,SECTION #a 
,AN>*ISM @& ,$UCATION3 ,LE>N+ FROM ,HI/ORICAL ,EXP]IM5TATIONS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABRAHAM ,P4 ,DE,LEON 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEJ&RO ,DE ,ACO/A 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,KHASNABI% 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALLAN ,W4 ,ANTLIFF 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN?ONY ,J4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I 

,TEXT 3 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I4 ,AN>*ISM @& ,$UCATION3 ,LE>N+ FROM ,HI/ORICAL ,EXP]IM5TATIONS 

,D,I,A,L,O,G,U,E #a 7,ON A DES]T ISL&1 BETWE5 FRI5DS7 

,ALEJ&RO DE ,ACO/A 

,A3   ,EV5 9 ! /RANG5ESS ( \R ISOLATION1 Y\ WANT TO DISCUSS SOME?+ Y\ CALL AN>*I/ P$AGOGY8 ,HAV5'T WE BE5 CIRCL+ >\ND ?IS TOPIC = SOME TIME N[8 ,WELL1 IF ,I UND]/& Y\R EXPRESSION1 IT IS ALREADY UND]WAY4 

,B3   ,YES1 IT HAS BE5 UND]WAY = C5TURIES4 

,A3   ,& YET1 H]E 9 \R ISOLATION1 WE FEEL ! NE$ TO TALK IT OV] AGA94 ,:AT'S MORE1 IF ,I KN[ Y\1 Y\ WILL WANT TO N>RATE A MY? ( ORIG9 444 

,B3   ,REMEMB]1 ALWAYS1 ?AT IT IS JU/ ?AT1 A MY?1 A /ORY4 

,A3   ,SO MAYBE ,I AM ! ONE :O IS 9CL9$ TO FABULATE H]E4 ,WE AGREE ?AT IT IS UND]WAY1 BUT IT BEG9S AGA91 IS R5EW$1 9 ! POS+ ( A NEW PROBLEM4 ,NOT M]ELY RIDD+ \RSELVES ( ! PROBLEMS :OSE NAMES >E SO FAMILI> 444 

,B3   444 & JU/ :Y IS IT ?AT ! NAMES 0S*OOL1 S*OOL+0 FIT !SE FAMILI> PROBLEMS SO WELL8 444 

,A3   444 RA!R %IFT+ ATT5TION & 9T]E/ TO A NEW SET (1 LET'S SAY1 0UNS*OOLI%0 PROBLEMS4 

,B3   ,IS ?IS ! CONC]N ?AT MADE ME WANT TO TALK8 ,FROM ONE PROBLEM1 ONE FRU/RATION TO ANO!R8 

,A3   ,NOT EV]Y PROBLEM1 NOT EV]Y FRU/RATION IS ID5TICAL4 ,!RE IS GREAT VIRTUE1 ONE C\LD EV5 SAY WILL P[]1 9 SELECT+ ONE'S GREATE/ PROBLEMS4 ,Y\ HAVE SPOK5 MACROSCOPICALLY1 AS IF FROM A GREAT DI/ANCE4 ,BUT ,I WILL REM9D Y\ ?AT1 H]E ON \R ISL&1 IT IS WISE/ TO SPEAK MICROSCOPICALLY4 ,HAVE WE NOT BE5 TEAS+ \T ! F9E GRA9 ( A R$EF9ITION ( FRE$OM1 5DLESSLY R$ISCOV]$1 A %IFT FROM OPPOSITION TO 9V5TION 7& AFFIRMATION78 ,?\< NEI!R ( US WILL$ ?IS \R ISOLATION1 IS ?AT RESE>* NOT ONE ( ! WAYS ?AT WE HAVE COME TO ACCEPT1 EV5 DESIRE1 \R PROLONG$ /AY H]E8 

,B3   ,WELL1 !RE IS Y\R /ORY1 F9ALLY3 FROM FRE$OM AS ! REMA9D] ( AN AGON1 A /RUGGLE1 A COMBAT 7! OP]ATION IMPURE1 ! FI<T ALWAYS ON ! V]GE ( RETURN+1 A M>K1 A BR& ON ! BODY ( ! FREE7 TO FRE$OM AS SELF-9V5TION1 CREATIVITY1 UNDISCOV]$ POT5TIAL4 

,A3   ,N[ ?AT !SE FIR/ WORDS HAVE PASS$ \R M\?S1 ,I SEE ! /RANG5ESS ( ?IS /ORY4 ,WE HAVE BE5 SPEAK+ ) EA* O!R = A V]Y LONG TIME4 ,N[ ,I WANT TO ASK Y\3 9V5TION1 CREATIVITY1 POT5TIAL--( :AT8 ,( ! HUMAN8 

,B3   ,P]HAPS4 ,I HAVE 9VOK$ 0S*OOLS1 S*OOL+0 & TO MANY ?IS SUGGE/S ! IDEA ( ! *ILD4 ,( C\RSE1 ?\< H]E ON ! ISL& WE HAVE NOT SE5 *ILDR5 = SOME TIME1 SURELY WE HAVE NOT BE5 H]E SO LONG AS TO =GET ALL ?AT4 ,I ?9K ! SUGGE/ION IS DECEPTIVE4 ,I D\BT ?AT WE WILL DISCOV] SOME PURE FRE$OM H]E4 ,WE HAVE LONG AGRE$ ?AT IS NONS5SICAL4 ,! 0UNS*OOLI%0 FRE$OM 9 QUE/ION IS SOME?+ ELSE ?AN :AT WE IMAG9E ! HUMAN ANIMAL IS DO+ 9 ITS UNTRAMMEL$ Y\?4 

,A3   ,YES1 :AT WE >E AFT] IS SOME?+ O!R ?AN ! 9FANTILIZATION ( EV]YONE 444 

,B3   444 9CLUD+ Y\?4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( KN[+ JU/ :AT A MY?1 A /ORY1 A FABLE IS4 

,A3   ,AN ADV5TURE ( IDEAS8 ,NOT JU/ ( IMAGES & SYMBOLS8 

,B3   ,WE >E EXPLOR+ ! ISL&1 AGA9 444 

,A3   ,9 ?IS ADV5TURE ( IDEAS1 WE MI<T TAKE UP Y\R /RANGE C\PLE3 A WORD ?AT SAYS NOT-SOME?+ 7AN>*Y7 & ONE ?AT SAYS 444 YES1 SOMEONE1 A COMPANION 7P$AGOGY74 

,B3   ,LET US BECOME 9T]E/$ 9 ?IS UNLIKELY C\PL+1 IF ONLY BECAUSE IT IS ANO!R NAME = ! EV]-REPEAT$ BIR? ( ANO!R PEOPLE 444 \R SIL5T1 9VISIBLE COMPANIONS H]E8 

,A3   ,IT IS PLEASANT TO ?9K ( !M4 ,IT IS ALSO PLEASANT TO SUPPOSE ?AT EV]Y G5]ATION WILL AMUSE ITSELF BY CULTIVAT+ ! PREFIXES NO-1 UN-1 DE-1 AN- AS SO MANY PREFACES TO :AT ,I CALL ITS COMPELL+ NEW PROBLEM1 R$ISCOV]$1 RE9V5T$ 444 

,B3   ,OR TO :AT ,I WILL /ILL CALL A FRU/RATION1 ONE :I* IS NOT HUMILIAT+ & BECOMES1 9 TIME1 A FASC9ATION4 ,REMEMB] \R >RIVAL H]E1 ! FIR/ FEW YE>S 444 

,A3   ,:AT ELSE IS !RE TO DO1 IF WE AGREE ?AT IT IS ALREADY UND]WAY8 

,B3   ,MORE OR LESS EV]Y?+4 ,BUT1 9 ?IS MY?1 :I* IS A LITTLE BIT MORE Y\RS ?AN M9E1 9 !SE BIR? /ORIES1 !SE G5EALOGIES1 WE MI<T LE>N H[ TO BE FASC9AT$ BY A S]IES ( RECALCITRANT M9ORITIES 444 

,A3   ,\R COMPANIONS1 N[ LESS SIL5T1 LESS 9VISIBLE3 A FR+E ?AT 9VITES US TO RECONSID] :]E WE HAD PLAC$ ! C5T] ( \R ISL&1 & SO TO CONCEIVE ITS PROBLEM AS \R [N4 

,B3   ,YES3 = !M IT IS ALREADY UND]WAY1 &1 FROM !M1 WE MI<T LE>N ?AT ! SAME IS TRUE = ! RE/ ( US4 

,*,A,P,T,] #a4 ,AN>*ISM1 ! ,/ATE1 & ! ,ROLE ( ,$UCATION 

,JU/9 ,MUELL] 

,$UCATION HAS PLAY$ A P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ ?\<T & PRACTICE1 P]HAPS MORE SO ?AN ANY O!R POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AIM$ AT SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,?IS IS 9 P>T BECAUSE1 = AN>*I/S ( ALL /RIPES1 $UCATION HAS NEV] BE5 SIMPLY A MEANS TO A*IEVE A NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,IT HAS BE51 RA!R1 P>T ( ! V]Y PRACTICE & PREFIGURATION ( ! AN>*I/ IDEAL ( CREAT+ FRE] & MORE CRITICAL M9DS1 & MORE OP51 COOP]ATIVE & NONOPPRESSIVE RELATION%IPS )9 SOCIETY4 ,AS A RESULT1 UND]/&+ ! PECULI> NATURE ( ! ROLE ( $UCATION = AN>*ISM CAN HELP US BETT] UND]/& ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL !ORY & ITS RELATIVES 9 ! BROAD] CIRCLES ( 0LIB]T>IAN0 OR 0RADICAL0 $UCATION4 ,IT CAN ALSO HELP US UND]SCORE ! TREM5D\S DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( $UCATION & ?AT ( HI/ORICAL & CONTEMPOR>Y /ATI/ & CAPITALI/ P$AGOGIES4 ,F9ALLY1 A GREAT] UND]/&+ ( ! ROLE ( $UCATION )9 AN>*I/ !ORY CAN HELP US CL>IFY ! MEANS1 AIMS1 & IDEAS ( ! WID] AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & TRADITION4 ,FIR/1 H[EV]1 WE WILL BRIEFLY LOOK AT :AT IS MEANT BY 0AN>*ISM0 & PROVIDE A BASIC F\NDATION = FUR!R DISCUSSION ( ITS VALUES & CRITICISMS ( ! EXI/+ /ATE ( $UCATION4 

,A ,BRIEF ,SKET* ( ,AN>*ISM 

,AN>*ISM HAS HAD A RA!R B$EVIL$ C>E]1 MALIGN$ BY MANY1 MISUND]/OOD BY MO/1 & M>G9ALIZ$ EV5 BY ]/:ILE !ORETICAL ALLIES4 ,9 ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION1 IT IS (T5 SE5 AS SIMPLY SYNONYM\S ) *AOS1 DISORD]1 OR VIOL5CE2 MORE LIKELY TO EVOKE ! IMAGE ( A SMA%$ ,/>BUCKS W9D[ ?AN A NUANC$ PHILOSOPHY BAS$ UPON PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL EQUALITY 7,/>R1 #b74 ,H[EV]1 ! AN>*I/ ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN DEF9$ AN>*ISM 9 ?IS WAY3 

,AN>*ISM1 !N1 REALLY /&S = ! LIB]ATION ( ! HUMAN M9D FROM ! DOM9ION ( RELIGION2 ! LIB]ATION ( ! HUMAN BODY FROM ! DOM9ION ( PROP]TY2 LIB]ATION FROM ! %ACKLES & RE/RA9T ( GOV]NM5T4 ,AN>*ISM /&S = A SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ ON ! FREE GR\P+ ( 9DIVIDUALS = ! PURPOSE ( PRODUC+ REAL SOCIAL WEAL?2 AN ORD] ?AT WILL GU>ANTEE TO EV]Y HUMAN BE+ FREE ACCESS TO ! E>? & FULL 5JOYM5T ( ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 ACCORD+ TO 9DIVIDUAL DESIRES1 TA/ES1 & 9CL9ATIONS4 7#a#i#a#aA7 

,SU* AN IDEA H>DLY SEEMS TO W>RANT IMM$IATE DISMISSAL4 ,RA!R ?AN SOCIAL DIS9TEGRATION1 ! NORMATIVE PR9CIPLES & ORGANIZATIONAL IDEAS 9 AN>*I/ !ORY ADVOCATE SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & POLITICAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT AFFIRM A /RONG VALUATION ( 9DIVIDUALS AS 5DS 9 !MSELVES1 A COMMITM5T TO EGALIT>IAN & DEMOCRATIC ME?ODS1 & A /AUN* OPPOSITION TO HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONAL P[] >RANGEM5TS ?AT SUBORD9ATE SOME 9DIVIDUALS TO O!RS4 ,FUNDAM5TALLY1 AN>*I/ !ORY OP]ATES UND] ! NOTION ?AT PEOPLE CAN & %\LD DET]M9E ! DIRECTION ( !IR [N LIVES1 & ?AT SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS %\LD BE CON/RUCT$ ) ?IS AIM 9 M9D4 

,9 ANSW]+ ! SIMPLE QUE/ION1 0,:AT IS AN>*ISM80 IT MAY HELP TO BEG9 BY ?9K+ RA!R ( 0AN>*ISMS40 ,! T]M 0AN>*ISM0 REALLY REF]S TO A CLU/] ( IDEOLOGIES1 MOVEM5TS & !ORIES ?AT %>E A FAMILY RESEMBLANCE TO EA* O!R1 RA!R ?AN TO A L>GELY 5CLOS$ & HOLI/IC SY/EM ( ?\<T 7,GU]91 #a#i#g1 P4 #d7 LIKE ,M>XISM4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! WIDE V>IETY ( (T5 CONFLICT+ OP9IONS ?AT FALL UND] ! LABEL ( 0AN>*ISM10 ESPECIALLY REG>D+ ALONG :AT L9ES A FUTURE SOCIETY \<T TO BE ORD]$1 %\LD NOT BE VIEW$ AS SIMPLE 9T]NAL 0CONTRADICTIONS40 ,RA!R !Y REPRES5T AN EXP]IM5TAL 0PLURALITY ( POSSIBILITIES0 ?AT MAY BE MORE OR LESS RELEVANT OR USEFUL 9 A V>IETY ( DIFF]5T SITUATIONS 7DE ,CLEYRE1 #b#e1 P4 #d#h74 

,!RE >E COMMON PR9CIPLES1 H[EV]1 ?AT UNIFY AN>*I/S4 ,! WORD 0AN>*Y0 COMES FROM ! ,GREEK1 0AN10 MEAN+ 0NO0 OR 0)\T10 & 0>*OS10 MEAN+ 0RUL]0 OR 0AU?ORITY40 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! CONCEPT DOES NOT MEAN 0*AOS0 BUT RA!R AN OPPOSITION TO HI]>*ICAL P[] RELATION%IPS1 :I* >E ! CORPOREAL EMBODIM5T ( ! NOTION ( 0OPAQUE0 AU?ORITY 7,SYLVAN1 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #b#b#a74 ,?US1 OPPOSITION TO ! ,/ATE & CAPITALISM >E APPROPRIATELY FEATURES ( AN>*I/ !ORY1 BUT !Y >E 9CID5TAL BYPRODUCTS ( ?IS PRIM>Y REJECTION ( HI]>*Y1 ( DIVISIONS BETWE5 ?OSE :O COMM& & ?OSE :O >E COMPELL$ TO OBEY 7,BOOK*91 #b#e1 P4 #b#g74 ,?IS SIMPLE PR9CIPLE ( OPPOSITION TO HI]>*Y & IMPOS$ AU?ORITY1 TAK5 S]I\SLY1 LOGICALLY EXT5DS TO AN OPPOSITION TO ALL DOM9AT+ & EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC P[] RELATION%IPS1 9CLUD+ NOT JU/ CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE1 BUT PATRI>*Y1 RACISM1 SEXISM1 HET]OSEXISM1 W> 7& BY EXT5SION1 IMP]IALISM71 & ANY NUMB] ( O!R MANIFE/ATIONS ( P[] DISP>ITY AS H>MFUL TO HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 

,AN>*ISM IS NOT SIMPLY A NEGATIVE CRITIQUE4 ,MOV+ BEYOND ! EXT5SIVE LI/ ( ?+S AN>*I/S >E OPPOS$ TO1 ! AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO HI]>*Y IMPLIES A WIDE V>IETY ( POSITIVE MEANS ( ASSOCIATION4 ,BEH9D ANY SPECIFICALLY PROPOS$ SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS1 H[EV]1 >E A FEW G5]AL PR9CIPLES1 :I* WILL BE ELABORAT$ 9 ! NEXT SECTIONS4 

,VALUES1 ,HUMAN ,NATURE1 & ,O!R ,P$AGOGIES 

,LET ! UNIV]SAL CULTURE ( S*OOL+ AIM AT AN APPR5TICE%IP 9 FRE$OM1 & NOT 9 SUBMISSIV5ESS 444 ,! MOTIF1 ! ?RU/ ( ! NEW AGE IS ! FRE$OM ( ! WILL4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 P$AGOGY \<T TO ESP\SE ! MOLD+ ( ! FREE P]SONALITY AS ITS />T+ PO9T & OBJECTIVE 444 ,?AT CULTURE1 :I* IS G5U9ELY UNIV]SAL 9 ?AT ! HUMBLE/ RUB %\LD]S ) ! HAU<TIE/1 REPRES5TS ! TRUE EQUALITY ( ALL3 ! EQUALITY ( FREE P]SONS4 ,= ONLY FRE$OM IS EQUALITY4 7,/IRN]1 #b#e1 PP4 #a#i-#b7 

,! ABOVE QUOTE BY ,MAX ,/IRN] PROVIDES AN EXCELL5T 9TRODUCTION TO ! AN>*I/ ATTITUDE T[>D $UCATION4 ,AS ,/IRN] SUGGE/S1 ! ROLE ( $UCATION 9 AN>*I/ !ORY IS ONE ( EMANCIPATION & CULTIVATION4 ,ITS AIM IS TO DEVELOP FREE & CRITICAL M9DS1 & 9 PURSUIT ( ?IS1 CULTIVATE ! VALUES ( LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & SOLID>ITY 7,KROPOTK91 #a#i#h#e1 P4 #a#b#h74 ,WE MU/ EXPLORE :AT !SE CONCEPTS MEAN & H[ !Y >E US$ = AN>*I/S SPECIFICALLY4 ,C]TA9LY1 NO P$AGOGUES FROM O!R PROGRESSIVE OR LIB]T>IAN S*OOLS ( ?\<T W\LD D5Y ?AT !Y TOO SEEK TO DEVELOP MANY OR ALL ( !SE TRAITS 9 SOME FA%ION4 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& :AT MAKES AN AN>*I/ APPROA* TO $UCATION DI/9CT1 !N1 WE ALSO NE$ TO UND]/& ! NUANCES 9 AN>*I/ ?\<T REG>D+ ! 9T]PLAY ( VALUES1 HUMAN NATURE1 & DEVELOPM5T1 AS WELL AS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & SOCIETY4 

,VALUES 

,AS M5TION$ PREVI\SLY1 ! MAJOR VALUES ESP\S$ BY AN>*I/S >E LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & SOLID>ITY4 ,:ILE DIFF]5T S*OOLS ( AN>*I/ ?\<T MAY APPE> TO EMPHASIZE ONE OV] ! O!RS 7AS ) >GUM5TS BETWE5 09DIVIDUALI/0 & 0SOCIAL0 AN>*I/S71 !SE DIFF]5CES >E L>GELY SUP]FICIAL1 ) LITTLE *ANG$ 9 SUB/ANTIVE VALUES 7,GU]91 #a#i#g1 P4 #d74 ,9 ACTUALITY !Y >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM & MUTUALLY 9=M EA* O!R4 ,RA!R ?AN A FIX$ VALUE-SLOPE OR HI]>*Y1 !SE VALUES =M A CONT9UUM :]E9 EA* IDEA IS MEAN+FULLY CON/ITUT$ ONLY 9 ASSOCIATION ) ! O!RS4 

,LIB]TY 

,:ILE DI/9CTIONS CAN BE DRAWN BETWE5 ! CONCEPTS ( 0FRE$OM0 & 0LIB]TY10 !Y >E ESS5TIALLY 9T]*ANGEABLE 9 AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE1 & = ! PURPOSES ( ?IS ESSAY4 ,! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( FRE$OM IS FUNDAM5TAL TO UND]/&+ ! 5TIRE ?RU/ ( AN>*I/ !ORY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 IT IS ALSO ONE ( ITS MO/ FREQU5TLY MISUND]/OOD1 C>ICATUR$ OR OV]SIMPLIFI$ IDEAS4 ,FRE$OM MU/ BE UND]/OOD )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE1 :I* WE WILL EXPLORE LAT]4 ,= N[1 IT IS SUFFICI5T TO NOTE ?AT AN>*I/S VIEW HUMAN NATURE AS MALLEABLE1 ?AT WE HAVE ! POT5TIAL TO DO BETT]1 & ?AT FRE$OM IS A NECESS>Y CONDITION = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ONE'S POT5TIALS4 ,FRE$OM = AN>*I/S1 !N1 GOES BEYOND ! CLASSICAL LIB]AL NOTIONS ( AUTONOM\S1 ATOMIZ$1 PRESOCIAL FREE P]SONS1 AS 9 ! ?\<T ( ,R\SSEAU OR ,LOCKE4 ,SU* LIB]AL NOTIONS PRESCRIBE =MAL LIB]TY & EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW1 BUT DO NOT PROVIDE SUB/ANTIVELY = ! MAT]IAL SECURITY & DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL FACULTIES & EXPRESSION 7,GOLDMAN1 #a#i#d74 ,AS ,DANIEL ,GU]9 7#a#i#g7 /ATES1 0,= ! AN>*I/1 FRE$OM IS NOT AN AB/RACT PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT1 BUT ! VITAL CONCRETE POSSIBILITY = EV]Y HUMAN BE+ TO BR+ TO FULL DEVELOPM5T ALL ! P[]S1 CAPACITIES & TAL5TS ) :I* NATURE HAS 5D[$ HIM .<SIC.>1 & TURN !M TO SOCIAL ACC\NT0 7P4 VII74 

,= AN>*I/S1 FRE$OM IS NOT SIMPLY A LACK ( EXT]NAL FETT]S OR DOM9ATION4 ,NOR IS IT1 AS OCCASIONALLY & MISLEAD+LY IMAG9$ BY CRITICS1 AN 0ABSOLUTE0 CLAIM = SIMPLE LIC5SE TO DO :ATEV] ONE WANTS1 REG>DLESS ( WID] CONSEQU5CES4 ,AS ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 7#a#i#i#c7 EXPLA9S1 0.<,AN>*ISM MEANS.> FRE$OM = EV]YBODY 444 ) ! ONLY LIMIT ( ! EQUAL FRE$OM = O!RS2 :I* DOES NOT MEAN 444 ?AT WE RECOGNIZE1 & WI% TO RESPECT1 ! 'FRE$OM' TO EXPLOIT1 TO OPPRESS1 TO COMM&1 :I* IS OPPRESSION & C]TA9LY NOT FRE$OM0 7P4 #e#c74 

,RA!R1 !N1 FRE$OM IS CONCEIV$ AS P>T ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ONE'S POT5TIAL1 A PR]EQUISITE = A P]SON TO 0GR[ TO HIS .<SIC.> FULL /ATURE0 7,GOLDMAN1 #a#i#g#i1 PP4 #g#b-#g#c74 ,IT IS SOME?+ ?AT IS CULTIVAT$ )91 RA!R ?AN SEP>ATE FROM1 A GIV5 SOCIAL CONTEXT1 & CANNOT BE UND]/OOD )\T REF]5CE TO SOCIETY4 ,IT IS NOT A GOAL = A HYPO!TICAL & >*ETYPAL 9DIVIDUAL ,P]SON1 BUT = ACTUAL PEOPLE TO PURSUE ALONGSIDE &--IDEALLY--9 COOP]ATION ) O!RS4 

,EQUALITY 

,! IMPORTANCE ( ! NOTION ( 0EQUALITY0 9 AN>*I/ ?\<T IS 9TIMATELY RELAT$ TO AN>*ISM'S REJECTION ( SOCIAL OR 9/ITUTIONAL HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,IT IS ALSO ROOT$ 9 A P>TICUL> UND]/&+ ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,AS ) FRE$OM1 AN>*I/S SUPPORT SOCIAL EQUALITY AS A NECESS>Y CONDITION = 9DIVIDUALS TO BE ABLE TO DEVELOP !IR 0V>I\S FACULTIES0 & !IR POT5TIAL 7,MAXIM(F1 #a#i#e#c1 P4 #a#e#f74 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 BE/ SUMM>IZES ?IS 9T]TW9$ APPRECIATION = 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & SOCIAL EQUALITY 9 ONE ( HIS BETT]-REMEMB]$ QUOTES3 0,LIB]TY )\T SOCIALISM IS PRIVILEGE1 9JU/ICE2 & ?AT SOCIALISM )\T LIB]TY IS SLAV]Y & BRUTALITY0 7IBID41 P4 #b#f#i74 ,H[EV]1 ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY GOES BEYOND SIMPLY DECRY+ ! RES\RCE DEPRIVATION 5DUR$ BY SOME & ! OPUL5CE ACCRU$ TO O!RS UND] CAPITALISM 7OR ANY O!R HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC ORD]74 ,9 AN>*I/ ?\<T1 HI]>*Y BRUTALIZES & W>PS BO? ?OSE :O RULE & ?OSE :O >E RUL$ 9 A /RATIFI$ SY/EM2 ! =M] 9 BE+ CORRUPT$ BY !IR RELATIVE P[]1 & ! LATT] BY DEVELOP+ S]VILE ATTITUDES & DEF]5CE TO AU?ORITY 7,KROPOTK91 #a#i#h#h1 P4 #h#c74 ,AL?\< ?OSE :O >E PRIVILEG$ 9 A /RATIFI$ SOCIETY CLE>LY GA9 MANY B5EFITS & SEEK TO PRES]VE ?OSE B5EFITS1 9 AN>*I/ !ORY !Y TOO >E UNABLE TO DEVELOP !IR POT5TIAL DUE TO ! DEG5]ATIVE EFFECTS ( HI]>*ICAL P[] & PRIVILEGE4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! AN>*I/ CALL = SOCIAL EQUALITY IS NOT ONLY A RALLY--CRY = ! DIS5FRAN*IZ$1 BUT IS ALSO ROOT$ 9 A BELIEF ?AT SOCIAL EQUALITY IS AN EMANCIPAT+ PRECONDITION = ALL TO ACTUALIZE !MSELVES FULLY4 

,SUB/ANTIVELY1 !N1 AN>*I/S BELIEVE ) ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 7#b#c7 ?AT 

,EQUALITY DOES NOT MEAN AN EQUAL AM\NT BUT EQUAL OPPORTUNITY444 ,DO NOT MAKE ! MI/AKE ( ID5TIFY+ EQUALITY 9 LIB]TY ) ! =C$ EQUALITY ( ! CONVICT CAMP4 ,TRUE AN>*I/ EQUALITY IMPLIES FRE$OM1 NOT QUANTITY4 ,IT DOES NOT MEAN ?AT EV]Y ONE MU/ EAT1 DR9K1 OR WE> ! SAME ?+S1 DO ! SAME WORK1 OR LIVE 9 ! SAME MANN]4 ,F> FROM IT3 ! V]Y REV]SE 9 FACT 444 ,9DIVIDUAL NE$S & TA/ES DIFF]1 AS APPETITES DIFF]4 ,IT IS EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO SATISFY !M ?AT CON/ITUTES TRUE EQUALITY4 7P4 #a#f#d7 

,AS ,B]KMAN SUGGE/S1 :ILE MO/ AN>*I/S ADVOCATE SOME =M ( COOP]ATIVE & EGALIT>IAN SOCIOECONOMIC SY/EM1 ?IS IS NOT ROOT$ 9 AN ES!TIC VALUATION ( 0EQUALITY = EQUALITY'S SAKE10 OR A CONFLATION ( EQUALITY ) ID5TICAL GOODS RECEIV$4 ,RA!R1 EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS & OPPORTUNITY >E SE5 AS 9/RUM5TAL & NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = EV]YONE TO BE ABLE TO FULLY DEVELOP & EXPRESS !IR 9DIVIDUALITY4 

,SOLID>ITY 

,9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/ ADVOCATES ( HIS TIME1 SU* AS ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 :O EXP\ND$ ! VIRTUES ( COMPETITION & ELIM9ATION ( ! 0UNFIT0 ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY 7,SP5C]1 #a#i#i#c71 ! AN>*I/ & SCI5TI/ ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ 9 DEF5SE ( 0MUTUAL AID0 AS A NATURAL & IMPORTANT PH5OM5ON 9 EVOLUTION>Y BIOLOGY & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 ,KROPOTK9 EMPHASIZES ?AT COOP]ATION & FELL[-FEEL+1 NOT JU/ COMPETITION & DOM9ATION1 HAVE BE5 A FACTOR 9 ! EVOLUTION ( MANY SPECIES1 9CLUD+ HUMANS 7,KROPOTK91 #a#i#g#b1 P4 #b#h74 ,9 ?IS SIMPLE OBS]VATION1 ,KROPOTK9 S\<T TO DISPEL ! BELIEF ?AT MUTUAL DOM9ATION1 COMPETITION1 & DE/RUCTION W]E SOMEH[ 9EVITABLE OR EV5 VIRTU\S FEATURES ( \R SOCIAL & POLITICAL L&SCAPE4 ,?IS *ALL5GE IS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! CORE APPRECIATION = SOLID>ITY 9 AN>*I/ !ORY4 

,SOLID>ITY1 FRAT]NITY1 OR MUTUAL AID >E1 AT !IR SIMPLE/1 COOP]ATION & FREE ASSOCIATION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS 9 A SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,9 ! CONT9UUM ( AN>*I/ VALUES1 IT PLAYS A VITALIZ+ ROLE BY 5C\RAG+ ACTIVE EMPA?Y & ID5TIFICATION ) O!RS4 ,IT IS1 AT AN 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL1 A 0MORAL DISPOSITION0 OR 0ATTITUDE0 T[>D O!RS1 :]E9 O!RS >E SE5 NOT AS COMPETITORS TO BE DEFEAT$ OR AS MEANS TO AN 5D1 BUT AS MORAL EQUALS TO BE RESPECT$ & VALU$ 7,SUISSA1 #b#a1 P4 #f#g74 ,9 ?IS WAY1 SOLID>ITY FUNCTIONS 9 AN>*I/ !ORY AS ! MEANS ( OV]COM+ ! TRADITIONAL LIB]AL DI*OTOMY ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY & SOCIAL EQUALITY4 ,:ILE NOT AN AN>*I/1 ,ALFIE ,KOHN 7#a#i#i#b7 EXPRESSES ?IS UND]/&+ ( SOLID>ITY WELL3 

,:5 WE ?9K AB\T COOP]ATION 444 WE T5D TO ASSOCIATE ! CONCEPT ) FUZZY-M9D$ IDEALISM4444 ,?IS MAY RESULT FROM CONFUS+ COOP]ATION ) ALTRUISM4444 ,/RUCTURAL COOP]ATION DEFIES ! USUAL EGOISM_/ALTRUISM DI*OTOMY4 ,IT SETS ?+S UP SO ?AT BY HELP+ Y\ ,I AM HELP+ MYSELF AT ! SAME TIME4 ,EV5 IF MY MOTIVE 9ITIALLY MAY HAVE BE5 SELFI%1 \R FATES N[ >E L9K$4 ,WE S9K OR SWIM TOGE!R4 ,COOP]ATION IS A %REWD & HI<LY SUCCESSFUL /RATEGY--A PRAGMATIC *OICE ?AT GETS ?+S DONE AT WORK & AT S*OOL EV5 MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN COMPETITION DOES4444 ,!RE IS ALSO GOOD EVID5CE ?AT COOP]ATION IS MORE CONDUCTIVE TO PSY*OLOGICAL HEAL? & TO LIK+ ONE ANO!R4 7P4 #g7 

,9 ADVOCAT+ SOLID>ITY1 !N1 AN>*I/S >E NOT JU/ APPEAL+ 9 A 0UTOPIAN0 FA%ION TO ! 0NATURAL GOODNESS0 ( PEOPLE 7,WOLFF1 #a#i#i#f1 P4 #c#d71 OR SAY+ ?AT WE \<T TO ALL GET ALONG & WORK TOGE!R1 9 D5IAL ( POT5TIAL CONFLICT OR DISAGREEM5T4 ,RA!R1 ! AN>*I/ BELIEF 9 ! VALUE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( SOLID>ITY IS GR\ND$ 9 ! UND]/&+ ?AT EV5 ) !SE POSSIBILITIES ( DIV]G5CE1 ORGANIZ+ \R RELATION%IPS & SOCIETY ALONG L9ES ( COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN COMPETITION IS BO? POSSIBLE ) HUMANS AS !Y CURR5TLY >E & VITAL TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( 0EQUAL LIB]TY = ALL40 ,IF COMPETITION OV]%AD[S COOP]ATION1 !N ?IS RESULTS 9 A SITUATION ( UNNECESS>Y & CONTRIV$ CATEGORIZATION ( 0W9N]S0 & 0LOS]S10 ( 09T]NEC9E /RIFE & /RUGGLE10 & CONSEQU5TLY AN UNNECESS>Y 9FR+EM5T UPON ! ABILITY ( EA* P]SON TO FREELY DEVELOP !IR POT5TIAL 7,GOLDMAN1 #a#i#g#i1 P4 #a#a#h74 

,AN>*I/S SEE ! IMPLEM5TATION ( !SE FREELY ASSOCIAT+ COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL =MS AS NOT JU/ IMMAN5TLY POSSIBLE1 BUT AS AN EXTANT & UBIQUIT\S MEANS ( ASSOCIATION 9 \R DAY-TO-DAY LIVES1 9 SPITE ( CONTRADICTORY NORMS 9 GOV]N+ /RUCTURES & ! ECONOMY4 ,COL9 ,W>D 7#a#i#g#c7 PROVIDES A PICTURESQUE DESCRIPTION ( ?IS P]SPECTIVE3 

,AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 A SOCIETY :I* ORGANIZES ITSELF )\T AU?ORITY1 IS ALWAYS 9 EXI/5CE1 LIKE A SE$ B5EA? ! SN[1 BURI$ UND] ! WEI<T ( ! /ATE & ITS BUREAUCRACY1 CAPITALISM & ITS WA/E1 PRIVILEGE & ITS 9JU/ICES1 NATIONALISM & ITS SUICIDAL LOYALTIES1 RELIGI\S DIFF]5CES & !IR SUP]/ITI\S SEP>ATISM4444 ,F> FROM BE+ A SPECULATIVE VISION ( A FUTURE SOCIETY1 IT IS A DESCRIPTION ( A MODE ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION1 ROOT$ 9 ! EXP]I5CE ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 :I* OP]ATES SIDE BY SIDE )1 & 9 SPITE (1 ! DOM9ANT AU?ORIT>IAN TR5DS ( \R SOCIETY4 7P4 #a#h7 

,HUMAN ,NATURE 

,AS SUGGE/$ 9 ! PREVI\S SECTION1 !RE IS A RECURR+ MOTIF 9 CRITICS ( AN>*ISM ?AT SUGGE/S AN>*I/S HAVE AN UNREASONABLY HI< OR EV5 NAIVE OP9ION ( HUMAN NATURE1 & ?US BASES ITS POLITICAL IDEALS ON ! 0NATURAL GOODNESS0 ( PEOPLE 7,WOLFF1 #a#i#i#f1 P4 #c#d74 ,:ILE SOME AN>*I/S MI<T1 IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO CONSID] SU* AN UND]/&+ ( HUMAN NATURE TO BE REPRES5TATIVE ( ! :OLE1 OR EV5 MO/ ( AN>*I/ ?\<T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AN>*I/ !ORI/S HAVE DEVOT$ CONSID]ABLE ATT5TION TO ! QUE/ION ( HUMAN NATURE1 & CONSEQU5TLY HAVE DEVELOP$ A NUANC$ UND]/&+ ( H[ IT %\LD BE UND]/OOD4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ! COMPLEXITY ( ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE1 BO? 9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! AN>*I/ OBJECTIONS TO CAPITALISM1 ! /ATE1 & HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL AU?ORITY G5]ALLY1 & BECAUSE ?IS COMPLEXITY PLAYS A VITAL ROLE 9 DI/+UI%+ H[ AN>*I/S APPROA* $UCATION COMP>$ TO ! APPROA*ES ( O!R 0RADICAL0 OR 0LIB]T>IAN0 $UCATORS LIKE ,A4,S4 ,NEILL & ,PAULO ,FREIRE4 

,AN>*ISM & ,HUMAN ,NATURE 

,RA!R ?AN HOLD+ AN OV]LY POSITIVE OR B5IGN VIEW ( AN 0ESS5TIALI/0 HUMAN NATURE 7,MAY1 #a#i#i#d1 P4 #f#c71 BO? CLASSICAL & CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ !ORI/S HAVE WIDELY UND]/OOD HUMANS TO BE CAPABLE ( VIOL5CE & SELFI%NESS1 AS WELL AS K9DNESS & ALTRUISM4 ,HUMAN NATURE1 = MO/ AN>*I/S1 IS NEI!R TA9T$ BY AN ORIG9AL S9 NOR A TABULA RASA 7BLANK SLATE7 A LA ,LOCKE4 ,RA!R1 IT IS MALLEABLE1 & C]TA9 ASPECTS ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR CAN BECOME MORE PROM95T DEP5D+ ON CONTEXT4 ,= MO/ AN>*I/S1 IT IS ! SITUATIONS & SOCIAL /RUCTURES 9 :I* WE F9D \RSELVES ?AT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 DET]M9+ :I* ( !SE FEATURES ( \R 0NATURE0 WILL BE MORE LIKELY TO EXHIBIT4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! REASON+ ( ,?OMAS ,HOBBES &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 MO/ ( ! MOD]N TRADITION ( ,WE/]N POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY1 AN>*I/ !ORI/S HAVE >GU$ ?AT IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE WE >E CAPABLE ( BO? GOOD & ILL ?AT WE %\LD ABOLI% HI]>*ICAL POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,AS ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7#a#i#h#h7 COMPLA9$3 

,:5 WE HE> M5 SAY+ ?AT ,AN>*I/S IMAG9E M5 MU* BETT] ?AN !Y REALLY >E1 WE M]ELY WOND] H[ 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE CAN REPEAT ?AT NONS5SE4 ,DO WE NOT SAY CONT9UALLY ?AT ! ONLY MEANS ( R5D]+ M5 LESS RAPACI\S & EGOTI/IC1 LESS AMBITI\S & LESS SLAVI% AT ! SAME TIME1 IS TO ELIM9ATE ?OSE CONDITIONS :I* FAVOR ! GR[? ( EGOTISM & RAPACITY1 ( SLAVI%NESS & AMBITION8 7P4 #h#c7 

,BAKUN9 7#a#i#g7 TOO BELIEV$ ?AT 0,IT IS A *>ACT]I/IC ( PRIVILEGE & ( EV]Y K9D ( PRIVILEGE TO KILL ! M9D & HE>T ( MAN 444 ,?AT IS A SOCIAL LAW :I* ADMITS NO EXCEPTIONS0 7P4 #c#a74 

,IT IS H[ \R SOCIAL RELATIONS >E ORD]$1 !N1 ?AT DELIMITS :I* TYPES ( BEHAVIORS >E LIKELY TO ?RIVE4 ,ONE C\LD IMAG9E ?AT NEI!R ,BAKUN9 NOR ,KROPOTK9 W\LD BE V]Y SURPRIS$ AT ! RESULTS ( ! ,/AN=D ,PRISON ,EXP]IM5T1 :]E9 SUBJECTS ADAPT$ !IR BEHAVIORS & ATTITUDES T[>D EA* O!R DEP5D+ ON :E!R !Y W]E CA/ AS 0PRISON GU>DS0 OR 0PRISON]S0 7,ZIMB>DO1 #b#g74 ,RA!R ?AN SIMPLY HOPE = A DEEP-SEAT$ HUMAN GOODNESS TO OV]COME DOM9AT+ & VIOL5T BEHAVIOR1 AN>*I/S >GUE ?AT TRAITS LIKE COMPASSION1 9DEP5D5CE1 & A S5SE ( SOLID>ITY MU/ BE CULTIVAT$ ?R\< PROP]LY FACILITAT+ 5VIRONM5TS4 ,?IS MU/ TAKE PLACE 9 WID] SOCIETY 7WORKPLACE1 NEI<BORHOODS1 ETC47 = BROAD] *ANGES TO OCCUR1 BUT AS ,BAKUN9 NOTES1 ! 05VIRONM5T ?AT .<N\RI%ES.> & .<RAISES.>0 A P]SON1 LIKE =MAL $UCATION 9 Y\?1 IS ( P>TICUL> IMPORTANCE 9 DET]M9+ SUBSEQU5T SOCIAL ATTITUDES & BEHAVIOR 7,MAXIM(F1 #a#i#e#c1 P4 #a#e#c74 ,IF A *ILD IS TO GR[ TO VALUE COOP]ATION & SOLID>ITY ) O!RS1 !N %E MU/ PRACTICE COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ COMPETITION ) H] PE]S4 ,IF A *ILD IS TO GR[ TO *ALL5GE RECEIV$ TRU?S & ?9K = H]SELF AS AN ADULT1 !N %E MU/1 :ILE Y\NG1 LE>N 9 A WAY ?AT 5C\RAGES H] TO PRACTICE 9DIVIDUAL 9QUIRY & *ALL5GE AU?ORITY4 

,A4,S4 ,NEILL & ,SUMM]HILL 

,! ORIG9AL ,SUMM]HILL S*OOL & ITS F\ND] ,A4,S4 ,NEILL >E REGUL>LY 9CLUD$ 9 ACC\NTS ( BROADLY 0LIB]T>IAN0 $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5TS & IDEAS4 ,AS ONE ( ! LONGE/-RUNN+ S*OOLS 7F\ND$ 9 #aiba 9 ! T[N ( ,LEI/ON1 ,5GL&1 & /ILL RUNN+7 ?IS %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE 7,NEILL1 #a#i#i#b1 P4 #h74 ,! SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ,SUMM]HILL & ! AN>*I/ APPROA* TO $UCATION >E QUITE REM>KABLE4 ,! ORIG9AL 9T5TION1 ACCORD+ TO ,NEILL WAS ?AT ( 0.<MAK+.> ! S*OOL FIT ! *ILD--9/EAD ( MAK+ ! *ILD FIT ! S*OOL0 7IBID41 #i74 ,! FUNDAM5TAL IDEALS ( ! S*OOL >E ?OSE ( FRE$OM = ! *ILD & EQUALITY AMONG ALL MEMB]S ( ,SUMM]HILL1 /UD5TS & TEA*]S ALIKE4 ,! FRE$OM IS ?AT ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY4 ,LESSONS >E NOT COMPULSORY1 PLAY IS CELEBRAT$ & SELF-DIRECT$1 & CREATIVE ORIG9ALITY IS 5C\RAG$4 ,EQUALITY IS UND]/OOD & PRACTIC$ 9 A WAY ?AT EV]Y AN>*I/ CAN UND]/&4 ,AT S*OOL-WIDE ASSEMBLY MEET+S1 EV]YONE GETS ONE VOTE1 /UD5TS & TEA*]S ALIKE4 ,TEA*]S >E CALL$ BY !IR FIR/ NAMES OR NICKNAMES AS ! SOCIAL EQUALS ( /UD5TS & HAVE NO REAL 9/ITUTIONAL AU?ORITY OV] !M 7,NEILL1 #a#i#g#g1 PP4 #d-#h74 ,SUMM]HILL IS V]Y MU*1 9 ! WORDS ( ,NEILL1 A 0SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNITY0 7,NEILL1 #a#i#i#b1 P4 #c74 

