,SECTION #e 

#ahihahih 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

,SECTION ,V 

  
,AN>*I/ ,MORALITY 

    
BY ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

  

,PHOTO BY LIBR>IANI%I%1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,! IDEA ( GOOD & EVIL EXI/S )9 HUMANITY ITSELF4 ,MAN1 :ATEV] DEGREE ( 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T HE MAY HAVE ATTA9$1 H[EV] HIS IDEAS MAY BE OBSCUR$ BY PREJUDICES & P]SONAL 9T]E/ 9 G5]AL1 CONSID]S AS GOOD ?AT :I* IS USEFUL TO ! SOCIETY :]E9 HE LIVES1 & AS EVIL ?AT :I* IS HURTFUL TO IT4 

,BUT :5CE COMES ?IS CONCEPTION1 (T5 SO VAGUE ?AT IT CAN SC>CELY BE DI/+UI%$ FROM A FEEL+8 ,!RE >E MILLIONS & MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S :O HAVE NEV] REFLECT$ AB\T ! HUMAN RACE4 ,!Y KN[ = ! MO/ P>T ONLY ! CLAN OR FAMILY1 R>ELY ! NATION1 /ILL MORE R>ELY MANK9D4 ,H[ CAN IT BE ?AT !Y %\LD CONSID] :AT IS USEFUL = ! HUMAN RACE AS GOOD1 OR EV5 ATTA9 A FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY ) !IR CLAN1 9 SPITE ( ALL !IR N>R[1 SELFI% 9T]E/S8 

,?IS FACT HAS GREATLY OCCUPI$ ?9K]S AT ALL TIMES1 & IT CONT9UES TO OCCUPY !M /ILL4 ,WE >E GO+ 9 \R TURN TO GIVE \R VIEW ( ! MATT]4 ,BUT LET US REM>K 9 PASS+ ?AT ?\< ! EXPLANATIONS ( ! FACT MAY V>Y1 ! FACT ITSELF REMA9S NONE ! LESS 9CONTE/ABLE4 ,& %\LD \R EXPLANATION NOT BE ! TRUE ONE1 OR %\LD IT BE 9COMPLETE1 ! FACT ) ITS CONSEQU5CES TO HUMANITY WILL /ILL REMA94 ,WE MAY NOT BE ABLE FULLY TO EXPLA9 ! ORIG9 ( ! PLANETS REVOLV+ R\ND ! SUN1 BUT ! PLANETS REVOLVE NONE ! LESS1 & ONE ( !M C>RIES US ) IT 9 SPACE4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY SPOK5 ( ! RELIGI\S EXPLANATION4 ,IF MAN DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL1 SAY !OLOGIANS1 IT IS ,GOD :O HAS 9SPIR$ HIM ) ?IS IDEA4 ,USEFUL OR HURTFUL IS NOT = HIM TO 9QUIRE2 HE MU/ M]ELY OBEY ! FIAT ( HIS CREATOR4 ,WE WILL NOT /OP AT ?IS EXPLANATION1 FRUIT ( ! IGNORANCE & T]RORS ( ! SAVAGE4 ,WE PASS ON4 

,O!RS HAVE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! FACT BY LAW4 ,IT MU/ HAVE BE5 LAW ?AT DEVELOP$ 9 MAN ! S5SE ( JU/ & UNJU/1 RI<T & WRONG4 ,\R READ]S MAY JUDGE ( ?IS EXPLANATION = !MSELVES4 ,!Y KN[ ?AT LAW HAS M]ELY UTILIZ$ ! SOCIAL FEEL+S ( MAN1 TO SLIP 91 AMONG ! MORAL PRECEPTS HE ACCEPTS1 V>I\S M&ATES USEFUL TO AN EXPLOIT+ M9ORITY1 TO :I* HIS NATURE REFUSES OB$I5CE4 ,LAW HAS P]V]T$ ! FEEL+ ( JU/ICE 9/EAD ( DEVELOP+ IT4 ,AGA9 LET US PASS ON4 

,NEI!R LET US PAUSE AT ! EXPLANATION ( ! ,UTILIT>IANS4 ,!Y WILL HAVE IT ?AT MAN ACTS MORALLY FROM SELF-9T]E/1 & !Y =GET HIS FEEL+S ( SOLID>ITY ) ! :OLE RACE1 :I* EXI/1 :ATEV] BE !IR ORIG94 ,!RE IS SOME TRU? 9 ! ,UTILIT>IAN EXPLANATION4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ! :OLE TRU?4 ,!RE=E1 LET US GO FUR!R4 

