M] EPO*S W\LD HAVE APPE>$ A P>ADOX-! EPIDEMIC ( OV]PRODUCTION4 ,SOCIETY F9DS ITSELF SUDD5LY ?R[N BACK 9TO MOM5T>Y B>B>ISM2 FAM9E OR DEVA/AT+ W> SEEM TO HAVE DEPRIV$ IT ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1--9DU/RY & TRADE APPE> DE/ROY$4 ,& IS IT BECAUSE SOCIETY POSSESSES TOO MU* CIVILIZATION1 TOO MU* SU/5ANCE1 TOO MU* 9DU/RY1 TOO MU* TRADE8 ,! P[]S ( PRODUCTION AT ! DISPOSAL ( SOCIETY1 NO LONG] S]VE TO ADVANCE ! MIDDLE CLASS [N]%IP ( PROP]TY2 ON ! CONTR>Y !Y HAVE BECOME TOO P[]FUL = !SE CONDITIONS2 !Y >E HAMP]$ BY !M & :5EV] !SE OB/RUCTIONS >E OV]COME1 !Y ?R[ ALL MIDDLE CLASS SOCIETY 9TO CONFUSION & IMP]IL ! EXI/5CE ( MIDDLE CLASS PROP]TY4 ,! SOCIAL SY/EM ( ! MIDDLE CLASS HAS BECOME TOO N>R[ TO HOLD ! WEAL? IT HAS CALL$ 9TO BE+4 ,H[ DOES ! MIDDLE CLASS TRY TO )/& !SE PANICS8 ,ON ! ONE H& BY DE/ROY+ MASSES ( PRODUCTIVE P[]1 ON ! O!R H& BY ! CONQUE/ ( NEW M>KETS & BY EXHAU/+ ! OLD ONES MORE ?OR\E ! WAY = /ILL MORE UNIV]SAL & DANG]\S PANICS & R$UCE ! MEANS ( )/&+ !M4 0,! WEAPONS ) :I* ! MIDDLE CLASS OV]?REW FEUDALISM >E N[ TURN$ AGA9/ ITSELF4 ,! MIDDLE CLASS NOT ONLY HAS =G$ ! WEAPONS = ITS [N DE/RUCTION1 IT HAS ALSO PRODUC$ ! M5 :O WILL WIELD !SE WEAPONS-! MOD]N WORKM51 ! PROLET>IAT4 0,9 ! SAME DEGREE 9 :I* ! B\RGEOISIE & CAPITAL HAVE DEVELOP$1 SO ! PROLET>IAT HAS DEVELOP$4 ,& ?IS IS ! CLASS ?AT LIVE ONLY :5 IT CAN F9D WORK1 & IT F9DS WORK ONLY AS LONG AS ITS TOIL WILL 9CREASE CAPITAL4 ,!SE WORK]S :O MU/ SELL !MSELVES PIECEMEAL -TO ! HITICLES ( COMM]CE1 >E EQUALLY EXPOS$ TO ALL ! V>IATIONS ( COMPETITION & TO ALL ! FLUCTUATIONS ( ! M>KET4 0,?R\< ! EXT5SION ( MA*9]Y & ! DIVISION ( WORK1 DAILY LABOR HAS LO/ ALL ITS 9DEP5D5T *>ACT] & ALL ATTRACTION = ! WORK+MAN4 ,HE BECOMES M]ELY AN APP5DAGE TO A MA*9E1 & ONLY ! SIMPLE/1 MO/ MONOTON\S1 & MO/ EASILY LE>N$ OP]ATION IS DEM&$4 ,! EXP5SES ( ! WORK+MAN1 >E !RE=E ALMO/ 5TIRELY LIMIT$ TO ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE REQUIR$ = HIS SUPPORT & = ! PROPAGATION ( HIS RACE4 0,! PRICE ( A COMMODITY1 LIKEWISE ( LABOR1 IS MEASUR$ BY ITS CO/ ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! SAME DEGREE ?AT ! REPULSIV5ESS ( LABOR 9CREASES1 WAGES DECREASE4 ,/ILL FUR!R 9 PROPORTION AS MA*9]Y & DIVISION ( LABOR 9CREASE1 ! BURD5S ( LABOR 9CREASE EI!R ?R\< 9CREASE ( ! H\RS ( LABOR1 OR 9 ! QUANTITY ( WORK REQUIR$ 9 A GIV5 TIME1 OR ?R\< 9CREAS$ SPE$ ( MA*9]Y1 ETC4 0,MOD]N 9DU/RY HAS TRANS=M$ ! SMALL WORK%OP ( ! >TISAN 9TO ! L>G] FACTORY ( ! CAPITALI/4 ,MASSES ( OP]ATIVES CR[D$ TOGE!R 9 FACTORIES >E ORGANIZ$ ON A MILIT>Y BASIS4 ,!Y >E PLAC$ AS COMMON SOLDI]S1 UND] ! SUP]9T5D5CE ( A COMPLETE HI]>*Y ( (FIC]S & SUBALT]NS4 ,!Y >E NOT ALONE SLAVES ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 ( ! GOV]NM5T2 BUT !Y >E ALSO DAILY & H\RLY ! SLAVES ( ! MA*9E1 ! =EMAN1 & ABOVE ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL EMPLOY]4 ,?IS DESPOTISM IS ALL ! MORE HATEFUL1 CONTEMPTIBLE & AGGRAVAT+ S9CE IT OP5LY PROCLAIMS ?AT GA9 IS ITS ONLY OBJECT & AIM4 0,! LESS SKILL & EX]TION ( =CE MANUAL LABOR REQUIRES1 ! MORE MOD]N 9DU/RY DEVELOPS2 ! MORE ! LABOR ( M5 IS DISPLAC$ BY ?AT ( WOM54 ,NEI!R SEX NOR AGE HAVE ANY SOCIAL EXI/5CE = ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!Y >E M]ELY SO MANY 9/RUM5TS CO/+ DIFF]5T SUMS ACCORD+ TO AGE OR SEX4 0,:5 ! PLUND]+ ( ! WORK+MAN BY ! MANUFACTUR] HAS CEAS$ 9 SO F> ?AT HE HAS BE5 PAID HIS CA% WAGES1 !N /EP 9 ! O!R PORTIONS ( ! MIDDLE CLASS TO PREY UPON ! WORK]1 VIZ3 ! L&LORD1 /OREKEEP]1 PAWNBROK]1 ETC4 0,! SMALL MIDDLE CLASS1 ! >TISANS1 M]*ANTS1 ME*ANICS1 %OPKEEP]S1 & F>M]S1 >E ALL DOOM$ TO FALL 9TO ! RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BECAUSE !IR SMALL CAPITAL CAN NOT COMPETE ) ?AT ( ! MILLIONAIRE1 & P>TLY BECAUSE !IR SKILL IS DEPRECIAT$ BY NEW MODES ( PRODUCTION4 ,?US ! PROLET>IAT RECRUITS FROM ALL CLASSES ( POPULATION4 0,! PROLET>IAT HAS PASS$ ?R\< MANY PHASES ( DEVELOPM5T1 BUT ITS /RUGGLE ) ! B\RGEOISIE DATES FROM ITS BIR?4 ,AT FIR/ ! /RUGGLE IS WAG$ BY 9DIVIDUAL WORK+M51 !N BY ! WORK+M5 ( ',ONE FACTORY1 NEXT BY ! WORK+M5 ( AN 5TIRE TRADE 9 ! SAME LOCALITY AGA9/ AN 9DIVIDUAL EMPLOY] :O DIRECTLY DESPOILS !M4 ,!Y ATTACK NOT ONLY ! CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT EV5 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION2 !Y DE/ROY COMPET+ M]*&ISE FROM =EIGN C\NTRIES1 !Y BREAK MA*9ES1 BURN FACTORIES & SEEK TO REGA9 ! POSITION ( ! WORK]S 9 ! MIDDLE AGES4 ,AT ?IS /AGE ! WORK]S =M A DISORGANIZ$ MASS SCATT]$ ALL OV] ! C\NTRY DIVID$ BY COMPETITION4 ,A MORE COMPACT UNION !N COMES1 NOT SO MU* ! EFFECT ( !IR [N DEVELOPM5T1 AS IT IS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?IS CLASS REQUIRES & DOES SET 9 MOTION ! :OLE WORK+ CLASS = ! FUR!RANCE ( ITS [N POLITICAL 9T]E/S4 ,& ?US !1 WORK+ CLASS DO NOT FI*Y :]EV] IT EXI/S1 ! L&[N]S1 ! NON-EMPLOY+ CAPITALI/S1 ! %OPKEEP]S2 ! B5EFITS ( EV]Y SU* MOVEM5T >E ?US CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :O >E OPPOS$ TO !SE CLASSES2 EV]Y VICTORY ?US GA9$ IS WON = !M4 0,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY NOT ONLY DOES ! PROLET>IAT 9CREASE1 IT ALSO CONC5TRATES 9TO GREAT] MASSES & LE>NS ITS [N /R5G? & P[]4 ,! 9T]E/S & CONDITIONS ( DIFF]5T TRADES >E MORE & MORE EQUALIZ$1 BECAUSE MA*9]Y DE/ROYS MORE & MORE ! DIFF]5CE 9 LABOR & R$UCES WAGES TO ! SAME L[ LEVEL G5]ALLY4 ,! 