,/RUCTURALLY1 !N1 ,SUMM]HILL IS V]Y SIMIL> TO EXAMPLES & IDEALS ( AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5TS4 ,P$AGOGICALLY & PHILOSOPHICALLY1 H[EV]1 !RE >E IMPORTANT DI/9CTIONS4 ,ONE DI/9CTION IS ?AT ( ,NEILL'S UND]/&+ ( HUMAN NATURE1 :I* RE/S ON ! BELIEF ?AT A *ILD IS AN 9NATELY 0GOOD1 NOT AN EVIL BE+0 & ?AT 0)\T ADULT SUGGE/ION ( ANY K9D0 A *ILD CAN REA* H] POT5TIAL 7IBID41 #i74 ,:ILE AN>*I/ $UCATORS C]TA9LY DON'T VIEW *ILDR5 AS EVIL1 & %>E ! SAME ABHORR5CE ( TRADITIONAL NOTIONS ( 0DISCIPL9E0 & 9/ITUTIONAL AU?ORITY1 !Y HAVE BE5 LESS 5?USIA/IC AB\T AN 9DIVIDUALIZ$ & AB/RACT NOTION ( 0FRE$OM0 ?AT DOES NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! SITUATIONAL & DUAL NATURE ( HUMANITY4 ,:ILE A *ILD MAY C]TA9LY BE FRE] & AVOID+ H>M :5 PROTECT$ FROM ! REGIM5TATION & VIOL5CE ( TRADITIONAL /ATE S*OOL+1 SU* 0PROTECTION FROM0 IS 9SUFFICI5T TO PROVIDE = A POSITIVE IDEAL & AN EMANCIPATORY SOCIAL ALT]NATIVE4 ,AS ,JUDI? ,SUISSA 7#b#a7 NOTES FROM H] CONTEMPOR>Y VISITS TO ,SUMM]HILL1 0,ONE HAS ! IMPRESSION ( A LIVELY GR\P ( SELF-CONFID5T1 HAPPY *ILDR51 :O MAY1 AS ONE IMAG9ES1 V]Y WELL GR[ UP TO BE HAPPY1 BUT COMPLETELY SELF-C5T]$ 9DIVIDUALS 444 !RE IS LITTLE ATTEMPT TO 5GAGE ) BROAD] SOCIAL ISSUES OR CONFRONT PRES5T SOCIO-POLITICAL REALITY0 7P4 #i#f74 

,A LAISSEZ-FAIRE P$AGOGY IS 9SUFFICI5T1 !N1 = ! AN>*I/ APPROA* TO $UCATION4 ,:ILE AN AN>*I/ $UCATION DOES NOT IMPLY ANY SORT ( DOGMATIC 9/RUCTION1 AN>*I/ $UCATORS DO VIEW ! OP5 5C\RAGEM5T & PRACTICE ( VALUES1 LIKE SOLID>ITY1 AS A VIRTUE4 ,FUR!R1 & MORE DI/9CTIVELY1 AN>*I/ $UCATORS ACTIVELY SEEK TO 5GAGE ) SOCIAL & POLITICAL QUE/IONS1 & TO OP5 = CRITIQUE P]CEIV$ REPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS & PRACTICES ( WID] SOCIETY4 ,TRUE 0NEUTRALITY0 ON ! P>T ( ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN TEA*]S 9 ! FACE ( AN UNJU/ & REPRESSIVE SOCIAL ORD] IS SE5 BY AN>*I/ $UCATORS AS EI!R IMPOSSIBLE OR 0HYPOCRISY0 7,F]R]1 #a#i#i1 P4 #f74 

,DESIR+ NEI!R NEUTRALITY NOR A DOGMATIC IMPOSITION ( TEA*]S' BELIEFS UPON /UD5TS1 ! ROLE ( AN AN>*I/ $UCATOR BECOMES ?AT ( A SUGGE/IVE ICONOCLA/ & 9T]LOCUTOR ) DOM9ANT SOCIAL N>RATIVES4 ,GO+ BEYOND A SIMPLE LAISSEZ-FAIRE APPROA* TO LE>N+1 AN>*I/ P$AGOGICAL PRACTICE1 9 SEEK+ TO 5C\RAGE P>TICUL> AN>*I/ VALUES 7BUT NOT SEEK+ TO IMPOSE DOGMA1 S9CE ?IS W\LD BE CONTR>Y TO ! VALUES !MSELVES7 OP5LY *ALL5GES ! 0SACR$0 9/ITUTIONS ( ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL ORD] BY DESANCTIFY+ !IR TRADITIONAL JU/IFICATIONS 7,/IRN]1 #b#e1 P4 #a#i74 ,! ACT ( R5D]+ ! HEGEMONIC OR ! SACR$ QUE/IONABLE & OP5 TO DISSECTION1 & EXT5D+ TO /UD5TS AN 9VITATION TO ?IS SACRILEGE REPRES5TS AN>*ISM'S PRIM>Y P$AGOGICAL DI/9CTION4 ,?AT IT IS AN OP5 9VITATION--RA!R ?AN AN IDEOLOGICAL OR DOGMATIC DISCIPL9+ ( /UD5TS' M9DS1 OR A PASSIVE NON5GAGEM5T ) BROAD] SOCIAL CONTEXTS1 ROLES1 PROBLEMS1 & CONFLICTS--ALL[S AN>*ISM TO 7AT LEA/ P>TIALLY7 RESOLVE ! PROBLEMATIC P>ADOX ( ATTEMPT+ TO DEVELOP FREE & CRITICAL M9DS )\T EXT5SIVE CO]CION 9 9/RUCTION4 

,PAULO ,FREIRE 

,PAULO ,FREIRE WAS A ,BRAZILIAN $UCATOR :OSE WORK CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A RADICAL PHILOSOPHY ( $UCATION KN[N AS 0CRITICAL P$AGOGY40 ,:ILE P>TIALLY ROOT$ 9 ! IDEAS ( 0DEMOCRATIC $UCATION0 AS EXP\ND$ BY ,JOHN ,DEWEY 7,DEWEY1 #a#i#a#f71 & ! !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK ( ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL 7,KANPOL1 #a#i#i#i71 CRITICAL P$AGOGY ESS5TIALLY BEGAN ) ,FREIRE'S PUBLI%+ ( ,P$AGOGY ( ! ,OPPRESS$ 7#a#i#g74 ,FREIRE'S WORK LAID ! F\NDATION = A HO/ ( SUBSEQU5T ADVOCATES & EXP&]S ( ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( CRITICAL P$AGOGY 7,APPLE1 #a#i#i#e2 ,KANPOL1 #a#i#i#i2 ,MC,L>51 #a#i#h#i2 ,%APIRO1 #a#i#i2 ,%OR1 #a#i#i#b74 ,)9 ,P$AGOGY ( ! ,OPPRESS$1 ,FREIRE EXPLORES ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 OPPRESSORS & OPPRESS$1 & ! MANIFE/ATION & REPRODUCTION ( !SE RELATION%IPS )9 TEA*]-/UD5T P[] RELATIONS4 ,9 DO+ SO HE CRITICIZES ! ELITI/ $UCATIONAL !ORIES OP]AT+ 9 TRADITIONAL $UCATIONAL SETT+S1 SU* AS ! 0BANK+ !ORY0 ( $UCATION1 :I* TREATS KN[L$GE AS SOME?+ AN AU?ORITY FIGURE DEPOSITS 9 ! M9DS ( PUPILS :O DO 7& \<T TO7 PASSIVELY RECEIVE4 ,CRITICAL P$AGOGUES >GUE AGA9/ SU* !ORIES1 9/EAD POSIT+ ?AT /UD5TS >E 9DIVIDUALS ) !IR [N M9DS1 EXP]I5CES & DIGNITY1 & !Y MU/ BE ABLE TO TAKE AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 !IR [N PROCESS ( LIB]ATION 9 COOP]ATION ) CRITICAL TEA*]S 7,FREIRE1 #a#i#g2 ,MC,L>51 #a#i#h#i2 ,%OR1 #a#i#i#b74 

,ALONG ) EMPHASIZ+ ! DIGNITY ( /UD5TS1 & ! NE$ = NONOPPRESSIVE TEA*]-/UD5T RELATION%IPS1 ,CRITICAL P$AGOGY >GUES ?AT CRITICAL $UCATORS MU/ TEA* = SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,= CRITICAL P$AGOGUES1 ALL $UCATION IS NECESS>ILY POLITICAL1 & ATTEMPTS AT CLAIM+ NEUTRALITY OR OBJECTIVITY = $UCATION FUNCTION AS A DE FACTO =CE = CONS]VATISM 7,FREIRE1 #a#i#g2 ,%OR1 #a#i#h#g74 ,! GOAL ( CRITICAL P$AGOGY1 !N1 IS TO DEVELOP AN $UCATIONAL PRACTICE ?AT CAN PROVIDE ! NECESS>Y SPACE & NONAU?ORIT>IAN GUIDANCE = PEOPLE TO GR[ 9TO !IR HUMANITY1 GA9 A CRITICAL ANALYTICAL EYE1 & DEVELOP A COMPASSIONATE & EMPA!TIC WORLDVIEW ?AT IS CAPABLE ( *ALL5G+ ! HEGEMONIC ORD]4 ,?IS APPROA* TO $UCATION CLE>LY %>ES MU* 9 COMMON ) ! VALUES ( AN>*I/ !ORI/S4 ,!RE REMA91 H[EV]1 NOTABLE DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ! IDEAS ( ,FREIRE & ?OSE ( AN>*I/ $UCATORS4 

,RI*>D ,KAHN POSES A UNIQUE JUXTAPOSITION ( ! IDEAS ( ,FREIRE & ?OSE ( AN>*I/ $UCATOR ,IVAN ,ILLI*4 ,KAHN CONTRA/S :AT HE SEES AS ! 0PROME!AN0 ATTITUDE ( ,FREIRE ) ! 0EPIME!AN0 DISPOSITION ( ,ILLI*4 ,PROME!US REPRES5TS1 AS 9 CLASSIC ,GREEK MY?1 ! 0=E?\<T0 ( PLANN+ & ACTION4 ,PROME!ANISM1 ,KAHN >GUES1 CELEBRATES ! 0HUMAN POT5TIAL = D>+ POLITICAL DE$S1 TE*NOLOGICAL +5UITY1 & G5]AL REBELLION AGA9/ ! P[]S ?AT BE TO IMPROVE HUMAN LIFE10 BUT ALSO REPRES5TS ! 09DU/RIAL /RIV+S ( MOD]NITY0 & 0! IDEOLOGY ( PROGRESS0 7,KAHN1 #b#i1 PP4 #a#b#f-#b#g74 ,IT IS1 !N1 A DISPOSITION T[>D ACTIVE TRANS=MATION & CON/RUCTION4 ,EPIME!US1 ON ! O!R H&1 REPRES5TS ! 0AFT]?\<T0 TO ,PROME!US'S =E?\<T4 ,:ILE ,GREEK PATRI>*S VIEW$ ,EPIME!US AS 0DULL-WITT$0 & WEAK1 ! EPIME!ANISM ( ,ILLI* (F]S A DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATION1 ) ,EPIME!US REPRES5T+ A CONS]VATION ( HOPE & AN APPRECIATION = :AT IS1 & A 0CONVIVIAL .<RELATION%IP.> ) ! WORLD :ILE ! PROG5ITOR ( ! NEW WORLD1 ,PROME!US1 REMA9S B\ND & *A9$ BY HIS [N CREATIVE DE$0 7IBID41 PP4 #a#b#g-#b#h74 ,EPIME!US'S 0AFT]?\<T0 CAN !N BE 9T]PRET$ NOT AS A DULL PASSIVITY1 BUT RA!R AS A DISPOSITION ( REFLECTION ON ! POT5TIALLY H>MFUL LIMITS ( TRANS=MATION & APPRECIATION = MUTUALITY 9 ! PRES5T 7,KAHN1 #b#a1 P4 #i#c74 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT = \R UND]/&+ ( ?IS RELATION%IP1 ?\<1 IS ?AT !SE ATTITUDES NE$ NOT BE EXCLUSIVE4 ,AFT] ALL1 ONE CANNOT HAVE AN AFT]?\<T IF !RE HAS NOT BE5 A =E?\<T4 

,! EX*ANGE BETWE5 !SE TWO DISPOSITIONS1 !N1 PROVIDES A USEFUL1 PROCESS-ORI5T$ FRAME = UND]/&+ ! ROLE & ME?OD ( $UCATION & P$AGOGY 9 AN>*I/ ?\<T1 AS DOES ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,FREIRE & ! AN>*I/S1 & ! O/5SIBLY APOLITICAL P$AGOGY ( ,NEILL4 ,! AN>*I/ APPROA* TO $UCATION IS NOT ACC\NT$ = 5TIRELY BY A RIGIDLY PROME!AN OR EPIME!AN P]SPECTIVE1 BUT IS RA!R TO BE F\ND 9 ! EXP]IM5TAL & DIALECTICAL T5SION BETWE5 ! TWO 444 MU* AK9 TO ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( A DESIRABLE & DYNAMIC *ALL5G+ & EX*ANGE BETWE5 TEA*]S & /UD5TS4 

,AN>*Y1 ! ,/ATE1 & ! ,CLASSROOM 

,USUALLY DEVELOP+ 9 ! 9T]/ICES ( DOM9ANT S*OOL SY/EMS1 SU/A9$ AN>*I/ S*OOLS HAVE HAD AN (T-TR\BL$ HI/ORY ( OPPOSITION & H>ASSM5T FROM ! P[]S-?AT-BE4 ,(T5 SE5 BY /ATES 7EV5 :5 NOT BY ! AN>*I/ P$AGOGUES !MSELVES7 AS DIRECT *ALL5GES TO !IR ORGANIZATIONAL NORMS1 SOCIAL VALUES1 & PR9CIPLES ( AU?ORITY1 AN>*I/ S*OOLS HAVE FAC$ BUREAUCRATIC REACTION1 C5SURE1 & POLICE SUPPRESSION4 ,WE WILL LOOK AT A FEW EXAMPLES ( AN>*I/ S*OOLS1 SPECIFICALLY ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] & CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ 0FREE0 S*OOLS & SPACE1 TO SEE SOME ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( AN>*I/ $UCATION 9 PRACTICE4 

,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA 

,! MO/ PROM95T EXAMPLE ( AN OV]TLY AN>*I/ S*OOL W\LD MO/ LIKELY BE ! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA 7,MOD]N ,S*OOL7 MOVEM5T ?AT ORIG9AT$ 9 ,SPA91 AS DEVELOP$1 OP]AT$ & EXP\ND$ BY ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]4 ,F]R] WAS AN AN>*I/ & AN $UCATOR1 :OSE 9T]E/ 9 EXP]IM5TAL $UCATION GREW ALONGSIDE HIS DISDA9 = ! HI<LY REGIM5T$ & AU?ORIT>IAN S*OOL SY/EM ( HIS HOME C\NTRY4 ,9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ( ,F]R]1 *ILDR5 W]E ALL[$ GREAT] FRE$OM ( 9DIVIDUAL 9QUIRY & SPONTANEITY1 TIME = P]SONAL REFLECTION 9 ! S*OOL OR 9 ! G>D5S SURR\ND+1 & W]E NOT TREAT$ AS LESS] BE+S TO BE COMM&$ BY A DOGMATIC AU?ORITY1 AS 9 ! DOM9ANT ,CA?OLIC S*OOLS ( ,F]R]'S NATIVE ,SPA9 7,GOLDMAN1 #a#i#a#aB74 ,*ILDR51 ?\<T ,F]R]1 \<T TO BE ABLE TO DEVELOP ! POT5TIALITY ( !IR :OLE BE+1 NOT SIMPLY ! 9/RUM5TAL1 VOCATIONAL1 OR ACON-TEXTUALLY AB/RACT1 & ?US W]E TO BE ALL[$ TO VISIT FACTORIES1 MUSEUMS1 G>D5S1 & O!R COMMUNITY LOCALES 9 ORD] TO LE>N ?R\< PRACTICE 7,F]R]1 #a#i#i1 P4 #b74 ,NEI!R W]E !Y TO BE SUBJECT$ TO ! NATIONALI/ MESSAGES ( ! /ATE1 IMP]SONAL & P$AGOGICALLY 9APPROPRIATE EXAM9ATIONS1 OR ! SEXUAL SEGREGATION ( ! WID] SOCIETY4 ,9 HIS CLASSIC DEF5SE ( !SE 7/ILL SEEM+LY7 RADICAL PRACTICES1 ,F]R] 7#a#i#a#c7 DECL>ES ?AT3 

,HAV+ ADMITT$ & PRACTIC$ ! CO$UCATION ( BOYS & GIRLS1 ( RI* & POOR--HAV+1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 />T$ FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( SOLID>ITY & EQUALITY--WE >E NOT PREP>$ TO CREATE NEW 9EQUALITY4 ,H5CE 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL !RE WILL BE NO REW>DS & NO PUNI%M5TS2 !RE WILL BE NO EXAM9ATIONS TO PUFF UP SOME *ILDR5 ) ! FLATT]+ TITLE ( 0EXCELL5T10 TO GIVE O!RS ! VULG> TITLE ( 0GOOD10 & MAKE O!RS UNHAPPY ) A CONSCI\SNESS ( 9CAPACITY & FAILURE4 7P4 #e#e7 

,:ILE ES*EW+ DOGMA1 ,F]R] DID NOT BELIEVE1 LIKE ,A4,S4 ,NEILL1 9 ! POSSIBILITY OR DESIRABILITY ( TEA*+ FROM A /ANCE ( POLITICAL OR E?ICAL NEUTRALITY4 ,AFT] SE>*+ 9 VA9 = TEXTBOOKS HE FELT W]E APPROPRIATELY NONAU?ORIT>IAN = ! S*OOL LIBR>Y1 HE EV5TUALLY DECID$ TO 9/ALL A PR9T+ PRESS & COMMISSION WORKS ?AT ADDRESS$ 0! 9JU/ICES CONNECT$ ) PATRIOTISM1 ! HORRORS ( W>1 & ! 9IQUITY ( CONQUE/10 ?+S HE VIEW$ AS BRUTE FACTS OBSCUR$ OR HIDD5 BY ! DOGMAS ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* & ! NATIONALISM ( ! /ATE 7,AVRI*1 #a#i#h1 P4 #b#c74 

,F]R] SAW ALL ( ?IS AS FITT+ RI<TLY )9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION ( PREFIGURATION1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW SOCIETY 09 ! %ELL ( ! OLD40 ,AS SU*1 IT %\LDN'T BE A SURPRISE ?AT ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES REACT$ AGA9/ ?IS & CLOS$ D[N ! S*OOL 9 #a#i#f4 ,:AT WAS A SURPRISE TO MO/1 & ! CAUSE ( AN 9T]NATIONAL \TCRY1 WAS HIS SUBSEQU5T EXECUTION RESULT+ FROM BOGUS *>GES ( 09/IGAT+ UPRIS+0 FOLL[+ MASS-PROTE/S & G5]AL /RIKES 9 ! WAKE ! ,SPANI% W> AGA9/ ,MOROCCO 7,GOLDMAN1 #a#i#a#aB74 

,FREE S*OOLS & FREE SPACES 

,9=M$ 9 MANY WAYS BY ,F]R]1 $UCATION PHILOSOPH] ,IVAN ,ILLI* CRITICIZ$ ! NOTION ?AT A =MAL S*OOL IS ! PROP] PLACE :]E $UCATION HAPP5S1 >GU+ 9 DEF5SE ( $UCATION AS A LIFELONG PROCESS1 RA!R ?AN SOME?+ ?AT Y\ ONLY GO ?R\< :ILE Y\NG4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R1 !SE IDEAS C\LD SUGGE/ A NOTION ( A 0S*OOL0 ?AT IS A SOCIALLY EMB$D$ & DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION1 FREELY AVAILABLE TO ALL AGE GR\PS1 ) A F> MORE 9T]ACTIVE & COOP]ATIVE ROLE BETWE5 TEA*]S1 /UD5TS & P>5TS 9 DESIGN+ CURRICULUM1 ALLOCAT+ RES\RCES1 & EXP&+ $UCATION 9TO EXP]I5CES BEYOND ! TRADITIONAL S*OOLH\SE & OCCASIONAL FIELD TRIP MODEL4 ,ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT WAS ,ILLI*'S 9SI/5CE ?AT SITES ( $UCATION REMA9 OP5 TO ! COMMUNITY1 RA!R ?AN RIGIDLY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 9 ORD] TO AVOID MONOPOLIZATIONS ( 9=MATIONAL_/KN[L$GE *ANNELS 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#g#a74 ,?IS NOTION ( OP5 & FREE $UCATION FITS WELL ) ,PAUL ,GOODMAN'S 7#a#i#g#g7 BELIEF ?AT 09 AN>*I/ !ORY ! WORLD REVOLUTION MEANS ! PROCESS BY :I* ! GRIP ( AU?ORITY IS LOOS$1 SO ?AT ! FUNCTIONS ( LIFE CAN REGULATE !MSELVES1 )\T TOP-D[N DIRECTION & COORD9ATION0 7P4 #b#a#e74 

,?IS NOTION SEEMS TO BE DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! CASE ( SOME REC5T ,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,S*OOLS4 ,ALLAN ,ANTLIFF PROVIDES AN 9SPIR+ ACC\NT ( A ,TORONTO ,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,S*OOL1 & ITS SUBSEQU5T ,9T]NET C\NT]P>T ,AN>*I/ ,U4 ,!SE S*OOLS W]E_/>E NONPR(IT1 VOLUNT>ILY OP]AT$ & OP5-ATT5DANCE S*OOLS RUN ALONG AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONAL L9ES4 ,)9 !M1 CLASSES >E FREELY PROPOS$ & FREELY JO9$ BY ANYONE 9T]E/$ ON ANY NUMB] ( TOPICS4 ,ANTLIFF 7#b#g7 DESCRIBES ! DIFF]5T ATTITUDE ( P>TICIPANTS3 0,ONCE $UCATION WAS MADE FREE & GRAD+ & O!R ASSORT$ PUNITIVE MEASURES 7DEGREE D5IAL7 W]E SET ASIDE1 PEOPLE C\LD LE>N )\T COMPET+ ) ONE ANO!R OR /RIV+ TO SATISFY AU?ORITY FIGURES 9 !IR MID/0 7PP4 #b#d#h-#f74 

,SU* SUCCESSFUL1 OP5 & COMMUNITY-EMB$D$ EXP]IM5TS CAN PROVIDE = A CORNUCOPIA ( $UCATIONAL DIV]SITY1 & /IMULATE 9T]E/S BEYOND TRADITIONAL SUBJECTS1 :ILE 5SUR+ READY1 OP5 ACCESS TO KN[L$GE = ?OSE :O DESIRE IT4 

,AN>*I/ S*OOLS & $UCATIONAL SPACES HAVE ?US EMPHASIZ$ ! FREE-FL[+ NATURE ( LE>N+1 & ABHORR$ 9TELLECTUAL REGIM5TATION1 VIEW+ ?IS AS ! DEA?-KNELL ( 9DEP5D5T ?\<T4 ,?IS NOTION ( H[ A S*OOL CAN OP]ATE C]TA9LY APPE>S RADICAL :5 COMP>$ TO ! OP]ATION ( CONTEMPOR>Y PUBLIC S*OOLS OR UNIV]SITIES4 ,BO? ( ! LATT] >E USUALLY MANAG$ 9 A TOP-D[N MANN] ) LITTLE DIRECT CONTROL OV] ! MEAN+FUL OP]ATIONS ( ! 9/ITUTIONS BY TEA*]S1 /UD5TS OR P>5TS1 AT LEA/ 9 ! CASE ( PUBLIC S*OOLS4 ,ACADEMIC DEP>TM5TS )9 UNIV]SITIES CAN HAVE SOME DEGREE ( 9T]NAL SELF-MANAGEM5T1 AL?\< ?IS DOES NOT EXT5D EQUALLY TO GRADUATE /UD5TS1 ADJUNCT 9/RUCTORS1 OR O!R L>GELY CONT+5T UNIV]SITY $UCATION WORK]S :O HAVE LITTLE ACADEMIC FRE$OM OR JOB SECURITY 7,A,A,U,P1 #b#f74 

,! ,/ATE & ! ,CLASSROOM 

,9 \R DREAMS1 PEOPLE YIELD !MSELVES ) P]FECT DOCILITY TO \R MOLD+ H&S4 ,! PRES5T $UCATION CONV5TIONS ( 9TELLECTUAL & *>ACT] $UCATION FADE FROM !IR M9DS1 &1 UNHAMP]$ BY TRADITION1 WE WORK \R [N GOOD WILL UPON A GRATEFUL & RESPONSIVE FOLK4--,JOHN ,D4 ,ROCKEFELL] 7#a#i#f7 

,! REPRESSION & M>G9ALIZATION EXP]I5C$ BY MANY AN>*I/ S*OOLS & EXP]IM5TS1 AMONG O!R OB/ACLES1 HAS HI/ORICALLY MADE ! OP]ATION ( TRULY 9DEP5D5T AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL PROGRAMS DIFFICULT4 ,! IMPLEM5TATION ( AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL & POLITICAL IDEALS )9 ! DOM9ANT /ATE-RUN PUBLIC S*OOL SY/EMS HAS HAD ITS [N SET ( DIFFICULTIES4 ,! V>IETY ( CRITIQUES DEVELOP$ 9 RESPONSE TO ?IS DIFFICULTY >E DIV]SE1 BUT !Y >E ALL ROOT$ 9 ! NOTION ?AT V>I\S =MS ( /ATE-RUN S*OOL ORGANIZATION1 P$AGOGY1 & PRACTICES VIOLATE ! VALUES & ME?ODS AN>*I/S BELIEVE TO BE NECESS>Y TO CULTIVATE FREE & CRITICAL M9DS1 & DEF5D SOLID>I/IC & EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,A PR9CIPAL CRITIQUE FROM AN>*I/ $UCATORS HAS BE5 ?AT ! AU?ORITY RELATIONS BETWE5 /UD5TS & TEA*]S1 TEA*]S & ADM9I/RATORS1 & BETWE5 S*OOLS & ! /ATE >E P>T ( A =MIDABLE HI]>*Y ?AT SEEKS TO 9/ILL & REPRODUCE AM5ABLE ATTITUDES T[>D 9/ITUTIONAL AU?ORITIES & DEF]5CE T[>D AU?ORITY AS SU* 7,*OMSKY1 #b1 P4 #a#g74 ,RA!R ?AN DEVELOP $UCATIONAL SY/EMS ?AT GRAVITATE >\ND ! NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL *ILD1 *ILDR5 >E MOLD$ TO ! GOALS & EXPECTATIONS ( ! /ATE $UCATIONAL SY/EM4 ,9 A CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ?IS MANIFE/S AS PUBLICLY FUND$ 0APPR5TICE-TRA9+ = CORPORATIONS1 GOV]NM5T0 & ! REPRODUCTION ( ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM ITSELF1 AS WELL AS 0ADJU/+0 /UD5TS TO !IR PROBLEMS ) AU?ORITY 7,GOODMAN1 #a#i#f#d1 P4 #a#h74 ,= ,GOODMAN1 ! BELL-R++1 TIME-ACC\NT+1 & HI]>*ICAL AU?ORITY & DISCIPL9>Y SY/EM ( /ATE S*OOLS FUNCTION AS A =M ( BEHAVIORAL OP]ANT CONDITION+1 DEVELOP+ OB$I5CE RA!R ?AN SPONTANEITY OR 9ITIATIVE4 

,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE1 AN ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ & TEA*]1 CRITICIZ$ ! S*OOL SY/EMS AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY = !IR AU?ORIT>IAN OP]ATIONS & ! EFFECTS !Y HAD UPON !IR UN=TUNATE /UD5TS4 ,%E DECRI$ H[ *ILDR5 W]E =C$ TO SIT SIL5TLY & ABSOLUTELY /ILL = H\RS ON 5D1 :ILE BE+ 0TAU<T0 MAT]IAL ?AT HAD LITTLE RELEVANCE TO !IR [N LIVES & 9T]E/S & USUALLY S\<T TO EXP\ND ! VIRTUES ( ! DOM9ANT POLITICAL ORD] ?R\< ! GUISE ( A B5IGN CLAIM TO 0TRU?40 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS1 %E NOT$1 WAS TO PUT 0AN IRON MOLD UPON ! WILL ( Y\?1 DE/ROY+ ALL SPONTANEITY & FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION0 7DE ,CLEYRE1 #b#e1 P4 #b#f74 ,H] MO/ EFFECTIVE DESCRIPTION ( ! ABSURDITY ( ?IS SY/EM IS 5CAPSULAT$ 9 A POIGNANT1 IF L5G?Y 7AS WAS H] /YLE71 METAPHOR3 

,ANY G>D5] :O %\LD ATTEMPT TO RAISE HEAL?Y1 BEAUTIFUL1 & FRUITFUL PLANTS BY \TRAG+ ALL ?OSE PLANTS' 9/9CTIVE WANTS & SE>*+S1 W\LD MEET AS HIS REW>D--SICKLY PLANTS1 UGLY PLANTS1 /]ILE PLANTS1 DEAD PLANTS4 ,HE WILL NOT DO IT2 HE WILL WAT* V]Y C>EFULLY TO SEE :E!R !Y LIKE MU* SUNLI<T1 OR CONSID]ABLE %ADE1 :E!R !Y ?RIVE ON MU* WAT] OR GET DR[N$ 9 IT 444 ! PLANT ITSELF 9DICATE TO HIM :5 HE IS DO+ ! RI<T ?+ 444 ,IF HE F9DS ! PLANT REVOLTS AGA9/ HIS EXP]IM5TS1 HE WILL DESI/ AT ONCE1 & TRY SOME?+ ELSE2 IF HE F9DS IT ?RIVES1 HE WILL EMPHASIZE ! P>TICUL> TREATM5T SO LONG AS IT SEEMS B5EFICIAL4 ,BUT :AT HE WILL SURELY NOT DO1 WILL BE TO PREP>E A C]TA9 >EA ( GR\ND ALL JU/ ALIKE1 ) EQUAL *ANCES ( SUN & AM\NT ( MOI/URE 9 EV]Y P>T1 & !N PLANT EV]Y?+ TOGE!R )\T DISCRIM9ATION--MI<TY CLOSE TOGE!R6--SAY+ BE=EH&1 0,IF PLANTS DON'T WANT TO ?RIVE ON ?IS1 !Y \<T TO WANT TO2 & IF !Y >E /UBBORN AB\T IT1 !Y MU/ BE MADE TO40 7IBID41 P4 #b#e#e7 

,AN>*I/ $UCATORS W\LD AGREE1 !N1 ) CRITICAL P$AGOGUES 9 ! JUDGM5T ?AT ! IMPLEM5TATION ( /&>DIZ$ TE/+ REGIMES1 A CORN]/ONE ( CURR5T POLICIES LIKE ,NO ,*ILD ,LEFT ,BEH9D1 R5D]S P$AGOGICAL EXP]IM5TATION & POT5TIAL *ALL5GES TO ?IS >RANGEM5T V]Y DIFFICULT1 EV5 :5 A CANTANK]\S OR BRAVE $UCATOR 7AN>*I/ OR O!RWISE7 DOES HAVE ! DESIRE4 ,/&>DIZ$ TE/S >E SE51 9 ,=DI/ FA%ION1 AS IMPOS+ UNI=M P]=MANCE EXPECTATIONS & ME?ODS UPON /UD5TS :O HAVE DIFF]5T LE>N+ /YLES1 9DIVIDUAL NE$S1 & :O MAY BE AT DIFF]5T PLACES 9 !IR P]SONAL 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,FUR!R1 RA!R ?AN 5C\RAG+ A CURRICULUM ORI5T$ T[>D ! DEVELOPM5T ( CRITICAL ANALYTICAL SKILLS1 OR FULFILL+ P]SONAL CURIOSITY1 /&>DIZ$ TE/S 5C\RAGE A %ALL[1 BULIMIC APPROA* TO LE>N+4 ,?IS 5TAILS ! ROTE CONSUMPTION & REGURGITATION ( CONTEXTUALLY ISOLAT$ FACTS & FIGURES ON COMM&1 ) HI< P]=MANCE ON A TE/ SE5 AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 & SYNONYM\S ) HAV+ LE>N$ SOME?+4 ,ON TOP ( IT ALL1 /&>DIZ$ TE/S S]VE AS GATEKEEP]S ( $UCATIONAL ADVANCEM5T1 ?REAT5+ FAILURE & HALT+ FUR!R LE>N+ UNTIL 0ADEQUACY0 IS DEMON/RAT$ 7,KOHN1 #b74 

,9 ! FACE ( ?IS SORT ( 0$UCATION10 SOME RADICAL P$AGOGUES HAVE LOOK$ = 9SPIRATIONAL $UCATIONAL ALT]NATIVES 9 ! ANCI5T ,A!NIAN $UCATIONAL SY/EM & PR9CIPLES ( PAIDEIA 7,MORRISON1 #a#i#i#e2 ,FOTOP\LOS1 #b#e2 ,%IVA1 #b#e74 ,! VALUE ( ?IS SY/EM DOES HAVE LIMITS1 GIV51 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! POLITICAL LIMITATIONS & PREJUDICES ( ANCI5T ,A!NS 7,KAHN1 #b#a1 P4 #c#h74 ,H[EV]1 9 COMP>+ BROADLY LIB]T>IAN $UCATIONAL PR9CIPLES TO ! BROAD1 CIVIC-M9D$ SELF-IMPROVEM5T GOALS ( ! ANCI5T ,A!NIAN $UCATIONAL SY/EM ( PAIDEIA WE CAN F9D A USEFUL EPO*AL C\NT]P>T TO RELATE TO ! MOD]N /ATE4 ,! CORRELATE 0IDEAL0 $UCATIONAL SY/EM ( ! MOD]N /ATE CAN1 !N1 BE UND]/OOD AS A COMB9ATION ( DISCIPL9>Y M>KET 9/RUM5TALISM & AGOGE1 ! ANCI5T ,SP>TAN DISCIPL9>Y REGIM54 ,9 ! AGOGE REGIM51 Y\? 7SOLELY MALES !N7 W]E TRA9$ TO VALUE LOYALTY TO ! ,/ATE OV] ! SELF1 MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E1 CON=MITY1 & COMPETITION AMONG PE]S = ! PURPOSES ( E/ABLI%+ DOM9ANCE 7,HODK9SON1 #a#i#i#f74 ,9 CREAT+ MORE SPACE )9 ! MOD]N $UCATIONAL SY/EM = ALT]NATIVES TO ?IS DISCIPL9>IAN & REGIM5T$ P$AGOGY1 ALT]NATIVES LIKE PAIDEIA OR O!R MODELS ( 9SPIRATION1 C\LD C]TA9LY PROVIDE A WELCOME REPRIEVE1 & PROTECT POCKETS ( 0SPH]ES ( FREE ACTION10 EV5 IF !Y >E EPHEM]AL 7,W>D1 #a#i#g#c1 P4 #a#h74 

,9 COMP>+ ! /RUCTURES & FUNCTIONAL VALUES ( /ATE S*OOLS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ) PREVI\S EXAMPLES ( AN>*I/ S*OOL+1 & AFT] ELABORAT+ ON ! VALUES1 ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES & UND]/&+ ( HUMAN NATURE )9 AN>*I/ ?\<T1 ,I HOPE ?AT ! DIFF]5CES 9 VALUES 9/ILL$ & DESIRABLE TYPES ( P]SONS DEVELOP$ >E MADE />KLY APP>5T4 ,MANY ( ! CRITIQUES ( /ATE S*OOL SY/EMS (F]$ BY AN>*I/ $UCATORS >E OV] A C5TURY OLD1 YET 7UN=TUNATELY7 S\ND 9CR$IBLY CONTEMPOR>Y4 

,CONCLUSIONS 

,ULTIMATELY1 ,I HOPE TO HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT UND]/&+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & $UCATION IS A WOR?:ILE PROJECT4 ,:ILE %>+ MANY COMMONALITIES ) O!R RADICAL TRADITIONS1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT AN>*I/ !ORY PROVIDES AN ID5TIFIABLY DI/9CT P]SPECTIVE = UND]/&+ & APPROA*+ $UCATION AS A POLITICAL1 PREFIGURATIVE1 & TRANS=MATIVE 5C\NT]1 REG>DLESS ( ONE'S POLITICS4 ,I HOPE TO HAVE ALSO DEMON/RAT$ ! IMPORTANCE ( $UCATION = AN>*ISM AS A POLITICAL !ORY & EMANCIPATORY P]SONAL & SOCIAL PROJECT4 ,! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS APPRECIATION = $UCATION & ! IMPORTANCE ( E>LY PREFIGURATIVE VALUE-CONTE/ATION & CON/RUCTION >E TWO-FOLD1 H[EV]4 ,GU/AV ,L&AU] BE/ SUMM>IZ$ ?IS CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMATIC 9 ?IS WAY3 0,! /ATE IS NOT SOME?+ :I* CAN BE DE/ROY$ BY A REVOLUTION1 BUT IS A CONDITION1 A C]TA9 RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S1 A MODE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR2 WE DE/ROY IT BY CONTRACT+ O!R BEHAVIOR1 BY BEHAV+ DIFF]5TLY0 7,W>D1 #a#i#g#c1 P4 #b#c74 

,UND]/&+ OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS AS NOT 0?+S0 TO BE DE/ROY$1 BUT RELATION%IPS TO REMAKE & IDEAS TO REPLACE IS A D\BLE-$G$ SWORD4 ,IT IS FRU/RAT+ 9 ?AT IT DISP]SES ! SITES ( CRITICAL SOCIAL CONTE/ATION AGA9/ OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS & IDEAS TO1 LIT]ALLY1 ! M9DS ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL 7?\< ?IS DOES NOT PRECLUDE TRADITIONAL EXT]NALIZ$ SOCIAL /RUGGLES = GREAT] EQUITY & LIB]TY74 ,IT IS 5C\RAG+1 ?\<1 9 ?AT IT REVEALS !IR NONMONOLI?IC & MUTABLE NATURE4 ,TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( AN AN>*I/ APPROA* TO $UCATION1 !N1 C\LD1 9 T]MS ( P$AGOGY & PRAXIS1 OP5 UP GREAT] POSSIBILITIES = IMAG9+ & CULTIVAT+ ALT]NATIVE SOCIAL RELATION%IPS 9 ! M9DS ( ?OSE :O W\LD LIVE !M4 

,REF]5CES 

,A,A,U,P4 7#b#f74 ,AM]ICAN ,ASSOCIATION ( ,UNIV]SITY ,PR(ESSORS ,CONT+5T ,FACULTY ,9DEX #b#f4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4AAUP4ORG_/,A,A,U,P_/PUBSRES_/RESE>*_/CON9D#b#f4HTM4 

,ANTLIFF1 ,A4 7#b#g74 ,BREAK+ FREE3 ,AN>*I/ P$AGOGY4 ,9 ,M4 ,COTE1 ,R4 ,DAY @& ,G4 DE ,PEUT] 7,$S471 ,UTOPIAN P$AGOGY1 ,TORONTO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS4 

,APPLE1 ,M4 7#a#i#i#e74 ,DEMOCRATIC S*OOLS4 ,ALEX&RIA1 ,VIRG9IA3 ,ASSOCIATION = ,SUP]VISION & ,CURRICULUM ,DEVELOPM5T4 

,AVRI*1 ,P4 7#a#i#h74 ,! MOD]N S*OOL MOVEM5T4 ,PR9CETON1 ,N,J3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,BAKUN91 ,M4 7#a#i#g74 ,GOD & ! /ATE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]4 

,B]KMAN1 ,A4 7#b#c74 ,:AT IS AN>*ISM8 ,$9BUR<_/,LONDON_/,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 ,BOOK*91 ,M4 7#b#e74 ,! ECOLOGY ( FRE$OM3 ,! EM]G5CE & DISSOLUTION ( HI]>*Y4 ,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,*OMSKY1 ,N4 7#b74 ,*OMSKY ON MIS-$UCATION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R[MAN & ,LITTLEFIELD4 

DE ,CLEYRE1 ,V4 7#b#e74 ,MOD]N $UCATIONAL RE=M4 ,9 ,EXQUISITE REBEL3 ,! ESSAYS ( ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE4 ,ALBANY1 ,N,Y3 ,S,U,N,Y ,PRESS4 

,DEWEY1 ,J4 7#a#i#a#f74 ,DEMOCRACY & $UCATION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,FREE ,PRESS4 

,F]R]1 ,F4 7#a#i#i74 ,! MOD]N S*OOL4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MO!R ,E>? ,PUBLI%+ ,ASSOCIATION4 

,F]R]1 ,F4 7#a#i#a#c74 ,! ORIG9S & IDEALS ( ! MOD]N S*OOL4 ,LONDON3 ,WATTS4 

,FOTOP\LOS1 ,T4 7#b#e74 ,FROM 7MIS7$UCATION TO ,PAIDEIA4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,J\RNAL ( ,9CLUSIVE ,DEMOCRACY1 #e#e7#a7 7,SEPTEMB]74 

,FREIRE1 ,P4 7#a#i#g74 ,P$AGOGY ( ! OPPRESS$4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CONT9UUM4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,E4 7#a#i#a#aA74 ,AN>*ISM3 ,:AT IT REALLY /&S =4 ,9 ,AN>*ISM & O!R ESSAYS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MO!R ,E>? ,PUBLI%+ ,ASSOCIATION4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,E4 7#a#i#a#aB74 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] & ! MOD]N S*OOL4 ,9 ,AN>*ISM & O!R ESSAYS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MO!R ,E>? ,PUBLI%+ ,ASSOCIATION4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,E4 7#a#i#d74 ,! PLACE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 SOCIETY4 ,G>D5 ,CITY1 ,N,Y3 ,D\BL$AY4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,E4 7#a#i#g#i74 ,R$ ,EMMA SPEAKS1 ,A4,K4 ,%ULMAN 7,$474 ,LONDON3 ,WILDWOOD ,H\SE4 

,GOODMAN1 ,P4 7#a#i#f#d74 ,COMPULSORY MIS$UCATION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,BOOKS4 

,GU]91 ,D4 7#a#i#g74 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM !ORY TO PRACTICE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS4 