,IT IS AGA9 TO ! ?9K]S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ?AT WE >E 9DEBT$ = HAV+ GUESS$1 9 P>T AT ALL EV5TS1 ! ORIG9 ( ! MORAL S5TIM5T4 

,9 A F9E WORK1 ,! ,!ORY ( ,MORAL ,S5TIM5T1 LEFT TO SLUMB] 9 SIL5CE BY RELIGI\S PREJUDICE1 & 9DE$ BUT LITTLE KN[N EV5 AMONG ANTI-RELIGI\S ?9K]S1 ,ADAM ,SMI? HAS LAID HIS F+] ON ! TRUE ORIG9 ( ! MORAL S5TIM5T4 ,HE DOES NOT SEEK IT 9 MY/IC RELIGI\S FEEL+S2 HE F9DS IT SIMPLY 9 ! FEEL+ ( SYMPA?Y4 

,Y\ SEE A MAN BEAT A *ILD4 ,Y\ KN[ ?AT ! BEAT5 *ILD SUFF]S4 ,Y\R IMAG9ATION CAUSES Y\ Y\RSELF TO SUFF] ! PA9 9FLICT$ UPON ! *ILD2 OR P]HAPS ITS TE>S1 ITS LITTLE SUFF]+ FACE TELL Y\4 ,& IF Y\ >E NOT A C[>D1 Y\ RU% AT ! BRUTE :O IS BEAT+ IT & RESCUE IT FROM HIM4 

,?IS EXAMPLE BY ITSELF EXPLA9S ALMO/ ALL ! MORAL S5TIM5TS4 ,! MORE P[]FUL Y\R IMAG9ATION1 ! BETT] Y\ CAN PICTURE TO Y\RSELF :AT ANY BE+ FEELS :5 IT IS MADE TO SUFF]1 & ! MORE 9T5SE & DELICATE WILL Y\R MORAL S5SE BE4 ,! MORE Y\ >E DRAWN TO PUT Y\RSELF 9 ! PLACE ( ! O!R P]SON1 ! MORE Y\ FEEL ! PA9 9FLICT$ UPON HIM1 ! 9SULT (F]$ HIM1 ! 9JU/ICE ( :I* HE IS A VICTIM1 ! MORE WILL Y\ BE URG$ TO ACT SO ?AT Y\ MAY PREV5T ! PA91 9SULT1 OR 9JU/ICE4 ,& ! MORE Y\ >E ACCU/OM$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES1 BY ?OSE SURR\ND+ Y\1 OR BY ! 9T5SITY ( Y\R [N ?\<T & Y\R [N IMAG9ATION1 TO ACT AS Y\R ?\<T & IMAG9ATION URGE1 ! MORE WILL ! MORAL S5TIM5T GR[ 9 Y\1 ! MORE WILL IT BECOME HABITUAL4 

,?IS IS :AT ,ADAM ,SMI? DEVELOPS ) A WEAL? ( EXAMPLES4 ,HE WAS Y\NG :5 HE WROTE ?IS BOOK :I* IS F> SUP]IOR TO ! WORK ( HIS OLD AGE UPON POLITICAL ECON- OMY4 ,FREE FROM RELIGI\S PREJUDICE1 HE S\<T ! EXPLANATION ( MORALITY 9 A PHYSICAL FACT ( HUMAN NATURE1 & ?IS IS :Y (FICIAL & NON-(FICIAL !OLOGICAL PREJUDICE HAS PUT ! TREATISE ON ! ,BLACK ,LI/ = A C5TURY4 

,ADAM ,SMI?'S ONLY MI/AKE WAS NOT TO HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS SAME FEEL+ ( SYMPA?Y 9 ITS HABITUAL /AGE EXI/S AMONG ANIMALS AS WELL AS AMONG M54 

,! FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY IS ! LEAD+ *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL ANIMALS LIV+ 9 SOCIETY4 ,! EAGLE DEV\RS ! SP>R[1 ! WOLF DEV\RS ! M>MOT4 ,BUT ! EAGLES & ! WOLVES RESPECTIVELY AID EA* O!R 9 HUNT+1 ! SP>R[ & ! M>MOT UNITE AMONG !MSELVES AGA9/ ! BEA/S & BIRDS ( PREY SO EFFECTUALLY ?AT ONLY ! V]Y CLUMSY ONES >E CAU<T4 ,9 ALL ANIMAL SOCIETIES SOLID>ITY IS A NATURAL LAW ( F> GREAT] IMPORTANCE ?AN ?AT /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 ! VIRTUE ( :I* IS SUNG BY ! RUL+ CLASSES 9 EV]Y /RA9 ?AT MAY BE/ S]VE TO /ULTIFY US4 

