,AN>*I/ ,ORGANISATION 
,PRACTICE AS ,!ORY ,ACTUALIS$ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

0ORGANIZATION1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ASSOCIATION = A SPECIFIC PURPOSE & ) ! /RUCTURE & MEANS REQUIR$ TO ATTA9 IT1 IS A NECESS>Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,A MAN 9 ISOLATION CANNOT EV5 LIVE ! LIFE ( A BEA/444 ,HAV+ !RE=E TO JO9 ) O!R HUMANS444 HE MU/ SUBMIT TO ! WILL ( O!RS 7BE 5SLAV$7 OR SUBJECT O!RS TO HIS WILL 7BE 9 AU?ORITY7 OR LIVE ) O!RS 9 FRAT]NAL AGREEM5T 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! GREATE/ GOOD ( ALL 7BE AN ASSOCIATE74 ,NOBODY CAN ESCAPE FROM ?IS NECESSITY40 - ,]RICO ,MALATE/A.<#a.> 

,9TRODUCTION 

,RA!R ?AN BE+ A P]IPH]AL CONCEPT1 ORGANIZATION IS FUNDAM5TALLY A CORE ASPECT ( ANY IDEOLOGY AS IT IS 0! PO9T :]E CONCEPTS LOSE !IR AB/RACTION0 & 0>E 9T]WOV5 ) ! CONCRETE PRACTICES SANCTION$ OR CONDEMN$ BY AN IDEOLOGY04.<#b.> ,:AT ORGANIZATIONAL =MS AN IDEOLOGY ADVOCATES SAY F> MORE AB\T ITS ACTUAL CORE VALUES ?AN ! WORDS IT USES4 

,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0IT SEEMS EVID5T ?AT LOGICALLY PURE AN>*ISM GOES AGA9/ ITS [N NATURE :5 IT ATTEMPTS TO CREATE ELABORATE 9T]NATIONAL OR EV5 NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* NE$ A MEASURE ( RIGIDITY & C5TRALIZATION TO SURVIVE40 ,A SYNDICALI/ UNION1 9 CONTRA/1 NE$S 0RELATIVELY /ABLE ORGANIZATIONS & SUCCE$S 9 CREAT+ !M PRECISELY BECAUSE IT MOVES 9 A WORLD ?AT IS ONLY P>TLY GOV]N$ BY AN>*I/ IDEALS04 ,HE REFLECT$ ! OP9IONS A L>GE B& ( MORE HO/ILE COMM5TATORS ON AN>*ISM :O 9FLICT A FUNDAM5TAL IRRATIONALITY ON AN>*I/S4 ,IF 0PURE0 AN>*ISM IS AGA9/ ANY =M ( ORGANIZATION BEYOND ITS 0NATURAL UNIT0 ( ! 0LOOSE & FLEXIBLE AFF9ITY GR\P0 !N FEW S5SIBLE PEOPLE W\LD EMBRACE IT = NEI!R A RAIL NETWORK NOR A HOSPITAL C\LD BE RELIABLY RUN BY SU* A UNIT4.<#c.> 

,H[EV]1 IF WE ACCEPT ?AT AN>*I/S >E NO DIFF]5T FROM O!R SOCIAL ACTIVI/S & SO FUNDAM5TALLY RATIONAL & REALI/IC PEOPLE AS ,DAVIDE ,TURCATO CORRECTLY >GUES.<#d.> !N WE NE$ TO ADMIT ?AT AN>*I/ !ORETICIANS & ACTIVI/S W\LD NOT BE ADVOCAT+ AN IDEAL ?AT BY 0ITS [N NATURE0 PRECLUDES PRACTICAL ALT]NATIVES TO ! SOCIAL ILLS !Y >E PROTE/+ AGA9/4 ,!ORY NE$S TO BE REFLECT$ 9 PRACTICE &1 AS WILL BE %[N1 AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS ADDRESS$ ! NE$ = SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,! ,IDEOLOGICAL & ,SOCIAL ,CONTEXT 

,AN>*I/ ?9K]S & ACTIVI/S >E NOT ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS BUT RA!R V]Y MU* P>T ( !IR SOCIETY & ITS POPUL> MOVEM5TS1 SEEK+ TO GA9 9FLU5CE = ! IDEAS !Y HAVE PRODUC$ TO SOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( !IR SOCIETY4 ,!Y >E EMB$D$ 9 ! WORLD !Y W]E SEEK+ TO TRANS=M1 AW>E ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL CONTEXT 9 :I* !Y LIVE & CRITICALLY 5GAG$ ) BO?4 

,AT ! BIR? ( AN>*ISM ! IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXT WAS LIB]ALISM 7AS P]SONIFI$ BY ,JOHN ,LOCKE7 & DEMOCRACY 7AS P]SONIFI$ BY ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU74 ,! SOCIAL CONTEXT WAS ! FAILURE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! RISE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM AS WELL AS ! OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5TS EA* PRODUC$3 RADICAL REPUBLICANISM & ! LABOR & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS1 RESPECTIVELY4 

,LOCKE3 ,JU/IFY+ ,SUBORD9ATE ,RELATIONS 

,LIB]ALISM IS USUALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ,JOHN ,LOCKE YET WE CANNOT UND]/& HIM IF HE HAS 0MOD]N LIB]AL-DEMOCRATIC ASSUMPTIONS READ 9TO HIS POLITICAL ?\<T40.<#e.> ,HIS !ORY IS NOT PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) DEF5D+ LIB]TY BUT RA!R PROP]TY & ! P[] ?AT COMES ) IT4 

,LOCKE TAKES WAGE-LABOR 70,MA/] & ,S]VANT07 AS EXI/+ 9 HIS 0/ATE ( NATURE04 ,?US 0A ,MA/] ( A ,FAMILY0 RULES OV] O!RS EXPRESS$ BY 0ALL !SE SUBORD9ATE RELATIONS ( ,WIFE1 ,*ILDR51 ,S]VANTS1 & ,SLAVES0 & ) 0A V]Y DI/9CT & DIFF]5TLY LIMIT$ ,P[]04 ,! P[] FROM WEAL?1 ( 0A ,MA/] OV] HIS ,S]VANT1 A ,HUSB& OV] HIS ,WIFE1 & A ,LORD OV] HIS ,SLAVE01 WAS F9E AS LONG AS IT DID NOT TAKE ! =M ( A POLITICAL P[]1 NAMELY 0A ,RI<T ( MAK+ ,LAWS ) ,P5ALTIES ( ,DEA?1 & CONSEQU5TLY ALL LESS ,P5ALTIES04 ,H[EV]1 AS ! /ATE HAD ! RI<T 0= ! ,REGULAT+ & ,PRES]V+ ( ,PROP]TY1 & ( EMPLOY+ ! =CE ( ! ,COMMUNITY1 9 ! ,EXECUTION ( SU* ,LAWS0.<#f.>1 ! PROP]TY [N] C\LD EXPECT ! FULL BACK+ ( ! /ATE 9 5SUR+ HIS AU?ORITY WAS OBEY$4 

,= ,LOCKE ALLEG$LY FREE & EQUAL 9DIVIDUALS CREATE ORGANIZATIONS 9 :I* ! FEW RULE ! MANY4 ,YET ! OBJECTION REMA9S3 0IT IS H>D TO SEE :Y A FREE & EQUAL 9DIVIDUAL %\LD HAVE SUFFICI5T GOOD REASON TO SUBORD9ATE H]SELF TO ANO!R40.<#g.> ,HE ROSE TO ?IS *ALL5GE ) ! LIB]AL USE ( ! WORD CONS5T & A 0JU/-SO0 /ORY TO JU/IFY PROP]TY 9EQUALITY4 ,L& IS GIV5 TO EV]YONE 9 COMMON BY ,GOD :ILE LABOR 0IS ! UNQUE/IONABLE PROP]TY ( ! LABOR]04 ,HE >GUES PEOPLE :O HAVE TAK5 ! PRODUCE ( ! COMMONS CAN APPROPRIATE ! COMMONS !MSELVES 0:]E !RE IS 5\<1 & AS GOOD1 LEFT 9 COMMON = O!RS40.<#h.> ,YET ?IS LIMITATION IS QUICKLY OV]COME.<#i.> & SO 0BY A TACIT & VOLUNT>Y CONS5T0 !RE IS 0A DISPROPORTIONATE & UNEQUAL ,POSSESSION ( ! ,E>?0.<#a.>4 

,ANY AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! RI* & PROLET>IAT W\LD FAVOR ! =M] & ONCE ! WORK] HAS CONS5T$ TO BE+ UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! WEAL?Y !N HIS LABOR & ITS PRODUCT IS NO LONG] HIS3 0,?US ! GRASS MY HORSE HAS BIT2 ! ,TURFS MY ,S]VANT HAS CUT2 & ! ,ORE ,I HAVE DIGG'D444 BECOME MY ,PROP]TY40 ,! WORK]S' LABOR 0HA? FIX$ .<HIS EMPLOY]'S.> PROP]TY0 9 BO? ! PRODUCT & COMMON RES\RCES WORK$ UPON4.<#a#a.> ,LOCKE'S DEF5SE ( PROP]TY AS RE/+ ON LABOR BECOMES ! MEANS TO D]IVE ! WORK] ( ! FULL PRODUCT ( H] LABOR4.<#a#b.> 

,ONCE ! L& IS APPROPRIAT$ & WEAL? ACCUMULAT$ 9 A FEW H&S !N ?IS FEW COMB9E TO =M A POLITICAL /ATE BECAUSE ! PREVI\S GOV]NM5T - A MON>*Y - NO LONG] ACTS AS AN IMP>TIAL UMPIRE & TAKES A SELF-9T]E/$ P>T 9 ! NUM]\S CONFLICTS BETWE5 PROP]TY [N]S :I* TURN 0! /ATE ( NATURE0 9TO 0! /ATE ( W>04 ,! ,MON>* EX]CISES ABSOLUTE P[] OV] ! PROP]TY [N]S :I* NECESSITATES CREAT+ A POLITICAL P[] :I* DEF5DS PROP]TY & ?IS 0TURNS \T TO BE ! MAJORITY ( ! REPRES5TATIVES1 & ! LATT] >E *OS5 BY ! PROP]TI$01 ?AT IS 0MALES :O [N SUB/ANTIAL AM\NTS ( MAT]IAL PROP]TY0 & SO 0POLITICALLY RELEVANT MEMB]S ( SOCIETY40 ,! LIB]AL /ATE 0/&S OV] & ABOVE1 & EXT]NAL TO1 ! WORLD ( EV]YDAY LIFE40.<#a#c.> 

,:ILE ! 0LABOR+ CLASS IS A NECESS>Y P>T ( ! NATION ITS MEMB]S >E NOT 9 FACT FULL MEMB]S ( ! BODY POLITIC & HAVE NO CLAIM TO BE SO04 ,LOCKE CONSID]$ 0ALL M5 AS MEMB]S .<( CIVIL SOCIETY.> = ! PURPOSES ( BE+ RUL$ & ONLY ! M5 ( E/ATE AS MEMB]S = ! PURPOSE ( RUL+0 7OR1 0MORE ACCURATELY1 ! RI<T TO CONTROL ANY GOV]NM5T074 ,! WORK+ CLASS1 ! ACTUAL MAJORITY1 0W]E 9 BUT ( CIVIL SOCIETY0 & SO HE 0W\LD HAVE NO DIFFICULTY1 !RE=E1 9 ?9K+ ( ! /ATE AS A JO9T-/OCK COMPANY ( [N]S :OSE MAJORITY ( DECISION B9DS NOT ONLY !MSELVES BUT ALSO !IR EMPLOYES40.<#a#d.> 