,HODK9SON1 ,S4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,AGOGE4 ,9 ,S4 ,HORNBL[] 7,$471 ,OX=D CLASSICAL DICTION>Y4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,KAHN1 ,R4 7#b#i74 ,AN>*IC EPIME!ANISM3 ,! P$AGOGY ( ,IVAN ,ILLI*4 ,9 ,R4 ,AM/]1 ,A4 ,DE,LEON1 ,L4 ,F]N&EZ1 ,A4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I @& ,D ,%ANNON 7,$S471 ,CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ /UDIES3 ,AN 9TRODUCTORY AN?OLOGY ( AN>*Y 9 ! ACADEMY4 ,LONDON1 ,U,K3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,KAHN1 ,R4 7#b#a74 ,CRITICAL P$AGOGY1 ECOLIT]ACY1 & PLANET>Y CRISIS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PET] ,LANG4 

,KANPOL1 ,B4 7#a#i#i#i74 ,CRITICAL P$AGOGY3 ,AN 9TRODUCTION1 #bND $4 ,WE/PORT1 ,CONN43 ,B]GAN @& ,G>VEY4 

,KOHN1 ,A4 7#a#i#i#b74 ,NO CONTE/3 ,! CASE AGA9/ COMPETITION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H\<TON ,MIFFL94 

,KOHN1 ,A4 7#b74 ,! CASE AGA9/ /&>DIZ$ TE/+4 ,PORTSM\?1 ,N,H3 ,HE9EMANN4 

,KROPOTK91 ,P4 7#a#i#g#b74 ,MUTUAL AID3 ,A FACTOR ( EVOLUTION4 ,LONDON3 ,ALL5 ,LANE4 

,KROPOTK91 ,P4 7#a#i#h#e74 ,! CONQUE/ ( BREAD4 ,CATANIA3 ,ELEPHANT ,$ITIONS4 

,KROPOTK91 ,P4 7#a#i#h#h74 ,ACT = Y\RSELVES3 ,>TICLES FROM ,FRE$OM #a#h#h#f-#a#i#g1 ,N4 ,WALT] @& ,H4 ,BECK] 7,$S474 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 

,MALATE/A1 ,E4 7#a#i#i#c74 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A3 ,HIS LIFE & IDEAS1 #cRD $41 ,V4 ,RI*>DS 7,$474 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 

,M>%ALL1 ,P4 7#b#a74 ,DEM&+ ! IMPOSSIBLE3 ,A HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM4 ,OAKL&3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,MAXIM(F1 ,G4,P4 7,$474 7#a#i#e#c74 ,! POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN94 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,FREE ,PRESS4 

,MAY1 ,T4 7#a#i#i#d74 ,! POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ( PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*ISM4 ,PHILADELPHIA3 ,P5NSYLVANIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,MC,L>51 ,P4 7#a#i#h#i74 ,LIFE 9 S*OOLS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,LONGMAN4 

,MORRISON1 ,R4 7#a#i#i#e74 ,ECOLOGICAL DEMOCRACY4 ,BO/ON3 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS4 

,NEILL1 ,A4,S4 7#a#i#g#g74 ,SUMM]HILL3 ,A RADICAL APPROA* TO *ILD RE>+4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,POCKET ,BOOKS4 

,NEILL1 ,A4,S4 7#a#i#i#b74 ,SUMM]HILL S*OOL3 ,A NEW VIEW ( *ILDHOOD4 ,A4 ,LAMB1 7,$474 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,GRIFF94 

,%APIRO1 ,S4 7#a#i#i74 ,BETWE5 CAPITALISM & DEMOCRACY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,B]G9 @& ,G>VEY4 

,%IVA1 ,V4 7#b#e74 ,E>? DEMOCRACY3 ,JU/ICE1 SU/A9ABILITY1 & PEACE4 ,BO/ON3 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS4 

,%OR1 ,I4 7#a#i#h#g74 ,CRITICAL TEA*+ & EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,%OR1 ,I4 7#a#i#i#b74 ,EMP[]+ $UCATION4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,SP5C]1 ,H4 7#a#i#i#c74 ,SP5C]3 ,POLITICAL WRIT+S4 ,J4 ,(F]1 7,$474 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,/>R1 ,A4 7#b74 ,NAM+ ! 5EMY3 ,ANTI-CORPORATE MOVEM5TS CONFRONT GLOBALIZATION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,Z$ ,BOOKS4 

,/IRN]1 ,M4 7#b#e74 ,FALSE PR9CIPLES ( \R $UCATION4 ,9 ,D4 ,GU]9 7,$471 ,NO GODS1 NO MA/]S4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,SUISSA1 ,J4 7#b#a74 ,AN>*ISM & $UCATION3 ,A PHILOSOPHICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,OAKL&3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,SYLVAN1 ,R4 7#a#i#i#c74 ,AN>*ISM4 ,9 ,R4,E4 ,GOOD9 @& ,P4 ,PETTIT 7,$S471 ,A COMPANION TO CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,OX=D3 ,BLACKWELL4 

,W>D1 ,C4 7#a#i#g#c74 ,AN>*Y 9 ACTION4 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 

,WOLFF1 ,J4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,AN 9TRODUCTION TO POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,ZIMB>DO1 ,P4 7#b#g74 ,! ,LUCIF] EFFECT3 ,UND]/&+ H[ GOOD PEOPLE TURN EVIL4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R&OM ,H\SE4 

,*,A,P,T,] #b4 ,UPDAT+ ! ,AN>*I/ ,=ECA/ = ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE 9 ,\R ,COMPULSORY ,S*OOLS 

,DAVID ,GABB>D 

,WRIT+ = ,SALON4COM 9 #b#g1 ,G>Y ,KAMIYA POND]$ H[ ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU%1 9 LI<T ( HIS ADM9I/RATION'S 9CESSANT ABUSES ( P[]1 HAD MANAG$ TO AVOID IMPEA*M5T4 ,BU%'S 0PROBLEMS GO F> BEYOND ,IRAQ10 ,KAMIYA WROTE4 0,HIS ADM9I/RATION HAS BE5 DOGG$ BY ONE MASSIVE SC&AL AFT] ! O!R1 FROM ! ,KATR9A DEBACLE1 TO ,BU%'S APPROVAL ( ILLEGAL WIRETAPP+ & TORTURE1 TO HIS UNP>ALLEL$ USE ( 'SIGN+ /ATEM5TS' TO DISOBEY LAWS ?AT HE DISAGREES )1 TO ! \TRAGE\S ,GONZALES & ,U4,S4 ATTORNEYS AFFAIR0 7,KAMIYA1 #b#g74 ,SO1 :Y HASN'T HE BE5 IMPEA*$8 

,= ,KAMIYA1 0! MA9 REASON IS OBVI\S0 :5 VIEW$ FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( REALPOLITIK4 ,! ,DEMOCRATS1 ) !IR N>R[ MAJORITY 9 ,CONGRESS1 DID NOT HAVE ! POLITICAL WILL TO DO SO4 ,9 WEI<+ ! POT5TIAL CO/S & B5EFITS ( SU* A MOVE1 !Y FE>$ ?AT IMPEA*M5T C\LD BACKFIRE ON !M4 ,!Y PREF]R$1 IT SEEM$1 TO GIVE ,BU% 5\< ROPE TO HANG ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY 9 ! #bh ELECTIONS4 

,KAMIYA1 H[EV]1 ALSO ID5TIFI$ A DEEP] & MORE TR\BL+ REASON ?AT ,BU% WAS NOT IMPEA*$4 ,?IS REASON HAD LESS TO DO ) EI!R ,BU% OR ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 & MORE ) US--! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE4 0,BU%'S W>MONG]+10 ,KAMIYA CONT5DS1 

SPOKE TO SOME?+ DEEP 9 \R NATIONAL PSY*E4 ,! EMOTIONAL =CE BEH9D ,AM]ICA'S SUPPORT = ! ,IRAQ W>1 ! MOLT5 CORE ( AN ANGRY1 RES5TFUL PATRIOTISM1 IS /ILL TOO HOT = ,CONGRESS1 ! M$IA & EV5 MANY ,AM]ICANS :O OPPOSE ! W>1 TO CONFRONT DIRECTLY4 ,IT'S A NATIONAL MY?4 ,IT'S ,JOHN ,WAYNE4 ,TO IMPEA* ,BU% W\LD =CE US TO DIRECTLY CONFRONT \R NATIONAL CORE ( VIOL5T SELF-RI<TE\SNESS--COME TO T]MS ) IT1 UND]/& IT & REJECT IT4 ,& WE'RE NOT READY TO DO ?AT4 7,KAMIYA1 #b#g2 EMPHASIS ADD$7 

,?AT NATIONAL CORE ( VIOL5T SELF-RI<TE\SNESS W5T ON FULL PUBLIC DISPLAY ! NI<T ( ,MAY #b1 #b#a#a1 :5 ,PRESID5T ,B>ACK ,OBAMA ANN\NC$ ON NATIONAL TELEVISION ?AT SEV5TY-N9E ,U4,S4 COMM&OES HAD RAID$ A COMP\ND 9 ,ABBOTTABAD1 ,PAKI/AN & KILL$ ,OSAMA B9 ,LAD54 ,DOZ5S ( SPONTANE\S CELEBRATIONS ]UPT$ AT A NUMB] ( SITES ACROSS ! NATION1 9CLUD+ ,TIMES ,SQU>E1 A HO/ ( UNIV]SITY CAMPUSES1 AS WELL AS 9 FRONT ( ! ,:ITE ,H\SE4 ,EV]Y:]E1 ! SC5E WAS ! SAME4 ,HUNDR$S1 IF NOT ?\S&S1 ( FLAG-WAV+ CITIZ5S1 HYP$ UP ON ! BLOODLU/ ( V5GEANCE :OOP+ & HOLL]+ B5EA? ! MOON1 FILL$ ! /REETS & ! NI<T AIR ) *ANTS ( 0,U4,S4,A46 ,U4,S4,A46 ,U4,S4,A460 ,HAD ANYONE /EPP$ 9TO ANY ( ?OSE ?RONGS TO QUE/ION A S+LE ELEM5T ( ! (FICIAL V]SION ( ! EV5TS ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 #b#a1 !Y'D HAVE BE5 TORN TO BITS4 ,! MOB1 9EBRIAT$ ON MANIFE/ DE/9Y & O!R IDEOLOGICAL ELIXIRS1 W\LD TOL]ATE NO REFLECTION1 NO QUE/IONS1 & NO *ALL5GE TO !IR ,GOD-GIV5 RI<T TO BELIEVE :ATEV] ! OLIG>*S HAD SANCTION$ !M TO KN[4 ,IT C\LD HAVE BE5 A ,SUP] ,B[L1 ,/ANLEY ,CUP1 ,N,B,A TITLE1 OR ,WORLD ,S]IES CELEBRATION4 ,?AT'S AB\T ! DEP? ( UND]/&+ ?AT MO/ ( \R FELL[ CITIZ5S HAVE ( WORLD AFFAIRS4 ,AM]ICA IS 0\R TEAM40 ,&1 AS ,GEORGE ,BU% TOLD US1 0Y\'RE EI!R ) US1 OR Y\'RE AGA9/ US40 ,& ?AT NI<T 9 ,MAY1 WE SCOR$ A VICTORY4 ,IT WAS TIME TO P>TY6 

,D>E ,WE ,EV] ,GR[ ,UP8 

,IF WE'D EV] F9D A WAY TO COLLECTIVELY COME TO T]MS ) \R NATIONAL CORE ( VIOL5T SELF-RI<TE\SNESS1 WE W\LD HAVE TO ACKN[L$GE :AT UND]LIES IT4 ,WE W\LD HAVE TO RECOGNIZE1 AS ,CORNEL ,WE/ >GUES 9 ,DEMOCRACY ,MATT]S 7#b#d71 ?AT 

! ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T IS UNIQUE 9 HUMAN HI/ORY NOT BECAUSE WE >E ,GOD'S *OS5 PEOPLE TO LEAD ! WORLD1 NOR BECAUSE WE >E ALWAYS A =CE = GOOD 9 ! WORLD1 BUT BECAUSE ( \R REFUSAL TO ACKN[L$GE ! DEEPLY RACI/ & IMP]IAL ROOTS ( \R DEMOCRATIC PROJECT4 ,WE >E EXCEPTIONAL BECAUSE ( \R D5IAL ( ! ANTIDEMOCRATIC F\NDATION /ONES ( ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY4 ,NO O!R DEMOCRATIC NATION REVELS SO BLATANTLY 9 SU* SELF-DECEPTIVE 9NOC5CE1 SU* SELF-P>ALYZ+ RELUCTANCE TO CONFRONT ! NI<T-SIDE ( ITS [N HI/ORY4 ,?IS S5TIM5TAL FLI<T FROM HI/ORY--OR ADOLESC5T ESCAPE FROM PA9FUL TRU?S AB\T \RSELVES--MEANS ?AT EV5 AS WE GR[ OLD1 GR[ BIG1 & GR[ P[]FUL1 WE HAVE YET TO GR[ UP4 7P4 #d#a7 

,& :]EAS ,KAMIYA SIMPLY ASS]TS1 0WE NE$ !RAPY10 ,WE/ (F]S A MORE SPECIFIC PRESCRIPTION1 CALL+ = ! 5ACTM5T ( A 0DEMOCRATIC PAIDEIA--! CULTIVATION ( AN ACTIVE1 9=M$ CITIZ5RY--9 ORD] TO PRES]VE & DEEP5 \R DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T10 C\PL$ ) 0P>RHESIA--FRANK & FE>LESS SPEE*--?AT IS ! LIFEBLOOD ( ANY DEMOCRACY0 7IBID41 PP4 #d#a1 #b#i74 ,SU* MEASURES >E NECESS>Y1 HE CONT5DS1 IF WE >E TO ESCAPE 0\R SELF-DECEPTIVE 9NOC5CE0 & \R 0SELF-P>ALYZ+ RELUCTANCE TO CONFRONT ! NI<T-SIDE (.<\R.> [N HI/ORY40 

,$UCATORS COMMITT$ TO A P$AGOGY ( SOCIAL JU/ICE W\LD EAG]LY ANSW] ,WE/'S CALL = FE>LESS SPEE* 9 S]VICE ( :AT !Y HOLD TO BE ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT MISSIONS ( ,AM]ICA'S S*OOLS3 0! CULTIVATION ( AN ACTIVE1 9=M$ CITIZ5RY40 ,TRAGICALLY1 H[EV]1 NO ONE KN[S ! /+ ( ,AM]ICA'S 0VIOL5T SELF-RI<TE\SNESS0 BETT] ?AN ?OSE SAME $UCATORS4 ,LONG BE=E ,BILL ,O',REILLY ( ,FOX ,NEWS1 ! (FICIAL NETWORK ( VIOL5T SELF-RI<TE\SNESS1 LAUN*$ ! NATIONAL DEMONIZATION CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,UNIV]SITY ( ,COLORADO PR(ESSOR ,W>D ,*UR*ILL = DISRUPT+ ! (FICIAL N>RATIVE ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 ! ,MONROE ,C\NTY ,COMMUNITY ,S*OOLS ,CORPORATION 9 ,BLOOM+TON1 ,9DIANA1 DECL9$ TO R5EW ! CONTRACT ( ,DEBORAH ,MAY]1 AN ELEM5T>Y S*OOL TEA*]4 ,MAY]'S TRANSGRESSION OCCURR$ :ILE DISCUSS+ ! ,DECEMB] #a#c1 #b#b1 ISSUE ,TIME = ,KIDS1 A *ILDR5'S V]SION ( ,TIME MAGAZ9E ?AT WAS A REGUL> P>T ( ! CURRICULUM4 ,?AT ISSUE CONTA9$ A /ORY COV]+ A PEACE M>* 9 ,WA%+TON ,D4,C4 PROTE/+ ! P5D+ ,U4,S4 9VASION ( ,IRAQ1 :I* L$ A /UD5T TO ASK ,MAY] IF %E 0W\LD EV] BE 9 A PEACE M>*40 ,MAY] 9=M$ ! CLASS ?AT :5EV] %E DROVE PA/ M>*]S HOLD+ UP SIGNS ASK+ MOTORI/S TO 0,HONK ,= ,PEACE0 ?AT %E HONK$4 ,%E ALSO TOLD ! *ILDR5 ?AT %E ?\<T PEOPLE 0%\LD SEEK PEACEFUL SOLUTIONS BE=E GO+ TO W>40 ,! CLASS !N DISCUSS$ A CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROGRAM AT !IR [N S*OOL1 & !Y DROPP$ ! SUBJECT4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 H[EV]1 A ,BU%-SUPPORT+ P>5T BR\<T A COMPLA9T AGA9/ ,MAY] BE=E ! S*OOL PR9CIPAL1 & ! DI/RICT LAT] REFUS$ TO R5EW H] CONTRACT 7,EGELKO1 #b#g74 

,JUDGE ,S>AH ,EVANS ,B>K] RUL$ AGA9/ ,MAY] 9 H] WRONGFUL T]M9ATION SUIT1 >GU+ ?AT 0TEA*]S1 9CLUD+ ,MS4 ,MAY]1 DO NOT HAVE A RI<T UND] ! ,FIR/ ,AM5DM5T TO EXPRESS !IR OP9IONS DUR+ ! 9/RUCTIONAL P]IOD0 7,GLOBAL ,RESE>*1 #b#f74 ,LAT]1 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,C\RT ( ,APPEALS = ! ,SEV5? ,CIRCUIT1 FAM$ NEOLIB]AL JURI/ & ,*IEF ,JUDGE ,FRANK ,H4 ,EA/]BROOK UPHELD ,B>K]'S RUL+4 0,EXPRESSION10 ,EA/]BROOK WROTE1 0IS A TEA*]'S /OCK 9 TRADE1 ! COMMODITY %E SELLS TO H] EMPLOY] 9 EX*ANGE = A SAL>Y0 7,EGELKO1 #b#g1 EMPHASIS ADD$74 ,?\< %E PLANS A FUR!R APPEAL1 ,MAY] HOLDS LITTLE OPTIMISM ?AT ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT WILL TAKE H] CASE4 ,IF ! DECISION /&S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 LI<T ( ! NEOLIB]AL LOGIC F\ND 9 ,EA/]BROOK'S RUL+1 WE CAN AB&ON ALL BUT ! SLIMME/ ( HOPES ?AT S*OOLS WILL EV] BECOME SITES = PURSU+ SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 P]HAPS ! TIME HAS >RIV$ = US TO TAKE ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( $UCATION MORE S]I\SLY & RECOGNIZE ! FUTILITY ( PU%+ = DEMOCRATIC $UCATIONAL RE=MS4 ,MAYBE WE %\LD BEG9 CONSID]+ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT WE MI<T BE/ PURSUE SOCIAL JU/ICE1 NOT BY RE=M+ S*OOLS BUT BY RESI/+ /ATE-CONTROLL$ SY/EMS ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+ ALTOGE!R4 

,! ,AN>*I/ ,CRITIQUE 

,:5 HE PUBLI%$ ,:AT ,IS ,PROP]TY8 9 #a#h#d1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON BECAME ! FIR/ P]SON TO CALL HIMSELF AN AN>*I/ 7,PR\DHON1 #b#c74 ,HE WAS NOT1 H[EV]1 ! FIR/ P]SON TO CALL = ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE4 ,= ?IS REASON1 S*OL>%IP TRACES ! AN>*I/ TRADITION BACK TO ,WILLIAM ,GODW94 ,CR$IT$ ) DEVELOP+ ! FIR/ COMPREH5SIVE AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( GOV]NM5T S*OOLS 9 HIS ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 9 #a#g#i#c1 ,GODW9 VIEW$ FRE$OM ( ?\<T AS FUNDAM5TAL TO POLITICAL LIB]TY 7,GODW91 #a#g#i#f74 ,AS ,JOEL ,SPR+ 7#a#i#i#d7 EXPLA9S1 ,GODW9 BELIEV$ ?AT 0S9CE PEOPLE CON/ANTLY IMPROVE !IR REASON+ P[] & !IR UND]/&+ ( NATURE1 !IR UND]/&+ ( ! BE/ =M ( GOV]NM5T IS CON/ANTLY *ANG+0 7P4 #d#b74 ,:ILE HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT $UCATION WAS CRUCIAL T[>D ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALS' P[]S ( RATIONAL ?\<T ?AT W\LD GUIDE !M 9 SELF-GOV]NM5T1 ,SPR+ 7#a#i#h#c7 NOTES1 ,GODW9 ALSO 0CONSID]$ NATIONAL SY/EMS ( $UCATION ONE ( ! =EMO/ DANG]S TO FRE$OM & LIB]TY0 7P4 #f#h74 0,BE=E WE PUT SO P[]FUL A MA*9E 7$UCATION7 UND] ! DIRECTION ( SO AMBIGU\S AN AG5T 7GOV]NM5T710 ,GODW9 W>N$1 0IT BEHOOVES US TO CONSID] WELL :AT IT IS WE DO4 ,GOV]NM5T WILL NOT FAIL TO EMPLOY IT1 TO /R5G!N ITS H&S1 & P]PETUATE ITS 9/ITUTIONS0 7,SPR+1 #a#i#i#d1 P4 #d#b74 

,9DE$1 ,GODW9'S W>N+ GIVES US GOOD REASON TO QUE/ION :E!R GOV]NM5T-CONTROLL$ S*OOLS CAN EV] FUNCTION AS SITES :]E /UD5TS CULTIVATE !IR P[]S ( REASON+ 9 ! S]VICE ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,GODW9 ALSO PROVOKES US TO CONSID] ! EXT5T TO :I* S*OOLS1 AS 9/RUM5TS ( /ATE P[]1 HAVE CONTRIBUT$ MORE TO :AT ,KAMIYA ID5TIFIES AS \R 0\R NATIONAL CORE ( VIOL5T SELF-RI<TE\SNESS0 ?AN !Y HAVE TO CULTIVAT+ ! 0ACTIVE1 9=M$ CITIZ5RY0 CALL$ = BY ,CORNEL ,WE/4 

,E*O+ ,GODW9'S CONC]NS & >M$ ) TWO HUNDR$ YE>S ( HI/ORICAL H9DSI<T1 CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ S*OL> ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 7#b#c7 DESCRIBES 0! BASIC 9/ITUTIONAL ROLE & FUNCTION ( ! S*OOLS0 AS PROVID+ 0AN IDEOLOGICAL S]VICE3 !RE'S A REAL SELECTION = OB$I5CE & CON=MITY0 7PP4 #b#g-#b#h74 ,9 ,*OMSKY'S ANALYSIS1 COMPULSORY1 GOV]NM5T S*OOL+ BR+S *ILDR5 AT A V]Y E>LY AGE 9TO AN 9DOCTR9ATION SY/EM 0?AT WORKS AGA9/ 9DEP5D5T ?\<T 9 FAVOR ( OB$I5CE0 ) ! GOAL ( KEEP+ PEOPLE 0FROM ASK+ QUE/IONS ?AT MATT] AB\T IMPORTANT ISSUES ?AT DIRECTLY AFFECT !M & O!RS0 7,*OMSKY @& ,MAC$O1 #b1 P4 #b#d74 ,9 ,DEBORAH ,MAY]'S CASE1 ( C\RSE1 ! IMPORTANT ISSUE WAS ! P5D+ 9VASION ( ,IRAQ4 ,KEEP 9 M9D ?AT A /UD5T 9ITIAT$ ! CONV]SATION CONC]N+ ,MAY]'S P>TICIPATION 9 PEACE M>*ES4 ,!RE=E1 ! DECISION ( ! S*OOL BO>D & C\RTS' RUL+S ON ?AT DECISION S5T A CLE> MESSAGE TO /UD5TS AS WELL AS TEA*]S3 0,WE DON'T DISCUSS 'QUE/IONS ?AT MATT]' AB\T ISSUES ?AT MI<T 9T]E/ Y\40 ,?AT MESSAGE1 ( C\RSE1 UND]SCORES ,*OMSKY'S !SIS ?AT S*OOLS FUNCTION TO DISC\RAGE 9DEP5D5T 9QUIRY & PROMOTE OB$I5CE & CON=MITY4 

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN MADE SIMIL> OBS]VATIONS E>LY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 0,:AT1 !N1 IS ! S*OOL ( TODAY80 %E ASK$4 0,IT IS = ! *ILD :AT ! PRISON IS = ! CONVICT & ! B>RACKS = ! SOLDI]--A PLACE :]E EV]Y?+ IS BE+ US$ TO BREAK ! WILL ( ! *ILD1 & !N TO P\ND1 KNEAD1 & %APE IT 9TO A BE+ UTT]LY =EIGN TO ITSELF4444 ,IT IS BUT P>T ( A SY/EM :I* CAN MA9TA9 ITSELF ONLY ?R\< ABSOLUTE DISCIPL9E & UNI=MITY0 7,GOLDMAN1 #b#g74 

,GOLDMAN'S DESCRIPTION ( S*OOLS RECEIVES CONSID]ABLE SUPPORT 9 ! MORE HEAVILY ANALYTIC WRIT+S ( ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT4 ,9 BOOKS SU* AS ,MADNESS & ,CIVILIZATION 7#a#i#h#h7 & ,DISCIPL9E & ,PUNI% 7#a#i#i#e71 ,F\CAULT PO9TS \T = US A V]Y PECULI> HI/ORICAL ODDITY4 ,SY/EMS ( GOV]NM5T-SPONSOR$ COMPULSORY S*OOL+ DID1 9 FACT1 BEG9 TO EM]GE AT ! SAME PO9T 9 HI/ORY AS ! MOD]N PRISON1 & EA* WAS MODEL$ ON ! ,>MY B>RACKS4 ,COMPULSORY S*OOL+ ( ! MASSES HAS ALWAYS HAD LESS TO DO ) $UCATION & MORE TO DO ) DISCIPL9E4 ,BY 0DISCIPL9E10 ,F\CAULT REF]S TO A =M ( TREATM5T ?AT 

9CREASES ! =CES ( ! BODY 79 ECONOMIC T]MS ( UTILITY7 & DIM9I%ES ?OSE SAME =CES 79 T]MS ( POLITICAL OB$I5CE74 ,9 %ORT1 IT DISASSOCIATES P[]S FROM ! BODY2 ON ! ONE H& IT TURNS IT 9TO AN 0APTITUDE10 A 0CAPACITY10 :I* IT SEEKS TO 9CREASE2 ON ! O!R H&1 IT REV]SES ! C\RSE ( ! 5]GY1 ! P[] ?AT MI<T RESULT FROM IT1 & TURNS IT 9TO A RELATION ( /RICT SUBJUGATION4 ,IF ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION SEP>ATES ! =CE ( & ! PRODUCT ( LABOR1 LET US SAY ?AT DISCIPL9>Y CO]CION E/ABLI%ES 9 ! BODY ! CON/RICT+ L9K BETWE5 AN 9CREAS$ APTITUDE & AN 9CREAS$ DOM9ATION4 7IBID1 P4 #a#d#a7 

,MOREOV]1 COMPULSORY S*OOL+ FUNCTIONS TO DISCIPL9E 9DIVIDUALS 9 A MANN] ?AT 9CREASES ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ?AT !IR BODIES (F] TO ! ECONOMIC SY/EM :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY DIM9I%+ !IR P[] TO RESI/ ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & ! POLITICAL SY/EM ?AT 9ITIATES ?AT EXPLOITATION BY COMPELL+ /UD5TS TO ATT5D S*OOL 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,! WRIT+S ( ,B5JAM9 ,RU%1 A SIGN] ( ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE & RECOGNIZ$ 0FA!R ( ,AM]ICAN PSY*IATRY10 >E P>TICUL>LY ILLUM9ATIVE ( H[ ! E>LY ADVOCATES ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+ VIEW$ ! IMPORTANCE ( DIM9I%+ 9DIVIDUALS' P[]S ( RESI/ANCE BY BUILD+ UP !IR EMOTIONAL ATTA*M5TS TO ! /ATE4 ,RU% WROTE HIS 0,?\<TS UPON ! ,MODE ( ,$UCATION ,PROP] 9 A ,REPUBLIC0 9 #a#g#h#f--JU/ SEV5 YE>S BE=E ,GODW9 WROTE HIS ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE4 ,RU% DECL>$ 0! PR9CIPLE ( PATRIOTISM /&S 9 NE$ ( ! RE9=CEM5T ( PREJUDICE1 & IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT \R /RONGE/ PREJUDICES 9 FAVOR ( \R C\NTRY >E =M$ 9 ! FIR/ ONE & TW5TY YE>S ( \R LIVES4444,\R S*OOLS ( LE>N+10 HE >GU$1 0BY PRODUC+ ONE G5]AL & UNI=M SY/EM ( $UCATION1 WILL R5D] ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE MORE HOMOG5E\S & !REBY FIT !M MORE EASILY = UNI=M & PEACEABLE GOV]NM5T0 7,RU%1 #a#g#h#f74 ,! QUOTES BEL[ COME FROM ! SAME DOCUM5T3 

,9 ORD] MORE EFFECTUALLY TO SECURE TO \R Y\? ! ADVANTAGES ( A RELIGI\S $UCATION1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO IMPOSE UPON !M ! DOCTR9ES & DISCIPL9E ( A P>TICUL> *UR*4 ,MAN IS NATURALLY AN UNGOV]NABLE ANIMAL1 & OBS]VATIONS ON P>TICUL> SOCIETIES & C\NTRIES WILL TEA* US ?AT :5 WE ADD ! RE/RA9TS ( ECCLESIA/ICAL TO ?OSE ( DOME/IC & CIVIL GOV]NM5T1 WE PRODUCE 9 HIM ! HI<E/ DEGREES ( ORD] & VIRTUE4444 

,LET \R PUPIL BE TAU<T ?AT HE DOES NOT BELONG TO HIMSELF1 BUT ?AT HE IS PUBLIC PROP]TY4 ,LET HIM BE TAU<T TO LOVE HIS FAMILY1 BUT LET HIM BE TAU<T AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HE MU/ =SAKE & EV5 =GET !M :5 ! WELF>E ( HIS C\NTRY REQUIRES IT4444 

,9 ! $UCATION ( Y\?1 LET ! AU?ORITY ( \R MA/]S BE AS ABSOLUTE AS POSSIBLE4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( S*OOLS LIKE ! GOV]NM5T ( PRIVATE FAMILIES %\LD BE >BITR>Y1 ?AT IT MAY NOT BE SEV]E4 ,BY ?IS MODE ( $UCATION1 WE PREP>E \R Y\? = ! SUBORD9ATION ( LAWS & !REBY QUALIFY !M = BECOM+ GOOD CITIZ5S ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,I AM SATISFI$ ?AT ! MO/ USEFUL CITIZ5S HAVE BE5 =M$ FROM ?OSE Y\? :O HAVE NEV] KN[N OR FELT !IR [N WILLS TILL !Y W]E ONE & TW5TY YE>S ( AGE1 & ,I HAVE (T5 ?\<T ?AT SOCIETY [ES A GREAT DEAL ( ITS ORD] & HAPP9ESS TO ! DEFICI5CIES ( P>5TAL GOV]NM5T BE+ SUPPLI$ BY ?OSE HABITS ( OB$I5CE & SUBORD9ATION :I* >E CONTRACT$ AT S*OOLS4444 

,FROM ! OBS]VATIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE IT IS PLA9 ?AT ,I CONSID] IT AS POSSIBLE TO CONV]T M5 9TO REPUBLICAN MA*9ES4 ,?IS MU/ BE DONE IF WE EXPECT !M TO P]=M !IR P>TS PROP]LY 9 ! GREAT MA*9E ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! /ATE4 7IBID47 

,NOAH ,WEB/]1 KN[N AS 0! S*OOLMA/] ( ,AM]ICA10 C\LD NOT HAVE AGRE$ MORE4 0,GOOD REPUBLICANS10 ,WEB/] WROTE1 0>E =M$ BY A S+UL> MA*9]Y 9 ! BODY POLITIC1 :I* TAKES ! *ILD AS SOON AS HE CAN SPEAK1 *ECKS HIS NATURAL 9DEP5D5CE & PASSIONS1 MAKES HIM SUBORD9ATE TO SUP]IOR AGE1 TO ! LAWS ( ! /ATE1 TO T[N & P>O*IAL 9/ITUTIONS0 7,SPR+1 #b#e1 PP4 #d#h-#d#i74 ,WEB/]'S REAL SIGNIFICANCE AS A =CE 9 %AP+ ! DIRECTION ( ,AM]ICAN $UCATION & CULTURE RE/S ) HIS CREATION ( A S]IES ( BOOKS ?AT W]E ! MAJOR S*OOL TEXTS 9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,AM]ICA1 SELL+ OV] A MILLION & A HALF COPIES BY #aha & SEV5TY-FIVE MILLION COPIES BY #a#h#g#e4 ,AS ,WEB/]'S BIOGRAPH]1 ,H>RY ,W>FEL1 *>ACT]IZ$ !M1 0?IS S]IES ( UNIFI$ TEXTBOOKS EFFECTUALLY %AP$ ! DE/9Y ( ,AM]ICAN $UCATION = A C5TURY4 ,IMITATORS SPRANG UP BY ! DOZ5S1 & EA* E*O$ ! ,WEB/]IAN NATIONALISM4 ,! WORD ',AM]ICAN' BECAME 9DISP5SABLE 9 ALL TEXTBOOK TITLES2 ALL VI$ 9 PATRIOTIC ELOQU5CE0 7IBID41 P #d#h7 

,WE >E ABLE TO TRACE1 !N1 ! ROOTS ( ,KAMIYA'S 0NATIONAL CORE ( VIOL5T SELF-RI<TE\SNESS0 RI<T BACK TO ! V]Y BEG9N+S ( ,AM]ICA'S EXP]IM5T ) COMPULSORY S*OOL+4 0,\R S*OOLS10 WROTE A VET]AN S*OOLTEA*] 9 #a#i#a1 0HAVE FAIL$ BECAUSE !Y RE/ ON COMPULSION & CON/RA9T4444 ,IT IS DEEM$ POSSIBLE & IMPORTANT ?AT ALL %\LD BE 9T]E/$ 9 ! SAME ?+S1 9 ! SAME SEQU5CE1 & AT ! SAME TIME4444 ,UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES 7( #a#i#a7 TEA*]S >E M]E TOOLS1 AUTOMATONS :O P]PETUATE A MA*9E ?AT TURNS \T AUTOMATONS0 7,GOLDMAN1 #b#g74 

,UND] ! CONDITIONS ( #b#a#a1 OV] A HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]1 H[ LITTLE HAS *ANG$4 ,) ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 WE %\LD RECOGNIZE ?AT UND] ! 5DUR+ CONDITIONS ( GOV]NM5T-SPONSOR$1 COMPULSORY S*OOL+1 0! *ILD BECOMES /UNT$1 ?AT ITS M9D IS DULL$1 & ?AT ITS V]Y BE+ IS W>P$1 ?US MAK+ IT UNFIT TO TAKE ITS PLACE 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE AS AN 9DEP5D5T FACTOR4 ,9DE$1 !RE IS NO?+ SO HAT$ SO MU* 9 ! WORLD TODAY AS 9DEP5D5T FACTORS 9 :ATEV] L9E0 7IBID474 

,! ,P]MISSIBLE ,PURPOSES ( ,COMPULSORY ,S*OOL+ 

,I VIVIDLY RECALL ! DAY MY SON ,JACKSON CAME HOME FROM S*OOL :5 HE WAS JU/ 9 ! FIR/ GRADE1 COMPLA9+ ( A SORE *94 0,I GET DONE ) MY WORK BE=E EV]YBODY ELSE10 HE TOLD ME4 0,& :5 ,I ASK ! TEA*] :AT TO DO NEXT1 %E TELLS ME TO JU/ SIT !RE & PUT MY HEAD ON MY DESK40 ,EVID5TLY1 ! WEI<T ( HIS HEAD ON HIS *9 RE/+ ON HIS FOLD$ >MS ATOP HIS DESK CAUS$ ! SOR5ESS4 ,!N CAME ! QUE/ION ,I KNEW W\LD ONE DAY COME1 0,:Y DO ,I HAVE TO GO TO S*OOL1 ,DAD80 

,:AT WAS ,I TO TELL HIM1 GIV5 ALL ,I KN[ AB\T ! TRU? TO ?AT QUE/ION8 ,( C\RSE1 !RE >E ACTUALLY MULTIPLE TRU?S ?AT C\LD BE TOLD 9 RESPONSE TO ?AT QUE/ION1 & NONE ( !M1 TOLD HONE/LY1 >E V]Y GRATIFY+4 ,AT ! MO/ BASIC LEVEL1 KIDS HAVE TO GO TO S*OOL BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T SAYS !Y MU/--AN (T5 =GOTT51 OV]LOOK$1 OR REGUL>LY IGNOR$ FACT ?AT \<T TO MAKE EA* ( US N]V\S AB\T ! 5T]PRISE ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+ FROM ! />T4 ,IT C]TA9LY EXPLA9S :Y SO MANY KIDS W9D UP HAT+ S*OOL4 ,MANY1 IF NOT MO/ ( !M >5'T !RE BECAUSE !Y WANT TO BE1 BUT BECAUSE !Y HAVE TO BE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,ALLIANCE = ,EXCELL5T ,$UCATION1 SEV5 ?\S& KIDS DROP \T ( S*OOL EV]Y DAY 7,ALLIANCE = ,EXCELL5T ,$UCATION1 #b#a#a74 ,:O KN[S H[ MANY MORE TUNE \T BECAUSE !Y DON'T SEE ANY RELEVANCE 9 ! CURRICULUM8 

,( C\RSE1 ,I WASN'T GO+ TO TELL MY [N KID TO DROP \T ( FIR/ GRADE1 BUT IT'S H>D NOT TO EMPA?IZE ) KIDS :O MAKE ?AT DECISION AT SOME PO9T 9 !IR S*OOL C>E]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT'S H>D NOT TO F9D SYMPA?Y = !M1 BECAUSE WE KN[ :AT ! CONSEQU5CES >E = REFUS+ ! ADV]TIS$ B5EFIC5CE ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+4 ,OR1 AT LEA/1 WE US$ TO4 

,ONE ( ! FIR/ LESSONS 9 MO/ ,F\NDATIONS ( ,AM]ICAN ,$UCATION C\RSES LIKE ! ONE ,I TEA* 5TAILS %>+ ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON'S BELIEF ?AT ,AM]ICA %\LD BECOME A M]ITOCRATIC SOCIETY RA!R ?AN AN >I/OCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,9 AN >I/OCRACY1 ONE'S POSITION 9 A SOCIETY /RATIFI$ ALONG ECONOMIC & POLITICAL L9ES WAS DET]M9$ BY ONE'S BIR?4 ,ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] REMA9$ CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( JU/ A FEW FAMILIES & WAS PASS$ ON FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION4 ,! GR[? ( ! M>KET & ! RISE ( ! NEW M]*ANT CLASS 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES W\LD *ALL5GE ! >I/OCRATIC TRADITIONS ( ,EUROPEAN FEUDALISM4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ?AT *ALL5GE W\LD FUEL ! RHETORIC ( QUASI-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS SU* AS \RS 9 #a#g#g#f4 

,= ,JEFF]SON1 A SY/EM ( PUBLIC S*OOLS W\LD HELP 5SURE ?AT ONE'S POSITION 9 ! NEW ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY1 :I* HAD1 ( C\RSE1 REMA9$ HI<LY /RATIFI$1 BO? POLITICALLY & ECONOMICALLY1 W\LD BE BAS$ ON M]IT RA!R ?AN BIR?RI<T4 ,SO1 IF Y\ W5T TO S*OOL1 WORK$ H>D1 & DEMON/RAT$ SUFFICI5T TAL5T & ABILITY1 Y\ C\LD ASPIRE TO & A*IEVE :ATEV] POSITION 9 SOCIETY Y\ WANT$1 OR AT LEA/ A POSITION HI< 5\< TO GU>ANTEE Y\RSELF & Y\R FAMILY SOME MEASURE ( ECONOMIC SECURITY4 

,!SE IDEAS HELP$ =M ! BASIS ( :AT WE'VE COME TO KN[ AS ! ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM ,IDEOLOGY4 ,HORACE ,MANN W\LD LAT] BORR[ FROM ,JEFF]SON 9 =MULAT+ HIS >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR A CREAT+ A TAX-SUPPORT$ SY/EM ( COMPULSORY S*OOLS 9 ! /ATE ( ,MASSA*USETTS4 ,TO /R5G!N ! P]SUASIV5ESS ( HIS RHETORIC1 ,MANN 0FRAM$0 HIS PROPOSAL1 NOT AS GOV]NM5T-M&AT$ S*OOLS1 BUT AS 0,COMMON ,S*OOLS40 ,!Y W\LD BE 0COMMON0 9 ?REE IMPORTANT WAYS4 ,!Y W\LD IMP>T A 0COMMON0 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY TO WEAK5 POLITICAL /RIFE AT A TIME :5 ,AM]ICA'S WORK+ CLASSES W]E AT DEEP ODDS ) ! [N]%IP CLASSES4 ,!Y W\LD ALSO IMP>T A COMMON RELIGI\S 7,*RI/IAN7 DOCTR9E TO AMELIORATE ! ONGO+ CONFLICT AMONG ! V>I\S ,*RI/IAN SECTS AT ! TIME4 ,F9ALLY1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY = \R PURPOSES H]E1 ,MANN PRES5T$ HIS SY/EM ( S*OOLS AS BE+ 0COMMON0 9 ! S5SE ?AT *ILDR5 FROM ALL WALKS ( LIFE W\LD ATT5D ! SAME S*OOLS &1 !RE=E1 HAVE ! SAME OPPORTUNITY TO DEMON/RATE !IR TAL5TS & ABILITIES & JU/IFY !IR FUTURE POSITION 9 ,AM]ICA'S /RATIFI$ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,9 !ORY1 ?IS MEANT ?AT *ILDR5 FROM WEAL?Y FAMILIES :O 0FAIL$0 AT S*OOL W\LD 5D UP AS POOR ADULTS1 :ILE POOR *ILDR5 :O EXCELL$ AT S*OOL W\LD 5D UP AS WEAL?Y ADULTS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MANN'S PROMISE1 & 9 KEEP+ ) ,JEFF]SON M]ITOCRATIC VISION1 COMMON S*OOLS W\LD FUNCTION AS A GREAT SOCIAL EQUALIZ]4 

,?AT PROMISE HAS YET TO BE FULFILL$1 BECAUSE IT'S ALWAYS BE5 A FALSE PROMISE4 ,*ILDR5 ( ! MO/ ELITE CLASSES HAVE1 ) R>E EXCEPTION1 NEV] ATT5D$ PUBLIC S*OOLS4 ,SO1 ?OSE S*OOLS HAVE NEV] BE5 TRULY 0COMMON40 ,! /ATE ( ,MASSA*USETTS ALONE IS HOME TO =TY PRIVATE BO>D+ S*OOLS SU* AS ,GROTON1 :]E ! PRICE ( TUITION = 0BO>D]S0 IS @s#d#h1#h#i#e & @s#c#g1#b = 0DAY /UD5TS40 ,9T]E/+LY1 :5 WE RESE>* ! DATES :5 ?OSE S*OOLS W]E F\ND$1 WE F9D ?AT MO/ ( !M W]E E/ABLI%$ T[>D ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 JU/ :5 L>G] NUMB]S ( *ILDR5 FROM L[]-CLASS FAMILIES BEGAN BE+ PU%$ 9TO ! PUBLIC S*OOLS CREAT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,MANN'S VISION4 

