,SECTION #c 
,PHILOSOPHICAL ,P]SPECTIVES & ,!ORETICAL ,FRAMEWORKS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABRAHAM ,P4 ,DE,LEON 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEJ&RO ,DE ,ACO/A 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,KHASNABI% 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALLAN ,W4 ,ANTLIFF 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN?ONY ,J4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I 

,TEXT 3 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,I,I4 ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,P]SPECTIVES & ,!ORETICAL ,FRAMEWORKS 

,D,I,A,L,O,G,U,E #c4 7,ON A M\NTA9TOP1 BETWE5 TWO :O >E 9 FACT ONE7 

,ALEJ&RO DE ,ACO/A 

,A3 ,SEE1 !RE >E MOVEM5TS4 ,!Y ISSUE CALLS1 CALL \T TO EA* O!R1 TOO4 

,B3 ,YES1 O!R SELF1 & ,I HE>1 9 !IR DI/ANT CALLS1 DISC\RSES1 /ORIES4 

,A3 ,LOOK1 SOME:]E SOMEONE F9DS OR LOSES A SELF1 AS IF ONE ( US W]E TO VANI% TO ! O!R4 

,B3 ,YES1 & LOOK1 SOME:]E1 A POLITICAL ACT1 ONE OR MORE1 UNFOLDS1 UNFOLD4 ,ALREADY H]E1 ON ?IS M\NTA9TOP1 Y\ & ,I1 O!R SELF 444 

,A3 ,I AM NOT SO SURE4 ,FROM UP H]E ALL ( ?IS MI<T COME TO SEEM /RANGE1 UNLIKELY1 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 

,B3 ,FRAGILE1 AT LEA/4 

,A3 ,NO HOMOG5\S SPACE 444 

,B3 444 NO PL9?1 NO SOCLE 444 

,A3 444 ON :I* IT IS ALL GA!R$4 

,B3 ,:AT NEGOTIATIONS W]E NECESS>Y TO BEG9 TELL+ ?IS /ORY 444 

,A3 444 OR TO JUMP 9 SOME:]E 9 ! MIDDLE1 SAY+1 SEE1 LOOK 444 8 

,B3 ,:AT ANAMNESIS 444 

,A3 444 OR HEAL?Y AMNESIA 444 

,B3 444 TO SAY3 ?IS IS & IS NOT A SELF2 

,A3 444 TO SAY3 ?IS IS & IS NOT POLITICS4 

,B3 ,AH4 ,?IS /ORY FOLDS BACK UPON ITSELF4 

,A3 ,IT 9VOLUTES1 YES4 

,B3 444 

,A3 ,ONE ANSW]1 = US1 H]E ON ! M\NTA9TOP3 E?ICAL NEGOTIATIONS4 

,B3 ,IF SO1 !IR AFT]EFFECTS >E :AT WE BY CU/OM CALL CONS5T1 CONS5SUS1 ASSEMBLY1 CONSULTA 444 DO Y\ REMEMB] H[ WE SPOKE BE=E \R ASC5T8 

,A3 ,YES1 ?OSE SESSIONS 9 :I* IT WAS 9 BAD TA/E TO ASSUME AHEAD ( TIME :AT WAS UND] DISCUSSION1 ITS RAMIFICATIONS4 

,B3 ,ANO!R ANSW]1 K9D O!R SELF3 WE >E FOLD+ NOT JU/ SPEE* BUT LIFE BACK ON ITSELF4 

,A3 ,! MO/ P>ADOXICAL LESSON8 

,B3 ,IT W\LD CONC]N P[] ?AT IS NOT P[] 444 

,A3 444 AN E?ICS ?AT IS F9ALLY AMORAL4 ,CAN WE EV5 SPEAK ( ?IS H]E8 

,B3 ,SOME LIKE TO ASK :AT SU*-&-SU* W\LD 0LOOK LIKE0 444 AS ,I WOND] :AT Y\1 O!R SELF1 LOOK LIKE4 

,A3 ,BUT IT IS NOT A MATT] ( REPRES5TATION1 IS IT8 ,I CAN'T SEE Y\ AT ALL4 

,B3 ,! DESIRE ?AT ! LESSON C\LD MATT]1 ?AT SPEE* C\LD COME TO FEEL CONCRETE 444 

,A3 444 SOME SAY 0REAL10 BUT H]E ON ! M\NTA9TOP 444 

,B3 ,YES1 EV5 H]E1 O!R SELF1 DIRECT ACTION 9 DISC\RSE4 

,A3 ,A /ORY ?AT1 ATOMIC1 RE9V5TS LIFE8 

,B3 ,I KN[ ?IS3 IT IS \R EV]-REC$+ GOAL4 

,A3 ,IT IS ALSO \R EV]-PRES5T DISCOV]Y1 IF Y\ REMEMB] ! EXP]IM5T ?AT BR\<T US H]E4 

,B3 ,IT IS = O!RS TO TAKE UP N[4 ,= US IT IS A GOAL ?AT IS F9ALLY NOT A GOAL4 

,A3 ,& YET WE >E NOT )\T ! LESSON ?AT IS A SIGN1 A PLACE-HOLD] ?AT IS NOT A COMPROMISE4 ,?AT IS :Y WE >E TWO4 

,*,A,P,T,] #a#b4 ,TO ,WALK ,QUE/ION+3 ,ZAPATISMO1 ! ,RADICAL ,IMAG9ATION1 & A ,TRANSNATIONAL ,P$AGOGY ( ,LIB]ATION 

,ALEX ,KHASNABI% 

,T]RIBLE HAVE BE5 ! /RUGGLES BETWE5 ?OSE ( ABOVE & ?OSE ( BEL[1 BETWE5 ! P[]FUL & ! DISPOSSESS$4 ,MU* HAS BE5 WRITT5 ( ! REASONS & CAUSES = !SE CLA%ES4 ,! TRU? IS1 !Y ALL HAVE ! SAME F\NDATION3 ! P[]FUL WANT TO BR+ D[N ! WORLD ! CEIBA HOLDS UP2 ?OSE ( BEL[ WANT TO KEEP ! WORLD & MEMORY1 BECAUSE ?AT IS :]E ! DAWN COMES FROM4.<#d#b.> 

,! P[]FUL FI<T AGA9/ HUMANITY4 

,! DISPOSSESS$ FI<T & DREAM = HUMANITY4 

,?IS IS ! TRUE HI/ORY4 ,& IF IT DOES NOT APPE> 9 PRIM>Y S*OOL TEXTBOOKS1 ?AT IS BECAUSE HI/ORY IS /ILL BE+ WRITT5 BY ?OSE ABOVE1 EV5 ?\< IT IS MADE BY ?OSE BEL[4 

,BUT EV5 ?\< IT'S NOT P>T ( ! (FICIAL CURRICULA1 ! /ORY ( ! BIR? ( ! WORLD & ! MAP ?AT EXPLA9S :]E IT IS1 IS /ILL BE+ HELD 9 ! SC>S ( ! MO!R CEIBA4 

,! ELDE/ ( ! ELD]S ( ! COMMUNITIES 5TRU/$ ! SECRET TO ! ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,9 ! M\NTA9S1 !Y SPOKE ) !M & TOLD !M :]E ! NOTE WAS LEFT BY ! FIR/ GODS1 ?OSE :O GAVE BIR? TO ! WORLD1 SO MEMORY W\LDN'T BE LO/4 

,EV] S9CE1 BECAUSE !Y W]E BORN )\T FACES1 )\T NAMES1 & )\T 9DIVIDUAL PA/S1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE BE5 /UD5TS ( ! /ORY TAU<T BY ! L&4 ,ONE DAWN 9 ! YE> #a#i#i#d1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS BECAME TEA*]S2 CONSULT+ ! OLD NOTE ( MEMORY1 !Y C\LD TEA* H[ ! WORLD WAS BORN & %[ :]E IT IS TO BE F\ND4 

,?AT IS :Y ! ,ZAPATI/AS >E /UD5TS & TEA*]S4 

,FROM 0,DEMOCRATIC ,TEA*]S & ! ,ZAPATI/A ,DREAM0 BY ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,9SURG5TE ,M>COS 7#b#a1 PP4 #b#g#e-#g#f7 

,LESSONS 9 ,DIGNITY 

,/&+ 9 ! /REETS ( ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL DE LAS ,CASAS 9 ! FIR/ H\RS ( ! NEW YE> 9 #a#i#i#d1 ,ZAPATI/A SPOKESP]SON & MILIT>Y /RATEGI/ ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,9SURG5TE ,M>COS EXPLA9$ ! PRES5CE ( ! >MY ( MASK$1 >M$ 9DIG5\S 9SURG5TS OCCUPY+ ! C5TRAL PLAZA1 ADM9I/RATIVE (FICES1 & /REETS ( ! OLD COLONIAL CAPITAL ( ,*IAPAS1 ,MEXICO1 TO A GR\P ( REPORT]S & O!R ANXI\S ONLOOK]S4 ,RA!R ?AN SPEAK+ ! DOCTR9AIRE LANGUAGE ( MOD]NI/ REVOLUTION1 ,M>COS UNAPOLOGETICALLY DESCRIB$ ! ,ZAPATI/A UPRIS+ AS AN URG5TLY NE$$ 0LESSON 9 DIGNITY0 GIV5 TO ! RE/ ( ! ,MEXICAN NATION &1 AS W\LD SOON BECOME CLE>1 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD BY ! 9SURG5TS & SUPPORT BASES ( ! ,ZAPATI/A ,>MY ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION 7,EJ]CITO ,ZAPATI/A DE ,LIB]ACION ,NACIONAL1 ,E,Z,L,N7 9 ! FACE ( ! CREEP+ OBLIVION MAT]IALIZ$ 9 ! =M ( COLONIALISM1 IMP]IALISM1 RACISM1 G5OCIDE1 & CAPITALISM 7,SUBCOM&ANTE ,9SURG5TE ,M>COS #b#b1 PP4 #b#a#a-#a#b74 ,M>COS ELABORAT$ UPON ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS LESSON BY EXT5D+ HIS P$AGOGICAL ANALOGY3 

.<! UPRIS+.> %\LD BE A LESSON = ALL4 ,WE CANNOT LET \RSELVES BE TREAT$ ?IS WAY1 & WE HAVE TO TRY & CON/RUCT A BETT] WORLD1 A WORLD TRULY = EV]YONE1 & NOT ONLY A FEW1 AS ! CURR5T REGIME DOES4 ,?IS IS :AT WE WANT4 ,WE DO NOT WANT TO MONOPOLIZE ! VANGU>D OR SAY ?AT WE >E ! LI<T1 ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE1 OR /+ILY CLAIM ! QUALIFICATION ( REVOLUTION>Y = ONE OR ANO!R CURR5T4 ,WE SAY1 LOOK AT :AT HAPP5$4 ,?AT IS :AT WE HAD TO DO4 7IBID47 

,M>COS'S DESCRIPTION ( ! ,ZAPATI/A UPRIS+ AS A 0LESSON 9 DIGNITY0 9VOKES ! LANGUAGE ( P$AGOGY NOT ONLY AS A MORALLY P[]FUL JU/IFICATION = ! ,E,Z,L,N'S 9SURG5CY1 IT W\LD ALSO TURN \T TO BE PROPHETIC 9 T]MS ( ,ZAPATISMO'S RESONANCE TRANSNATIONALLY4 

,FROM A GEOPOLITICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#i#d1 M>K$ ! FIR/ DAY ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,FREE ,TRADE ,AGREEM5T 7,N,A,F,T,A7 CAME 9TO =CE1 B9D+ ,CANADA1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ,MEXICO TOGE!R 9 A CONT95TAL NEOLIB]AL CAPITALI/ M>KET4 ,IT ALSO M>K$ ! 5D ( ! %ORT-LIV$ NEOLIB]AL 05D ( HI/ORY0 RHETORIC ?AT HAD BE5 SO 5?USIA/ICALLY TRUMPET$ BY CAPITALI/ ELITES & !IR 9TELLECTUAL DEF5D]S 9 ! WAKE ( ! FALL ( ! ,B]L9 ,WALL & ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,?IS RHETORICAL 9VOCATION ( 0! 5D ( HI/ORY0 WAS A PHRASE MEANT TO /& = ! 5D ( ! GREAT IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICTS ?AT HAD M>K$ SO MU* ( MOD]N HI/ORY & ! ASC5DANCE ( NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM ALONG ) SOME TATT]$ TRAPP+S ( LIB]AL DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE4 ,IT ALSO SIGNIFI$ ! DEFEAT ( TRADITIONAL ACTORS ( ! E/ABLI%$ ,LEFT ON A GLOBAL SCALE AS ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 COMMUNI/ & SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL P>TIES1 PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SOCIAL JU/ICE ACTORS F\ND !MSELVES RUDD]LESS & B]EFT ( CR$IBILITY & GRASSROOTS CAPACITY AFT] DECADES ( TEPID & UN9SPIR$ POLITICAL PRACTICE AIM$1 AT BE/1 AT AMELIORAT+ ! WOR/ CONSEQU5CES ( CAPITALISM & O!R OPPRESSIVE SY/EMS SU* AS RACISM & PATRI>*Y &1 AT WOR/1 ANGL+ TO GET A SEAT AT ! TABLE ) P[]HOLD]S & !REBY JO9 !IR RANKS4 ,! *ALL5GE TO ! PROCLAMATION ( HI/ORY'S 5D W\LD NOT COME FROM !SE DISCIPL9$1 DEFEAT$1 & COOPT$ SECTORS--ESPECIALLY NOT FROM ?OSE 9 ! GLOBAL ,NOR?2 9/EAD1 ! MO/ PR(\ND *ALL5GE TO ?IS HEGEMONIC CLAIM W\LD COME FROM ! F> S\!A/ ( ,MEXICO 9 ! /ATE ( ,*IAPAS :]E1 9 ! E>LY H\RS ( ! NEW YE>1 ?\S&S ( >M$ & MASK$ 9DIG5\S ,MAYAN 9SURG5TS EM]G$ FROM FIVE C5TURIES ( 9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE & P]SI/5CE 9 ! FACE ( G5OCIDE1 RACISM1 & EXPLOITATION & DECL>$ 06,YA BA/A60--0,5\<60--TO ! SY/EMS ( P[] ?AT S\<T TO D5Y !M !IR V]Y RI<T TO EXI/4 ,ID5TIFY+ ,N,A,F,T,A & NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM AS ONLY ! MO/ REC5T 9C>NATION ( FIVE C5TURIES ( CREEP+ OBLIVION MANIFE/$ 9 ! =M ( G5OCIDE1 SLAV]Y1 COLONIALISM1 IMP]IALISM1 RACISM1 EXPLOITATION1 & BRUTAL M>G9ALIZATION1 ! 9SURG5TS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N ALSO POSITION$ !MSELVES AS ! LEGITIMATE HEIRS TO ! UNFULFILL$ RADICAL PROMISE ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#a-#a#i#a#g7 & ITS MO/ /ORI$ & UNCOMPROMIS$ H]O1 ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA4.<#d#c.> 

,SEIZ+ SEV]AL T[NS & HUNDR$S ( RAN*ES ?R\<\T ! /ATE1 ! 9SURG5TS ( ! ,ZAPATI/A ,>MY ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION DECL>$ W> ON ! F$]AL EXECUTIVE ( ! ,MEXICAN GOV]NM5T & ! ,MEXICAN ,>MY :ILE ANN\NC+ !IR 9T5TION TO M>* ON ,MEXICO ,CITY & ALL[ ! ,MEXICAN PEOPLE TO FREELY & DEMOCRATICALLY CON/ITUTE A GOV]NM5T ( !IR [N *OOS+4 ,AFT] ! FIR/ DAY ( ,JANU>Y1 ! ,ZAPATI/A REBELLION W\LD TAKE A PA? ?AT NO ONE C\LD HAVE ANTICIPAT$ AS >M$ 9SURG5CY WAS MET BY MASSIVE /ATE REPRESSION & BO?1 9 TURN1 W]E MET BY ! SPONTANE\S & UNEXPECT$ =CE ( ,MEXICAN & 9T]NATIONAL CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZ+ MASSIVE DEMON/RATIONS 9 ORD] TO COMPEL AN 5D TO ! HO/ILITIES & BR+ ! GOV]NM5T & ! ,ZAPATI/AS TO ! NEGOTIATION TABLE4 ,UND] ! WEI<T ( MASSIVE NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL PRESSURE1 ! ,MEXICAN GOV]NM5T DECL>$ A CEASEFIRE ON ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #a#i#i#d1 & :ILE IT W\LD H>DLY M>K ! 5D ( VIOL5CE 9 ,*IAPAS1 IT W\LD M>K ! BEG9N+ ( AN 5TIRELY NEW PHASE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE--ONE RELIANT MU* MORE UPON ! WORD ?AN ! GUN4 ,AS ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,9SURG5TE ,M>COS W\LD REM>K1 0,WE DID NOT GO TO W> ON ,JANU>Y #a TO KILL OR TO HAVE !M KILL US4 ,WE W5T TO MAKE \RSELVES HE>D0 7,WOMACK1 #a#i#i#i1 P4 #d#d74 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS W]E C]TA9LY HE>D--?R\<\T ,MEXICO & >\ND ! WORLD & :ILE !Y W]E CLE> FROM ! \TSET ?AT !Y W]E NOT ! VANGU>D ( SOME NEW MONOLI?IC REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ?AT !Y W]E ALWAYS ONLY ONE POCKET ( REBELS SEEK+ TO /RUGGLE = A NEW WORLD ALONGSIDE O!R REBELLI\S POCKETS ELSE:]E 7SEE ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,M>COS1 #b#d71 AS A MOVEM5T !Y W\LD TAKE ON ! ROLES ( BO? /UD5T & TEA*] 9 A VITAL1 URG5T1 & CREATIVE P$AGOGY ( RADICAL RESI/ANCE & ALT]NATIVE-BUILD+ ?AT W\LD 5GAGE A DIV]SITY ( O!RS 9 /RUGGLE F> \TSIDE ! BORD]S ( ,ZAPATI/A T]RITORY 9 REBELLION4 

,! ,ZAPATI/AS' ,NEW ,YE>'S ,DAY UPRIS+ HAS1 9 ! YE>S S9CE1 COME TO BE WIDELY REG>D$ AS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT SP>KS TO LI<T ! FUZE ( :AT W\LD BECOME ! GLOBAL ANTICAPITALI/_/ALT]-GLOBALIZATION 0MOVEM5T ( MOVEM5TS0 7SEE ,RONFELDT ET AL41 #a#i#i#h2 ,CALLAHAN1 #b#d2 ,CLEAV]1 #a#i#i#h2 ,KHASNABI%1 #b#a1 #b#h2 ,K+SNOR?1 #b#c2 ,KLE91 #b#b2 ,MIDNI<T ,NOTES1 #b#a2 ,NOTES FROM ,NO:]E1 #b#c2 ,OLES51 #b#e2 ,SOLNIT1 #b#d74 ,DESPITE ?IS RECOGNITION--9 FACT1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T BECAUSE ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS' IDEALIZATION AS ICONS ( MILITANT RESI/ANCE--MANY OBS]V]S & ACTIVI/S 9 ! GLOBAL ,NOR? HAVE FAIL$ TO COME TO T]MS ) ONE ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT LESSONS (F]$ BY ,ZAPATISMO3 NAMELY1 ?AT LIB]ATION IS AN IMP]FECT & ONGO+ PRACTICE1 ONE ?AT NECESSITATES NOT ONLY ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW WORLD CAPABLE ( HOLD+ MANY WORLDS BUT ! NURTUR+ ( NEW SUBJECTIVITIES 9SPIR$ BY NEW IMAG9ATIONS :O >E CAPABLE ( 9HABIT+ SU* A WORLD4 ,BUT NEW IMAG9ATIONS & NEW SUBJECTIVITIES CANNOT SIMPLY BE RHETORICALLY U%]$ 9TO BE+1 !Y HAVE TO BE SOCIALLY PRODUC$ & REPRODUC$4 ,AGA9/ ?IS BACKDROP1 9 ?IS *APT] ,I TAKE UP ,ZAPATISMO--! RADICAL IMAG9ATION & POLITICAL PRACTICE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T--AS A P$AGOGY ( LIB]ATION DIRECT$ T[>D ! CULTIVATION ( NEW WAYS ( BE+ 9 ! WORLD ?AT AIM TO TAKE US BEYOND ! FAILURES ( PA/ REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES4 ,DRAW+ ON RESE>* CONDUCT$ ) ALT]-GLOBALIZATION ACTIVI/S 9 ,CANADA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS WELL AS A CRITICAL HI/ORY ( ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T & 9SI<TS FROM CONTEMPOR>Y RADICAL POLITICAL !ORY1 9 :AT FOLL[S ,I EXPLORE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 A RADICAL IMAG9ATION ( SOCIOPOLITICAL POSSIBILITY & ! =MATION ( NEW SUBJECTIVITIES 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! 5C\NT]S & AFF9ITIES PROVOK$ BY ,ZAPATISMO'S TRANSNATIONAL RESONANCE 9 ! NOR? ( ! ,AM]ICAS4 

,BEAUTIFUL ,MY?S & ,RADICAL ,IMAG9ATION 

,FEW RADICAL MOVEM5TS HAVE HAD AS MU* ATT5TION DIRECT$ AT !M AS ! ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,ANY NUMB] ( FACTORS C\LD BE SAID TO ACC\NT = ?IS1 9CLUD+3 ! ,E,Z,L,N'S SEEM+LY ANA*RONI/IC APPE>ANCE AS A REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5T =CE AT 0! 5D ( HI/ORY02 ! UNMAT*$ COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS' SPOKESP]SON ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,M>COS2 ! ,ZAPATI/AS' DEFT USE ( A V>IETY ( /RATEGIES TO 5GAGE 0CIVIL SOCIETY0 AT NATIONAL & TRANSNATIONAL LEVELS2 ! ROMANTICIZATION & PROJECTION ( REVOLUTION>Y HOPE & DESIRE ONTO ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T BY O!RS LOCAT$ F> BEYOND ! LIV+ CONTEXT ! MOVEM5T OCCUPIES4 ,= MANY OBS]V]S LOCAT$ 9 ! GLOBAL ,NOR?1 ! RESONANCE ( ,ZAPATISMO HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ 9 T]MS ( A FACILE & CONSUMPTIVE ROMANTICISM 7,HELLMAN1 #b2 ,OPP5HEIM]1 #b#b71 A PRODUCT ( DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 9FRA/RUCTURE 7,KNUDSON1 #a#i#i#h71 & A PH5OM5ON DRIV5 BY 0GLOBALIZ+0 DISC\RSES SU* AS LIB]AL DEMOCRACY & HUMAN RI<TS 7,OLES5 #b#e2 ,T>R[ #b#e71 TO NAME ONLY A FEW ( ! DOM9ANT IT]ATIONS4 ,?IS LI/ C\LD SURELY BE 5DLESSLY ELABORAT$ & NO D\BT 9CLUDE V>I\S ATTEMPTS TO 0PROVE0 ?AT ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T IS JU/ ANO!R MANIFE/ATION ( A BASIC /RUGGLE = 9CLUSION & RECOGNITION1 IS R$UCIBLE TO A N>R[ SET ( MAT]IAL GRIEVANCES & 9EQUALITIES1 OR IS AN EXAMPLE ( ! CYNICAL & SELF-S]V+ MANIPULATION ( POOR1 *ILD-LIKE 9DIG5\S PEOPLES BY SELF-PROCLAIM$ REVOLUTION>IES4 