,LOCKE 0WAS NOT A DEMOCRAT AT ALL40.<#a#e.> ,?IS IS %[N BY HIS ,! ,FUNDAM5TAL ,CON/ITUTIONS ( ,C>OL9A ?AT PO/ULATES RULE BY WEAL?Y L&LORDS ) H]$IT>Y S]FS 70LEET-M5074 ,IT AIM$ TO 0AVOID ]ECT+ A NUM]\S DEMOCRACY0 & SO 0WE1 ! LORDS & PROPRIETORS ( ! PROV9CE444 HAVE AGRE$ TO ?IS FOLL[+ =M ( GOV]NM5T04 ,EI<T 0PROPRIETORS0 RECEIV$ ONE-FIF? ( ! L& 9 P]PETUALLY :ILE 0! H]$IT>Y NOBILITY0 RECEIV$ ANO!R FIF?4 ,! P>LIAM5T W\LD BE MADE UP 0( ! PROPRIETORS OR !IR DEPUTIES0 & 0ONE FREEHOLD] \T ( EV]Y PREC9CT40 ,! FREEHOLD] MEMB]S ( P>LIAM5T HAD TO HAVE MORE ?AN 0FIVE HUNDR$ ACRES ( FREEHOLD )9 ! PREC9CT = :I* HE IS *OS50 :ILE ! ELECTORATE W\LD BE MADE UP ( ?OSE :O HAVE MORE ?AN 0FIFTY ACRES ( FREEHOLD )9 ! SAID PREC9CT40.<#a#f.> 

,LOCKE ATTACK$ BO? ABSOLUTI/ MON>*Y & RADICAL DEMOCRACY & HIS !ORY GIVES 0JU/IFICATION TO1 & IS EXPRESSLY DESIGN$ TO PRES]VE1 ! SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES ( ! CAPITALI/ M>KET ECONOMY0.<#a#g.>4 ,AU?ORIT>IAN 7MA/]-S]VANT7 SOCIAL RELATION%IPS W]E PRECISELY :AT HIS !ORY ( PROP]TY 9 ! P]SON S\<T TO JU/IFY4 ,! NATURE ( HIS !ORY CAN BE SE5 FROM ! ORGANIZATION )9 :I* HE S\<T TO APPLY IT3 ! CLASS /ATE BAS$ ON WEAL?Y L&LORDS ASSEMBL+ TOGE!R 9 A ,P>LIAM5T TO RULE !MSELVES & !IR S]VANTS IS EXPOS$ 9 HIS ORGANIZATION = ,C>OL9A4 

,R\SSEAU3 ,LIB]TY CANNOT EXI/ )\T ,EQUALITY 

,:I* BR+S US TO ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU :O 0D5\NCES ! LIB]AL SOCIAL CONTRACT AS AN ILLEGITIMATE FRAUD04.<#a#h.> ,IF ,LOCKE PROCLAIM$ 0WE >E BORN ,FREE0.<#a#i.> !N ,R\SSEAU REPLI$ ?AT WE >E 0EV]Y:]E 9 *A9S0.<#b.> & S\<T TO EXPLA9 :Y ,LIB]ALISM PRODUC$ & JU/IFI$ ?IS4 

,CRITIQU+ ,LIB]ALISM'S 0JU/-SO0 /ORY ( /ATE =MATION1 ,R\SSEAU NOT$ H[ 0.<A.>LL RAN HEADLONG TO !IR *A9S1 9 ! HOPES ( SECUR+ !IR LIB]TY0 :51 9 FACT1 IT 0B\ND NEW FETT]S ON ! POOR1 & GAVE NEW P[]S TO ! RI*2 :I* IRRETRIEVABLY DE/ROY$ NATURAL LIB]TY1 ET]NALLY FIX$ ! LAW ( PROP]TY & 9EQUALITY1 CONV]T$ CLEV] USURPATION 9TO UNALT]ABLE RI<T1 &1 = ! ADVANTAGE ( A FEW AMBITI\S 9DIVIDUALS1 SUBJECT$ ALL MANK9D TO P]PETUAL LABOR1 SLAV]Y1 & WRET*$NESS40.<#b#a.> ,! LIB]AL SOCIAL CONTRACT WAS BAS$ ON PROP]TY & NOT LIB]TY3 

0,! FIR/ MAN :O1 HAV+ 5CLOS$ A PIECE ( GR\ND1 BE?\<T HIMSELF ( SAY+ ,?IS IS M9E1 & F\ND PEOPLE SIMPLE 5\< TO BELIEVE HIM1 WAS ! REAL F\ND] ( CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,FROM H[ MANY CRIMES1 W>S & MURD]S1 FROM H[ MANY HORRORS & MIS=TUNES MI<T NOT ANY ONE HAVE SAV$ MANK9D1 BY PULL+ UP ! /AKES1 OR FILL+ UP ! DIT*1 & CRY+ TO HIS FELL[S1 ',BEW>E ( LI/5+ TO ?IS IMPO/OR2 Y\ >E UNDONE IF Y\ ONCE =GET ?AT ! FRUITS ( ! E>? BELONG TO US ALL1 & ! E>? ITSELF TO NOBODY4'0.<#b#b.> 

,9 CONTRA/ TO LIB]ALISM1 ,R\SSEAU RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! 0GREATE/ GOOD ( ALL0 R$UCES D[N TO 0TWO MA9 SUBJECTS1 LIB]TY & EQUALITY0 = ! =M] 0CANNOT EXI/ )\T0 ! LATT]4.<#b#c.> ,HE RI<TLY >GU$ ?AT CONTRACTS BETWE5 ! WEAL?Y FEW & ! MANY POOR WILL ALWAYS B5EFIT ! =M] &1 = ! LATT]1 BECOME LITTLE MORE ?AN ! FRE$OM TO PICK A MA/]3 

0,! T]MS ( SOCIAL COMPACT BETWE5 !SE TWO E/ATES ( M5 MAY BE SUMM$ UP 9 A FEW WORDS3 ',Y\ HAVE NE$ ( ME1 BECAUSE ,I AM RI* & Y\ >E POOR4 ,WE WILL !RE=E COME TO AN AGREEM5T4 ,I WILL P]MIT Y\ TO HAVE ! HONOR ( S]V+ ME1 ON CONDITION ?AT Y\ BE/[ ON ME ?AT LITTLE Y\ HAVE LEFT1 9 RETURN = ! PA9S ,I %ALL TAKE TO COMM& Y\4'0.<#b#d.> 

,?US 0LAWS >E ALWAYS USEFUL TO ?OSE ) POSSESSIONS & H>MFUL TO ?OSE :O HAVE NO?+3 FROM :I* IT FOLL[S ?AT ! SOCIAL /ATE IS ADVANTAGE\S TO M5 ONLY :5 ALL POSSES SOME?+ & NONE HAS TOO MU*40 ,! IDEAL SOCIETY WAS ONE :]E 0NO CITIZ5 %ALL BE RI* 5\< TO BUY ANO!R & NONE SO POOR AS TO BE =C$ TO SELL HIMSELF40.<#b#e.> ,R\SSEAU GOES TO ! CORE PROBLEM ) LIB]ALISM3 

0,?AT A RI* & P[]FUL MAN1 HAV+ ACQUIR$ IMM5SE POSSESSIONS 9 L&1 %\LD IMPOSE LAWS ON ?OSE :O WANT TO E/ABLI% !MSELVES !RE1 & ?AT HE %\LD ONLY ALL[ !M TO DO SO ON CONDITION ?AT !Y ACCEPT HIS SUPREME AU?ORITY & OBEY ALL HIS WI%ES2 ?AT1 ,I CAN /ILL CONCEIVE444 ,W\LD NOT ?IS TYRANNICAL ACT CONTA9 A D\BLE USURPATION3 ?AT ON ! [N]%IP ( ! L& & ?AT ON ! LIB]TY ( ! 9HABITANTS80.<#b#f.> 

,WE CANNOT REALLY 0DIVE/ \RSELVES ( \R LIB]TY0 LIKE 0WE TRANSF] \R PROP]TY FROM ONE TO ANO!R BY CONTRACTS0 = 0! PROP]TY ,I ALI5ATE BECOMES QUITE =EIGN TO ME1 NOR CAN ,I SUFF] FROM ABUSE ( IT0 BUT IT 0CONC]NS ME ?AT MY LIB]TY %\LD NOT BE ABUS$04 ,A CONTRACT 0B9D+ ! ONE TO COMM& & ! O!R TO OBEY0 W\LD BE 0AN ODD K9D ( CONTRACT TO 5T] 9TO0 & SO 0TO B9D ITSELF TO OBEY A MA/]0 W\LD BE 0ILLEGITIMATE40 ,?IS WAS ! 0VOLUNT>Y E/ABLI%M5T ( TYRANNY0 & IF 0! PEOPLE PROMISES SIMPLY TO OBEY1 BY ?AT V]Y ACT DISSOLVES ITSELF04 ,! 0MOM5T A MA/] EXI/S1 !RE IS NO LONG] A ,SOV]EIGN0 & TO 0R5\NCE LIB]TY IS TO R5\NCE BE+ A MAN1 TO SURR5D] ! RI<TS ( HUMANITY & EV5 ITS DUTIES40.<#b#g.> 

,POLITICAL ASSOCIATION HAD TO BE P>TICIPATORY4 ,! 0PEOPLE ( ,5GL& REG>DS ITSELF AS FREE2 BUT IT IS GROSSLY MI/AK52 IT IS FREE ONLY DUR+ ! ELECTION ( MEMB]S ( P>LIAM5T4 ,AS SOON AS !Y >E ELECT$1 SLAV]Y OV]TAKES IT1 & IT IS NO?+40 ,SOV]EIGNTY1 0= ! SAME REASON AS MAKES IT 9ALI5ABLE1 IS 9DIVISIBLE0 & SO IT WAS 0ESS5TIAL1 IF ! G5]AL WILL IS TO BE ABLE TO EXPRESS ITSELF1 ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO P>TIAL SOCIETY )9 ! ,/ATE04 ,ANY GOV]NM5T 0IS SIMPLY & SOLELY A COMMISSION1 AN EMPLOYM5T0 & 0M]E (FICIALS ( ! ,SOV]EIGN04 ,! 0PEOPLE1 BE+ SUBJECT TO ! LAWS1 \<T TO BE !IR AU?OR0 & SO ! 0PROBLEM IS TO F9D A =M ( ASSOCIATION :I* WILL DEF5D & PROTECT ) ! :OLE COMMON =CE ! P]SON & GOODS ( EA* ASSOCIATE1 & 9 :I* EA*1 :ILE UNIT+ HIMSELF ) ALL1 MAY /ILL OBEY HIMSELF ALONE1 & REMA9 AS FREE AS BE=E40.<#b#h.> 

,! DEMOCRATIC CRITIQUE ( LIB]ALISM PRODUC$ BO? ! IDEA ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY & ! IMPORTANCE ( EQUALITY4 ,R\SSEAU'S IDEAS W]E NEV] IMPLEM5T$ DUR+ HIS LIFETIME & SO IT IS HIS FOLL[]S DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WE NE$ TO TURN4 ,?IS REVOLUTION WAS A CONFLICT BETWE5 BO? ! PEOPLE & ! MON>*Y BUT ALSO BETWE5 ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE & ! TOIL+ MASSES4.<#b#i.> ,P[] UND] ! ,JACOB9S WAS C5TRALIZ$ 9TO FEW] & FEW] H&S - FROM ! ELECTORATE 9TO REPRES5TATIVES1 FROM REPRES5TATIVES 9TO ! GOV]NM5T1 FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 F9ALLY1 9TO ! H&S ( ,ROBESPI]RE4 ,! SECTIONS ( ,P>IS1 UNIONS & /RIKES W]E REPRESS$ AS BE+ 0/ATES )9 ! /ATE0 = ! ,REPUBLIC 0CALL$ ITSELF ONE & 9DIVISIBLE0 = A REASON :ILE ! C5TRALIZATION ( MORE & MORE DECISIONS PRODUC$ A BUREAUCRACY ( 0?\S&S ( (FICIALS444 TO READ1 CLASSIFY1 & =M AN OP9ION0 ON !M ALL4.<#c.> 