,COMP>ABLY1 H]E 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 :]E ,JIM ,CR[ LAWS ONCE SEGREGAT$ *ILDR5 9TO BLACK S*OOLS & :ITE S*OOLS1 WE HAVE NUM]\S SO-CALL$ 0,*RI/IAN ACADEMIES40 ,:5 WE RESE>* ! DATES ( !IR F\ND+1 WE F9D !Y W]E CREAT$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS1 %ORTLY AFT] ! #aifd ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,ACT PUT TEE? 9TO ! #ai$ ,BR[N V4 ,BO>D ( ,$UCATION DECISION & U%]$ 9 A P]IOD ( GOV]NM5T M&AT$ DESEGREGATION4 

,ELITE & PRIVILEG$ GR\PS HAVE ALWAYS HAD ! F9ANCIAL & POLITICAL MEANS TO PASS !IR ADVANTAGES ON TO !IR *ILDR54 ,SO1 IT BECOMES V]Y H>D TO TAKE SOMEONE LIKE ,BILL ,GATES S]I\SLY :51 9 HIS TEA*] RECRUITM5T COMM]CIAL = ,TEA*4GOV1 HE SAYS1 0,MY SUCCESS CAME FROM H[ LUCKY ,I WAS TO HAVE SOME GREAT TEA*]S40 ,MAYBE SO1 BUT %\LDN'T HE AT LEA/ PREFACE ?AT ) AN ACKN[L$GM5T ?AT HE WAS ALSO 0LUCKY0 TO HAVE A FA!R WEAL?Y 5\< TO PAY @s#b#e1 A YE> = HIS TUITION AT ! ,LAKESIDE ,S*OOL1 :OSE C\RSE CATALOG EASILY RIVALS MO/ SMALL PRIVATE LIB]AL >TS COLLEGES8 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! HI/ORY & SOCIAL /UDY CURRICULUM AT ,LAKESIDE'S 0,UPP] ,S*OOL0 7HI< S*OOL7 9CLUDES REQUIR$ C\RSES 9 ,MOD]N ,WORLD ,HI/ORY1 #a#b-#a#h#g1 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,WORLD ,HI/ORY1 #ahg TO ! ,PRES5T1 & ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,HI/ORY ) ELECTIVES 9 

,! ,ANCI5T ,M$IT]RANEAN ,WORLD 

,! ,COLD ,W> 

,AFT] ! ,COLD ,W>1 ,! ,WORLD AT ! ,TURN ( ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY 

,9TRODUCTION TO ,PHILOSOPHY 

,9TRODUCTION TO ,WORLD ,RELIGIONS 

,! ,HOLOCAU/ & ,G5OCIDE ,/UDIES 

,LEAD]%IP = ! ,MOD]N ,]A 

,COMP>ATIVE ,GOV]NM5T & ,POLITICS 

,FRE$OM1 ,CRIME1 & ! ,LAW 

,AFRICA ,TODAY 

,GLOBAL ,VILLAGE 

,MUSIC ( ! ,AFRICAN ,DIASPORA 

,NATIVES & ,/RANG]S3 ,AM]ICAN ,IMMIGRATION 

,MICROECONOMICS 

,DEVELOP+ ,ECONOMIES 

,ISSUES 9 ! ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ,NOR? ,AFRICA 

,RACE ,MATT]S3 ,A 7,FAIRLY7 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,9TELLECTUAL ,HI/ORY ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICA1 & 

,G5D] ,/UDIES 

,H[ MANY ( US :O ATT5D$ PUBLIC S*OOLS HAD ?OSE OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE TO US8 ,P]HAPS MORE PEOPLE W\LD DEM& SU* A CURRICULUM1 BUT FEW ( US HAVE ANY AW>5ESS ( ! EXI/5CE ( PLACES LIKE ,LAKESIDE OR ,GROTON1 LET ALONE ANY KN[L$GE ( !IR CURRICULA4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IF ONLY BECAUSE EMPLOY]S1 PRIM>ILY S9CE ! #a#i#eS1 BEGAN REQUIR+ $UCATIONAL CR$5TIALS FROM !IR JOB C&IDATES1 ! M]ITOCRATIC >GUM5T = S*OOL+ DID DEVELOP SOME MEASURE ( LEGITIMACY OV] ! YE>S4 ,LOOK+ AT ,TABLE #a BEL[1 WE F9D A V]Y SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CE 7#a#h4#f P]C5T7 BETWE5 ! UNEMPLOYM5T RATES 9 #bh = COLLEGE GRADUATES & HI< S*OOL GRADUATES1 & A NE>LY ID5TICAL 7#a#g4#i P]C5T7 DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ?OSE :O E>N A HI< S*OOL DIPLOMA & ?OSE :O DO NOT4 

 ,LEVEL ( ,$UCATIONAL ,ATTA9M5T  
    
    
 ,UNEMPLOYM5T ,RATE ,AMONG #a#f-#b#d-,YE>-,OLD ,\T-(-,S*OOL ,Y\? 9 #bh  
    
   
 ,COLLEGE ,GRADUATES  
    
    
 #a#c4#c.0  
    
   
 #a-#c ,YE>S ( ,COLLEGE  
    
    
 #b#a4#b.0  
    
   
 ,H4,S4 ,GRADUATE  
    
    
 #c#a4#i.0  
    
   
 ,H4,S4 ,DROP\TS  
    
    
 #e#d4.0  
    
   

,S9CE ! #a#i#eS1 !N1 MO/ ,AM]ICANS LE>N$ TO TAKE ! RULES ( ! GAME = GRANT$4 ,IF Y\ WORK H>D 9 S*OOL & GRADUATE1 Y\'LL BE ABLE TO F9D A JOB & E/ABLI% SOME ECONOMIC SECURITY = Y\RSELF4 ,BUT ?AT MY? IS QUICKLY COM+ UNRAVEL$4 ,9 ! WORDS ( A ,NEW ,J]SEY MAN :O LO/ HIS JOB 9 #b#a1 0,I DID EV]Y?+ RI<T1 ,I PLAY$ BY ! RULES1 ,I GOT SKILLS1 ,I EXCELL$ 9 MY JOB1 ALL TO NO AVAIL 444 ,I DON'T KN[ :AT ,I'M GO+ TO DO10 HE CONT9U$4 0,ALL ! YE>S ( BO? P>TIES TALK+ AB\T FREE TRADE AGREEM5TS & H[ WE WILL RETRA9 ,AM]ICA WAS JU/ A BUN* ( ,B,S2 IT WAS EASY TO SAY ALL ?AT :5 TIMES W]E GOOD0 7,DELANEY1 #b#a#a74 ,AS ,>?UR ,DELANEY HAS SO ACCURATELY PO9T$ \T1 ,B>ACK ,OBAMA MADE !SE *ANGES TO :AT WE US$ TO TAKE = GRANT$ AS ! 0RULES ( ! GAME0 (FICIAL1 OR AT LEA/ PUBLICALLY ACKN[L$GEABLE1 9 HIS #baa ,/ATE ( ! ,UNION ADDRESS3 

,MANY PEOPLE WAT*+ TONI<T CAN PROBABLY REMEMB] A TIME :5 F9D+ A GOOD JOB MEANT %[+ UP AT A NE>BY FACTORY OR A BUS9ESS D[NT[N4 ,Y\ DIDN'T ALWAYS NE$ A DEGREE1 & Y\R COMPETITION WAS PRETTY MU* LIMIT$ TO Y\R NEI<BORS4 ,IF Y\ WORK$ H>D1 *ANCES >E Y\'D HAVE A JOB = LIFE1 ) A DEC5T PAY*ECK & GOOD B5EFITS & ! OCCASIONAL PROMOTION4 ,MAYBE Y\'D EV5 HAVE ! PRIDE ( SEE+ Y\R KIDS WORK AT ! SAME COMPANY4 

,?AT WORLD HAS *ANG$4 ,& = MANY1 ! *ANGE HAS BE5 PA9FUL4 ,I'VE SE5 IT 9 ! %UTT]$ W9D[S ( ONCE BOOM+ FACTORIES1 & ! VACANT /OREFRONTS ON ONCE BUSY ,MA9 ,/REETS4 ,I'VE HE>D IT 9 ! FRU/RATIONS ( ,AM]ICANS :O'VE SE5 !IR PAY*ECKS DW9DLE OR !IR JOBS DISAPPE>--PR\D M5 & WOM5 :O FEEL LIKE ! RULES HAVE BE5 *ANG$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! GAME4 

,!Y'RE RI<T4 ,! RULES HAVE *ANG$4 ,9 A S+LE G5]ATION1 REVOLUTIONS 9 TE*NOLOGY HAVE TRANS=M$ ! WAY WE LIVE1 WORK & DO BUS9ESS4 ,/EEL MILLS ?AT ONCE NE$$ #a1 WORK]S CAN N[ DO ! SAME WORK ) #a4 ,TODAY1 JU/ AB\T ANY COMPANY CAN SET UP %OP1 HIRE WORK]S1 & SELL !IR PRODUCTS :]EV] !RE'S AN ,9T]NET CONNECTION4 

,LE/ WE BE DUP$ 9TO R5EW+ ANY FAI? 9 ! 0*ANGE0 WE W]E TOLD WE C\LD 0BELIEVE 910 ,OBAMA HAS PL$G$ TO ! ,U4,S4 ,*AMB] ( ,COMM]CE ?AT HE W\LD PURSUE EV5 MORE FREE TRADE AGREEM5TS--?IS TIME ) ,PANAMA1 ,COLOMBIA1 & ,S\? ,KOREA4 ,) ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,FREE ,TRADE ,AGREEM5T 7,N,A,F,T,A7 HAV+ ELIM9AT$ NE>LY EI<T HUNDR$ ?\S& ,U4,S4 JOBS S9CE #a#i#i#a1 IT \<T TO /RIKE US AS HI<LY UNLIKELY ?AT !SE P5D+ NEW AGREEM5TS WILL DO ANY?+ BUT DIM ! ECONOMIC PROSPECTS ( ,AM]ICA'S Y\?1 MAK+ IT EV5 H>D] = P>5TS TO PO9T TO A FUTURE ECONOMIC PAY(F TO MOTIVATE !IR *ILDR5 TO /AY 9 S*OOL4 

,ACCORD+ TO AN ,APRIL #baa REPORT FROM ! ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY ,9/ITUTE1 0! UNEMPLOYM5T RATE = WORK]S AG$ SIXTE5 TO TW5TY-F\R WAS #a#h4#d.0--! WOR/ ON RECORD 9 ! SIXTY YE>S ?AT ?IS DATA HAS BE5 TRACK$0 7,%I]HOLZ @& ,$W>DS1 #b#a#a74 ,EV5 UND] ! BE/ ( ECONOMIC TIMES1 ,I C\LDN'T HONE/LY TELL EI!R ( MY SONS ?AT DO+ WELL 9 S*OOL & GO+ ON TO E>N A F\R-YE> DEGREE W\LD GU>ANTEE ?AT !Y'D BE ABLE TO F9D A JOB 9 !IR *OS5 FIELDS4 ,9 TODAY'S ECONOMY1 H[EV]1 A F\R-YE> DEGREE IS EV5 LESS C]TA9 TO SECURE EMPLOYM5T1 AS ! UNEMPLOYM5T RATE = COLLEGE GRADS 9 #ba REA*$ NE>LY #a P]C5T4 ,) #he P]C5T ( COLLEGE GRADUATES REPORT+ ?AT !Y >E MOV+ BACK HOME ) MOM & DAD1 WE CAN EXPECT ?AT NUMB] = #baa TO CLIMB EV5 HI<]4 

,AT LEA/ ,I CAN TELL !M ?AT A COLLEGE DEGREE /ILL IMPROVES !IR *ANCES1 BECAUSE ! UNEMPLOYM5T RATE AMONG ?OSE ) ONLY A HI< S*OOL DIPLOMA OR ,G,$ N[ /&S AT #b#b4#e P]C5T4 ,= DROP\TS1 ( C\RSE1 ! UNEMPLOYM5T RATES >E EV5 WORSE AT #c#b4#i P]C5T4 ,= ?OSE CLOS] TO HIS AGE 7?OSE BETWE5 ! AGES ( SIXTE5 & TW5TY-F\R71 ! FIGURES & >E F> WORSE4 ,ACCORD+ TO A /UDY CONDUCT$ BY ! ,C5T] = ,LABOR ,M>KET ,/UDIES AT ,NOR!A/]N ,UNIV]SITY 7#b#i71 ! JOBLESS RATE 9 #bh = ?OSE ) A F\R-YE> DEGREE OR HI<] WAS #a#c4#c P]C5T1 :ILE IT WAS #b#a4#b P]C5T = ?OSE ) ONE TO ?REE YE>S ( PO/SECOND>Y $UCATION1 #c#a4#i P]C5T = HI< S*OOL GRADUATES1 & #$ P]C5T = Y\NG HI< S*OOL DROP\TS4 ,AS REFLECT$ 9 ! TABLE BEL[1 ! FEW] NUMB] ( YE>S ( S*OOL+ ?AT ONE COMPLETES /RONGLY CORRELATES TO BO? Y\R RISK ( UNEMPLOYM5T AS WELL AS Y\R RISK ( 9C>C]ATION4 

  
    
    
 ,UNEMPLOYM5T ,RATE ,AMONG #a#f-#b#d-,YE>-,OLD ,\T-(-,S*OOL ,Y\? 9 #bh  
    
    
 ,9C>C]ATION ,RATE ,AMONG #a#f-#b#d-,YE>-,OLD ,\T-(-,S*OOL ,Y\? #b#f-#b#g  
    
   
 ,COLLEGE ,GRADUATES  
    
    
 #a#c4#c.0  
    
    
 4#a.0  
    
   
 #a-#c ,YE>S ( ,COLLEGE  
    
    
 #b#a4#b.0  
    
    
 4#g.0  
    
   
 ,H4,S4 ,GRADUATE  
    
    
 #c#a4#i.0  
    
    
 #a4.0  
    
   
 ,H4,S4 ,DROP\TS  
    
    
 #e#d.0  
    
    
 #f4#c.0  
    
   

,AT ITS CORE1 ! PROBLEM IS ?IS3 ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+ P]PETUATES ! MY? ?AT PEOPLE'S SUCCESS OR FAILURE H+ES ON !IR P]=MANCE 9 S*OOL4 ,9 TURN1 ?IS ALL[S ! /ATE TO BLAME S*OOLS = ! L>G] PROBLEMS 9 ! ECONOMY ?AT RESULT 9 %R9K+ OPPORTUNITIES = PEOPLE TO F9D WORK4 ,& ?IS MULTITI]$ GAME ( VICTIM BLAM+ DRIVES ! 5DLESS CALLS = S*OOL RE=M4 ,! TRU? IS ?AT S*OOLS WILL NEV] BE RE=M$ AS LONG AS !Y >E MADE COMPULSORY BY ! /ATE4 ,AS DOCUM5T$ BY ! ,ADVANCEM5T ,PROJECT 7#b#a71 9 ! ! ?IRTY YE>S S9CE ! /ATE LAUN*$ ITS MASSIVE ,A ,NATION ,AT ,RISK REPORT & PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN ?AT BLAM$ S*OOLS = ! ALLEG$ 9ABILITY ( ,U4,S4-BAS$ CORPORATIONS TO COMPETE 9 ! GLOBAL ECONOMY1 ! ONLY MEAN+FUL *ANGES WE'VE WITNESS$ 9 S*OOLS HAVE BE5 ! IMPLEM5TATION ( HI<-/AKES TE/+_/ACC\NTABILITY & Z]O-TOL]ANCE POLICIES4 ,NEI!R ( ?OSE POLICIES HAVE *ANG$ ! NATURE ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+1 BUT HAVE ONLY S]V$ TO 9T5SIFY ITS EFFECTS2 NAMELY1 DISCIPL9+ DOCILE BODIES TO ACCEPT BOR+ & MONOTON\S WORK AS AN 9EVITABLE P>T ( LIFE :ILE SUBJECT+ ?OSE :O REFUSE TO RECOGNIZE ! B5EFIC5CE ( ?IS !RAPY TO REM$IAL DISCIPL9E 9 PRISON4 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* HAS LESS ?AN #e P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION1 HAS #be P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S PRISON]S 7,LIPTAK1 #b#h74 ,FIGURES RANGE FROM BETWE5 #a4#f MILLION & #b4#c MILLION ,AM]ICANS LIV+ BEH9D B>S4 ,AS ! M>KET ECONOMY CONT9UES ITS COLLAPSE1 WE %\LD EXPECT TO SEE !SE NUMB]S ESCALATE1 AS GLOBALIZATION & DOME/IC NEOLIB]AL POLICIES CONT9UE TO CREATE A L>G] SURPLUS POPULATION ( PEOPLE :OM ! M>KET CANNOT ABSORB4 ,/ATE POLICY MAK]S C]TA9LY DO4 ,AS ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION = ! ,ADVANCEM5T ( ,COLOR$ ,PEOPLE 7#b#a#a7 PO9TS \T 9 A REPORT TITL$ ,MISPLAC$ ,PRIORITIES3 ,OV] ,9C>C]ATE1 ,UND] ,$UCATE3 

,OV] ! LA/ TWO DECADES1 AS ! CRIM9AL JU/ICE SY/EM CAME TO ASSUME A L>G] PROPORTION ( /ATE DISCRETION>Y DOLL>S NATIONWIDE1 /ATE SP5D+ ON PRISONS GREW AT SIX TIMES ! RATE ( /ATE SP5D+ ON HI<] $UCATION4 ,9 #b#i1 AS ! NATION PLUMMET$ 9TO ! DEEPE/ RECESSION 9 #c YE>S1 FUND+ = ,K-#a#b & HI<] $UCATION DECL9$2 H[EV]1 9 ?AT SAME YE>1 #cc /ATES SP5T A L>G] PROPORTION ( !IR DISCRETION>Y DOLL>S ON PRISONS ?AN !Y HAD ! YE> BE=E4 

,CORPORATIONS & ,WALL ,/REET 9VE/M5T FIRMS ALSO RECOGNIZE & SEEK TO CAPITALIZE ON ?IS SAME TR5D4 ,! PRISON 9DU/RY COMPLEX IS ONE ( ! FA/E/-GR[+ 9DU/RIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,EV5 ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T & ITS DEF5SE CONTRACTORS EXPLOIT ! SITUATION4 

,! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+ LEAVES US LITTLE ROOM = HOPE ?AT \R S*OOLS WILL EV] BE DIFF]5T4 ,WE >E NAIVE TO ?9K ?AT JU/ BECAUSE WE >E SOCIALIZ$ TO CALL !M 0PUBLIC S*OOLS0 ?AT ?OSE S*OOLS >E MEANT TO S]VE ! PUBLIC4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 PUBLIC S*OOLS EXI/ TO T>GET ! PUBLIC4 ,9 KEEP+ ) ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE1 WE NE$ TO RECOGNIZE COMPULSORY S*OOL+ AS A TE*NOLOGY ( P[]1 AN 9/RUM5T ( /ATECRAFT1 & ! FIR/ L9E ( DOME/IC DEF5SE = ! SECURITY /ATE4 ,LIKE ! /ATE ITSELF1 COMPULSORY S*OOL+ S]VES ! ELITE 9T]E/S ( \R CAPITALI/ OLIG>*Y OV] ! PUBLIC 9T]E/S ( ! MAJORITY ( CITIZ5S4 ,UNTIL /ATE P[] IS WRE/$ FROM ?AT OLIG>*Y1 WE CAN'T REASONABLY EXPECT S*OOLS TO FUNCTION ANY DIFF]5TLY4 ,9DE$1 CURR5T TR5DS LEAD US TO GREAT] PESSIMISM1 NOT OPTIMISM1 OV] ! FATE ( S*OOLS1 AS ! NEOLIB]AL ASSAULTS ON S*OOLS & TEA*]S' UNIONS SEEK TO REMOVE ! CONTROL ( S*OOLS FROM ! CONTE/$ GR\ND ( ! /ATE & PLACE !M UND] ! DIRECT CONTROL ( PRIVATE CORPORATIONS4 ,SOON] OR LAT]1 PEOPLE WILL HAVE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT COMPULSORY S*OOLS >E P>T ( ! PROBLEM4 ,ELIM9AT+ !M IS P>T ( ! SOLUTION4 

,REF]5CES 

,ADVANCEM5T ,PROJECT 7#b#a74 ,TE/1 PUNI%1 & PU% \T3 ,H[ 0Z]O TOL]ANCE0 & HI<-/AKES TE/+ FUNNEL Y\? 9TO ! S*OOL-TO-PRISON PIPEL9E4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4ADVANCEM5TPROJECT4ORG_/DIGITAL-LIBR>Y_/PUBLICATIONS_/TE/-PUNI%-&-PU%-\T-H[-Z]O-TOL]ANCE-&-HI<-/AKES-TE/+-FU 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #i1 #b#a#a74 

,ALLIANCE = ,EXCELL5T ,$UCATION 7#b#a#a1 ,JUNE #i74 ,AB\T ! CRISIS4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4ALL#d$4ORG_/AB\T.-!.-CRISIS4 

,C5T] = ,LABOR ,M>KET ,/UDIES1 ,NOR!A/]N ,UNIV]SITY 7#b#i74 ,JOBLESSNESS & JAIL+ = HI< S*OOL DROP\TS & ! HI< CO/ = TAXPAY]S4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4NOR!A/]N4$U_/CLMS_/WP-CONT5T_/UPLOADS_/ ,!.-,CONSEQU5CES.-(.-,DROPP+.-,\T.-(.-,HI<.-,S*OOL4PDF 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #i1 #b#a#a74 

,*OMSKY1 ,N4 7#b#c74 ,! FUNCTION ( S*OOLS3 ,SUBTL] & CRUD] ME?ODS ( CONTROL4 ,9 ,K4,J4 ,SALTMAN @& ,D4,A4 ,GABB>D 7,$S471 ,$UCATION AS 5=CEM5T3 ,! MILIT>IZATION & CORPORATIZATION ( S*OOLS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,*OMSKY1 ,N4 @& ,MAC$O1 ,D4 7#b74 ,BEYOND A DOME/ICAT+ $UCATION3 ,A DIALOGUE4 ,9 ,D4 ,MAC$O 7,$471 ,*OMSKY ON MIS$UCATION4 ,LANHAM1 ,M,D3 ,R[MAN @& ,LITTTLEFIELD4 

,DELANEY1 ,A4 7#b#a#a1 ,MAY #b#c74 0,I PLAY$ BY ! RULES0--0,! RULES HAVE *ANG$10 ,HUFF+TON,PO/4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4HUFF+TONPO/4COM_/#b#a#a_/#e_/#b#c_/LONG-T]M-UNEMPLOYM5T.-N.-#h#f#d#h#g#c4HTML 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #i1 #b#a#a74 

,EGELKO1 ,B4 7#b#g1 ,MAY #a#d74 0,HONK = PEACE0 CASE TE/S LIMITS ON FREE SPEE*4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,*RONICLE4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4SFGATE4COM_/CGI-B9_/>TICLE4CGI8FILE"7_/C_/A_/#b#g_/#e_/#a#d_/,M,N,G#i,P,P,Q,G,V,V#a4,D,T,L 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #a#g1 #b#g74 

,EMPTY:EEL 7#b#a#a1 ,M>* #h74 ,!Y WON'T EV5 CREATE JOBS 9 ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX ANYMORE4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/EMPTY:EEL4FIR$OGLAKE4COM_/#b#a#a_/#c_/#h_/!Y-WONT-EV5-CREATE-JOBS-9-!-MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL-COMPLEX-ANYMORE_/7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #i1 #b#a#a74 

,F\CAULT1 ,M4 7#a#i#h#h74 ,MADNESS & CIVILIZATION3 ,A HI/ORY ( 9SANITY 9 ! AGE ( REASON4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE4 

,F\CAULT1 ,M4 7#a#i#i#e74 ,DISCIPL9E & PUNI%3 ,! BIR? ( ! PRISON4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE4 

,GLOBAL ,RESE>* 7#b#f1 ,OCTOB] #b71 ,JUDGE RULES TEA*]S HAVE NO FREE SPEE* RI<TS 9 CLASS4 ,C5T] = ,RESE>* ON ,GLOBALIZATION4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM WWW4GLOBALRESE>*4CA E,ID"7#c#e#e#a.>.<HTTP3_/_/WWW4GLOBALRESE>*4CA_/9DEX4PHP8CONTEXT"7VIEW,>TICLE@&CODE"7#b#f#a#b@&>TICLE E,ID"7#c#e#e#a.>.>7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #a#g1 #b#g74 

,GODW91 ,W4 7#a#g#i#f74 ,AN 9QUIRY CONC]N+ POLITICALJU/ICE4 ,*>LOTTESVILLE1 ,V,A3 ,ELECTRONIC ,TEXT ,C5T]1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/ETEXT4VIRG9IA4$U_/TOC_/MOD5G_/PUBLIC_/,GOD,JU/4HTML 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #a#g1 #b#g74 

,GOLDMAN1 ,E4 7#b#g1 ,JUNE #a#g74 ,! SOCIAL IMPORTANCE ( ! MOD]N S*OOL4 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN ,PAP]S1 ,MANUSCRIPTS & ,>*IVES ,DIVISION1 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,PUBLIC ,LIBR>Y1 ,A/OR1 ,L5OX & ,TILD5 ,F\NDATIONS4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/DW>DMAC4PITZ]4$U_/ AN>*I/.->*IVES_/GOLDMAN_/SOCIMPORTMS4HTML4 

,KAMIYA1 ,G4 7#b#g1 ,MAY #b#b74 ,:Y ,BU% HASN'T BE5 IMPEA*$4 ,SALON4COM4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4SALON4COM_/OP9ION_/KAMIYA_/#b#g_/#e_/#b#b_/IMPEA*M5T_/7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #a#g1 #b#g74 

,LIPTAK1 ,A4 7#b#h1 ,APRIL #b#c74 ,U4,S4 PRISON POPULATION DW>FS ?AT ( O!R NATIONS4 ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4NYTIMES4COM_/ #b#h_/#d_/#b#c_/WORLD_/AM]ICAS_/#b#cIHT-#b#cPRISON4#a#b#b#e#c#g#c#h4HTML 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #i1 #b#a#a74 

,NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION = ! ,ADVANCEM5T ( ,COLOR$ ,PEOPLE 7#b#a#a1 ,APRIL #g74 ,MISPLAC$ PRIORITIES3 ,OV] 9C>C]ATE1 UND] $UCATE4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4NAACP4ORG_/PAGES_/MISPLAC$-PRIORITIES 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #i1 #b#a#a74 

,PR\DHON1 ,P4-,J4 7#b#c74 ,:AT IS PROP]TY2 OR1 ,AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! PR9CIPLE ( RI<T & ( GOV]NM5T4 ,O%AWA1 ,ONT>IO3 ,MONDO ,POLITICO4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4MONDOPOLITICO4COM_/ LIBR>Y_/PJPR\DHON_/:ATISPROP]TY_/TOC4HTM 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #a#g1 #b#g74 

,ROHRLI*1 ,J4 7#b#a#a74 ,:Y >E PRISON]S BUILD+ PATRIOT MISSILES8 ,M9YANVILLE4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4M9YANVILLE4COM_/BUS9ESSM>KETS_/>TICLES_/DEF5SE-9DU/RIAL-BASE-DEF5SE-BUDGET-DEF5SE_/#c_/#g_/#b#a#a_/ID_/#c#c#a#i#h8 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #i1 #b#a#a74 

,RU%1 ,B4 7#a#g#h#f7 ,?\<TS UPON ! MODE ( $UCATION PROP] 9 A REPUBLIC4 ,9 ,A PLAN = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( PUBLIC S*OOLS & ! DIFFUSION ( KN[L$GE 9 P5NSYLVANIA2 TO :I* >E ADD$1 ?\<TS UPON ! MODE ( $UCATION PROP] 9 A REPUBLIC4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4S*OOL*OICES4ORG_/ROO_/RU%4HTM 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #a#g1 #b#g74 

,%I]HOLZ ,H4 @& ,$W>DS1 ,K4,A4 7#b#a#a1 ,APRIL #a#a74 ,! CLASS ( #b#a#a3 ,Y\NG WORK]S FACE A DIRE LABOR M>KET )\T A SAFETY NET4 ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY ,9/ITUTE ,BRIEF+ ,PAP] _?#c#f4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4EPI4ORG_/LATE/.-RESE>*_/ 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #i1 #b#a#a74 

,SPR+1 ,J4 7#a#i#h#c74 ,! PUBLIC S*OOL MOVEM5T VS4 ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITION4 ,! ,J\RNAL ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,/UDIES1 #g7#a74 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4MISES4ORG_/J\RNALS_/JLS_/#g.-#a_/#g.-#a.-#c4PDF 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #a#g1 #b#g74 

,SPR+1 ,J4 7#a#i#i#d74 ,:EELS 9 ! HEAD3 ,$UCATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES ( AU?ORITY1 FRE$OM1 & CULTURE FROM ,SOCRATES TO ,PAULO ,FREIRE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MC,GRAW ,HILL4 

,SPR+1 ,J4 7#b#e74 ,! ,AM]ICAN S*OOL1 #a#f#d#b-#b#d4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MC,GRAW ,HILL4 

,WE/1 ,C4 7#b#d74 ,DEMOCRACY MATT]S3 ,W9N+ ! FI<T AGA9/ IMP]IALISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,P5GU94 

,*,A,P,T,] #c4 ,$UCATE1 ,ORGANIZE1 ,EMANCIPATE3 ,! ,WORK ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE & ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD.<#a.> 

,SAKU ,P9TA 

,9TRODUCTION 

,$UCATION HAS ALWAYS BE5 C5TRAL TO ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W7 UNION'S VISION ( WORK+-CLASS LIB]ATION4 ,9 AN ,APRIL #aibg >TICLE PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,F9NI%-LANGUAGE ,I,W,W P]IODICAL ,TIE ,VAPAUTE5 7,ROAD TO ,FRE$OM7 ! AU?OR1 ,WILLIAM ,RANTA1 NOT$ ?AT 0,! FIR/ /> 9 ! ,I4,W4,W4 EMBLEM MEANS WORK+-CLASS '$UCATION1' ! SECOND 'ORGANIZATION1' & ! ?IRD 'EMANCIPATION1'0 CONT9U+1 0,AN 5LI<T5$ GR\P ORGANIZES ITSELF & AN ORGANIZ$ GR\P LIB]ATES ITSELF40 70,VALI/U/YOHON10 P4 #g7.<#b.> 

,F\ND$ 9 ,*ICAGO 9 #a#i#e1 ! 0,WOBBLIES10 AS MEMB]S ( ! ,I,W,W W]E KN[N1 FA%ION$ A CONCEPTION ( 0REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM0 BO? AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! DOM9ANT UNION =MATIONS ORGANIZ$ >\ND TRADES OR CRAFTS & AS AN ORGANIZATIONAL =M ?AT W\LD PREFIGURE ! DESIR$ SELF-MANAG$ ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS ( A PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,TRADE OR CRAFT =MS ( UNION ORGANIZATION W]E REG>D$ BY ! ,I,W,W NOT ONLY AS BE+ EXCLUSION>Y1 DIVISIVE1 & CONS]VATIVE1 BUT ALSO AS ORGANIZATIONAL =MS R5D]$ 9EFFECTIVE & \TDAT$ 9 *ALL5G+ ! P[] ( EMPLOY]S DUE1 9 P>T1 TO TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES 9 ! LABOR PROCESS & ! RESULTANT 0DESKILL+0 ( ! WORK=CE4 ,WORK]S 9 ! SAME 9DU/RY1 !Y ASS]T$1 \<T TO BELONG TO ! SAME UNION REG>DLESS ( E?NICITY1 G5D]1 OR !IR P>TICUL> ROLES 9 PRODUCTION4 ,BY ORGANIZ+ 9DU/RIALLY1 WORK]S C\LD 9CREASE !IR COLLECTIVE P[] & LEV]AGE 9 DAY-TO-DAY /RUGGLES ) ! 9CREAS+LY CONC5TRAT$ P[] ( EMPLOY]S OV] WAGES1 H\RS1 & WORK+ CONDITIONS1 :ILE BUILD+ ! CAPACITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO ABOLI% CAPITALISM4 ,DIRECT ECONOMIC ACTION1 AS OPPOS$ TO A RELIANCE ON 0(FICIAL0 BUREAUCRATIC *ANNELS TO SETTLE GRIEVANCES1 WAS ! PREF]R$ TACTIC 7,KORNBLUH1 #b#a#a1 PP4 #c#e-#f#d74 

,:ILE DIRECT ACTION C\LD S]VE TO RADICALIZE WORK]S1 =GE SOLID>ITIES ON ! %OP FLOOR1 & 9CREASE ! CONFID5CE & CAPACITY = COLLECTIVE /RUGGLE--SIMULTANE\SLY1 ?R\< !SE ACTIONS1 LAY+ ! LIB]T>IAN & DEMOCRATIC F\NDATIONS = A NEW SOCIETY /RUCTUR$ FROM BEL[--! IMPORTANCE ( !ORY & ( SPREAD+ ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS WAS R\T9ELY EMPHASIZ$ )9 ! UNION AS A CRUCIAL1 COMPLEM5T>Y ELEM5T4 ,?IS WAS POSITION$ ALONGSIDE A CRITIQUE ( TRADITIONAL $UCATION AS PROMOT+ B\RGEOIS VALUES SU* AS PATRIOTISM & UNI=MITY 9 A SY/EM :I*1 AS ONE ,WOBBLY >GU$1 S\<T TO 0ADAPT ONE TO ! SOCIAL ORD] & TEA* RESPECT = ! CLASS DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO MA/]S & WAGE SLAVES0 7QUOT$ 9 ,KORNBLUH1 #b#a#a1 P4 #c#f#f74 ,WORK]S' $UCATION1 !N1 %\LD AUGM5T ! CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS G5]AT$ BY DIRECT CLASS CONFLICT EXP]I5C$ AT WORK1 BUT IT C\LD NOT IMITATE ! ME?ODS ( ! TRADITIONAL $UCATION SY/EM AS ?IS W\LD SIMPLY RECREATE ! UNDESIRABLE HI]>*IES ASSOCIAT$ ) CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 /RICT DIVISIONS BETWE5 LEAD]S & L$ W]E ES*EW$1 AS W]E ROTE OR AU?ORIT>IAN ME?ODS ( 9/RUCTION ?AT DISC\RAG$ CRITICAL1 9DEP5D5T ?9K+4 

,ONE FAIRLY WELL-KN[N DIM5SION ( ?IS COMMITM5T TO RADICAL WORK+-CLASS $UCATION WAS DESCRIB$ 9 ,SAL]NO'S #aihi ,R$ ,NOVEMB]1 ,BLACK ,NOVEMB]1 A WORK FOCUS$ ON ! CULTURE ( ! ,I,W,W4 ,SAL]NO >GU$ ?AT 0CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS SU* AS SONGS1 C>TOONS1 & POETRY BECAME A CRITICAL =M & MEANS ( COMMUNICATION BETWE5 ! ,I4,W4,W4 & ITS MEMB]S0 7P4 #a#d#i74 ,9 PR9T S9CE #aii & N[ 9 ITS ?IRTY-EI<? $ITION1 ! FAM\S ,I,W,W ,LITTLE ,R$ ,SONGBOOK--FEATUR+ 0SONGS TO FAN ! FLAMES ( DISCONT5T0--IS BUT ONE WELL-KN[N EXAMPLE ( ! UNION'S CULTURAL APPROA* TO DISSEM9AT+ REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! TRANSMISSION ( IDEAS ?R\< CULTURAL MEANS1 ! ,I,W,W PRESS & 5ORM\S PAMPHLET LIT]ATURE PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 WORK+-CLASS SELF-$UCATION1 AS DID TWO COLLECTIVE SPACES--! UNION HALL & ! 0HOBO JUNGLE40 ,!SE S]V$ AS SPACES = LE>N+1 CRITICAL REFLECTION1 & DEBATE1 P>TICUL>LY ?R\< ! FIR/ ?REE DECADES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,ROSEMONT 7#b#c7 WRITES ?AT ! UNION HALL FUNCTION$ AS A RADICAL CULTURAL C5T]1 0MEET+ PLACE1 READ+ ROOM1 & HANG\T 444 ! UNION'S ALT]NATIVE TO SU* CONS]VATIVE 9/ITUTIONS AS *UR*1 TAV]N1 GAMBL+ P>LOR1 RACE-TRACK1 & M5'S CLUB0 7P4 #c#c74 ,! HOBO JUNGLES 0S]V$ A SIMIL> FUNCTION0 AS ! UNION HALL1 NAMELY1 AS SUBV]SIVE SPACES 09 :I* ! MO/ D[N-&-\T WAGE-SLAVES C\LD EXPRESS !MSELVES OP5LY0 7IBID41 P4 #c#c74 

,! MO/ SIGNIFICANT & SU/A9$ A*IEVEM5T BY ! ,I,W,W 9 ! >EA ( WORK]S' $UCATION WAS ! ,TYOVA5 ,OPI/O 7,WORK ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE2 H]EAFT] ,W,P,C71 AN IMMIGRANT 9/ITUTION V]Y CLOSELY TI$ TO ,F9NI% WORK+-CLASS COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,UPP] ,MIDWE/4 ,! ,W,P,C1 H[EV]1 DID NOT BEG9 AS AN ,I,W,W S*OOL4 ,F\ND$ AS ! ,SUOMALA95 ,KANSAN ,OPI/O JA ,TEOLOG95 ,SEM9A>I 7,F9NI% ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE & ,!OLOGICAL ,SEM9>Y7 9 ,M9NEAPOLIS 9 #a#i#c1 ! AIMS ( ! COLLEGE W]E TO PROVIDE RELIGI\S 9/RUCTION1 PROMOTE ,F9NI% LANGUAGE & CULTURE1 & ADDRESS ! GR[+ NE$ = A =MAL LIB]AL $UCATION AMONG NEW IMMIGRANTS4 ,A LACK ( 5ROLLM5T PROMPT$ A MOVE ! FOLL[+ YE>1 9 #a#i#d1 TO ,SMI?VILLE1 A SUBURB ( ,DULU?1 ,M9NESOTA1 :]E IT WAS HOP$ ?AT ! S*OOL C\LD DRAW ON ! SUPPORT ( ! SUB/ANTIALLY L>G] ,F9NI% COMMUNITIES 9 ?AT REGION4 ,BY #a#i#g1 ! YE> ?AT ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S L$ A MASS /RIKE 9 ! M9ES ( ,NOR!RN ,M9NESOTA'S ,MESABI ,RANGE1 T5SIONS SURR\ND+ ! COLLEGE'S RELIGI\S CURRICULUM HAD CAUS$ A RIFT BETWE5 ! RADICALIZ$ ,F9NI% WORK+ CLASS & MANY ( ! 9/ITUTION'S (FICIALS4 ,!SE DIVISIONS W\LD ULTIMATELY CULM9ATE 9 ! ,SUOMALA95 ,SOSIALI/I ,J>JE/O 7,F9NI% ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ATION2 ,F,S,F7.<#c.> LEGALLY GA9+ [N]%IP ( ! COLLEGE ?R\< ! PUR*ASE ( /OCK1 *ANG+ ! NAME ( ! S*OOL FROM ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE TO ! ,W,P,C 9 #a#i#h4 ,ALL RELIGI\S 9/RUCTION WAS N[ JETTISON$ 9 FAVOR ( C\RSES ON TOPICS SU* AS ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM1 ,D>W9IAN EVOLUTION1 & ,M>XI/ ECONOMICS4 ,IDEOLOGICAL H>MONY AT ! ,W,P,C1 H[EV]1 W\LD NOT PREVAIL4 ,9 #a#i#a#d1 ! ,F,S,F UND]W5T A MAJOR SPLIT :I* PITT$ A RADICAL ,LEFT FACTION1 SUPPORT+ ! ,I,W,W & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM1 AGA9/ A MORE MOD]ATE1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FACTION BACK+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,A,F,L7 & EMBRAC+ A GRADUAL1 P>LIAM5T>Y VISION T[>D A*IEV+ SOCIALISM4.<#d.> ,MANY ( ! MIDWE/]N LOCALS ( ! ,F,S,F1 9CLUD+ ?OSE GR\P$ >\ND ! ,W,P,C1 HAD SID$ ) ! RADICALS4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,W,P,C HAD BE5 A MAJOR C5T] ( ,I,W,W SUPPORT 9 ! YE>S LEAD+ UP TO ! SPLIT1 & = ?IS REASON HAD LONG BE5 CONSID]$ A NUISANCE BY SOME ( ! MORE MOD]ATE EA/]N-BAS$ LEAD]%IP ( ! ,F,S,F4 ,RADICAL /UD5TS AT ! S*OOL W]E PEJORATIVELY LABEL$ TUSS>IT 7MEAN+ 0GUNSL+]S0 OR 0GUNHAWKS07 BY !IR OPPON5TS--A T]M :I* WAS IRREV]5TLY RECLAIM$ & PR\DLY ADOPT$ BY PRO-,I,W,W ,W,P,C /UD5TS AS !IR [N4 ,) ! ORGANIZATIONAL SPLIT1 ! ,F,S,F )DREW ITS F9ANCIAL BACK+ FROM ! ,W,P,C & ! N[ 9DEP5D5T PRO-,I,W,W FACTION PROMPTLY GA9$ /OCK [N]%IP ( ! S*OOL4 

,= OV] TW5TY-FIVE YE>S 7BETWE5 #aiad & #a#i#d#a71 ! ,W,P,C S]V$ AS A RESID5TIAL LABOR COLLEGE TI$ TO ! ,I,W,W & SU/A9$ BY ! ,F9NI% MEMB]%IP ( ?AT UNION4 ,! MA9 ?REE-/ORY BUILD+ FEATUR$ CLASSROOMS1 /UD5T DORMITORIES1 A DRAMA ROOM1 GYMNASIUM1 & LIBR>Y ) A SMALL] ADJAC5T BUILD+ HOLD+ A FULLY /AFF$ KIT*5 & D9+ ROOM4 ,= A TUITION FEE ( @s#c#i A MON? 7! EQUIVAL5T ( AB\T @s#e TODAY7--A PRICE :I* 9CLUD$ MEALS & ACCOMMODATIONS--/UD5TS W]E PROVID$ ) 9/RUCTION 9 ! SKILLS NECESS>Y = UNION ORGANIZ+1 ADM9I/]+ ,I,W,W UNION 9FRA/RUCTURE1 & /AFF+ ! L>GE NETWORK ( CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES 9 ! ,UPP] ,MIDWE/1 OP]AT+ !IR [N PRESS1 & ULTIMATELY1 = SELF-MANAG+ A PO/CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9/RUCTION WAS C>RI$ \T OV] ! C\RSE ( A FIVE-MON? T]M1 :I* TYPICALLY /RET*$ FROM ,DECEMB] TO ,APRIL4 ,! S*OOL ALSO FEATUR$ A SMALL NUMB] ( CORRESPOND5CE C\RSES = /UD5TS UNABLE TO TAKE UP RESID5CE AT ! ,W,P,C4 ,ALTOGE!R1 AN E/IMAT$ #a1#f TO #b1 /UD5TS HAD /UDI$ AT ! S*OOL ?R\<\T ! NE>LY F\R DECADES IT WAS 9 OP]ATION & ?R\< ITS V>I\S TRANSITIONS 7,ALT5BAU<1 #a#i#i1 P4 #a#c#f74 