,EQUALLY PREVAL5T ( C\RSE IS ! VALORIZATION ( ! MOVEM5T1 *>ACT]IZATIONS :I* C\LD BE ?\<T ( AS 0BEAUTIFUL MY?S0 ?AT CELEBRATE V]Y SELECTIVE ASPECTS ( IT :ILE OMITT+ O!RS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ?AT RELATE TO ! LIV+1 IMP]FECT1 & UNEV5 EXP]I5CES ( /RUGGLES = RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,:ILE 0MY?0 IS A T]M (T5 DEPLOY$ 9 A PEJORATIVE & D5IGRAT+ S5SE1 IT IS WOR? CONSID]+ ?AT MY? IS NOT M]ELY SOME?+ UNTRUE OR A CON/RUCT$ ORIG9 /ORY1 RA!R1 IT IS P]HAPS BE/ UND]/OOD AS A K9D ( 9T]PELLAT+ MODE ( SIGNIFICATION OR SPEE*1 ONE :I* 0CALLS0 TO SUBJECTS & 9 SO DO+ SIMULTANE\SLY WORKS TO =M !M 7,B>!S1 #a#i#g#b1 P4 #a#b#d74 ,EV]Y SY/EM ( MEAN+-MAK+ & P[] MAKES USE ( MY?2 ! REAL QUE/ION IS H[ & TO :AT 5D4 ,= EXAMPLE1 )\T US+ IT AS A BASIS FROM :I* TO LAUN* A DELEGITIMIZATION ( ,ZAPATISMO OR ITS RESONANCE1 ,ADRI5NE ,RUSSELL 7#b#e7 HAS ID5TIFI$ ?REE C5TRAL 0MY?S0 ?AT HAVE BE5 C5TRAL TO ! CON/ITUTION ( A NETWORK ID5TITY AMONG 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT]S3 FIR/1 ?AT ( ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,M>COS AS A UNIV]SAL1 0TIMELESS10 0UB]HUMAN0 FIGURE2 SECOND1 ?AT ( ! ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES ( ,*IAPAS AS 0NOBLE W>RIORS0 P>ADOXICALLY 0BACKW>D0 & 0ADVANC$02 & F9ALLY1 ! MY? ( ! 0NEOLIB]AL BEA/0 ?AT FUNCTIONS AS ! ADV]S>Y TO BE CONFRONT$4 ,! PO9T TO UND]/&+ !SE MY?S IS NOT TO AFFIRM OR DEBUNK !M1 RA!R1 IT IS TO UND]/& :AT !Y MAKE POSSIBLE ) RESPECT TO EM]G+ FABRICS ( RESI/ANCE & ALT]NATIVE-BUILD+1 AS WELL AS :AT !IR CIRCULATION & CONSUMPTION MI<T 9HIBIT & OBSCURE4 ,REBECCA ,SOLNIT'S 7#b#d7 9SPIR+ *>ACT]IZATION ( ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE IS AN EXAMPLE ( ! PROMISE & LIMITATIONS ( DEPLOY+ SU* BEAUTIFUL MY?S3 

,! ,ZAPATI/AS CAME AS A SURPRISE & AS A DEMON/RATION ?AT OV]NI<T1 ! MO/ M>G9AL1 OV]LOOK$ PLACE CAN BECOME ! C5T] ( ! WORLD4 ,!Y W]E NOT JU/ DEM&+ *ANGE1 BUT EMBODY+ IT2 & 9 ?IS1 !Y W]E & >E ALREADY VICTORI\S 444 ,!Y UND]/OOD ! 9T]PLAY BETWE5 PHYSICAL ACTIONS1 ?OSE C>RI$ \T ) GUNS1 & SYMBOLIC ACTIONS1 ?OSE C>RI$ \T ) RODS1 ) IMAGES1 ) >T1 ) COMMUNICATIONS1 & !Y WON ?R\< ! LATT] MEANS :AT !Y NEV] C\LD HAVE WON ?R\< !IR SMALL CAPACITY = VIOL5CE4 7PP4 #c#d-#c#e7 

,SOLNIT'S ASSESSM5T ( ,ZAPATISMO IS COMPELL+ & IT CONTA9S MANY TRU?S BUT IT ALSO CELEBRATES DYNAMICS 7COMMUNICATIVE ACTION1 MORAL VICTORY1 *ANGE ?R\< SYMBOLIC CONTE/ATION7 ?AT HAVE PLAY$ V]Y WELL AMONG SYMPA!TIC ACTIVI/S & OBS]V]S PRIM>ILY 9 ! GLOBAL ,NOR? = :OM SYMBOLIC & COMMUNICATIVE RESI/ANCE TO SY/EMS ( P[] & DOM9ATION HAVE BECOME FETI%IZ$ BECAUSE MAT]IALIZ+ COLLECTIVE RESI/ANCE & ALT]NATIVES TO ! /ATUS QUO (T5 SEEMS SO DIFFICULT 9 A CONTEXT SO ?OR\<LY COLONIZ$ BY CAPITAL4 

,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 NO?+ WRONG & V]Y MU* RI<T ) ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! IMPORTANCE ( /RATEGIES ( SYMBOLIC & COMMUNICATIVE RESI/ANCE1 NOR IS !RE ANY?+ MISGUID$ 9 CELEBRAT+ ! SUCCESSES ( /RUGGLES LIKE ! ,ZAPATI/AS'4 ,?AT SAID1 :5 !SE BEAUTIFUL MY?S BECOME ! DOM9ANT TROPES ?AT CIRCULATE AB\T ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 O!R EQUALLY OR EV5 MORE IMPORTANT LESSONS SLIDE FROM VIEW--& NOT )\T CONSEQU5CE4 ,! ASS]TION ?AT 0OV]NI<T0 ! ,ZAPATI/AS MANAG$ TO DRAW ! WORLD'S ATT5TION OR ?AT !Y W]E SIMPLY 0EMBODY+0 *ANGE OBSCURES ! DECADES-LONG WORK ?AT W5T 9TO MAK+ SU* ?+S POSSIBLE4 ,SU* ASS]TIONS ALSO DO NO JU/ICE TO ! FACT ?AT ! ATT5TION ( 0! WORLD0 HAS BE5 FICKLE & ! WORK ( SU/A9+ IT HAS REQUIR$ A GREAT DEAL ( TIME1 5]GY1 & CREATIVITY ON ! P>T ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,!SE MY?S ALSO OBSCURE ! FACT ?AT ! ,ZAPATI/AS' /RUGGLE IS A WORK-9-PROGRESS1 ONE ?AT DEM&S CON/ANT R5EWAL & REVISION+ & IS ALSO A SITE ( CONTE/ATION & CONFLICT4 ,RA!R ?AN LOCAT+ !IR /RUGGLE AT ! APOGEE ( A REVOLUTION>Y TRAJECTORY ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE S\<T FROM ! MOM5T ( !IR PUBLIC APPE>ANCE TO EXPLICITLY & SELF-CONSCI\SLY LOCATE !IR /RUGGLE AS ONE AMONG MANY4 ,NOT ONLY ?IS1 !Y HAVE ALSO REPEAT$LY AFFIRM$ ?AT !IRS IS NOT A REVOLUTION>Y BLUEPR9T1 IT IS A LIV+ & IMP]FECT PROCESS ?AT REQUIRES CON/ANT REFLECTION1 CRITIQUE1 & RE=MULATION4 ,! ,ZAPATI/A N>RATIVE ( RADICAL COLLECTIVE SOCIAL TRANS=MATION BE+ A LONG-T]M1 DIFFICULT1 & UNC]TA9 PROCESS ?AT IS NONE!LESS NECESS>Y IS SOME?+ ?AT HAS NOT BE5 PICK$ UP AS 5?USIA/ICALLY BY ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 RECEPTIVE TO ,ZAPATISMO'S RESONANCE AS HAVE !IR RHETORICALLY BRILLIANT SLOGANS4 ,F9D+ FAULT ) RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE MOVEM5TS IS A FA%ION & IS (T5 L9K$ TO G5]AT+ POLITICAL OR ACADEMIC CAPITAL1 BUT IT IS ALSO NOT ! SAME ?+ AS 5GAG+ 9 A PROCESS ( RESPECTFUL & SOLID>I/IC CRITICAL 5GAGEM5T ) O!R RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION PROCESSES4 ,IF WE DO NOT ATT5D TO ! MU* MORE COMPLEX & NUANC$ LESSONS ,ZAPATISMO HAS TO (F] AS OPPOS$ TO REVEL+ 9 ! BEAUTIFUL MY?S CIRCULAT+ AB\T IT1 WE MISS :AT IS MO/ URG5T & TIMELY 9 ! ,ZAPATI/AS' P$AGOGY ( LIB]ATION4 ,AT A MOM5T :5 RADICALIZ$ MASS MOVEM5TS 9 ! NOR? ( ! ,AM]ICAS >E CONSPICU\S 9 !IR ABS5CE 9 ! FACE ( A RIS+ PROT(ASCISM AIM$ AT 5G9E]+ A NEW SOCIOPOLITICAL ORD] PR$ICAT$ ON P]MAN5T W>1 SURVEILLANCE1 OPPRESSION1 EXPLOITATION1 & MIS]Y1 IT IS ALL ! MORE URG5T TO ATT5D TO ! 0LESSONS 9 DIGNITY0 ?AT MOVEM5TS LIKE ?AT ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE TO TEA*4 

,SO H[ CAN ! REASONS = & CONSEQU5CES ( ,ZAPATISMO'S RESONANCE1 P>TICUL>LY AT ! LEVEL ( ! TRANSNATIONAL1 BE PRODUCTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 A WAY ?AT TAKES US BEYOND ! CELEBRATION ( BEAUTIFUL MY?S8 ,H[ CAN ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,ZAPATISMO BE UND]/OOD NOT ONLY AS A DISCRETE PH5OM5ON BUT 9 T]MS ( :AT IT REVEALS AB\T ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE MOVEM5TS1 RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 & RADICAL KN[L$GE PRODUCTION8 ,RA!R ?AN MY?1 CRITICALLY EXPLOR+ ?IS DYNAMIC =EGR\NDS ! 9H]5TLY POLITICAL WORK ( MEAN+-MAK+ & BR+ ! PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION ( N>RATIVES ( RESI/ANCE & POSSIBILITY 9TO FOCUS4 ,AS ,JEFF ,CONANT 7#b#a7 >GUES 9 HIS EXAM9ATION ( ! POETICS--0! MAK+ ( MEAN+ ?R\< LANGUAGE0--( ,ZAPATISMO1 0.<S.>TORIES ( RESI/ANCE 444 HELP TO /R5G!N RESI/ANCE1 ROOT+ IT MORE DEEPLY 9 BELIEF & 9 PRACTICE1 & ?US SU/A9 IT0 7#a#a74 

,9 ! SAME VE91 ,]IC ,SELB9 7#b#c7 CONT5DS ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO UND]/& 0! ROLE PLAY$ BY /ORIES1 N>RATIVES ( POPUL> RESI/ANCE1 REBELLION & REVOLUTION :I* HAVE ANIMAT$ & EMBOLD5$ G5]ATIONS ( REVOLUTION>IES ACROSS TIME & CULTURES0 7P4 #h#d74 ,?IS FOCUS UPON ! IMPORTANCE ( ! WORK ( MEAN+-MAK+ 9 RELATION TO RADICAL /RUGGLE IS ABSOLUTELY C5TRAL 9 T]MS ( UND]/&+ ! LESSONS (F]$ BY ,ZAPATISMO AS A P$AGOGY ( LIB]ATION4 

,9DE$1 MANY ACTIVI/S & ORGANIZ]S ,I SPOKE ) :O HAD EXP]I5C$ ,ZAPATISMO'S RESONANCE EMPHASIZ$ PRECISELY ?IS PO9T4 ,DESCRIB+ HIS [N EXP]I5CE ) ,ZAPATISMO DUR+ \R CONV]SATION 9 ! FALL ( #b#d1 ,RICK ,R[LEY1 A RADICAL FILMMAK] ) ,BIG ,NOISE ,TACTICAL1 NOT$ ?AT 0,ZAPATISMO'S NOT LIKE AN IDEOLOGY ?AT'S EASY TO LAY \T2 IT'S NOT /RUCTUR$ LIKE ?AT4.<#d#d.> ,IT'S MORE LIKE A /RUCTURE ( MY? & P>ABLES BUT SO MU* ( IT JU/ SO CLE>LY >TICULAT$ SOME?+ ?AT WAS 9 ! WAT] ALREADY JU/ WAIT+ TO BE SPOK510 SPECIFICALLY 9 RELATION TO NEW =MS ( RADICAL ORGANIZ+ & /RATEGIES = SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,PATRICK ,RE9SBOR\<1 C(\ND] ( ! SM>T,MEME ,/RATEGY & ,TRA9+ ,PROJECT1 US$ SIMIL> IMAG]Y 9 HIS [N EXPLANATION ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,ZAPATISMO :5 WE SPOKE 9 ! SPR+ ( #b#d3 0EV5 HAV+ HAD ?AT BRIEF /9T AS A MILIT>Y /RUGGLE .<! ,ZAPATI/AS.> W]E V]Y CLE> RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+ ?AT !IR BATTLEGR\ND WAS REALLY BE+ SET ON !IR [N T]MS4 ,!Y SAID IT WAS A W> ( IDEAS1 A W> ( WORDS1 MORE ?AN A W> ( GUNS OR BULLETS40 ,ELABORAT+ ON ?IS1 ,RE9SBOR\< PO9T$ TO ! LESSONS TAU<T BY ! ,ZAPATI/AS 9 T]MS ( ! NATURE ( RADICAL /RUGGLE4 ,ZAPATISMO1 ,RE9SBOR\< CONT5D$1 ILLUM9AT$ ! VITAL NE$ = RADICAL /RUGGLES TO WORK TO 0DECOLONIZE PEOPLE'S IMAG9ATIONS0 BY /RESS+ 0! IMPORTANCE ( NETWORKS1 ! IMPORTANCE ( CONTE/+ IDEA SPACE & ?AT ! SY/EM REALLY IS MO/ VULN]ABLE NOT :]E A L9E ( RIOT POLICE MI<T BE GA!R+ OR MO/ VULN]ABLE 9 A MILIT>Y S5SE1 IT'S MO/ VULN]ABLE AT ITS 9TELLECTUAL UND]P9N+S40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS WOR? REPEAT+ ?AT A CRITICAL & 5GAG$ ANALYSIS ( ! WORK ( MEAN+-MAK+ AS IT RELATES TO ! LIV+ EXP]I5CE ( RADICAL /RUGGLE IS PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE ( ! UNCRITICAL1 ROMANTICIZ$1 & FACILE CONSUMPTION ( RHETORIC & ! CELEBRATION ( A MOVEM5T AS IF ITS PRIM>Y PURPOSE IS ?AT ( ICON OR 9SPIRATION = O!RS4 

,DUR+ \R CONV]SATION 9 ! W9T] ( #b#d1 ,JU/9 ,PODUR1 A REGUL> CONTRIBUTOR TO ,Z,NET1 MEMB] ( ! ,CANADA ,COLOMBIA ,SOLID>ITY ,CAMPAIGN1 & A SELF-DESCRIB$ 0CAMP FOLL[]0 ( ! ,ONT>IO ,COALITION ,AGA9/ ,POV]TY1 P[]FULLY >TICULAT$ ! DANG] ( MAK+ A FA%ION \T ( A MOVEM5T4 ,DESCRIB+ ,ZAPATISMO'S RESONANCE )9 ACTIVI/ CIRCLES 9 ,CANADA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,PODUR NOT$ ?AT 9 FETI%IZ+ ,ZAPATISMO1 ALL TOO (T5 ACTIVI/S HAVE DRAWN ! WRONG LESSONS FROM ! ,ZAPATI/AS &1 9 SO DO+1 HAVE ACTUALLY UND]M9$ ! /RUGGLES !Y SAW !MSELVES AS CONTRIBUT+ TO3 

,!RE >E REALLY CYNICAL PEOPLE :O WILL SAY ?AT .<! ,ZAPATI/AS >E.> A FA%ION1 A FAD4 ,I ?9K .<! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE RESONAT$ AMONG NOR!RN ACTIVI/S.> SOMETIMES = ! WRONG REASONS TOO4 ,I ?9K A LOT ( PEOPLE :O C\LD & %\LD CONT9UE TO HELP A MOVEM5T 9 A PLACE LIKE ,V5EZUELA .<HAV5'T.> BECAUSE !Y CAN'T H&LE ! IDEA ?AT ,*AVEZ TRI$ TO TAKE P[] 9 A C\P 9 #aiib .<BUT.> !Y DIDN'T HAVE A PROBLEM ) ! ,ZAPATI/AS DO+ ! SAME 9 '#i#d1 ?AT'S NOT EV5 ON ! SPECTRUM4 .<,!SE ACTIVI/S BELIEVE ?AT.> ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 !Y DON'T WANT TO TAKE P[]1 !Y'RE ,9DIG5\S1 !Y WANT TO TRANS=M ! WAY ?AT P[]'S EX]CIS$1 BUT ,*AVEZ IS AFT] P[] .<&.> WE CAN'T SUPPORT SOME?+ LIKE ?AT1 ?AT'S OLD /YLE ,M>XISM4 ,IT'S CRAZY1 & IT'S CRAZY BECAUSE ! T>GET ( ! ,U,S =EIGN POLICIES1 ( ! ECONOMIC POLICIES1 ( ! MILIT>ISM IS ! POPULATIONS ( !SE C\NTRIES1 IS ! POPULATION ( ,MEXICO1 IS ! ,9DIG5\S POPULATION ( ,*IAPAS1 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY AS IS ! POPULATION 9 ,V5EZUELA4 ,!Y'RE ! OB/ACLE 9 PEOPLE'S PLANS TO EXPLOIT ! RES\RCES ( ! REGION & TO EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( ! PEOPLE & BECAUSE ( !SE FETI%ES ,I ?9K PEOPLE DON'T SEE ?AT4 ,9 ?AT S5SE ! FAD AB\T ,ZAPATISMO HAS BE5 REALLY DE/RUCTIVE BECAUSE !RE >E O!R GR\PS1 !RE >E O!R PROCESSES1 & NOBODY C>ES AB\T !M BECAUSE !Y DON'T UND]/& :Y ! ,ZAPATI/AS >E IMPORTANT & :Y ! ,ZAPATI/AS >E NOT IMPORTANT4 ,LONG BE=E #i_/#a#a 9 ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION WORK PEOPLE W]E DO+ !RE W]E A LOT ( DEBATES AB\T VIOL5CE & ! DEBATES W]E REALLY SUP]FICIAL4 ,! NONVIOL5CE PEOPLE W\LD SAY1 0WE WANT TO BE NONVIOL5T LIKE ,G&HI0 & ! VIOL5CE PEOPLE SAID1 0WE WANT TO BE VIOL5T LIKE ! ,ZAPATI/AS0 & IT WAS JU/ ! /UPIDE/ ?+ 9 ! WORLD BECAUSE ! NONVIOL5CE PEOPLE DIDN'T KN[ A DAMN ?+ AB\T ,G&HI & ! VIOL5CE PEOPLE DIDN'T KN[ A ?+ AB\T ! ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,I REALLY WI% ?AT PEOPLE W\LD SEE .<! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE.> 9 ?AT CONTEXT AS ONE PIECE ( A /RUGGLE ?AT'S GO+ ON ALL OV] ! WORLD BUT ALL OV] ! CONT95T ESPECIALLY4 

,! FETI%IZATION ( ,ZAPATISMO AS A /RUGGLE ACTIVI/S ELSE:]E CAN PROJECT ALL !IR DESIRES = 0AU!NTIC0 & 0REVOLUTION>Y0 /RUGGLE ON TO LEADS NOT ONLY TO A CONSUMPTIVE APPROPRIATION ( O!R PEOPLE'S /RUGGLES1 IT ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO A N>RATIVE AB\T RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION :]E C]TA9 ACTORS PLAY ! ROLE ( PROTAGONI/ :ILE O!RS >E ACCORD$ ! /ATUS ( SUPPORT+ CA/4 ,?IS IS MU* MORE ?AN AN ACADEMIC DI/9CTION BECAUSE ! WAY 9 :I* WE N>RATE G5EALOGIES ( /RUGGLE FRAMES \R IMAG9ATION ( :AT POSSIBILITIES EXI/ = RESI/ANCE & ALT]NATIVE-BUILD+4 ,AS ,PODUR PO9TS \T H]E1 ! VALORIZATION ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS' 0REVOLUTION>Y MODEL0 OR1 EV5 WORSE1 A FACILE ROMANTICIZATION ( !IR TACTICS & /RUCTURE 9 FACT WORKS DIRECTLY AGA9/ :AT ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE WORK$ SO H>D TO DO S9CE !IR PUBLIC EM]G5CE ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#i#d3 CONNECT !MSELVES & O!RS TO A L>G] FABRIC ( /RUGGLE 9 :I* NO ONE /&S ABOVE ANYONE ELSE & TO EXPLICITLY REJECT ! NOTION ?AT !RE IS ONLY ONE PA? TO REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 