,ASSOCIATIONISM3 ,FRAT]NITY DOES NOT /OP AT ! WORKPLACE DOOR 

,R\SSEAU PRES5T$ A CRITIQUE ( 9EQUALITY BUT DID NOT FUNDAM5TALLY CRITICIZE PROP]TY4 ,AS HE LIV$ BE=E ! RISE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 ) PEASANT F>M+ & >TISAN WORK%OPS PR$OM9AT+1 WAGE-LABOR WAS NOT WIDESPREAD NOR ( PRIME IMPORTANCE 9 CONT95TAL ,EUROPE4 ,! SOLUTION = 9EQUALITY WAS CLE> & DID NOT NE$ QUE/ION PROP]TY 7L& RE=M7 :ILE ! SMALL-SCALE ( TE*NOLOGY MEANT ?AT MO/ C\LD BECOME >TISANS WORK+ ) !IR [N TOOLS 9 !IR [N WORK%OP4 

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 RAIS$ ! ISSUE ( GUILDS & J\RNEYM5 SOCIETIES :ILE ONE BUILD+ EMPLOY] REPORT$ ?AT ! 0WORK]S1 BY AN ABSURD P>ODY ( ! GOV]NM5T1 REG>D !IR WORK AS !IR PROP]TY1 ! BUILD+ SITE AS A ,REPUBLIC ( :I* !Y >E JO9TLY CITIZ5S1 & BELIEVE 9 CONSEQU5CE ?AT IT BELONGS TO !M TO NAME !IR [N BOSSES1 !IR 9SPECTORS & >BITR>ILY TO %>E \T ! WORK AMONG !MSELVES40.<#c#a.> ,!SE P]SPECTIVES ONLY 9CREAS$ :5 ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION TRANS=M$ ,FRANCE4 ,FAC$ ) ! OBVI\S AU?ORIT>IANISM )9 ! FACTORY1 EX->TISANS S\<T A SOLUTION APPROPRIATE TO ! *ANG$ CIRCUM/ANCES !Y FAC$4 

,! WORKPLACE C\LD NOT BE BROK5 UP )\T DE/ROY+ MA*9ES & ! ADVANTAGES !Y PRODUC$ ALONGSIDE MA/]-S]VANT RELATIONS4 ,?IS CREAT$ A NEW P]SPECTIVE 9 ! NEW WORK+ CLASS4 0,ASSOCIATIONISM WAS BORN DUR+ ! WAVES ( /RIKES & ORGANIZ$ PROTE/S PROVOK$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#c0 :5 0!RE APPE>$ A WORK]S' NEWSPAP]0 :I* 0SUGGE/$ COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS AS ! ONLY WAY TO 5D CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION40 ,?IS PAP]1 L',>TISAN1 J\RNAL DE LA CLASS \VRI]E1 WAS PRODUC$ BY PR9T]S & 0LAID ! BASIS = TRADE SOCIALISM40.<#c#b.> ,:ILE SOME 9TELLECTUALS - ! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S LIKE ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,F\RI] - HAD RAIS$ V>I\S S*EMES = IMPROV+ SOCIETY1 ?IS WAS ! FIR/ EXAMPLE ( WORK]S !MSELVES MAK+ PRACTICAL SUGGE/IONS = !IR [N LIB]ATION4 

,ACROSS ,FRANCE1 WORK]S />T$ TO COMB9E !IR EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONS = MUTUAL SUPPORT ) TRADE UNION ACTIVITY AS WELL AS VISIONS ( A WORLD )\T MA/]S4 ,?IS PROCESS 9T]TW9$ ) EXI/+ POLITICAL ,REPUBLICAN IDEAS4 ,RADICAL NEO-,JACOB9S RECRUIT$ AMONG WORK]S :I* RESULT$ 9 A 0TWO-WAY 9T]*ANGE ( IDEAS0 ) !M TAK+ UP 0! IDEOLOGY ( PRODUC] ASSOCIATIONISM :I* WAS BECOM+ C5TRAL0 TO >TISANAL SOCIALISM4 ,L\IS ,BLANC WAS ! MO/ PUBLIC EXPRESSION ( ?IS PROCESS & HIS 0DI/9CTIVE CONTRIBUTION WAS TO FUZE ! ASSOCIATIONI/ IDEA ) ! ,JACOB9-,REPUBLICAN POLITICAL TRADITION0.<#c#c.> BUT !RE W]E MANY O!RS :O EXPRESS$ ! ASSOCIATIONAL IDEA 9 DIFF]5T =MS4.<#c#d.> 

,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION3 ,LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS 

,BY #ahd !RE WAS NOT ONLY A WIDE APPRECIATION = ! NE$ ( SOME K9D ( ASSOCIATION TO REPLACE CAPITALISM BUT ALSO EXT5SIVE WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS ACROSS ,FRANCE :I* AIM$ TO DO SO4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT.<#c#e.> ?AT A WORK+ MAN1 A PR9T] BY TRADE1 W\LD TRANS=M SOCIALI/ POLITICS =EV] BY PROCLAIM+ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/4 

,:ILE ,PR\DHON WILL =EV] BE L9K$ ) 0PROP]TY IS !FT01 ?IS WAS JU/ ONE P>T ( HIS ANSW] TO ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY84 ,! O!R WAS 0PROP]TY IS DESPOTISM0 = PROP]TY 0VIOLATES EQUALITY BY ! RI<TS ( EXCLUSION & 9CREASE1 & FRE$OM BY DESPOTISM40 ,AN>*Y WAS 0! ABS5CE ( A MA/]1 ( A SOV]EIGN10 :ILE PROPRIETOR WAS 0SYNONYM\S0 ) 0SOV]EIGN10 = HE 0IMPOSES HIS WILL AS LAW1 & SUFF]S NEI!R CONTRADICTION NOR CONTROL0 & 0EA* PROPRIETOR IS SOV]EIGN LORD )9 ! SPH]E ( HIS PROP]TY04.<#c#f.> ,HE E*O$ ,R\SSEAU3 

0,LIB]TY IS 9VIOLABLE4 ,I CAN NEI!R SELL NOR ALI5ATE MY LIB]TY2 EV]Y CONTRACT1 EV]Y CONDITION ( A CONTRACT1 :I* HAS 9 VIEW ! ALI5ATION OR SUSP5SION ( LIB]TY1 IS NULL444 ,LIB]TY IS ! ORIG9AL CONDITION ( MAN2 TO R5\NCE LIB]TY IS TO R5\NCE ! NATURE ( MAN0.<#c#g.> 

,?IS BR+S HIM 9TO CONFLICT ) ,LOCKE4 ,REJECT+ ! NOTION ?AT MA/]-S]VANT CONTRACTS W]E VALID1 HE DISMISSES ITS BASIS ( PROP]TY 9 ! P]SON3 0,TO TELL A POOR MAN ?AT HE HAS PROP]TY BECAUSE HE HAS >MS & LEGS1 - ?AT ! HUNG] FROM :I* HE SUFF]S1 & HIS P[] TO SLEEP 9 ! OP5 AIR >E HIS PROP]TY1 - IS TO PLAY ) WORDS1 & ADD 9SULT TO 9JURY40 ,PROP]TY1 !N1 IS SOLELY MAT]IAL ?+S - L&1 WORKPLACES1 ETC4 - & !IR MONOPOLIZATION RESULTS 9 AU?ORIT>IAN RELATION%IPS4 ,TO 0RECOGNIZE ! RI<T ( T]RITORIAL PROP]TY IS TO GIVE UP LABOR1 S9CE IT IS TO REL9QUI% ! MEANS ( LABOR04 ,PROP]TY RESULTS 9 ! WORK] HAV+ 0SOLD & SURR5D]$ HIS LIB]TY0 TO ! PROPRIETOR SO 5SUR+ EXPLOITATION4 ,:OEV] 0LABORS BECOMES A PROPRIETOR0 ( HIS PRODUCT BUT BY ?AT HE DID 0NOT MEAN SIMPLY 7AS DO \R HYPOCRITICAL ECONOMI/S70 - & ,LOCKE - ! 0PROPRIETOR ( HIS ALL[ANCE1 HIS SAL>Y1 HIS WAGES0 BUT 0PROPRIETOR ( ! VALUE :I* HE CREATES1 & BY :I* ! MA/] ALONE PR(ITS40 ,LOCKE IS ALSO ! T>GET = ,PR\DHON'S COMM5T ?AT 0! HORSE444 & OX444 PRODUCE ) US1 BUT >E NOT ASSOCIAT$ ) US2 WE TAKE !IR PRODUCT1 BUT DO NOT %>E IT ) !M4 ,! ANIMALS & WORK]S :OM WE EMPLOY HOLD ! SAME RELATION TO US40.<#c#h.> 

,YET IF ,LOCKE WAS REJECT$1 ,R\SSEAU DID NOT PROVIDE A G5U9E SOLUTION4.<#c#i.> ,:ILE ,PR\DHON FAVORABLY QUOTES ,R\SSEAU ON 0! CONDITIONS ( ! SOCIAL PACT0.<#d.> HE ALSO %[S H[ DEMOCRACY FAIL$ TO A*IEVE ITS GOALS4 

,FIR/1 ,R\SSEAU'S 0PROGRAM SPEAKS ( POLITICAL RI<TS ONLY2 IT DOES NOT M5TION ECONOMIC RI<TS40 ,BY IGNOR+ ! ECONOMIC SPH]E HE 5DS UP CREAT+ A CLASS /ATE 9 :I* ! ,REPUBLIC 0IS NO?+ BUT ! (F5SIVE & DEF5SIVE ALLIANCE ( ?OSE :O POSSESS1 AGA9/ ?OSE :O DO NOT POSSESS01 A 0COALITION ( ! B>ONS ( PROP]TY1 COMM]CE & 9DU/RY AGA9/ ! DIS9H]IT$ L[] CLASS04.<#d#a.> 

,SECOND1 ,R\SSEAU'S POLITICAL SOLUTION - A C5TRALIZ$1 UNIT>IAN1 9DIVISIBLE REPUBLIC - RECREATES ! DIVISION BETWE5 RUL]S & RUL$ :I* IT CLAIMS TO 5D4 ,?US1 0HAV+ LAID D[N AS A PR9CIPLE ?AT ! PEOPLE >E ! ONLY SOV]EIGN01 ,R\SSEAU 0QUIETLY AB&ONS & DISC>DS ?IS PR9CIPLE0 & SO 0! CITIZ5 HAS NO?+ LEFT BUT ! P[] ( *OOS+ HIS RUL]S BY A PLURALITY VOTE04 ,E*O+ ,R\SSEAU'S [N WORDS AB\T ,5GL&1 ,PR\DHON PROCLAIM$ ?AT ,FRANCE WAS 0A QUASI-DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC0 9 :I* CITIZ5S 0>E P]MITT$1 EV]Y ?IRD OR F\R? YE>1 TO ELECT1 FIR/1 ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,P[]1 SECOND1 ! ,EXECUTIVE ,P[]4 ,! DURATION ( ?IS P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T = ! POPUL> COLLECTIVITY IS BRIEF444 ,! ,PRESID5T & ! ,REPRES5TATIVES1 ONCE ELECT$1 >E ! MA/]S2 ALL ! RE/ OBEY4 ,!Y >E SUBJECTS1 TO BE GOV]N$ & TO BE TAX$1 )\T SURCEASE40.<#d#b.> 