9CREAS+ COMPETITION ( ! B\RGEOISIE AMONG !MSELVES & ! COMM]CIAL PANICS RESULT+ !REFROM MAKE ! WAGES ( WORK+M5 MORE UNC]TA92 ! CONT9UAL & RAPID IMPROVEM5T 9 MA*9]Y MAKES4 !IR CONDITIONS 9 LIFE MORE PREC>I\S4 ,! COLLISIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL WORK+M5 & 9DIVIDUAL MA/]S ASSUME MORE & MORE ! *>ACT] ( \TBREAKS BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES4 ,! WORK+M5 =M COALITIONS4 AGA9/ ! MA/]S1 !Y UNITE 9 TRADE UNIONS TO MA9TA9 !IR WAGES4 ,!Y =M P]MAN5T ASSOCIATIONS = MUTUAL AID & TO PREP>E = !SE OCCASIONAL \TBREAKS4 ,& AT TIMES ! /RUGGLE ASSUMES ! =M ( RIOTS4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME ! WORK+M5 >E VICTORI\S1 BUT ONLY MOM5T>ILY4 ,! ACTUAL RESULT ( !IR /RUGGLE IS NOT IMM$IATE SUCCESS1 BUT LEADS TO EV] 9CREAS+ COMB9ATION AMONG WORK+M54 ,!IR UNIONS >E FAVOR$ BY ! EV] GR[+ FACILITY ( COMMUNICATION1 FO/]$ BY MOD]N 9DU/RY1 :]EBY ! WORK+M5 ( ! REMOTE/ DI/RICTS >E PLAC$ 9 CLOS] CONNECTION4 ,ALL ?AT IS REQUIR$ IS A CLOS] UNION TO C5TRALIZE ! MANY LOCAL /RUGGLES ( ! SAME *>ACT] 9TO ONE GR& NATIONAL /RUGGLE1 9TO A CLASS REVOLT4 ,EV]Y CLASS /RUGGLE IS A POLITICAL ONE4 ,! COMB9ATION1 :I* TOOK ! BUR<]S ( ! MIDDLE AGES ) !IR COMMON HIS BY ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS1 ?R\< ! AID ( RAILROADS4 0,?IS ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+M5 9TO A CLASS & !REBY 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY IS (T5 DE/ROY$ BY ! COMPETITION ( WORK+M5 AMONG !MSELVES4 ,YET ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR ALWAYS REAPPE>S1 & EA* TIME /RONG]1 FIRM] & MORE EXT5SIVE4 ,IT 5=CES ! LEGAL RECOGNITION ( SOME P>TICUL> 9T]E/ ( ! WORK+M51 PR(IT+ BY DISS5SIONS AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE-AS 9 ! CASE ( ! T5-H\R LAW 9 ,5GL&4 ,! DISS5SIONS ( ! RUL+ CLASS AMONG !MSELVES >E FAVORABLE 9 MANY RESPECTS TO ! ADVANCEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 9 A /ATE ( P]PETUAL W>F>E1 FIR/ AGA9/ ! >I/OCRACY1 -!N AGA9/ ?AT P>T ( ITS [N CLASS :OSE 9T]E/S >E OPPOS$ TO ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY1 & ?IRDLY AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE ( O!R C\NTRIES4 ,9 ALL !SE /RUGGLES IT IS OBLIG$ TO APPEAL TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 TO 9VOKE !IR HELP1 & SO ! WORK+ CLASS IS DRAWN 9TO POLITICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,IT !RE=E PLACES 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT ITS [N MEANS ( ADVANCEM5T-& FURNI%ES ! WEAPONS AGA9/ ITSELF4 0,AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 ! EVOLUTION ( 9DU/RY ?R[S A L>GE P>T ( ! RUL+ CLASS 9TO ! RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 OR AT LEA/ R5D- !IR CONDITION 9 LIFE MORE PREC>I\S4 ,?US A MASS ( 5LIE DRIV5 9TO ! RANKS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 0,F9ALLY1 AS ! SETTLEM5T ( ?IS CLASS /RUGGLE NE>S AN 5D1 !N ! PROCESS ( DISSOLUTION GOES ON SO RAPIDLY )9 ! RUL+ CLASS-)9 ! WORN \T BODY POLITIC-?AT A SMALL FRACTION ( ?IS CLASS SEP>ATES FROM ! B\RGEOISIE & UNITES ) ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS-?AT CLASS :I* HOLDS ! FUTURE 9 ITS [N H&S4 0,AS 9 =M] TIMES1 A P>T ( ! NOBILITY JO9$ ! B\RGEOISIE1 SO N[ A P>T ( ! B\RGEOISIE JO9S ! PROLET>IAT1 & P>TICUL>LY ?AT P>T ( ! B\RGEOISIE :O HAVE ATTA9$ A !ORETICAL & HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T4 0,! WORK+ CLASS IS ! ONLY TRUE REVOLUTION>Y CLASS AMONG ALL ! 5EMIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO-DAY4 ,! REMA9+ CLASSES >E DEG5]AT+2 DE/ROY$ BY MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,! PROLET>IAT IS ITS ONLY PRODUCT6 0,! MIDDLE CLASS1 ! >TISANS1 ! %OPKEEP]S1 ME*ANICS & F>M]S1 ALL OPPOSE ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ORD] TO DEF5D !IR POSITION AS SMALL CAPITALI/S4 ,!Y >E NOT REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT CONS]VATIVE4 ,YEA MORE--!Y >E REACTION>Y1 !Y SEEK TO TURN BACKW>D ! :EELS ( HI/ORY41 ,:5 !Y >E REVOLUTION>Y1 !Y >E ONLY SO 9 VIEW ( !IR IMP5D+ ABSORPTION BY ! PROLET>IAT1 H5CE !Y DO NOT DEF5D !IR PRES5T BUT !IR FUTURE 9T]E/S2 !Y AB&ON !IR [N POSITION 9 ORD] TO TAKE UP ?AT ( ! PROLET>IAT4 0,! VAGABOND PROLET>IAT-! R[DIES & BUMM]S-?AT PASSIVE ROT ( ! L[E/ /RATA ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 WILL BE P>TIALLY DRAWN 9TO ?IS MOVEM5T BUT FROM ITS PECULI> SOCIAL /ATUS WILL BE EV] F\ND A READY & V5AL TOOL = REACTION>Y 9TRIGUES4 0 HE CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE = MOD]N SOCIETY >E ALREADY DE/ROY$ ?R\< ! CONDITIONS IMPOS$ UPON ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! WORK+- MAN HAS NO PROP]TY2 ! RELATION 9 :I* HE /&S TO HIS FAMILY HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! B\RGEOIS FAMILY RELATION4 ,MOD]N 9DU/RIAL LABOR1 ! MOD]N SLAV]Y ( LABOR TO CAPITAL1 ! SAME 9 ,5GL& AS 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ,AM]ICA AS 9 ,G]MANY1 HAS DIVE/$ HIM ( ALL NATIONAL *>ACT]4 ,LAW1 MORALITY1 RELIGION >E = HIM ONLY SO MU* MIDDLE CLASS PREJUDICE1 BEH9D :I* >E CONCEAL$ SO MANY MIDDLE CLASS 9T]E/S4 0,ALL DOM9ANT CLASSES 9 ! PA/ HAVE S\IANS CAN GA9 CONTROL ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( SOCIETY-( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR-ONLY BY ANNIHILAT+ ALL ACKN[L$G$ MODES ( SPOLIATION BY :I* !Y HAVE BE5 PLUND]$1 & ) IT ! 5TIRE SY/EM ( SPOLIATION & ROBB]Y4 ,! PROLET>IANS HAVE NO?+ ( !IR [N TO PROTECT1 !Y MU/ DE/ROY ALL EXI/+ CAPITALI/IC SECURITY & CAPITALI/IC GU>ANTIES4 0,ALL PREVI\S MOVEM5TS W]E MOVEM5TS ( M9ORITIES OR 9 ! 9T]E/ ( M9ORITIES4 ,! LABOR MOVEM5T IS AN 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY 9 BEHALF ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 ! L[E/ /RATA ( EXI/+ SOCIETY1 CANNOT >ISE )\T DISRUPT+ ! 5TIRE SUP]/RUCTURE ( CLASSES ABOVE IT1 & ?AT HOLD IT D[N4 0,AL?\< ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE IS NOT NATIONAL 9 ITS NATURE1 YET IT IS SO 9 =M4 ,! PROLET>IAT ( EA* C\NTRY MU/ NATURALLY FIR/ SETTLE ACC\NTS ) ! B\RGEOISIE ( ?AT C\NTRY4 0,WE HAVE ?US SKET*$ ! G5]AL ASPECT PRES5T$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & AT ! SAME TIME FOLL[$ ! MORE OR LESS CONCEAL$ CIVIL W> P]VAD+ MOD]N SOCIETY UP TO ?AT PO9T1 :]E IT MU/ BREAK =? 9TO OP5 REVOLUTION1 & !N ! PROLET>IAT WILL >RIVE AT SUPREMACY ?R\< ! =CIBLE D[NFALL ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 0,ALL PREVI\S =MS ( SOCIETY RE/$ AS WE HAVE SE51 UPON ! ANTAGONISMS ( OPPRESS+ & OPPRESS$ CLASSES4 ,BUT1 9 ORD] TO OPPRESS A CLASS1 ! CONDITIONS MU/ BE SECUR$ UND] :I* IT CAN AT LEA/ CONT9UE ITS SLAVI% EXI/5CE4 ,! S]F 9 ! MIDDLE AGES F\ND IT POSSIBLE TO BECOME A MEMB] ( ! COMMUNE4 ,! BUR<]S C\LD 5T] ! MIDDLE CLASS EV5 UND] ! YOKE ( FEUDAL MON>*Y4 ,! MOD]N WORK+MAN ON ! CONTR>Y1 9/EAD ( IMPROV+ HIS CONDITION ) ! PROGRESS ( 9DU/RY1 IS DAILY S9K+ L[] & L[]1 EV5 BEL[ ! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE = HIS [N CLASS4 ,! WORK+MAN IS BECOM+ A PAUP]1 & PAUP]ISM DEVELOPS EV5 MORE RAPIDLY ?AN POPULATION & WEAL?4 ,?IS CLE>LY PROVES ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE IS 9CAPABLE ( HOLD+ ITS POSITION ANY LONG] AS ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,IT CAN NO LONG] =CE UPON SOCIETY ITS CONDITIONS AS ! RULE ( ACTION4 ,IT IS UNABLE TO RULE BECAUSE IT IS UNABLE EV5 TO SECURE ! EXI/5CE ( ITS SLAVES 9 !IR SLAV]Y1 AS IT LETS !M S9K 9TO A LOT :]E IT MU/ N\RI% !M1 9/EAD ( BE+ N\RI%$ BY !M4 ,SOCIETY CAN NOT LONG] EXI/ UND] ?IS CLASS1 AS ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS CLASS IS NO LONG] COMPATIBLE ) ?AT ( SOCIETY4 0,! MO/ IMPORTANT CONDITION = ! EXI/5CE & SUPREMACY ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 IS ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? 9 ! H&S ( PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS2 ! =MATION & 9CREASE ( CAPITAL4 0,! CONDITION UPON :I* CAPITAL DEP5DS IS WAGES-LABOR4 ,WAGESLABOR RE/S EXCLUSIVELY ON ! COMPETITION ( ! WORK+M5 AMONG !MSELVES4 ,! PROGRESS ( 9DU/RY1 T5DS TO SUP]S$E ! ISOLAT$ ACTION ( ! WORK+M5 BY ! REVOLUTION>Y UNION ( !IR CLASS1 & TO REPLACE COMPETITION BY ASSOCIATION4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N 9DU/RY !RE=E ! BASIS ON :I* ! B\RGEOISIE MANAGES PRODUCTION & APPROPRIATES ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR IS DRAWN FROM UND] ITS FEET4 ,?US ! B\RGEOISIE PRODUCES ITS [N GRAVE4 ,ITS D[NFALL & ! VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAT >E ALIKE UNAVOIDABLE40 ,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,FEBRU>Y #h1 #bag 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/