,! LANGUAGE ( MY?1 P>ABLE1 & IMAG9ATION 9VOK$ BY ! ANALY/S & ACTIVI/S ABOVE IS PR(\NDLY SIGNIFICANT4 ,ELSE:]E1 ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ ,ZAPATISMO AS AN 09SURG5T0 OR RADICALIZ$ IMAG9ATION ( POLITICAL POSSIBILITY 7,KHASNABI%1 #b#a1 #b#h1 #b#g7 & ?IS DIM5SION IS CORE TO UND]/&+ ITS RESONANCE AMONG & SIGNIFICANCE = ! FABRIC ( RADICAL SOCIOPOLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,SO :AT IS RADICAL IMAG9ATION8 ,PUT SIMPLY1 IT IS A PROCESS BY :I* WE COLLECTIVELY MAP 0:AT IS10 N>RATE IT AS ! RESULT ( 0:AT WAS10 & SPECULATE ON :AT 0MI<T BE40 ,IT IS BO? COGNITIVE & CORPOREAL &1 RA!R ?AN BE+ NECESS>ILY SPECTACUL> OR DRAMATIC1 IT CAN BE QUITE MUNDANE4 ,:ILE ! CAPACITY TO 5VISION ?AT :I* DOES NOT YET EXI/ IS OBVI\SLY A HUMAN CAPACITY1 ! RADICAL IMAG9ATION IS ALSO NECESS>ILY A COLLECTIVE PROCESS1 SOME?+ ?AT >ISES \T ( DIALOGUE & 5C\NT] RA!R ?AN EM]G+ FULLY =M$ FROM ! M9D ( A GIFT$ 9DIVIDUAL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 :ILE IMAG9ATION IS A T]RA9 ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE IT IS NOT R$UCIBLE TO 0IDEOLOGY0 9 ANY SIMPLI/IC S5SE ( 0FALSE CONSCI\SNESS0 OR 0FETI%ISM40 ,9/EAD ( ! 9T]PELLAT+ =CE ( MY?1 :I* CALLS TO & CREATES SUBJECTS1 ! RADICAL IMAG9ATION EMBODIES A MORE RI*1 COMPLEX1 AG5T-DRIV5 & ONGO+ WORK+-\T ( AFF9ITY 7SEE ,HAIV5 & ,KHASNABI%1 #b#a74 ,IT IS 9 ! SPACE ( RADICAL IMAG9ATION ?AT ,ZAPATISMO'S RESONANCE1 P>TICUL>LY TRANSNATIONALLY1 ACQUIRES ITS P[] & SIGNIFICANCE & IT IS )9 ?IS SAME SPACE ?AT IT BECOMES POSSIBLE TO REF] TO ,ZAPATISMO AS A P$AGOGY ( LIB]ATION 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT IS NOT A ROADMAP = REVOLUTION BUT A CON/ANT PROVOCATION TO RE?9K RADICAL SOCIOPOLITICAL /RUGGLE EV5 AS WE LIVE IT4 ,SO :AT >E SOME ( ! CORE T5ETS ( ! RADICAL IMAG9ATION ( ,ZAPATISMO8 ,TO BEG9 )1 ISSUES ( P[]1 AUTONOMY1 & DIGNITY >E C5TRAL TO IT4 ,AS AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/ !ORI/ & LONGTIME ,ZAPATI/A SUPPORT] ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY ELOQU5TLY EXPLA9S1 0,:AT IS AT ISSUE IS NOT :O EX]CISES P[]1 BUT H[ TO CREATE A WORLD BAS$ ON ! MUTUAL RECOGNITION ( HUMAN DIGNITY1 ON ! =MATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS :I* >E NOT P[] RELATIONS 444 ,?IS1 !N1 IS ! REVOLUTION>Y *ALL5GE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY3 TO *ANGE ! WORLD )\T TAK+ P[]4 ,?IS IS ! *ALL5GE ?AT HAS BE5 =MULAT$ MO/ CLE>LY BY ! ,ZAPATI/A UPRIS+ 9 ! S\?-EA/ ( ,MEXICO40 7#b#b1 #a#g-#b74 ,ELABORAT+ ON ! ,ZAPATI/A *ALL5GE ,HOLL[AY ID5TIFIES1 9 AN 9T]VIEW 9 #ba DUR+ ! ,M>* ( ,9DIG5\S ,DIGNITY1 ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,M>COS DESCRIB$ :AT MADE ! ,ZAPATI/AS SO DIFF]5T FROM O!R REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS3 

,\R >MY IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM O!RS1 BECAUSE ITS PROPOSAL IS TO CEASE BE+ AN >MY4 ,A SOLDI] IS AN ABSURD P]SON :O HAS TO RESORT TO >MS 9 ORD] TO CONV9CE O!RS1 & 9 ?AT S5SE ! MOVEM5T HAS NO FUTURE IF ITS FUTURE IS MILIT>Y4 ,IF ! ,E,Z,L,N P]PETUATES ITSELF AS AN >M$ MILIT>Y /RUCTURE1 IT IS HEAD$ = FAILURE4 ,FAILURE AS AN ALT]NATIVE SET ( IDEAS1 AN ALT]NATIVE ATTITUDE TO ! WORLD 4444,Y\ CANNOT RECON/RUCT ! WORLD OR SOCIETY1 OR REBUILD NATIONAL /ATES N[ 9 RU9S1 ON ! BASIS ( A QU>REL OV] :O WILL IMPOSE !IR HEGEMONY ON SOCIETY4 7,G>CIA ,M>QUEZ & ,POMBO1 #b#d1 PP4 #d-#e7 

,?IS REFUSAL TO CLAIM A 0P[]-OV]0 O!RS & ! AFFIRMATION ( A COLLECTIVE 0P[]-TO0 CREATE A WORLD ROOT$ 9 DIGNITY1 DEMOCRACY1 JU/ICE1 & LIB]TY IS AN ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ) RESPECT TO ,ZAPATISMO AS A RADICAL IMAG9ATION4 ,IT ALSO (F]S IMPORTANT LESSONS ) RESPECT TO RE?9K+ REVOLUTION>Y ACTION 9 LI<T ( ! GROTESQUE FAILURES ( PA/ MOVEM5TS ?AT S\<T TO BUILD AMBITI\S TRANS=MATIVE VISIONS ATOP ! P]SECUT$1 IMPRISON$1 TORTUR$1 & MURD]$ BODIES ( ALL ?OSE :O OPPOS$ !M4 

,M>COS HAS FUR!R$ ?IS PO9T1 :I* *ALL5GES ! FAMILI> MOD]NI/ DYNAMIC ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS AIM+ TO SEIZE ! /ATE ?R\< >MS 9 ORD] TO ACTUALIZE ! REVOLUTION1 NOT+1 0,! ,E,Z,L,N HAS REA*$ A PO9T :]E IT HAS BE5 OV]TAK5 BY ,ZAPATISMO10 &1 9 SO DO+1 RHETORICALLY AFFIRM$ A CRITICAL DI/ANCE BETWE5 ,ZAPATISMO & ! ,E,Z,L,N 7IBID41 P4 #e74 ,:ILE ! ,E,Z,L,N IS ! >M$ W+ ( ! 9SURG5CY & EXI/S TO DEF5D ,ZAPATI/A T]RITORY 9 REBELLION1 ,ZAPATISMO IS 0A POLITICAL /RATEGY1 AN E?OS1 A SET ( COMMITM5TS CLAIM$ BY ?OSE :O CLAIM A POLITICAL ID5TITY0 7,CALLAHAN1 #b#d1 PP4 #b#a#h-#a#i74 ,?IS 0E?OS0 ID5TIFI$ BY ,CALLAHAN H+ES ON AN APPROA* TO POLITICS BAS$ ON ! PURSUIT ( 0DEMOCRACY1 LIB]TY1 & JU/ICE0--! BANN]S ( ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE FROM ! MOM5T ( ITS PUBLIC EM]G5CE--= ALL4 ,:ILE NOTIONS SU* AS 0JU/ICE10 0DEMOCRACY10 & 0FRE$OM0 >E 9H]5TLY PLA/IC 9 ?AT !IR MEAN+ DEP5DS ON ! SUBJECTIVITY ESP\S+ !M & ! CONTEXT 9 :I* !Y >E DEPLOY$1 !Y BECOME RADICAL SIGNIFI]S )9 ! DISC\RSE ( ,ZAPATISMO PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS RADICAL CRITIQUE ( P[]4 ,= ?OSE ACTIVI/S :O HAVE BE5 MO/ RECEPTIVE TO ,ZAPATISMO AS A RADICAL IMAG9ATION1 CONCEPTS SU* AS 0DEMOCRACY10 0LIB]TY10 & 0JU/ICE0 >E NOT LIMIT$ TO !IR LIB]AL DEMOCRATIC 9T]PRETATIONS1 RA!R1 !Y >E M>K]S = A RADICAL POLITICAL PRACTICE AIM$ AT CONTE/+ & MOV+ BEYOND BO? ! SY/EMIC NATURE ( M>G9ALIZATION1 VIOL5CE1 & EXPLOITATION AS WELL AS REVOLUTION>Y PRAXES ?AT OP]ATE ACCORD+ TO A LOGIC ( HEGEMONY OR :I* CLAIM TO KN[ ! 0TRUE0 REVOLUTION>Y PA?4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO EXPLORE ,ZAPATISMO AS A P$AGOGY ( LIB]ATION1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXAM9E IT NOT ONLY AS A RADICAL IMAG9ATION ( POLITICAL POSSIBILITY BUT TO TAKE IT UP 9 ! CONTEXT ( SOME ( ! RADICAL LESSONS LE>N$ BY ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T 9 ! PROCESS ( ITS =MATION1 LESSONS ?AT W\LD COME TO DEEPLY 9=M ,ZAPATISMO AS RADICAL IMAG9ATION & LIB]ATORY P$AGOGY TRANSNATIONALLY4 

,5C\NT]S BETWE5 ,WORLDS 9 LA ,MONTANA 

,! HI/ORY ( ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE CAN BE TRAC$ BACK DECADES & EV5 C5TURIES TO 9DIG5\S /RUGGLES AGA9/ COLONIALISM1 NATIONALI/ /RUGGLES = 9DEP5D5CE1 & RADICAL /RUGGLES = REVOLUTION>Y SOCIOPOLITICAL & ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION4 ,= MY PURPOSES H]E1 IT WILL SUFFICE TO BEG9 ?IS LESSON DRAWN FROM ,ZAPATI/A HI/ORY 9 ! #a#i#eS4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 & 9 A /ATE M>K$ BY EXTREME 9EQUALITY1 5DUR+ RACISM1 & SEEM+LY 5DLESS CAPACITY = VIOL5CE & BRUTAL REPRESSION BY ELITES 9 DEF5SE ( !IR [N 9T]E/S1 MANY Y\NG 9DIG5\S PEOPLE S\<T EXODUS FROM ! LACK ( L& & OPPORTUNITY 9 E/ABLI%$ HI<L& COMMUNITIES1 =M+ NEW COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,LAC&ON ,JUNGLE ?AT W\LD BECOME EXP]IM5TS 9 SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,LEFT TO !MSELVES1 CONFRONT+ COMMON CONC]NS1 & B]EFT ( !IR TRADITIONAL LEAD]S & RANKS ( HONOR1 !SE MIGRANTS *OSE TO EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( COMMUNITY OV] HI]>*Y & ?US TURN$ TO ! COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY :]E ALL PEOPLE OV] ! AGE ( SIXTE5 W\LD MEET TO REA* CONS5SUS OV] ALL DECISIONS CONC]N+ ! COMMUNITY 7,WOMACK1 #a#i#i#i1 P4 #a#h74 ,! ASSEMBLY MAT]IALIZ$ ! PR9CIPLE ?AT IT WAS NOT ! AU?ORITIES :O RUL$ ! COMMUNITY BUT ! COMMUNITY ?AT RUL$ ! AU?ORITIES--A PR9CIPLE ?AT ! ,ZAPATI/AS W\LD MAKE C5TRAL TO !IR MOVEM5T & 5%R9E 9 ! SLOGAN M&> OB$ECI5DO1 0TO LEAD BY OBEY+0 7IBID41 P4 #a#i74 

,:ILE !SE MIGRANT COMMUNITIES & !IR DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE W\LD BECOME ! ,ZAPATI/A BASE & BACKBONE1 ! O!R VITAL ELEM5T NE$$ TO G5]ATE ?IS MOVEM5T W\LD >RIVE 9 ! =M ( CADRES FROM ! URBAN GU]RILLA /RUGGLES 9 ,MEXICO ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS & ?R\< ! '#gS4 ,9DE$1 CONTEMPOR>Y ,ZAPATISMO ORIG9AT$ \T ( ! 5C\NT] BETWE5 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,LAC&ON ,JUNGLE & HI<L&S ( ,*IAPAS & ! URBAN REVOLUTION>IES :O >RIV$ 9 ! /ATE 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS4 ,! ,E,Z,L,N ITSELF WAS BORN 9 A CAMP 9 ,*IAPAS ON ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#h#c1 ) SIX 9SURG5TS--?REE ME/IZOS & ?REE 9DIG5\S--PRES5T 7,MUNOZ ,RAMIREZ1 #b#h1 P4 #b#a74.<#d#e.> ,:ILE !SE URBAN REVOLUTION>IES--CADRES FROM ! ,FU]ZAS DE ,LIB]ACION ,NACIONAL 7,=CES ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION1 ,F,L,N7-->RIV$ 9 ,*IAPAS TO ORGANIZE CAMPES9OS = A REVOLUTION1 ! \TCOME ( ?IS 5C\NT] W\LD BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T ?AN ?IS CLASSICALLY MOD]NI/ REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVE4 ,9 FACT1 RA!R ?AN 0REVOLUTIONIZ+0 !SE COMMUNITIES1 ! URBAN 9SURG5TS EXP]I5C$ PR(\ND *ALL5GES TO !IR IDEOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVES & F\ND !M RE%AP$ BY 9DIG5\S REALITIES1 A GR\ND$ & CRITICAL P$AGOGICAL MOM5T ?AT ACTUALLY ALL[$ = ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE ITSELF4 ,AMID ! MI/S ( ! HI<L&S & ! HEAT ( ! JUNGLE1 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES & URBAN REVOLUTION>IES 5C\NT]$ ONE ANO!R & F\ND ?AT ! DEFEAT ( REVOLUTION>Y DOGMATISM WAS NOT 5\< TO CATALYZE A NEW SOCIAL *ANGE MOVEM5T4 ,TO BR+ A NEW RADICAL POLITICS 9TO BE+--:AT W\LD ULTIMATELY BECOME ,ZAPATISMO--REQUIR$ A NEW PRAXIS1 ONE BORN ( ! URBAN REVOLUTION>IES' CRITICAL READ+ ( ,MEXICAN HI/ORY & CURR5T ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONTEXT COMB9$ ) ! COMMUNITIES' [N EXP]I5CES ( RESI/ANCE & P]SI/5CE 9 ! FACE ( G5OCIDE1 RACISM1 EXPLOITATION1 & M>G9ALIZATION4 

,:ILE ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,M>COS1 :O W\LD BECOME ! ,ZAPATI/AS' SPOKESP]SON & ONE ( !IR *IEF MILIT>Y /RATEGI/S1 & ! O!R GU]RILLAS HAD COME TO ,*IAPAS TO $UCATE ! MASSES AB\T ! NECESSITY ( A ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION1 ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES !Y 5C\NT]$ UND]/OOD !IR WORLD 9 WAYS REVOLUTION>Y OR?ODOXY C\LD NOT POSSIBLY SPEAK TO FULLY4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! DIFFICULT PROCESS ( CL&E/9E SURVIVAL & ORGANIZATION1 ,M>COS & ! O!R URBAN REVOLUTION>IES BEGAN TO REALIZE ?AT 9DIG5\S NOTIONS ( TIME1 HI/ORY1 & REALITY W]E FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM :AT !Y HAD BE5 TAU<T TO BELIEVE 7,H>VEY1 #a#i#i#h1 P4 #a#f#e74 ,9 ORD] TO BE TAK5 S]I\SLY BY ! COMMUNITIES1 ,M>COS & ! O!R GU]RILL]OS NE$$ TO DEMON/RATE !IR CAPACITY TO UND]/& & SURVIVE 9 ! RUGG$1 M\NTA9\S T]RA9 NOT AS A PHYSICAL RITE ( PASSAGE BUT BECAUSE ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS CONTEXT = ! COMMUNITIES AS 0A RESPECT$ & FE>$ PLACE ( /ORIES1 MY?S1 & <O/S0 7IBID41 P4 #a#f#e74 ,:ILE ,M>COS HAD COME TO TEA* POLITICS & HI/ORY TO ! COMMUNITIES1 HE QUICKLY DISCOV]$ ?AT ?IS REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION1 /EEP$ 9 ITS [N ASSUMPTIONS1 MADE NO S5SE TO ! COMMUNITIES 7IBID41 P1 #a#f#f74 ,9 EFFECT1 ! URBAN GU]RILL]OS HAD TO BE RE$UCAT$ & BECOME NEW SUBJECTS CAPABLE ( 9HABIT+ ! REALITIES ( ! 9DIG5\S S\!A/ IF !Y W]E TO BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN ANO!R FAIL$ GR\P ( RADICALS PREA*+ 9COMPREH5SIBLY & 9EFFECTUALLY 9 A VA9 EF=T TO RECRUIT FOLL[]S TO !IR CAUSE4 ,?IS RE$UCATION PROCESS 9CLUD$3 LE>N+ 9DIG5\S LANGUAGES2 SL[LY COM+ TO COMPREH5D RADICALLY DIFF]5T WAYS ( MAK+ S5SE \T ( ! WORLD2 R5\NC+ A POLITICS BAS$ ON ,EURO-,5LI<T5M5T ASSUMPTIONS & SUBORD9AT+ !IR [N POLITICAL EXPECTATIONS TO ! NE$S ( ! COMMUNITIES !MSELVES2 & GIV+ UP ON A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS ( ! VANGU>D & EMBRAC+ A COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS GR\ND$ 9 ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! NONDOGMATIC1 RADICALLY DEMOCRATIC1 & SELF-REFLEXIVE APPROA* TO RADICAL SOCIAL /RUGGLE & TRANS=MATION ?AT W\LD COME TO *>ACT]IZE ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T IS POETICALLY 5CAPSULAT$ 9 ANO!R ,ZAPATI/A SLOGAN1 PREGUNT&O CAM9AMOS1 0ASK+1 WE WALK40 ,ULTIMATELY1 ( C\RSE1 ?IS PROCESS ( RADICAL1 GR\ND$ $UCATION TRANS=M$ NOT ONLY ! URBAN GU]RILL]OS BUT ! COMMUNITIES AS WELL4 ,9 ! CANYONS & ,LAC&ON ,JUNGLE ( ,*IAPAS1 ! ,*OL1 ,TZELTAL1 ,TZOTZIL1 & ,TOJOLABAL ,MAYAN MIGRANTS :O HAD BE5 PRACTIC+ COMMUNAL DECISION-MAK+ 9 A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC WAY ?R\< COMMUNITY ASSEMBLIES F\ND !IR POLITICAL PRACTICE FUR!R RADICALIZ$ 9 LI<T ( ! EM]G+ POLITICS ( ,ZAPATISMO4 ,! \TCOME ( ?IS RADICAL RE$UCATION PROCESS CANNOT BE OV]/AT$4 ,AS ,NEIL ,H>VEY EXPLA9S1 0.<I.>N/EAD ( >RIV+ DIRECTLY FROM ! CITY OR ! UNIV]SITY1 ! ,E,Z,L,N EM]G$ \T ( LA MONTANA1 ?AT MAGICAL WORLD 9HABIT$ BY ! :OLE ( ,MAYAN HI/ORY1 BY ! SPIRITS ( ANCE/ORS1 & BY ,ZAPATA HIMSELF0 7IBID41 P4 #a#f#f74 

,BY ! TIME MEMB]S ( ! ,ZAPATI/A BASE COMMUNITIES VOT$ TO GO TO W> AGA9/ ! F$]AL EXECUTIVE & ,MEXICAN ,>MY 9 #a#i#i#b1 ! ,E,Z,L,N HAD SEV]$ ALL TIES ) ! ,=CES ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION & ! ,CL&E/9E ,9DIG5\S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE HAD BE5 CREAT$ AS ITS HI<E/ BODY ( AU?ORITY 7,WOMACK1 #a#i#i#i1 P4 #a#i#b74 ,TELL+LY1 BY ! TIME ! COMMUNITIES VOT$ = W>1 GEOPOLITICAL CONDITIONS SEEM$ EV]Y:]E TO PO9T TO ! FALLACY ( SU* AN ACTION4 ,) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ! DIS>RAY ( ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT 9 ! FACE ( NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM'S ASC5DANCE1 & ! N[ UNCONTE/$ PLACE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS LONE REMA9+ SUP]P[]1 9 ! EYES ( ! ,ZAPATI/A MILIT>Y LEAD]%IP AN >M$ UPRIS+ 9 ! ,MEXICAN S\!A/ SEEM$ /RATEGICALLY UNWISE4 ,! ,ZAPATI/A BASE1 H[EV]1 >RIV$ AT A V]Y DIFF]5T CONCLUSION1 & ?IS DISCREPANCY SAYS MU* AB\T ! WAY AU?ORITY1 KN[L$GE1 EXP]I5CE1 & P[] CIRCULATE )9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,AS ,MEXICAN HI/ORIAN ,ADOLFO ,GILLY 7#a#i#i#h7 EXPLA9S3 

,! *ANNELS ?R\< :I* COMMUNITIES1 ON ONE SIDE1 & ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,E,Z,L,N 7OR = ?AT MATT] ANY O!R LEFT-W+ ORGANIZATION71 ON ! O!R1 GET !IR P]CEPTIONS ( ! SURR\ND+ SOCIETY >E NOT ! SAME2 NOR >E ! FILT]S & ! CODES ACCORD+ TO :I* !Y >E 9T]PRET$4 ,?IS DIFF]5CE1 9VISIBLE TO ALL 9 0NORMAL0 TIMES :5 ! CAPITAL DECISION--9SURRECTION--IS NOT 9 PLAY1 COMES TO LI<T AT ! MOM5T ( MAK+ ?AT DECISION4 ,= ?AT REASON1 :ILE SOME SEE 9 ! 0DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION0 A NEGATIVE FACTOR1 O!RS :O >E DI/ANT FROM ?AT 9T]PRETATION ( AN UPHEAVAL1 REG>D+ :I* !Y >E NOT CONC]N$1 MEASURE BY O!R ME?ODS--AGA9/ ! >C ( !IR [N LIVES--! MATURATION ( CONDITIONS = REBELLION4 7P4 #c#c7 

,9 PLACE ( GEOPOLITICAL ANALYSIS1 !ORETICAL SOPHI/ICATION1 OR EV5 N>R[ PRAGMATISM1 ! ,ZAPATI/A BASE COMMUNITIES 9 ,*IAPAS MEASUR$ ! CONDITIONS1 CO/1 & POSSIBILITY ( REBELLION 0AGA9/ ! >C ( !IR [N LIVES10 A P]SPECTIVE ?AT W\LD DEEPLY 9FUSE ,ZAPATISMO AS POLITICAL PRAXIS 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! UPRIS+ & EXPLA9 MU* AB\T :AT HAS MADE ! MOVEM5T SO COMPELL+ TO O!RS TRANSNATIONALLY4 ,RA!R ?AN SEEK+ VALIDATION 9 AB/RACT LAWS OR !ORETICAL OR?ODOXY1 ,ZAPATISMO ESP\SES A COMMITM5T TO RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ?AT IS GR\ND$ E?ICALLY 9 ! LIVES ( ?OSE :O CON/ITUTE ! MOVEM5T4 ,!SE SAME SUBJECTS >E ! ONES :O >E RESPONSIBLE = COLLECTIVELY ELABORAT+ ! WAY ! MOVEM5T KN[S ! WORLD1 IMAG9ES POSSIBILITIES BEYOND :AT EXI/S N[1 & >TICULATES PA?S T[>D LIB]ATION4 ,AS ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE REPEAT$LY DEMON/RAT$ S9CE !IR PUBLIC EM]G5CE 9 #a#i#i#d1 NONE ( !SE PROCESSES IS /ATIC & NONE ( ! DE/9ATIONS >E =EV] FIX$ BECAUSE REAL REVOLUTIONS >E MADE NOT ?R\< BLUEPR9TS OR ! 9SI<T ( AN 5LI<T5$ VANGU>D1 !Y >E PA?S MADE BY ?OSE :O WALK !M4 

