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,AU?OR 3 ,ALB]T ,P>SONS 

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,P>SONS1 ,A4,R4 7#a#h#h#g74 ,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,PHILOSOPHY & ,SCI5TIFIC ,BASIS4 ,*ICAGO1 ,MRS4 ,A4 ,R4 ,P>SONS .<C#a#h#h#g.>4 

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,BY ,PET] 7,PR9CE7 ,KROPOTK94 

,AN>*Y1 ! NO-GOV]NM5T SY/EM ( SOCIALISM1 HAS A D\BLE ORIG94 ,IT IS ,AN \TGR[? ( ! TWO GREAT MOVEM5TS ( ?\<T 9 ! ECONOMICAL & ! POLITICAL FIELDS :I* *>ACT]IZE \R C5TURY1 & ESPECIALLY ITS SECOND P>T4 ,94 COMMON ) ALL SOCIALI/S1 ! AN>*I/S HOLD ?AT ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L&1 CAPITAL1 & MA*9]Y HAS HAD ITS TIME2 ?AT IT IS CONDEMN$ TO DISAPPE>2 & ?AT ALL REQUISITES = PRODUCTION MU/1 & WILL1 BECOME ! COMMON PROP]TY ( SOCIETY1 & BE MANAG$4 9 COMMON BY ! PRODUC]S ( WEAL?4 ,&1 9 COMMON ) ! MO/ ADVANC$ REPRES5TATIVES ( POLITICAL RADICALISM1 !Y MA9TA9 ?AT ! IDEAL ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY IS A CONDITION ( ?+S :]E ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T >E R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL RECOV]S HIS FULL LIB]TY ( 9ITIATIVE & ACTION = SATISFY+1 BY MEANS ( FREE GR\PS & F$]ATIONS-FREELY CON/ITUT$-ALL ! 9F9ITELY V>I$ NE$S ( ! HUMAN BE+4 ,AS REG>DS SOCIALISM1 MO/ ( ! AN>*I/S >RIVE AT ITS ULTIMATE CONCLUSION1 ?AT IS1 AT A COMPLETE NEGATION ( ! WAGE SY/EM & AT COMMUNISM4 ,& ) REF]5CE TO POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 BY GIV+ A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T TO ! ABOVE M5TION$ P>T ( ! RADICAL PROGRAM1 !Y >RIVE AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ULTIMATE AIM ( SOCIETY IS ! R$UCTION ( ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T TO NIL-?AT IS1 TO A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T1 TO AN->*Y4 ,! AN>*I/S MA9TA91 MOREOV]1 ?AT SU* BE+ ! IDEAL ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 !Y MU/ NOT REMIT IT TO FUTURE C5TURIES1 BUT ?AT ONLY ?OSE *ANGES 9 \R SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* >E 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ABOVE D\BLE IDEAL1 & CON/ITUTE AN APPROA* TO IT1 WILL HAVE A *ANCE ( LIFE & BE B5EFICIAL = ! COMMONWEAL?4 

,AS TO ! ME?OD FOLL[$ BY ! AN>*I/ ?9K]1 IT DIFF]S TO A GREAT EXT5T-FROM ?AT FOLL[$ BY ! UTOPI/S4 ,! AN>*I/ ?9K] DOES- NOT RESORT TO METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTIONS 7LIKE ! 0NATURAL RI<TS10 ! 0DUTIES ( ! ,/ATE10 & SO ON7 = E/ABLI%+ :AT >E1 9 HIS OP9ION1 ! BE/ CONDITIONS = REALIZ+ ! GREATE/ HAPP9ESS ( HUMANITY4 ,HE FOLL[S1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! C\RSE TRAC$ BY ! MOD]N PHILOSOPHY ( EVOLUTION-)\T 5T]+1 H[EV]1 ! SLIPP]Y R\TE ( M]E ANALOGIES SO (T5 RESORT$ TO BY ,H]B]T ,SP5C]4 ,HE /UDIES HUMAN SOCIETY AS IT IS N[ & WAS 9 ! PA/2 &1 )\T EI!R 5D[+ M5 ALTOGE!R1 OR SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 ) SUP]IOR QUALITIES :I* !Y DO NOT POSSESS1 HE M]ELY CONSID]S SOCIETY AS AN AGGREGATION ( ORGANISMS TRY+ TO F9D \T ! BE/ WAYS ( COMB9+ ! WANTS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ) ?OSE ( COOP]ATION = ! WELF>E ( ! SPECIES4 ,HE /UDIES SOCIETY & TRIES TO DISCOV] ITS T5D5CIES1 PA/ & PRES5T1 ITS GR[+ NE$S1 9TELLECTUAL & ECONOMICAL2 & 9 HIS IDEAL HE M]ELY PO9TS \T 9 :I* DIRECTION EVOLUTION GOES4 ,HE DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 ! REAL WANTS & T5D5CIES ( HUMAN AGGREGATIONS & ! ACCID5TS 7WANT ( KN[L$GE1 MIGRATIONS1 W>S1 CONQUE/S7 :I* PREV5T$ !SE T5D5CIES FROM BE+ SATISFI$1 OR TEMPOR>ILY P>ALYZ$ !M4 ,& HE CONCLUDES ?AT ! TWO MO/ PROM95T1 AL?\< (T5 UNCONSCI\S1 T5D5CIES ?R\<\T \R HI/ORY W]E3 A T5D5CY T[>DS 9TEGRAT+ \R LABOR = ! PRODUCTION ( ALL RI*ES 9 COMMON1 SO AS F9ALLY TO R5D] IT IMPOSSIBLE TO DISCRIM9ATE ! P>T ( ! COMMON PRODUCTION DUE TO ! SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUAL2 & A T5D5CY T[>DS ! FULLE/ FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL = ! PROSECUTION ( ALL AIMS1 B5EFICIAL BO? = HIMSELF & = SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,! IDEAL ( ! AN>*I/ IS ?US A M]E SUMM+-UP ( :AT HE CONSID]S TO BE ! NEXT -PHASE ( EVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NO LONG] A MATT] ( FAI?2 IT IS A MATT] = SCI5TIFIC DISCUSSION4 