,:5 WE /UDY ! ANIMAL WORLD & TRY TO EXPLA9 TO \RSELVES ?AT /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE MA9TA9$ BY EA* LIV+ BE+ AGA9/ ADV]SE CIRCUM/ANCES & AGA9/ ITS 5EMIES1 WE REALIZE ?AT ! MORE ! PR9CIPLES ( SOLID>ITY & EQUALITY >E DEVELOP$ 9 AN ANIMAL SOCIETY & HAVE BECOME HABITUAL TO IT1 ! MORE *ANCE HAS IT ( SURVIV+ & COM+ TRIUMPHANTLY \T ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ H>D%IPS & FOES4 ,! MORE ?OR\<LY EA* MEMB] ( ! SOCIETY FEELS HIS SOLID>ITY ) EA* O!R MEMB] ( ! SOCIETY1 ! MORE COMPLETELY >E DEVELOP$ 9 ALL ( !M ?OSE TWO QUALITIES :I* >E ! MA9 FACTORS ( ALL PROGRESS3 C\RAGE ON ! ONE H&1 MD ON ! O!R1 FREE 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,& ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! MORE ANY ANIMAL SOCIETY OR LITTLE GR\P ( ANIMALS LOSES ?IS FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY --:I* MAY *ANCE AS ! RESULT ( EXCEPTIONAL SC>CITY OR ELSE ( EXCEPTIONAL PL5TY-- ! MORE DO ! TWO O!R FACTORS ( PROGRESS C\RAGE & 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 DIM9I%4 ,9 ! 5D !Y DISAPPE>1 & ! SOCIETY FALLS 9TO DECAY & S9KS BE=E ITS FOES4 ,)\T MUTUAL CONFID5CE NO /RUGGLE IS POSSIBLE2 !RE IS NO C\RAGE1 NO 9ITIATIVE1 NO SOLID>ITY-- & NO VICTORY6 ,DEFEAT IS C]TA94 

,WE CAN PROVE ) A WEAL? ( EXAMPLES H[ 9 ! ANIMAL & HUMAN WORLDS ! LAW ( MUTUAL AID IS ! LAW ( PROGRESS1 & H[ MUTUAL AID ) ! C\RAGE & 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE :I* FOLL[ FROM IT SECURES VICTORY TO ! SPECIES MO/ CAPABLE ( PRACTIC+ IT4 ,N[ LET US IMAG9E ?IS FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY ACT+ DUR- + ! MILLIONS ( AGES :I* HAVE SUCCE$$ ONE ANO!R S9CE ! FIR/ BEG9N+S ( ANIMAL LIFE APPE>$ UPON ! GLOBE4 ,LET US IMAG9E H[ ?IS FEEL+ LITTLE BY LITTLE BECAME A HABIT1 & WAS TRANSMITT$ BY H]$ITY FROM ! SIMPLE/ MICROSCOPIC ORGANISM TO ITS DESC5DANTS -- 9SECTS1 BIRDS1 REPTILES1 MAMMALS1 MAN-- & WE %ALL COMPREH5D ! ORIG9 ( ! MORAL S5TIM5T1 :I* IS A NECESSITY TO ! ANIMAL LIKE FOOD OR ! ORGAN = DIGE/+ IT4 

,)\T GO+ FUR!R BACK & SPEAK+ ( COMPLEX ANIMALS SPR++ FROM COLONIES ( EXTREMELY SIMPLE LITTLE BE+S1 H]E IS ! ORIG9 ( ! MORAL S5TIM5T4 ,WE HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO BE EXTREMELY BRIEF 9 ORD] TO COMPRESS ?IS GREAT QUE/ION )9 ! LIMITS ( A FEW PAGES1 BUT 5\< HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID TO %[ ?AT !RE IS NO?+ MY/]I\S OR S5TIM5TAL AB\T IT4 ,)\T ?IS SOLID>ITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ) ! SPECIES1 ! ANIMAL K+DOM W\LD NEV] HAVE DEVELOP$ OR REA*$ ITS PRES5T P]FECTION4 ,! MO/ ADVANC$ BE+ UPON ! E>? W\LD /ILL BE ONE ( ?OSE T9Y SPECKS SWIMM+ 9 ! WAT] & SC>CELY P]CEPTIBLE UND] A MICROSCOPE4 ,W\LD EV5 ?IS EXI/8 ,= >E NOT ! E>LIE/ AGGREGATIONS ( CELLULES !MSELVES AN 9/ANCE ( ASSOCIATION 9 ! /RUGGLE8 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahig 3 ,SECTION #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bag 3 ,SECTION #e -- ,ADD$4 

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