,DEMOCRACY WAS SIMPLY NOT DEMOCRATIC 5\<4 ,IT 0IS ! NEGATION ( ! ,PEOPLE'S SOV]EIGNTY0 AS IT 0SAYS ?AT ! ,PEOPLE REIGNS & DOES NOT GOV]N1 :I* IS TO D5Y ! ,REVOLUTION0 & CONCLUDES 0! ,PEOPLE CANNOT GOV]N ITSELF & IS =C$ TO H& ITSELF OV] TO REPRES5TATIVES04 ,9/EAD ( A DEMOCRACY UND]/OOD 9 ! MANN] ( ! ,JACOB9 LEFT1 ,PR\DHON SUGGE/$ 9 AN>*Y 0ALL CITIZ5S444 REIGN & GOV]N0 = !Y 0DIRECTLY P>TICIPATE 9 ! LEGISLATION & ! GOV]NM5T AS !Y P>TICIPATE 9 ! PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION ( WEAL?04 ,:ILE ! /ATE 0IS ! EXT]NAL CON/ITUTION ( ! SOCIAL P[]0 9 :I* O!RS 0>E *>G$ ) GOV]N+ .<! ,PEOPLE.>1 ) MANAG+ ITS AFFAIRS01 AN>*I/S AFFIRM ?AT 0! PEOPLE1 ?AT SOCIETY444 CAN & \<T TO GOV]N ITSELF BY ITSELF444 )\T MA/]S & S]VANTS04 ,:5 AN>*I/S 0D5Y ! ,/ATE0 !Y 0AFFIRM 9 ! SAME BREA? ! AUTONOMY ( ! PEOPLE0 = 0! ONLY WAY TO ORGANIZE DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T IS TO ABOLI% GOV]NM5T40.<#d#c.> 

,?IS MEANT A REAL DEMOCRACY REQUIRES DEC5TRALIZATION & F$]ATION O!RWISE 0DEMOCRACY IS A FRAUD1 & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ,PEOPLE A JOKE04 ,! COMMUNES ?AT 0COMPRISE ! CONF$]ATION0 W\LD BE 0SELF-GOV]N+1 SELF-JUDG+ & SELF-ADM9I/]+ 9 COMPLETE SOV]EIGNTY01 0UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE =M .<!IR.> BASIS0 & EA* 05JOYS A RI<T ( SECESSION04 ,DELEGATES W\LD REPLACE REPRES5TATIVES = WE 0CAN FOLL[0 ?OSE WE ELECT 0/EP-BY-/EP 9 !IR LEGISLATIVE ACTS & !IR VOTES0 & 0MAKE !M TRANSMIT \R >GUM5TS0 & :5 0WE >E DISCONT5T$1 WE WILL RECALL & DISMISS !M40 ,! ELECTORAL PR9CIPLE NE$$ 0! IMP]ATIVE M&ATE1 & P]MAN5T REVOCABILITY0 AS ITS 0MO/ IMM$IATE & 9CONTE/ABLE CONSEQU5CES04 ,9 0A MUTUALI/ CONF$]ATION1 ! CITIZ5 GIVES UP NONE ( HIS FRE$OM1 AS ,R\SSEAU REQUIRES HIM TO DO = ! GOV]NANCE ( HIS REPUBLIC60.<#d#d.> 

,!SE DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES MU/ ALSO BE EXT5D$ TO ! ECONOMY4 ,PROP]TY 0DEGRADES US1 BY MAK+ US S]VANTS & TYRANTS TO ONE ANO!R0 = ! WAGE-WORK]S' LOT WAS TO 0WORK UND] A MA/]0 TO :OM !Y HAD 0SOLD !IR >MS & P>T$ ) !IR LIB]TY04 ,FRE$OM & PROP]TY W]E 9COMPATIBLE & TO SECURE ! =M] = ALL WE MU/ SEEK ! 05TIRE ABOLITION0 ( ! LATT] = 0ALL ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL BE+ SOCIAL PROP]TY1 NO ONE CAN BE ITS EXCLUSIVE PROPRIETOR0 & 0! L& .<IS.> COMMON PROP]TY04 ,:ILE ! USE ( PROP]TY 0MAY BE DIVID$0 ITS [N]%IP IS 0COLLECTIVE & UNDIVID$0 = :ILE 0! RI<T TO PRODUCT IS EXCLUSIVE01 ! 0RI<T TO MEANS IS COMMON40 ,AN>*Y REQUIR$ 09DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY0 AS 0LEAD]S1 9/RUCTORS1 SUP]9T5D5TS0 MU/ BE 0*OS5 FROM ! WORK]S BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES0 & SO EV]YONE 0P>TICIPATES444 AS AN ACTIVE FACTOR0 ) 0A DELIB]ATIVE VOICE 9 ! C\NCIL444 9 ACCORDANCE ) EQUALITY40 ,WORKPLACES MU/ BECOME 0WORK] REPUBLICS0 )9 AN 0AGRICULTURAL-9DU/RIAL F$]ATION04.<#d#e.> 

,PR\DHON1 !N1 /RESS$ ! 0ABOLITION ( MAN'S EXPLOITATION ( HIS FELL[-MAN & ABOLITION ( MAN'S GOV]NM5T ( HIS FELL[-MAN0 W]E 0ONE & ! SAME PROPOSITION0 = 0:AT1 9 POLITICS1 GOES UND] ! NAME ( ,AU?ORITY IS ANALOG\S TO & SYNONYM\S ) :AT IS T]M$1 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ,PROP]TY04 ,! 0PR9CIPLE ( ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,Y0 WAS 0>TICULAT$ ?R\<0 BO? & AN 0ATTACK UPON ONE IS AN ATTACK UPON ! O!R40.<#d#f.> 

,YET :ILE D5\NC+ BO? ! /ATE & ! CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE AS AU?ORIT>IAN & SEEK+ TO REPLACE BO? BY ASSOCIATIONS1 ,PR\DHON REFUS$ TO APPLY HIS IDEAS )9 ! FAMILY & ADVOCAT$ PATRI>*Y4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION SAW ,JOSEPH ,DEJACQUE 9 #aheg APPLY+ ,PR\DHON'S [N IDEAS TO ! FAMILY = IT WAS A CASE ( PLAC+ ! 0ISSUE ( ! EMANCIPATION ( WOMAN 9 L9E ) ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]F0 9 ! WORK%OP SO ?AT BO? 5T] 0! COMMUNITY ( AN>*Y04 ,PR\DHON DID 0CRY AGA9/ ! GREAT B>ONS ( CAPITAL0 BUT W\LD 0REBUILD A PR\D B>ONY ( MAN ON VASSAL-WOMAN0 & SO WAS 0LIB]AL1 BUT NOT LIB]T>IAN40.<#d#g.> 

,PATRI>*Y WAS ANO!R >*Y & SUBSEQU5T AN>*I/S RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ = CONSI/5CY4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL COMMONALITY BETWE5 ORGANIZATIONS AN>*I/S OPPOSE - ! /ATE1 CAPITALI/ FIRMS1 M>RIAGE1 ETC4 - IS ?AT !Y >E AU?ORIT>IAN & 0P[] & AU?ORITY CORRUPT ?OSE :O EX]CISE !M AS MU* AS ?OSE :O >E COMPELL$ TO SUBMIT TO !M40.<#d#h.> ,AN>*I/S1 !N1 0D5Y EV]Y =M ( HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION0 .<#d#i.> 

,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION3 ,PR9CIPLES & ,PRACTICE 

,SO AN>*I/S S9CE ! FIR/ SELF-PROCLAIM$ AN>*I/ TEXT HAD ALREADY ANSW]$ ,5GELS' QUE/ION ( 0H[ DO !SE PEOPLE PROPOSE TO OP]ATE A FACTORY1 RUN A RAILWAY1 OR /E] A %IP )\T ONE WILL ?AT DECIDES 9 ! LA/ RESORT1 )\T UNIFI$ DIRECTION08.<#e.>,9DE$1 AN>*ISM WAS BORN PRECISELY TO DO SO & DID SO ) A S+LE WORD3 ASSOCIATION4 

,AN>*I/S RECOGNIZE ?AT FRE$OM IS A PRODUCT ( 9T]ACTION BETWE5 PEOPLE & IT IS H[ WE ASSOCIATE :I* DET]M9ES :E!R WE >E FREE OR NOT4 ,:ILE AN>*ISM'S P]SPECTIVE IS SOCIAL1 ,5GELS' IS FUNDAM5TALLY LIB]AL AS IT SEES ISOLATION AS TRUE FRE$OM & SO CONFUSES AGREEM5T ) AU?ORITY1 COOP]ATION ) CO]CION4 

,! REAL QUE/ION IS SIMPLE3 IS AN ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ITS MEMB]S OR DO A FEW DECIDE = ALL8 ,SO TO QUALIFY AS LIB]T>IAN AN ORGANIZATION MU/ BE BAS$ ON C]TA9 CORE PR9CIPLES ?AT 5SURE ?AT LIB]TY IS NOT R$UC$ TO SIMPLY PICK+ MA/]S4 

,AN ORGANIZATION ?AT IS NOT VOLUNT>Y W\LD H>DLY BE FREE4 ,SO FREE ASSOCIATION REQUIRES ?AT 9DIVIDUALS DECIDE = !MSELVES :I* GR\PS TO JO94 ,YET IT IS MORE ?AN ?AT = 0TO PROMISE TO OBEY IS TO D5Y OR TO LIMIT1 TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE1 9DIVIDUALS' FRE$OM & EQUALITY444 ,TO PROMISE TO OBEY IS TO /ATE1 ?AT 9 C]TA9 >EAS1 ! P]SON MAK+ ! PROMISE IS NO LONG] FREE TO EX]CISE H] CAPACITIES & DECIDE UPON H] [N ACTIONS1 & IS NO LONG] EQUAL1 BUT SUBORD9ATE40.<#e#a.> ,BE+ FREE TO JO9 A GR\P ?AT IS 9T]NALLY HI]>*ICAL IS SIMPLY VOLUNT>Y >*Y & SO GR\PS HAVE TO BE DEMOCRATIC SO ?AT ?OSE SUBJECT TO DECISIONS MAKE !M4 

,?US H[ WE ORGANIZE WAS :AT MATT]$ = 0MAN 9 ISOLATION CAN HAVE NO AW>5ESS ( HIS LIB]TY4 ,BE+ FREE = MAN MEANS BE+ ACKN[L$G$1 CONSID]$ & TREAT$ AS SU* BY ANO!R MAN4 ,LIB]TY IS !RE=E A FEATURE NOT ( ISOLATION BUT ( 9T]ACTION1 NOT ( EXCLUSION BUT RA!R ( CONNECTION04.<#e#b.> ,?IS MEANS FRE$OM DOES NOT 5D AT ! WORKPLACE DOOR OR ) A M>RIAGE C]EMONY4 ,! CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE IS NOT CONSI/5T ) AN>*ISM =1 LE/ WE =GET1 0A CORPORATION1 FACTORY OR BUS9ESS IS ! ECONOMIC EQUIVAL5T ( FASCISM3 DECISIONS & CONTROL >E /RICTLY TOP-D[N40.<#e#c.> ,?IS MEANS ?AT 0/AY+ FREE IS1 = ! WORK+ MAN :O HAS TO SELL HIS LABOR1 AN IMPOSSIBILITY0 & SO A FREE ECONOMY EXI/$ ONLY :5 0ASSOCIATIONS ( M5 & WOM5 :O W\LD WORK ON ! L&1 9 ! FACTORIES1 9 ! M9ES1 & SO ON1 BECAME !MSELVES ! MANAG]S ( PRODUCTION40.<#e#d.> 