,9 FACT1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ FEATURES ( \R C5TURY IS ! GR[? ( SOCIALISM & ! RAPID SPREAD+ ( SOCIALI/ VIEWS AMONG ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,H[ C\LD IT BE O!RWISE8 ,WE HAVE WITNESS$ DUR+ ! LA/ SEV5TY YE>S AN UNP>ALLEL$ SUDD5 9CREASE ( \R P[]S ( PRODUCTION1 RESULT+ 9 AN ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? :I* HAS \T/RIPP$ ! MO/ SANGU9E EXPECTATIONS4 ,BUT1 [+ TO \R WAGE SY/EM1 ?IS 9CREASE ( WEAL?-DUE TO ! COMB9$ EF=TS ( M5 ( SCI5CE1 ( MANAG]S1 & WORKM5 AS WELL-HAS RESULT$ ONLY 9 AN UNPREV5T$ ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? 9 ! H&S ( ! [N]S ( CAPITAL2 :ILE AN 9CREASE ( MIS]Y = ! GREAT NUMB]S1 & AN 9SECURITY ( LIFE = ALL1 HAVE BE5 ! LOT ( ! WORKM54 ,! UNSKILL$ LABOR]S1 9 CONT9U\S SE>* = LABOR1 >E FALL+ 9TO AN UNHE>D-( DE/ITUTION2 & EV5 ! BE/ PAID >TISANS & SKILL$ WORKM51 :O UND\BT$LY >E LIV+ N[ A MORE COM=TABLE LIFE ?AN BE=E1 LABOR UND] ! P]MAN5T M5ACE ( BE+ ?R[N1 9 !IR TURN1 9TO ! SAME CONDITIONS AS ! UNSKILL$ PAUP]S1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( SOME ( ! CONT9U\S & UNAVOIDABLE FLUCTUATIONS ( 9DU/RY1 & CAPRICES ( CAPITAL4 ,! *ASM BETWE5 ! MOD]N MILLIONAIRE :O SQU&]S ! PRODUCE ( HUMAN LABOR 9 A GORGE\S & VA9 LUXURY1 & ! PAUP] R$UC$ TO A MIS]ABLE & 9SECURE EXI/5CE1 IS ?US GR[+ MORE & MORE1 SO AS TO BREAK ! V]Y UNITY ( SOCIETY--! H>MONY ( ITS LIFE-& TO 5DANG] ! PROGRESS ( ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! WORK+ CLASSES >E' ! LESS 9CL9$ PATI5TLY TO 5DURE ?IS DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO TWO CLASSES1 AS !Y !MSELVES BECOME MORE & MORE CONSCI\S ( ! WEAL?- PRODUC+ P[] ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 ( ! P>T PLAY$ BY LABOR 9 ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL?1 & ( !IR [N CAPACITIES ( ORGANIZATION4 ,9 PROPORTION AS ALL CLASSES ( ! COMMUNITY TAKE -A MORE LIVELY P>T 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 & KN[L$GE SPREADS AMONG ! MASSES1 !IR LONG+ = EQUALITY BECOMES /RONG]1 & !IR DEM&S ( SOCIAL REORGANIZATION BECOME L\D] & L\D]4 ,!Y CAN BE IGNOR$ NO MORE4 ,! WORK] CLAIMS HIS %>E 9 ! RI*ES HE PRODUCES2 HE CLAIMS HIS %>E 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION2 & HE CLAIMS NOT ONLY SOME ADDITIONAL WELL-BE+ BUT ALSO HIS FULL RI<TS 9 ! HI<] 5JOYM5TS ( SCI5CE & >T4 ,!SE CLAIMS1 :I* =M]LY W]E UTT]$ ONLY BY ! SOCIAL RE=M]1 BEG9 N[ TO BE MADE BY A DAILY GR[+ M9ORITY ( ?OSE :O WORK 9 ! FACTORY OR TILL ! ACRE2 & !Y SO CON=M ) \R FEEL+S ( JU/ICE1 ?AT !Y F9D4 SUPPORT 9 A DAILY GR[+ M9ORITY AMID ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES !MSELVES4 ,SOCIALISM BECOMES ?US ! IDEA ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 & NEI!R CO]CION NOR PSEUDO-RE=MS CAN /OP ITS FUR!R GR[?4 

,MU* HOPE ( IMPROVEM5T1 WAS LAID1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! EXT5SION ( POLITICAL RI<TS TO ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,BUT ?OSE CONCESSIONS1 UNSUPPORT$ AS !Y W]E BY CORRESPOND+ *ANGES 9 ! ECONOMICAL RELATIONS PROV$ DELUSORY4 ,!Y DID NOT MAT]IALLY IMPROVE ! CONDITIONS ( ! GREAT BULK ( ! WORKM54 ,!RE=E1 ! WAT*WORD ( SOCIALISM IS3 0,ECONOMICAL FRE$OM1 AS ! ONLY SECURE BASIS = POLITICAL FRE$OM40 ,& AS LONG AS ! PRES5T WAGE SY/EM1 ) ALL ITS BAD CONSEQU5CES1 REMA9S UNALT]$1 ! SOCIALI/ WAT*WORD WILL CONT9UE TO 9SPIRE ! WORKM54 ,SOCIALISM WILL CONT9UE TO GR[ UNTIL IT HAS REALIZ$ ITS PROGRAM4,SIDE BY SIDE ) ?IS GREAT MOVEM5T ( ?\<T 9 ECONOMICAL MATT]S1 A LIKE MOVEM5T WAS GO+ ON ) REG>D TO POLITICAL RI<TS1POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 & ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,GOV]NM5T WAS SUBMITT$ TO ! SAME CRITICISM AS CAPITAL4 ,:ILE MO/ ( ! RADICALS SAW 9 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS ! LA/ WORD ( POLITICAL WISDOM A FUR!R /EP WAS MADE BY ! FEW4 ,! V]Y FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE1 AS ALSO !IR RELATIONS TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 W]E SUBMITT$ TO A %>P] & DEEP] CRITICISM4 ,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T HAV+ BE5 EXP]IM5T$ ON A WID] FIELD ?AN BE=E1 ITS DEFECTS BECAME MORE & MORE PROM95T4 ,IT BECAME OBVI\S ?AT !SE DEFECTS >E NOT M]ELY ACCID5TAL1 BUT 9H]5T TO ! SY/EM ITSELF4 ,P>LIAM5T & ITS EXECUTIVE PROV$ TO BE UNABLE TO ATT5D TO ALL ! NUMB]LESS AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNITY & TO CONCILIATE ! V>I$ & ( ,L5 OPPOSITE 9T]E/S ( ! SEP>ATE P>TS ( A ,/ATE4 ,ELECTION PROV$ UNABLE TO F9D \T ! M5 :O MI<T REPRES5T A NATION1 & MANAGE1 O!RWISE ?AN 9 A P>TY SPIRIT1 ! AFFAIRS !Y >E COMPELL$ TO LEGISLATE UPON4 ,!SE DEFECTS BE CAME SO /RIK+ ?AT ! V]Y PR9CIPLES ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM W]E CRITICIZ$ & !IR JU/NESS D\BT$4 ,AGA91 ! DANG]S ( A C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T BECAME /ILL MORE CONSPICU\S :5 ! SOCIALI/S CAME TO ! FRONT & ASK$ = A FUR!R 9CREASE ( ! P[]S ( GOV]NM5T BY 5TRU/+ IT ) ! MANAGEM5T ( ! IMM5SE FIELD COV]$ N[ BY ! ECONOMICAL RELATION-2 BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! QUE/ION WAS ASK$1 :E!R A GOV]NM5T1 5TRU/$ ) ! MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY & TRADE1 W\LD NOT BECOME A P]MAN5T DANG] = LIB]TY & PEACE1 & :E!R IT EV5 W\LD BE ABLE TO BE A GOOD MANAG]8 

,! SOCIALI/S ( ! E>LI] P>T ( ?IS C5TURY DID NOT FULLY REALIZE ! IMM5SE DIFFICULTIES ( ! PROBLEM4 ,CONV9C$ AS !Y W]E ( ! NECESSITY ( ECONOMICAL RE=MS1 MO/ ( !M TOOK NO NOTICE ( ! NE$ ( FRE$OM = ! 9DIVIDUAL2 & WE HAVE HAD SOCIAL RE=M]S READY TO SUBMIT SOCIETY TO ANY K9D ( !OCRACY1 DICTATOR%IP1 OR EV5 ,CAES>ISM1 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 RE=M 9 A SOCIALI/ S5SE4 ,!RE=E WE SAW1 9 ?IS C\NTRY & ALSO ON ! CONT95T1 ! DIVISION ( M5 ( ADVANC$ OP9IONS 9TO POLITICAL RADICALS & SOCIALI/S-! =M] LOOK+ ) DI/RU/ ON ! LATT]1 AS !Y SAW 9 !M A DANG] = ! POLITICAL LIB]TIES :I* HAVE BE5 WON BY ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS AFT] A LONG S]IES ( /RUGGLES4 ,& EV5 N[1 :5 ! SOCIALI/S ALL OV] ,EUROPE >E BECOM+ POLITICAL P>TIES1 & PR(ESS ! DEMOCRATIC FAI?1 !RE REMA9S AMONG MO/ IMP>TIAL M5 A WELL-F\ND$ FE> ( ! ,VOLKS/AAT OR 0POPUL> ,/ATE0 BE+ AS GREAT A DANG] = LIB]TY AS ANY =M ( AUTOCRACY1 IF ITS GOV]NM5T BE 5TRU/$ ) ! MANAGEM5T ( ALL ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 9CLUD+ ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?4 ,! EVOLUTION ( ! LA/ =TY YE>S PREP>$1 H[EV]1 ! WAY = %[+ ! NECESSITY & POSSIBILITY ( A HI<] =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* MI<T GU>ANTEE ECONOMICAL FRE$OM )\T R$UC+ ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! ROLE ( A SLAVE TO ! ,/ATE4 ,! ORIG9S ( GOV]NM5T W]E C>EFULLY /UDI$1 & ALL METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTIONS AS TO DIV9E OR #df SOCIAL CONTRACT0 D]IVATION HAV+ BE5 LAID ASIDE1 IT APPE>$ ?AT IT IS AMONG US ( A RELATIVELY MOD]N ORIG91 & ?AT ITS P[]S GREW PRECISELY 9 PROPORTION AS ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO ! PRIVILEG$ & UNPRIVILEG$ CLASSES WAS GR[+ 9 ! C\RSE ( AGES4 ,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T WAS ALSO R$UC$ TO ITS REAL VALUE-?AT ( AN 9/RUM5T :I* HAS R5D]$ S]VICES 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ AUTOCRACY1 BUT NOT AN IDEAL ( FREE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,AS TO ! SY/EM ( PHILOSOPHY :I* SAW 9 ! ,/ATE 7! ,KULTUR-,/AAT7 A LEAD] TO PROGRESS1 IT WAS MORE & MORE %AK5 AS IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT PROGRESS IS ! MORE EFFECTIVE :5 IT IS NOT *OCK$ BY ,/ATE 9T]F]5CE4 ,IT ?US BECAME OBVI\S ?AT A FUR!R ADVANCE 9 SOCIAL LIFE DOES NOT LIE 9 ! DIRECTION ( A FUR!R CONC5TRATION ( P[] & REGULATIVE FUNCTIONS 9 ! H&S ( A GOV]N+ BODY1 BUT 9 ! DIRECTION ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 BO? T]RITORIAL & FUNCTIONAL- 9 A SUBDIVISION ( PUBLIC FUNCTIONS ) RESPECT BO? TO !IR SPH]E ( ACTION & TO ! *>ACT] ( ! FUNCTIONS2 IT IS 9 ! AB&ONM5T TO ! 9ITIATIVE ( FREELY CON/ITUT$ GR\PS ( ALL ?OSE FUNCTIONS :I* >E N[ CONSID]$ AS ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T4 