,AL?\< ! ,W,P,C REPRES5TS ! MO/ \T/&+ HI/ORICAL CONTRIBUTION ( ! ,I,W,W TO ! >EA ( WORK]S' $UCATION1 IT HAS RECEIV$ RELATIVELY LITTLE 9 ! WAY ( ATT5TION FROM HI/ORIANS1 REMA9+ L>GELY UNKN[N \TSIDE ( A SPECIALI/ AUDI5CE4 ,9 T]MS ( ! EXI/+ LIT]ATURE1 ,OLLILA 7#a#i#g#g7 & ,HE9ILA 7#a#i#i#e7 PROVIDE EXCELL5T G5]AL HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS ( ! ,W,P,C :ILE ,KO/IA95 7#a#i#h7 CONC5TRATES ON SOME ( ! MAJOR DEBATES & CONTROV]SIES G5]AT$ OV] ! C\RSE 9 ! S*OOL'S E>LY YE>S4 ,! ,W,P,C IS ALSO M5TION$ 9 SEV]AL ACC\NTS ( ! ,F9NI%-,AM]ICAN ,LEFT 7,WASATJ]NA1 #a#i#e#g2 ,K>NI1 #a#i#g#eA2 ,ROSS1 #a#i#g#g2 ,KIVI/O1 #a#i#h#d74 ,BY F> ! MO/ 9-DEP? ANALYSIS ( ! ,W,P,C IS ,ALT5BAU<'S WELL-DOCUM5T$ BOOK ,$UCATION AS ,/RUGGLE 7#a#i#i71 9 :I* ! ,W,P,C IS EXAM9$ ?R\< ! L5S ( ,GRAMSCIAN SOCIAL !ORY--ALONGSIDE ! ,BROOKWOOD ,LABOR ,COLLEGE 7,KATONAH1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#b#a-#a#i#c#g7 & ,COMMONWEAL? ,COLLEGE 7,M5A1 ,>KANSAS1 #a#i#b#c-#a#i#d7--AS 09/ITUTIONS CLE>LY =MULAT$ TO S]VE A C\NT]HEGEMONIC FUNCTION1 PROMOT.<+.> PROLET>IAN CULTURE1 & TRA9.<+.> A WORK+-CLASS CADRE0 7P4 #h74 

,A COMPREH5SIVE HI/ORY ( ! ,W,P,C HAS YET TO BE WRITT51 BUT SU* A TASK GOES WELL BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS /UDY4 ,! PURPOSE ( ?IS *APT] IS TO PROVIDE AN HI/ORICAL ACC\NT ( ! ,W,P,C ?R\< ITS YE>S AS AN ,I,W,W LABOR COLLEGE1 FOCUS+ ON ! YE>S #a#i#b-#a#i#d#a1 & 9 SO DO+ %$ SOME LI<T ON SOME ( ! L>GELY OV]LOOK$ ASPECTS ( ! S*OOL DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,! FIR/ SECTION WILL PROVIDE NECESS>Y BACKGR\ND & CONTEXT BY DISCUSS+ ! 9/ITUTIONS & IDEOLOGY ( ! ,F9NI% ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN MEMB]%IP ( ! ,I,W,W--! E?NIC CONT+5T ?AT E/ABLI%$1 SUPPORT$1 & SU/A9$ ! ,W,P,C4 ,! SUCCE$+ SECTIONS WILL COV] ,W,P,C CURRICULUM1 /UD5TS1 & FACULTY4 ,BEYOND HI/ORICAL 9T]E/1 !RE IS FUR!R REASON TO REVISIT ! ,W,P,C & ITS CONTRIBUTIONS TO LIB]T>IAN $UCATION4 ,9 #b#f1 ! ,W,P,C WAS REVIV$ AS A FREE $UCATIONAL PROJECT ( ! ,I,W,W ,TW9 ,CITIES ,G5]AL ,MEMB]%IP ,BRAN*4 ,! CONCLUSION %ALL BE DEVOT$ TO AN ASSESSM5T ( ! LEGACY & IMPACT ( ?IS WORK+-CLASS 9/ITUTION ALONG ) A DISCUSSION ( ! R5EW$ ,W,P,C4 ,IF ! HI/ORICAL ,W,P,C PROVIDES A GLIMPSE AT H[ A FAIRLY L>GE-SCALE SELF-MANAG$ WORK+-CLASS $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTE FUNCTION$1 ITS CURR5T REVIVAL SUGGE/S ! URG5CY ( DEVELOP+ SU* EMANCIPATORY SPACES & ! CONTEMPOR>Y RELEVANCE ( !SE 5DEAVORS4 

,BACKGR\ND & ,CONTEXT3 ,! ,WORK ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE & ! ,F9NI% ,WOBBLIES 

,FROM #aiad ONW>D1 ) ! SPLIT 9 ! ,F,S,F1 IT BECOMES POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( AN ORGANIZ$ ,F9NI% PRES5CE 9 ! ,I,W,W4 ,AT ?IS /AGE1 ! ,W,P,C WAS POLITICALLY POSITION$1 9 EFFECT1 AS A K9D ( 0,LEFT-SOCIALI/0 9/ITUTION1 OP5LY ADVOCAT+ ! REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM ( ! ,I,W,W BUT ALSO ACCEPT+ ! NECESSITY ( A WORK+-CLASS POLITICAL P>TY4 ,IT WAS NOT LONG BE=E ! ,F9NI% SUPPORT]S ( ! ,I,W,W W\LD ADOPT AN EXPLICITLY ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y ,LEFT \TLOOK1 RAPIDLY BECOM+ ! L>GE/ =EIGN-LANGUAGE CONT+5T 9 ! UNION4 ,KO/IA95 E/IMAT$ ,F9NI% MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,I,W,W TO BE SOME:]E BETWE5 FIVE & T5 ?\S& ?R\< ! FIR/ TWO DECADES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY 7,KO/IAN51 #a#i#g#f1 SECTION #e1 P>A4 #a71 H[EV]1 NO SY/EMATIC ANALYSIS ( ,F9NI% ,I,W,W MEMB]%IP NUMB]S CURR5TLY EXI/S4 

,DUR+ ! #aiaf ,I,W,W CONV5TION 9 ,*ICAGO1 A MOTION TO CREATE =MAL TIES BETWE5 ! UNION & ! ,W,P,C WAS PRES5T$ BY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! S*OOL1 AL?\< NO >RANGEM5T WAS REA*$4 ,H[EV]1 ! #aiaf CONV5TION WAS ALSO NOTABLE = FULFILL+ ! LA/ WI%ES ( ! FAM\S ,I,W,W LABOR M>TYR ,JOE ,HILL1 NAMELY1 ?AT HIS BODY BE CREMAT$ & HIS A%ES SPREAD >\ND ! GLOBE4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 A PACKET ( ,HILL'S A%ES WAS SPREAD TO ! W9DS AT ! ,W,P,C1 SYMBOLICALLY CEM5T+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! UNION & ! S*OOL FROM ?AT PO9T ONW>D4 ,F\R YE>S LAT]1 A ,MAY #b#h1 #a#i#b#a1 REPORT 9 ,9DU/RIALI/I 7,9DU/RIALI/7 ON ! ,I,W,W CONV5TION 9 ,*ICAGO C>RI$ ! NEWS ?AT ! UNION W\LD =MALLY ADOPT ! ,W,P,C AS ITS S*OOL1 RATIFY+ AN E>LI] DECISION MADE AT ! ,LUMB] ,WORK]S ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION CONV5TION TO =GE (FICIAL TIES 70,TIETOJA ,I4,W,W4 ,LIITON #a#c3/A ,KOV5TSIONI/A10 P4 #a74 

,AN ACC\NT ( ,F9NI% ,I,W,W PR9T M$IA GIVES SOME 9DICATION AS TO ! SIZE ( ! ,F9NI% MEMB]%IP 9 ! UNION & ! VIBRANT WORK+-CLASS CULTURE ( :I* IT WAS A P>T4 ,! TWO MO/ IMPORTANT ,F9NI% ,I,W,W PUBLICATIONS W]E ,9DU/RIALI/I & ,TIE ,VAPAUTE54 ,9DU/RIALI/I WAS ! DAILY ,I,W,W ,F9NI%-LANGUAGE NEWSPAP] FROM #aiag TO #a#i#e1 APPE>+ FIVE DAYS A WEEK 9 ! #a#i#eS1 & LAT]1 PUBLI%$ AS A WEEKLY UNTIL IT CEAS$ PUBLICATION 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#g#e4.<#e.> ,9DU/RIALI/I WAS ! ONLY DAILY NEWSPAP] 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,I,W,W & ! LA/ ( ! SURVIV+ =EIGN-LANGUAGE ,I,W,W PAP]S FROM ! E>LY DAYS ( ! UNION4.<#f.> ,AT ITS PEAK 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 ,9DU/RIALI/I HAD A DI/RIBUTION ( OV] #a1 COPIES & A READ]%IP SPREAD ?R\<\T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA1 LAY+ CLAIM TO BE ! L>GE/ CIRCULAT+ ,F9NI%-LANGUAGE NEWSPAP] 9 ,AM]ICA DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,TIE ,VAPAUTE5 WAS A MON?LY P]IODICAL PUBLI%$ FIR/ 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 & LAT]1 9 ,*ICAGO1 BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#c#g1 ) A DI/RIBUTION FLUCTUAT+ SOME:]E BETWE5 #b1#e & #f1 COPIES4 ,9DU/RIALI/I ALONG ) A SMALL NUMB] ( ANNUAL ,F9NI% ,I,W,W PUBLICATIONS W]E PUBLI%$ BY ! ,WORK]S' ,SOCIALI/ ,PUBLI%+ ,COMPANY 9 ,DULU?1 A COOP]ATIVE [N$ BY ,I,W,W LOCALS4 

,! ,SEPTEMB] #b#h1 #a#i#b#g1 ,9DU/RIALI/I DIRECTORY /ILL LI/$ CONTACT ADDRESSES = NO LESS ?AN SEV5TY-EI<T ,F9NI% ,I,W,W ASSOCIATIONS OR GR\PS 70,YHDI/Y/5 JA ,RHYMI5 ,OSOTTEITA10 P4 #c7 & 9 #a#i#c1 ,9DU/RIALI/I HELD A READ]%IP ( APPROXIMATELY #i1 7,K>NI1 #a#i#g#eA1 P4 #b#b#b74 ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#dS1 ! NUMB] ( AFFILIAT$ GR\PS HAD FALL5 TO LESS ?AN =TY & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ,9DU/RIALI/I TO #f1 7IBID41 P4 #b#b#b74 ,\TSIDE ( ! ,UPP] ,MIDWE/1 SIGNIFICANT POCKETS ( ,I,W,W SUPPORT W]E TO BE F\ND 9 ,F9NI% COMMUNITIES 9 V>I\S LOCATIONS ?R\<\T ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,EXAMPLES 9CLUDE ! ,DETROIT ,F9NI% ,M>XIAN ,CLUB1 ! ,BUTTE ,F9NI% ,WORK]S ,CLUB1 ! ,*ICAGO ,F9NI% ,I,W,W ,AGITATION ,COMMITTEE1 & ! ,AB]DE5 ,F9NI% ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,9 ,CANADA1 FROM ! MID-#a#i#bS ONW>D1 ,F9NI% ,WOBBLIES ORGANIZ$ ! ,CANADAN ,TEOLLISUUSUNIONI/I5 ,KANNATUS ,LIITTO 7,C,T,K,L2 ,CANADIAN ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONI/ ,SUPPORT ,LEAGUE74 ,! ,C,T,K,L WAS AN ,I,W,W AUXILI>Y ORGANIZATION ) A CULTURAL ORI5TATION4 ,IT WAS COMPOS$ MA9LY ( RADICAL-M9D$ SMALL F>M]S 7MANY ( :OM W]E BLACKLI/$ M9]S OR LUMB] WORK]S7 :O SUPPORT$ ! AIMS ( ! UNION BUT W]E 9ELIGIBLE = MEMB]%IP AS !Y [N$ PRODUCTIVE PROP]TY & W]E NOT WAGEWORK]S4 ,=M$ 9 ! MID-#a#i#bS1 ! ,C,T,K,L GREW TO 9CLUDE NO LESS ?AN TW5TY-?REE HALLS SPREAD ?R\<\T ,ONT>IO1 ,ALB]TA1 & ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA & REGUL>LY PROVID$ SUPPORT = ,I,W,W /RIKES & O!R ACTIVITIES 7,RAD=?1 #a#i#h#g1 PP4 #a#a#i-#b74 ,/UD5TS ( ! ,W,P,C W]E DRAWN FROM ALL ( !SE >EAS1 ) ! REGION >\ND ! ,WE/]N ,GREAT ,LAKES AS ! MA9 /RON<OLD ( ,F9NI% ,I,W,W SUPPORT4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS CULTURAL & ASSOCIATIONAL CONTEXT ?AT WE MU/ PLACE ! ,W,P,C4 

,MANY LOCALS HELD REGUL> FUNDRAIS]S1 ORGANIZ$ ,W,P,C SUPPORT CIRCLES1 & PUR*AS$ /OCK TO SUPPORT ! S*OOL4 ,GU/ ,AAKULA1 A =M] 9/RUCTOR1 RECALL$ 0,OV] #c1 %>ES HAD BE5 SOLD1 & AS SOON AS SOME *APT] HAD PUR*AS$ A M9IMUM ( #a1 %>ES IT WAS GRANT$ A VOTE 9 ! ANNUAL MEET+S ( ! ,9/ITUTE /OCKHOLD]S0 7QUOT$ 9 ,WASATJ]NA1 #a#i#e#g1 P4 #b#c74 ,A BO>D ( DIRECTORS WAS ELECT$ YE>LY FROM ! RANKS ( ! /OCKHOLD]S4 ,ASIDE FROM ! PUR*ASE ( /OCK1 ONE UNIQUE EXAMPLE ( ! SUPPORT = ! ,W,P,C WAS ! /IP5D PROGRAM4 0,TWO- OR F\R-MON? /IP5DS W]E ISSU$ BY ! S*OOL1 & TICKETS W]E SOLD AS EI!R RAFFLE TICKETS = DONATIONS TO ! S*OOL OR AS ADMISSION TICKETS TO SOCIAL EV5TS1 :]E DRAW+S W]E HELD4 ,W9N]S C\LD USE ! /IP5DS1 SELL !M TO SOMEONE ELSE1 OR GIVE !M AWAY TO FRI5DS0 7,ALT5BAU<1 #a#i#i1 P4 #a#d#a74 ,ANO!R ME?OD TO RAISE FUNDS = ! S*OOL WAS ?R\< ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,W,P,C DRAMA TR\PE1 :I* REGUL>LY T\R$ ,F9NI% COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA DUR+ ! SPR+ & SUMM] MON?S P]=M+ PLAYS1 9 LAT] YE>S1 HELP+ 0TO RAISE P]HAPS A ?IRD OR HALF ( ! S*OOL'S ANNUAL DEFICIT0 7,RO$IG]1 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #f#h74 

,IDEOLOGICALLY1 ,F9NI% ,WOBBLIES DIFF]$ LITTLE FROM !IR ORGANIZATIONAL COMRADES1 ACCEPT+ ,M>XI/ CLASS ANALYSIS & ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY ALONG ) A DEEP DI/RU/ ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS & ! /RATEGY ( CAPTUR+ /ATE P[]4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XISM PREF]R$ BY ! ,I,W,W WAS GUID$ BY A VISION ( COMMUNISM1 SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY OR ! COOP]ATIVE COMMONWEAL?1 DEF9$ AS 0A =M ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION 9 :I* PRIVATE & /ATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION HAS CEAS$ & REPLAC$ ) SOCIAL [N]%IP2 9 :I* WAGE LABOR1 ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 & ALL PRIVILEGES & SPECIAL P[]S HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$0 70 ,VA>A ,TULK9TA10 P4 #b74 ,9SPIRATION WAS ALSO DRAWN FROM AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ !ORETICIAN ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ! MO/ WIDELY READ AN>*I/ AMONG ! ,F9NI% ,WOBBLIES4 ,KROPOTK9'S ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,F9NI% 9 #a#i#f1.<#g.> & EXC]PTS FROM HIS WRIT+S REGUL>LY APPE>$ 9 ! ,F9NI% ,I,W,W PRESS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,TIE ,VAPAUTE51 ! ANNUAL W9T] MAGAZ9E ,9DU/RIALI/9 ,J\LU 7,9DU/RIALI/'S ,*RI/MAS71 & ! SUMM] PUBLICATION ,PUNA95 ,SOIHTU 7,R$ ,TOR*74 ,( NOTE IS ,KROPOTK9'S #ahh PAMPHLET ,AN ,APPEAL TO ! ,Y\NG1 :I* WAS DI/RIBUT$ BY ! ,WORK]S' ,SOCIALI/ ,PUBLI%+ ,COMPANY4 ,9 ?IS WORK ,KROPOTK9 SUCC9CTLY \TL9$ ! ROLE ( 9TELLECTUALS & LIB]T>IAN $UCATIONAL WORK 9 T]MS ?AT APPLY TO ! APPROA* ADOPT$ BY ! ,W,P,C4 ,KROPOTK9 URG$ ?OSE :O POSSESS SKILLS & KN[L$GE TO (F] !IR S]VICES TO ! OPPRESS$ ASS]T+ 0REMEMB]1 IF Y\ DO COME1 ?AT Y\ COME NOT AS MA/]S1 BUT AS COMRADES 9 ! /RUGGLE2 ?AT Y\ COME NOT TO GOV]N BUT TO GA9 /R5G? = Y\RSELVES 9 A NEW LIFE :I* SWEEPS UPW>D TO ! CONQUE/ ( ! FUTURE0 7,KROPOTK91 #a#h#h1 P>A4 #g#i74 

,KN[L$GE ,IS ,P[]3 ,W,P,C ,CURRICULUM1 #a#i#b-#a#i#d#a 

,! ,W,P,C1 DUR+ ITS P]IOD AS AN ,I,W,W S*OOL1 DID NOT REQUIRE 5TRANCE EXAM9ATIONS1 & ONLY ONE C\RSE WAS COMPULSORY3 ,ESS5TIALS ( ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 7,ALT5BAU<1 #a#i#i1 P4 #i#i74 ,ONE /UD5T GAVE ! FOLL[+ DESCRIPTION ( A TYPICAL DAY AT ! ,W,P,C4 

,9 ! MORN+S1 AFT] HAV+ FIR/ GONE TO ! D9+ >EA TO FILL \R /OMA*S ) A BIT ( PORRIDGE1 WE GO (F TO DIGE/ 9 ?REE DIFF]5T CLASSES BY PLAY+ ) NUMB]S4 ,AFT] ?IS WE GET A GOOD PORTION ( NOM9ATIVES & V]BS 9 ,5GLI% & ,F9NI%1 TWI/+ & TURN+ ! ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE 9TO ,F9NI% & VICE V]SA4 ,N[ WE >E 9 ! CONDITION ?AT WE CAN DIGE/ A PORTION ( ,WOBBLY-ISM .<TUPLAJUULAISUUTTA.>4 ,ON O!R DAYS ?IS IS TAK5 UND] ! NAME ( ,AM]ICAN WORK+-CLASS RESE>* :I* BEGAN ) ,COLUMBUS & W5T UP TO ! ,WOBBLY COOP]ATIVE COMMONWEAL?4 ,ON O!R DAYS WE 9VE/IGATE CURR5TS 9 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL AFFAIRS1 BEG9N+ ) OLD-TIME ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY UP TO ,WILSON & ,L59 VIA ,M>T9 ,LU!R & 0,KALLE0 ,M>X4 ,!N WE'LL *EW ON SOME H>D/ACK & 9FLECT \R VOICES BY READ+ ! ,AM]ICAN LANGUAGE4 ,AFT] ?IS WE RE/ = AN H\R *ATT+ ) ,BOGDAN(F & 0,KALLE0 ,M>X4 ,! AFT]NOONS GET DEBIT & CR$IT = ASPIR+ BO>D+ & ROOM+ H\SE .<POIKATALO.> MANAG]S1 & ?OSE 5?USIA/IC AB\T PUBLIC SPEAK+ & POETRY READ+ GET AN OPPORTUNITY TO %[ !IR SKILLS4 70,OPI/ON ,TOV]IKUNNAN ,VAIHEI/A ,LUKUVUOT5A #a#i#b-#a#i#b#a10 PP4 #c#i-#d#b7 

,ALL C\RSES1 AT LEA/ UP UNTIL ! MID TO LATE #a#i#cS1 W]E AVAILABLE 9 BO? ,F9NI% & ,5GLI%1 TYPICALLY 9 ELEM5T>Y & ADVANC$ LEVELS4 ,9 TOTAL1 ONE WEEK ( /UDY G5]ALLY 9CLUD$ >\ND SEV5TY H\RS ( CLASS TIME 9 V>I\S C\RSES CONDUCT$ BY F\R FULL-TIME 9/RUCTORS4 ,ASIDE FROM CORE C\RSES 7WORK+-CLASS HI/ORY1 ,M>XI/ ECONOMICS1 SOCIOLOGY1 J\RNALISM1 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM1 ,I,W,W DELEGATE DUTIES1 COMM]CIAL /UDIES1 & LANGUAGES7 TOPICS FLUCTUAT$ SOME:AT1 DEP5D+ ON ! EXP]TIZE ( ! FACULTY4 ,5GLI% AS A SECOND-LANGUAGE SATISFI$ ! NE$S ( A L>GE SEGM5T ( ! ,F9NI% /UD5T BODY E>LY ON1 MANY ( :OM W]E FIR/-G5]ATION IMMIGRANTS1 :ILE C\RSES 9 ,F9NI% DEMON/RAT$ ! COMMITM5T TO HELP+ RETA9 ,F9NI%-LANGUAGE & CULTURE AMONG SECOND & ?IRD-G5]ATION ,F9NS4 ,ESP]ANTO WAS ALSO TAU<T = AT LEA/ ONE T]M1 9 #a#i#b#h-#a#i#b#i1 BY ,HJALM> ,RE9IKA951 & ,G]MAN WAS (F]$ 9 E>LI] YE>S4 ,! EMPHASIS ON LANGUAGE TRA9+ ALSO 9CLUD$ C\RSES ON TRANSLATION4 ,DUR+ ! #a#i#b#b-#a#i#b#c T]M1 = 9/ANCE1 ,JU/US ,EB]T'S ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,9DU/RIAL ,DEMOCRACY WAS *OS5 AS ! TEXT TO BE TRANSLAT$ BY /UD5TS FROM ,5GLI% TO ,F9NI%4 

,PRACTICAL C\RSES 9 ACC\NT+1 BOOKKEEP+1 & BUS9ESS MA!MATICS W]E (F]$ AT ! ,W,P,C4 ,!SE C\RSES W]E >RANG$ PRIM>ILY = ! PURPOSE ( TRA9+ & /AFF+ ! L>GE NETWORK ( COOP]ATIVES 9 ! ,UPP] ,MIDWE/1 BUT ALSO 9 ORD] TO TRA9 COMPET5T ORGANIZATIONAL BUS9ESS MANAG]S4 ,9 #a#i#b#g1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COOP]ATIVE ,EX*ANGE1 A NETWORK ( COOP]ATIVES LOCAT$ 9 ! ,UPP] ,MIDWE/1 BOA/$ A MEMB]%IP ( #a#f1#e#i#e MEMB]S 9 SIXTY MEMB] SOCIETIES1 0FIFTY-F\R ( ! SIXTY SOCIETIES W]E EI!R EXCLUSIVELY ,F9NI% OR MIX$ ) ,F9NS PR$OM9AT+4 ,ONLY TWO ( ! SOCIETIES W]E PURELY ',AM]ICAN'0 7,K>NI1 #a#i#g#eA1 P4 #b#h74 ,?R\< ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS1 !SE COOP]ATIVES BECAME A MAJOR SITE ( POLITICAL CONTE/ATION AS CONC]T$1 & ULTIMATELY UNSUCCESSFUL1 EF=TS W]E MADE BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO CONTROL !M 7,K>NI1 #a#i#g#eB1 PP4 #a#h#f-#b#a#a74 ,AL?\< ! ,F9NI% SECTIONS ( ! ,I,W,W DID NOT (FICIALLY REG>D CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES AS REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 L>GE NUMB]S ( PROM95T ,F9NI% COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T MEMB]S 9 ! #a#i#cS HAD NONE!LESS BE5 TRA9$ AT ! ,W,P,C & CAME TO CON/ITUTE A RADICAL FACTION 7,K>NI1 #a#i#g#eA1 P4 #b#b#c74 

,LABOR HI/ORY C\RSES G5]ALLY US$ ,JOHN ,R4 ,COMMONS ET AL4 ,HI/ORY ( ,LABOR 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS A /&>D TEXT ALONG ) V>I\S ,I,W,W PUBLICATIONS & O!R MAT]IALS1 FREQU5TLY DISCUSS+ 9 DETAIL SU* PIVOTAL EPISODES AS ! #ahga ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,HAYM>KET ,AFFAIR4 ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL WAS1 ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( ! ,W,P,C1 ! /&>D TEXT US$ 9 C\RSES DISCUSS+ ECONOMIC !ORY4 ,SESSIONS ON PUBLIC SPEAK+ W]E DESIGN$ TO TRA9 EFFECTIVE AGITATORS = UNION 0SOAPBOX+0 & FACULTY ) UNION ORGANIZ+ EXP]I5CE TAU<T REGUL> C\RSES ON ! TASKS ASSOCIAT$ ) C>RY+ \T DELEGATE & ADM9I/RATIVE DUTIES AS WELL AS SIGN+ UP NEW MEMB]S4 

,AMONG ! MO/ 9NOVATIVE & P>TICIPATORY LESSONS AT ! ,W,P,C W]E ! /UD5T-GUID$ 0TACTICAL SESSIONS10 ORGANIZ$ ,FRIDAY AFT]NOONS1 :I* APPE> TO HAVE BE5 TREM5D\SLY POPUL> AMONG ! /UD5T BODY4 ,ONE /UD5T PROVID$ ! FOLL[+ DESCRIPTION3 0,DUR+ !SE SESSIONS /UD5TS 9 TURN PRES5T AN ISSUE :I* IS !N DISCUSS$4 ,! ISSUES HAVE ALWAYS RELAT$ TO CLASS /RUGGLE & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM1 SO EV]YONE HAS HAD SOME?+ TO SAY AB\T !M4 ,DISCUSSIONS (T5 BECOME V]Y LIVELY & MANY-SID$4 ,MATT]S HAVE COME TO BE CONSID]$ 9 DETAIL & FROM A V>IETY ( P]SPECTIVES4 ,/UD5TS HAVE LE>N$ A GREAT DEAL AS A RESULT ( !SE SESSIONS0 70,TYOVA5-,OPI/ON ,LUKUKAUSI1 #a#i#b#c-#a#i#b#d10 P4 #b#f74 ,SUMM>IES ( ! ISSUES DISCUSS$ DUR+ ! TACTICAL SESSIONS R\T9ELY APPE>$ 9 ,9DU/RIALI/I1 AS DID O!R /UD5T WRIT+S4 ,! (FICES ( ! NEWSPAP]1 LOCAT$ 9 ,DULU?1 W]E ALSO UTILIZ$ BY ! ,W,P,C = ! B5EFIT ( /UD5TS :O HAD AN 9T]E/ 9 GA9+ H&S ON EXP]I5CE 9 ! V>I\S TASKS ASSOCIAT$ ) RUNN+ A DAILY PAP]4 

,! ,TOV]IKUNTA3 ,W,P,C ,/UD5TS 

,! TACTICAL SESSIONS >E ONE 9DICATION ( BO? ! ,W,P,CS ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN P$AGOGY & ! /UD5T DIRECTION ( ,W,P,C AFFAIRS4 ,/UD5TS W]E ORGANIZ$ 9TO A /UD5T UNION1 ! TOV]IKUNTA 7LIT]ALLY1 0COMRADE COMMUNITY074 ,! TOV]IKUNTA HELD ITS MEET+S ON ,FRIDAY NI<TS & HAD CONSID]ABLE 9PUT 9TO ! DAY-TO-DAY FUNCTION+ ( ! ,W,P,C4 0,BY & L>GE1 ! /UD5TS10 OBS]V$ ONE HI/ORIAN1 0PLANN$ ! PROGRAM !MSELVES & W]E FREE TO *OOSE !IR [N C\RSES10 ) ! TOV]IKUNTA SELF-MANAG+ ALL MATT]S RELAT+ TO /UD5T CONFLICTS & DISCIPL9>Y ISSUES1 & 0AL?\< ITS DECISIONS C\LD BE APPEAL$ TO ! S*OOL'S BO>D ( DIRECTORS1 NOT MU* USE WAS MADE ( ?IS RI<T0 7,WASA/J]NA1 #a#i#e#g1 P4 #b#b#h74 ,! TOV]IKUNTA WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE = ORGANIZ+ DANCES1 SOCIAL EV5TS1 PLAYS1 & A?LETICS4 ,ON ! TOPIC ( EXTRACURRICUL> ACTIVITIES1 A =M] /UD5T & FACULTY MEMB] ,TAI/O ,LUOMA NOT$ 0,NO1 Y\ DON'T HAVE TO COMB ,M>X'S :ISK]S ALL W9T] LONG1 NOT BY A LONG %OT0 70,! ,WOBBLY ,WAY10 P4 #c74 ,SPORTS & A?LETICS W]E C5TRAL TO /UD5T LIFE4 ,AN (T-REPEAT$ SLOGAN AMONG ! TOV]IKUNTA WAS 0A HEAL?Y M9D 9 A HEAL?Y BODY40 

,BETWE5 #aib & #a#i#c1 AV]AGE YE>LY TOTAL 5ROLLM5T.<#h.> AT ! ,W,P,C HOV]$ >\ND FIFTY-N9E /UD5TS A YE>1 ) A HI< ( N9ETY-F\R /UD5TS DUR+ ! #a#i#b-#a#i#b#a T]M & A L[ ( =TY DUR+ OV] ! #a#i#b#i-#a#i#c S*OOL YE>1 ) RETURN /UD5TS G5]ALLY REPRES5T+ >\ND A ?IRD ( ! /UD5T BODY YE>-TO-YE>4 ,OV] ?IS T5-YE> SPAN1 LUMB] WORK]S1 M9]S1 & CON/RUCTION WORK]S W]E BY F> ! L>GE/ OCCUPATIONAL GR\PS REPRES5T$ 9 ! /UD5T BODY4 ,BAS$ ON AVAILABLE /ATI/ICAL DATA PROVID$ 9 ! DIRECTOR'S ANNUAL REPORT TO ! %>EHOLD]S & PUBLI%$ 9 ,9DU/RIALI/S.<#i.> 7NO DETAIL$ OCCUPATIONAL BREAKD[N WAS GIV5 = #a#i#b#c1 #a#i#b#f1 OR #a#i#b#h71 WE MAY SURMISE ?AT LUMB] WORK]S & M9]S TOGE!R REPRES5T$ APPROXIMATELY HALF ( ALL /UD5TS 7AB\T #be P]C5T EA*71 :ILE CON/RUCTION WORK]S MADE UP AB\T #af P]C5T ( ! /UD5T BODY4 ,! REMA9D] WAS COMPOS$ ( A V>IETY ( OCCUPATIONS1 ) WORK]S 9 ! FOOD/UFFS1 AGRICULTURAL1 & M>9E TRANSPORT 9DU/RIES BE+ AMONG ! MORE PROM95T OCCUPATIONAL GR\PS4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 >\ND #ge P]C5T ( ! /UD5TS DUR+ ?IS DECADE BELONG$ TO ! ,I,W,W1 ) SMALL NUMB]S COM+ FROM ! ,CANADIAN ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION1.<#a.> ,A,F,L UNIONS1 & 0UNAFFILIAT$0 WORK]S4 

,BETWE5 #aica & #aida !RE WAS A GRADUAL DECL9E 9 NUMB]S1 ) TOTAL 5ROLLM5T AV]AG+ ?IRTY-F\R /UD5TS A YE> & ONLY ?IRTY REGI/]$ OV] ! F9AL #a#i#d-#a#i#d#a T]M4 ,ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATIONS W]E NOT DISCUSS$ 9 DIRECTOR'S ANNUAL REPORTS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 APP>5TLY DUE TO REQUE/S FROM /UD5TS TO OMIT !M4 ,H[EV]1 ONE ( ! NOTABLE TR5DS DUR+ ?IS DECADE WAS ?AT1 :ILE ! ,W,P,C HAD CONT9U$ TO BE CLOSELY TI$ ) ,F9NI% WORK+-CLASS COMMUNITIES1 SIGNIFICANT NUMB]S ( ,U4,S4-BORN OR RAIS$ ,F9NS BEGAN 5ROLL+4 ,! #aicb REPORT NOTES ?AT ( ! ?IRTY-SIX /UD5TS 5ROLL$1 TW5TY SPOKE ,5GLI% AS !IR FIR/ LANGUAGE4 ,9 #a#i#c#d1 DIRECTOR ,ANTTI ,VITIKA95'S REPORT NOT$ ?AT \T ( =TY-?REE /UD5TS1 ?IRTY-SEV5 HAD BE5 BORN 9 ! ,U4,S4 & ( !SE ONLY TWO W]E NON-,F9NS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 DIRECTOR ,C>L ,KELL]'S #aicg REPORT SUGGE/$ ?AT ! NE$ = BASIC-LEVEL ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE C\RSES HAD ALMO/ TOTALLY DISAPPE>$4 ,ONE YE> LAT]1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,W,P,C1 NO SOCIAL SCI5CE C\RSES W]E TAU<T 9 ! ,F9NI% LANGUAGE4 

,AL?\< /ATI/ICAL 9=MATION PUBLI%$ 9 ! ANNUAL DIRECTOR'S REPORTS 9 ,9DU/RIALI/I DID NOT ALWAYS DISCUSS G5D]1 BAS$ ON AVAILABLE NUMB]S IT IS REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT LESS ?AN A QU>T] ( ! /UD5TS W]E FEMALE--A %OCK+LY SMALL NUMB] = A SEGM5T ( ! UNION :I* HAD A /RONG REPUTATION = G5D] EQUALITY 7,CAMPBELL1 #a#i#i#h74 ,! BE/ KN[N FEMALE /UD5T1 & NON-,F9NI% COLLEGE ALUMNUS1 WAS ,AMELIA ,MILKA ,SABLI*1 POPUL>LY KN[N AS 0,FLAM+ ,MILKA40 ,SABLI*1 ! DAU<T] ( A /RIK+ COAL M9] & ( ,CROATIAN P>5TAGE1 AT N9ETE5 YE>S OLD BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T FIGURES 9 ! ,I,W,W-L$ COAL M9]S' /RIKE 9 ,COLORADO 9 #a#i#b#g2 A CONFLICT N[ REMEMB]$ AS ! 0FIR/ ,COLUMB9E MASSACRE0 AFT] POLICE OP5$ FIRE ON /RIK+ WORK]S 9 ,S]5E KILL+ SIX & W\ND+ DOZ5S 7,MAY & ,MY]S1 #b#e74 0,! ,COLORADO COAL /RIKE10 WRITES ,KORNBLUH 7#b#a#a71 09TRODUC$ 9NOVATIONS 9 /RIKE TE*NIQUE0 7P4 #c#e#c74 ,SABLI*1 & O!R Y\? & WOM51 HELP$ TO MA9TA9 PICKET L9ES & ORGANIZE ! /RIKE AS UNION M9]S W]E >RE/$ & DEPORT$1 US+ 0C> C>AVANS TO C>RY !IR MESSAGE TO O!R COMMUNITIES TO P]SUADE WORK]S TO COME (F !IR JOBS0 7IBID474 ,H] DET]M9ATION1 *>ISMA1 & LEAD]%IP DUR+ ! /RIKE--AS WELL AS H] FI<TS ) COMPANY ?UGS & H] FIVE-WEEK IMPRISONM5T--G>N]$ NATIONAL ATT5TION & ! ADORATION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,FOLL[+ A NATIONAL SPEAK+ 9 SUPPORT ( ! /RIK+ M9]S1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#h1 ,SABLI* BECAME A /UD5T AT ! ,W,P,C4 ,9 A LETT] AT ! 5D ( ! T]M1 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#h1 ,SABLI* WROTE AN OP5 LETT] 9 ,9DU/RIALI/I PRAIS+ ! S*OOL & CONNECT+ ! NE$ = WORK]S' $UCATION ) H] [N DIRECT EXP]I5CE 9 CLASS /RUGGLE3 

,:5 ,I WAS 9 JAIL = FIVE WEEKS 9 ,TR9IDAD .<,COLORADO.> ,I F\ND \T ?AT MO/ ( \R FELL[ WORK]S !RE SP5T MO/ ( ! TIME /UDY+ & DISCUSS+ ! /RIKE1 ! ,I4,W4,W4 ETC4 ,I F\ND \T ?AT ! EXP]I5CE ( =M] /RIKES & ! LABOR MOVEM5T WAS PUT 9 BOOKS FROM :I* WE C\LD LE>N MU* AB\T :AT TO DO 9 ANY GIV5 SITUATION4 

,AFT] ,I GOT \T ( JAIL & W5T ON A SPEAK+ T\R 9 ! EA/ IT BECAME CLE>] TO ME ?AT IF ,I WANT$ TO BE A REAL WOBBLY ,I W\LD HAVE TO DO QUITE A BIT ( /UDY+4 ,?AT IT WAS NOT EV]Y?+ TO HAVE A LITTLE EXP]I5CE ( /RIKES1 BUT ?AT ,I %\LD HAVE TO /UDY QUITE A FEW BOOKS AS WELL1 & UND] ! GUIDANCE ( SOMEBODY ?AT UND]/OOD ! CONNECTION BETWE5 !M & ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( TODAY4 70,!RE >E SOME DEEP-ROOT$ QUE/IONS TO BE UND]/OOD 9 ! 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM10 P4 #d7 

,OLLILA 7#a#i#g#g7 LI/S SU* FIGURES AS ,AUGU/ ,WESLEY1 ,GU/ ,AAKULA1 ,IV> ,VAPAA1 ,GEORGE ,HUMON1 ,F]D ,JAAKKOLA1 ,MATTI ,KA9U1 & ,JACK ,UJAN5 AS KEY MEMB]S ( ! ,I,W,W :O HAD /UDI$ AT ! ,W,P,C 7P4 #a#g74 ,JACK ,UJAN51 = 9/ANCE--$ITOR ( ,9DU/RIALI/I = ?AT PAP]'S F9AL TW5TY-TWO YE>S 7#a#i#e#c-#a#i#g#g71 RETIR+ AT AGE EI<TY-FIVE--RECEIV$ HIS ONLY =MAL $UCATION AT ! ,W,P,C 70,$ITOR'S ,TRIBUTE TO ,JACK ,UJAN510 PP4 #b#c-#b#e74 ,NICK ,VIITA1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,F9NI%-,CANADIAN ,I,W,W & ,C,T,K,L = OV] FIVE DECADES1 IS ALSO 9CLUD$ AS ,W,P,C ALUMNI1 HAV+ /UDI$ !RE 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,SOME =M] ,W,P,C /UD5TS1 SU* AS ,JOHN ,WIITA1 DRIFT$ 9TO ! ORBIT ( BO? ! ,CANADIAN & ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]S 7,COMMUNI/7 ,P>TIES 9 ! #a#i#bS1 BECOM+ A LEAD+ FIGURE 7,WILSON1 #a#i#h#f74 ,O!R =M] /UD5TS & FACULTY BUILT ON ! SKILLS & EXP]I5CES GA9$ AT ! ,W,P,C1 PURSU+ UNIV]SITY $UCATION4 ,WALFRID ,JOK951 = EXAMPLE1 A /UD5T & TEA*] AT ! ,W,P,C1 9 LAT] YE>S W5T ON TO SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE PO/GRADUATE /UDIES1 BECOM+ ! *AIR ( ! ,L\ISIANA ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,SOCIOLOGY ,DEP>TM5T4 ,ANO!R =M] ,WOBBLY & ,W,P,C FACULTY MEMB]1 ,JOHN ,OLLI1 ALSO W5T ON TO E>N A DOCTORATE1 AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WISCONS91 & TAU<T AT ! ,CITY ,COLLEGE ( ,NEW ,YORK = ?IRTY-SIX YE>S 7,KIVI/O1 #a#i#h#d1 P4 #a#i#c74 

,! MO/ PROM95T ,F9NI% LABOR MOVEM5T FIGURE & =M] ,W,P,C /UD5T WAS ,NIILO ,WALL>I4 ,WALL>I1 A SAILOR1 CAME TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #aiaf AFT] JUMP+ %IP 9 ,BO/ON4 ,HE JO9$ ! ,I,W,W 9 ,SEATTLE 9 #a#i#a#h1 ATT5D$ CLASSES AT ! ,W,P,C1 & BECAME ACTIVE AS A UNION ORGANIZ] & AGITATOR 9 ! ,GREAT ,LAKES REGION4 ,>RE/$ 9 #aiai AS AN ILLEGAL ALI5 & RADICAL1 & DEPORT$ BACK TO ,F9L& ! FOLL[+ YE>1 ,WALL>I LAT] ASSUM$ ! ROLE ( *AIRMAN ( ! MILITANT ,F9NI% ,SEAM5'S ,UNION 7,SUOM5 ,M]IMIES-,UNIONI2 ,S,M,U7 FROM #ai* UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#f#g4 ,ADOPT+ A /AUN* ANTI-,/AL9I/ ,LEFT POSITION 9 ! #a#i#bS1 HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! ,F9NI% LABOR MOVEM5T 9CLUDE SUCCESSFULLY W9N+ ! FIR/ LABOR AGREEM5T 9 COA/AL & 9L& WAT]S %IPP+ & ! EI<T-H\R DAY 9 #a#i#d#f4 ,! MILITANCY & POLITICAL AUTONOMY ( ! UNION1 AS WELL AS ! 9DU/RIAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,S,M,U1 DEMON/RATES ,I,W,W 9FLU5CE4 ,WALL>I & ! ,S,M,U MA9TA9$ 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! LEFT-W+ P>TIES 9 ,F9L& & 9CLUD$ ALL M>ITIME WORK]S REG>DLESS ( TRADE 9 ! UNION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! COMMITM5T BY ,WALL>I & ! ,S,M,U TO SOCIAL JU/ICE WAS EVID5C$ BY ! SUPPORT = ! ANTIFASCI/ CAUSE DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4 ,S,M,U MEMB]S HELP$ TO SMUGGL$ >MS TO ,SPA9 & CONTRIBUT$ VOLUNTE]S1 & LAT]1 ASSI/$ ,JEWS 9 ESCAP+ TO ,SW$5 FROM ,NAZI ,G]MANY 70,MAILMAN ,TEOLLISUU/YOLAI/5 ,LITTO #a VUOTTA10 P4 #a2 NOTES FROM ,H>RY ,SIITON51 #aiii ,SEATTLE ,F9N,FE/ LECTURE74 