,COLLECTIVE DECISION MAK+ 7DEMOCRACY7 MU/ BE CONTRA/$ TO 0! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 ?AT IS1 ! EM95TLY !OLOGICAL1 METAPHYSICAL1 & POLITICAL IDEA ?AT ! MASSES1 ALWAYS 9CAPABLE ( GOV]N+ !MSELVES1 MU/ AT ALL TIMES SUBMIT TO ! B5EVOL5T YOKE ( A WISDOM & A JU/ICE IMPOS$ UPON !M1 9 SOME WAY OR O!R1 FROM ABOVE40 ,LONG BE=E ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG MADE ! SAME DI/9CTION1 ,BAKUN9 CONTRA/$ TWO K9DS ( DISCIPL9E3 AN 0AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPTION0 :I* 0SIGNIFIES DESPOTISM ON ! ONE H& & BL9D AUTOMATIC SUBMISSION TO AU?ORITY ON ! O!R0 & ANO!R 0NOT AUTOMATIC BUT VOLUNT>Y & 9TELLIG5TLY UND]/OOD0 :I* IS 0NECESS>Y :5EV] A GREAT] NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS UND]TAKE ANY K9D ( COLLECTIVE WORK OR ACTION40 ,! LATT] WAS 0SIMPLY ! VOLUNT>Y & CONSID]$ CO-ORD9ATION ( ALL 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS = A COMMON PURPOSE0 & DID NOT PRECLUDE 0A NATURAL DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS ACCORD+ TO ! APTITUDE ( EA*1 ASSESS$ & JUDG$ BY ! COLLECTIVE :OLE04 ,H[EV]1 0NO FUNCTION REMA9S FIX$ & IT WILL NOT REMA9 P]MAN5TLY & IRREVOCABLY ATTA*$ TO ANY ONE P]SON4 ,HI]>*ICAL ORD] & PROMOTION DO NOT EXI/1 SO ?AT ! EXECUTIVE ( YE/]DAY CAN BECOME ! SUBORD9ATE ( TOMORR[40 ,9 ?IS WAY 0P[]1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 NO LONG] EXI/S4 ,P[] IS DIFFUS$ TO ! COLLECTIVITY & BECOMES ! TRUE EXPRESSION ( ! LIB]TY ( EV]YONE1 ! FAI?FUL & S9C]E REALIZATION ( ! WILL ( ALL04 .<#e#e.> 

,YET :ILE DEMOCRATIC1 AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS HAVE TO BE EGALIT>IAN = SIMPLY ELECT+ A FEW :O GOV]N ! RE/ RE9TRODUCES HI]>*IES1 ALBEIT ELECT$ ONES1 & LEA/ WE =GET GOV]NM5T IS ! 0DELEGATION ( P[]1 ?AT IS1 ! ABDICATION ( ! 9ITIATIVE & SOV]EIGNTY ( EV]Y ONE 9TO ! H&S ( ! FEW40.<#e#f.> ,AS ! 0PEOPLE DOES NOT GOV]N ITSELF0 IT MEANT ?AT 0FREE & EQUAL CITIZ5S1 NOT AB\T TO ABDICATE !IR RI<TS TO ! C>E ( ! FEW1 WILL SEEK SOME NEW =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT ALL[S !M TO MANAGE !IR AFFAIRS = !MSELVES04 ,KROPOTK9 PO9T$ TO ! SECTIONS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION AS POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS 0NOT SEP>AT$ FROM ! PEOPLE0 & 0REMA9$ ( ! PEOPLE1 & ?IS IS :AT MADE ! REVOLUTION>Y P[] ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS40 ,RA!R ?AN NOM9AT+ REPRES5TATIVES & DISB&+1 ! SECTIONS 0REMA9$ & ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES1 ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE1 AS P]MAN5T ORGANS ( ! MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATION0 & 0W]E PRACTIC+ :AT WAS DESCRIB$ LAT] ON AS ,DIRECT ,SELF-,GOV]NM5T04 ,!SE W]E 0! PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM0 & !Y 0HAD !IR ORIG91 NOT 9 !ORETIC SPECULATIONS1 BUT 9 ! DE$S ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION0 & 0BY ACT+ 9 ?IS WAY - & ! LIB]T>IANS W\LD NO D\BT DO ! SAME TODAY - ! DI/RICTS ( ,P>IS LAID ! F\NDATIONS ( A NEW1 FREE1 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION0 = 0! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS WAS NOT TO BE A GOV]N$ ,/ATE1 BUT A PEOPLE GOV]N+ ITSELF DIRECTLY - :5 POSSIBLE - )\T 9T]M$I>IES1 )\T MA/]S40.<#e#g.> 

,AN>*I/S T5D TO CALL ?IS SELF-MANAGEM5T BECAUSE DEMOCRACY HAS1 9 PRACTICE1 MEANT ELECT+ A GOV]NM5T RA!R ?AN A GR\P ( PEOPLE GOV]N+ !MSELVES4 ,YET SELF-MANAGEM5T DOES NOT PRECLUDE ! NE$ TO 0ALLOCATE A GIV5 TASK TO O!RS0 9 ! %APE ( COMMITTEES BUT IT IS A CASE ( GR\P MEMB]S 0NOT ABDICAT+ !IR [N SOV]EIGNTY0 BY 0TURN+ SOME 9TO DIRECTORS & *IEFS04.<#e#h.> ,COMMITTEES W\LD BE AG5TS ( ! GR\P RA!R ?AN !IR MA/]S = !Y W\LD BE 0ALWAYS UND] ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ! POPULATION0 & EXPRESS ! 0DECISIONS TAK5 AT POPUL> ASSEMBLIES40.<#e#i.> ,H[ MU* AN 9DIVIDUAL P>TICIPATES IS UP TO EA* P]SON BUT ! OPTION TO TAKE P>T IS ALWAYS !RE = AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION IS ROOT$ 9 0! POSSIBILITY ( CALL+ ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY :5EV] IT WAS WANT$ BY ! MEMB]S ( ! SECTION & ( DISCUSS+ EV]Y?+ 9 ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY04.<#f.> 

,JU/ AS 9DIVIDUALS ASSOCIATE )9 GR\PS1 SO GR\PS WILL NE$ TO CO-ORD9ATE !IR ACTIVITIES BY ! SAME K9D ( HORIZONTAL L9KS ?AT EXI/ )9 AN ASSOCIATION4 ,9 ?IS F$]ALI/ /RUCTURE DECISIONS >E CO-ORD9AT$ BY ELECT$1 M&AT$ & RECALLABLE DELEGATES RA!R ?AN REPRES5TATIVES4.<#f#a.> ,?IS W\LD1 BY DEF9ITION1 BE A DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION = P[] REMA9S AT ! BASE 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS :O ASSOCIATE TOGE!R 9TO GR\PS RA!R ?AN AT ! TOP 9 ! H&S ( A FEW REPRES5TATIVES & ! BUREAUCRACIES NE$$ TO SUPPORT !M4 ,?IS W\LD BE 9 ALL >EAS ( LIFE3 ECONOMIC 70F$]ATIONS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS071 SOCIAL 709DEP5D5T ,COMMUNES07 & P]SONAL 70FREE COMB9ES & SOCIETIES074.<#f#b.> ,F$]ATION IS EXT5SIVE3 

0SOCIETY WILL BE COMPOS$ ( A MULTITUDE ( ASSOCIATIONS1 F$]AT$ = ALL ! PURPOSES :I* REQUIRE F$]ATION3 TRADE F$]ATIONS = PRODUCTION ( ALL SORTS444 F$]ATIONS ( COMMUNES AMONG !MSELVES1 & F$]ATIONS ( COMMUNES ) TRADE ORGANIZATIONS2 & F9ALLY1 WID] GR\PS COV]+ ALL ! C\NTRY1 OR SEV]AL C\NTRIES1 COMPOS$ ( M5 :O COLLABORATE = ! SATISFACTION ( SU* ECONOMIC1 9TELLECTUAL1 >TI/IC1 & MORAL NE$S AS >E NOT LIMIT$ TO A GIV5 T]RITORY4 ,ALL !SE WILL COMB9E DIRECTLY1 BY MEANS ( FREE AGREEM5TS BETWE5 !M444 = ALL SORTS ( WORK 9 COMMON1 = 9TELLECTUAL PURSUITS1 OR SIMPLY = PLEASURE40.<#f#c.> 

,! P]MAN5CE ( SPECIFIC GR\PS OR AGREEM5TS IS V]Y MU* DEP5D5T ON ! FUNCTIONAL NE$S ( ! SITUATION OR ! WI%ES ( ! P>TICIPANTS & SO CANNOT BE =MALIZ$ BY A H>D OR FA/ RULE4 ,SOME AGREEM5TS WILL BE FLEET+ 7TO PROVIDE SPECIFIC GOODS OR S]VICES7 & O!RS MORE-OR-LESS P]MAN5T 7TO PROVIDE HEAL?C>E OR RAILWAY NETWORKS74 ,! KEY IS ?AT ! F$]ATION LA/S AS LONG AS IS REQUIR$1 ?AT ASSOCIATION IS PRODUC$ BY OBJECTIVE NE$S & DOES NOT EXI/ = ITS [N SAKE4 

,! QUE/ION IS 0TO ORGANIZE UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 ITS PL5ITUDE0 = EA* 0FUNCTION1 9DU/RIAL OR O!RWISE04 ,EA* FUNCTIONAL GR\P W\LD ELECT ITS [N DELEGATES 9 ITS [N SEP>ATE BODIES MEAN+ 0! C\NTRY GOV]NS ITSELF SOLELY BY MEANS ( ITS ELECTORAL 9ITIATIVE0 & 0IT IS NO LONG] GOV]N$40 ,SU* POPUL> ASSEMBLIES >E 0A MATT] ( ! ORGANIZATION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 ALL ITS =MS1 ( ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( ,DEMOCRACY ITSELF40 ,9/EAD ( C5TRALIZ+ ALL ISSUES 9TO ! H&S ( ONE ASSEMBLY1 !RE W\LD BE A MULTITUDE ( ASSEMBLIES EA* COV]+ A SPECIFIC SOCIAL FUNCTION = 0A SOCIETY ( FREE M50 IS BAS$ ON ! 0ASSOCIAT+ ) DIFF]5T GR\PS ACCORD+ TO ! NATURE ( !IR 9DU/RIES OR !IR 9T]E/S & BY :OM NEI!R COLLECTIVE NOR 9DIVIDUAL SOV]EIGNTY IS EV] ABDICAT$ OR DELEGAT$0 & SO 0! ,GOV]NM5T HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/ AS A RESULT ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE04 ,?IS 0TRULY DEMOCRATIC REGIME1 ) ITS UNITY AT ! BOTTOM & ITS SEP>ATION AT ! TOP1 .<IS.> ! REV]SE ( :AT N[ EXI/S0 & 0C5TRALIZATION .<W\LD.> BE EFFECT$ FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! TOP1 FROM ! CIRCUMF]5CE TO ! C5T]1 & ?AT ALL FUNCTIONS BE 9DEP5D5T & GOV]N !MSELVES 9DEP5D5TLY04.<#f#d.> 