,?IS CURR5T ( ?\<T F\ND ITS EXPRESSION NOT M]ELY 9 LIT]ATURE1 BUT ALSO1 TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T1 9 LIFE4 ,! UPRISE ( ! ,P>IS COMMUNE1 FOLL[$ BY ?AT ( ! COMMUNE ( ,C>TAG5A--A MOVEM5T ( :I* ! HI/ORICAL BE>+ SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 QUITE OV]LOOK$ 9 ?IS C\NTRYOP5$ A NEW PAGE ( HI/ORY4 ,IF WE ANALYZE NOT ONLY ?IS MOVEM5T 9 ITSELF1 BUT ALSO ! IMPRESSION IT LEFT 9 ! M9DS & ! T5D5CIES :I* W]E MANIFE/$ DUR+ ! COMMUNAL REVOLUTION1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE 9 IT AN 9DICATION %[+ ?AT 9 ! FUTURE HUMAN AGGLOM]ATIONS :I* >E MORE ADVANC$ 9 !IR SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T WILL TRY TO />T AN 9DEP5D5T LIFE2 & ?AT !Y WILL 5DEAVOR TO CONV]T ! MORE BACKW>D P>TS ( A NATION BY EXAMPLE1 9/EAD ( IMPOS+ !IR OP9IONS BY LAW & =CE1 OR SUBMITT+ !MSELVES TO ! MAJORITY RULE1 :I* ALWAYS IS A M$IOCRITY RULE4 ,AT !1 SAME TIME ! FAILURE ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T )9 ! COMMUNE ITSELF PROV$ ?AT SELF-GOV]NM5T & SELF - ADM9I/RATION MU/ BE C>RI$ ON FUR!R ?AN 9 A M]E T]RITORIAL S5SE2 TO BE EFFECTIVE !Y MU/ BE C>RI$ ON ALSO ) REG>D TO ! V>I\S FUNCTIONS ( LIFE )9 ! FREE COMMUNITY2 A M]ELY T]RITORIAL LIMITATION ( ! SPH]E ( ACTION ( GOV]NM5T WILL NOT DO-REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T BE+ AS DEFICI5T 9 A CITY AS IT IS A NATION4 ,LIFE GAVE ?US A FUR!R PO9T 9 FAVOR ( ! NO-GOV]NM5T !ORY1 & A NEW IMPULSE TO AN>*I/ ?\<T4 

,AN>*I/S RECOGNIZE ! JU/ICE ( BO? ! JU/-M5TION$-T5D5CIES T[>DS ECONOMICAL & POLITICAL FRE$OM1 & SEE 9 !M TWO DIFF]5T MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! V]Y SAME NE$ ( EQUALITY :I* CON/ITUTES ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ALL /RUGGLES M5TION$ BY HI/ORY4 ,!RE=E1 9 COMMON ) ALL SOCIALI/S1 ! AN>*I/ SAYS TO ! POLITICAL RE=M]3 0,NO SUB/ANTIAL RE=M 9 ! S5SE ( POLITICAL EQUALITY1 & NO LIMITATION ( ! P[]S ( GOV]NM5T1 CAN BE MADE AS LONG AS SOCIETY IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO HO/ILE CAMPS1 & ! LABOR] REMA9S1 ECONOMICALLY SPEAK+1 A S]F1 TO HIS EMPLOY]40 ,BUT TO ! POPUL> /ATE SOCIALI/ WE SAY ALSO3 0,Y\ CAN NOT MODIFY ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( PROP]TY )\T DEEPLY MODIFY+ AT ! SAME TIME ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,Y\ MU/ LIMIT ! P[]S ( GOV]NM5T & R5\NCE P>LIAM5T>Y RULE4 ,TO EA* NEW ECONOMICAL PHASE ( LIFE CORRESPONDS A N[ POLITICAL PHASE4 ,ABSOLUTE MON>*Y ?AT IS1 C\RT-RULE--CORRESPOND$ TO ! SY/EM ( S]FDOM4 ,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T CORRESPONDS TO CAPITAL-RULE4 ,BO?1 H[EV]1 >E CLASS RULE4 ,BUT 9 A SOCIETY :]E ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 CAPITALI/ & LABOR] HAS DISAPPE>$1 !RE IS NO NE$ ( SU* A GOV]NM5T2 IT W\LD BE AN ANA*RONISM1 A NUISANCE4 ,FREE WORK]S W\LD REQUIRE A FREE ORGANIZATION1 & ?IS CANNOT HAVE ANO!R BASIS ?AN FREE AGREEM5T & FREE COOP]ATION1 )\T SACRIFIC+ ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! ALLP]VAD+ 9T]F]5CE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! NO-CAPITALI/ SY/EM IMPLIES ! NO- GOV]NM5T SY/EM40 

,MEAN+ ?US ! EMANCIPATION ( MAN FROM ! OPPRESSIVE P[]S ( CAPITALI/ & GOV]NM5T AS WELL1 ! SY/EM ( AN>*Y BECOMES A SYN!SIS ( ! TWO P[]FUL CURR5TS ( ?\<T :I* *>ACT]IZE \R ,C5TURY4 