,JUNIOR ,WOBBLIES 

,ANO!R KEY SEGM5T ( ! ,W,P,C /UD5T BODY OV] ! F9AL DECADE ( ITS OP]ATIONS1 (T5 NEGLECT$ 9 ! HI/ORICAL LIT]ATURE ON ! S*OOL1 W]E ! ,JUNIOR ,WOBBLIES4 ,! ,JUNIOR ,WOBBLIES' ,UNION WAS ANO!R 9NOVATION CONNECT$ TO ! #aibg ,COLORADO M9]S' /RIKE1 =M$ = ! PURPOSE ( 0CLASS $UCATION ( WORK]S' *ILDR5 TO PREP>E !M = ! ORGANIZ$ LABOR MOVEM5T 9 9DU/RY0 7,RE91 #a#i#b#i1 P4 #a#b#f74 ,TO FACILITATE ! GR[? ( ! ,JUNIOR ,WOBBLIES ! ,W,P,C BEGAN TO ORGANIZE SUMM] Y\? C\RSES = *ILDR5 & TE5AG]S AG$ TWELVE TO EI<TE54 ,!SE C\RSES RAN = F\R TO SIX WEEKS BETWE5 ! MON?S ,JUNE & ,JULY = A FEE ( TWELVE DOLL>S4 ,! ,W,P,C SUMM] Y\? C\RSES PROV$ TO BE FAIRLY SUCCESSFUL ?R\< ! #a#i#cS4 ,OLLILA 7#a#i#g#e7 REPORT$ ?AT 9 #a#i#b#i1 ! FIR/ YE> ?AT A Y\? PROGRAM WAS 9TRODUC$1 #ac /UD5TS 5ROLL$1 EV5TUALLY DROPP+ TO =TY-TWO /UD5TS A DECADE LAT] 7P4 #a#a#b74 ,9 #a#i#d#a1 ! F9AL YE> ( ADULT & Y\? C\RSES AT ! ,W,P,C1 SEV5TE5 /UD5TS ATT5D$ ! SUMM] SESSIONS 70,UUTISIA ,OPI/OLTA10 P4 #c74 ,ASIDE FROM C\RSES ON NATURAL HI/ORY & ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 ! SUMM] Y\? PROGRAM 9CLUD$ ACTIVITIES SU* AS SWIMM+ & SPORTS4 ,BASEBALL APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 ONE ( ! MORE POPUL> SPORTS4 

,9 #a#i#b#i1 ! ,WORK]S' ,SOCIALI/ ,PUBLI%+ ,COMPANY PRODUC$ A TEXTBOOK GE>$ = ,I,W,W Y\? ATT5D+ SUMM] C\RSES3 ,NUORISO1 ,OPPIJA ,TYO 7,Y\?1 ,LE>N+1 & ,LABOR74 ,! BOOK1 WRITT5 BY ,W4,M4 ,RE91 WAS EXPLICITLY AIM$ AT A ,F9NI%-,AM]ICAN WORK+-CLASS Y\? AUDI5CE4 ,! TEXT'S =EWORD FUR!R REVEALS ! LIB]T>IAN P$AGOGY ADOPT$ BY ! ,W,P,C4 ,9/RUCTORS1 IT NOT$1 %\LD ASK1 & BE ASK$ QUE/IONS1 RA!R ?AN 5C\RAG+ MEMORIZATION1 AS ROTE ME?ODS ( LE>N+ W\LD M]ELY RESULT 9 DOGMATISM & FAIL TO FULLY DEVELOP ! /UD5T'S ABILITY TO ?9K CRITICALLY 7,RE91 #a#i#b#i1 P4 #b74 

,DIVID$ 9TO TWO SECTIONS1 ! BOOK'S FIR/ P>T WAS WRITT5 5TIRELY 9 ,F9NI% & 9T5D$ = Y\NG] *ILDR51 GIV5 ?AT 0! *ILDR5 ( ,F9NI%-SPEAK+ P>5TS MAY PRES]VE !IR ABILITY TO SPEAK ,F9NI% ) RELATIVE EASE0 7IBID41 P4 #b74 ,?IS SECTION1 WRITT5 9 ! =M ( A /ORY1 FOLL[S ! ADV5TURES ( ,>VO & ,IRMA AS !Y LE>N AB\T ! NATURAL WORLD1 CLASS SOCIETY1 & ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,! FIR/ SECTION CLOSES ) ! QUE/ION1 0:]E IS ! WORK]'S HOMEL&80 ,! 9T]NATIONALI/1 ANTIRACI/ CONCLUSIONS W]E ?AT1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT PATRIOTISM & ! SUP]IORITY ( ! :ITE RACE W]E TAU<T 9 MO/ S*OOLS1 ALL PEOPLE >E EQUAL REG>DLESS ( SK9 COLOR1 E?NICITY1 OR CULTURE4 ,! WORK]S' HOMEL&1 IT GOES ON TO /ATE1 IS 0NO:]E OR EV]Y:]E0 S9CE WORK]S WILL GO :]E !Y >E BE/ ABLE TO E>N A LIV+1 & ?US1 !IR 0HOMEL&0 MAY *ANGE V]Y QUICKLY & (T5 7IBID41 PP4 #g#i-#h74 ,! SECOND P>T1 WRITT5 9 ,5GLI%1 WAS DESIGN$ = OLD] *ILDR5 & TE5AG]S4 ,IT COV]$ SU* TOPICS AS ! EVOLUTION ( HUMAN BE+S & E>LY HUMAN HI/ORY1 ! %IFT FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM1 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM 79CLUD+ ! ,I,W,W ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION ,MANIFE/O 9 FULL AS WELL AS ! ,PREAMBLE71 AN 9TRODUCTION TO SOCIALI/ !ORY 7FOCUS+ ON ! ,M>X & ! 0MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY0 & AN>*I/ !ORY71 & A DETAIL$ DISCUSSION ( ! HI/ORY ( ! ,F9NI% PEOPLE & LANGUAGE4 

,FACULTY & ,/AFF 

,OV] ITS YE>S AS AN ,I,W,W S*OOL1 ! ,W,P,C G5]ALLY EMPLOY$ NO LESS ?AN F\R FULL-TIME FACULTY DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ITS FIVE-MON? T]M4 ,LEO ,LAUKKI & ,YRJO ,SIROLA W]E TWO ( ! BE/-KN[N 9/RUCTORS AT ! ,W,P,C AS T[]+ 9TELLECTUAL FIGURES 9 ! ,F9NI%-,AM]ICAN ,LEFT & DIRECT P>TICIPANTS 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,F9L&4.<#a#a.> ,!IR T5URES AT ! S*OOL OV]LAP DUR+ ! P]IOD BETWE5 ! ,W,P,C AS A S*OOL ( ! ,F,S,F TO ITS LEFTW>D DRIFT TO ! ,I,W,W3 9DE$ BO? ,LAUKKI & ,SIROLA W]E 9TEGRAL 9 9/IGAT+ ! RADICAL LEFT ORI5TATION ( ! COLLEGE4 ,LAUKKI BECAME ! *IEF !ORI/ ( ! PRO-,I,W,W RADICAL FACTION 9 ! ,F9NI% LEFT1 & UND] HIS DIRECTOR%IP1 ! ,W,P,C CURRICULUM *ANG$ TO REFLECT ! IDEAS & PRACTICES ( REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM OV] ?AT ( P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALISM4 ,SIROLA SUPPORT$ !SE VIEWS AS WELL1 BUT AS ,CAMPBELL 7#a#i#i#h7 NOTES1 0,9DU/RIAL UNIONISM1 ! G5]AL /RIKE1 & BAS+ ANTICAPITALI/ /RUGGLES 9 ! UNION1 RA!R ?AN ! P>TY1 MADE S5SE TO ,SIROLA & O!R ,F9NI% LEFTI/S 9 A ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN CONTEXT1 BUT NOT SO 9 A ,F9NI% CONTEXT0 7P4 #a#b#d74 ,! SAME P]SPECTIVE MI<T EQUALLY APPLY TO ,LAUKKI1 :O 5?USIA/ICALLY SUPPORT$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS AFT] ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g4 

,9DE$1 BO? ,LAUKKI & ,SIROLA EV5TUALLY 5D$ UP 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 AL?\< UND] DIFF]5T CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,SIROLA LEFT = ,F9L& UND] HIS [N VOLITION 9 #aiag AFT] REVOLUTION HAD BROK5 \T 9 ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! %ORT-LIV$ ,F9NI% ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,REPUBLIC 9 ! CAPACITY ( M9I/] ( =EIGN AFFAIRS4 ,FOLL[+ ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES 9 ! ,F9NI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,SIROLA FL$ TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ACT+ AS A LEAD+ FIGURE 9 ! ,F9NI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 EXILE1 ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 & ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,LAUKKI1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS >RE/$ ALONG ) #aff O!R ,I,W,W MEMB]S DUR+ ! WAVE ( MASS >RE/S 9 #aiag ON *>GES RELAT$ TO NEWLY CREAT$ ,ESPIONAGE ,ACT 7COV]+ S$ITION & 9T]F]5CE ) ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS7 DUR+ A P]IOD ( 9T5SE GOV]NM5T REPRESSION.<#a#b.> ,LAUKKI WAS S5T5C$ TO A TW5TY-YE> PRISON T]M1 BUT FL$ TO ,MOSC[ ALONG ) ,WILLIAM ,HAYWOOD :ILE \T ON BAIL P5D+ !IR APPEAL--A BITT] EXP]I5CE = MANY 9 ! ,I,W,W1 AS ?\S&S ( DOLL>S HAD BE5 COLLECT$ = CO/S ASSOCIAT$ ) ! TRIAL & BAIL 7,KIVI/O1 #a#i#h#d1 P4 #a#e#g74 ,LAUKKI LAT] DISAPPE>$ DUR+ ,/AL9'S PURGES 9 ! #a#i#cS4 

,GEORGE ,HUMON WAS AMONG ! MO/ PROM95T ,W,P,C FACULTY MEMB]S DUR+ ITS P]IOD AS AN ,I,W,W 9/ITUTE4 ,HUMON S]V$ AS ! S*OOL'S DIRECTOR = NO LESS ?AN SEV5 T]MS4 ,HIS CONTRIBUTIONS 9CLUDE AN ORIG9AL ,F9NI% ,I,W,W TEXT1 ,UUSI ,YHTEISKUNTA ,JA ,S5 ,RAK5TAJAT 7,! ,NEW ,SOCIETY & ITS ,BUILD]S7 & ! TRANSLATION ( SEV]AL ,I,W,W PAMPHLETS1 9CLUD+ ,ABN] ,E4 ,WOODRUFF'S #aiai ,I,W,W PAMPHLET ,! ,ADVANC+ ,PROLET>IAT3 ,A ,/UDY ( ! ,MOVEM5T ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS FROM ,WAGE ,SLAV]Y TO ,FRE$OM4 ,TAI/O ,LUOMA IS ALSO NOTABLE AS HE W5T ON TO BECOME ONE ( ! ,I,W,W'S MO/ CELEBRAT$ C>TOONI/S 9 ! #a#i#cS2 0MO/ W]E DONE 9 A SULL51 GRIM /YLE1 FULL ( D>K =EBOD+0 7,ROSEMONT1 #a#i#i#h1 P4 #d#c#c74 ,LUOMA TAU<T A C\RSE ON GRAPHIC DESIGN AT ! ,W,P,C DUR+ ! #a#i#c#h-#a#i#c#i T]M4 ,O!R LONGTIME FACULTY 9CLUD$ ,OTTO ,W4 ,OKSAN51 ,AKU ,RISSAN51 ,ANTTI ,VITIKA951 & ,AUGU/ ,ANG]VO4 

,F]D ,?OMPSON IS AMONG ! BE/-KN[N ( ! ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE FACULTY MEMB]S4 ,?OMPSON BEGAN TEA*+ AT ! ,W,P,C 9 #a#i#b#g1 & CONT9U$ AS AN 9/RUCTOR = SEV5 NONCONSECUTIVE T]MS 79CLUD+ AS A TEA*] = FIVE SUMM] Y\? SESSIONS71 5D+ HIS C>E] AS ! S*OOL'S LA/ DIRECTOR 9 #a#i#d-#a#i#d#a4 ,COV+TON ,HALL1 A CELEBRAT$ ,I,W,W ORGANIZ] FROM ! ,U4,S4 ,S\?1 DESCRIB$ BY ,KORNBLUH 7#b#a#a7 AS 0ONE ( ! MO/ PROLIFIC ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 WRIT]S10 7P4 #b#e#i7 TAU<T LABOR HI/ORY & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM AT ! ,W,P,C DUR+ ! #a#i#c#g-#a#i#c#h T]M4 ,C>L ,KELL]1 A LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,*ICAGO ,I,W,W = DECADES1 S]V+ AS ! UNION'S ,G5]AL-,SECRET>Y ,TREASUR] 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS1 WAS ! ONLY O!R NON-,F9NI% ,W,P,C DIRECTOR 79 #a#i#c#c-#a#i#c#d & #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g74 

,( C\RSE ! ,W,P,C1 NOR ANY O!R $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTION = ?AT MATT]1 C\LD NOT FUNCTION )\T ! MANY KEY TASKS C>RI$ \T BY A SUPPORT /AFF4 ,9 ADDITION TO FACULTY1 ! ,W,P,C ALSO EMPLOY$ A BUS9ESS MANAG]1 RESPONSIBLE = ! ORGANIZATION'S ACC\NT+1 BOOKKEEP+1 & PREP>+ ANNUAL F9ANCIAL REPORTS TO %>EHOLD]S2 KIT*5 /AFF2 & A C>ETAK]4 ,A ,SEPTEMB] #a#f1 #a#i#b#g1 ,9DU/RIALI/I JOB ADV]TISEM5T = A HEAD COOK1 TWO KIT*5 HELP]S1 & A C>ETAK] = ! UPCOM+ ,W,P,C S*OOL T]M NOTES ?AT SUCCESSFUL C&IDATES MU/ BE MEMB]S ( ! ,I,W,W OR BE PREP>$ TO JO94 ,RESPONSIBILITIES ( ! HEAD COOK 9CLUD$ PREP>+ MEALS = ! TOV]IKUNTA & BAK+4 ,IT /ATES ?AT ! ,W,P,C POSSESS$ BO? A GAS & A COAL OV5 .<KOOLIUUNI.>4 ,KIT*5 HELP]S W]E TASK$ ) CLEAN+1 DI%WA%+1 S]V+1 & G5]AL DUTIES AS REQUIR$1 :ILE ! C>ETAK]'S POSITION MA9LY C5T]$ >\ND ! CLEAN+1 UPKEEP1 & HEAT+ ( ! BUILD+4 

,CONCLUSION3 ,EVALUAT+ ! ,IMPACT & ,LEGACY ( ! ,WORK ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE 

,AT ! CLOSE ( ! #a#i#d-#a#i#d#a T]M1 ! DECISION WAS MADE BY ! ,W,P,C %>EHOLD]S TO SUSP5D C\RSES = ! UPCOM+ YE>4 ,FALL+ 5ROLLM5T CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DECISION1 BUT ! WRIT+ WAS CLE>LY ON ! WALL :51 DUR+ ! F9AL T]M1 SEV]AL /UD5T /IP5DS HAD REMA9$ UNUS$4 ,! PROP]TY WAS LEAS$ & EV5TUALLY SOLD1 9 #a#i#f#b4 ,ONE ( ! ORIG9AL ,W,P,C BUILD+S /ILL /&S & N[ FUNCTIONS AS AN AP>TM5T BUILD+4 

,H[ MI<T ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,W,P,C AS AN ,I,W,W LABOR COLLEGE BE EVALUAT$8 ,DUR+ ! POL>IZ+ P]IOD ( ! ,COLD ,W> & AN ]A ( GOV]NM5T SANCTION$ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC LABOR RELATIONS--! ]A :5 MU* ( ! LIT]ATURE ON ! ,W,P,C WAS WRITT5--MANY PREVI\S COMM5TATORS ON ! S*OOL'S HI/ORY MAY BE =GIV5 = ATTRIBUT+ ! S*OOL'S DECL9E ON ! /AUN* & 0SECT>IAN0 ADH]5CE TO ,WOBBLY PRECEPTS1 :I* W]E >GU$ TO HAVE ALI5AT$ MORE MOD]ATE POT5TIAL SUPPORT]S1 & ! RESULTANT FAILURE ( ! S*OOL TO %IFT TO MORE 0REALI/IC0 ,COMMUNI/ OR SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC-ORI5T$ ALT]NATIVES4 ,H[ DI/ANT ?IS ALL N[ SEEMS ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ! C5TRI/ POLITICAL TRAJECTORY ( MOD]N SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 DECL9+ UNION MEMB]%IP NUMB]S1 & ! GLOBAL RESURG5CE ( AN ANTI/ATI/ ,LEFT LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVE4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! /RONG TIES BETWE5 ! ,W,P,C & ITS RADICAL ,F9NI% SUPPORT BASE1 ?AT >E FREQU5TLY CIT$ 9 ! HI/ORICAL LIT]ATURE1 S]V$ AS BO? A MAJOR /R5G? & A WEAKNESS4 ,9 FAIL+ TO P5ETRATE MORE DEEPLY 9TO ! BROAD] ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN WORK+ CLASS1 ! E?NIC TIES & SOLID>ITIES ?AT HELP$ SU/A9 ! ,W,P,C GRADUALLY UNRAVEL$ AS ! SECOND1 ?IRD1 & F\R? G5]ATIONS ( ! ,F9NI% IMMIGRANT POPULATION GRADUALLY ASSIMILAT$ 9TO ! DOM9ANT CULTURE1 (T5 AB&ON+ NOT ONLY ! LANGUAGE & CULTURE ( !IR PR$ECESSORS1 BUT ALSO !IR ASSOCIATIONAL1 RADICAL1 & EGALIT>IAN COMMITM5TS4 ,9 CONTRA/1 & BY WAY ( CONCLUSION1 ! ,W,P,C & ITS IMPACT ON LABOR ORGANIZ+1 ITS CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! RADICAL C\NT]CULTURE ON ! ,F9NI% MEMB]%IP ( ! ,I,W,W1 & ITS BROAD] LEGACY WILL BE EXAM9$4 ,?AT ! DECL9E ( ! ,I,W,W APPROXIMATELY MIRRORS ?AT ( ! ,W,P,C IS EVID5T1 H[EV]1 IT IS 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! SPECIFICALLY ,F9NI% CONT+5T ( ! UNION ?AT ! LA/+ CONTRIBUTIONS & A*IEVEM5TS ( ?IS 9/ITUTE1 & ! CULTURE ( :I* IS WAS P>T1 MU/ BE ASSESS$4 

,ASIDE FROM ! ROLE ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 AS NOT$ ABOVE1 IT IS SOME:AT DIFFICULT TO ACCURATELY ASSESS ! IMPACT ?AT ! ,W,P,C HAD 9 ! FIELD ( 9DU/RIAL CONFLICT1 GIV5 ! ABS5CE ( DOCUM5TATION DIRECTLY L9K+ /UD5TS TO UNION ORGANIZ+ & /RIKE ACTIVITY4 ,?IS 9 ITSELF IS A TASK ?AT REQUIRES A MU* LONG] & MORE 9-DEP? /UDY4 ,H[EV]1 S9CE A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION ( ! /UD5T BODY W]E DRAWN FROM ! M9+ 9DU/RY1 IT IS REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT ! ,I,W,W-L$ MASS /RIKE ( M9]S ON ,M9NESOTA'S ,MESABI ,RANGE 9 #aiaf 9CLUD$ ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( ,W,P,C TRA9$ ORGANIZ]S & AGITATORS4 ,! SAME ASSUMPTION MI<T ALSO BE APPLI$ TO 9DU/RIAL ACTIONS C>RI$ \T 9 ! LOGG+ 9DU/RIES 9 ,NOR!RN ,M9NESOTA & ,NOR!RN ,ONT>IO 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,AT LEA/ ONE =M] ,W,P,C FACULTY MEMB]1 ,KRI/5 ,SVANUM1 AN 9/RUCTOR DUR+ ! #a#i#b#d-#a#i#b#e T]M1 WAS ID5TIFI$ 9 ! REPORTS ( COMPANY-HIR$ LABOR SPIES AS A LEAD+ ORGANIZ] 9 ! #aibg ,COLORADO M9]S /RIKE 7,REES1 #b#d1 PP4 #c#b-#c#e74 ,F]D ,?OMPSON HELD A MORE CYNICAL \TLOOK ON ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ,W,P,C ORGANIZ] TRA9+1 /AT+ ?AT HIS MAJOR CRITICISM ( ! S*OOL WAS ?AT 0,I4,W4,W4 UNIONS %\LD HAVE >RANG$ TO MAKE MORE SY/EMATIC USE ( IT0 & ?AT HE FELT =TUNATE 0IF AMONG ! SIXTY OR SO /UD5TS1 !RE W]E A DOZ5 :O CAME !RE ) ! IDEA ( 9CREAS+ !IR CAPACITY AS ORGANIZ]S OR LABOR $UCATORS0 7,RO$IG]1 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #f#g74 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ,?OMPSON'S COMM5TS MAY MORE ACCURATELY REFLECT ! P]IOD ( ! 9/ITUTE'S G5]AL DECL9E DUR+ HIS TIME !RE 9 ! #a#i#cS1 RA!R ?AN ! ,W,P,C AS A :OLE4 ,HIS REFLECTIONS1 H[EV]1 ALSO HOLD 9VALUABLE 9SI<TS4 ,?OMPSON SUGGE/$1 9 RETROSPECT1 ?AT ! ,W,P,C %\LD HAVE S5T 0ORGANIZ]-/UD5TS0 TO PLACES :]E ORGANIZ+ CAMPAIGNS W]E HAPP5+ AT ! TIME 7NAMELY1 ,DETROIT & ,CLEVEL& 9 ! #a#i#cS71 :]E !Y C\LD CONC5TRATE 0P>TLY ON ORGANIZ+ *ORES1 P>TLY 9 SY/EMATIC /UDY & ALWAYS TRY+ TO RELATE ONE TO ! O!R0 7IBID41 P4 #f#i74 

,! T5ACITY ( ! ,F9NI% ,WOBBLIES1 H[EV]1 MO/ C]TA9LY [$ MU* TO ! TRA9+ & S5SE ( CAM>AD]IE ?AT ! ,W,P,C PROVID$4 ,9DU/RIALI/I1 ) =M] ,W,P,C /UD5T ,JACK ,UJAN5 AS $ITOR1 AS M5TION$ ABOVE1 SURVIV$ UNTIL #a#i#g#e--A REM>KABLE FEAT = A =EIGN-LANGUAGE RADICAL NEWSPAP] 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA--AS DID ! ,C,T,K,L & SEV]AL ,I,W,W-SUPPORT$ HALLS & COOP]ATIVES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA4 ,EV5 AS ,I,W,W UNIONS BEGAN A %>P DECL9E ?R\< ! #a#i#cS1 ,WOBBLY ME?ODS1 IDEAS1 & ORGANIZ]S REMA9$ DEVOT$ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( DIRECT ACTION1 SOLID>ITY1 & LABOR MILITANCY 9 ! BROAD] WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,9 ! LATE #a#i#cS1 ,WOBBLIES OR =M] MEMB]S 9 ,NOR!RN ,M9NESOTA & ,NOR!RN ,ONT>IO ACTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 /RIKES 9 ! LUMB] 9DU/RY ?R\< 0MA9/REAM0 UNIONS--!IR 9CL9ATION TO RANK-&-FILE CONTROL & DIRECT ACTION1 9/EAD ( NEGOTIAT+ B9D+ COLLECTIVE AGREEM5TS1 (T5 AGGRAVAT+ UNION BUREAUCRATS 7,HUDELSON & ,ROSS1 #b#f1 PP4 #a#i-#i#b2 ,CAMPBELL1 #a#i#i#h1 PP4 #a#a#h-#a#i74 

,AT A LAT] /AGE1 ! ,W,P,C & ! MILITANTS IT TRA9$ S]V$ AS AN IMPORTANT G5]ATIONAL L9K BETWE5 ! 0OLD GU>D0 ( ! ,I,W,W & ! ,NEW ,LEFT RADICALS ( ! #a#i#fS :O BEGAN ! TASK ( REBUILD+ ! ,I,W,W4 ,:5 ,FRANKL9 ,ROSEMONT JO9$ ! UNION 9 #aifb 9 ,*ICAGO1 E/ABLI%+ ! ,REBEL ,WORK] GR\P & J\RNAL1 HE FONDLY RECALL$ MEET+ =M] ,W,P,C /UD5TS & FACULTY LIKE ,C>L ,KELL]1 ,A9O ,?OMPSON 7,F]D ,?OMPSON'S WIFE--! TWO MET AT ! COLLEGE71 & ,J5NY ,LAHTI ,VELSEK 7,ROSEMONT & ,RADCLIFFE1 #b#f1 P4 #a#i74 ,ROSEMONT ALSO NOT$ ?AT ! ,SOLID>ITY BOOK%OP 9 ,*ICAGO1 9CLUD$ 0A C\PLE ?\S& OLD BOOKS FROM ! ,I,W,W'S ,WORK ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE0 7IBID41 P4 #c74 

,FITT+LY1 ! LATE/ 9C>NATION ( ! ,W,P,C IS 9 ,M9NEAPOLIS1 ! CITY 9 :I* ! ORIG9AL ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE WAS E/ABLI%$ OV] A C5TURY AGO4 ,9 #b#f1 A DECISION WAS MADE BY ! ,I,W,W ,TW9 ,CITIES ,G5]AL ,MEMB]%IP ,BRAN* TO BEG9 PROVID+ 0FREE1 RADICAL1 & PRACTICAL $UCATION TO ! WORK+ WOM5 & M5 ( \R COMMUNITIES1 $UCATION ?AT WILL FUR!R ! AIMS ( ! WORK+ CLASS REVOLUTION ?AT WE ADVOCATE AS A UNION0 7,W,P,C ,MISSION ,/ATEM5T74 ,JEFF ,PILAC9SKI1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ FIGURES BEH9D ! ,W,P,C REVIVAL1 EXPLA9S ?AT ! HI/ORICAL ,W,P,C WAS *OS5 AS ! MODEL = ?IS PROJECT = SEV]AL REASONS3 

,ONE1 ! OBVI\S HI/ORICAL CONNECTION BETWE5 ! S*OOL & ! ,I4,W4,W4 WAS IMPORTANT TO MA9TA94 ,SECOND1 AS A SELF-MANAG$ WORK+-CLASS 9/ITUTION1 ! HI/ORICAL ,W,P,C (F]$ $UCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES :]EBY WORK]S W]E TEA*+ WORK]S 9 AN ORGANIZ$1 YET LOOSELY-/RUCTUR$ 5VIRONM5T4 ,?IS IS SOME?+ ?AT BRAN* MEMB]S WANT$ TO REPLICATE GIV5 ! FACT ?AT !RE W]E FEW IF NO O!R OPPORTUNITIES ( ?IS K9D AVAILABLE AT ! TIME4 ,?IRD1 WE TOOK 9SPIRATION FROM ! S*OOL'S CORE CURRICULUM & /RUCTUR$ \R (F]+S >\ND WORK+-CLASS CULTURE_/HI/ORY1 SOCIOLOGY1 ,M>XI/ ECONOMICS1 & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM4.<#a#c.> 

,C\RSES1 :I* BEGAN 9 MID-,OCTOB] #b#f1 HAVE TYPICALLY BE5 ORGANIZ$ DUR+ EV5+S = SIX TO EI<T WEEKS AT AN ACCESSIBLE V5UE1 SU* AS A MEET+ ROOM 9 A PUBLIC LIBR>Y1 USUALLY = TWO H\RS SESSIONS4 ,FACILITATORS >E RESPONSIBLE = CREAT+ A C\RSE FRAMEWORK & A LI/ SUGGE/$ READ+S COMB9$ ) A /RONG P>TICIPATORY FOCUS4 ,/UD5TS L>GELY GUIDE ! DIRECTION ( EA* C\RSE ) 9/RUCTIONAL ME?ODS V>Y+ WIDELY C\RSE-TO-C\RSE FROM GR\P DISCUSSIONS & LECTURES TO ROLE-PLAYS & M$IA PRES5TATIONS4 ,! REVIV$ ,W,P,C1 LIKE ITS HI/ORICAL NAMESAKE1 IS OP5 TO ALL WORK]S & ! OCCUPATIONAL BACKGR\NDS ( BO? ITS FACILITATORS & /UDY BODY >E REFLECTIVE ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM--! M9]S & LUMB]JACKS ( ! HI/ORICAL ,W,P,C HAVE N[ BE5 REPLAC$ ) WORK]S FROM ! S]VICE1 $UCATION1 & TELECOMMUNICATIONS 9DU/RIES4 

,TO DATE FIVE C\RSES HAVE BE5 (F]$3 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 ,IMAG9ATION & ,SOCIAL ,LIB]ATION 7! ?\<T ( ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS71 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY 9 ,K>L ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL1 ,*OMSKY #a#a3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO ,NOAM ,*OMSKY'S ,LIFE & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T1 & ,C\P DE ,SABOTS & ! ,CREATIVITY ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION4 ,! FLI] = ONE C\RSE (F]+ /YLI%LY ASS]T$ ?AT 0CR$IT = P>TICIPATION 9 ?IS CLASS IS NOT TRANSF]RABLE TO ANY /ATE OR PRIVATE 9/ITUTION1 BUT ONLY TO ! DAILY /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS40.<#a#d.> ,CURR5TLY1 ! BRAN* $UCATIONAL COMMITTEE RESPONSIBLE = ORGANIZ+ LOGI/ICS 7ROOM BOOK+S1 PHOTOCOPIES1 *ILD C>E1 ETC47 = ! ,W,P,C IS AIM+ TO /RUCTURE ! ,W,P,C AS A QU>T]LY S]IES ( WEEK5D SESSIONS COMPOS$ ( WORK%OPS1 PANELS1 SPEAK]S1 FILMS1 DEBATES1 & TRA9+S.<#a#e.> 

,9 CONSID]+ ! IMPORTANCE (1 & RELATION%IP BETWE51 !ORY & WORK+ PLACE ORGANIZ+1 ,PILAC9SKI OBS]VES3 

,EA* C\RSE 9CLUD$ COMPON5TS ?AT DEVELOP$ ,I4,W4,W4 MEMB]S & NONMEMB]S' ABILITIES TO SITUATE !MSELVES 9 & FUR!R UND]/& ! HI/ORY & DYNAMICS ( !IR CLASS--!SE DEVELOPM5TS FUNDAM5TALLY BOL/] ! ,I4,W4,W4 & ITS MEMB]S CAPACITIES TO ORGANIZE :]E !Y WORK4.<#a#f.> 

,HE ALSO NOTES ?AT 0! UNION ALSO HAS A D$ICAT$ & SUCCESSFUL WORKPLACE ORGANIZ] TRA9+ PROGRAM ?AT ! ,TW9 ,CITIES RUNS SEV]AL TIMES ?R\<\T ! YE>1 9CLUD+ TIMES :5 ,W,P,C C\RSES >E (F]$40 .<#a#g.> ,!SE EF=TS HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO SOME ( ! MO/ 9NOVATIVE & PIONE]+ WORKPLACE-ORGANIZ+ CAMPAIGNS 9 ,M9NESOTA & BEYOND4 ,REC5T CAMPAIGNS 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,TW9 ,CITIES ,I,W,W 9CLUDE SUB/ANTIAL WORK 9 ! POORLY PAID1 NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT1 & ALMO/ TOTALLY UNORGANIZ$ FA/-FOOD 9DU/RY4 

,IF ! BE/ & MO/ S9C]E TRIBUTE TO ! WORK+-CLASS MILITANTS ( ! HI/ORICAL ,W,P,C IS TO C>RY ON !IR WORK1 !N C]TA9LY ! REVIVAL ( ! S*OOL 9 ! ,TW9 ,CITIES MU/ BE CONSID]$ AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT & CRITICAL COMPON5T ( ! S*OOL'S LEGACY4 

,REF]5CES 

0,TIETOJA ,I4,W4,W4 ,LIITON #a#c3/A ,KOV5TSIONI/A0 7#a#i#b#a1 ,MAY #b#h7 ,9DU/RIALI/I1 #a4 

0,TYOVA5-,OPI/ON ,JOHTAJAN ,TOM9TAK]TOMUS10 7,W,P,C ,DIRECTOR'S ,ACTIVITY ,REPORT1 #a#i#b#a-#a#i#d#a1 ,9DU/RIALI/I73 #a#i#b#a1 ,MAY #b#a1 ,G4 ,HUMON2 #a#i#b#b1 ,APRIL #b#d1 ,G4 ,HUMON2 #a#i#b#c1 ,MAY #a1 ,A4 ,VITIKA952 #a#i#b#d1 ,APRIL #b#b1 ,A4 ,VITIKA952 #a#i#b#e1 ,MAY #g1 ,G4 ,HUMON2 #a#i#b#f1 ,MAY #a#b1 ,G4 ,HUMON2 #a#i#b#g1 ,MAY #c1 ,G4 ,HUMON2 #a#i#b#h1 ,MAY #a#a1 ,J4 ,KIV9IEMI2 #a#i#b#i1 ,APRIL #b1 ,J4 ,KIV9IEMI2 #a#i#c1 ,MAY #b#a1 ,G4 ,HUMON2 #a#i#c#a1 ,APRIL #a#f1 ,A4 ,RISSAN52 #a#i#c#b1 ,MAY #i1 ,G4 ,HUMON2 #a#i#c#c1 ,MAY #a#e1 ,I4 ,VAPAA2 #a#i#c#d1 ,APRIL #b#a1 ,C4 ,KELL]2 #a#i#c#e1 ,APRIL #b#e1 ,A4 ,VITIKA952 #a#i#c#f1 ,MAY #a#f1 ,F4 ,?OMPSON2 #a#i#c#g1 ,MAY #c1 ,C4 ,KELL]2 #a#i#c#h1 ,MAY #b1 ,F4 ,?OMPSON2 #a#i#c#i1 ,APRIL #b#b1 ,G4 ,HUMON2 #a#i#d1 ,MAY #b#d1 ,F4 ,?OMPSON2 #a#i#d#a1 ,MAY #b1 ,F4 ,?OMPSON4 

0,VA>A ,TULK9TA0 7#a#i#c#f1 ,OCTOB] #a7 ,9DU/RIALI/I1 #b4 

,WORK ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE ,MISSION ,/ATEM5T4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4IWW4ORG_/5_/BRAN*ES_/,U,S_/,M,N_/TW9CITIES_/WPC4 

0,YHDI/Y/5 JA ,RYHMI5 ,OSOTTEITA0 7#a#i#b#g1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#h7 ,9DU/RIALI/I1 #c4 

,ALT5BAU<1 ,R4 7#a#i#i74 ,$UCATION = /RUGGLE3 ,! ,AM]ICAN LABOR COLLEGES ( ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS4 ,PHILADELPHIA3 ,TEMPLE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,CAMPBELL1 ,J4 ,! CULT ( SPONTANEITY3 ,F9NI%-,CANADIAN BU%WORK]S & ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! WORLD 9 ,NOR!RN ,ONT>IO1 #a#i#a#i-#a#i#c#d4 ,LABOR_/,LE ,TRAVAIL1 #da 7,SPR+ #a#i#i#h71 #a#a#g-#d#f4 

,E?OL51 ,K4 ,MAILMAN ,TEOLLISUU/YOLAI/5 ,LITTO #a VUOTTA4 ,M]IMIES-,SJOMANN5 #b1 #b#f1 #a4 

,HANNULA1 ,R4 ,$ITOR'S TRIBUTE TO ,JACK ,UJAN54 ,F9N ,H]ITAGE1 #e7#b7 #a#i#h#h1 #b#c-#b#e4 

,HE9ILA1 ,H4 7#a#i#i#e74 ,WORK ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE4 ,F9NI% ,AM]ICANA3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,F9NI% ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORY & ,CULTURE1 #a#a1 #b#b-#c#a4 

,HUDELSON1 ,R4 @& ,ROSS1 ,C4 7#b#f74 ,BY ! ORE DOCKS3 ,A WORK+ PEOPLE'S HI/ORY ( ,DULU?4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,JASKA4 7#a#i#b#d1 ,APRIL74 ,TYOVA5-,OPI/ON ,LUKUKAUSI1 #a#i#b#c-#a#i#b#d4 ,TIE ,VAPAUTE51 #d7#f71 #b#c-#b#g4 

,K>NI1 ,M4 7#a#i#g#eA74 ,YHTEI%YVA--OR1 = ! COMMON GOOD3 ,F9NI% RADICALISM 9 ! WE/]N ,GREAT ,LAKES REGION1 #a#i-#a#i#d 7,DOCTORAL DISS]TATION74 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA4 

,K>NI1 ,M4 7#a#i#g#eB74 ,/RUGGLE ON ! COOP]ATIVE FRONT3 ,! SEP>ATION ( C5TRAL COOP]ATIVE :OLESALE FROM COMMUNISM1 #a#i#b#i-#a#i#c4 ,9 ,M4 ,K>NI1 ,M4 ,KAUPS @& ,D4 ,OLLILA ,JR4 7,$S471 ,! ,F9NI% EXP]I5CE 9 ! WE/]N ,GREAT ,LAKES REGION3 ,NEW P]SPECTIVES1 #a#h#f-#b#a4 ,TURKU1 ,F9L&3 ,9/ITUTE = ,MIGRATION4 

,KIVI/O1 ,P4 7#a#i#h#d74 ,IMMIGRANT SOCIALI/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 ,! CASE ( ,F9NS & ! LEFT4 ,CRANBURY_/,LONDON_/,MISSISSAUGA3 ,ASSOCIAT$ ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESSES4 

,KORNBLUH1 ,J4 7,$474 7#b#a#a74 ,REBEL VOICES3 ,AN ,I,W,W AN?OLOGY4 ,OAKL&3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,KO/IA951 ,A4 7#a#i#g#f74 ,F9NI%-,AM]ICAN ,WORKM5'S ,ASSOCIATIONS4 ,9 ,V4 ,NIITEMAA1 ,J4 ,SAUKKON51 ,T4 ,AALTIO @& ,O4 ,KOIVUKANGAS 7,$S471 ,OLD FRI5DS--/RONG TIES3 ,! ,F9NI% CONTRIBUTION TO ! GR[? ( ! ,U,S,A1 #b#e-#c#d4 ,VAASA4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM WWW4G5EALOGIA4FIM.>.<HTTP3_/_/WWW4G5EALOGIA4FI_/EMI_/>T_/>TICLE#b#e#gE4HTM4.>.> 

,KO/IA951 ,A4 7#a#i#h74 ,WORK ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE3 ,AN ,AM]ICAN IMMIGRANT 9/ITUTION4 ,SC&9AVIAN ,J\RNAL ( ,HI/ORY1 #e1 #b#i#e-#c#i4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4G5EALOGIA4ORG_/EMI_/>T_/>TICLE#b#d#cE4HTM_?,ALKU4 

,KO/IA951 ,A4 7#a#i#i#a74 ,A DISS5T+ VOICE ( ,F9NI% RADICALS 9 ,AM]ICA3 ,! =MATIVE YE>S ( ,SOSIALI/I-,9DU/RIALI/I 9 ! #a#i#aS4 ,AM]ICAN ,/UDIES 9 ,SC&9AVIA1 #b#c1 #h#c-#i#d4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4G5EALOGIA4FI_/EMI_/>T_/>TICLE#b#e#fE4HTM_?A#a#e4 

,KROPOTK91 ,P4 7#a#h#h74 ,AN APPEAL TO ! Y\NG4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/FLAG4BLACK5$4NET_/DAV]_/AN>*ISM_/KROPOTK9_/ATTY4HTML4 

,LUOMA1 ,T4 0,! ,WOBBLY ,WAY0 7#a#i#c#h1 ,SEPTEMB] #f7 ,9DU/RIALI/I1 #c4 

,MAY ,L4 @& ,MY]S1 ,R4 7,$S474 ,SLAU<T] 9 ,S]5E3 ,! ,COLUMB9E COAL /RIKE READ]4 ,D5V]3 ,BREAD & ,ROSES ,WORK]S' ,CULTURAL ,C5T]4 

,MUKANA OLLUT4 7#a#i#b#a1 ,MAY74 ,OPI/ON ,TOV]IKUNNAN ,VAIHEI/A ,LUKUVUOT5A #a#i#b-#a#i#b#a4 ,AHJO1 #c#i-#d#b4 

,OLLILA1 ,D4 7#a#i#g#e74 ,FROM SOCIALISM TO 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM 7,I,W,W73 ,SOCIAL FACTORS 9 ! EM]G5CE ( LEFT-LABOR RADICALISM AMONG ,F9NI% WORK]S ON ! ,MESABI1 #a#i#a#a-#a#i4 ,9 ,M4 ,K>NI1 ,M4 ,KAUPS @& ,D4 ,OLLILA ,JR4 7,$S471 ,! ,F9NI% EXP]I5CE 9 ! WE/]N ,GREAT ,LAKES REGION3 ,NEW P]SPECTIVES1 #a#e#f-#g#a4 ,TURKU1 ,F9L&3 ,9/ITUTE = ,MIGRATION4 

,OLLILA1 ,D4 7#a#i#g#g74 ,! ,WORK ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE3 ,IMMIGRANT $UCATION = ADJU/M5T & SOLID>ITY4 ,9 ,M4 ,K>NI @& ,D4 ,OLLILA ,JR4 7,$S471 ,= ! COMMON GOOD3 ,F9NI% IMMIGRANTS & ! RADICAL RESPONSE TO 9DU/RIAL ,AM]ICA1 #h#g-#a#a#h4 ,SUP]IOR1 ,W,I3 ,TYOMIES ,SOCIETY4 

,OPPILAS4 0,UUTISIA ,OPI/OLTA0 7#a#i#d#a1 ,JUNE #b7 ,9DU/RIALI/I1 P4#c4 

,RAD=?1 ,I4 7#a#i#h#g74 ,BU%WORK]S & BOSSES3 ,LOGG+ 9 NOR!RN ,ONT>IO1 #a#i-#a#i#h4 ,TORONTO_/,BUFFALO_/,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS4 

,RANTA1 ,W4 ,VALI/U/YOHON4 7#a#i#b#g ,APRIL7 ,TIE ,VAPAUTE5 7#d7 #i1 #g4 

,REES1 ,J4 0,X10 0,X,X0 & 0,X-#c03 ,LABOR SPY REPORTS FROM ! ,COLORADO ,FUEL & ,IRON ,COMPANY >*IVES4 ,COLORADO ,H]ITAGE 7,W9T]7 #b#d1 #b#h-#d#a4 

,RE91 ,W4 7#a#i#b#i74 ,NUORISO1 ,OPPI JA ,TYO 7,Y\?1 ,LE>N+ & ,LABOR74 ,DULU?3 ,WORK]S' ,SOCIALI/ ,PUBLI%+ ,COMPANY4 

,RO$IG]1 ,D4 7,$474 7#a#i#i#c74 ,FELL[ WORK]3 ,! LIFE ( ,F]D ,?OMPSON4 ,*ICAGO3 ,*>LES ,H4 ,K]R ,PUBLI%+ ,CO4 

,ROSEMONT1 ,F4 7#b#c74 ,JOE ,HILL3 ,! ,I,W,W @& ! MAK+ ( A REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS C\NT]CULTURE4 ,*ICAGO3 ,*>LES ,H4 ,K]R ,PUBLI%+ ,CO4 