,:ILE SOME SUGGE/ ?AT AN>*ISM 9H]5TLY SUPPORTS SMALL-SCALE GR\PS OR 9DU/RY ?IS IS NOT ! CASE4 ,IT RECOGNIZES ?AT SIZE IS DRIV5 BY ! OBJECTIVE NE$S ( A FUNCTIONAL TASK4 ,A WORKPLACE IS AS BIG AS ITS \TPUT REQUIRES 70OCEANIC /EAM]S CANNOT BE BUILT 9 VILLAGE FACTORIES0.<#f#e.>7 :ILE A COMMUNE CAN BE A VILLAGE1 T[N OR A CITY4 ,:ILE L>GE ORGANIZATIONS W\LD - AS IS ! CASE N[ - BE SUB-DIVID$ 9T]NALLY 9TO FUNCTIONAL GR\PS1 ?IS DOES NOT *ANGE ! FACT ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS 9CORPORAT$ ! FACT (1 & NE$ =1 L>GE-SCALE ORGANIZATION & 9DU/RY4 ,9DE$1 F$]ALISM IS ADVOCAT$ PRECISELY TO CO-ORD9ATE1 PLAN & PROVIDE S]VICES JUDG$ BY ?OSE :O NE$ !M TO BE BETT] DONE TOGE!R4 

,:AT LEVEL A SPECIFIC 9DU/RY OR S]VICE %\LD BE CO-ORD9AT$ AT WILL V>Y DEP5D+ ON :AT IT IS SO NO H>D & FA/ RULE CAN BE =MULAT$ BUT ! BASIC PR9CIPLE IS ?AT GR\PS 0UNITE ) EA* O!R 9 A MUTUAL & EQUAL WAY1 = ONE OR MORE SPECIFIC TASKS1 :OSE RESPONSIBILITY SPECIALLY & EXCLUSIVELY FALLS TO ! DELEGATES ( ! F$]ATION04 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT IS A CASE ( 0! 9ITIATIVE ( COMMUNES & DEP>TM5TS AS TO WORKS ?AT OP]ATE )9 !IR JURISDICTION0 PLUS 0! 9ITIATIVE ( ! WORK]S COMPANIES AS TO C>RY+ ! WORKS \T0 = ! 0DIRECT1 SOV]EIGN 9ITIATIVE ( LOCALITIES1 9 >RANG+ = PUBLIC WORKS ?AT BELONG TO !M1 IS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE & ! FREE CONTRACT04 .<#f#f.> 

,9 %ORT1 SELF-GOV]N+ 9DIVIDUALS JO9 SELF-GOV]N+ GR\PS ?AT1 9 TURN1 JO9 SELF-GOV]N+ F$]ATIONS4 

,9DIVIDUALS >E FREE 9-SO-F> AS ! ASSOCIATIONS !Y JO9 >E P>TICIPATORY & )\T HI]>*Y4 ,YET AN>*I/S DO NOT ?9K ?AT !RE WILL BE UNANIMITY )9 EA* GR\P = 0V>IETY1 CONFLICT EV51 IS LIFE0 :ILE 0UNI=MITY IS DEA?04.<#f#g.> ,9 DISAGREEM5TS1 ! M9ORITY HAS A *OICE - AGREE TO WORK ) ! MAJORITY1 LEAVE ! ASSOCIATION OR PRACTICE CIVIL DISOB$I5CE TO CONV9CE ! MAJORITY ( ! ]RORS ( !IR WAY4 ,:I* OPTION IS BE/ DEP5DS ON ! NATURE ( ! DECISION & ! GR\P4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! MAJORITY HAS ! RI<T TO EXPEL A M9ORITY 7FREE ASSOCIATION MEANS ! FRE$OM NOT TO ASSOCIATE74 

,RA!R ?AN CON/ANTLY GOV]N$ BY ! FEW - :E!R ?AT FEW IS ! ELECT$ ( ! MAJORITY MATT]S LITTLE - 9DIVIDUALS )9 AN ASSOCIATION WILL P>TICIPATE 9 DECISIONS & WILL SOMETIMES BE 9 ! MAJORITY1 SOMETIMES NOT1 9 NUM]\S GR\PS & F$]ATIONS4 ,! 0NECESSITY ( DIVISION & ASSOCIATION ( LABOR0 MEANS 0,I TAKE & ,I GIVE - SU* IS HUMAN LIFE4 ,EA* IS AN AU?ORITATIVE LEAD] & 9 TURN IS L$ BY O!RS4 ,ACCORD+LY !RE IS NO FIX$ & CON/ANT AU?ORITY1 BUT CONT9UAL EX*ANGE ( MUTUAL1 TEMPOR>Y1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 VOLUNT>Y AU?ORITY & SUBORD9ATION40.<#f#h.> ,NO ONE'S P]MAN5T POSITION W\LD BE ONE ( SUBJECTION AS UND] /ATISM1 CAPITALISM1 PATRI>*Y OR RACISM4 

,?IS SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY WAS T]M$ BY ,PR\DHON A 0,LABOR ,DEMOCRACY0.<#f#i.> TO CLE>LY DIFF]5TIATE IT FROM EXI/+ - B\RGEOIS - =MS ( DEMOCRACY3 

0NO LONG] DO WE HAVE ! AB/RACTION ( PEOPLE'S SOV]EIGNTY AS 9 ! '#i#c ,CON/ITUTION & ! O!RS ?AT FOLL[$ IT1 & 9 ,R\SSEAU'S ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT4 ,9/EAD IT BECOMES AN EFFECTIVE SOV]EIGNTY ( ! LABOR+ MASSES :I* RULE & GOV]N444 ! LABOR+ MASSES >E ACTUALLY1 POSITIVELY & EFFECTIVELY SOV]EIGN3 H[ C\LD !Y NOT BE :5 ! ECONOMIC ORGANISM - LABOR1 CAPITAL1 PROP]TY & ASSETS - BELONGS TO !M 5TIRELY0.<#g.> 

,NONE ( ?IS ASSUMES ?AT ! MAJORITY HAS ! RI<T TO RULE ! M9ORITY JU/ ?AT1 9 G5]AL1 MEMB]S :O JO9 A GR\P DO SO UND]/&+ ! DECISION MAK+ PROCESS )9 ! ASSOCIATION & CAN LEAVE IF !Y NO LONG] AGREE ) SPECIFIC DECISIONS ( ! MAJORITY4.<#g#a.> ,?US WE HAVE MAJORITY DECISION MAK+ BUT NOT MAJORITY GOV]NM5T = AN>*I/S 0HAVE ! SPECIAL MISSION ( BE+ VIGILANT CU/ODIANS ( FRE$OM1 AGA9/ ALL ASPIRANTS TO P[] & AGA9/ ! POSSIBLE TYRANNY ( ! MAJORITY04.<#g#b.> ,! CASE = AN>*Y - SELF-MANAGEM5T - IS NOT ?AT ! MAJORITY IS ALWAYS RI<T BUT ?AT NO M9ORITY CAN BE TRU/$ NOT TO PREF] ITS [N ADVANTAGE IF GIV5 P[]4 

,LIB]T>IANS AGA9/ 0,LIB]T>IANISM0 7OR ! DANG]S ( IDEOLOGY7 

,MANY AN>*I/S >E SYMPA!TIC TO ! SAY+ - POPUL>IZ$ IF NOT 9V5T$ BY ! ,SITUATIONI/S - ?AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !ORY & IDEOLOGY IS ?AT ! =M] IS :5 Y\ HAVE IDEAS & ! LATT] IS :5 IDEAS HAVE Y\4 ,AS SU*1 AN>*I/S T5D TO SUGGE/ ?AT !IRS IS NOT AN IDEOLOGY BUT RA!R A !ORY4 ,! DANG]S ( IDEOLOGY CAN BE/ BE SE5 BY COMP>+ LIB]T>IAN !ORY ) ! IDEOLOGY ?AT IS CALL$ 0LIB]T>IANISM0 BY ITS PROPON5TS4 

,YET H[ CAN AN>*I/S - :O HAVE CALL$ !MSELVES LIB]T>IANS S9CE #aheg - BE AGA9/ 0LIB]T>IANISM08 

,FIR/1 BECAUSE ! ADVOCATES ( 0LIB]T>IANISM0 DID NOT LET !IR IDEOLOGICAL SUPPORT = ABSOLUTE PROP]TY RI<TS /OP !M KN[+LY /EAL+ ! NAME FROM ?OSE :O 9V5T$ & US$ IT4 ,AS ,MURRAY ,RO?B>D RECALL$3 

0,ONE GRATIFY+ ASPECT ( \R RISE TO SOME PROM95CE .<9 #a#i#eS ,AM]ICA.> IS ?AT1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 MY MEMORY1 WE1 '\R SIDE1' HAD CAPTUR$ A CRUCIAL WORD FROM ! 5EMY444 ',LIB]T>IANS'444 HAD LONG BE5 SIMPLY A POLITE WORD = LEFT-W+ .<SIC6.> AN>*I/S1 ?AT IS = ANTI-PRIVATE PROP]TY AN>*I/S1 EI!R ( ! COMMUNI/ OR SYNDICALI/ V>IETY4 ,BUT N[ WE HAD TAK5 IT OV]0.<#g#c.> 

,SECOND1 & MORE IMPORTANTLY1 0LIB]T>IANISM0 IGNORES :AT DROVE ! CREATION ( AN>*ISM & RETURNS TO ! AU?ORIT>IANISM ( CLASSICAL LIB]ALISM4 

,?IS IS %[N :5 ,RO?B>D PROCLAIMS ?AT ! /ATE 0>ROGATES TO ITSELF A MONOPOLY ( =CE1 ( ULTIMATE DECISION-MAK+ P[]1 OV] A GIV5 T]RITORIAL >EA0 !N1 BURI$ 9 ! *APT]'S 5D NOTES1 QUIETLY ADMITS ?AT 0.<O.>BVI\SLY1 9 A FREE SOCIETY1 ,SMI? HAS ! ULTIMATE DECISION-MAK+ P[] OV] HIS [N JU/ PROP]TY1 ,JONES OV] HIS1 ETC40.<#g#d.> ,HE DOES NOT M5TION ! OBVI\S - !Y ALSO HAVE 0ULTIMATE DECISION-MAK+ P[]0 OV] ?OSE :O USE ?AT PROP]TY4 ,ROB]T ,NOZICK WAS MORE OP53 0IF ONE />TS A PRIVATE T[N444 P]SONS :O *OSE TO MOVE !RE OR LAT] REMA9 !RE W\LD HAVE NO RI<T TO A SAY 9 H[ ! T[N WAS RUN04.<#g#e.> 

,:ILE SOME >GUE ?AT IT 0W\LD BE LOGICALLY 9CONSI/5T = AN IDEOLOGY TO DEF5D 9DIVIDUAL *OICE & TO D5Y PEOPLE ! VOTE0.<#g#f.>1 = 0LIB]T>IANISM0 ! OPPOSITE IS ! CASE4 ,YET ! CONTRADICTIONS - 0LIB]T>IANS0 ADVOCAT+ DICTATOR%IP1 A DEF9ITION ( ! /ATE 7EVIL7 ID5TICAL TO PROP]TY 7GOOD7 - >E ALL TOO CLE> AS AN>*I/S HAD D5\NC$ S9CE #a#h#d4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,RO?B>D HIMSELF %[S ! VALIDITY ( ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE3 

0,IF ! ,/ATE MAY BE SAID TO PROP]LY [N ITS T]RITORY1 !N IT IS PROP] = IT TO MAKE RULES = EV]YONE :O PRESUMES TO LIVE 9 ?AT >EA444 ,SO LONG AS ! ,/ATE P]MITS ITS SUBJECTS TO LEAVE ITS T]RITORY1 !N1 IT CAN BE SAID TO ACT AS DOES ANY O!R [N] :O SETS D[N RULES = PEOPLE LIV+ ON HIS PROP]TY40.<#g#g.> 