,9 >RIV+ AT !SE CONCLUSIONS AN>*Y PROVES TO BE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! CONCLUSIONS >RIV$ AT BY ! PHILOSOPHY ( EVOLUTION4 ,BY BR++ TO ! LI<T ! PLA/ICITY ( ORGANIZATION1 ! PHILOSOPHY ( EVOLUTION HAS %[N ! ADMIRABLE ADAPTIVITY ( ORGANISMS TO !IR CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 & ! 5SU+ DEVELOPM5T ( SU* FACULTIES AS R5D] MORE COMPLETE BO? ! ADAPTATIONS ( ! AGGREGATES TO !IR SURR\ND+S & ?OSE ( EA* ( ! CON/ITU5T P>TS ( ! AGGREGATE TO ! NE$S ( FREE COOP]ATION4 ,IT FAMILI>IZ$ US ) ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ?R\<\T ORGANIC NATURE ! CAPACITIES = LIFE 9 COMMON >E GR[+ 9 PROPORTION AS ! 9TEGRATION ( ORGANISMS 9TO COMP\ND AGGREGATES BECOMES MORE & MORE COMPLETE2 & IT 5=C$ ?US ! OP9ION ALREADY EXPRESS$ BY SOCIAL MORALI/S AS TO ! P]FECTIBILITY ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT HAS %[N US ?AT1 9 ! LONG RUN ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 0! FITTE/0 WILL PROVE TO BE ?OSE :O COMB9E 9TELLECTUAL KN[L$GE ) ! KN[L$GE NECESS>Y = ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL?1 & NOT ?OSE :O >E N[ ! RI*E/ BECAUSE !Y1 OR !IR ANCE/ORS1 HAVE BE5 MOM5T>ILY ! /RONGE/4 ,BY %[+ ?AT ! 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE0 MU/ BE CONCEIV$1 NOT M]ELY 9 ITS RE/RICT$ S5SE ( A /RUGGLE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS = ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 BUT 9 ITS WID] S5SE ( ADAPTATION ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SPECIES TO ! BE/ CONDITIONS = ! SURVIVAL ( ! SPECIES1 AS WELL AS = ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE SUM ( LIFE & HAPP9ESS = EA* & ALL1 IT P]MITT$ US1 TO D$UCE ! LAWS ( MORAL SCI5CE FROM ! SOCIAL NE$S & HABITS ( MANK9D4 ,IT %[$ US ! 9F9ITESIMAL P>T PLAY$ BY POSITIVE LAW 9 MORAL EVOLUTION1 & ! IMM5SE P>T PLAY$ BY ! NATURAL GR[? ( ALTRUI/IC FEEL+S1 :I* DEVELOP AS SOON AS ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE FAVOR !IR GR[?4 ,IT ?US 5=C$ ! OP9ION ( SOCIAL RE=M]S AS TO ! NECESSITY ( MODIFY+ ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE = IMPROV+ MAN1 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO IMPROVE HUMAN NATURE BY MORAL TEA*+S :ILE LIFE WORKS 9 AN OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,F9ALLY1 BY /UDY+ HUMAN SOCIETY FROM ! BIOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 IT CAME TO ! CONCLUSIONS >RIV$ AT BY AN>*I/S FROM ! /UDY ( HI/ORY & PRES5T T5D5CIES1 AS TO FUR!R PROGRESS BE+ 9 ! L9E ( SOCIALIZATION ( WEAL? & 9TEGRAT$ LABOR1 COMB9$ ) ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

,IT IS NOT A M]E CO9CID5CE ?AT ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 :OM WE MAY CONSID] AS A PRETTY FAIR EXP\ND] ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( EVOLUTION1 HAS BE5 BR\<T TO CONCLUDE1 ) REG>D TO POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 ?AT 0?AT =M ( SOCIETY T[>DS :I* WE >E PROGRESS+0 IS 0ONE 9 :I* GOV]NM5T WILL BE R$UC$ TO ! SMALLE/ AM\NT POSSIBLE1 & FRE$OM 9CREAS$ TO ! GREATE/ AM\NT POSSIBLE40 ,:5 HE OPPOSES 9 !SE WORDS ! CONCLUSION ( HIS SYN!TIC PHILOSOPHY TO ?OSE ( ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 HE >RIVES AT V]Y NE>LY ! SAME CONCLUSION AS ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN94 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 ! V]Y ME?ODS ( >GUM5TATION & ! ILLU/RATIONS RESORT$ TO BY ,H]B]T ,SP5C] 7DAILY SUPPLY ( FOOD1 PO/-(FICE1 & SO ON7 >E ! SAME :I* WE F9D 9 ! WRIT+S ( ! AN>*I/S4 ,! *ANNELS ( ?\<T W]E ! SAME1 AL?\< BO? W]E UNAW>E ( EA* O!R'S 5DEAVORS4 

,AGA91 :5 ,MR4 ,SP5C] SO P[]FULLY & EV5 NOT )\T A T\* ( PASSION1 >GUES 79 HIS APP5DIX TO ! ?IRD $ITION ( ! ,DATA ( ,E?ICS7 ?AT HUMAN SOCIETIES >E M>*+ T[>DS A /ATE :5 A FUR!R ID5TIFICATION ( ALTRUISM ) EGOISM WILL BE MADE 09 ! S5SE ?AT P]SONAL GRATIFICATION WILL COME FROM ! GRATIFICATION ( O!RS20 :5 HE SAYS ?AT 0WE >E %[N1 UND5IABLY1 ?AT IT IS A P]FECTLY POSSIBLE ?+ = ORGANISMS TO BECOME SO ADJU/$ TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( !IR LIVES1 ?AT 5]GY EXP5D$ = ! G5]AL WELF>E MAY NOT ONLY BE ADEQUATE TO *ECK 5]GY EXP5D$ = ! 9DIVIDUAL WELF>E1 BUT MAY COME TO SUBORD9ATE IT SO F> AS TO LEAVE 9DIVIDUAL WELF>E NO GREAT] P>T ?AN IS NECESS>Y = ! MA9T5ANCE ( 9DIVIDUAL LIFE 0-PROVID$ ! CONDITIONS = SU* RELATIONS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY BE MA9TA9$--HE D]IVES FROM ! /UDY ( NATURE ! V]Y SAME CONCLUSIONS :I* ! =]UNN]S ( AN>*Y1 ,F\RI]1 & ,ROB]T ,[51 D]IV$ FROM A /UDY ( HUMAN *>ACT]4 

,:5 WE SEE FUR!R ,AIR4 ,BA9 SO =CIBLY ELABORAT+ ! !ORY ( MORAL HABITS1 & ! ,FR5* PHILOSOPH]1 ,M4 ,GUYAU1 PUBLI%+ HIS REM>KABLE WORK ON MORALITY )\T OBLIGATION OR SANCTION2 :5 ,J4 ,S4 ,MILL SO %>PLY CRITICIZES REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 & :5 HE DISCUSSES ! PROBLEM ( LIB]TY1 AL?\< FAIL+ TO E/ABLI% ITS NECESS>Y CONDITIONS2 :5 ,SIR ,JOHN ,LUBBOCK PROSECUTES HIS ADMIRABLE /UDIES ON ANIMAL SOCIETIES1 & ,MR4 ,MORGAN APPLIES SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS ( 9VE/IGATION TO ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY-:51 9 %ORT1 EV]Y YE>1 BY BR++ SOME N[ >GUM5TS TO ! !ORY ( AN>*Y-WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS LA/ AL?\< DIFF]+ AS TO ITS />T+ PO9TS1 FOLL[S ! SAME S\ND ME?ODS ( SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION4 ,\R CONFID5CE 9 ITS CONCLUSIONS IS /ILL MORE 9CREAS$4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 AN>*I/S & ! JU/-NAM$ PHILOSOPH]S MAY BE IMM5SE AS TO ! PRESUM$ SPE$ ( EVOLUTION1 & AS TO ! CONDUCT :I* ONE \<T TO ASSUME AS SOON AS HE HAS HAD AN 9SI<T 9TO ! AIMS T[>D :I* SOCIETY IS M>*+4 ,NO ATTEMPT1 H[EV]1 HAS BE5 MADE SCI5TIFICALLY TO DET]M9E ! RATIO ( EVOLUTION1 NOR HAVE ! *IEF ELEM5TS ( ! PROBLEM 7! /ATE ( M9D ( ! MASSES7 BE5 TAK5 9TO ACC\NT BY ! EVOLUTIONI/ PHILOSOPH]S4 ,AS TO BR++ ONE'S ACTION 9TO ACCORDANCE ) HIS PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTIONS1 WE KN[ ?AT1 UNHAPPILY1 9TELLECT & WILL >E TOO (T5 SEP>AT$ BY A *ASM NOT TO BE FILL$ BY M]E PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATIONS1 H[EV] DEEP & ELABORATE4 