,ZAPATISMO AS ,RADICAL ,P$AGOGY 

,AS ?IS FRAGM5T ( ,ZAPATI/A HI/ORY %\LD MAKE CLE>1 NEI!R ! ,E,Z,L,N NOR ,ZAPATISMO >E PRODUCTS ( A PURE REVOLUTION>Y TRAJECTORY4 ,9DE$1 ?IS IS :AT HAS MADE BO? ( !M SO SIGNIFICANT )9 ! ,MEXICAN CONTEXT & \TSIDE ( IT4 ,AT ! 9T]SECTION ( URBAN GU]RILLAS SEEK+ FAVORABLE GR\ND = REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZ+1 MIGRANT 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES PRACTIC+ A NEW K9D ( POLITICS1 & A SOCIOPOLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONTEXT M>K$ BY EXTREME VIOL5CE1 EXPLOITATION1 & REPRESSION1 ,ZAPATISMO EM]G$ AS AN AUDACI\S DECL>ATION ( HOPE & POSSIBILITY4 ,AT ! CROSSROADS ( ?IS 5C\NT] IT WAS ACTUALLY ! DEFEAT ( ! ,M>XI/1 MOD]NI/ REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY ( ! ,F,L,N CADRES 9 ! FACE ( A RADICALLY DIFF]5T LIFEWORLD :]E ! ROOTS ( ,ZAPATISMO LIE4 ,TAK+ ! BE/ LESSONS FROM ! URBAN REVOLUTION>Y LEGACY CONVEY$ BY ! ,F,L,N GU]RILLAS1 & P]HAPS MO/ IMPORTANTLY BY ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,M>COS1 ,ZAPATISMO AS RADICAL POLITICS & RADICAL IMAG9ATION ONLY EM]G$ ONCE IT WAS DEEPLY GR\ND$ 9 ! SOCIAL FABRIC ( ! COMMUNITIES ?AT CAME TO CON/ITUTE IT4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ !RE IS SOME ESS5TIAL 9DIG5\S CORE TO ! ,ZAPATI/A PROJECT1 ?AT IT IS SIMPLY AN EXT5SION ( ! NATURE ( BE+ 9DIG5\S4 ,9DE$1 AS MANY ( MY RESE>* P>TN]S 5GAG$ 9 A V>IETY ( RADICAL /RUGGLES EMPHASIZ$1 IT IS A DANG]\S & R$UCTIVE =M ( ROMANTICISM ?AT WANTS TO SEE 9 ! /RUGGLES ( 9DIG5\S PEOPLES SOME ET]NAL1 PREMOD]N1 NATURALI/IC ID5TITY ?AT CAN %[ NON9DIG5\S PEOPLES & SOCIETIES ! WAY \T ( ! OV]LAPP+ CRISES WE N[ CONFRONT4 ,AS 9DIG5\S M$IA-MAK] & ACTIVI/ ,REBEKA ,TABOBONDUNG EXPLA9$ TO ME DUR+ \R CONV]SATION 9 ! W9T] ( #b#d1 0,I ?9K ?AT PEOPLE >E 9CREAS+LY BECOM+ UNSATISFI$ ) ,WE/]N 9/ITUTIONS1 BELIEF SY/EMS1 SY/EMS 9 G5]AL1 & LOOK+ T[>DS ,9DIG5\S PEOPLE = HOPE1 = FULFILLM5T1 SPIRITUALLY OR 9SPIRATIONALLY40 ,TABOBONDUNG W5T ON TO DESCRIBE ! LIMITS ( ?IS DESIRE TO F9D FULFILLM5T 9 SOMEONE ELSE'S BE+1 ID5TITY1 OR /RUGGLE :5 %E DISCUSS$ ATTEMPTS MADE 9 ! E>LY #bS TO CONVOKE AN ,9T]CONT95TAL ,5CU5TRO = ,HUMANITY & ,AGA9/ ,NEOLIB]ALISM ON 9DIG5\S T]RITORY 9SIDE ! BORD]S ( ! ,CANADIAN /ATE3.<#d#f.> 

.<! PROBLEM ( ESS5TIALISM & ROMANTICISM WAS.> SOME?+ ?AT .<! ORGANIZ]S TALK$ AB\T 9 ! PROCESS ( PLANN+.> ! ,?IRD ,5C\NT]4444 ,TO NON-,NATIVE PEOPLE :O W]E P>T ( IT .<WE WANT$ TO MAKE IT CLE> ?AT ?IS WASN'T AB\T COM+.> H]E TO HELP ,NATIVE PEOPLE1 DON'T COME H]E JU/ TO HELP US1 BUT :5 WE UND]/& :AT CAPITALISM IS DO+ TO PEOPLE & TO ! PLANET !N1 9 FACT1 \R /RUGGLES >E Y\R /RUGGLES1 SO PEOPLE CAN TAKE [N]%IP OV] ?AT & ,I ?9K ?AT ! ,ZAPATI/AS W]E TRY+ TO APPEAL TO ?AT AS WELL--?IS HAS BE5 HAPP5+ =EV]1 N[ IT'S JU/ HAPP5+ TO EV]YBODY4 

,/EPHAN ,DOBSON1 MEMB] ( ! ,CANADIAN ,UNION ( ,PUBLIC ,EMPLOYES1 ACADEMIC1 & A MEMB] ( ! PLANN+ COMMITTEE = ! ,?IRD ,9T]CONT95TAL ,5CU5TRO = ,HUMANITY & ,AGA9/ ,NEOLIB]ALISM1 E*O$ ,TABOBONDUNG'S COMM5TS :5 HE DISCUSS$ ! CRITICAL PROBLEM ) ROMANTICISM AS IT RELATES TO SOCIOPOLITICAL /RUGGLE DUR+ \R CONV]SATION 9 ! FALL ( #b#c3 

,I'VE SE5 .<ROMANTICIZATION.> 9 ACTION & IT'S A PROBLEM ( SU/A9ABILITY4 ,PEOPLE F9D \T ?AT IT'S NOT REAL OR ?AT !Y'RE DEAL+ ) ! IMAGE RA!R ?AN ! REALLY EXI/+ CONDITIONS .<& !Y !N FEEL BETRAY$ BY ?AT.>4 ',CAUSE1 FROM MY P]SPECTIVE1 :ILE Y\'RE IMAG9+ A BETT] WORLD1 H[ DO Y\ ACTUALIZE IT8 ,MY FRU/RATION ) ?AT K9D ( IMAG9ATION WAY UP H]E .<IS IT.> /RIKES ME AS DOGMATIC IDEALISM4444 ,IT'S ALWAYS ! REVOLUTION'S ELSE:]E1 ,NIC>AGUA WAS REALLY ! ONE :5 ,I WAS AN UND]GRADUATE1 H]E IT IS1 OPPORTUNITY1 IT'S HAPP5+1 Y\ HAVE TO BE A P>T ( IT1 Y\ HAVE TO MOBILIZE BECAUSE IT'S ! LEAD+ $GE1 IT'S SOME?+ NEW & IT TAKES ON ALL ( ! HOPES & DREAMS & ! ASPIRATIONS & AMBITIONS1 BUT ?OSE /RUGGLES .<>E.> DIRECTLY H]E1 SO :ILE Y\ HAVE ALL ?IS WOND]FUL SOLID>ITY GO+ ON ) ,ZAPATI/AS Y\'VE GOT A ?\S& ,PATRICIA ,PATS MOV+ 9 ON ,OKA4.<#d#g.> ,NO JU/ICE ON /OL5 L&4 

,?IS IS C]TA9LY NOT TO SAY ?AT 9DIG5\S /RUGGLES DO NOT OCCUPY POSITIONS ( PRIMACY ) RESPECT TO A WID] FABRIC ( RADICAL SOCIAL JU/ICE /RUGGLE--9DE$1 BO? ,TABOBONDUNG'S & ,DOBSON'S REFLECTIONS ABOVE PO9T 9 PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( SETTL] /ATES LIKE ,CANADA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 = EXAMPLE1 COM+ TO T]MS ) ! 5DUR+ REALITY ( COLONIALITY & F9D+ WAYS TO RADICALLY UNSETTLE IT 9 SOLID>ITY ) 9DIG5\S /RUGGLES = AUTONOMY %\LD BE A PR9CIPLE PILL> ( ANY RADICAL SOCIAL JU/ICE /RUGGLE & YET IT IS (T5 RHETORICALLY 9VOK$ )\T BE+ MANIFE/$ MAT]IALLY 7SEE ,ALFR$ #b#e74 ,BUT :AT ?IS PO9TS TO1 BEYOND ! NECESSITY ( ADDRESS+ COLONIALITY AS ! MAT]IAL BASIS CRITICAL TO ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SETTL] /ATES1 IS ?AT !RE IS NO RETREAT TO AN 0O!R0--PURE1 UNCONTAM9AT$1 AU!NTIC1 HOLI/ICALLY GR\ND$--?AT CAN SAVE US FROM ! SY/EMS ( VIOL5CE1 DOM9ATION1 & EXPLOITATION ?AT /RUCTURE PEOPLE'S LIV$ REALITIES4 

,SO :AT ( ,ZAPATISMO AS RADICAL IMAG9ATION & RADICAL P$AGOGY AT ! LEVEL ( ! TRANSNATIONAL8 ,?R\<\T ?IS PIECE ,I HAVE BR\<T ! WORDS ( MY RESE>* P>TN]S TO BE> ON ELEM5TS ( ,ZAPATISMO 9 ORD] TO %$ CRITICAL ILLUM9ATION ON !M FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ?OSE :O EXP]I5C$ ! RESONANCE ( ?IS RADICAL MOVEM5T4 ,!SE REFLECTIONS >E ONLY A V]Y SMALL FRAGM5T ( WORK ,I HAVE DONE ELSE:]E 7SEE ,KHASNABI% #b#a1 #b#hA1 #b#hB1 #b#g7 ?AT HAS S\<T TO EXPLORE ,ZAPATISMO AS A RADICAL & TRANSNATIONALIZ$ POLITICAL IMAG9ATION4 ,!SE BRIEF REFLECTIONS >E BY NO MEANS MEANT TO BE REPRES5TATIVE ( ! DEP? ( ,ZAPATISMO'S RESONANCE AMONG RADICAL SOCIAL JU/ICE ACTIVI/S ELSE:]E BUT !Y DO /& AS A TE/AM5T TO IT4 ,9 MORE ?AN A YE> ( E?NOGRAPHICALLY GR\ND$ RESE>* ?AT 5GAG$ ACTIVI/S & ORGANIZ]S FROM ACROSS ,CANADA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :O SELF-ID5TIFI$ AS HAV+ HAD POLITICALLY SIGNIFICANT 5C\NT]S ) ,ZAPATISMO4 ,!SE 5C\NT]S TOOK A TREM5D\S V>IETY ( =MS AS ,ZAPATISMO HAS CIRCULAT$ TRANSNATIONALLY ?R\< DIV]SE *ANNELS1 9CLUD+3 ! ,9T]NET2 ACADEMIC1 ACTIVI/1 & J\RNALI/IC WRIT+2 SOLID>ITY DELEGATIONS & REPORT-BACKS2 ,ZAPATI/A COMMUNIQUES1 D5UNCIATIONS1 SPEE*ES1 & ! WRIT+ ( ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,M>COS2 VISUAL M$IA & A HO/ ( O!R >TIFACTS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T4 ,MANY ( ! PEOPLE ) :OM ,I WORK$ HAD DIRECT EXP]I5CE ) ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE ON ! GR\ND 9 ,*IAPAS1 AL?\< ! DEP? ( SU* COMMITM5TS V>I$ WIDELY1 :ILE O!RS HAD ONLY 5C\NT]$ ,ZAPATISMO 9 M$IAT$ =MS4 ,! COLLECTIVES & ORGANIZATIONS REPRES5T$ BY ! ORGANIZ]S & ACTIVI/S ) :OM ,I SPOKE W]E SIMIL>LY DIV]SE RANG+ FROM NON-GOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ,GLOBAL ,EX*ANGE TO RADICAL M$IA-MAK+ COLLECTIVES LIKE ,BIG ,NOISE ,TACTICAL TO TRANSNATIONAL ANTICAPITALI/ NETWORKS SU* AS ,PEOPLES' ,GLOBAL ,ACTION TO GR\PS 5GAG$ 9 DIRECT ACTION /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! DAILY REALITIES ( CAPITALI/ VIOL5CE & EXPLOITATION LIKE ! ,ONT>IO ,COALITION ,AGA9/ ,POV]TY4 ,( C\RSE1 ONE NE$ LOOK NO FUR!R ?AN WRIT+ ?AT HAS EM]G$ FROM ! RANKS ( ! ALT]-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T ITSELF TO 5C\NT] A RHETORICAL CONFIRMATION ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,ZAPATISMO TO ?IS 0MOVEM5T ( MOVEM5TS0 7SEE ,K+SNOR?1 #b#c2 ,KLE91 #b#b2 ,NOTES FROM ,NO:]E1 #b#c2 ,SOLNIT1 #b#d74 

,F> FROM M]ELY CELEBRAT+ !M AS ICONS ( MILITANCY1 ! CONV]SATIONS ,I HAD ) DIV]SE ACTIVI/S & ORGANIZ]S 9 ,CANADA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS WELL AS ACTIVI/ M$IA PRODUC$ AB\T ! ,ZAPATI/AS & ,ZAPATISMO SITUATE !M AS VITAL PIECES ( A GLOBAL REBELLION AGA9/ NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM & ELITE DOM9ATION ( PEOPLE & ! PLANET4 ,TRANSMITT$ VIA DIV]SE *ANNELS1 ,ZAPATISMO F\ND RESONANCE 9 ! MID/ ( A MULTIPLICITY ( DIFF]5T /RUGGLES BECAUSE IT DID NOT (F] AN ANSW] TO ! *ALL5GE ( BUILD+ MASS MOVEM5TS CAPABLE ( *ANG+ ! WORLD1 RA!R1 IT S]V$ AS A CON/ANT S\RCE ( PROVOCATION & 9SPIRATION = RADICAL /RUGGLES SEEK+ PA?S BEYOND ! VIOL5CE1 OPPRESSION1 & EXPLOITATION ( CURR5T SY/EMS ( P[] AS WELL AS ! FAILURES ( PA/ MOVEM5TS 9 ATTEMPT+ TO ADDRESS !M4 ,( C\RSE1 ,ZAPATISMO AS A TRANSNATIONALIZ$ RADICAL P$AGOGY ALSO =EGR\ND ELEM5TS ( ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE :ILE D[NPLAY+ O!RS4 ,PROM95T 9 ACTIVI/S' WRIT+S & REFLECTIONS AB\T ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,ZAPATISMO = !IR [N UND]/&+ ( /RUGGLE >E NOTIONS ( HOPE1 9CLUSIVITY1 IMAG9ATION1 DIGNITY1 COMMUNICATION1 DEMOCRACY1 & A RADICAL S5SE ( POSSIBILITY AS WELL AS AN EQUALLY RADICAL CRITIQUE ( P[]4 ,!SE ELEM5TS >E MO/ C]TA9LY PRES5T 9 ,ZAPATISMO1 P>TICUL>LY ) RESPECT TO ! COMMUNIQUES & COMMUNICATIVE ACTIONS DIRECT$ T[>D 0CIVIL SOCIETY0 TRANSNATIONALLY2 H[EV]1 ! PROM95CE ( !SE CONCEPTS AS OPPOS$ TO O!RS RELAT+ MORE DIRECTLY TO ! DIFFICULT WORK ( BUILD+ A LIV+ REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE 9 ! MID/ ( =MIDABLE *ALL5GES FROM /ATE REPRESSION TO LACK ( RES\RCES ALSO SPEAKS TO ! SUBJECTIVITIES & CONTEXTS = :I* ,ZAPATISMO HAS PROV5 SU* A POT5T IMAG9ATION4 

,! EMPHASIS UPON A P[]FUL REJECTION ( NEOLIB]ALISM1 ! AFFIRMATION ( HUMAN DIGNITY1 PEACE1 AUTONOMY & 9T]CONNECT$NESS1 & ! DESIRE = DIALOGUE1 C\PL$ ) A VALORIZATION ( COMMUNICATIVE & SYMBOLIC ACTION RA!R ?AN VIOL5T 9SURRECTION CANNOT BE DIVORC$ FROM ! ,NOR!RN CONTEXT )9 :I* ,ZAPATISMO AS RADICAL P$AGOGY & RADICAL IMAG9ATION HAS RESONAT$4 ,?IS HAS ALWAYS BE5 A PROBLEMATIC DYNAMIC AS PEOPLE VIEW MOVEM5TS ELSE:]E ?R\< ! L5S ( !IR [N DESIRE = *ANGE & !IR [N UND]/&+S ( /RUGGLE1 & ?IS HAS C]TA9LY HAPP5$ ) RESPECT TO ! ,ZAPATI/AS 7SEE ,HELLMAN1 #b2 ,MEY]1 #b#b74 ,H[EV]1 ?IS AMBIGUITY HAS ALSO BE5 A FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5T ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS' APPEAL4 ,9 TRANSMITT+ ,ZAPATISMO & ITS RADICAL LESSONS AB\T REVOLUTION TO PEOPLE LIV+1 WORK+1 & /RUGGL+ \TSIDE ( ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES ( ,*IAPAS1 ,M>COS'S WRIT+ 9 P>TICUL> HAS =EGR\ND$ ?OSE ELEM5TS ( ,ZAPATI/A DISC\RSE MO/ LIKELY TO SPEAK COMPELL+LY ACROSS A V>IETY ( DISP>ATE CONTEXTS4 ,9 ADDITION1 ACTIVI/S \TSIDE ( ,*IAPAS HAVE ALSO ACTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 READ+ ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE FROM !IR [N POSITION1 A READ+ NECESS>ILY COLOR$ BY ONE'S [N EXP]I5CE4 ,NONE ( ?IS MAKES ! 5C\NT] BETWE5 ACTIVI/S TRANSNATIONALLY & ! ,ZAPATI/AS--H[EV] ?IS 5C\NT] HAS BE5 M$IAT$--9AU!NTIC4 ,RA!R1 IT SUGGE/S ?AT ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS AS REBELS ON A TRANSNATIONAL POLITICAL SCALE HAS TO BE UND]/OOD LESS 9 T]MS ( A MONOLOGUE-LIKE 09SPIRATION0 & MORE AS A DYNAMIC DIALOGUE GIV5 %APE BY ! CONTEXTS IT OCCURS )94 ,ONCE AGA91 WE RETURN TO ! SPACE ( P$AGOGY 9 ORD] TO EXPLORE & EXPLA9 ,ZAPATISMO'S RADICAL SIGNIFICANCE3 ISSUES ( P[]1 PRIVILEGE1 CONTEXT1 & SUBJECTIVITY NECESS>ILY IMPACT ! WAY ONE LE>NS AB\T !MSELVES1 O!RS1 ! WID] WORLD1 & ! POSSIBILITIES !RE94 ,?IS IS NOT A DEBUNK+ ( ! TRANSNATIONALIZ$ 5C\NT]S BETWE5 ,ZAPATISMO & ?OSE :O HAVE PROV5 SO RECEPTIVE TO ITS RADICAL1 UNCLOS$ LESSON PLAN1 RA!R1 IT IS TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS PROCESS ( 5C\NT] & ! P$AGOGICAL MOM5TS ATTA*$ TO IT >E DEEPLY 5ME%$ 9 ! LIV+ CONTEXTS 9 :I* !Y OCCUR4 

,9DE$1 :AT ,ZAPATISMO DEMON/RATES SO COMPELL+LY IS ?AT P[]FUL1 SOCIALLY TRANS=MATIVE MOVEM5TS EM]GE NOT FROM SOME S+UL>LY IMPORTANT REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT BUT ?R\< AN UN5D+ PROCESS ( CRITICAL 5C\NT] ?AT RE%APES ALL ?OSE 9VOLV$4 ,AS ,FIONA ,JEFFRIES--AN ACTIVI/1 WRIT]1 & ACADEMIC :O HAS DONE CONSID]ABLE SOLID>ITY WORK ) ! ,ZAPATI/AS--EXPRESS$ DUR+ \R CONV]SATION 9 ! W9T] ( #b#d1 0?AT IS .<! ,ZAPATI/AS'.> /R5G?1 !IR HI/ORICAL SUBJECT IS NOT 9 ANY S+UL> BE+1 !IR HI/ORICAL SUBJECT IS PEOPLE'S DESIRE = FRE$OM & JU/ICE & DIGNITY40 ,?IS DESCRIPTION APPLIES NOT ONLY TO ! MIGRANT 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES :O W\LD EV5TUALLY CON/ITUTE ! ,ZAPATI/A BASE & ! URBAN GU]RILLAS :O W\LD JO9 !M 9 ! JUNGLE & M\NTA9S1 IT ALSO SPEAKS TO ! EXP]I5CE ( ?OSE :O W\LD 5C\NT] ,ZAPATISMO AS A TRANSNATIONALIZ$ RADICAL IMAG9ATION4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! MOVEM5T ITSELF NE$S TO BE ?\<T ( NOT ONLY 9 ORGANIZATIONAL & POLITICAL T]MS BUT ALSO AS A SPACE = EXP]IM5TS 9 KN[L$GE PRODUCTION1 RADICAL IMAG9ATION1 SUBJECTIFICATION1 & CONCRETE ALT]NATIVE-BUILD+4 ,ALB]TO ,MELUCCI 7#a#i#h#e7 ONCE SAID ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 0,! M$IUM1 ! MOVEM5T ITSELF AS A NEW M$IUM1 IS ! MESSAGE4 ,AS PROPHETS )\T 5*ANTM5T1 CONTEMPOR>Y MOVEM5TS PRACTICE 9 ! PRES5T ! *ANGE !Y >E /RUGGL+ =3 !Y R$EF9E ! MEAN+ ( SOCIAL ACTION = ! :OLE SOCIETY0 7P4 #h#a74 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 RADICAL MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,ZAPATI/AS >E SPACES ( PREFIGURATION & POSSIBILITY1 LIV+ PROCESSES ( RESI/ANCE & ALT]NATIVE-BUILD+ ?AT >E VITAL TO ! ELABORATION ( WAYS ( 5VISION+ & 5ACT+ RADICAL & EV5 REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,REF]5CES 

,ALFR$1 ,T4 7#b#e74 ,WASASE3 ,9DIG5\S PA?WAYS ( ACTION & FRE$OM4 ,PET]BOR\<3 

,BROADVIEW ,PRESS4 ,B>!S1 ,R4 7#a#i#g#b74 ,MY?OLOGIES4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,HILL & ,WANG4 

,CALLAHAN1 ,M4 7#b#d74 ,ZAPATISMO & GLOBAL /RUGGLE3 0,A REVOLUTION TO MAKE REVOLUTION POSSIBLE40 ,9 ,E4 ,YU51 ,D4 ,BURTON-,ROSE @& ,G4 ,KATSIAFICAS 7,$S471 ,CONFRONT+ CAPITALISM3 ,DISPAT*ES FROM A GLOBAL MOVEM5T4 ,BROOKLYN3 ,S(T ,SKULL ,PRESS4 

,CLEAV]1 ,H4 7#a#i#i#h74 ,! ,ZAPATI/A EFFECT3 ,! ,9T]NET & ! RISE ( AN ALT]NATIVE POLITICAL FABRIC4 ,J\RNAL ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,AFFAIRS #ea 7#b73 #f#b#a-#d4 

,COLLI]1 ,G4 7#a#i#i#i74 ,BA/A63 ,L& & ! ,ZAPATI/A REBELLION 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,REV4 $4 ,OAKL&3 ,FOOD ,FIR/ ,BOOKS4 