,ROSEMONT1 ,F4 7#b#a#a74 ,A %ORT TREATISE ON ,WOBBLY C>TOONS4 ,9 ,J4 ,KORNBLUH 7,$471 ,REBEL VOICES3 ,AN ,I,W,W AN?OLOGY1 #d#b#e-#d#c4 ,OAKL&3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,ROSEMONT1 ,F4 @& ,RADCLIFFE1 ,C4 7#b#f74 ,DANC9' 9 ! /REETS6 ,AN>*I/S1 ,I,W,WS1 SURREALI/S1 SITUATIONI/S @& PROVOS 9 ! #a#i#fS AS RECORD$ 9 ! PAGES ( ,REBEL ,WORK] & ,HEATWAVE4 ,*ICAGO3 ,*>LES ,H4 ,K]R ,PUBLI%+ ,CO4 

,ROSS1 ,C4 7#a#i#g#g74 ,! ,F9N FACTOR 9 ,AM]ICAN LABOR1 CULTURE & SOCIETY4 ,NEW ,YORK ,MILLS1 ,M,N3 ,P>TA ,PR9T]S ,9C4 

,SABLI*1 ,M4 7#a#i#b#h1 ,APRIL #a#e74 ,!RE >E SOME DEEP-ROOT$ QUE/IONS TO BE UND]/OOD 9 ! 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM4 ,9DU/RIALI/I1 #d4 

,SAL]NO1 ,S4 7#a#i#h#i74 ,R$ ,NOVEMB]1 BLACK ,NOVEMB]3 ,CULTURE & COMMUNITY 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK ,PRESS4 

,WASA/J]NA1 ,H4 7#a#i#e#g74 ,HI/ORY ( ,F9NS 9 ,M9NESOTA4 ,DULU?3 ,M9NESOTA ,F9NI%-,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORICAL ,SOCIETY4 

,WILSON1 ,J4 7#a#i#h#f74 ,JOHN ,WIITA3 ,A ,F9NI%-,AM]ICAN 9 ,CANADA1 #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#c4 ,F9NI% ,AM]ICAN3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,F9NI% ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY & CULTURE1 #g1 #a#i-#b#c4 

,*,A,P,T,] #d4 ,FROM ,DES*OOL+ TO ,UNS*OOL+3 ,RE?9K+ ,AN>*OP$AGOGY AFT] ,IVAN ,ILLI* 

,JOSEPH ,TODD 

,:5 WE CALL \RSELVES AN>*I/S1 ?AT IS1 PEOPLE :O ADVOCATE ! PR9CIPLE ( AUTONOMY AS OPPOS$ TO AU?ORITY 9 EV]Y FIELD ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL LIFE1 WE >E CON/ANTLY REM9D$ ( ! APP>5T FAILURE ( AN>*ISM TO EX]CISE ANY P]CEPTIBLE 9FLU5CE ON ! C\RSE ( POLITICAL EV5TS1 & AS A RESULT WE T5D TO OV]LOOK ! UNCONSCI\S ADOPTION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 A V>IETY ( O!R SPH]ES ( LIFE4 7,W>D1 #a#i#f#f1 P4 #c#i#g7 

,COL9 ,W>D E/ABLI%ES A PO9T ( ORIG9 = AN>*I/ !ORY1 SITUAT+ IT )9 AUTONOMY & 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,AL?\< HE IS OPTIMI/IC AB\T SPACES :]E AN>*IC PROJECTS MAY BE C>RI$ \T1 HE IS DEEPLY AW>E ( ! M>G9ALIZ$ NATURE ( AN>*Y AS A POLITICAL MOVEM5T4 ,WE CAN SEE ! T5SION ?AT ,W>D HI<LI<TS 9 AN>*ISM ITSELF 9 ! ANTAGONI/IC RELATION%IP BETWE5 S*OOL+ & DES*OOL+4 ,S*OOLS >E ONE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS :]E ! ,/ATE SU/A9S ITS /RON<OLD1 CREAT+ AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =M ( AU?ORITY OV] ! NATURE ( $UCATION1 :ILE DES*OOL+ MAY BE ONE ( !SE SPH]ES ?AT MI<T BE AN>*IC )\T EXPLICITLY /AT+ SO OR EV5 CONSCI\SLY ATTEMPT+ TO BE4 ,AL?\< DES*OOL+ MI<T REMA9 HI<LY M>G9AL 9 PRACTICE & !ORY1 AS ,W>D SUGGE/S1 IT MAY ALSO GA9 5\< /R5G? TO MOBILIZE 9FLU5CE ON POLICY & ACT AGA9/ ! 9/ITUTION ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+4 ,IVAN ,ILLI*1 ! MAJOR PHILOSOPH] ( DES*OOL+1 MAY HAVE ADD$ AN IMPORTANT DIM5SION = AN>*I/ !ORI/S 9 HIS 9SI/5CE ( 9CLUD+ $UCATION 9 REVOLUTION>Y FRAMEWORKS4 ,H[EV]1 WE MU/ BE EQUALLY CRITICAL ( !SE ALT]NATIVE SITES 9 HOPES ( CREAT+ DIV]SITY AMONG AN>*IC POSSIBILITIES & EXP]IM5TS4 

,CONTEMPOR>Y COMPULSORY PUBLIC $UCATION IS UND]/OOD ONLY ?R\< PUBLIC & PRIVATE CONCEPTIONS1 :I* >E 9CREAS+LY N>R[$ BY TR5DS 9 RE=M1 :ILE ,ILLI* IS REPRES5TATIVE ( A ?IRD1 AN>*IC MODEL ?AT IS BEYOND ?IS DI*OTOMY4 ,= ?IS REASON ! FOCUS ( ?IS *APT] WILL BE ON SPACES ( ALT]NATIVE $UCATION ?AT EM]GE BEYOND OR BETWE5 ! PUBLIC_/PRIVATE DI/9CTION4 ,ILLI* PROVIDES A MODEL ( :AT ?IS MI<T LOOK LIKE 9 !ORY1 BUT IT IS NOT )\T ITS [N LIMITATIONS & WILL NE$ TO BE UPDAT$ TO ACC\NT = *ANGES 9 TE*NOLOGY1 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & GLOBALIZATION S9CE #a#i#g4 ,! CRIT]IA HE DEVIS$ >E AS FOLL[S3 REF]5CE S]VICE TO $UCATIONAL OBJECTS1 SKILL EX*ANGES1 PE]-MAT*+1 & PR(ESSIONAL $UCATORS4 ,HOMES*OOL+ PRACTICES DEMON/RATE C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ,ILLI*'S !ORY & C\LD PRES5T POSSIBLE RES\RCES = FUR!R+ AN AN>*I/ PROJECT ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION1 ALBEIT FROM \TSIDE ! AN>*IC TRADITION4 ,SOME HOMES*OOL]S1 :O TYPICALLY DEF9E !MSELVES AS UNS*OOL]S1 RADICAL UNS*OOL]S1 DES*OOL]S1 OR NO-S*OOL]S ACCOMPLI% ASPECTS ( ,ILLI*'S MODEL4 ,= ! TIME BE+1 WE WILL CONFLATE !SE GR\PS1 BUT AS ! MOVEM5TS EXP&S IT MAY BE NECESS>Y TO DRAW DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 !M TO DET]M9E :I*1 IF ANY1 APPROXIMATE AN ,ILLI*EAN AN>*OP$AGOGY & :I* REPRODUCE A PUBLIC MODE4 ,BY EXAM9+ !SE SPACES CRITICALLY WE'LL F9D ?AT SOME HOMES*OOL]S MAY NOT BE QUE/ION+ ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM AT ALL & >E CREAT+ EXPLICITLY PRIVATE $UCATIONAL MODELS1 ALBEIT ) ALT]NATIVE VALUES & GOALS1 BUT PRIVATE NONE!LESS1 ?AT DOES NOT *ALL5GE 9/ITUTIONAL LE>N+ & CANNOT BE P]CEIV$ AS A C\NT]PUBLIC4 

,POLITICS ( ,HOMES*OOL+ 

,$UCATIONAL PUBLICS >E SITES :]E P>5TS & $UCATORS CAN RESI/ OR RECON/RUCT ! /ATE'S GOALS = $UCATION & S*OOL+1 DEBATE & AGREE UPON V>I\S %>$ $UCATIONAL NE$S & VISIONS1 & HOLD ! /ATE ACC\NTABLE = HELP+ !M TO IMPLEM5T !SE VISIONS4 7,AB[ITZ1 P4 #h#g7 

,9 ?IS SECTION ,I WILL BEG9 NAVIGAT+ ! HOMES*OOL+ L&SCAPE & ALSO TE/ ! POLITICAL CLIMATE ?AT HOMES*OOL]S >E FAC+4 ,DATA ON HOMES*OOL+ HAVE BE5 COMPIL$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,C5T] ( ,$UCATION ,/ATI/ICS1 A RESE>* EXT5SION ( ! ,U4,S4 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,$UCATION1 :I* HAS PROVID$ 9=MATION EXPOS+ ! GR[? HOMES*OOL+ HAS EXP]I5C$ 9 REC5T DECADES4 ,!RE W]E AN E/IMAT$ #a4#e MILLION HOMES*OOL$ /UD5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #bg 7,N,C,E,S1 #b#h1 P4 #a74 ,S9CE #bc ?IS SIGNIFIES AN 9CREASE FROM #a4#a MILLION HOMES*OOL$ /UD5TS4 ,MORE SPECIFICALLY ?IS REPRES5TS A 0#g#d P]C5T RELATIVE 9CREASE OV] ! #h-YE> P]IOD .<S9CE #a#i#i#i.> & A #cf P]C5T RELATIVE 9CREASE S9CE #b#c0 7,N,C,E,S1 #b#h1 P4 #b74 ,H[EV]1 ?IS RISE 9 HOMES*OOL+ DOES NOT EXCLUSIVELY SIGNIFY AN 9CREASE 9 DES*OOL+4 0,FROM #bc TO #b#g1 ! P]C5TAGE ( /UD5TS :OSE P>5TS REPORT$ HOMES*OOL+ TO PROVIDE RELIGI\S OR MORAL 9/RUCTION 9CREAS$ FROM #gb P]C5T TO #hc P]C5T .<AN 9CREASE ( #aa P]C5T.>0 7,N,C,E,S1 #b#h1 P4 #b74 ,:]EAS 09T]E/ 9 A NONTRADITIONAL APPROA* TO $UCATION1 .<9CREAS$ ONLY.> #g P]C5T0 7,N,C,E,S1 #b#h1 P4 #c74 ,H[EV]1 !RE IS A *ANCE WE CAN BE MORE OPTIMI/IC AB\T ?IS BECAUSE ,GRACE ,LLEWELLYN F9DS ?AT 0.<MO/.> PEOPLE :O DO FANTA/IC UNS*OOLI% ?+S ) !IR TIME CALL !MSELVES HOMES*OOL]S1 BECAUSE IT KEEPS !M \T ( TR\BLE & IT DOESN'T FREAK \T ! NEI<BORS0 7,LLEWELLYN1 #a#i#i#h1 P4 #b#g74 ,= \R PURPOSES WE MU/ REMA9 AW>E ?AT 0S*OOL+ CAN /ILL TAKE PLACE \TSIDE S*OOLS !MSELVES1 & CLE>LY ?AT IS :AT MANY HOMES*OOL+ FAMILIES DO2 !Y >E S*OOL+ !IR KIDS AT HOME0 7,H]N1 #a#i#i#f1 P4 #b74 ,OBVI\SLY ?IS 9CLUDES HOMES*OOL]S :O *OOSE TO OPT \T ( PUBLIC S*OOL = RELIGI\S REASONS1 BUT IT ALSO 9CLUDES HOMES*OOL]S :O >E NOT MAK+ ! *OICE TO LEAVE PUBLIC $UCATION 7,AB[ITZ1 #b#c1 P4 #g#g74 ,! P]C5TAGE MI<T 9 FACT BE MU* HI<] BUT IS REPRES5T$ L[] BECAUSE DES*OOL]S C\LD BE 9T5TIONALLY TRY+ TO AVOID ATTRACT+ ATT5TION4 ,ONE ?+ ?AT BECOMES CLE> IS ?AT DES*OOL]S1 ?AT IS1 HOMES*OOL]S ( A P>TICUL> V>IETY1 >E A M9ORITY )9 ! M9ORITY4 ,REG>DLESS ( ! =M HOMES*OOL]S >E ASSUM+1 ?IS OV]ALL 9CREASE IS SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE IT MAY 9DICATE A RISE 9 PRIVATE MODELS ( S*OOL+1 NOT C\NT]PUBLIC MODELS ( DES*OOL+ ?AT 5TREATS RESE>* 9TO ! PUBLIC DIM5SION ( HOMES*OOL+4 

,9T]NATIONALLY1 HOMES*OOL+ HAS SE5 SIMIL> TR5DS AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ,G]MANY = 9/ANCE1 ! IMPLEM5TATION ( AN $UCATIONAL POLICY AGA9/ HOMES*OOL+ CAN BE RA!R ACCEPT+ OR P]CEIVE HOMES*OOL+ AS 0DEVIANT BEHAVIOR0 & A SEV]E TRANSGRESSION ( ! S*OOL LAW ) SANCTIONS TO FOLL[ 7,SPIEGL]1 #b#i1 P4 #b#i#g74 ,9 ,SW$5 ! PRACTICES ( IMPLEM5T+ ! LAW AGA9/ HOMES*OOL+ IS BECOM+ /RICTLY REGULAT$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 7,VILLALBA1 #b#i74 ,WE AGA9 F9D ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 RELIGI\S HOMES*OOL]S 0:O CONSID]$ ! PUBLIC S*OOLS AS TOO LIB]AL & ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN0 & DES*OOL]S :O >E 0LIB]AL SUPPORT]S ( *ILDR5'S RI<TS = :OM ! S*OOL WAS /ILL TOO AU?ORIT>IAN & RIGID0 7,SPIEGL]1 #b#i1 P4 #b#i#i74 ,:AT WE F9D H[EV]1 & ?IS GIVES HOPES TO DES*OOL]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ?AT 0! IDEA ?AT IT IS ADEQUATE & HELPFUL TO SANCTION HOME $UCATORS ) HI< F9ES OR IMPRISONM5T DOES NOT HAVE MU* MORE ACCEPTANCE ?AN HOMES*OOL+ ITSELF0 7,SPIEGL]1 #b#i1 P4 #c#b74 ,G]MANY ITSELF IS CONFLICT$ AB\T HOMES*OOL+1 ILLU/RAT$ BY ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 SANCTIONS & ! 9CONSI/5CIES BETWE5 CASES4 ,ALSO ( IMPORTANCE = AN>*IC !ORI/S IS ! FACT ?AT 0HOME $UCATORS DO NOT CONSID] !IR [N BEHAVIOR AS DEVIANT1 RA!R ! ,G]MAN LAW IS SE5 AS DEVIANT0 7,SPIEGL]1 #b#i1 P4 #c#d74 ,?IS IS A FUNDAM5TAL DI/9CTION ( AN>*I/S2 ?AT !Y >E WILL+ TO DISPUTE ! LAWS ( ! /ATE !Y DEEM TO BE UNJU/ OR REPRODUCE 9EQUALITY4 

,DOME/ICALLY1 HOMES*OOL+ HAS MET 9CREAS+ OPPOSITION AS ! TR5D T[>D DES*OOL+ & UNS*OOL+ GA9S MOM5TUM4 0,CRITICS CONT5D ! ,H,S,L,D,A .<,HOME ,S*OOL ,LEGAL ,DEF5SE ,ASSOCIATION.> SUPPORTS A CONS]VATIVE POLITICAL AG5DA AS WELL & ?AT ! GR\P HAS HELP$ PASS LEGISLATION ?AT HURTS MORE RELAX$ HOME-S*OOL]S--LIKE NEW REGULATIONS 9 ,NEW ,YORK ?AT REQUIRE /&>DIZ$ TE/S & (FICIAL OV]SI<T40 7,KLE9] @& ,LORD1 #b1 P4 #e#b74 ,! S\RCE ( ?IS OPPOSITION ORIG9ATES )9 ! GR\P ( HOMES*OOL]S REPRES5T+ ! MAJORITY ( HOMES*OOL]S4 ,WE F9D ?AT 0.<9.> REC5T DECADES1 HOME S*OOL+ HAS COME TO BE CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) RELIGI\S CONS]VATIVES & A ,BIBLE-BAS$ CURRICULUM4 ,?IS S*OOL-AT-HOME APPROA* ALL[S FAMILIES TO AVOID A SECUL> TAKE ON SUBJECTS LIKE EVOLUTION & TO PROVIDE MORAL & E?ICAL TRA9+ ACCORD+ TO !IR [N RELIGI\S VALUES0 7,KLE9] @& ,LORD1 #b1 P4 #e#b74 ,IT IS ONE ?+ TO FACE OPPOSITION FROM \TSIDE ( ! HOMES*OOL+ MOVEM5T & ANO!R 5TIRELY TO HAVE TO DEAL ) IT 9T]NALLY4 ,BECAUSE ( ! EXTREME DIV]SITY1 CONS]VATIVE V]SUS LIB]AL1 DES*OOL]S N[ SEEM TO BE FAC+ MORE OPPOSITION FROM RELIGI\S HOMES*OOL]S4 

,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #b#h1 JUDGES 9 ,CALI=NIA 0F\ND ?AT P>5TS )\T A TEA*]S' CR$5TIAL :O $UCATE !IR *ILDR5 AT HOME C\LD BE CRIM9ALLY LIABLE UND] ,CALI=NIA LAW0 7,CALI=NIA ,CA?OLIC ,DAILY1 #b#h74 ,PAT ,F>5GA 7#a#i#i#h71 AN ASSOCIATE ( ,JOHN ,HOLT'S1 RECOGNIZES ?AT 0.<P>5TS.> :O WI% TO TEA* !IR [N *ILDR5 >E NOT REQUIR$ TO HAVE A TEA*+ CR$5TIAL 9 ANY /ATE0 7P4 #a#b#h74 ,?IS IMPORTANT OBS]VATION IS ! FIR/ /EP ?AT REMOVES P[] FROM TEA*]S & S*OOLS AS ! ONLY PLACE PR(ESSIONALS CAN $UCATE1 NULLIFY+ ! TEA*+ PR(ESSION4 ,?REAT5+ ! PR(ESSION WILL LEAD TO /RONG] OPPOSITION AGA9/ HOMES*OOL+ BECAUSE IT ?REAT5S ! 9/ITUTION ITSELF FROM COMPULSORY S*OOL+1 TO TEA*] $UCATION PROGRAMS1 TO PRIVATE PR(ESSIONAL DEVELOPM5T COMPANIES1 & TEA*]S UNIONS4 ,9 ?IS CASE WE F9D ?AT 0AMONG ?OSE FIL+ BRIEFS OPPOS$ TO HOMES*OOL+ W]E ! ,CALI=NIA ,TEA*]S ,ASSOCIATION1 :I* W>N$ ! C\RT ?AT ALL[+ P>5TS )\T CR$5TIALS TO TEA* *ILDR5 W\LD LEAD TO '$UCATIONAL AN>*Y'0 7,CALI=NIA ,CA?OLIC ,DAILY1 #b#h74 ,9 RESPONSE TO ?IS ACCUSATION1 PR(AMILY ATTORNEY & PRESID5T ( ! ,PACIFIC ,JU/ICE ,9/ITUTE1 ,BRAD ,DACUS HAD ?IS TO SAY1 0.<?IS.> IS IGNOR+ ! FACTS ?AT HOME S*OOL+ IS WIDESPREAD 9 ,CALI=NIA4 ,OV] #b1 *ILDR5 >E BE+ HOME S*OOL$ RI<T N[ 9 ,CALI=NIA--& !Y SCORE HI<] ACADEMICALLY ?AN NOT ONLY PUBLIC S*OOL *ILDR51 BUT ALSO *ILDR5 9 TRADITIONAL PRIVATE S*OOLS4 ,IF !RE IS AN>*Y1 ! AN>*Y IS 9 ! PUBLIC S*OOLS0 7,JOHNSON1 #b#h74 ,! T]M 0AN>*Y0 IS US$ S5SATIONALLY & REPRES5TS A MISUND]/&+ AB\T AN>*I/ !ORY BY BO? P>TIES2 ?OSE OPPOS$ & ?OSE 9 SUPPORT ( HOMES*OOL+4 ,ALSO 9H]5T 9 ?IS SQUABBLE IS ! FACT ?AT ! ,TEA*]S' ,UNION SEEMS TO BE ?REAT5$ BY HOMES*OOL]S BECAUSE !Y REPRES5T A POLITICAL1 IDEOLOGICAL MOVEM5T ?AT UND]M9ES PR(ESSIONAL C]TIFICATION ( TEA*]S & *>TS NEW $UCATIONAL T]RA94 

,= ,ILLI*1 0.<CITIZ5S.> CONCEIVE ! 9CONCEIVABLE & !REBY CREATE A WORLD FREE FROM SOCIAL 9EQUITY4 ,ILLI* FELT ?AT *ANGE IS A PROCESS ( DEMY/IFICATION1 ! ]ADICATION ( FALSE IDEOLOGIES IMPOS$ BY A HEGEMON1 & 9 ORD] TO F9D ?OSE B\ND>IES1 CITIZ5S MU/ CREATE ALT]NATIVES TO ! /ATUS QUO0 7,SEWELL1 #b#e1 PP4 #a#a-#a#b74 ,:AT >E ! B\ND>IES ( $UCATIONAL *ANGE & H[ DO WE KN[ :5 WE'RE APPROA*+ !M8 ,9 LI<T ( ! OPPOSITION TO HOMES*OOL+ & DES*OOL+1 BO? DOME/ICALLY & GLOBALLY1 WE F9D IT LIKELY ?AT :5 ! ,/ATE REACTS TO !SE $UCATIONAL ALT]NATIVES ) C\NT]9SURG5CY TACTICS1 WE >E TIPTOE+ NE> ! B\ND>Y & MAY EV5 BE /EPP+ ACROSS1 5ABL+ US TO LOOK BACK FROM ! O!R SIDE4 ,JUDG+ BY ! RECEPTION ( HOMES*OOL+ BY ! ,/ATE1 TEA*]S' UNIONS1 ! PUBLIC1 ! M$IA1 ETC1 DES*OOL]S >E ON ! RI<T TRACK BECAUSE ! 9/ITUTION IS ?REAT5$ & ACTIVELY TRY+ TO SUBV]T DES*OOL+ PROJECTS & SIL5CE ! MOVEM5T 7,LUGG @& ,RORR]1 #b#i74 

,OV]ALL1 HOMES*OOL+ FACES PR$ICTABLE *ALL5GES4 ,AS HAS BE5 %[N1 !RE >E SEP>ATE BATTLES BE+ WAG$ AGA9/ DIFF]5T FACTIONS2 SOME EXT]NAL1 SU* AS ! ,/ATE & POLICYMAK]S1 & O!RS 9T]NAL1 SU* AS O!R HOMES*OOL]S & CONS]VATIVE HOMES*OOL+ ADVOCACY GR\PS4 ,?IS SITUATION ILLU/RATES H[ WE HAVE CONF9$ \R ?9K+ AB\T $UCATION EXCLUSIVELY ?R\< PUBLIC & PRIVATE L5SES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 AN>*I/ !ORY L9K$ ) $UCATION HAS BE5 VILLA9IZ$ BY ! ,RI<T & ! ,LEFT1 ) ! EFFECT ?AT EA* MISSES ! TRUE POLITICAL POT5TIAL ( HOMES*OOL+1 ?AT ( AU!NTIC FRE$OM & AUTONOMY4 ,BORR[+ FROM ,NANCY ,FRAS]'S MODEL ( ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 ,KA?LE5 ,AB[ITZ HELPS TO ID5TIFY A ?IRD MODEL ( SOCIAL ID5TITY1 9 ?IS CASE $UCATIONAL C\NT]PUBLICS1 BUT DOES NOT GO F> 5\< 9 SUGGE/+ H[ HOMES*OOL+ & O!R $UCATIONAL ALT]NATIVES CAN NURTURE ?IS NEW ID5TITY & 5GAGE 9 COLLECTIVE /RUGGLES4 

,AN>*IC ,$UCATIONAL ,C\NT]PUBLICS 

,A POLITICAL PROGRAM :I* DOES NOT EXPLICITLY RECOGNIZE ! NE$ = DES*OOL+ IS NOT REVOLUTION>Y4 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#g1 P4 #g#e7 

,ANY AN>*I/ /RUGGLE MU/ BE CRITICALLY ANALYZ$ = ITS 9CLUSION & RECON/RUCTION ( $UCATION1 P>TICUL>LY ALT]NATIVE DE9/ITUTIONALIZ$ LE>N+1 )9 ! COMMUNITY AS IT EXI/S & AS IT /RIVES TO BECOME4 ,AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE MU/ ACC\NT = DES*OOL+ 9 MORE DIRECT & EXPLICIT WAYS 9 ORD] TO REK9DLE ITS [N REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL :I* HAS WAN$ BUT IS SEE+ A /RONG RESURG5CE & RE>TICULATION ?AT FOCUSES ON LIB]TY1 ACTIVE /UD5T-DIRECT$ LE>N+1 & POLITICAL P>TICIPATION 7,GODW91 #a#i#f#f1 P4 #d#b#d74 ,REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES MU/ ACTIVELY & CONSCI\SLY AVOID REPRODUC+ ! 9CULCAT+ T5D5CIES ( ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM1 LESS !Y COMPROMISE !IR PROJECT = SOCIAL *ANGE 9 ! NAME ( FRE$OM & JU/ICE4 ,9 ADDITION TO ANALYZ+ AN>*I/ /RUGGLES & !IR >TICULATION ( DES*OOL+ AS IT RELATES TO POLITICAL & SOCIAL SUBJECTIVITY1 WE CAN ALSO EXAM9E SPACES :]E DES*OOL+ MAY BE HAPP5+ BUT NOT >TICULAT$ AS P>T ( A L>G] AN>*I/ TRADITION ( /RUGGLES4 

,9 TRAC+ ?IS DEM>CAT$ L9E ( S*OOL+ ON ONE SIDE & DES*OOL+ ON ! O!R1 WE F9D DESCRIPTIONS ?AT HELP TO MAKE ! PA? MORE DISC]NIBLE4 ,MULTIPLE HOMES*OOL+1 DES*OOL+1 & UNS*OOL+ ADVOCATES PUT =W>D ! NEGATIVE GOALS ( COMPULSORY $UCATION SU* AS CO]CION 9TO CAPITALI/IC HI]>*IES & UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE1 AS OPPOS$ TO EQUALITY & COMMUNITY ?AT >E ! T>GET$ IDEALS ( AN>*I/S & DES*OOL]S 7,H]N1 #a#i#i#f2 ,DE,LEON1 #b#f2 ,DE,LEON1 #b#h2 ,:EATLEY1 #b#i74 ,!SE ASPECTS ( S*OOLS ?AT >E ANY?+ BUT EMP[]+ TAKE %APE ?R\< ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM & OP]ATE ?R\< ME*ANISMS DESIGN$ = CON=MITY & NORMALIZATION4 ,!SE TE*NIQUES RELY ON %AME1 GUILT1 RIDICULE1 & PE] PRESSURE TO RE9=CE & MA9TA9 ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM4 ,9/ITUTIONALIZ+ DEP5D5CY ON ! ,/ATE PRODUCES 9DIVIDUALS ?AT >E VIRTUAL W>DS ( ! ,/ATE1 9CAPABLE ( 9SPIR+ ANY COMMUNITY ACTION T[>D SOCIAL JU/ICE ON A LOCAL LEVEL1 & B5EFICI>IES ( ! /RUCTURE 9 :I* !Y W]E PRODUC$ & LEFT =EV] ) ! IMPRESSION ?AT ?+S C\LD NOT C>RY ON OR GET DONE )\T ! 9/ITUTION4 ,IF 0S*OOLS TEA* *ILDR5 TO RELY ON TEA*]S1 9/RUCTION1 & ME?ODOLOGIES = !IR LE>N+ RA!R ?AN !IR [N EXP]I5CE1 SELF-RELIANCE1 & 9DIVIDUAL ABILITIES10 !N ?IS IS :]E ! PROJECT ( AN>*OP$AGOGUES & DES*OOL]S BEG9S 7,P]ETTI @& ,JONES1 #b#a1 P4 #c#g#g74 

,DES*OOL+ ITSELF REQUIRES A DIFF]5T /RUCTURE & DIFF]5T RELATION%IP TO LE>N+1 BUT GETT+ !RE REQUIRES A DIFF]5T K9D ( SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 B5T ON CREAT+ ! ALT]NATIVE =M ( ACTIVISM 9 ! PRES5T1 9/EAD ( ATTEMPT TO 9FLU5CE POLICY & WAIT = ! EFFECTS TO TRICKLE D[N4 ,AN>*I/S >GUE = A DIFF]5T /RUCTURE NOT RELIANT ON ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,/ATE1 O!RWISE ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM REMA9S UN*ANG$ & 9TACT & WILL REPRODUCE A SIMIL> ,/ATE 9 ! G5]ATION TO FOLL[ ! REVOLUTION 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#g2 ,SUISSA1 #b#a2 ,DE,LEON1 #b#f74 ,?IS FEATURE ( ,ILLI*'S ?\<T MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO POSITION HIM 9 AN>*IC !ORY AS IT RELATES TO $UCATION1 ! ,/ATE1 & 9/ITUTIONS & AN 9DIVIDUAL'S RELATION%IP TO EA*4 ,DES*OOL]S CONFRONT1 ATTACK1 & SABOTAGE ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM4 

,9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO !SE DEBILITAT+ PRACTICES1 AN>*OP$AGOGY /&S TO REIMAG9E $UCATION1 BUILD+ IT ON PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & COMMUNITY4 ,= ,ILLI* A 0R5EWAL ( $UCATION .<REQUIRES.> AN 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK :I* CON/ANTLY $UCATES = ACTION1 P>TICIPATION1 & SELF-HELP0 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#g1 P4 #f#d74 ,ILLI* HIMSELF DID NOT >TICULATE HIS PROJECT AS AN>*IC BUT ! SIMIL>ITIES CANNOT BE IGNOR$4 ,P]HAPS HE MOV$ ?R\< AN>*Y UNCONSCI\SLY AS ,W>D SUGGE/$ 9 ! BEG9N+4 ,! FEATURES ?AT WE MU/ BE AW>E ( & ACTIVELY SEEK \T & PLAN = 9 ANY $UCATIONAL ALT]NATIVES >E /AT$ REPEAT$LY BY AN>*I/ !ORI/S & DES*OOL+ ADVOCATES 7,GODW91 #a#i#f#f2 ,W>D1 #a#i#f#f2 ,WATT1 #a#i#h#a2 ,H]N1 #a#i#i#f2 ,F>5GA1 #a#i#i#h2 ,LLEWELLYN1 #a#i#i#h2 ,SUISSA1 #b#a2 ,HOLT @& ,F>5GA1 #b#c2 ,DE,LEON1 #b#f2 ,MORRISON1 #b#g2 ,DE,LEON1 #b#h2 ,KAHN1 #b#i74 ,!SE 9CLUDE3 

AT ! LEVEL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL3 AUTONOMY1 /UD5T-DIRECT$ LE>N+ OR SELF-HELP1 & ACTIVE LE>N+2 

AT ! LEVEL ( ! COMMUNITY3 P>TICIPATION1 MUTUAL AID1 SOCIAL_/POLITICAL ACTION1 & P>TICIPATION2 

& LA/LY AT ! /RUCTURAL LEVEL3 DEC5TRALIZ$ MANAGEM5T & NONHI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS4 

,ILLI* ADVANC$ ?AT 0! WAY AHEAD WILL BE F\ND BY ?OSE UNWILL+ TO BE CON/RA9$ BY ! APP>5TLY ALL-DET]M9+ =CES & /RUCTURES ( ! 9DU/RIAL AGE0 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#f#i1 P4 #a#g74 ,IMAG9+ ALT]NATIVES & CREATIVELY 9V5T+ & CON/RUCT+ !SE ALT]NATIVES IS PR(\NDLY AN>*IC4 ,AS AN AN>*IC TE*NIQUE 0.<DIRECT ACTION.> IS MO/ VIABLE :5 COMMUNITIES DECIDE ?AT 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES CAN NO LONG] S]VE !M & ACTIONS MU/ BE DONE N[ TO ALLEVIATE ! PROBLEM0 7,DE,LEON1 #b#f1 P4 #a#c#c74 ,HOMES*OOL+ CAN BE VIEW$ AS DIRECT ACTION ( ! FAMILY AGA9/ ! 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE ( S*OOL & DES*OOL+1 9 ITS MO/ OV]TLY POLITICAL & ACTIVI/-ORI5T$ MANIFE/ATION1 C\LD EV5 BE VIEW$ AS A =M ( 9/ITUTIONAL SABOTAGE1 ANO!R AN>*IC TE*NIQUE TO USE AGA9/ COMPULSORY S*OOL+4 

,! PROCESS BEG9S POLITICALLY AS P>5TS & /UD5TS *OOSE TO DEFY ! EXPECTATIONS ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+ & 9/EAD 9V5T !IR ALT]NATIVE4 ,ILLI* MA9TA9$ ?AT 0.<ONLY.> DIS5*ANTM5T ) & DETA*M5T FROM ! C5TRAL SOCIAL RITUAL & RE=M ( ?AT RITUAL CAN BR+ AB\T RADICAL *ANGE0 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#g1 #c#h74 ,9 REG>D TO ?IS CONC]N1 !RE SEEMS TO BE A NE$ = RIGOR\S & SU/A9$ OPPOSITION TO ! SOCIAL RITUAL & REFLECTIVE_/ CREATIVE EF=TS TO OV]COME S*OOL+1 \TSIDE ( ! 9/ITUTION ( S*OOLS4 ,! 9/ITUTION IS NOT ONLY ABUSIVE TO ! RI<TS & FRE$OMS ( *ILDR5 & S*OOLS US TO 9T]NALIZE ?IS POLITICALLY DESIRABLE SIL5CE1 BUT IS EQUALLY OPPRESSIVE TO P>5TS & EV5 TEA*]S1 ! COMMUNITY1 & SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,JOHN ,HOLT D\BT$ :E!R ! PUBLIC W\LD EV] QUE/ION & DIV]T PUBLIC S*OOL FUND+ &1 = ?IS REASON1 WORK$ TO PROVIDE ALT]NATIVES \TSIDE ( S*OOLS 7,F>5GA1 #a#i#i#h1 P4 #a#b#g74 ,9 ORD] TO *ALL5GE ! FUND+ ONE W\LD ALREADY NE$ TO BE DES*OOL$ TO AN EXT5T4 ,9 ?IS WAY ,HOLT MI<T BE RI<T2 WE NE$ A SPACE TO DES*OOL AS 9DIVIDUALS1 FAMILIES1 & COMMUNITIES BE=E ! 5TIRE 9/ITUTION ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+ CAN BE COMBAT$4 

,!RE MAY COME A TIME :5 ! HOMES*OOL+ MOVEM5T WILL NOT 5COMPASS A DIV]SE >RAY ( RELIGI\S HOMES*OOL]S1 UNS*OOL]S1 DES*OOL]S1 ETC4 ,IT MAY BECOME MORE FRACTUR$ & DISLOCAT$ AS EA* GR[S MORE 9COMPATIBLE ) ! O!R4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS CANNOT BE SE5 FROM \R VANTAGE PO9T BUT IT MAY CREATE LESS DIV]SITY )9 HOMES*OOL+ NETWORKS1 REVITALIZ+ SOME ( ! CONC]NS ( ,AB[ITZ1 & IT MAY ALSO WEAK5 EA* MOVEM5T 9DIVIDUALLY MAK+ !M MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO POLITICAL OPPOSITION4 ,HOMES*OOL+ 9 G5]AL IS *ALL5G$ BY PUBLIC S*OOL 9/ITUTIONS1 & DES*OOL+ 9 P>TICUL> IS FAC+ OPPOSITION 9T]NALLY FROM HOMES*OOL]S FOLL[+ A PRIVATE NOTION ( $UCATION1 SUGGE/+ ?AT1 DES*OOL+ DOES 9 FACT REPRES5T A NEW SOCIAL ID5TITY4 

,HOMES*OOL+ & ,DES*OOL+ 

,HOMES*OOL+ MAY BE ABLE TO CULTIVATE ?IS NEW ID5TITY1 BUT IT WILL NE$ TO BE CAUTI\S :5 9T]ACT+ ) O!R $UCATIONAL C\NT]PUBLICS4 ,AB[ITZ 7#b#c7 RECOGNIZES ! PROBLEM ( 9EQUALITIES AMONG PUBLICS ?AT C\LD >ISE FROM ! B9>Y HOMES*OOL+ C\NT]PUBLIC 7P4 #i74 ,9EQUALITY IS ! PIVOT PO9T = AN>*O-P$AGOGUES 9 ?AT ANY $UCATIONAL C\NT]PUBLIC ?AT CAN BE CONSID]$ AN>*IC MU/ AVOID BE+ REABSORB$ 9TO EI!R A PUBLIC OR A PRIVATE MODEL1 RIFE ) 9EQUALITY4 ,DES*OOL]S >E 9 A POSITION TO CREATE ?IS AN>*IC SOCIAL ID5TITY BUT WILL NE$ TO C\NT] ANY EF=TS TO DEF9E ! MOVEM5T 9 PUBLIC OR PRIVATE CONCEPTIONS4 ,%E ALSO ACKN[L$GES ?AT 0.<?ANKS.> TO ! WORKS ( FEM9I/ S*OL>S & ACTIVI/S1 IT IS POSSIBLE H]E TO DISCUSS PUBLIC SPH]ES )\T AUTOMATICALLY 9VOK+ ! PUBLIC_/PRIVATE DUALISM0 BECAUSE !SE SEP>ATE REALMS >E NO LONG] ISOLAT$ & DEF9ITIVE 7,AB[ITZ1 #b#c1 P4 #g#h74 ,H[EV]1 ! FACT ?AT A C\NT]PUBLIC CAN EVADE ?IS PUBLIC_/PRIVATE DI/9CTION DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN ?AT IT IS REPRES5TATIVE ( AN AN>*IC ID5TITY4 ,AL?\< C\NT]PUBLICS >E SEEK+ ALT]NATIVES TO COMPULSORY PUBLIC $UCATION1 ,AB[ITZ'S EXAMPLES ( $UCATIONAL C\NT]PUBLICS SUGGE/ A ,/ATE-ORI5T$ OR PRIVATIZ$ MODELS ( $UCATIONAL RE=M1 REV]T+ BACK 9TO PUBLIC_/PRIVATE DUALISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,AB[ITZ1 ! C\NT]PUBLICS ?AT AVOID ?IS RELAPSE >E ?OSE :OSE PRACTICES CAN BE DEF9$ AS DEMOCRATIC1 :I* DES*OOL+ MAY EMBODY1 BUT IS NOT TYPICALLY ! CASE ) HOMES*OOL+ G5]ALLY BECAUSE ( ! 9T]NAL OPPOSITION4 

,AS ! MOVEM5T EXP&S1 ! HOMES*OOL+ C\NT]PUBLICS MU/ ADDRESS DES*OOL+ ON ITS [N T]MS1 BUT = N[ WE CAN USE MODELS SU* AS ,ILLI*'S TO MEASURE ! AM\NT ( FRE$OM1 AUTONOMY1 & TRU/ !Y HAVE RECLAIM$ FROM PRACTICES ( S*OOL+4 0,:AT PREV5TS .<! C\NT]CULTURE'S OR 9SURG5CY'S.> FRU/RATION FROM %AP+ NEW 9/ITUTIONS IS A LACK NOT ONLY ( IMAG9ATION BUT FREQU5TLY ALSO ( APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE & ( 5LI<T5$ SELF-9T]E/0 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#g1 P4 #g#c74 ,AN>*I/ !ORY CAN PROVIDE SOME ( ?IS VOCABUL>Y & CONCEPTUALIZATION1 BUT ALSO ,AB[ITZ'S SUGGE/IONS = C\NT]PUBLICS WILL PROVIDE A MORE ROBU/ DEF9ITION ( $UCATION4 ,AB[ITZ SUGGE/S US+ ADVANCEM5TS MADE BY CONTEMPOR>Y CRITICAL !ORI/S4 ,! FEM9I/ 0C\NT] PUBLIC HAS1 AMONG O!R A*IEVEM5TS1 PRODUC$ & 9TRODUC$ A NEW LEXICON 9TO L>G] SOCIETY1 EMBLEMATIC ( ! L>G] IDEOLOGICAL & LEGAL *ANGES IT HAS BR\<T AB\T 9 ! LA/ C5TURY4 .<,T]MS LIKE DATE RAPE & SEXUAL H>ASSM5T.> SYMBOLIZE ! FEM9I/ C\NT] PUBLIC'S 5GAGEM5T ) WID] PUBLICS1 ) ! EFFECT ( 9FLU5C+ ! PREVAIL+ UND]/&+ & NOTION AB\T G5D] & P[] 9 ,AM]ICAN LIFE0 7,AB[ITZ1 #b#c1 P4 #h#a74 

,9 EFFECT ?IS C\NT]PUBLIC !N BECOMES 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ BY 9FILTRAT+ PUBLIC POLICY & C>V+ \T A SPACE = !IR UNIQUE ID5TITY4 ,9 DO+ SO1 ! AN>*IC VISION IS LIMIT$1 AS ! ID5TITY--9 ?IS CASE1 WOM5--IS RE9S]T$ BACK 9TO ! ,/ATE4 ,BY US+ A MODEL SU* AS ,ILLI*'S1 ! PROCESS ( EVALUAT+ $UCATIONAL C\NT]PUBLICS1 9 ! MO/ G5]AL S5SE ( ! T]M1 CAN BEG91 ) A FOCUS ON $UCATION & P[]4 ,AS IT GA9S CONFID5CE & V>IETY1 MOV+ BEYOND ,ILLI*'S MODEL WILL RESULT 9 A MORE COMPLEX MODEL = :I* TO BASE PRACTICE & 9NOVATION4 ,ILLI*'S MODEL PROVIDES AN IMM$IATE F\NDATION ?AT MAY BE 9 NE$ ( URG5T REVISION CONSID]+ ! TIME ! MODEL WAS PROPOS$1 BUT NONE!LESS IMP>TS A VOCABUL>Y TO BEG9 EXP]IM5TS 9 DES*OOL+4 ,HIS MODEL MAY HELP AN>*OP$AGOGUES SUGGE/ A MODEL ( LE>N+ ?AT CAN MA9TA9 ITS AN>*IC ORIG9S4 