,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 BETWE5 ! JU/-NAM$ PHILOSOPH]S & ! AN>*I/S A WIDE DIFF]5CE ON ONE PO9T ( PRIMORDIAL IMPORTANCE4 ,?IS DIFF]5CE IS ! /RONG] AS IT >ISES ON A PO9T :I* MI<T BE DISCUSS$ FIGURES 9 H&1 & :I* CON/ITUTES ! V]Y BASIS ( ALL FUR!R D$UCTION1 AS IT BELONGS TO :AT BIOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGY W\LD DESCRIBE AS ! PHYSIOLOGY ( NUTRITION4 

,!RE IS1 9 FACT1 A WIDELY SPREAD FALLACY1 MA9TA9$ BY ,MR4 ,SP5C] & MANY O!RS1 AS TO ! CAUSES ( ! MIS]Y :I* WE SEE R\ND AB\T US4 ,IT WAS AFFIRM$ =TY YE>S AGO1 & IT IS AFFIRM$ ,D[ BY ,MR4 ,SP5C] & HIS FOLL[]S1 ?AT MIS]Y 9 CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY IS DUE TO \R 9SUFFICI5T PRODUCTION1 OR RA!R TO ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT 0POPULATION PRESSES UPON ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE40 ,IT W\LD BE ( NO USE TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! ORIG9 ( SU* A MISREPRES5TATION ( FACTS1 :I* MI<T BE EASILY V]IFI$4 ,IT MAY HAVE ITS ORIG9 9 9H]IT$ MISCONCEPTIONS :I* HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! PHILOSOPHY ( EVOLUTION4 ,BUT TO BE MA9TA9$ & ADVOCAT$ BY PHILOSOPH]S1 !RE MU/ BE1 9 ! CONCEPTIONS ( !SE PHILOSOPH]S1 SOME CONFUSION AS TO ! DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,SUFFICI5T IMPORTANCE IS NOT GIV5 TO ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! /RUGGLE :I* GOES ON AMONG ORGANISMS :I* DO NOT COOP]ATE = PROVID+ ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 & ?OSE :I* DO SO4 ,9 ?IS LA/ CASE AGA9 !RE MU/ BE SOME CONFUSION BETWE5 ?OSE AGGREGATES :OSE MEMB]S F9D !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE 9 ! READY PRODUCE ( ! VEGETABLE & ANIMAL K+DOM1 & ?OSE :OSE MEMB]S >TIFICIALLY GR[ !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & >E 5ABL$ TO 9CREASE 7TO A YET UNKN[N AM\NT7 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( EA* SPOT ( ! SURFACE ( ! GLOBE4 ,HUNT]S :O HUNT1 EA* ( !M = HIS [N SAKE1 & HUNT]S :O UNITE 9TO SOCIETIES = HUNT+1 /&4 QUITE DIFF]5TLY ) REG>D TO ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,BUT ! DIFF]5CE IS /ILL GREAT] BETWE5 ! HUNT]S :O TAKE !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE AS !Y >E 9 NATURE1 & CIVILIZ$ M5 :O GR[ !IR FOOD & PRODUCE ALL REQUISITES = A COM=TABLE LIFE BY MA*9]Y4 ,9 ?IS LA/ CASE-! /OCK ( POT5TIAL 5]GY 9 NATURE BE+ LITTLE %ORT ( 9F9ITE 9 COMP>ISON ) ! PRES5T POP AT ON ( ! GLOBE-! MEANS ( AVAIL+ \RSELVES ( ! /OCK ( 5]GY >E 9CREAS$ & P]FECT$ PRECISELY 9 PROPORTION TO ! D5SITY ( POPULATION & TO PREVI\SLY ACCUMULAT$ /OCK ( TE*NICAL KN[L$GE2 SO ?AT = HUMAN BE+S :O >E 9 POSSESSION ( SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE1 & COOP]ATE = ! >TIFICIAL PRODUCTION ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & COM=T1 ! LAW IS QUITE ! REV]SE TO ?AT ( ,MAL?US4 ,! ACCUMULATION ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & COM=T IS GO+ ON AT A MU* SPE$I] RATE ?AN ! 9CREASE ( POPULATION4 ,! ONLY CONCLUSION :I* WE CAN D$UCE FROM ! LAWS ( EVOLUTION & MULTIPLICATION ( EFFECTS IS ?AT ! AVAILABLE AM\NT ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE 9CREASES AT A RATE :I* 9CREASES ITSELF 9 PROPORTION AS POPULATION BECOMES D5S]-UNLESS IT BE >TIFICIALLY 7& TEMPOR>ILY7 *ECK$ BY SOME DEFECTS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,AS TO \R P[]S ( PRODUCTION 7\R POT5TIAL PRODUCTION71 !Y 9CREASE AT A /ILL SPE$I] RATE2 9 PRODUCTION AS SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE GR[S1 ! MEANS = SPREAD+ IT >E R5D]$ EASI]1 & 9V5TIVE G5IUS IS /IMULAT$ BY ALL PREVI\S 9V5TIONS4 

,IF ! FALLACY AS TO ! PRESSURE ( POPULATION ON ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE C\LD BE MA9TA9$ A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 IT CAN BE MA9TA9$ NO MORE1 S9CE WE HAVE WITNESS$ ! EFFECTS ( SCI5CE ON 9DU/RY1 & ! 5ORM\S 9CREASE ( \R PRODUCTIVE P[] DUR+ ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,WE KN[1 9 FACT1 ?AT :ILE ! GR[? ( POPULATION ( ,5GL& HAS BE5 FROM #a#f@&#a_/#b MILLIONS 9 #ahdd TO #b#f@&#c_/#d MILLIONS 9 #a#h#h#c1 %[+ ?US AN 9CREASE ( #fb P]C5T1 ! GR[? ( NATIONAL WEAL? 7AS TE/IFI$ BY S*$ULE ,A ( ! ,9COME ,TAX ,ACT7 HAS 9CREAS$ AT A TWICE SPE$I] RATE2 IT HAS GR[N FROM #bba TO #eg @&#a_/#b MILLIONS-?AT IS1 BY #ac P]C5T4 ,& WE KN[ ?AT ! SAME 9CREASE ( WEAL? HAS TAK5 PLACE 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E POPULATION REMA9S ALMO/ /ATION>Y1 & ?AT IT HAS GONE ON AT A /ILL SPE$I] RATE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E POPULATION IS 9CREAS+ EV]Y YE> BY IMMIGRATION4 

,BUT ! FIGURES JU/ M5TION$1 :ILE %[+ ! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION1 GIVE ONLY A FA9T IDEA ( :AT \R PRODUCTION MI<T BE UND] A MORE REASONABLE ECONOMICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,WE KN[ WELL ?AT ! [N]S ( CAPITAL1 :ILE TRY+ TO PRODUCE MORE W>ES ) FEW] 0H&S10 >E ALSO CONT9UALLY 5DEAVOR+ TO LIMIT ! PRODUCTION1 9 ORD] TO SELL AT HI<] PRICES4 ,:5 ! B5EFITS ( A CONC]N >E GO+ D[N1 ! [N] ( ! CAPITAL LIMITS ! PRODUCTION1 OR TOTALLY SUSP5DS IT1 & PREF]S TO 5GAGE HIS CAPITAL 9 =EIGN LOANS OR %>ES ( ,PATAGONIAN GOLD-M9ES4 ,JU/ N[ !RE >E PL5TY ( PITM5 9 ,5GL& :O ASK = NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO BE P]MITT$ TO EXTRACT COAL & SUPPLY ) *EAP FUEL ! H\SEHOLDS :]E *ILDR5 >E %IV]+ BE=E EMPTY *IMNEYS4 ,!RE >E ?\S&S ( WEAV]S :O ASK = NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO WEAVE /UFFS 9 ORD] TO REPLACE ! ,:ITE*APEL RUGS ) L954 ,& SO 9 ALL BRAN*ES (9DU/RY4 ,H[ CAN WE TALK AB\T A WANT ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE :5 #bdf BLA/+ FURNACES & ?\S&S ( FACTORIES LIE IDLE 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 ALONE2 & :5 !RE >E1 JU/ N[1 ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( UNEMPLOY$ 9 ,LONDON ALONE2 ?\S&S ( M5 ':O W\LD CONSID] !MSELVES HAPPY IF !Y W]E P]MITT$ TO TRANS=M 7UND] ! GUIDANCE ( EXP]I5C$ M57 ! HEAVY CLAY ( ,MIDDLESEX 9TO A RI* SOIL1 & TO COV] ) RI* CORNFIELDS & OR*>DS ! ACRES ( MEAD[-L& :I* N[ YIELD ONLY A FEW P\NDS' WOR? ( HAY8 ,BUT !Y >E PREV5T$ FROM DO+ SO BY ! [N]S ( ! L&1 ( ! WEAV+ FACTORY1 & ( ! COAL-M9E1 BECAUSE CAPITAL F9DS IT MORE ADVANTAGE\S TO SUPPLY ! ,KH$IVE ) H>EMS & ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T ) 0/RATEGIC RAILWAYS0 & ,KRUPP GUNS4 ,( C\RSE ! MA9T5ANCE ( H>EMS PAYS2 IT GIVES T5 OR FIFTE5 P]C5T ON ! CAPITAL1 :ILE ! EXTRACTION (4 COAL DOES NOT PAY-?AT IS1 IT BR+S ?REE OR FIVE P]C5T1--& ?AT IS A SUFFICI5T REASON = LIMIT+ ! PRODUCTION & P]MITT+ W\LD-BE ECONOMI/S TO 9DULGE 9 REPROA*ES TO ! WORK+ CLASSES AS TO !IR TOO RAPID MULTIPLICATION6 