,! QUE/ION N[ BECOMES ONE NOT ( LIB]TY )9 AN ASSOCIATION BUT :E!R ?OSE :O HOLD P[] 70SETS D[N RULES07 DO SO LEGITIMATELY OR NOT & ?IS RELATES TO PROP]TY4 ,RO?B>D >GUES ?AT ! /ATE DOES NOT 0JU/LY0 [N ITS T]RITORY & ASS]TS ?AT HIS 0HOME/EAD+ !ORY0 ( ! CREATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 0SUFFICES TO DEMOLI% ANY SU* PRET5SIONS BY ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS0 & SO ! PROBLEM ) ! /ATE IS ?AT IT 0CLAIMS & EX]CISES A COMPULSORY MONOPOLY ( DEF5SE & ULTIMATE DECISION-MAK+ OV] AN >EA L>G] ?AN AN 9DIVIDUAL'S JU/LY-ACQUIR$ PROP]TY40.<#g#h.> ,YET PRIVATE PROP]TY HAS NEV] BE5 ACQUIR$ 9 ! =M ,RO?B>D 7E*O+ ,LOCKE7 SUGGE/$ BUT HAS BE5 B\ND-UP ) /ATE & PRIVATE CO]CION - ASSUM+ HIS !ORY WAS ROBU/1 :I* IT IS NOT4 ,HIS ATTEMPT TO ELIM9ATE ! OBVI\S DIFFICULTIES HE FACES 9VOLVES 0ADD+ MY?ICAL & IMAG9>Y HAPP5+S TO MAKE UP = ! 'REALITY GAPS'0.<#g#i.> ALONG ) HOPES ?AT HE F\ND PEOPLE 0SIMPLE 5\< TO BELIEVE HIM04 

,IGNOR+ ,RO?B>D'S IMMACULATE CONCEPTION ( PROP]TY AS BE+ AS UNRELAT$ TO REALITY AS ,LOCKE'S SOCIAL CONTRACT !ORY ( ! /ATE1 ! QUE/ION >ISES :Y CURR5T & FUTURE G5]ATIONS %\LD BE DISPOSSESS$ FROM LIB]TY BY ! PRIVATE HI]>*IES ASSOCIAT$ ) PROP]TY4 ,RO?B>D HELPS US ANSW] ?AT QUE/ION BY A HYPO!TICAL EXAMPLE ( A C\NTRY :OSE ,K+1 ?REAT5$ BY A RIS+ 0LIB]T>IAN0 MOVEM5T1 RESPONSES BY 0EMPLOY.<+.> A CUNN+ /RATAGEM10 NAMELY HE 0PROCLAIMS HIS GOV]NM5T TO BE DISSOLV$1 BUT JU/ BE=E DO+ SO HE >BITR>ILY P>CELS \T ! 5TIRE L& >EA ( HIS K+DOM TO ! '[N]%IP' ( HIMSELF & HIS RELATIVES40 ,RA!R ?AN TAXES1 HIS SUBJECTS N[ PAY R5T & HE CAN 0REGULATE ! LIVES ( ALL ! PEOPLE :O PRESUME TO LIVE ON0 HIS PROP]TY AS HE SEES FIT4 ,RO?B>D !N ADMITS PEOPLE W\LD BE 0LIV+ UND] A REGIME NO LESS DESPOTIC ?AN ! ONE !Y HAD BE5 BATTL+ = SO LONG4 ,P]HAPS1 9DE$1 MORE DESPOTIC1 = N[ ! K+ & HIS RELATIVES CAN CLAIM = !MSELVES ! LIB]T>IANS' V]Y PR9CIPLE ( ! ABSOLUTE RI<T ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 AN ABSOLUT5ESS :I* !Y MI<T NOT HAVE D>$ TO CLAIM BE=E40.<#h.> 

,:ILE ,RO?B>D REJECTS ?IS 0CUNN+ /RATAGEM0 HE FAIL$ TO NOTE H[ ?IS >GUM5T UND]M9ES HIS [N CLAIMS4 ,AS HE HIMSELF >GUES1 NOT ONLY DOES ! PROP]TY [N] HAVE ! SAME MONOPOLY ( P[] OV] A GIV5 >EA AS ! /ATE1 ?IS IS MORE DESPOTIC4 ,HE FAILS TO NOTICE ?AT IF ! /ATE [N+ ITS T]RITORY MAKES IT 70AS WELL AS ! ,K+ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES07 0A FEUDAL OV]LORD0.<#h#a.>!N ?IS MAKES ! CAPITALI/ OR L&LORD A FEUDAL OV]LORD )9 0LIB]T>IANISM40 ,IT IS A /RANGE IDEOLOGY ?AT PROCLAIMS ITSELF LIB]TY-LOV+ YET EMBRACES FACTORY FEUDALISM & (FICE OLIG>*Y4 

,! ONE REMA9+ DEF5SE ( 0LIB]T>IANISM0 IS ?AT !SE ABSOLUTI/ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS >E F9E BECAUSE !Y >E VOLUNT>Y 9 NATURE = !RE IS NO SU* A ?+ AS ECONOMIC P[] UND] CAPITALISM4.<#h#b.> ,IT IS EASY TO REFUTE SU* CLAIMS ) ,RO?B>D'S WORDS ON ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y & S]FDOM 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY3 

0,! BODIES ( ! OPPRESS$ W]E FRE$1 BUT ! PROP]TY :I* !Y HAD WORK$ & EM95TLY DES]V$ TO [N1 REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( !IR =M] OPPRESSORS4 ,) ECONOMIC P[] ?US REMA9+ 9 !IR H&S1 ! =M] LORDS SOON F\ND !MSELVES VIRTUAL MA/]S ONCE MORE ( :AT W]E N[ FREE T5ANTS OR F>M LABOR]S4 ,! S]FS & SLAVES HAD TA/$ FRE$OM1 BUT HAD BE5 CRUELLY D]IV$ ( ITS FRUITS40.<#h#c.> 

,SO IF 0M>KET =CES0 70VOLUNT>Y EX*ANGES07 RESULT 9 ! FEW [N+ MO/ ( ! PROP]TY !N ?IS IS UNPROBLEMATIC & RAISES NO QUE/IONS AB\T ! 7LACK (7 LIB]TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS BUT IF PEOPLE >E PLAC$ 9 EXACTLY ! SAME SITUATION AS A RESULT ( CO]CION !N IT IS A CASE ( 0ECONOMIC P[]0 & 0MA/]S04 

,SU* IS ! DANG] ( IDEOLOGY ?AT IT ALL[S SOMEONE TO WRITE A BOOK ?AT ACTUALLY REFUTES HIS [N >GUM5TS4 

,?IS %[S ! IMPORTANCE ( ORGANIZATION TO A POLITICAL !ORY4 ,AN>*ISM BY PLAC+ LIB]TY AS A PRIORITY PR9CIPLE TOOK IT S]I\SLY & RECOGNIZ$ ! OBVI\S CONTRADICTIONS 9 DEF9+ 7LIMIT+67 IT TO JU/ CONS5T4 ,!Y OPPOS$ ! LIB]AL ATTEMPT TO DECONTE/ ! NOTION BY PO9T+ TO ITS PRACTICE4 ,?AT ,NOZICK - REPEAT+ ,LOCKE.<#h#d.> - CAN ASK :E!R 0A FREE SY/EM W\LD ALL[0 SOMEONE 0TO SELL HIMSELF 9TO SLAV]Y0 & ANSW] 0,I BELIEVE ?AT IT W\LD0.<#h#e.> %[S ! CORRECTNESS ( AN>*ISM4 

,! APP>5T P>ADOX ( :Y AN IDEOLOGY SELF-PROCLAIM$ AS 0LIB]T>IAN0 IS NOT P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/$ 9 LIB]TY & JU/IFIES NUM]\S OBVI\SLY AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATIONS 7UP TO & 9CLUD+ VOLUNT>Y SLAV]Y & DICTATOR%IP7 IS NOT A P>ADOX AT ALL4 ,CONTRACT 9 ! LIB]AL S5SE 0ALWAYS G5]ATES POLITICAL RI<T 9 ! =M ( RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION & SUBORD9ATION0 & SO RA!R ?AN 0UND]M9+ SUBORD9ATION1 CONTRACT !ORI/S JU/IFI$ MOD]N CIVIL SUBJECTION40.<#h#f.> 

,! F>CICAL SELF-CONTRADICTIONS ?AT ,RO?B>D REPEAT$LY GETS HIMSELF 9TO %[S :Y 0EV]Y SOCIETY DECL9ES ! MOM5T IT FALLS 9TO ! H&S ( ! IDEOLOGI/S0.<#h#g.>4 ,AT ITS WORSE1 IDEOLOGY ALL[S ITS BELIEV]S TO NOT ONLY IGNORE - EV5 JU/IFY - SOCIAL 9JU/ICE BUT ALSO TO CONTRADICT !IR /AT$ ASPIRATIONS & ABUSE LOGIC4 ,:ILE IT MAY BE >GU$ ?AT IT IS ONLY BY US+ IDEOLOGY ?AT WE CAN EXPOSE ?IS K9D ( CONTRADICTION1 ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM IS ?AT IT IS IDEOLOGY :I* BL9DS ,RO?B>D & ,NOZICK TO ! OBVI\S3 0IF Y\ HAVE UNBRIDL$ CAPITALISM1 Y\ WILL HAVE ALL K9DS ( AU?ORITY3 Y\ WILL HAVE EXTREME AU?ORITY40.<#h#h.> 

,! CONTRADICTIONS ( 0LIB]T>IANISM0 ALSO %[S ?AT HI/ORICAL UND]/&+ & CONTEXT IS IMPORTANT4 ,IT DOES NOT AF=D 0A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( A GRAVITATIONAL %IFT )9 CONV5TIONAL IDEOLOGIES ?AT OBSCURES AN IDEOLOGY'S F\NDATIONAL PR9CIPLES BY REORGANIZ+ ! CORE UNITS ( FURNITURE40 ,LOCKE %[S ?IS IS NOT ! CASE = RA!R ?AN 0CR[D+ \T OR DEMOT+ O!R LIB]AL CORE CONCEPTS01 ?IS IDEOLOGY SEES ITSELF AS CLE>+ ! ROOM ( FURNITURE :I* HAS NO PLACE 9 IT4 ,IT IS NOT ! CASE ?AT ITS ADVOCATES 0OV]EMPHASIZE 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY AT ! EXP5SE ( O!R LIB]AL VALUES0.<#h#i.> = !Y DO NOT 0EXP& ! LIB]TY !ME0 BUT RA!R AIM TO RE/RICT IT - = ! MANY4 

,ONCE IT IS REALIZ$ ?AT CORE PR9CIPLE ( 0LIB]T>IANISM0 IS PROP]TY RA!R ?AN LIB]TY !N IT IS MU/ BE R5AM$ TO PROP]T>IANISM4 

,CONCLUSION 

,ORGANIZATION IS A FUNDAM5TAL ASPECT ( ANY !ORY SIMPLY BECAUSE IT %[S H[ IT IS APPLI$4 ,IF AN IDEOLOGY PLACES ORGANIZATION TO ! P]IPH]Y !N ITS ADH]5TS >E NOT P>TICUL>LY BO!R$ BY !IR /AT$ CORE PR9CIPLES = IT EXPRESSES AN 9DIFF]5CE TO :E!R !Y >E A*IEV$ 9 PRACTICE4 