,LE>N+ ,WEBS 

,ILLI*'S CRIT]IA HELP MEASURE DES*OOL+ PRACTICES = !IR COMMITM5T TO 0SUPPORT P]SONAL GR[? RA!R ?AN ADDICTION0 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#g1 P4 #e#c74 ,TO REIT]ATE1 HIS CRIT]IA >E1 REF]5CE S]VICE TO $UCATIONAL OBJECTS1 SKILL EX*ANGES1 PE]-MAT*+1 & PR(ESSIONAL $UCATORS4 ,BAS$ ON :AT HAS BE5 DISCUSS$ ?US F> AB\T DES*OOL+ WE F9D ! PRES5CE ( !SE FEATURES 9 DES*OOL+ & CAN ALSO SEE H[ BLATANTLY SOME HOMES*OOL]S MA9TA9 S*OOL+4 ,DES*OOL+ HAS ! POT5TIAL TO 9/ILL A DIFF]5T E?ICS ( SELF1 ID5TITY1 FRE$OM1 SPONTANEITY1 DISCOV]Y1 CURIOSITY1 ETC41 ?US CREAT+ >RANGEM5TS ( P[] ?AT >E PRODUCTIVE1 NOT OPPRESSIVE1 & PRES]VE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & AUTONOMY4 ,!SE >RANGEM5TS OR RELATION%IPS MU/ BE CONSID]$ NOT ONLY ON ! LEVEL ( 9DIVIDUAL-TO-9DIVIDUAL OR 9DIVIDUAL-TO-COMMUNITY1 BUT ALSO 9DIVIDUAL-TO-CONT5T & 9DIVIDUAL-TO-/RUCTURE4 ,?IS IS C5TRAL = ,H]N :O SUGGE/S3 

444 DES*OOL+ IS AB\T RELATION%IPS1 & IS ! ANTI!SIS ( PR(ESSIONALISM4 ,G5U9E RELATION%IPS >E EXACTLY :AT TEA*]S >E LOOK+ TO AVOID4 ,IT IS :AT !Y CALL 0UNPR(ESSIONAL40 ,BUT IF ADULTS >E WILL+ TO TAKE ! TIME TO GET TO KN[ ! KIDS !Y >E >\ND REALLY WELL1 TO SP5D L>GE AM\NTS ( TIME ) !IR DAU<T]S & SONS1 TO LI/5 C>EFULLY TO !IR NE$S & WANTS1 & TO UND]/& :AT !Y >E CAPABLE (1 !N TRU/ CAN'T BE F> BEH9D4 7,H]N1 #a#i#i#f1 P4 #f#b7 

,BAS+ HIS MODEL ( RELATION%IPS ON TRU/ IMPLIES ?AT !RE IS NO 9H]5T HI]>*Y 9 $UCATION1 & CAN ONLY BE ATTA9$ ?R\< NONHI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS4 

,HOMES*OOL+ ,NETWORKS 

,AN>*I/S & DES*OOL]S1 AS WELL AS $UCATIONAL !ORI/S1 >GUE = ! CREATION ( NETWORKS1 AS OPPOS$ TO 9/ITUTIONS1 ?AT >E TEMPOR>Y1 AUTONOM\S1 & NONHI]>*ICAL1 & FACILITATE A V>IETY ( DIV]SE MODES ( LE>N+ & COMMUNITY 9T]ACTION 7,W>D1 #a#i#f#f2 ,LLEWELLYN1 #a#i#i#h2 ,AB[ITZ1 #b#c2 ,HOLT @& ,F]5GA1 #b#c2 ,DE,LEON1 #b#f2 ,MORRISON2 #b#g2 ,OLS51 #b#i74 ,AB[ITZ 7#b#c7 RECOGNIZES H[ 0HOMES*OOL]S >E =M+ 9=MAL NETWORKS = SPECIALIZ$ /UDY & ACTIVITIES--LIKE WRIT+ GR\PS OR MA? CLUBS & =M+ ASSOCIATIONS1 SUPPORT GR\PS1 LEGAL AID SOCIETIES1 PUBLI%+ NETWORKS1 & ,9T]NET SITES TO SUPPORT HOMES*OOL+ FAMILIES & CONNECT !M ) ONE ANO!R0 7P4 #h#i74 ,?IS IS REIT]AT$ BY ,OLS5 7#b#i7 :O ADDS ?AT 0HOMES*OOL+ NETWORKS >E BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ & SELF-SU/A9+0 7P4 #b#a74 ,%E GOES ON TO ILLU/RATE H[ 0MANY MORE MA9/REAM1 MIDDLE-CLASS ,AM]ICAN P>5TS & /UD5TS !MSELVES >E BEG9N+ TO SEE HOMES*OOL+ AS A WAY ( CONSCI5TI\SLY OBJECT+ TO ! W\ND+ CULTURE ( S*OOLS4 ,MORE & MORE PEOPLE >E OPT+ \T ( S*OOL1 & F9D+ ! ALT]NATIVE VIABLE1 ATTRACTIVE1 & V]Y RI* SOCIALLY1 ACADEMICALLY1 & ECONOMICALLY0 7P4 #a#i#h74 ,9 A SIMIL> ?READ1 ,JOHN ,TAYLOR ,GATTO 7#b#c7 WANTS P>5TS & /UD5TS TO ADDRESS !IR [N NE$S1 FOCUS+ ON ! NE$S ?AT >E NOT MET OR EV5 ADDRESS$ BY S*OOL+ SU* AS LEAD]%IP & ADV5TURE1 CRITICAL ?9K+ & 9DEP5D5CE1 & LA/LY SELF-9ITIATIVE & CREATIVITY 7P4 #c#h74 ,ILLI*'S CRIT]IA MAY SET US ON \R WAY1 BUT ! NE$ TO 9CLUDE NEW *>ACT]I/ICS ( DES*OOL+ WILL BECOME EVID5T4 

,! FIR/ ( ,ILLI*'S CRIT]IA IS REF]5CE S]VICE TO $UCATIONAL OBJECTS4 ,! RES\RCES HE IS REF]R+ TO 9CLUDE ! MAT]IALS 9 LIBR>IES1 MUSEUMS1 & !AT]S1 AS WELL AS OP5+ ! LOCAL COMMUNITY 9DU/RIES & S]VICES TO 9DIVIDUALS SEEK+ TO LE>N AB\T ?+S OR PROCESSES 9 FACTORIES & F>MS 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#g1 P4 #g#h74 ,?IS REPRES5TS ,ILLI* AT HIS MO/ PROPHETIC1 =ESEE+ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT TE*NOLOGY1 9 A SIMIL> WAY TO TELEPHONES1 CAN CONNECT NOT ONLY PEOPLE BUT ALSO PEOPLE & RES\RCES4 ,! ,9T]NET IS A VIRTUAL LIBR>Y ?AT ALL[S = ACCESS TO C\NTLESS MAT]IALS1 NOT C5SOR$ BY PUBLIC S*OOLS OR ! ,/ATE1 AT LEA/ 9 ITS MO/ IDEAL =M4 ,?IS CONV]GES ) ,HOLT'S & ,F>5GA'S CONCEPTION ( TE*NOLOGY & $UCATION4 ,F>5GA 7#a#i#i#h7 /ATES ?AT 0HOMES*OOL+ CAN BE SE5 AS ! LOGICAL DE/9ATION = ! CONV]G5CE ( $UCATION & TE*NOLOGY CU/OMIZABLE CURRICULA1 SEM9>S 9 NEW $UCATIONAL TE*NIQUES1 $UCATIONAL ,T,V1 VIDEO-TAP$ CLASSES & LECTURES1 ,9T]NET1 ,C,D ,R,O,MS1 >E ALL T\T$ BY SOME $UCATORS & HOMES*OOL]S ALIKE AS BE+ MORE EFFICI5T $UCATION DELIV]Y SY/EMS ?AN S*OOLS0 7P4 #a#c#b74 ,?IS1 COMB9$ ) AUTONOMY1 5ABLES SELF-DISCIPL9$ /UD5TS TO LE>N 9DEP5D5TLY YET EFFECTIVELY & MEAN+FULLY4 ,HAV+ A ROBU/ /RUCTURE ?AT ALL[S = ?IS TYPE ( LE>N+ IS P>AM\NT = ! PROLIF]ATION ( O!R FRE$OM-BAS$ $UCATIONAL ALT]NATIVES4 

,ILLI*'S SECOND CRIT]ION IS RELATION%IPS ?AT ALL[ = SKILL EX*ANGES4 ,! NETWORK WILL PROVIDE A DATABASE ( 9DIVIDUALS ?AT >E WILL+ TO DEMON/RATE !IR SKILLS TO O!RS1 ! SKILLS !SE 9DIVIDUALS >E ASSOCIAT$ )1 & ! CONDITIONS !SE 9DIVIDUALS >E ABLE TO %>E !IR SKILLS4 ,9 SOME WAYS ?IS IS ALREADY HAPP5+ 9 AN ORGANIC WAY BUT NE$S TO BE DEVELOP$ FUR!R TO CREATE L>G] NETWORKS1 ALL[+ = A MORE DIV]SE SET ( SKILLS & A WID] POOL ( 9DIVIDUALS %>+ & LE>N+ SKILLS4 ,MANY HOMES*OOL NETWORKS PROVIDE !SE S]VICES 9T]NALLY TO MEMB]S ( !IR NETWORKS OR SI/] NETWORKS & C5T] >\ND P>5TS OR COMMUNITY MEMB]S :O >E WILL+ TO %>E A SET ( SKILLS4 ,MORRISON 7#b#g7 HAS ALSO TAK5 NOTE ( ?IS *>ACT]I/IC1 F9D+ ?AT FAMILIES P>TICIPATE 9 ! 0#d-,H CLUB1 & !Y >E ALSO ACTIVE 9 DO+ S]VICE PROJECTS1 SU* AS TAK+ C>E ( PRES*OOL]S1 S]V+ FOOD AT S\P KIT*5S1 & HELP+ \T AT ! ANIMAL %ELT]0 7P4 #d#f74 

,! ?IRD CRIT]IA ( ,ILLI*'S MODEL CONC]NS PE]-MAT*+ OR LOCAT+ LIKE-M9D$ 9DIVIDUALS 9T]E/$ 9 CO9QUIR+ 9TO A SPECIFIC SKILL OR TOPIC4 ,BY F9D+ A COHORT ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ! SKILLS AVAILABLE 9 ! SKILL-EX*ANGE NETWORK 9CREASES BECAUSE ANY 9DIVIDUAL CAN S]VE AS A POT5TIAL SKILL-BE>] OR SKILL-SEEK]4 ,! NETWORK HAS ! POT5TIAL TO 9CREASE & AMPLIFY2 H[EV]1 ,ILLI* 7#a#i#g7 IS AW>E ( ! T5D5CY ?AT ! POOR1 ! GR\P :O NE$S PE]-MAT*+ ! MO/ WILL UNLIKELY TAKE ADVANTAGE ( SU* A PRACTICE 7P4 #i#e74 ,?IS MI<T BECOME IRRELEVANT = DES*OOL]S :O MAKE CONSCI\S EF=TS TO DIV]SIFY !IR HOMES*OOL+ NETWORK OR LE>N+ WEB TAK+ A MORE 9CLUSIVE APPROA* & AV]T+ ANY HOMOG5IZ+ EFFECTS4 ,!RE IS RECOGNITION ( 9CREAS+ DIV]SITY1 BO? RACIALLY & ECONOMICALLY1 )9 DES*OOL+ NETWORKS 7,NI*OLS-,:ITE1 #a#i#i#f2 ,KLE9] & ,LORD1 #b74 

,9 ADDITION1 HI]>*IES BEG9 TO BE DISMANTL$1 A B5EFIT = *ALL5G+ ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM1 BECAUSE WE F9D ?AT 0O!R ADULTS1 &_/ OR *ILDR5 :O BECOME 'TEA*]S' ( .<HOMES*OOL$.> *ILDR5 >E NOT JU/ PLANN]S ( ACTIVITIES = ! *ILDR5 7AL?\< !Y CAN BE74 ,RA!R1 !Y >E RES\RCES1 FACILITATORS1 'MID-WIVES' = *ILDR5'S LE>N+0 7,MORRISON1 #b#g1 P4 #d#g74 ,P]ETTI & ,JONES 7#b#a7 RECOGNIZE ?AT 0.<S*OOLS.> PROVIDE A FUNCTIONAL 5VIRONM5T :]E Y\NG/]S CAN ASSOCIATE ON MANY DIFF]5T LEVELS ) EQUALS1 AS OPPOS$ TO TEA*]S1 P>5TS1 & O!R ADULTS0 7P4 #c#g#i74 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT ,P]ETTI & ,JONES EXPRESS ?AT ONLY PE]S CAN BE VIEW$ AS EQUALS &1 9T5TIONALLY OR NOT1 RE9=CE $UCATIONAL HI]>*IES4 ,?IS IS AN ASPECT ( ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM ?AT IS REPRODUC$ 9 S*OOLS1 POSITION+ *ILDR5 AT ! BOTTOM & REQUIR+ !M TO BL9DLY ACCEPT !IR /ATUS1 OR LACK !RE(4 ,:AT IS NE$$ IS A RECON/RUCTION ( ! TEA*]-/UD5T RELATION%IP1 :I* SKILL-EX*ANGES & PE]-MAT*+ T\*ES UPON4 ,H]N 7#a#i#i#f7 ADDRESSES ?IS ?R\< ! TYPICAL RHETORIC ( TEA*+ & P>5T+ /YLES1 SUPPORT+ 0APPROA*ES TO P>5T+ :I* >E NEI!R AU?ORIT>IAN NOR P]MISSIVE NOR AU?ORITATIVE1 BUT EGALIT>IAN0 7P4 #f#a74 ,LLEWELLYN 7#a#i#i#h7 %>ES ?IS S5TIM5T ( EQUALITY BETWE5 TEA*] & /UD5T OR *ILD & P>5T1 FO/]+ RELATION%IPS BUILT ON TRU/4 ,9 ADDITION TO NURTUR+ ! DIRECT RELATION%IPS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 ! L>G] PICTURE ( ?IS CRIT]ION DEM&S R$ISCOV]+ ONE'S LOCAL COMMUNITY TO UNCOV] PE]S & AVAILABLE SKILLS4 

,! F9AL CRIT]ION ( ! DES*OOL+ MODEL IS ACCESS TO PR(ESSIONAL $UCATORS4 ,?IS MAY BE ! MO/ PROBLEMATIC ( ,ILLI*'S FEATURES BECAUSE 9 SOME WAYS IT RE9TRODUCES TEA*+ AS A PR(ESSION4 ,HE PUTS =W>D ?AT ! RISE ( ! PR(ESSIONAL $UCATOR WILL CO9CIDE ) ! ELIM9ATION ( S*OOLMA/]S 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#g1 P4 #i#g74 ,ILLI* DOES NOT EQUATE PR(ESSIONALISM ) ATTA9+ DEGREES & C]TIFICATIONS & 9/EAD SUGGE/S A MORE PRAGMATIC /RUCTURE :]E PR(ESSIONAL $UCATORS >E ID5TIFI$ BY ! NI*E !Y FILL4 ,ILLI* ID5TIFIES TWO >EAS 9 :I* PR(ESSIONAL $UCATORS C\LD PROSP]4 ,! FIR/ CONC]NS ASSI/+ P>5TS ) UND]/&+ & CONTRIBUT+ TO !IR *ILDR5'S LE>N+ EXP]I5CES 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#g1 P4 #i#g74 ,! FOCUS H]E IS ON HAV+ KN[L$GE ( HUMAN LE>N+1 9 A =M ?AT ALL[S = FRE$OM & AUTONOMY TO FL\RI%1 NOT P]I%4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 P>5TS !MSELVES >E ASSUM+ ?IS ROLE & US+ ! /&>D HOMES*OOL+ TEXTS ( ,HOLT1 ,F>5GA1 ,LLEWELLYN1 ,H]N1 ETC41 AS !IR PR(ESSIONAL GUIDES4 ,! SECOND CONC]NS ! LE>N]S !MSELVES & ! NE$ = GUIDES ?AT WILL HELP TO 9TRODUCE $UCATIONAL 5C\NT]S & (F] A CRITICAL MODEL ( UND]/&+ & MAK+ MEAN+ ( !SE EXP]I5CES 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#g1 P4 #i#g74 ,! TYPE ( EXP]I5CES & ! DISPOSITION DESIR$ IS DET]M9$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL LE>N] :O !N TRIES TO F9D PR(ESSIONAL $UCATORS :O MAT* !IR DESCRIPTIONS4 

,IT IS )9 ! CRIT]IA ( PR(ESSIONAL $UCATORS ?AT WE MI<T F9D P]MISSIBLE LEVELS ( 9EQUALITY BUT ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! RELATION%IP IS SU* ?AT ONE 9DIVIDUAL S]VES AS A TEMPOR>Y GUIDE :O CAN 5C\RAGE & FACILITATE LE>N+ ?AT MI<T NOT BE A*IEV$ BY AN ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL4 ,LLEWELLYN 7#a#i#i#h7 CLASSIFIES !SE 0ADULTS0 AS TEA*]S & TUTORS1 ROLE MODELS1 M5TORS1 OR O!R LESS CONCRETE1 MORE AMBIGU\S RELATION%IPS ?AT1 )\T COMPROMIS+ EGALIT>IAN IDEALS1 /ILL MA9TA9 A DEGREE ( HI]>*Y2 A NONOPPRESSIVE P[] RELATION%IP4 ,MO/ IMPORTANTLY AB\T !SE PR(ESSIONAL $UCATORS IS ! NATURE ( ! RELATION%IPS !Y BUILD ) LE>N]S ?AT CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS 9 ,ANCI5T ,GREECE4 ,CIT+ ,>I/OTLE1 ,ILLI* 7#a#i#g7 DEF9ES H[ !SE LE>N+ EXP]I5CES >E BAS$ ON FRI5D%IP1 TRU/1 & LEISURE 7P4 #a#a74 ,TODD ,MAY 7#b#i7 (F]S CONC]NS = RADICAL POLITICS ?AT APPLY TO MODELS ( DES*OOL+ BY 0.<LOOK+.> AT AN >RANGEM5T ( P[]1 .<& ASK+.> :E!R IT IS CREAT+ SOME?+ BAD = ?OSE :O >E SUBJECT TO IT0 7P4 #a#d74 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT ! P[] RELATION%IP ?AT IS PRES5T 9 ANY $UCATIONAL 5C\NT] C>RIES ) IT AN OPPORTUNITY = ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM TO REEM]GE & TA9T SU* AN 5C\NT]4 

,AFT] REVIEW+ ! PREVI\S CRIT]IA !RE >E AT LEA/ TWO CONC]NS ?AT >E BR\<T TO LI<T4 ,US+ ! MODEL LOOSELY1 NOT DOGMATICALLY1 WILL ALL[ = ! TAMP]+ ( ! MODEL & U%] 9 IMPROVEM5TS TO ! DES*OOL+ MODEL4 ,! FIR/ CRITICISM 9VOLVES ! MYOPIC FOCUS ON S*OOLS4 ,AL?\< ,ILLI* >GUES = ! C5TRALITY ( PUBLIC S*OOLS AS ! DOM9ANT MANIPULATIVE 9/ITUTION1 WE N[ HAVE O!R EQUALLY MANIPULATIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT MAY ALSO BE ! CASE ?AT S*OOLS DO NOT HOLD ?IS UNIQUE TOTALIT>IAN P[]4 ,9/EAD ! P[] MAY HAVE BE5 R$I/RIBUT$ TO O!R 9/ITUTIONS4 ,DES*OOL+ MU/ TAKE ON ! PROJECT ( DES*OOL+ !SE O!R MANIPULATIVE 9/ITUTIONS & CREATE CONVIVIAL ALT]NATIVES )9 !M4 ,! SECOND CONC]N IS A WAY = P>5TS & LE>N]S TO MA9TA9 ! SUSPICION ( & P>TICIPATE 9 ! DECON/RUCTION ( ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM4 

,GEORGE ,WOOD 7#a#i#h#b7 F9DS IT 0UNREASONABLE = S*OOLS TO BE S+L$ \T AS C5TRAL AMONG SU* SOCIALIZ+ 9/ITUTIONS AS ! FAMILY1 ! M$IA1 ! *UR*1 & O!R IDEOLOGICAL APP>ATUS0 7P4 #c#f#g74 ,S*OOLS >E NOT SOLELY RESPONSIBLE = MA9TA9+ ! SOCIAL ORD] AS !RE HAVE EM]G$ NEW 9/ITUTIONS ?AT REIFY ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM :I* MU/ BE CONSID]$ & 9CLUD$ 9 DES*OOL+ PRACTICES4 ,!SE NEW 9/ITUTIONS 9CLUDE MASS M$IA1 ! WORKPLACE1 ! HOME1 ! FAMILY1 M>RIAGE1 DEMOCRACY1 P>5T+1 ETC4 7,FALBEL1 #a#i#i#f2 ,H]N1 #a#i#i#f2 ,LLEWELLYN1 #a#i#i#h2 ,DE,LEON1 #b#f74 ,O!R 9/ITUTIONS >E PRES5T & CRITICAL HOMES*OOL]S1 ASIDE FROM US+ A NEW MODEL ( TEA*+ & LE>N+ WILL ALSO NE$ TO E/ABLI% WAYS TO CRITIQUE M$IA1 M>KET+1 POLITICS1 TE*NOLOGY1 ETC4 ,CRITICAL HOMES*OOL]S MU/ BE W>Y ( ALL 9/ITUTIONS & EVALUATE !IR MANIPULABILITY OR CONVIVIALITY4 ,H]N 7#a#i#i#f7 WANTS 0TO 5C\RAGE DES*OOL]S AT EV]Y LEVEL TO TAKE ! ANALYSIS & IMPULSES ?AT L$ !M TO REJECT TRADITIONAL S*OOLS & APPLY !M TO ! WID] COMMUNITY4 ,I WANT PEOPLE TO LOOK AT HOSPITALS & CITIES & EAT+ & H\SES & SEX & CITY HALLS & %OPP+ MALLS & COMMUNITY C5T]S & EV]Y?+ ELSE ) ! SAME CRITICAL EYE !Y BR+ TO BE> UPON S*OOL0 7P4 #f74 ,HE IS PU%+ IT 9TO ALL 9/ITUTIONS PHYSICAL_/CONCEPTUAL1 EXPLICIT_/ IMPLICIT & ASK+ = ! SAME RIGOR\S CRITIQUE1 REJECTION1 & R5EWAL4 ,P>5TS1 ) ! HELP ( PR(ESSIONAL $UCATORS1 WILL NE$ TO DEVELOP /RATEGIES ?AT 5ABLE DES*OOL+ !SE O!R 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT HOMES*OOL+ CAN *ALL5GE COMPULSORY S*OOL+4 

,9 ADDITION TO OPPOS+ NEW TRAJECTORIES ( OPPRESSION WE ALSO NE$ MORE RIGOR\S PRACTICES TO F9D+ \R WAY \T ( S*OOL+4 ,WE MAY NE$ NEW TOOLS & /RUCTURES ?AT WILL ALL[ = A MORE COMPLETE DES*OOL+ ( ALL MANIPULATIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM4 ,! NEW SOCIAL ID5TITY REQUIRES NEW SKILLS :I* MU/ BE DI/ILL$ 9TO DES*OOL+ PRACTICE4 ,)9 ! UN*ALL5G$ HIDD5 CURRICULUM WE F9D PATT]NS ( 0.<CAPITALISM.>1 RACISM1 SEXISM1 PATRI>*Y1 HET]OSEXISM1 & CLASSISM .<:I* >E.> SY/EMS ( OPPRESSION ?AT AN>*I/S RESI/0 7,DE,LEON1 #b#f1 P4 #c74 ,ALL ( !SE >E A DEEP P>T ( S*OOL+ & TO SU* AN EXT5T DEF9E ! EXP]I5CE 9 S*OOLS4 ,= ?IS REASON1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO HOMES*OOL OR EV5 TO UNS*OOL4 ,AN AN>*IC DES*OOL] MU/ DISMANTLE !SE SY/EMS ( OPPRESSION2 !SE MANIPULATIVE 9/ITUTIONS & 0PAY MU* MORE ATT5TION TO 'MISS+ /&>DS' SU* AS POSITIVE EMOTIONS1 LOVE ( LE>N+1 9ITIATIVE1 CREATIVITY1 & P]SI/5CE0 7,:EATLEY1 #b#i1 P4 #b#g74 

,DES*OOL]S REQUIRE & >E ADVANC+ A DIFF]5T SET ( SKILLS & RES\RCES ?AN !IR S*OOL$ C\NT]P>TS4 ,! DIFF]5CE LIES 9 ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM & AUTONOMY1 BUT MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ON SELF-DISCIPL9E1 MOTIVATION1 & P]SI/5CE ?AT >E 9H]5T 9 ! DES*OOL+ MODEL4 ,AS ,ILLI* SUGGE/S1 0.<!.> IDEAL WAY ( LIFE W\LD OBVI\SLY BE TO A MU* GREAT] DEGREE A DO-IT-Y\RSELF LIFE1 9 :I*1 9DIVIDUALS & SMALL GR\PS TOOK MORE RESPONSIBILITY = MEET+ A MU* WID] RANGE ( !IR [N NE$S1 RA!R ?AN CONC5TRAT+ ON ONE SPECIALTY & DEP5D+ ON A WIDE RANGE ( O!R SPECIALI/S0 7,WATT1 #a#i#h1 P4 #h74 

,CREAT+ ,AUTONOMY 

,HOMES*OOL+ & DES*OOL+1 AL?\< NOT DIRECTLY LOCAT$ )9 ! AN>*Y DISC\RSE1 REPRES5T A WAY ?AT AN>*Y MI<T MAKE SOME PROGRESS :ILE NOBODY IS LOOK+1 SO TO SPEAK4 ,?IS MAY BE A POSITIVE ?+1 GIV5 ! CURR5T GLOBAL HO/ILITY T[>D HOMES*OOL+ & ! COMPLETE LACK ( UND]/&+ & S5SATIONALISM SURR\ND+ AN>*Y4 ,IF DES*OOL+ W]E TO 9T5TIONALLY DEF9E ITSELF AS AN>*IC1 DES*OOL+ Y\?1 DE9/ITUTIONALIZ+ M&ATORY $UCATION1 & DE9CULCAT+ NEOLIB]AL HIDD5 CURRICULUM1 IT W\LD BE VIEW$ AS F> MORE RADICAL & W\LD W>RANT ACCUSATIONS ( CORRUPT+ ! Y\?1 UNRAVEL+ ! SOCIAL FABRIC ( DEMOCRACY1 & POSSIBLY EV5 BE CATEGORIZ$ AS AN 9SURG5CY1 OR WORSE1 T]RORISM4 

,DES*OOL+ FACES SIMIL> MISUND]/&+S & RESI/ANCE AS AN>*Y4 ,! POSITIVE DEF9ITION ( AN>*Y1 0A SOCIETY BAS$ ON COOP]ATION1 SOCIAL JU/ICE1 COMMUNITY P>TICIPATION1 & MUTUAL AID10 RESEMBLES ! POSITIVE DEF9ITION ( DES*OOL+ :I* FOCUSES ON AN 9DIVIDUAL'S RELATION%IP TO ! KN[L$GE %E ACTIVELY ACQUIRES & TO ! LOCAL COMMUNITY1 ) A PROP5SITY = CREATIVITY & SELF-DISCIPL9E 7,DE,LEON1 #b#h1 P4 #a#b#c74 ,MORE SIMPLY1 9 DES*OOL+1 LE>N+ IS )\T ! IMPOSITION ( ! AU?ORITY ( ! MA/] OR ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM ( ! ,/ATE OR ! M>KET 7I4E41 ! PUBLIC OR ! PRIVATE74 ,H[EV]1 JU/ AS ) ! VOLATILITY ( ! T]M AN>*Y1 & ! NEGATIVE DEF9ITION ?AT FOLL[S1 ?AT ( 0LAWLESS DISORD]1 VIOL5CE1 OPPRESSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM1 & *AOS10 DES*OOL+ TOO CAN BE P]CEIV$ ) SIMIL> FE> & HO/ILITY1 FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL :O HAS EMBRAC$ ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM AS ! MEANS TO HAPP9ESS & A*IEVEM5T1 TO SPECIAL 9T]E/ GR\PS :O HAVE MU* AT /AKE ) 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ $UCATION & ! CURR5T TR5DS ( *>T] S*OOLS1 V\*]S1 & =-PR(IT S*OOLS1 & F9ALLY ! /ATE1 :I* 9 MANY WAYS $UCATION REIFIES 7,DE,LEON1 #b#h1 P4 #a#b#c74 ,! FE> /EMS FROM ! DESIRE TO REMOVE AU?ORITY FROM ! PUBLIC OR PRIVATE DEF9ITION ( $UCATION & RECOV] A ?IRD OPTION TO PURSUE MORE AUTONOM\S LE>N+ EXP]I5CES1 OV]COM+ PUBLIC & PRIVATE RHETORIC4 

,ILLI* WAS AW>E ( ! CONTROV]SY SURR\ND+ ANY DISCUSSION ( 0RADICAL ALT]NATIVES TO S*OOL-C5T]$ =MAL $UCATION10 JU/ AS ANY S]I\S1 9=M$ >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( AN>*Y IS REPRES5T$ S5SATIONALLY BY ! M$IA 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#f#i1 P4 #a#a#f74 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 AN>*Y & DES*OOL+ C\PLE TOGE!R NICELY BECAUSE !Y >E UP AGA9/ ! SAME MISUND]/&+S & RESI/ANCE BUT ALSO %>E A RADICALLY HUMANIZ+ POT5TIAL4 ,IF1 AS ,W>D SUGGE/$1 !RE MI<T BE UNCONSCI\S EF=TS T[>D AN>*Y1 & UNS*OOL]S >E UNCONSCI\SLY MANIFE/+ !SE AN>*IC T5D5CIES1 ! CAUSE MI<T BE BETT] S]V$ IF WE >E PATI5T & ALL[ = ! MOVEM5T TO BECOME SELF-AW>E & F9D ITS [N SOCIAL ID5TITY & AN>*IC VOICE TO ANN\NCE ITS >RIVAL 9TO RADICAL POLITICS1 SOCIAL *ANGE1 & $UCATION REVOLUTION4 ,AB[ITZ 7#b#c7 RECOGNIZES ?AT 0.<ON.> ! ONE H& .<C\NT]PUBLICS.> FUNCTION AS SPACES ( )DRAWAL & REGR\PM5T2 ON ! O!R H&1 !Y ALSO FUNCTION AS BASES & TRA9+ GR\NDS = AGITATIONAL ACTIVITIES DIRECT$ T[>D WID] PUBLICS0 7P4 #h#b74 ,?IS IS SOME?+ ?AT WILL DEF9E ! FUTURE ( ! HOMES*OOL+ MOVEM5T & :E!R ! DES*OOL+ FR+E CAN MAKE ITS UNIQUE VOICE AUDIBLE 9 WID] & WID] CIRCLES2 FIR/1 O!R HOMES*OOL]S1 !N $UCATIONAL POLICY MAK]S & BEYOND4 ,AB[ITZ 7#b#c7 SUGGE/S ?AT ! $UCATIONAL C\NT]PUBLICS WILL BE DEF9$ BY ITS FRACTUR$ OV]LAPP+ /RUCTURE1 & TO SOME EXT5T ?IS WILL REPRES5T ! TOPOLOGY ( DES*OOL+1 BUT MORE IMPORTANT IS NOT ! /RUCTURE ( ! C\NT]PUBLIC ITSELF1 BUT ITS /RUCTURE AS IT RELATES TO WID] & WID] PUBLICS4 ,DES*OOL]S >E ABLE TO ELUDE ! DI*OTOMY ( PUBLIC OR PRIVATE & >E ABLE TO AVOID BE+ REABSORB$ 9TO BROAD] PUBLICS AS LONG AS !Y /AY TRUE TO !IR ORIG9 ( DIS5*ANTM5T & DESIRE TO CREATE A NEW SOCIAL REALITY4 ,H[EV]1 AN AN>*I/IC 9T]PRETATION ( DES*OOL+ ALL[S US TO SEE ! FEATURES ?AT PREV5T IT FROM BE+ CLASSIFI$ AS PUBLIC OR PRIVATE & ALSO SUGGE/S A DI/9CT =M ( A C\NT]PUBLIC ?AT ,AB[ITZ PROPOSES4 ,! AN>*I/ CAPACITY ( DES*OOL+ MAY LIE1 AS ,RI*>D ,KAHN 7#b#i7 SUGGE/S1 09 \R S*OL>LY CAPACITY TO OPT-\T ( ! EXCIT$ DRIVE TO RECON/RUCT $UCATION ONCE AGA9 9 ! HOPE ( A BETT] WORLD & TO RECOGNIZE ! PROGRAMMATIC SUFF]+ ( \R 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ EXI/5CE AS /UD5TS & TEA*]S0 7P4 #a#c#c74 ,WE CANNOT !ORIZE & DESIGN = HUMANITY1 WE CAN ONLY PRACTICE HUMANITY4 ,& IF HUMANITY IS NOT PRES5T 9 OBLIGATORY S*OOL+ !N ! ONLY PLACES IT HAS POT5TIAL TO CREEP UP IS 9 DES*OOL$ LE>N+ SPACES4 

,WE CAN ONLY LIVE !SE *ANGES3 WE CANNOT ?9K \R WAY TO HUMANITY4444 ,! MANY MODELS :I* WILL DEVELOP %\LD GIVE EA* ONE ( US AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* WE CAN CELEBRATE \R POT5TIAL--& DISCOV] ! WAY 9TO A MORE HUMANE WORLD4444 ,WE MU/ BUILD 9 HOPE & JOY & CELEBRATION4 7,ILLI*1 #a#i#f#i1 PP4 #a#e-#a#f7 

,REF]5CES 

,AB[ITZ1 ,K4,K4 7#b#c74 ,CIVIL SOCIETY & $UCATIONAL PUBLICS3 ,POSSIBILITIES & PROBLEMS4 ,9 ,G4 ,DIMITRIADIS @& ,D4 ,C>LSON 7,$S471 ,PROMISES TO KEEP3 ,CULTURAL /UDIES1 DEMOCRATIC $UCATION1 & PUBLIC LIFE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE ,FALM]4 

,CALI=NIA ,CA?OLIC ,DAILY4 7#b#h1 ,JUNE #b#e74 ,$UCATIONAL AN>*Y8 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/CALCA?OLIC4COM_/NEWS_/NEWS,>TICLE4ASPX8ID"7#d#dEADBFE-#i#b#eA-#d#aF#c-B#f#dA-E#f#a#f#iB#b#a#dB#h 7ACCESS$ ,M>* #a#g1 #b#a74 

,DE,LEON1 ,A4 7#b#f74 ,! TIME = ACTION IS N[63 ,AN>*I/ !ORY1 CRITICAL P$AGOGY1 & RADICAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,J\RNAL = ,CRITICAL ,$UCATION ,POLICY ,/UDIES4 #d7#b74 

,DE,LEON1 ,A4 7#b#h74 ,OH NO1 NOT ! 0A0 WORD63 ,PROPOS+ AN 0AN>*ISM0 = $UCATION4 ,$UCATIONAL ,/UDIES1 #d#d1 #a#b#b-#d#a4 

,FALBEL1 ,A4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,LE>N+8 ,YES1 ( C\RSE4 ,$UCATION8 ,NO1 ?ANKS4 ,9 ,M4 ,H]N 7,$471 ,DES*OOL+ \R LIVES1 #f#d-#f#h4 ,PHILADELPHIA3 ,NEW ,SOCIETY ,PUBLI%]S4 

,F>5GA1 ,P4 7#a#i#i#h74 ,HOMES*OOL+3 ,CREAT+ ALT]NATIVES TO $UCATION4 ,BULLET9 ( ,SCI5CE1 ,TE*NOLOGY1 & ,SOCIETY #a#h7#b71 #a#b#g-#c#c4 

,GATTO1 ,J4,T4 7#b#c74 ,AGA9/ S*OOL3 ,H[ PUBLIC $UCATION CRIPPLES \R KIDS & :Y4 ,H>P]'S ,MAGAZ9E1 #c#g7#a#h#d71 #c#c-#c#h4 

,GODW91 ,W4 7#a#i#f#f74 ,H[ %\LD KN[L$GE BE COMMUNICAT$8 ,9 ,L4 ,KRIMM]MAN @& ,L4 ,P]RY 7,$S471 ,PATT]NS ( AN>*Y3 ,A COLLECTION ( WRIT+S ON ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,D\BL$AY1 #d#b#a-#b#e4 

,HOLT1 ,J4 @& ,F>5GA1 ,P4 7#b#c74 ,TEA* Y\R [N3 ,! ,JOHN ,HOLT BOOK ( HOMES*OOL+4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,DA ,CAPO ,PRESS4 

,H]N1 ,M4 7#a#i#i#h74 ,DES*OOL+ \R LIVES4 ,PHILADELPHIA3 ,NEW ,SOCIETY ,PUBLI%]S4 

,ILLI*1 ,I4 7#a#i#f#i74 ,CELEBRATION ( AW>5ESS3 ,A CALL = 9/ITUTIONAL REVOLUTION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,D\BL$AY4 

,ILLI*4 ,I4 7#a#i#g74 ,DES*OOL+ SOCIETY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,M>ION ,BOY>S4 

,JOHNSON1 ,J4 7#b#h1 ,JUNE #e74 0,HOME S*OOL+ LABEL$ 'AN>*Y4'0 ,ONE,NEWS,N[4 COM4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4ON5EWSN[4COM_/,$UCATION_/,DEFAULT4ASPX8ID"7#a#b#i#h#h#f 7ACCESS$ ,M>* #a#g1 #b#a74 

,KAHN1 ,R4 7#b#i74 0,AN>*IC EPIME!ANISM3 ,! P$AGOGY ( ,IVAN ,ILLI*40 ,9 ,R4 ,AM/]1 ,A4 ,DE,LEON1 ,L4 ,F]N&EZ1 ,A4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I @& ,D1 ,%ANNON 7,$S471 ,CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ /UDIES3 ,AN 9TRODUCTION ( AN>*Y 9 ! ACADEMY1 #a#b#e-#c#e4 ,N,Y3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,KLE9]1 ,C4 @& ,LORD1 ,M4 7#b74 0,HOME S*OOL COMES ( AGE40 ,U4,S4 ,NEWS @& ,WORLD ,REPORT4 #a#b#i7#a#e71 #e#b-#e#d4 

,LLEWELLYN1 ,G4 7#a#i#i#h74 ,! TE5AGE LIB]ATION H&BOOK3 ,H[ TO QUIT S*OOL & GET A REAL LIFE & $UCATION4 #cRD $4 ,EUG5E1 ,O,R3 ,L[RY ,H\SE4 

,LUGG1 ,C4,A4 @& ,RORR]1 ,A4,K4 7#b#i74 ,! POLITICS ( 7IM7PRUD5T /ATE-LEVEL HOMES*OOL+ POLICIES4 ,9 ,G4 ,SYKES1 ,B4 ,S*NEID] @& ,D4,N4 ,PLANK 7,$S471 ,H&BOOK ( $UCATION POLICY RESE>*1 #h#e-#a#h4 ,N,Y3 ,A,],A_/,R\TL$GE4 

,MAY1 ,T4 7#b#i74 ,AN>*ISM FROM ,F\CAULT TO ,RANCI]E4 ,9 ,R4 ,AM/]1 ,A4 ,DE,LEON1 ,L4 ,F]N&EZ1 ,A4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I @& ,D4 ,%ANNON 7,$S471 ,CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ /UDIES3 ,AN 9TRODUCTION ( AN>*Y 9 ! ACADEMY1 #a#b#e-#c#e4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,MORRISON1 ,K4,A4 7#b#g74 ,UNS*OOL+3 ,HOMES*OOL+ CAN PROVIDE ! FRE$OM TO LE>N4 ,5C\NT]3 ,$UCATION = ,MEAN+ & ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE4 #b 7#b71 #d#b-#d#i4 

,NATIONAL ,C5T] = ,$UCATIONAL ,/ATI/ICS 7,N,C,E,S74 7#b#h1 ,DECEMB]74 #a4#e ,MILLION HOMES*OOL$ /UD5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #b#g4 7,N,C,E,S #b#i-#c74 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/NCES4$4GOV_/PUBS#b#i_/#b#i#c4PDF 7ACCESS$ ,M>* #a#g1 #b#a74 

,NI*OLS-,:ITE1 ,D4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,D9OSAUR HOMES*OOL4 ,9 ,M4 ,H]N 7,$471 ,DES*OOL+ \R LIVES1 #g#b-#g#e4 ,PHILADELPHIA3 ,NEW ,SOCIETY ,PUBLI%]S4 

,OLSON1 ,K4 7#b#i74 ,W\ND$ BY S*OOL3 ,RECAPTUR+ ! JOY 9 LE>N+ & /&+ UP TO OLD S*OOL CULTURE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,TEA*]'S ,COLLEGE ,PRESS4 

,P]ETTI1 ,P4,O4 @& ,JONES1 ,E4,L4 7#b#a74 ,LIMITATIONS ( DES*OOL+ AS A VIABLE MODEL4 ,$UCATION4 #a#b7#d71 #c#g#g-#h4 

,SEWELL1 ,W4,C4 7#b#e74 ,AFFECT+ SOCIAL *ANGE3 ,! /RUGGLE = $UCATORS TO TRANS=M SOCIETY4 ,$UCATIONAL ,F\NDATIONS4 #a#i7#c-#d71 #e-#a#d4 

,SPIEGL]1 ,T4 7#b#i74 ,:Y /ATE SANCTIONS FAIL TO DET] HOME $UCATION3 ,AN ANALYSIS ( HOME $UCATION 9 ,G]MANY & ITS IMPLICATIONS = HOME $UCATION POLICY4 ,!ORY & ,RESE>* 9 ,$UCATION4 #g7#c71 #b#i#g-#c#i4 

,SUISSA1 ,J4 7#b#a74 ,AN>*ISM1 UTOPIAS1 & PHILOSOPHY ( $UCATION4 ,J\RNAL ( ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,$UCATION1 #c#e7#d71 #f#b#g-#d#f4 

,VILLALBA1 ,C4,M4 7#b#i74 ,HOME-BAS$ $UCATION 9 ,SW$53 ,LOCAL V>IATIONS 9 =MS ( REGULATION4 ,!ORY & ,RESE>* 9 ,$UCATION1 #g7#c71 #b#g#g-#i#f4 

,W>D1 ,C4 7#a#i#f#f74 ,ADV5TURE PLAYGR\ND3 ,A P>ABLE ( AN>*Y4 ,9 ,L4 ,KRIMM]MAN @& ,L4 ,P]RY 7,$S471 ,PATT]NS ( ,AN>*Y3 ,A COLLECTION ( WRIT+S ON ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 #c#i#g-#d#b4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,D\BL$AY4 

,WATT1 ,A4,J4 7#a#i#h#a74 ,ILLI* & AN>*ISM4 ,$UCATIONAL ,PHILOSOPHY & ,!ORY1 #a#c7#b71 #a-#a#e4 

,:EATLEY1 ,K4,F4 7#b#i74 ,UNS*OOL+3 ,AN OASIS = DEVELOPM5T & DEMOCRACY4 ,5C\NT]3 ,$UCATION = ,MEAN+ & ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE1 #b#b7#b71 #b#g-#c#b4 

,WOOD1 ,G4,H4 7#a#i#h#b74 ,! !ORETICAL & POLITICAL LIMITATIONS ( DES*OOL+4 ,J\RNAL ( ,$UCATION #a#f#d7#d71 #c#f-#g#g4 

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