,H]E WE HAVE 9/ANCES ( A DIRECT & CONSCI\S LIMITATION ( PRODUCTION1 DUE TO ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! REQUISITES = PRODUCTION BELONG TO ! FEW1 & ?AT !SE FEW HAVE ! RI<T ( DISPOS+ ( !M AT !IR WILL1 )\T C>+ AB\T ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,BUT !RE IS ALSO ! 9DIRECT & UNCONSCI\S LIMITATION ( PRODUCTION-?AT :I* RESULTS FROM SQU&]+ ! PRODUCE ( HUMAN LABOR 9 LUXURY1 9/EAD ( APPLY+ IT TO A FUR!R 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION4 

,! LA/ EV5 CANNOT BE E/IMAT$ 9 FIGURES1 BUT A WALK ?R\< ! RI* %OPS ( ANY CITY & A GLANCE AT ! MANN] 9 :I* MONEY IS SQU&]$ N[1 CAN GIVE AN APPROXIMATE IDEA ( ?IS 9DIRECT LIMITATION4 ,:5 A RI* MAN SP5DS A ?\S& P\NDS = HIS /ABLES1 HE SQU&]S FIVE TO SIX ?\S& 7LAYS ( HUMAN LABOR1 :I* MI<T BE US$1 UND] A BETT] SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 = SUPPLY+ ) COM=TABLE HOMES ?OSE :O >E COMPELL$ TO LIVE N[ 9 D5S4 ,& :5 A LADY SP5DS A HUNDR$ P\NDS = H] DRESS1 WE CANNOT BUT SAY ?AT %E SQU&]S1 AT LEA/1 TWO YE>S ( HUMAN LABOR1 :I*1 AGA9 UND] A BETT] ORGANIZATION1 MI<T HAVE SUPPLI$ A HUNDR$ WOM5 ) DEC5T DRESSES1 & MU* MORE IF APPLI$ TO A FUR!R IMPROVEM5T ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION4 ,PREA*]S ?UND] AGA9/ LUXURY1 BECAUSE IT IS %AMEFUL TO SQU&] MONEY = FE$+ & %ELT]+ H\NDS & HORSES1 :5 ?\S&S LIVE 9 ! ,EA/ ,5D ON SIXP5CE A DAY1 & O!R ?\S&S HAVE NOT EV5 !IR MIS]ABLE SIXP5CE EV]Y DAY4 ,BUT ! ECONOMI/ SEES MORE ?AN ?AT 9 \R MOD]N LUXURY1 :5 MILLIONS ( DAYS ( LABOR >E SP5T EV]Y YE> = ! SATISFACTION ( ! /UPID VANITY ( ! RI*1 HE SAYS ?AT SO MANY MILLIONS ( WORK]S HAVE BE5 DIV]T$ FROM ! MANUFACTURE ( ?OSE USEFUL 9/RUM5TS :I* W\LD P]MIT US TO D\BLE & TRIPLE \R PRES5T PRODUCTION ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & ( REQUISITES = COM=T4 

,9 %ORT1 IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT BO? ! REAL & ! POT5TIAL 9CREASE ( \R WEAL?1 & CONSID] BO? ! DIRECT & 9DIRECT LIMITATION ( PRODUCTION1 :I* >E UNAVOIDABLE UND] \R PRES5T ECONOMICAL SY/EM1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ! SUPPOS$ 0PRESSURE ( POPULATION ON ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE 0 IS A M]E FALLACY1 REPEAT$1 ,EKE MANY O!R FALLACIES1 )\T EV5 TAK+ ! TR\BLE ( SUBMITT+ IT TO A MOM5T'S CRITICISM4 ,! CAUSES ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL DISEASE MU/ BE S\<T ELSE:]E4 

,LET US TAKE A CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY4 ,! =E/S HAVE BE5 CLE>$1 ! SWAMPS DRA9$4 ,?\S&S ( ROADS & RAILWAYS 9T]SECT IT 9 ALL DIRECTIONS2 ! RIV]S HAVE BE5 R5D]$ NAVIGABLE1 & ! SEAPORTS >E ( EASY ACCESS4 ,CANALS CONNECT ! SEAS4 ,! ROCKS HAVE BE5 PI]C$ BY DEEP %AFTS2 ?\S&S ( MANUFACTURES COV] ! L&4 ,SCI5CE HAS TAU<T M5 H[ TO USE ! 5]GY ( NATURE = ! SATISFACTION = HIS NE$S4 ,CITIES HAVE SL[LY GR[N 9 ! LONG ,TUN ( AGES1 & TREASURES ( SCI5CE & >T >E ACCUMULAT$ 9 !SE C5T]S ( CIVILIZATION4 ,BUT:O HAS MADE ALL !SE M>VELS8 