,CONANT1 ,J4 7#b#a74 ,A POETICS ( RESI/ANCE3 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PUBLIC RELATIONS ( ! ,ZAPATI/A 9SURG5CY4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,E/EVA1 ,G4 7#b#a74 ,! TRADITIONS ( PEOPLE ( REASON & ! REASONS ( PEOPLE ( TRADITION3 ,A REPORT ON ! ,SECOND ,9T]CONT95TAL ,5CU5TRO4 ,9 ,AURORAS ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS3 ,LOCAL & GLOBAL /RUGGLES ( ! F\R? WORLD W>1 #e#e-#f#c4 ,BROOKLYN3 ,AUTONOM$IA4 

,FLOOD1 ,A4 7#b#c74 ,DREAM+ ( A REALITY :]E ! PA/ & ! FUTURE MEET ! PRES5T4 ,9 ,NOTES FROM ,NO:]E 7,$471 ,WE >E EV]Y:]E3 ,! IRRESI/IBLE RISE ( GLOBAL ANTICAPITALISM1 #g#d-#g#i4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V]SO4 

,G>CIA ,M>QUEZ1 ,G @& ,POMBO1 ,R4 7#b#d74 ,! H\RGLASS ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,9 ,T4 ,M]TES 7,$471 ,A MOVEM5T ( MOVEM5TS3 ,IS ANO!R WORLD REALLY POSSIBLE81 #c-#a#e4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V]SO4 

,GILLY1 ,A4 7#a#i#i#h74 ,*IAPAS & ! REBELLION ( ! 5*ANT$ WORLD4 ,9 ,9 ,D4 ,NUG5T 7,$471 ,RURAL REVOLT 9 ,MEXICO3 ,U,S 9T]V5TION & ! DOMA9 ( SUBALT]N POLITICS4 ,DURHAM3 ,DUKE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,HAIV51 ,M4 @& ,KHASNABI%1 ,A4 7#b#a74 ,:AT IS ! RADICAL IMAG9ATION8 ,A SPECIAL ISSUE4 ,AFF9ITIES3 A J\RNAL ( RADICAL !ORY1 CULTURE1 & ACTION #d 7#b73 I-XXXVII4 

,H>VEY1 ,N4 7#a#i#i#h74 ,! ,*IAPAS REBELLION3 ,! /RUGGLE = L& & DEMOCRACY4 ,DURHAM3 ,DUKE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,HELLMAN1 ,J4 7#a#i#i#i74 ,REAL & VIRTUAL ,*IAPAS3 ,MAGIC REALISM & ! LEFT4 ,9 ,L4 ,PANIT* @& ,C4 ,LEYS 7,$S471 ,NECESS>Y & UNNECESS>Y UTOPIAS3 SOCIALI/ REGI/] #b1 #a#f#a-#h#f4 ,R5DLE%AM ,NR4 ,WOODBRIDGE ,SUFFOLK3 ,M]L9 ,PRESS4 

,HOLL[AY1 ,J4 7#b#b74 ,*ANGE ! WORLD )\T TAK+ P[]3 ,! MEAN+ ( REVOLUTION TODAY4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,KHASNABI%1 ,A4 7#b#g74 0,9SURG5T IMAG9ATIONS40 ,EPHEM]A3 ,!ORY & POLITICS 9 ORGANIZATION #g7#d73 #e#e-#b#f4 

,KHASNABI%1 ,A4 7#b#hA74 ,ZAPATISMO BEYOND BORD]S3 ,NEW IMAG9ATIONS ( POLITICAL POSSIBILITY4 ,TORONTO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS4 

,KHASNABI%1 ,A4 7#b#hB74 0,A TE> 9 ! FABRIC ( ! PRES5T40 ,J\RNAL = ! ,/UDY ( ,RADICALISM #b3 #b#g-#e#b4 DOI3#a4#a#c#e#c_/JSR44#f4 

,KHASNABI%1 ,ALEX4 #b#a4 ,ZAPATI/AS3 REBELLION FROM ! GRASSROOTS TO ! GLOBAL4 ,LONDON3 ,Z$ ,PRESS4 

,K+SNOR?1 ,P4 7#b#d74 ,ONE NO1 MANY YESES3 ,A J\RNEY TO ! HE>T ( ! GLOBAL RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T4 ,LONDON3 ,FREE ,PRESS4 

,KLE91 ,N4 7#b#b74 ,REBELLION 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,9 ,F5CES & W9D[S3 ,DISPAT*ES FROM ! FRONT L9ES ( ! GLOBALIZATION DEBATE1 #b#h-#b#c4 ,TORONTO3 ,V9TAGE ,CANADA4 

,KNUDSON1 ,J]RY4 #a#i#i#h4 0,REBELLION 9 ,*IAPAS3 ,9SURRECTION BY ,9T]NET & PUBLIC RELATIONS40 ,M$IA1 ,CULTURE @& ,SOCIETY #b3 #e#g-#a#h4 

,M>COS1 ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,9SURG5TE4 7#b#a74 ,DEMOCRATIC TEA*]S & ! ,ZAPATI/A DREAM4 ,9 ,J4 ,PONCE DE ,LEON 7,$471 ,\R WORD IS \R WEAPON3 ,SELECT$ WRIT+S1 #b#g#d-#g#g4 ,TORONTO3 ,SEV5 ,/ORIES ,PRESS4 

,M>COS1 ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,9SURG5TE 7#b#b74 ,TE/IMONIES ( ! FIR/ DAY4 ,9 ,T4 ,HAYD5 7,$471 ,! ,ZAPATI/A READ]1 #b#g-#a#g4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,?UND]'S ,M\? ,PRESS4 

,M>COS1 ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,9SURG5TE 7#b#d74 ,! SEV5 LOOSE PIECES ( ! GLOBAL JIGSAW PUZZLE 7NEOLIB]ALISM AS A PUZZLE74 ,9 ,Z4 ,VODOVNIK 7,$471 6,YA BA/A63 ,T5 YE>S ( ! ,ZAPATI/A UPRIS+1 #b#e#g-#g#h4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,MELUCCI1 ,A4 7#a#i#h#e74 0,! SYMBOLIC *ALL5GE ( CONTEMPOR>Y MOVEM5TS40 ,SOCIAL ,RESE>* #e#b7#d73 #g#h#i-#h#a#f4 

,MEY]1 ,J4 7#b#b74 ,ONCE AGA91 ! NOBLE SAVAGE4 ,9 ,T4 ,HAYD5 7,$471 ,! ,ZAPATI/A READ]4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,?UND]'S ,M\? ,PRESS4 

,MIDNI<T ,NOTES 7,$474 7#b#a74 ,AURORAS ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS3 ,LOCAL & GLOBAL /RUGGLES ( ! F\R? WORLD W>4 ,BROOKLYN3 ,AUTONOM$IA4 

,MUNOZ ,RAMIREZ1 ,G4 7#b#h74 ,! FIRE @& ! WORD3 ,A HI/ORY ( ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,CITY ,LI<TS4 

,NEILL1 ,M4 7#b#a74 ,5C\NT]S 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,9 ,MIDNI<T ,NOTES 7,$471 ,AURORAS ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS3 ,LOCAL & GLOBAL /RUGGLES ( ! F\R? WORLD W>1 #d#e-#e#c4 ,BROOKLYN3 ,AUTONOM$IA4 

,NOTES FROM ,NO:]E 7,$474 7#b#c74 ,WE >E EV]Y:]E3 ,! IRRESI/IBLE RISE ( GLOBAL ANTICAPITALISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V]SO4 

,OLES51 ,T4 7#b#e74 ,9T]NATIONAL ,ZAPATISMO3 ,! CON/RUCTION ( SOLID>ITY 9 ! AGE ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,LONDON3 ,Z$ ,PRESS4 

,OPP5HEIM]1 ,A4 7#b#b74 ,GU]RILLAS 9 ! MI/4 ,9 ,T4 ,HAYD5 7,$471 ,! ,ZAPATI/A READ]1 #e#a-#e#d4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,?UND]'S ,M\? ,PRESS4 

,RONFELDT1 ,D41 ,>QUILLA1 ,J41 ,FULL]1 ,G4 @& ,FULL]1 ,M4 7#a#i#i#h74 ,! ,ZAPATI/A SOCIAL NETW> 9 ,MEXICO4 ,SANTA ,MONICA3 ,R,&4 

,RUSSELL1 ,A4 7#b#e74 0,MY? & ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T3 EXPLOR+ A NETWORK ID5TITY40 ,NEW ,M$IA @& ,SOCIETY #g7#d73 #e#e#i-#g#g4 

,SELB91 ,]IC4 #b#c4 ,ZAPATA'S :ITE HORSE & ,*E'S B]ET3 ,!SES ON ! FUTURE ( REVOLUTION4 ,9 ,J4 ,=AN 7,$471 ,! FUTURE ( REVOLUTIONS3 ,RE?9K+ RADICAL *ANGE 9 ! AGE ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,Z$ ,BOOKS4 

,SOLNIT1 ,R4 7#b#d74 ,HOPE 9 ! D>K3 ,UNTOLD HI/ORIES1 WILD POSSIBILITIES4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,NATION ,BOOKS4 

,/EPH51 ,L4 7#b#b74 ,ZAPATA LIVES63 ,HI/ORIES & CULTURAL POLITICS 9 S\!RN ,MEXICO4 

,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 ,T>R[1 ,S4 7#b#e74 ,! NEW TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,WOMACK1 ,J4 7#a#i#i#i74 ,REBELLION 9 ,*IAPAS3 ,AN HI/ORICAL READ]4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,NEW ,PRESS4 

,*,A,P,T,] #a#c4 ,AN>*ISM1 ,P$AGOGY1 ,QUE] ,!ORY & ,PO//RUCTURALISM3 ,T[>D A ,POSITIVE ,E?ICAL ,!ORY1 ( ,KN[L$GE & ! ,SELF 

,LUCY ,NI*OLAS 

,MANY AN>*I/ P$AGOGICAL PRACTICES & P]SPECTIVES CAN BE UND]/OOD ALONGSIDE PO//RUCTURALISM & QUE] !ORY BECAUSE !Y >E CONC]N$ ) SUBJECTIVITY1 9 T]MS ( %AP+ 9DIVIDUALS ACCORD+ TO MAXIMUM POSSIBLE 0AUTONOMY40 .<#d#h.> ,?IS IS A PROCESS ?AT BO? P]SPECTIVES T5D TO CONSID] AS FUNDAM5TALLY SITUAT$ & COLLECTIVE4 ,AS SU*1AN>*I/ APPROA*ES TO P$AGOGY CAN EASILY BE ALLI$ ) PO//RUCTURALI/ IDEAS AB\T ! SUBJECT AS NONF\NDATIONAL &1 !RE=E1 :ILE NOT PR$ISPOS$ TO ANY P>TICUL> WAY ( BE+1 HAV+ ! POT5TIAL TO BE FO/]$ ACCORD+ TO A P>TICUL> E?IC4 ,MY CONC]N 9 ?IS *APT] IS TO (F] A =MULATION TO AN>*I/ APPROA*ES TO P$AGOGY1 ( :AT1 ACCORD+ TO PO//RUCTURALI/ IDEAS ( ! SUBJECT1 AUTONOMY CAN BE1 & H[ IT CAN BE FO/]$1 MAXIMIZ$1 & MA9TA9$4 

,?IS *APT] WILL >GUE ?AT PO//RUCTURALISM & QUE] !ORY %>E ! E?ICAL IMPULSE ( AN>*ISM1 ?AT IS1 A D$ICATION TO A K9D ( 0AUTONOMY10 BUT (F] TO AN>*ISM A P$AGOGICAL PRAXIS ?AT OV]COMES ! POSSIBLE IMPASSE ( NONF\NDATIONAL PO//RUCTURALI/ ONTOLOGY1 :ILE ACKN[L$G+ ! COMPLEX T]RA9S ON :I* P[] OP]ATES TO RE/RICT ?IS AUTONOMY4 ,QUE] !ORY %>ES ) ! PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE ! E?ICAL IMPULSE ?AT ! SELF 7ESPECIALLY ! SEXUAL SELF7 MU/ BE A WILL$ CREATION1 A RESULT ( SOME K9D ( AG5CY FREE FROM CO]CION1 ALONGSIDE A MORE COMPLEX ONTOLOGY ?AT REJECTS A SIMPLI/IC 9DIVIDUALI/IC AUTONOMY AS ! ROOT ( ?IS4 

,PO//RUCTURALISM & PO//RUCTURALI/-9FLU5C$ QUE] !ORY WID5 ! DEF9ITION1 T]RA91 & ME*ANISMS ( P[] & SUBJECTIVITY 9 A WAY ?AT HAS DEEP IMPLICATIONS = ATTEMPTS TO CON/RUCT TRANS=MATIVE $UCATIVE PROCESSES ?AT >E PREMIS$ ON AN E?ICS ( FRE$OM OR AUTONOMY4 ,!Y WID5 :AT CAN BE CONSID]$ ! T]RA9 ( P[] SU* ?AT ! WAY ?AT WE BECOME SUBJECTS IS IMPLICAT$ 9 P[] ?AT CAN EI!R BE DOM9AT+ & RE/RICT \R 0AUTONOMY10 OR MORE POSITIVE & 5ABL+4 ,?IS HAS IMPLICATIONS = ! CONC]NS ( P$AGOGICAL !ORY SU* ?AT ! T]RA9 ( LE>N+ MU/ ALSO BE EXP&$ SO ?AT AN>*I/ P$AGOGY1 ,I >GUE1 %\LD .<& SOMETIMES ALREADY DOES.> 9CLUDE A CONC]N ) H[ WE LE>N TO BE SUBJECTS1 & ) MAK+ ?IS PROCESS AS 0AUTONOM\S0 AS POSSIBLE4 ,I >GUE ?AT BECAUSE PO//RUCTURALISM GIVES A MORE C5TRAL ROLE TO DISC\RSE PRODUCTION 9 ?IS PROCESS ( ! =MATION ( SUBJECTIVITY & ! MA9T5ANCE ( P[] 7UND]/&+ DISC\RSES AS ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT DOES AS 0BODIES ( KN[L$GE071 PO//RUCTURALI/-9=M$ AN>*I/ P$AGOGY %\LD ALSO BE CONC]N$ ) ! C5TRALITY ( DISC\RSES 9 LE>N+ H[ TO BE A SELF4 ,I >GUE ?AT ! CONCEPT ( LE>N+ %\LD BE WID5$ TO 9CLUDE ALL ( ! WAYS ?AT SUBJECTS LE>N H[ TO 0BE10 :I* >E (T5 IMPLICIT & 9=MAL1 & (T5 PRELIMIT$ BY DISCURSIVE CONTEXTS4 

,PO//RUCTURALISM HAS FAM\SLY BE5 CRITICIZ$ AS E?ICALLY LACK+ 7,SEIDMAN1 #a#i#i#e74 ,LIKEWISE1 QUE] !ORY HAS ALSO BE5 WIDELY UND]/OOD AS M]ELY AN OPPOSITIONAL MODE ( ?9K+4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,DYNES SURMISES ?AT 0,AT BE/ 444 !Y .<QUE] /UDIES.> AM\NT TO A REVOLUTION ( SUBTRACTION1 ]OD+ EXI/+ NORMS & V]ITIES1 RA!R ?AN A REVOLUTION ( ADDITION1 CREAT+ NEW VALUES4 ,:AT PASSES = RE9V5T+ IS M]ELY DIS9V5T+0 7#a#i#i#e74 ,?IS *APT] WILL 7ALONG ) A WIDE BODY ( LIT]ATURE7 CONTR>ILY >GUE ?AT ?IS V]Y 0DIS9V5TION0 & DECON/RUCTION ( PO//RUCTURALISM & QUE] !ORY IS ABLE TO (F] AN E?ICAL IMPULSE & A P$AGOGICAL PRAXIS ?AT1 :ILE SIMIL> 9 TELOS TO AN>*ISM1 AVOIDS ! TRAPS ( F\NDATIONALISM1 9DIVIDUALISM1 & CLOSURE4.<#d#i.> 

,IMPLICATIONS = ,AN>*ISM ( ,PO//RUCTURALISM & ,QUE] ,!ORY 

,?IS SECTION WILL CONSID] ! WAYS 9 :I* PO//RUCTURALISM & QUE] !ORY IMPACT ON AN>*ISM ?AT HAVE IMPLICATIONS = AN>*I/ EPI/EMOLOGY & P$AGOGY4 ,IT WILL >GUE ?AT !Y WID5 ! T]RA9S & DEF9ITIONS ( P[] SU* ?AT ! CON/ITUTION ( ! SELF & SUBJECTIVITY %\LD BE A CONC]N = AN AN>*I/ E?ICS ( 0AUTONOMY40 ,IT WILL >GUE ?AT ! ACC\NT ( SUBJECTIVATION (F]$ BY PO//RUCTURALISM & QUE] !ORY HAS ! IMPLICATION ?AT ! NOTION ( 0AUTONOMY0 MU/ BE TRANS=M$ TO AVOID ASSUMPTIONS ( A R$UCTIVE LIB]AL 9DIVIDUALISM AT ITS ROOT & TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! UNAVOIDABLE CON/ITUTIVE ASPECTS ( RELATIONS ) O!RS1 DISC\RSES1 & SOCIAL CONTEXT ?AT %APE :AT AUTONOMY CAN BE4 ,! WAYS ?AT WE LE>N TO BE SELVES 7ID5TITY =MATION71 & ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y >E AS 0AUTONOM\S0 AS POSSIBLE %\LD BE A CONC]N = ?OSE CONC]N$ ) DEVELOP+ P$AGOGICAL PRACTICE ?AT DEP>TS FROM AN>*I/ E?ICS4 ,?IS !N %IFTS :AT ! AIM ( AN AN>*I/-9=M$ P$AGOGICAL PRACTICE CAN & %\LD BE1 FROM ! ASSUMPTION ( ! POSSIBILITY ( AN ATOMIZ$ AUTONOM\S SELF1 TO A PRACTICE CONC]N$ ) MAK+ ! SOCIAL CON/ITUTION ( SELVES AS EXPLICIT1 P>TICIPATORY & NONOPPRESSIVE AS POSSIBLE4 ,H[ ?IS C\LD BE A*IEV$ WILL BE ! CONC]N ( ! SECOND & ?IRD SECTIONS4 

,F\CAULT'S PRIM>Y *ALL5GE TO & DEVELOPM5T ( CONCEPTIONS ( P[] IS 9 ! IDEA ?AT P[] DOES NOT OP]ATE ?R\< A TOP-D[N REPRESSIVE ME*ANISM :]E9 ! S\RCE ( DOM9ATION IS EASY TO POSIT4 ,9/EAD1 ZE POSITS A PRODUCTIVE CONCEPTION ( P[]1 9 ?AT P[] OP]ATES BY CON/ITUT+ ! DISC\RSES )9 :I* WE >E 0SUBJECT$03.<#e.> 

,9 A SOCIETY SU* AS \RS1 BUT BASICALLY 9 ANY SOCIETY1 !RE >E MANIFOLD RELATIONS ( P[] :I* P]MEATE1 *>ACT]IZE & CON/ITUTE ! SOCIAL BODY1 & !SE RELATIONS ( P[] CANNOT !MSELVES BE E/ABLI%$1 CONSOLIDAT$ NOR IMPLEM5T$ )\T ! PRODUCTION1 ACCUMULATION1 CIRCULATION & FUNCTION+ ( A DISC\RSE4 ,!RE CAN BE NO POSSIBLE EX]CISE ( P[] )\T A C]TA9 ECONOMY ( DISC\RSES ( TRU? :I* OP]ATES ?R\< & ON ! BASIS ( ?IS ASSOCIATION4 ,WE >E SUBJECT$ TO ! PRODUCTION ( TRU? ?R\< P[] & WE CANNOT EX]CISE P[] EXCEPT ?R\< ! PRODUCTION ( TRU?4 7,F\CAULT1 #a#i#h1 P4 #i#c7 

,! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS = A PRACTICE D$ICAT$ TO FO/]+ AUTONOM\S SUBJECTS1 !N1 IS ?AT IT CAN NO LONG] BE UND]/OOD AS ! LIB]ATION ( PREEXI/+ AUTONOM\S SUBJECTS FROM A REPRESSIVE P[]4 ,IT MU/ %IFT TO A COEXI/+ CONC]N ) 9DIVIDUAL SUBJECTS & ! 0ECONOMY ( DISC\RSES ( TRU?0 )9 :I* !Y HAVE ! POSSIBILITY ( EXI/+4 

,F\CAULT SUGGE/S ?AT1 DUE TO ?IS CON/ITUTIVE NATURE ( P[]1 P[] RELATIONS >E UNAVOIDABLE4 ,?IS AGA9 R5D]S DEF9ITIONS ( AN>*ISM ?AT DEP>T FROM A REPRESSIVE NOTION ( P[] & M]ELY OPPOSE P[] OV] O!RS1 & ADVOCATE ! FREE+ ( AN ESS5TIAL COOP]ATIVE & FREE SUBJECT1 AS LIMIT$ 9 !IR /RATEGIES4 ,?IS IS NOT TO D5Y ?AT !RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 AN ELEM5T ( A MORE PRODUCTIVE UND]/&+ ( ! SUBJECT 9 AN>*I/ !ORY1 ESPECIALLY ?AT CONC]N$ ) P$AGOGY1 :I* HAS (T5 US$ METAPHORS ( CULTIVATION TO ILLU/RATE ! WAYS ?AT SUBJECTS REQUIRE FO/]+ T[>D AN>*I/ IDEALS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,GE(FREY ,FIDL] 7#a#i#h#i7 *>TS ?AT CLASSICAL AN>*I/ TEXTS CONC]N$ ) $UCATION MADE REF]5CE TO 0! NATURALI/ METAPHOR ( ! $UCATIONAL G>D5] OR F>M]0 & DISCUSSION ( ! 0>T OR TE*NIQUE ( CULTIVATION0 7P4 #b#c74 ,H[EV]1 ,FIDL] ALSO ID5TIFIES ?AT ?IS DISC\RSE ( CULTIVATION WAS (T5 SITUAT$ 9 A BROAD] ONTOLOGICAL DISC\RSE ( SUBJECTS BE+ CULTIVAT$ OR %AP$ T[>D A PREEXI/+1 NATURAL PROCLIVITY TO COOP]ATION OR AUTONOMY4 

,H[EV]1 ! CONCEPT ( PRODUCTIVE P[] & ( ! SUBJECT AS FUNDAM5TALLY CON/ITUT$ 9 DISC\RSE ELABORATES ON & L5DS !ORETICAL WEI<T TO !SE T5D5CIES 9 AN>*I/ ?\<T1 AS WELL AS LIMIT+ ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* AUTONOMY CAN BE FO/]$4 ,?IS ONTOLOGICAL PO9T ( DEP>TURE IMPACTS HEAVILY ON :AT %\LD1 !N1 BE UND]/OOD AS ! T]RA9 ( ! POLITICAL1 ?AT IS1 ! T]RA9 ON :I* DOM9ATION & P[] CAN OP]ATE & ON :I* AN>*I/S MU/ ATTEMPT TO RESI/ IT4 