,AN>*ISM IS P>T ( ! REACTION TO LIB]ALISM & ITS PRODUCTION ( BO? 09DU/RIAL S]VITUDE0 & 0OB$I5T SUBJECTS TO A C5TRAL AU?ORITY40.<#i.> ,LIB]ALISM IS A 0!ORETICAL /RATEGY ?AT JU/IFIES SUBJECTION BY PRES5T+ IT AS FRE$OM04 ,IT HAS 0TURN$ A SUBV]SIVE PROPOSITION0 ?AT WE >E BORN FREE & EQUAL 09TO A DEF5SE ( CIVIL SUBJECTION0 = 0! EMPLOYM5T CONTRACT 7LIKE ! M>RIAGE CONTRACT7 IS NOT AN EX*ANGE2 BO? CONTRACTS CREATE SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT 5DURE OV] TIME - SOCIAL RELATIONS ( SUBORD9ATION40.<#i#a.> 

,LIKE DEMOCRACY1 AN>*ISM SAW ITS TASK AS SEEK+ A =M ( ORGANIZATION )9 :I* FRE$OM WAS PROTECT$4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! /]EOTYPE ( AN>*ISM AS AN IMPRACTICAL DREAM )\T AN UND]/&+ ( ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! MOD]N WORLD1 AN>*I/S HAVE SP5T CONSID]ABLE TIME DISCUSS+ H[ TO ORGANIZE TO MEET SOCIAL NE$S 9 A WORLD M>K$ BY L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY & EV] WID] P]SONAL & SOCIAL 9T]ACTIONS :ILE 5SUR+ 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL FRE$OM4 ,AN>*I/ CRITIQUES ( ,R\SSEAU >E DRIV5 NOT BY A REJECTION ( DEMOCRACY BUT RA!R A DESIRE TO SEE A G5U9E ONE CREAT$4 ,WOODCOCK WAS WRONG BO? LOGICALLY & HI/ORICALLY TO PROCLAIM ?AT 0! IDEAL ( AN>*ISM1 F> FROM BE+ DEMOCRACY C>RI$ TO ITS LOGICAL 5D1 IS MU* NE>] TO >I/OCRACY UNIV]SALIZ$ & PURIFI$40.<#i#b.> 

,TO 0CONTRACT A RELATION%IP ( VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE0 WAS 9CONSI/5T ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES AS 0! FRE$OM ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL IS 9ALI5ABLE0 & SO ASSOCIATIONS C\LD HAVE NO O!R FOOT+ 0BUT ! UTMO/ EQUALITY & RECIPROCITY40.<#i#c.> ,AN>*ISM VALUES 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY BUT SEES IT A PRODUCT ( SOCIAL 9T]ACTION & SO EMBRACES ! NECESSITY ( EQUALITY )9 GR\PS TO 5SURE IT REMA9S MEAN+FUL4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 MEANS EMBRAC+ A CRITIQUE ( PROP]TY TO 5SURE ?AT ?OSE :O JO9 A WORKPLACE >E ASSOCIATES RA!R ?AN MA/] & S]VANTS4 ,F9ALLY1 IF SELF-MANAGEM5T IS APPLICABLE )9 ! WORKPLACE !N IT IS ALSO APPLICABLE = ALL SOCIAL & PRIVATE ASSOCIATIONS4 

,AN>*ISM RECOGNIZES ?AT !RE >E MANY TYPES ( ORGANIZATION - ?OSE :I* >E =C$ UPON Y\ & ?OSE Y\ FREELY JO9 AS WELL AS ?OSE :I* >E AU?ORIT>IAN 7TOP-D[N7 & ?OSE :I* >E LIB]T>IAN 7BOTTOM-UP74 ,G5U9E LIB]TY NECESSITATES GR\PS ?AT >E FREE TO JO9 & >E FREE 9T]NALLY AS VOLUNT>Y >*Y IS NOT AN->*Y4 ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES >E CORE BECAUSE !Y 9T]SECT ) O!R CORE CONCEPTS BY EXPRESS+ !M4 

.<#h#g.>,PR\DHON1 ,SY/EME DES CONTRADICTIONS ECONOMIQUES \ ,PHILOSOPHIE DE LA MIS]E 7,P>IS3 ,GUILLAUM91 #a#h#d#f7 ,I3 #ge 

.<#a.> ,]RICO ,MALATE/A3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,IDEAS 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c71,V]NON ,RI*>DS 7$471 #h#d-#e 

.<#b.> ,MI*AEL ,FRE$51 ,IDEOLOGY3 ,A ,V]Y ,%ORT ,9TRODUCTION 7,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#c71 #fb 

.<#c.> ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK1 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS 7,5GL&3 ,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#f71 #b#b#f-#g 

.<#d.> ,DAVID ,TURCATO1 ,MAK+ ,S5SE ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A'S ,EXP]IM5TS ) ,REVOLUTION1 #a#h#h#i-#a#i 7,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#e7 

.<#e.> ,C4 ,B ,MACPH]SON1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,!ORY ( ,POSSESSIVE ,9DIVIDUALISM3 ,HOBBES TO ,LOCKE1 7,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#d71 #aid 

.<#f.> ,JOHN ,LOCKE1 ,TWO ,TREATISES ( ,GOV]NM5T 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#a#c71 ,PET] ,LASLETT 7$471 #c#b#b1 #c#b#c1 #bfh 

.<#g.> ,C>OLE ,PATEMAN1 ,! ,SEXUAL ,CONTRACT 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY1 #a#i#h#h71 #d 

.<#h.> ,LOCKE1 #bhh 

.<#i.> ,MACPH]SON1 #b#c-#b 

.<#a.> ,LOCKE1 #cb 

.<#a#a.> ,LOCKE1 #bhi 

.<#a#b.> ,MACPH]SON1 #b#a#d-#e 

.<#a#c.> ,C>OLE ,PATEMAN1 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,POLITICAL ,OBLIGATION3 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,LIB]AL ,!ORY 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e71 #f#g-#g#b 

.<#a#d.> ,MACPH]SON1 #b#b#a-#b1 #b#d#h-#i1 #b#b#g1 #bea 

.<#a#e.> ,MACPH]SON1 #aif 

.<#a#f.> ,JOHN ,LOCKE1 ,POLITICAL ,ESSAYS 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#g71 ,M>K ,GOLDIE 7$471 #a#f#a-#a#g#e 

.<#a#g.> ,PATEMAN1 ,PROBLEM1 #fh 

.<#a#h.> ,PATEMAN1 ,PROBLEM1 #adb 

.<#a#i.> ,LOCKE1 ,TREATISES1 #* 

.<#b.> ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT & ,DISC\RSES 7,LONDON3 ,EV]YMAN1 #a#i#i#f71 #aha 

.<#b#a.> ,R\SSEAU1 #ii 

.<#b#b.> ,R\SSEAU1 #hd 

.<#b#c.> ,R\SSEAU1 #bbe 

.<#b#d.> ,R\SSEAU1 #afb 

.<#b#e.> ,R\SSEAU1 #a#i#i1 #bbe 

.<#b#f.> ,R\SSEAU1 #caf 

.<#b#g.> ,R\SSEAU1 #a#e1 #b#f#i1 #a#d1 #b1 #ahf 

.<#b#h.> ,R\SSEAU1 #b#f#f1 #b#a1 #b#c-#d1 #b#c1 #b#a#b1 #aia 

.<#b#i.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 #a#g#h#i-#a#g#i#c 7,LONDON3 ,ORBA* & ,*AMB]S ,LTD1 #a#i#g#a7 

.<#c.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g71 #e#a-#d 

.<#c#a.> QUOT$ BY ,ROG] ,MAGRAW1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,WORK+ ,CLASS 7,OX=D_/,CAMBRIDGE3 ,BLACKWELL1 #a#i#i#b7 ,I3 #b#d-#b#e 

.<#c#b.> ,B]N>D ,H4 ,MOSS1 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,FR5* ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T #a#h#c-#a#i#a#d3 ,! ,SOCIALISM ( ,SKILL$ ,WORK]S 7,B]KELEY_/,LOS ,ANGELES_/,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #a#i#h71 #c#b-#c 

.<#c#c.> ,MAGRAW1 #e#e1 #gb 

.<#c#d.> ,K4 ,/EV5 ,V9C5T1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON & ! ,RISE ( ,FR5* ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIALISM 7,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d7 #a#b#g-#a#d 

.<#c#e.> ,SEE ,V9C5T = AN EXCELL5T DISCUSSION ( ?IS4 

.<#c#f.> ,PROP]TY IS ,!FT6 ,A ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON ,AN?OLOGY 7,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&_/,BALTIMORE3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#a71 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 7$471 #a#c#b-#e 

.<#c#g.> ,PROP]TY1 #ib 

.<#c#h.> ,PROP]TY1 #i#e1 #a#f1 #a#a#g1 #a#a#d1 #abi 

.<#c#i.> ,A>ON ,NOL&1 0,PR\DHON & ,R\SSEAU01 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,HI/ORY ( ,IDEAS #b#h3#a 7,JAN-,M> #a#i#f#g7 

.<#d.> ,PROP]TY1 #efe 

.<#d#a.> ,PROP]TY1 #eff 

.<#d#b.> ,PROP]TY1 #e#f#f1 #egc 

.<#d#c.> ,PROP]TY1 #b#f#a1 #b#f#g1 #b#h1 #d#h#b-#e 

.<#d#d.> ,PROP]TY1 #e#i#e1 #g#a#f1 #g#f#c1 #b#g#c1 #gfb 

.<#d#e.> ,PROP]TY1 #b#d#h1 #b#a#b1 #i#a1 #a#a#h1 #a#e#c1 #a#c#g1 #a#a#b1 #f#a1 #a#a#i1 #b#a#e1 #g#h1 #g#a#a2 ALSO SEE ,PROP]TY1 #e#h#c-#f 

.<#d#f.> ,PROP]TY1 #e#c-#f 

.<#d#g.> 0,! ,HUMAN ,BE+01 AVAILABLE AT3 AN>*ISM4PAGEABODE4COM 

.<#d#h.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN9 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,FREE ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#c71 ,G4,P4 ,MAXIMOV 7$471 #bdi 

.<#d#i.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,DIRECT ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,CAPITAL3 ,A ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,AN?OLOGY 7,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&_/,BALTIMORE3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#d71 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 7$471 #*e 

.<#e.> ,M>X-,5GELS ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS #d#d3 #cg 

.<#e#a.> ,PATEMAN1 ,PROBLEM1 #ai 

.<#e#b.> ,BAKUN91 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S 7,LONDON3 ,JONA?AN ,CAPE1 #a#i#g#c71 ,>?UR ,LEHN+ 7$471 #a#c#a1 #a#c#e1 #adg 

.<#e#c.> ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 ,LETT]S FROM ,LEX+TON3 ,REFLECTIONS ON ,PROPAG&A 7,MONROE_/,$9BUR<3 ,COMMON ,C\RAGE ,PRESS_/,A,K ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c71 #abg 

.<#e#d.> ,KROPOTK91 ,DIRECT1 #a#f1 #ahg 

.<#e#e.> ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*ISM1 #d#h1 #a#d#b1 #d#a#d-#e2 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ,SPEAKS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PA?F9D] ,PRESS1 #a#i#g71 ,M>Y-,ALICE ,WAT]S 7$471 #a#a#i-#b 

.<#e#f.> ,MALATE/A1 ,! ,ME?OD ( ,FRE$OM3 ,AN ,]RICO ,MALATE/A ,READ] 7,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&1 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#d71 ,DAVIDE ,TURCATO 7,$471 #acf 

.<#e#g.> ,DIRECT1 #b#b#e1 #b#b#h1 #d#a#i-#b#e 

.<#e#h.> ,MALATE/A1 ,FRE$OM1 #bad 

.<#e#i.> ,MALATE/A1 ,LIFE1 #a#g#e1 #abi 

.<#f.> ,DIRECT1 #dbf 

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