,! COMB9$ EF=TS ( SCORES ( G5]ATIONS HAVE CONTRIBUT$ T[>DS ! A*IEVEM5T ( !SE RESULTS4 ,! =E/S HAVE BE5 CLE>$ C5TURIES AGO2 MILLIONS ( M5 HAVE SP5T YE>S & YE>S ( LABOR 9 DRA9+ ! SWAMPS1 9 TRAC+ ! ROADS1 9 BUILD+ ! RAILWAYS4 ,O!R MILLIONS HAVE BUILT ! CITIES & CREAT$ ! CIVILIZATION WE BOA/ (4 ,?\S&S ( 9V5TORS1 MO/LY UNKN[N1 MO/LY DY+ 9 POV]TY & NEGLECT1 HAVE ELABORAT$ ! MA*9]Y 9 :I* MAN ADMIRES HIS G5IUS4 ,?\S&S ( WRIT]S1 PHILOSOPH]S & M5 ( SCI5CE1 SUPPORT$ BY MANY ?\S&S ( COMPOSITORS1 PR9T]S1 & O!R LABOR]S :OSE NAME IS LEGION1 HAVE CONTRIBUT$ 9 ELABORAT+ & SPREAD+ KN[L$GE1 9 DISSIPAT+ ]RORS1 9 CREAT+ ! ATMOSPH]E ( SCI5TIFIC ?\<T1 )\T :I* ! M>VELS ( \R C5TURY NEV] W\LD HAVE BE5 BR\<T TO LIFE4 ,! G5IUS ( A ,MAY] & A ,GROVE1 ! PATI5T WORK ( A ,J\LE1 SURELY HAVE DONE MORE = GIV+ A NEW />T TO MOD]N 9DU/RY ?AN ALL ! CAPITALI/S ( ! WORLD2 BUT !SE M5 ( G5IUS !MSELVES >E1 9 !IR TURN1 ! *ILDR5 ( 9DU/RY2 ?\S&S ( 5G9ES HAD TO TRANS=M HEAT 9TO ME*ANICAL =CE1 & ME*ANICAL =CE 9TO S\ND1 LI<T & ELECTRICITY -& !Y HAD TO DO SO YE>S LONG1 EV]Y DAY1 UND] ! EYES ( HUMANITY- BE=E SOME ( \R CONTEMPOR>IES PROCLAIM$ ! ME*ANICAL ORIG9 ( HEAT & ! CORRELATION ( PHYSICAL =CES1 & BE=E WE \RSELVES BECAME PREP>$ TO LI/5 TO !M & UND]/& !IR TEA*+S1 ,:O KN[S = B[ MANY DECADES WE %\LD CONT9UE TO BE IGNORANT ( ?IS !ORY :I* N[ REVOLUTIONIZES 9DU/RY1 W]E IT NOT = ! 9V5TIVE P[]S & SKILL ( ?OSE -UNKN[N WORK]S :O HAVE IMPROV$ ! /EAM5G9E1 :O BR\<T ALL ITS P>TS TO P]FECTION1 SO AS TO MAKE /EAM MORE MANAGEABLE ?AN A HORSE1 & TO R5D] ! USE ( ! 5G9E NE>LY UNIV]SAL8 ,BUT ! SAME IS TRUE ) REG>D TO EA* SMALLE/ P>T ( \R MA*9]Y4 ,9 EA* MA*9E1 H[EV] SIMPLE1 WE MAY READ A :OLE HI/ORY--A LONG HI/ORY ( SLEEPLESS NI<TS1 ( DELUSIONS & JOYS1 ( P>TIAL 9V5TIONS & P>TIAL IMPROVEM5TS :I* BR\<T IT TO ITS PRES5T /ATE4 ,NAY1 NE>LY EA* NEW MA*9E IS A SYN!SIS1 A RESULT ( ?\S&S ( P>TIAL 9V5TIONS MADE1 NOT ONLY 9 ONE SPECIAL DEP>TM5T ( MA*9]Y1 BUT 9 ALL DEP>TM5TS ( ! WIDE FIELD ( ME*ANICS4 

,\R CITIES1 CONNECT$ BY ROADS & BR\<T 9TO EASY COMMUNICATION ) ALL PEOPL$ P>TS ( ! GLOBE1 >E ! GR[? ( C5TURIES 2 & EA* H\SE 9 !SE CITIES1 EA* FACTORY1 EA* %OP1 D]IVES ITS VALUE1 ITS V]Y RAISON D'ETRE FROM ! FACT ?AT IT IS SITUAT$ ON A SPOT ( ! GLOBE :]E ?\S&S OR MILLIONS HAVE GA!R$ TOGE!R4 ,EV]Y SMALLE/ P>T ( ! IMM5SE :OLE :I* WE CALL ! WEAL? ( CIVILIZ$ NATION D]IVES ITS VALUE PRECISELY FROM BE+ A P>T ( ?IS :OLE4 ,:AT W\LD BE ! VALUE ( AN IMM5SE ,LONDON %OP OR /OREH\SE W]E IT NOT SITUAT$ PRECISELY 9 ,LONDON1 :I* HAS BECOME ! GA!R+ SPOT = FIVE MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S8 ,& :AT ! VALUE ( \R COAL-PITS1 \R MANUFACTURES1 \R %IP BUILD+ Y>DS1 W]E IT NOT = ! IMM5SE TRAFFIC :I* GOES ON ACROSS ! SEAS1 = ! RAILWAYS :I* TRANSPORT M\NTA9S ( M]*&ISE1 = ! CITIES :I* NUMB] !IR 9HABITANTS BY MILLIONS8 ,:O1 IS1 !N1 ! 9DIVIDUAL :O HAS ! RI<T TO /EP =W>D &1 LAY+ HIS H&S ON ! SMALLE/ P>T ( ?IS IMM5SE :OLE1 TO SAY1 0,I HAVE PRODUC$ ?IS-1 IT BELONGS TO ME80 ,& H[ CAN WE DISCRIM9ATE1 9 ?IS IMM5SE1 9T]WOV5 :OLE1 ! P>T :I* ! ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL MAY APPROPRIATE TO HIMSELF ) ! SLI<TE/ APPROA* TO JU/ICE8 ,H\SES & /REETS 1 CANALS & RAILWAYS1 MA*9ES & WORKS ( >T1 ALL !SE HAVE BE5 CREAT$ BY ! COMB9$ EF=TS ( G5]ATIONS PA/ & PRES5T1 ( M5 LIV+ ON !SE ISL&S & M5 LIV+ ?\S&S ( MILES AWAY4 

,BUT IT HAS HAPP5$ 9 ! LONG RUN ( AGES ?AT EV]Y?+ :I* P]MITS M5 FUR!R TO 9CREASE !IR PRODUCTION1 OR EV5 TO CONT9UE IT1 HAS HAS BE5 APPROPRIAT$ BY ! FEW4 ,! L& :I* D]IVES ITS VALUE PRECISELY FROM ITS BE+ NECESS>Y = AN EV]-9CREAS+ POPULATION BELONGS TO ! FEW1 :O MAY PREV5T ! COMMUNITY FROM CULTIVAT+ IT4 ,! COAL PITS1 :I* REPRES5T ! LABOR ( G5]ATIONS1 & :I* ALSO D]IVE !IR VALUE FROM ! WANTS ( ! MANUFACTURES & RAILROADS1 FROM ! IMM5SE TRADE C>RI$ ON & ! D5SITY ( POPULATION 7:AT IS ! VALUE ( COALLAY]S 9 ,TRANSBAIKILIA87 BELONG AGA9 TO ! FEW1 :O HAVE EV5 ! RI<T ( /OPP+ ! EXTRACTION ( COAL IF !Y *OOSE TO GIVE ANO!R USE TO !IR CAPITAL4 ,! LACE-WEAV+ MA*9E1 :I* REPRES5TS 9 ITS PRES5T /ATE ( P]FECTION1 ! WORK ( ?REE G5]ATIONS ( ,LANCA%IRE WEAV]S1 BELONGS AGA9 TO ! FEW2 & IF ! GR&SONS ( ! V]Y SAME WEAV] :O 9V5T$ ! FIR/ LACE-WEAV+ MA*9E CLAIM !IR RI<TS ( BR++ ONE ( !SE MA*9ES 9TO MOTION1 !Y WILL BE TOLD ',H&S (F6 ?IS MA*9E DOES NOT BELONG TO Y\6' ,! RAILROADS1 :I* MO/LY W\LD BE USELESS HEAPS ( IRON IF ,GREAT ,BRITA9 HAD NOT ITS PRES5T D5SE POPULATION1 ITS 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 & TRAFFIC1 BELONG AGA9 TO ! FEW-TO A FEW %>EHOLD]S1 :O MAY EV5 NOT KN[ :]E ! RAILWAY IS SITUAT$ :I* BR+S !M A YE>LY 9COME L>GELY ?AN ?AT ( A M$IEVAL K+2 & IF ! *ILDR5 ( ?OSE PEOPLE :O DI$ BY ?\S&S 9 DIGG+ ! TUNNELS W\LD GA!R & GO--A RAGG$ & />V+ CR[D--TO ASK BREAD OR WORK FROM ! %>EHOLD]S1 !Y W\LD BE MET ) BAYONETS & BULLETS4 