,COOP] & ,BLAIR 7#b#b7 >GUE ?AT ONE ( ! IMPLICATIONS ( ,F\CAULT'S R$EF9ITION ( P[] IS ! EXT5SION ( ! T]RA9 ( ! POLITICAL TO CULTURE1 SU* ?AT 0DO+ CULTURE WORK--*ANG+ BEHAVIOR1 ATTITUDE1 NORMS--IS JU/ AS IMPORTANT1 IF NOT MORE IMPORTANT1 ?AN *ANG+ LAWS40 7P4 #e#b#c74 ,?IS IS NOT TO D5Y ?AT !RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 AN UND]/&+ )9 AN>*ISM ( 0! 9T]NAL TYRANTS1 F> MORE H>MFUL TO LIFE & GR[? 444 .<(.> E?ICAL & SOCIAL CONV5TIONS0 7,GOLDMAN1 #a#i#f#i1 P4 #b#b#g71 BUT PO//RUCTURALI/ APPROA*ES TO AN>*ISM EXPLICATE & EMPHASIZE ?IS FOCUS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,SAUL ,NEWMAN 7#b#a7 9 ! G]M9AL PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*I/ TEXT ,FROM ,BAKUN9 TO ,LACAN SUMM>IZES ?IS R$EF9ITION ( P[] & DOM9ATION3 0,I EMPLOY A DELIB]ATELY BROAD DEF9ITION ( AU?ORITY3 IT REF]S NOT ONLY TO 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! /ATE & ! PRISON ETC42 IT ALSO REF]S TO AU?ORIT>IAN DISCURSIVE /RUCTURES LIKE RATIONAL TRU?1 ESS5CE1 & ! SUBJECTIFY+ NORMS !Y PRODUCE0 7PP4 #a#b-#a#c74 

,! DISC\RSES ?AT CON/ITUTE ! SELF1 & ! PROCESS ( ?IS CON/ITUTION1 :AT ,F\CAULT CALLS 0SUBJECTIVATION0 N[ BECOME PRIM>Y SITES ( AU?ORITY & DOM9AT+ RELATIONS & !RE=E MATT]S ( CONC]N = ?OSE D$ICAT$ TO AN>*I/ E?ICS4 ,PO//RUCTURALISM1 !N1 (F]S A FULL ACC\NT ( ! WAY ?AT SUBJECTIVITY & 9T]SUBJECTIVITY IS A SITE ( P[] & DOM9ANCE BY N>RAT+ ! WAY ?AT !Y >E PRODUC$ ACCORD+ TO DOM9ANT HI]>*ICAL E?ICS & ASSUMPTIONS1 AN ACC\NT ?AT CAN SUPPLEM5T ! EV]-PRES5T AN>*I/ CONC]N ) :AT ,F\CAULT W\LD CALL ! 0COLONIZATION ( S\LS0 7,AM/]1 ,DE,LEON1 ,F]N&EZ1 ,NOCELLA ,I,I @& ,%ANNON1 #b#i1 P4 #a#b#d74 ,H[EV]1 ?IS NECESS>ILY IMPACTS ON ! 0TELOS0 ( AN>*ISM1 9 ?AT !RE CAN NO LONG] BE SOME IDEAL ( A PURE SITE ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOM\S VOLITION ?AT NE$S TO BE FRE$ FROM REPRESSIVE P[]4 

,!RE IS N[ A T5SION1 !N1 :I* MEANS ?AT A FOCUS ONLY ON H[ DISC\RSES LIMIT & RE/RICT SUBJECTS W\LD BE TO NEGATE H[ SUBJECTS MAY NEGOTIATE ?IS CONTRADICTORY POSITION ( A 0SUBJECTION .<?AT.> CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 ?IS FUNDAM5TAL DEP5D5CY ON A DISC\RSE WE NEV] *OSE BUT ?AT1 P>ADOXICALLY1 9ITIATES & SU/A9S \R AG5CY40 7,BUTL]1 #a#i#i#g1 P4 #b74 ,= MY CONC]N ) LE>N+1 !N1 ! IMPORTANT 9SI<T IS 0! WAY 9 :I* ! DISCURSIVE PRACTICES CON/ITUTE ! SPEAK]S & HE>]S 9 C]TA9 WAYS & YET AT ! SAME TIME IS .<SIC.> A RES\RCE ?R\< :I* SPEAK]S & HE>]S CAN NEGOTIATE NEW POSITIONS0 7,DAVIES @& ,H>RE1 #b#c74 ,?IS IS ! 0D\BL$ VISION0 7DE ,LAURETIS1 #a#i#h#g1 P4 #a7 ( PO//RUCTURALI/ NOTIONS ( AG5CY ?AT ALL[S = A REF9$ UND]/&+ ( IT FROM )9 A FIRMLY SOCIAL & 9T]SUBJECTIVE1 SITUAT$ ONTOLOGY4 ,?IS 0D\BL$ VISION0 SUGGE/S ?AT DISC\RSES1 9 !IR NATURE AS BO? 5ABL+ & RE/RICT+1 HAVE ! POSSIBILITY ( BE+ FO/]$ AS MORE OR LESS 5ABL+4 

,:ILE IT IS CLE> ?AT ?IS PO//RUCTURALI/ CONCEPTION ( P[] REF9ES ! NOTION ( AUTONOMY1 !RE IS /ILL A CLE>LY 0AUTONOM\S0 OR ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN IMPULSE 9 MU* PO//RUCTURALI/1 QUE] & DECON/RUCTIONI/ ?9K+4 ,DYNES 7#a#i#i#e71 = EXAMPLE1 :ILE CRITICAL ( QUE] !ORY1 RI<TLY ID5TIFIES 9 MY VIEW ?AT ! !ORY CONTA9S 0A SUB/ANTIAL H]ITAGE ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY ROMANTIC AN>*ISM & UTOPIANISM0 & ?AT 0,! HIDD5 GOAL1 ! LONG+ 9 FACT1 IS UNTRAMMEL$ SELF-AFFIRMATION )\T BONDS OR B\ND>IES40 ,9DE$1 ,JUDI? ,BUTL]'S 7#a#i#i7 CLE>LY /AT$ AIM 9 P] G]M9AL WORK ,G5D] ,TR\BLE IS ?AT P] VISION IS A POLITICS 0?AT WILL TAKE ! V>IABLE CON/RUCTION ( ID5TITY AS BO? A ME?ODOLOGICAL & NORMATIVE PR]EQUISITE1 IF NOT A POLITICAL GOAL40 7P4 #e74 ,H[EV]1 ,DYNES F9DS ?IS D$ICATION TO 0SELF-AFFIRMATION0 ALONGSIDE A RADICAL CRITIQUE ( ! SUBJECT TO BE P>ADOXICAL & MAKES !SE CLAIMS ( AN>*I/ UTOPIANISM ALONGSIDE *>GES ( SOLIPSISM4 ,I W\LD >GUE ! OPPOSITE1 ?AT ?IS AUTONOM\S IMPULSE IS GR\ND$ 91 & DEVELOP$ FROM1 ! FIRMLY SOCIAL ONTOLOGY \TL9$ ABOVE1 :I* HAS IMPLICATIONS = PRACTICES ?AT SEEK TO MAXIMIZE ?IS AUTONOMY4 

,BUT H[ IS ?IS D$ICATION TO AUTONOMY POSSIBLE )9 ! DELIMIT$ CONCEPTION ( AUTONOMY RESULT+ FROM ! RE/RICTIONS ( PRODUCTIVE P[]8 ,& H[ CAN IT BE E?ICALLY JU/IFI$ IF P[] IS ALWAYS ! S\RCE ( SUBJECTIVATION8 ,I WILL >GUE ?AT AUTONOMY CAN BE UND]/OOD NOT AS A NATURAL PROCLIVITY BUT AS A SITUAT$ CAPACITY4 ,9 BE+ CON/ITUT$ BY DISCURSIVE P[] REGIMES AS OPPOS$ TO PRECULTURAL 5TITIES 7,MAY1 #a#i#i#d2 ,NEWMAN1 #b#a71 SUBJECTS1 !N1 CAN BE UND]/OOD AS HAV+ NO PROCLIVITY T[>D EI!R MUTUAL DIS9T]E/ OR MUTUAL AID1 BUT RA!R AS HAV+ CAPACITIES ?AT >E %AP$ BY A DISCURSIVE CONTEXT ?AT IS CON/ANTLY BE+ 7RE7CON/ITUT$4 ,?IS IS ,F\CAULT'S 0?90 CONCEPTION ( HUMYN NATURE ?AT HAS (T5 BE5 *>G$ ) PRECLUD+ AG5CY4 ,H[EV]1 ! KEY TO 0AG5CY0 9 ?IS CONCEPTION1 & 9 ,BUTL]'S 7#a#i#i7 SIMIL> NOTION ( 0P]=MATIVITY10 IS ?AT ! DISC\RSES )9 :I* WE LE>N H[ TO 0BE0 >E NOT FIX$ & TRANSC5D5TAL1 BUT >E BE+ CON/ANTLY RECON/ITUT$1 & 5GAG$ ) 09 A LIV+ & REFLECTIVE WAY0 7,BUTL]1 #b#e1 P4 #a74 ,?IS IS A PROCESS ?AT ALL[S RECON/ITUTION ON DIFF]5T T]MS1 ALBEIT T]MS ?AT ALWAYS DEP>T FROM ! DISC\RSES !Y >E WI%+ TO TRANS=M4 ,?US1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS ONTOLOGICAL BASIS1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO POSIT HUMYN NATURE AS A SITUAT$ POT5TIALITY ?AT IS NOT ALWAYS PR$ET]M9$ BY DISC\RSES NOT ( ITS MAK+1 BUT HAS ! POSSIBILITY ( BE+ FO/]$ ACCORD+ TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,?IS LEADS ,BUTL] 7#a#i#i#g7 TO CONCLUDE1 0! SUBJECT IS NEI!R FULLY DET]M9$ BY P[] NOR FULLY DET]M9+ ( P[] 7BUT SIGNIFICANTLY & P>TIALLY BO?70 7P4 #a#g74 ,9 ,PAUL ,PATTON'S 7#a#i#i#d7 WORDS1 ,F\CAULT CAN BE UND]/OOD AS (F]+ 0AN HI/ORICALLY GR\ND$ BELIEF 9 ! HUMAN CAPACITY TO TRANSC5D LIMITS TO ! AUTONOM\S USE & DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN P[]S40 7P4 #f#a74 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! E?ICAL AIM ( AN>*ISM1 :ILE ONTOLOGICALLY POSSIBLE1 CAN NO LONG] BE JU/IFI$ BY ?IS ONTOLOGY ALONE1 & MU/ BE >GU$ = ON E?ICO-POLITICAL T]MS1 SU* ?AT IT MAY BE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT A PURPOSIVE 0/YLI/ICS ( EXI/5CE0 7,F\CAULT1 #a#i#i1 P4 #g#a7 W\LD BE ! MO/ E?ICALLY DESIRABLE WAY ( BE+ AS A RESULT ( A NONF\NDATIONAL ONTOLOGY4 ,9 ,F\CAULT'S WORDS3 0,FROM ! IDEA ?AT ! SELF IS NOT GIV5 TO US1 ,I ?9K ?AT !RE IS ONLY ONE PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CE3 WE HAVE TO CREATE \RSELVES AS A WORK ( >T40 7,F\CAULT1 #a#i#h#d1 P4 #c#e#a74 ,! COROLL>Y ( AN ONTOLOGY ?AT POSITS AN 9H]5TLY NONF\NDATIONAL BUT SITUAT$ SUBJECT 5D[$ ) CAPACITIES = PURPOSIVE EXI/5CE1 !N1 IS ?AT ! MO/ B5EFICIAL & EFFECTIVE MEANS ( A*IEV+ ?IS TYPE ( 0AUTONOMY0 W\LD BE A PURPOSIVE & WILL$ COLLECTIVE 9T]V5TION 9TO ! DISCURSIVE PRODUCTION ( SUBJECTIVITY4 

,TO SUMM>IZE1 ! LIMITS TO TRADITIONAL NOTIONS ( AUTONOMY PRES5T$ BY ?IS ONTOLOGICAL RECONCEPTUALIZATION DO NOT NE$ TO PRES5T AN OB/ACLE TO ! PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM BUT1 RA!R1 AID 9 CONSID]+ ! REAL CONDITIONS ( AG5CY & !RE=E = MAXIMUM POSSIBLE AUTONOMY4 ,!Y LIFT ! VEIL ( MISDIRECT$ HOPES = A F\NDATIONAL AUTONOMY ?AT MU/ BE FRE$ FROM REPRESSION OR AN ATOMIZ$ P]SONAL AUTONOMY & L5D ! CONCEPT A MORE SOCIAL PREMISE & SOCIAL GOAL4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y APPROA*ES TO AN>*ISM ?AT DEP>T FROM A NONF\NDATIONAL CONCEPTION ( ! SUBJECT BUT MA9TA9 A NORMATIVE /ANCE ( FRE$OM 7,BEY1 N4D42 ,CRIME?,9C41 N4D42 ,HOLL[AY1 #b#b2 ,MAY1 #a#i#i#d2 ,NEWMAN1 #b#a71 DEMON/RATE H[ A CON/RUCTIVI/ ONTOLOGY DOES NOT OBVIATE A VALUE-/ANCE4 ,! FACT ?AT !RE IS NO 0,I0 ?AT IS NOT A SET ( RELATIONS DOES NOT PRECLUDE A 0GR\ND = MORAL AG5CY & MORAL ACC\NTABILITY0 7,BUTL]1 #b#e1 P4 #h74 

,:AT ,W\LD A ,PO//RUCTURALI/ ,AN>*I/ ,P$AGOGY 0,LOOK ,LIKE08 

,GIV5 ?AT P[] IS P]VASIVE 9 9T]ACTION1 H[1 !N1 TO DI/+UI% :I* DISC\RSES1 & :I* P$AGOGICAL PRACTICES1 >E POSITIVE & MAXIMIZE COLLECTIVE AUTONOMY1 & :I* >E EXPLOITATIVE & DOM9AT+8 ,& H[ TO 5SURE ?AT DISC\RSES DO NOT CONGEAL 9TO AU?ORIT>IAN COMPULS>ITIES8 ,A DI/9CTION BETWE5 0EXTRACTIVE0 & 0DEVELOPM5TAL0 P[] DEVELOP$ FROM ,F\CAULT 7,PATTON1 #a#i#i#d7 CAN HELP ME TO RESOLVE ?IS POSSIBLE IMPASSE ( VALUE DI/9CTION4 ,& DECON/RUCTION (F]S /RATEGIES ?AT >E USEFUL = CONSID]+ H[ SU* POSITIVE1 DEVELOPM5TAL DISC\RSES & WAYS ( BE+ C\LD BE MA9TA9$ & PREV5T$ FROM SLID+ 9TO DOM9AT+1 0EXTRACTIVE0 P[]4 

0,DEVELOPM5TAL0 ,P[] ,NOT 0,EXTRACTIVE0 ,P[]3 

,IF1 AS ,F\CAULT CLAIMS1 P[] IS P]VASIVE BECAUSE ( ?IS ONTOLOGICAL SITUATION ( SUBJECTS BE+ CON/ITUT$ BY !IR RELATIONS ) O!RS & !IR SOCIOCULTURAL DISCURSIVE CONTEXTS1 H[ CAN WE DI/+UI% BETWE5 POSITIVE RELATIONS & CONTEXTS ?AT >E FO/]+ 0FRE$OM0 & NEGATIVE ONES ?AT >E FO/]+ DOM9ANCE8 ,DESPITE P] POSIT+ ( ?IS P]VASIV5ESS1 E?ICAL DI/9CTIONS CAN /ILL BE MADE FROM ,F\CAULT'S R$EF9ITION ( P[] ?AT PREV5T IT FROM PO/MOD]N NIHILISM & MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO USE ?IS ANALYSIS ( P[] AS A PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*I/ E?ICS4 ,F\CAULT IMPLIES ?AT POSITIVE & NEGATIVE MANIFE/ATIONS ( CON/ITUTIVE P[] RELATION%IPS CAN BE DI/+UI%$4 ,! MO/ EXPLICIT CLUE TO ,F\CAULT'S E?ICAL TELOS IS 9 ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T3 0,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT A SOCIETY CAN EXI/ )\T P[] RELATIONS 444 ,! PROBLEM1 !N1 IS 444 TO ACQUIRE ! 444 MORALITY1 ! E?OS1 ! PRACTICE ( ! SELF1 ?AT WILL ALL[ US TO PLAY !SE GAMES ( P[] ) AS LITTLE DOM9ATION AS POSSIBLE0 7,F\CAULT1 #a#i#i#g1 P4 #b#i#h74 ,?IS DEMON/RATES ?AT !RE IS ! POSSIBILITY ( P[] RELATIONS ?AT >E NONDOM9AT+1 ?AT ,F\CAULT'S FAVOR LIES ) !SE1 & ?AT !Y MU/ BE FO/]$ ?R\< P>TICUL> 0PRACTICES ( ! SELF40 ,F\CAULT (F]S EXAMPLES ( PRACTICES ( 7CO-7CON/ITUTION ?AT ZE CONSID]S POSITIVE1 & O!RS CONSID]$ NEGATIVE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ZE /ATES ?AT 0! C>E ( ! SELF ALSO IMPLIES A RELATION%IP ) ! O!R 9S(> AS PROP] C>E ( ! SELF REQUIRES LI/5+ TO ! LESSONS ( ! MA/]4 ,ONE NE$S A GUIDE1 A C\NSELOR1 A FRI5D1 SOMEONE :O WILL BE TRU?FUL ) Y\40 7,F\CAULT1 #a#i#i#g1 P4 #b#h#g7 ,SOME EXAMPLES >E SPECIFICALLY P$AGOGICAL1 = EXAMPLE ,F\CAULT HAS ILLU/RAT$ ?IS DI/9CTION BETWE5 DESIRABLE & NONDESIRABLE P[] RELATIONS ?R\< REC\RSE TO ! EXAMPLE ( DIFF]5T LE>N+ RELATIONS3 

,I SEE NO?+ WRONG 9 ! PRACTICE ( A P]SON :O1 KN[+ MORE ?AN O!RS 9 A SPECIFIC GAME ( TRU?1 TELLS ?OSE O!RS :AT TO DO1 TEA*ES !M1 & TRANSMITS KN[L$GE & TE*NIQUES TO !M4 ,! PROBLEM 9 SU* PRACTICES :]E P[]--:I* IS NOT 9 ITSELF A BAD ?+--MU/ 9EVITABLY COME 9TO PLAY IS KN[+ H[ TO AVOID ! K9D ( DOM9ATION EFFECTS :]E A KID IS SUBJECT$ TO ! >BITR>Y & UNNECESS>Y AU?ORITY ( A TEA*]1 OR A /UD5T PUT UND] ! ?UMB ( A PR(ESSOR :O ABUSES HIS AU?ORITY4 7,F\CAULT1 #a#i#i#g1 PP4 #b#i#h-#i#i7 

,! ASPECTS ( LE>N+ VALORIZ$ H]E1 !N1 >E GUIDANCE & ! TRANSMISSION ( KN[L$GE1 & ! ASPECTS OPPOS$ AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,PAUL ,PATTON 7#a#i#i#d7 HAS DEVELOP$ ?IS DI/9CTION1 & SIMIL>LY EMPHASIZES H[ ,F\CAULT'S POSIT+ ( 0P[] OV]0 7UND]/OOD AS ONE AG5T AFFECT+ ! ACTION ( ANO!R AG5T7 AS AN 9H]5T ASPECT ( SOCIAL RELATIONS /ILL ALL[S = NORMATIVE DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 DESIRABLE & UNDESIRABLE TYPES ( 0P[] OV]40 ,PATTON SUMM>IZES H[3 

,SO LONG AS HUMAN CAPACITIES DO 9 FACT 9CLUDE ! P[] ( 9DIVIDUALS TO ACT UPON !IR [N ACTIONS1 WE CAN SEE ?AT ,F\CAULT'S CONCEPTION ( HUMAN BE+ 9 T]MS ( P[] 5ABLES US TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ?OSE MODES ( EX]CISE ( P[] :I* 9HIBIT & ?OSE :I* ALL[ ! SELF-DIRECT$ USE & DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN CAPACITIES4 7P4 #f#h7 

,FROM ,C4,B4 ,MACPH]SON1 ,PATTON DEVELOPS & APPLIES TO ,F\CAULT A DI/9CTION BETWE5 0EXTRACTIVE0 P[] OV] & 0DEVELOPM5TAL0 P[] OV]1 A DI/9CTION :I* HAS A CLE> NORMATIVE PREMISE4 ,DEP>T+ FROM A NONF\NDATIONAL ONTOLOGY1 !N1 DEVELOPM5TAL P[] MU/ MAXIMIZE ! CAPACITIES ( SUBJECTS4 ,PATTON 7#a#i#i#d7 (F]S ! FOLL[+ AS EXAMPLES ( DEVELOPM5TAL P[] RELATIONS3 0,I CAN AFFECT ! ACTIONS ( ANO!R BY PROVID+ ADVICE1 MORAL SUPPORT1 OR BY PASS+ ON C]TA9 KN[L$GE OR SKILLS0 7P4 #f#c74 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,AMY ,ALL5 7#b#e7 HAS >GU$ ?AT1 DESPITE ,BUTL]'S 9SI/5CE ?AT SUBJECTS >E =M$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( NORMS 7AK9 TO ,F\CAULT'S DISC\RSES7 ?AT PREC$E & %APE !M1 !SE NORMS CAN BE DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 ?OSE ?AT >E SUBORD9AT+ & ?OSE ?AT >E NONSUBORD9AT+4 ,ZE /ATES ?AT 0,IF WE RESI/ ! IDEA ?AT SUBJECTION P] SE IS SUBORD9AT+1 !N ?IS OP5S UP ! POSSIBILITY ( CONCEPTUALIZ+ =MS ( DEP5D5CY1 ATTA*M5T & RECOGNITION ?AT >E NOT SUBORD9AT+40 7P4 #b#a74 ,9 T]MS ( $UCATIONAL ALT]NATIVES1 :ILE ! LE>N+ RELATION%IP NECESS>ILY 5TAILS P[] RELATIONS ACCORD+ TO ! ,F\CAULDIAN ONTOLOGY1 0!RE >E 444 /RUCTURAL ALT]NATIVES TO ! C>C]AL S*OOL1 CLASSROOM1 & SOCIETY1 BECAUSE !RE >E P[] RELATION%IPS & TE*NOLOGIES ?AT >E NOT DOM9AT+0 7,WA91 #a#i#i#f1 P4 #c#e#h74 ,! FOCUS ( TRANS=MATIVE PROJECTS MU/1 !N1 BECOME ! P>TICIPATORY CREATION ( DISC\RSES )9 :I* SUBJECTS CAN DEVELOP & TO :I* !Y CAN ATTA* & ID5TIFY )1 ?AT >E NOT SUBORD9AT+ & EXTRACTIVE4 ,! ?IRD SECTION ( ?IS *APT] WILL CONSID] SOME EXAMPLES ( ALT]NATIVE1 NONC>C]AL DISC\RSES & RELATION%IPS 9 SPECIFIC RELATION TO SEXUAL SUBJECTIVITY & H[ KN[L$GE AB\T H[ 0TO BE0 SEXUAL IS TRANSMITT$ 9 !SE EXAMPLES4 