,:O IS ! SOPHI/ :O WILL D>E TO SAY ?AT SU* AN ORGANIZATION IS JU/8 ,BUT :AT IS UNJU/ CANNOT BE B5EFICIAL = MANK9D2 & IT IS RIOT4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS MON/R\S ORGANIZATION1 ! SON ( A WORKMAN1 :5 HE IS ABLE TO WORK1 F9DS NO ACRE TO TILL1 NO MA*9E TO SET 9 MOTION1 UNLESS HE AGREES TO SELL HIS LABOR = A SUM 9F]IOR TO ITS REAL VALUE4 ,HIS FA!R & GR&FA!R HAVE CONTRIBUT$ 9 DRA9+ ! FIELD1 OR ]ECT+ ! FACTORY1 TO ! FULL EXT5T ( !IR CAPACITIES-& NOBODY CAN DO MORE ?AN ?AT--BUT HE COMES 9TO ! WORLD MORE DE/ITUTE ?AN A SAVAGE4 ,IF HE RESORTS TO AGRICULTURE1 HE WILL BE P]MITT$ TO CULTIVATE A PLOT ( L&1 BUT ON ! CONDITION ?AT HE GIVES UP ONE QU>T] ( HIS CROP TO ! L&LORD4 ,IF HE RESORTS TO 9DU/RY1 BE WILL BE P]MITT$ TO WORK1 BUT ON ! CONDITION ?AT \T ( ! ?IRTY %ILL+S HE HAS PRODUC$1 T5 %ILL+S OR MORE WILL BE POCKET$ BY ! [N] ( ! MA*9E4 ,WE CRY AGA9/ ! FEUDAL B>ON :O DID NOT P]MIT ANYONE TO SETTLE ON HIS L& O!RWISE ?AN ON PAYM5T ( ONE QU>T] ( ! CROPS TO ! LORD ( ! MANOR2 BUT WE CONT9UE TO DO AS !Y DID-WE EXT5D !IR SY/EM4 ,! =MS HAVE *ANG$1 BUT ! ESS5CE HAS REMA9$ ! SAME4 ,& ! WORKMAN IS COMPELL$ TO ACCEPT ! FEUDAL CONDITIONS :I* WE CALL FREE CONTRACT1 BECAUSE NO:]E WILL HE F9D BETT] CONDITIONS4 ,EV]Y?+ HAS BE5 APPROPRIAT$ BY SOMEBODY2 HE MU/ ACCEPT ! B>GA9 OR />VE4 

,[+ TO ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE \R PRODUCTION TAKES A WRONG TURN4 ,IT TAKES NO C>E ( ! NE$S ( ! COMMUNITY 2 ITS ONLY AIM IS TO 9CREASE ! B5EFITS ( ! CAPITALI/4 ,!RE=E-! CONT9U\S FLUCTUATIONS ( 9DU/RY1 ! CRISIS P]IODICALLY COM+ NE>LY EV]Y T5 YE>S1 & ?R[+ \T ( EMPLOYM5T SEV]AL HUNDR$ ?\S& M5 :O >E BR\<T TO COMPLETE MIS]Y1 :OSE *ILDR5 GR[ UP 9 ! GUTT]1 READY TO BECOME 9MATES ( ! PRISON & WORKH\SE4 ,! WORKM5 BE+ -UNABLE TO PUR*ASE ) !IR WAGES ! RI*ES !Y >E PRODUC+1 9DU/RY MU/ SE>* = M>KETS ELSE:]E1 AMID ! MIDDLE CLASSES ( O!R NATIONS4 ,IT MU/ F9D M>KETS1 9 ! ,EA/1 9 ,AFRICA1 ANY:]E2 IT MU/ 9CREASE BY TRADE1 ! NUMB] ( ITS S]FS 9 ,EYGPT1 9 ,9DIA1 9 ! ,CONGO4 ,BUT EV]Y:]E IT F9DS COMPETITORS 9 O!R NATIONS :I* RAPIDLY 5T] 9TO ! SAME L9E ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,& W>S1 CONT9U\S W>S1 MU/ BE F\<T = ! SUPREMACY ON ! WORLD-M>KET--W>S = ! POSSESSION ( ! ,EA/1 W>S = GETT+ POSSESSION ( ! SEAS1 W>S = HAV+ ! RI<T ( IMPOS+ HEAVY DUTIES ON =EIGN M]*&ISE4 ,! ?UND] ( GUNS NEV] CEASES 9 ,EUROPE2 :OLE G5]ATIONS >E SLAU<T]$2 & WE SP5D 9 >MAM5TS ! ?IRD ( ! REV5UES ( \R ,/ATES--A REV5UE RAIS$1 ! POOR KN[ ) :AT DIFFICULTIES4 

,$UCATION IS ! PRIVILEGE ( ! FEW4 ,NOT BECAUSE WE CAN F9D NO TEA*]S1 NOT BECAUSE ! WORKMAN'S SON & DAU<T] >E LESS ABLE TO RECEIVE 9/RUCTION1 BUT BECAUSE ONE CAN RECEIVE NO REASONABLE 9/RUCTION :5 AT ! AGE ( FIFTE5 HE DESC5DS 9TO ! M9E1 OR GOES SELL+ NEWSPAP]S 9 ! /REETS4 ,SOCIETY BECOMES DIVID$ 9TO TWO HO/ILE CAMPS2 & NO FRE$OM IS POSSIBLE UND] SU* CONDITIONS4 ,:ILE ! RADICAL ASKS = A FUR!R EXT5SION ( LIB]TY1 ! /ATESMAN ANSW]S HIM ?AT A FUR!R 9CREASE ( LIB]TY W\LD BR+ AB\T AN UPRIS+ ( ! PAUP]S2 & ?OSE POLITICAL LIB]TIES :I* HAVE CO/ SO DE> >E REPLAC$ BY CO]CION1 BY EXCEPTIONAL LAWS1 BY MILIT>Y RULE4 

,& F9ALLY1 ! 9JU/ICE ( \R REP>TITION ( WEAL? EX]CISES ! MO/ DEPLORABLE EFFECT ON \R MORALITY4 ,\R PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY SAY3 0,LOVE Y\R NEI<BOR AS Y\RSELF20 BUT LET A *ILD FOLL[ ?IS PR9CIPLE & TAKE (F HIS COAT TO GIVE IT TO ! %IV]+ PAUP]1 & HIS MO!R WILL TELL HIM ?AT HE MU/ NEV] UND]/& ! MORAL PR9CIPLES 9 !IR RI<T S5SE4 ,IF HE LIVES ACCORD+ TO !M1 HE WILL GO B>EFOOT1 )\T ALLEVIAT+ ! MIS]Y R\ND AB\T HIM6 ,MORALITY IS GOOD ON ! LIPS1 NOT 9 DE$S4 ,\R PREA*]S SAY1 0,:O WORKS1 PRAYS10 & EV]YBODY 5DEAVORS TO MAKE O!RS WORK = HIMSELF4 ,!Y SAY1 0,NEV] LIE60 & POLITICS IS A BIG LIE4 ,& WE ACCU/OM \RSELVES & \R *ILDR5 TO LIVE UND] ?IS D\BLE-FAC$ MORALITY1 :I* IS HYPOCRISY1 & TO- CONCILIATE \R D\BLE-FAC$NESS BY SOPHI/RY4 ,HYPOCRISY & SOPHI/RY BECOME ! V]Y BASIS ( \R LIFE4 ,BUT SOCIETY CANNOT LIVE UND] SU* A MORALITY4 ,IT CANNOT LA/ SO2 IT MU/1 IT WILL1 BE *ANG$4 

,! QUE/ION IS ?US NO MORE A M]E QUE/ION ( BREAD4 ,IT COV]S ! :OLE HELD ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,BUT IT HAS AT ITS BOTTOM A QUE/ION ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 & WE CONCLUDE3 ,! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ( SATISFACTION ( ALL NE$S ( SOCIETY1 HAV+ BE5 CREAT$ BY ! COMMON EF=TS ( ALL1 MU/ BE AT ! DISPOSAL ( ALL4 ,! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( REQUISITES = PRODUCTION IS NEI!R JU/ NOR B5EFICIAL4 ,ALL MU/ BE PLAC$ ON ! SAME FOOT+ AS PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S ( WEAL?4 ,?AT W\LD BE ! ONLY WAY = SOCIETY TO /EP \T ( ! BAD CONDITIONS :I* HAVE BE5 CREAT$ BY C5TURIES ( W>S & OPPRESSION4 ,?AT W\LD BE ! ONLY GU>ANTEE = FUR!R PROGRESS 9 A DIRECTION ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM1 :I* ALWAYS W]E ! REAL ?\< \TSPOK5 GOAL ( HUMANITY4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #h1 #bag 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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