,GAYATRI ,*AKRAVORTY ,SPIVAK 7#a#i#i#d71 HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY ,JACQUES ,D]RIDA & DECON/RUCTION1 HAS *>T$ H[1 :5 5GAG+ UNAVOIDABLY ) P[] RELATIONS1 :AT CAN DI/+UI% POSITIVE1 NONSUBORD9AT+1 & 0DEVELOPM5TAL0 RELATIONS FROM NORMATIVE 5GAGEM5TS ?AT UNCRITICALLY REPLICATE DOM9AT+ RELATIONS1 IS 5GAG+ 9 !M 9 A 0SCRUPUL\SLY VISIBLE POLITICAL 9T]E/0 7P4 #a#e#c74 ,I TAKE ?IS TO MEAN ?AT 9 ORD] = SU* PRACTICES TO NOT BETRAY !IR [N PREMISES1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE ?IS DEVELOPM5TAL P[] 0SCRUPUL\SLY VISIBLE10 = IT TO BE AN OP5 & CONS5SUAL PROCESS & TO PREV5T IT FROM CONGEAL+ 9TO FUR!R TYRANNY4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ SECTION ,I *>T H[ A CON/ANT DECON/RUCTIVI/ IMPULSE IS 9DISP5SIBLE = ! CONT9UATION ( 0SCRUPUL\S VISIBILITY0 C5TRAL TO ! DEVELOPM5TAL P[] RELATIONS ?AT ,I >GUE *>ACT]IZE A PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*I/ APPROA* TO P$AGOGICAL PRAXIS4 

,DECON/RUCTION AS AN ,E?ICAL ,5D3 

,IF 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY & ! OV] ?R[+ ( P[] P] SE CAN NO LONG] BE CONSID]$ ! 5D OR 0TELOS0 ( AN>*ISM1 :AT ALT]NATIVE 5D CAN PO//RUCTURALISM (F] TO AN>*I/S8 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S HAVE LONG NOT$ ! POT5TIAL = AN>*Y 9T]PRET$ AS 0LAWLESSNESS0 TO RECON/RUCT HI]>*Y1 & ! POT5TIAL = ! 0TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS0 7,FREEMAN1 #a#i#i#f7 DUE TO ITS 9DIVIDUALI/IC T5D5CIES4 ,LIKEWISE1 CRITICS HAVE SUGGE/$ ?AT ,JUDI? ,BUTL]'S OPPOSITIONAL 0PO/ID5TITY ORD]0 LACKS A MORE PROGRAMMATIC VISION ( :AT A NONOPPRESSIVE ID5TITY ORD] W\LD LOOK LIKE 7,SEIDMAN #a#i#i#e1 P4 #a#c#f2 ,/OETZL]1 #b#e74 ,ALONGSIDE O!RS 7,/OETZL]1 #b#e71 ,I >GUE ?AT = MANY PO//RUCTURALI/S & !ORI/S ( DECON/RUCTION1 ?IS ABS5CE ( PROGRAMMATIC VISIONS IS AN E?ICAL & PURPOSIVE /RATEGY 9 ORD] TO AVOID JU/ ?IS CLOSURE ( 9DIVIDUALI/IC TYRANNY M5TION$ ABOVE4 ,I >GUE ?AT !RE IS A CLE> DECON/RUCTIVE E?IC 9 ,BUTL]'S ,G5D] ,TR\BLE1 AN IMPLICIT NORMATIVE E?IC ?AT VALUES CRITICAL MODES ( ?\<T & NONCLOSURE 9 AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE ! ONGO+ PROCESSES ( SUBJECTIVATION 0SCRUPUL\SLY VISIBLE40 ,I SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS M9IMAL E?ICAL PR9CIPLE AS AN 5D-PO9T OR 0TELOS0 IS ! /R5G? ( QUE] !ORY & SOME?+ ?AT BO? REFLECTS & DEVELOPS A SIMIL> IMPULSE 9 AN>*ISM1 & IS A /RATEGY ?AT %\LD BE APPLI$ TO AN>*I/ P$AGOGY AS A MEANS TO MA9TA9 NONDOM9AT+ PRACTICES4 ,ANY O!R POSITIVE E?ICAL PR9CIPLE RISKS CLOSURE & ! REPLICATION ( AU?ORITY4 

,AN>*I/S >E (T5 RELUCTANT TO ELABORATE :AT AN>*ISM W\LD OR %\LD 0LOOK LIKE0 & :AT AN IDEAL AN>*I/ SUBJECT W\LD OR %\LD 0BE LIKE10 = FE> ( BE+ PRESCRIPTIVE & BETRAY+ AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,*OMSKY 7#b#c7 /ATES1 SPEAK+ SPECIFICALLY TO ! SUBJECT ( $UCATION & DRAW+ ON ! IDEAS ( ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL1 ?AT [+ TO 0H[ LITTLE WE REALLY KN[ AB\T ! AIMS & PURPOSES ( HUMAN LIFE 444 ! PURPOSE ( $UCATION 444 CANNOT BE TO CONTROL ! *ILD'S GR[? TO A SPECIFIC1 PR$ET]M9$ 5D1 BECAUSE ANY SU* 5D MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ BY >BITR>Y AU?ORIT>IAN MEANS0 7,*OMSKY1 #b#c1 P4 #a#f#d74 ,LIKEWISE1 ,BUTL] F\ND ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO ILLU/RATE P] !ORY ) EXAMPLES ?AT SUBV]T ! NORMATIVE CON/ITUTION ( G5D] OR DEMON/RATE 0P]=MATIVITY0 RESULT$ 9 ! CANONIZATION ( !SE EXAMPLES AS PROGRAMMATIC PRESCRIPTIONS ( H[ TO 0DO0 QUE] OR NONHET]ONORMATIVE G5D] CORRECTLY4 ,9 ,BUTL]'S 7#a#i#i#c7 LAT] BOOK1 ,BODIES ?AT ,MATT]1 ,BUTL] ADDRESSES ! WAYS ?AT ,G5D] ,TR\BLE WAS UND]/OOD1 & /ATES ?AT 0BY CIT+ DRAG AS AN EXAMPLE ( P]=MATIVITY 444 .<IT.> WAS TAK5 !N1 BY SOME1 TO BE EXEMPL>Y ( P]=MATIVITY40 7P4 #b#c74 ,LIKEWISE1 ,BUTL] ALSO ADDRESSES ! WAY ?AT 0QUE]0 HAS BECOME AN ID5TITY OR A N\N1 SO ?AT QUE] IS TAK5 TO BE A SUBJECT POSITION ?AT ONE CAN BECOME RA!R ?AN A /RATEGIC ACT OR SOME?+ ?AT IS DONE4 ,= ,BUTL]1 !N1 QUE]1 7OR SOME O!R T]M = ?IS SAME DECON/RUCTIVE IMPULSE ?AT HAS NOT YET BE5 NORMALIZ$--,BUTL] REMA9S OP5 TO R5AM+ ?IS IMPULSE71 MU/ REMA9 A V]B1 AN ACT ( DE-NORMALIZ+1 & NEV] CONGEAL 9TO A N\N4 ,IT MU/ REMA9 A CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE ?AT CAN TAKE A DISC\RSE & MAKE IT 0QUE]$ FROM PRIOR USAGE0 7P4 #b#b#h74 ,?IS IDEAL ( QUE] AS A V]B HAS L$ ,BUTL] TO CONCLUDE ?AT 0! CRITIQUE ( ! QUE] SUBJECT IS CRUCIAL TO ! CONT9U+ DEMOCRATIZATION ( QUE] POLITICS0 7,BUTL]1 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #b#b#g74 ,I SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS CON/ANT CRITIQUE ( DISC\RSES MU/ BE ! PRIM>Y FUNCTION ( P$AGOGICAL PRACTICES ?AT SEEK TO MAXIMIZE ! AUTONOMY ( SUBJECTIVATION4 ,?IS CON/ANT CRITIQUE W\LD AVOID ! TYRANNY ( :AT ,BUTL] W\LD CALL ! 0=CIBLE PRODUCTION0 ( ! 0COMPULSORY PRACTICE0 7,BUTL]1 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #b#c#a7 ( C]TA9 SUBJECTIVITES1 ( :I* NORMATIVELY G5D]$ SUBJECTIVITY IS A P>ADIGMATIC EXAMPLE4 

,LIKEWISE1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ?IS E?ICAL PR9CIPLE ( NONOPPRESSIVE SUBJECTIVATION & TO EVADE ! EV]-PRES5T POSSIBILITY ( CLOSURE1 MANY O!R PO//RUCTURALI/1 DECON/RUCTIONI/1 & QUE] !ORI/S HAVE REFUS$ TO POSIT AN E?ICAL 05D-PO9T0 OR 0TELOS0 ANY MORE CLE> ?AN A P]PETUAL CRITICAL RELATION ( OP5NESS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,DIANA ,FUSS'S 7#a#i#i#a7 G]M9AL CONCEPT ( 0'ANALYSIS 9T]M9ABLE1' .<IS.> A RESPONSIBILITY TO EX]T SU/A9$ PRESSURE FROM_/ON ! M>G9S TO RE%APE & TO REORI5T ! FIELD ( SEXUAL DIFF]5CE TO 9CLUDE SEXUAL DIFF]5CES0 7P4 #f74 ,9DE$1 ?IS FLUIDITY & SELF-CRITICALNESS1 ALONG ) ! RELUCTANCE TO DEF9E :AT AN>*ISM MI<T 0LOOK LIKE10 PREF]R+ 9/EAD TO DEF9E IT >\ND A COMMON E?IC1 HAS BE5 ID5TIFI$ AS AN ASPECT ( 0PO/MOD]N & PO//RUCTURAL ME?ODOLOGICAL TR5DS ( CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*ISM0 7,>MAL9E1 #b#i1 P4 #a#c#g74 ,AN>*I/ P$AGOGUES HAVE SUMM>IZ$ ?IS L9E ( ?9K+3 0,IF IDEAS & ACCEPT$ PRACTICES HAVE A WAY ( H>D5+1 ( RIGIDIFY+ OV] TIME1 !N CRITICISM MU/ NOT BE AN ISOLAT$ EV5T BUT AN ONGO+ PRACTICE4 ,IF ?9K+ DIFF]5TLY1 SEEK+ FRE$OM BY CREATIVE 5GAGEM5T ) NEW POSSIBILITIES1 IS ! OBJECTIVE1 !N !RE IS NO 5D TO E?ICAL CRITICISM0 7,COOP] @& ,BLAIR1 #b#b1 P4 #e#b#i74 

,BUTL]'S 7#a#i#i#c71 & O!R QUE] !ORI/S'1 NORMATIVE BOTTOM L9E1 !N1 A BOTTOM-L9E ?AT ,I >GUE CAN BE USEFULLY APPLI$ TO AN>*I/ P$AGOGY1 CAN BE UND]/OOD AS A /RATEGY ( DECON/RUCTION AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF :I* W\LD HAVE ! COROLL>Y ( 9EXHAU/IBLY EXP&+ 0AVAILABLE S*EMES ( 9TELLIGIBILITY0 7P4 #b#b#d7 SU* ?AT NOBODY'S SUBJECTIVITY WAS PR]E/RICT$ BY A LIMIT TO EXI/+ MODES ( BE+4 ,& ! AG5CY TO UND]TAKE ?IS DECON/RUCTIVE PROCESS1 ?IS CRITICAL MODE ( BE+ OR 0/YLI/ICS ( EXI/5CE0 7,F\CAULT1 #a#i#i1 P4 #g#a71 IS A FUNDAM5TALLY RELATIONAL1 9T]SUBJECTIVE CAPACITY4 ,DUE TO ! 5ABL+ ( 0AG5CY0 BY \R LOCATION 9 DISC\RSES WE DID NOT *OOSE1 ! ATTEMPT TO EXP& ! 0AVAILABLE S*EMES ( 9TELLIGIBILITY0 7,BUTL]1 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #b#b#d7 WILL NECESS>ILY DEP>T FROM ! DISC\RSES 9 :I* WE BECOME SUBJECTS BUT DID NOT *OOSE4 ,?IS LEADS ME TO >GUE ?AT A PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*I/ P$AGOGICAL PRAXIS W\LD 5TAIL ! DUAL /RATEGIES ( 9EXHAU/IBLE DECON/RUCTION ( PREVAIL+ DISC\RSES1 & ONGO+ RECON/RUCTION & 0REIT]ATION0 7A ,BUTL]IAN T]M DEVELOP$ FROM ,D]RIDA7 ( !SE DISC\RSES ?R\< V>I\S /RATEGIES SU* AS SUBV]SION & TRANS=MATIVE REIT]ATION4 

,P$AGOGICAL 0,/RATEGIES ( ,FRE$OM0 

,!ORI/S HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ! IMPORTANT WAY ?AT ! DISC\RSE ( PORNOGRAPHY S]VES A P$AGOGICAL FUNCTION 9 9=MALLY & TACITLY 0TEA*+0 PEOPLE H[ TO 0BE0 A SEXUAL SUBJECT 7,HUNT]1 #a#i#h#h2 ,HURLEY1 #a#i#i74 ,?IS EXAMPLE ILLU/RATES ! V]Y IMPLICITNESS & UN9T]ROGAT$ NATURE ( NORMALIZ+ SUBJECTIFY+ DISC\RSES ?AT IS AT ODDS ) ! PR9CIPLE ( AUTONOMY AS PURPOSIVE & 0SCRUPUL\SLY VISIBLE0 \TL9$ ABOVE4 ,! TAK5-=-GRANT$ NATURE ( DISC\RSES IS :AT ALL[S SUBJECTS TO BE CON/ITUT$ ACCORD+ TO A DOM9ANT DISC\RSE1 9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS >E NOT P>TICIPANTS1 BUT M]ELY SUBJECTS4 ,HUNT] 7#a#i#h#h7 DESCRIBES = EXAMPLE 0! 'MORAL MA*9]Y' ( POPUL> $UCATION AIM$1 AS ,F\CAULT PUTS IT1 AT ! 'NORMALIZATION ( ! POPULATION'0 7P4 #g#e74 ,H[EV]1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO CONSID] :AT P$AGOGICAL PRACTICES W\LD NE$ TO 5TAIL 9 ORD] TO EMBODY ! MORAL MA*9]Y ( AUTONOM\S SUBJECTIVATION1 SPECIFICALLY 9 T]MS ( SEXUAL SUBJECTIVATION4 ,I >GUE ?AT1 DUE TO ! QUE] IMPULSE ( ! SELF-WILL$ 0DO+0 ( BE+ SEXUAL1 AN>*O-QUE] COMMUNITIES & PRACTICES (F] RI* /RATEGIES & EXAMPLES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ONTOLOGICAL PREMISE ?AT P[] IS UNAVOIDABLE1 & ! NORMATIVE DI/9CTION ,I HAVE DRAWN ON BETWE5 EXTRACTIVE & DEVELOPM5TAL P[]1 DEVELOPM5TAL P$AGOGICAL PRACTICES1 9 ORD] TO AVOID DOM9AT+ RELATIONS1 MU/ BE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( FO/]+ NONRE/RICTIVE 0S*EMES ( 9TELLIGIBILITY0 7,BUTL]1 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #b#b#d7 ?AT DEVELOP ! CAPACITIES ( SUBJECTS T[>D A PURPOSIVE 0/YLI/ICS ( EXI/5CE0 7,F\CAULT1 #a#i#i1 P4 #g#a74 ,9 ORD] = SU* NORMATIVE PRACTICES TO NOT BETRAY !IR [N PREMISES1 !Y W\LD NE$ TO BE EXPLICIT & TRANSP>5T & OP5 TO CON/ANT CRITIQUE BY ALL P>TICIPANTS4 ,IT IS NOT MY PLACE H]E TO *>T ! WAYS 9 :I* MA9/REAM 9/ITUTIONS & PRACTICES ( $UCATION DO NOT EMBODY ?IS PROCESS ( SUBJECT =MATION1 BUT AN>*I/S HAVE LONG *>T$ H[ MA9/REAM $UCATION EMBODIES PROCESSES ( SUBJECTIVATION QUITE AT ODDS ) PURPOSIVE & TRANSP>5T PRACTICES4 7,SEE ,GABB>D1 ,*APT] #b1 & ,TODD1 ,*APT] #d 9 ?IS VOLUME7 

,= A PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*I/ P$AGOGICAL PRAXIS1 ! TRANSP>5CY ( PROCESSES ( SUBJECTIVATION NE$S TO BE FO/]$1 AS WELL AS A MEANS ( MAK+ ?IS PROCESS MORE PURPOSIVE4 ,?IS NE$S TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT SUBJECTS >E CON/ITUT$ 9 COLLECTIVELY %>$ DISC\RSES4 ,I >GUE ?AT !SE TWO NE$S CAN BE ADDRESS$ ?R\< ! DUAL PROCESSES ( DE-CON/RUCTION--A /RATEGY DISCUSS$ ABOVE ?AT C\LD 5SURE AGA9/ UN9T]ROGAT$ IMPLICIT & NORMATIVE PROCESSES ( ! CON/ITUTION ( SELVES--& A PURPOSIVE RECON/RUCTION ( DISCURSIVE CONTEXTS ACCORD+ TO ! WILL ( ?OSE CON/ITUT+4 ,I SAY 0DUAL PROCESSES0 AS ,I POSIT ?AT !SE PRACTICES MU/ BE CON/ANT1 9EXHAU/IBLE1 & CONCURR5T TO AVOID ! POSSIBILITY ( DOM9ATION BY CLOSURE4 

,DECON/RUCTION_/,RECON/RUCTION3 0,A RIOT = ! M9D03 

,K5NE? ,WA9 7#a#i#i#f71 9 CONSID]+ ! USEFULNESS ( ,F\CAULT = ?9K+ AB\T $UCATION1 ANALOGIZES ,F\CAULT'S /RATEGY ( G5EALOGY TO DECON/RUCTION1 AS A TRANS=MATIVE PROCESS :]EBY UND]/&+ ! HI/ORICAL CON/ITUTION ( DISC\RSES & PRACTICES & WAYS ( BE+ ALL[S US TO UND]/& H[ IT C\LD BE O!RWISE4 ,F\CAULT IMPLIES ?AT DECON/RUCTIVE ?9K+ IS A /RATEGY ( FRE$OM3 0,S9CE !SE ?+S 444 HAVE BE5 MADE1 !Y CAN BE UNMADE1 AS LONG AS WE KN[ H[ IT WAS !Y W]E MADE0 7,F\CAULT1 #a#i#h#h1 9 ,COOP] @& ,BLAIR1 #b#b1 P4 #e#a#g74 ,COOP] & ,BLAIR 7#b#b7 >GUE ?AT ,F\CAULT'S IDEAL ( PROBLEMATIZATION AS AN 9TELLECTUAL IMP]ATIVE OPPOS$ TO POLEMICS HOLDS ! FUNCTION ( 0OP5+ POSSIBILITIES = TRANS=MATION0 7P4 #e#b#a74 ,?US 0G5EALOGY PROVIDES US ) ! TOOLS = A PROJECT ( FRE$OM1 ( GO+ BEYOND \R 'LIMITS'0 7,WA91 #a#i#i#f1 P4 #c#e#e74 ,! IMPLICATION ( ,WA9'S1 ,COOP]'S1 & ,BLAIR'S >GUM5TS IS ?AT $UCATION %\LD BE REUND]/OOD AS A PROCESS ( DECON/RUCTIVE ANALYSIS ?AT HELPS US TO UND]/& :Y ?+S >E AS !Y >E & TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE !M O!RWISE4 

,MU* ( AN>*I/ PRACTICE IS D$ICAT$ TO ?IS V]Y PROJECT ( DECON/RUCTION & CON/ANT CRITIQUE TO 5SURE ?AT RELATIONS DO NOT CONGEAL 9TO UN9T]ROGAT$ AU?ORIT>IANISM1 AS WELL AS ! CREATION ( ALT]NATIVE WAYS ( BE+4 ,BEL[ ,I WILL *>T SOME AN>*O-QUE] PRACTICES D$ICAT$ TO ! DECON/RUCTION ( G5D] & SEX NORMS4 ,H[EV]1 BECAUSE ! 0CRITICAL RELATION DEP5DS 444 ON A CAPACITY1 9V>IABLY COLLECTIVE1 TO >TICULATE AN ALT]NATIVE1 M9ORITY V]SION ( SU/A9+ NORMS OR IDEALS ?AT 5ABLE ME TO ACT0 7,BUTL]1 #b#d1 P4 #c71 A DECON/RUCTIVE P$AGOGICAL /RATEGY ?AT IS COMPATIBLE ) PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*I/ E?ICS MU/ BE SUPPLEM5T$ ) RECON/RUCTIVE PRACTICES ?AT CREATE 5ABL+ & DEVELOPM5TAL DISC\RSES4 ,I AM RELUCTANT1 GIV5 ?IS 9EXHAU/IBLY CRITICAL IMPULSE1 TO (F] ANY EXAMPLES AS ! 0SUMM>Y MOM5T0 7,BUTL]1 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #b#b#c7 ( !SE IDEAL DISC\RSES ( PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*I/ P$AGOGY GIV5 ! W>N+S ABOVE4 ,H[EV]1 !RE >E & HAVE BE5 SOME PRACTICES ?AT ILLU/RATE SU* AN APPROA* TO PRAXIS4 

,! 0PREFIGURATION0 NOT$ AS AN EV]-PRES5T BUT GR[+ ASPECT ( AN>*ISM 7,FRANKS1 #b#f1 P4 #i#g2 ,GRE5WAY 9 ,PURKIS @& ,B[51 #a#i#i#g1 P4 #a#g#e2 ,HECK]T #b#e7 CAN BE UND]/OOD 9 JU/ !SE T]MS1 AS A RE-CON/RUCTIVE SUPPLEM5T TO OPPOSITIONAL CRITIQUE1 ACCORD+ TO ! DESIRES ( ! P>TICIPANTS3 0BREAK+ RULES = ! SAKE ( BREAK+ RULES IS M]ELY TRANSGRESSIVE4 ,BREAK+ RULES TO PRODUCE NEW REALITIES IS PREFIGURATIVE0 7,HECK]T1 #b#e1 P4 #d#b74 ,BECAUSE PO//RUCTURALI/ IDEAS AB\T DISC\RSE AS CON/ITUTIVE ( SUBJECTIVITY EXT5D ! NOTION ( LE>N+1 ALL ASPECTS ( A CULTURE OR SUBCULTURE CAN N[ BE UND]/OOD AS 9/RUM5TAL 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! SUBJECTIVITIES ( ! MEMB]S ( ?AT CULTURE4 ,?IS HAS L$ ME TO >GUE ELSE:]E 7,NI*OLAS1 #b#g7 ?AT AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS POSITIVELY DEVELOPM5TAL & P$AGOGICAL CULTURE IS EMBODI$ 9 PREFIGURATIVE PRACTICES & DISC\RSES 9 ! ,D,I,Y PUNK SC5E_/ CULTURE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! CREATION ( Z9ES 7H&-MADE1 (T5 PHOTOCOPI$ AMATEUR PUBLICATIONS71 LYRICS TO SONGS & !IR DISSEM9ATION 9 LYRIC %EETS1 SPOK5-WORD EXPLANATIONS ( SONGS AT %[S1 WORK%OPS & DISCUSSION GR\PS1 FE/IVALS1 & ! ALT]ATION ( LANGUAGE4 

,AS ,I HAVE DISCUSS$ ELSE:]E 7,NI*OLAS1 #b#i71 ! APPROA* TO %>+ 9=MATION 9 AN>*I/ COMMUNITIES (T5 REPRES5TS AN ATTEMPT AT DO+ SO ?R\< DEVELOPM5TAL P$AGOGICAL RELATIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 FREE SKOOLS1 SKILL-%>ES1 WORK%OPS1 DISCUSSION GR\PS1 & BOOK GR\PS >E (T5 FEATURES ( AN>*I/ SPACES SU* AS SOCIAL C5T]S & FE/IVALS4.<#e#a.> ,!SE MODES ( %>+ KN[L$GE >E NONCOMPULSORY1 EXPLICIT1 & NONCO]CIVE & NONHI]>*ICAL 9 !IR =M & CONT5T4 ,!Y T5D TO 5C\RAGE MAXIMUM P>TICIPATION FROM ALL ATT5DANTS & EMPHASIZE ! %>+--RA!R ?AN ADM9I/]+--( KN[L$GE4 ,?IS EMBODIES ,BAKUN9'S IDEAL ( 0MUTUAL 9/RUCTION1 AN ACT ( 9TELLECTUAL FRAT]NITY0 7,BAKUN91 #a#i#g1 PP4 #d#a-#d#b74 ,IT IS ! IDEAL ( 0WORK-P>TN]S0 7,BHAVE1 #b#h1 P4 #a7 9/EAD ( 9/RUCTOR & PUPIL1 A RELATION%IP F> MORE CONDUCIVE TO A COLLECTIVE & NONHI]>*ICAL REIT]ATION & RECREATION ( DISC\RSES OR BODIES ( KN[L$GE4 ,! BYL9E ON ! ,TORONTO ,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,UNIV]SITY WEBSITE IS 0A RIOT = ! M9D0 7,SEE ,JEFF]Y ,%ANTZ1 ,*APT] #g 9 ?IS VOLUME71 NEATLY SUMM>IZ+ H[ SU* PRACTICES >E PREMIS$ ON ! M9D AS A T]RA9 ( AN>*I/ /RUGGLE4 

,AN 9T]E/+ ASPECT ( SU* KN[L$GE %>+ ?AT FUR!R DEMON/RATES AN ALLIANCE ) ! NOTION ( SUBJECTIVATION AS A T]RA9 ( /RUGGLE1 IS ?AT !RE IS (T5 A C5TRAL EMPHASIS ON DISCUSS+1 & DECON/RUCT+1 ASPECTS ( ID5TITY & SELFHOOD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BETWE5 ! ,L9ES ,D,I,Y FE/ HELD AT ! ,C[LEY ,CLUB ,SOCIAL ,C5T] 9 ,BRI<TON 9 #bh & #bi HELD A WORK%OP ON ! TOPIC ( 0DIFF]5T K9DS ( RELATION%IPS0 ?AT WAS A DISCUSSION CONC]N$ ) DECON/RUCT+ TRADITIONAL RELATION%IP /RUCTURES 79CLUD+ SEXUAL RELATION%IPS7 & CONSID]+ POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVES1 & ! POSSIBILITIES ( CONDUCT+ RELATION%IPS PREMIS$ ON AN>*I/ E?ICS :ILE ATTEMPT+1 ?R\< ITS TITLE1 TO AVOID PRESCRIPTION4 ,ADDITIONALLY ?IS FE/ HELD A DISCUSSION GR\P ON DECON/RUCT+ G5D]1 A COMMON FEATURE ( MANY ,D,I,Y1 PUNK1 & AN>*I/ FE/S1 SU* AS ,BELLADONNA ,D,I,Y ,FE/ HELD 9 ,WOLLONGONG1 ,AU/RALIA1 :I* ALSO HELD A WORK%OP ON SEXUALITY4 ,I HAVE ALSO *>T$ ELSE:]E 7,NI*OLAS1 #b#i7 H[ AN>*I/ FREE SKOOLS & SIMIL> PRACTICES >E (T5 CONC]N$ ) DECON/RUCT+ G5D] & SEXUALITY NORMS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,FREES*OOL ,VANC\V] HOLDS ,SEXUALITY ,LE>N+ ,GR\PS ?AT DEP>T FROM COLLECTIVELY READ+ ,F\CAULT'S ,HI/ORY ( ,SEXUALITY4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ,FREE ,SKOOL ,SANTA ,CRUZ DESCRIBE !IR WORK%OP S]IES 0,UNPACK+ ,G5D] ,NORMS0 AS FOLL[S3 0,WE WILL EXAM9E :]E ! G5D]-B9>Y SY/EM & HET]OSEXISM COME FROM1 H[ !Y >E C>RI$ \T1 & H[ WE REPRODUCE !M )9 \R [N COMMUNITIES40 7,FREE ,SKOOL ,SANTA ,CRUZ1 #b#h74 ,?IS IS P>ADIGMATIC ( ! CONCURR5T DECON/RUCTIVE_/RECON/RUCTIVE PRACTICE ?AT ,I AM REF]R+ TO 9 ?AT IT IS CONC]N$ ) DECON/RUCT+ ! G5EALOGY ( SEXUALITY NORMS1 & ) ANALYZ+ H[ !SE >E REPRODUC$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( TRANS=MATIVE PRACTICES ( LE>N+ H[ NOT TO REPRODUCE !M4 

,QUE] AN>*I/ COMMUNITIES >E P>TICUL>LY 5GAG$ 9 PREFIGURATIVE PRACTICES ?AT >E CONC]N$ ) TRANS=M+ G5D] & SEXUAL ID5TITY4 ,MANY ( !SE PRACTICES CAN BE CONSID]$ P$AGOGICAL 9 ! S5SE DEVELOP$ H]E 9 ?AT !Y (F] DISCURSIVE CONTEXTS 9 :I* P>TICIPANTS RECON/ITUTE !IR G5D] & SEXUAL ID5TITIES1 ?AT IS !Y WID5 ! RES\RCES & BODIES ( KN[L$GE )9 :I* SUBJECTS LE>N TO 0BE0 & LE>N TO BE SEXUAL4 ,! URG5CY ( ?IS PREFIGURATIVE IMPULSE AMONG G5D] NONCON=MI/S IS NO SURPRISE GIV5 ! COMPULSORY NATURE ( B9>Y G5D] ID5TITY1 ?AT ONE CANNOT 0BE0 )\T 0DO+0 G5D] 7,BUTL]1 #b#d74 ,= EXAMPLE1 EMPIRICAL RESE>*]S HAVE NOT$ ! DISCURSIVE1 AS WELL AS 9/ITUTIONAL1 BORD]S TO POSSIBLE WAYS ( BE+ G5D]$3 0,TRANSG5D] 9DIVIDUALS' UND]/&+S ( !MSELVES & !IR ABILITY TO =MULATE ALT]NATIVE ID5TITIES DEP5D.<S.> 444 UPON EXI/+ CULTURAL CATEGORIES AS WELL AS 9/ITUTIONAL PRESSURES TO BE ONE G5D] OR ! O!R40 7,GAGNE @& ,TEWKESBURY1 #a#i#i#h1 P4 #i#e1 EMPHASIS ADD$74 ,?IS REEMPHASIZES ! NECESSITY ( 0A CAPACITY1 9V>IABLY COLLECTIVE1 TO >TICULATE AN ALT]NATIVE1 M9ORITY V]SION ( SU/A9+ NORMS OR IDEALS ?AT 5ABLE ME TO ACT0 7,BUTL]1 #b#d1 P4 #c74 

,! EM]G5CE ( EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ PREFIGURATIVE QUE] SPACES ?AT SET \T TO DO JU/ ?IS HAS GR[N S9CE ! #a#i#iS4 ,!SE 9CLUDE ! ANNUAL 9T]NATIONAL CONV]G5CE ,QUE]UPTION1 LOCAL ,QUE]UPTION COLLECTIVES1 EV5TS & CONV]G5CES1 & SIMIL> PRACTICES UND] ! MONIK] ( ,QUE] ,MUT9Y4 ,IT HAS BE5 NOT$ 9 BO? SOCIOLOGICAL & HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CONTEXTS 7,BR[N1 #b#gA2 ,BR[N1 #b#gB2 ,NI*OLAS #b#i1 PP4 #h-#i7 ?AT !SE SPACES EMBODY ! PO//RUCTURALI/ CONCEPTION ( AN>*ISM \TL9$ ABOVE4 ,A PRIM>Y WAY 9 :I* !Y DO ?IS IS BY BE+ PREMIS$ NOT ON A POSITIVE ID5TIFICATION ) A P>TICUL> G5D] OR SEX CATEGORY1 ?AT IS BY US+ QUE] NOT AS A N\N OR SUBJECT POSITION BUT1 RA!R BY BE+ PREMIS$ ON A %>$ DECON/RUCTIVE IMPULSE4 ,BR[N 7#b#gA7 NOTES ?AT 9 0!SE ACTIVI/ SPACES 444 QUE] IS /ILL MORE ?AN SIMPLY AN UMBRELLA T]M = ALL ?OSE :O >E 'O!R$' BY NORMATIVE SEXUALITY4 ,9DE$1 'QUE]' 9 !SE SPACES IS AS OPPOS$ TO HOMONORMATIVITY AS IT IS TO HET]ONORMATIVITY 444 .<,H]E.> ,QUE] CELEBRATES G5D] & SEXUAL FLUIDITY & CONSCI\SLY BLURS B9>IES4 ,IT IS MORE ( A RELATIONAL PROCESS ?AN A SIMPLE ID5TITY CATEGORY0 7PP4 #a#i#f-#i#g74 

,ADDITIONALLY1 ,BR[N 7#b#gA7 HAS NOT$ ?AT !SE SPACES & PRACTICES FIT ) PO//RUCTURALI/ CONCEPTS ( P[] AS PRODUCTIVE & ONTOLOGY AS SITUAT$ 9 ?AT 0QUE]UPTORS >E 9T]E/$ 9 MAK+ MODE/1 L[-KEY ATTEMPTS TO RE5GAGE !IR 'P[] TO-DO1' :I* IS ALWAYS P>T ( A SOCIAL PROCESS ( DO+ ) O!RS40 7P4 #a#i#g74 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT1 9 ! ASPECTS ( !SE QUE] SPACES CONC]N$ ) 7! ]OTIC ASPECTS (7 SEXUALITY SU* AS ! PLAY SPACES1 PLAY P>TIES1 OR SEX P>TIES AT EV5TS SU* AS ,QUE]UPTION1 OR AT EV5TS ORGANIZ$ BY V>I\S ,QUE]UPTION OR ,QUE] ,MUT9Y COLLECTIVES 9T]NATIONALLY1 ! C5TRAL CONC]N ( !IR BEHAVIORAL POLICIES IS NOT ) REGULAT+ PRACTICES1 BUT ) REGULAT+ ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,SU* EV5TS (T5 HAVE A 0SAF] SPACES POLICY0 COLLECTIVELY CREAT$ ACCORD+ TO CONS5SUS MODELS ?AT \TL9ES ! DESIR$ BEHAVIOR ( P>TICIPANTS ?AT MU/ BE CONS5T$ TO BE=E P>TICIPATION4 ,! PR9CIPLE CONC]NS ( AN>*I/ APPROA*ES TO ]OTIC DESIRE & SEXUALITY 9CLUD$ 9 SU* POLICIES >E NEATLY SUMM>IZ$ BY A DESCRIPTION ( ! 0,RADICAL ,SEX #d ,SEXY ,RADICALS0 WORK%OP S]IES HELD BY ,FREE ,SKOOL ,SANTA ,CRUZ3 0AUTONOMY1 CONS5T1 NEGOTIATION1 RESPECT1 & PLEASURE40 7,FREE ,SKOOL ,SANTA ,CRUZ74 ,?IS DEMON/RATES ?AT ! E?OS IS RELATIONAL1 NOT PRESCRIPTIVE1 ?R\< A CONC]N ) CONS5T & MUTUALLY POSITIVE RELATIONS BETWE5 P>TICIPANTS1 BUT ?AT SPECIFIC SEXUAL PRACTICES >E O!RWISE NOT USUALLY M5TION$ 9 RE-CON/RUCTIONS ( SEXUALITY1 ONLY 9 DE-CON/RUCTIONS4 

,IT IS OBVI\S :Y SU* PROJECTS ( DECON/RUCTION & RECON/RUCTION >E SO URG5T = ?OSE ) TRANSGRESSIVE SEX & G5D] ID5TITIES & :Y AN>*O-QUE] COMMUNITIES (F] SU* RI* EXAMPLES ( PREFIGURATION ) ! 9T5TION ( EXP&+ ! 0FUND ( IDEAS0 7,>*]1 #a#i#i#f1 P4 XIII7 FROM :I* WE CAN P]CEIVE \RSELVES & O!RS4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE MY EXAMPLES >E MO/LY RE/RICT$ TO ! EXAMPLES ( DECON/RUCTIVE & RECON/RUCTIVE 9T]V5TIONS 9TO G5D] & SEXUAL SOCIALIZATION DUE TO SPACE RE/RICTION1 ?IS PROCESS IS ALLEGORICAL TO ALL ASPECTS ( SUBJECTIVITY OR 0WAYS ( BE+0 & IS JU/ ONE ILLU/RATION ( A RE/RICTIVE1 CONGEAL$1 UNCRITICAL1 & PREEXI/+ COMPULSORY DISC\RSE ?AT IS AT ODDS ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ( MAXIMIZ+ A COLLECTIVE BUT PURPOSIVE SELF-WILL$ WAY ( BE+4 

,H[EV]1 IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT1 EV5 9 A COMMUNITY SPECIFICALLY D$ICAT$ TO & PREMIS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 9EXHAU/IBLE FRE$OM ( SEXUAL ID5TITY & PRACTICES1 !RE IS /ILL ! RISK ( ! CONGEALM5T ( DOM9ANT NORMS4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! CRITICISMS LEVEL$ AT ! ,QUE]UPTION GA!R+ 9 ,AM/]DAM 9 #bc BY A COLLECTIVE FROM ! ,QUE]UPTION ,B]L9 GR\P4 ,!Y SUGGE/ ?AT !RE HAS BE5 0! E/ABLI%M5T ( A QUE] 'CONV5TION'0 7,QUE]UPTION1 #b#c7 9 T]MS ( COMPULSORY HYP]SEXUALITY4 

,TO REIT]ATE1 & RETURN TO ,BUTL]'S CONC]N OV] ! CONGEALM5T ( 0QUE]0 9TO A FIX$ SUBJECT POSITION1 ,BUTL] 7#a#i#i#c7 >GUES ?AT ?IS RECON/RUCTION & ?IS SELF-NAM+ MU/ NOT BE UND]/OOD AS A S+UL> ACT ( TRANSGRESSION & EMP[]M5T ?AT FOLL[S FROM DECON/RUCTION & OV]?R[S PREVI\SLY DOM9AT+ DISC\RSES & REPLACES !M ) 9H]5TLY DEVELOPM5TAL ONES4 ,RA!R1 ?IS RECON/RUCTION ( DISC\RSES MU/ BE AN ONGO+ PROCESS ALONGSIDE ! ONGO+ PROCESS ( DECON/RUCTION ( DISC\RSES4 ,9 ,BUTL]'S T]MS1 0,AS MU* AS IT IS NECESS>Y TO 444 LAY CLAIM TO ! P[] TO NAME ONESELF & DET]M9E ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ?AT NAME IS US$1 IT IS ALSO IMPOSSIBLE TO SU/A9 ?AT K9D ( MA/]Y OV] ! TRAJECTORY ( ?OSE CATEGORIES )9 DISC\RSE0 7P4 #b#b#g74 ,RETURN+ TO ,BUTL]'S CONC]N1 !N1 & (F]+ A POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVE = RE?9K+ ?IS DECON/RUCTIVE IMPULSE1 ?OSE ACTIVI/S :O CRITIQU$ QUE] SPACES = JU/ ?IS TYPE ( NORMALIZ+ CONGEALM5T SUGGE/ AS AN ALT]NATIVE CONCEPTION ! ,G]MAN T]M 0,FREIRAUM10 A WORD ?AT !Y SUGGE/ NE$S TO 5T] ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE4 ,!Y DEF9E IT AS 0,LIT]ALLY 'FREE-ROOM'2 MORE LIKE 'FRE$OM4' ,DEF9$ AS '! OPPORTUNITY TO MOVE FREELY & DEVELOP ONE'S 9DIVIDUAL IDEAS'0 7,QUE]UPTION1 #b#c74 ,P]HAPS ?IS1 !N1 IS JU/ ! T]M ?AT IS NE$$ :5 ,BUTL] 7#a#i#i#c7 SUGGE/S ?AT QUE] 0WILL D\BTLESS HAVE TO BE YIELD$ 9 FAVOR ( T]MS ?AT DO ?AT POLITICAL WORK MORE EFFECTIVELY0 7P4 #b#b#h74 

,REF]5CES 

,AM/]1 ,R41 ,DE,LEON1 ,A41 ,F]N&EZ1 ,L41 ,NOCELLA ,I,I1 ,A4 @& ,%ANNON1 ,D4 7#b#i74 ,CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ /UDIES3 ,AN 9TRODUCTORY AN?OLOGY ( AN>*Y 9 ! ACADEMY4 ,LONDON_/,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,UNIV]SITY ,TORONTO4 7N4D474 ,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,UNIV]SITY ,TORONTO4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/AN>*I/U4ORG_/CGI-B9_/TWIKI_/VIEW_/,AN>*I/U 7ACCESS$ ,NOVEMB] #b#d1 #b#a74 

,>*]1 ,M4,S4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,CULTURE & AG5CY3 ,! PLACE ( CULTURE 9 SOCIAL !ORY4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,>MAL9E1 ,W4,T4 7#b#i74 ,?\<TS ON AN>*I/ P$AGOGY & EPI/EMOLOGY4 ,9 ,R4 ,AM/]1 ,A4 ,DE,LEON1 ,L4 ,F]N&EZ1 ,A4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I @& ,D4 ,%ANNON 7,$S471 ,CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ /UDIES3 ,AN 9TRODUCTORY AN?OLOGY ( AN>*Y 9 ! ACADEMY1 #a#c#f-#d#f4 ,OXON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,BAKUN91 ,M4 7#a#i#g74 ,GOD & ! /ATE4 ,LONDON3 ,DOV] ,PUBLICATIONS4 

,BEY1 ,H4 7N4D474 ,! D9N] P>TY4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/DELZA4ALLIANCES4ORG_/TAZ_/TAZ#a#c4HTML 7ACCESS$ ,NOVEMB] #a#i1 #b#i74 

,BHAVE1 ,V4 7#b#h74 ,9TIMATE & ULTIMATE4 ,9 ,M4 ,H]N 7,$471 ,EV]Y:]E ALL ! TIME3 ,A NEW DES*OOL+ READ]1 #g-#a#b4 ,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,BR[N1 ,G4 7#b#gA74 ,AUTONOMY1 ,AFF9ITY & ,PLAY 9 ! ,SPACES ( ,RADICAL ,QUE] ,ACTIVISM4 ,9 ,K4 ,BR[NE1 ,J4 ,LIM @& ,G4 ,BR[N4 7,$S471 ,GEOGRAPHIES ( SEXUALITIES3 ,!ORY1 PRACTICES @& POLITICS1 #a#i#e-#b#a4 ,HAMP%IRE3 ,A%GATE4 

,BR[N1 ,G4 7#b#gB74 ,MUT9\S ]UPTIONS3 ,AUTONOM\S SPACES ( RADICAL QUE] ACTIVISM4 ,5VIRONM5T @& ,PLANN+ ,A1 #c#i1 #b#f#h#e-#i#h4 

,BUTL]1 ,J4 7#a#i#i74 ,G5D] TR\BLE3 ,FEM9ISM & ! SUBV]SION ( ID5TITY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,BUTL]1 ,J4 7#a#i#i#c74 ,BODIES ?AT MATT]3 ,ON ! DISCURSIVE LIMITS ( SEX4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 ,BUTL]1 ,J4 7#a#i#i#g74 ,! PSY*IC LIFE ( P[]3 ,!ORIES 9 SUBJECTION4 ,/AN=D1 ,C,A3 ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,BUTL]1 ,J4 7#b#d74 ,UNDO+ G5D]4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,BUTL]1 ,J4 7#b#e74 ,GIV+ AN ACC\NT ( ONESELF4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,=DHAM4 

,*OMSKY1 ,N4 7#b#c74 ,*OMSKY ON DEMOCRACY & $UCATION4 ,D4 ,MAC$O 7,$474 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,COOP]1 ,M4 @& ,BLAIR1 ,C4 7#b#b74 ,F\CAULT'S E?ICS4 ,QUALITATIVE ,9QUIRY1 #h1 #e#a#a-#c#a4 

,CRIME?,9C4 7N4D474 ,H>B+] 7( A NEW DAWN74 ,OLYMPIA3 ,CRIME?,9C4 ,WORK]S' ,COLLECTIVE4 

,DAVIES1 ,B4 @& ,H>RE1 ,R4 7#b#c74 ,POSITION+3 ,! DISCURSIVE PRODUCTION ( SELVES4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4MASSEY4AC4NZ_/@9ALOCK_/POSITION_/POSITION4HTM 7ACCESS$ ,JULY #a#h1 #b#c74 

DE ,LAURETIS1 ,T4 7#a#i#h#g74 ,TE*NOLOGIES ( G5D]3 ,ESSAYS ON !ORY1 FILM1 & FICTION1 ,BLOOM+TON3 ,9DIANA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,DYNES1 ,W4,R4 7#a#i#i#e74 ,QUE] /UDIES3 ,9 SE>* ( A DISCIPL9E4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4FC4NET_/@9Z>A?US_/O!R_/QUE].-/UDIES.-9.-SE>*.-(.-A.-DISCIPL9E4TXT 7ACCESS$ ,JULY #f1 #a#i#i#g74 

,FIDL]1 ,G4,C4 7#a#i#h#i74 ,AN>*ISM & $UCATION3 ,$UCATION 9TEGRALE & ! IMP]ATIVE T[>DS FRAT]NITE4 ,HI/ORY ( ,$UCATION1 #a#h7#a71 #b#c-#d#f4 

,F\CAULT1 ,M4 7#a#i#h74 ,P[]_/KN[L$GE3 ,SELECT$ 9T]VIEWS & O!R WRIT+S1 #a#i#g#b-#a#i#g#g4 ,BRI<TON3 ,H>VE/] ,PRESS4 

,F\CAULT1 ,M4 7#a#i#h#d74 ,ON ! G5EALOGY ( E?ICS3 ,AN OV]VIEW ( A WORK 9 PROGRESS4 ,9 ,P4 ,RAB9[ 7,$471 ,! ,F\CAULT READ]1 #c#d-#g#b4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON4 

,F\CAULT1 ,M4 7#a#i#i74 ,! C>E ( ! SELF3 ,! HI/ORY ( SEXUALITY3 #c4 ,LONDON3 ,P5GU94 

,F\CAULT1 ,M4 7#a#i#i#g74 ,E?ICS3 ,SUBJECTIVITY & TRU?4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,NEW ,PRESS4 

,FRANKS1 ,B4 7#b#f74 ,REBEL ALLIANCES3 ,! MEANS & 5DS ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,BRITI% AN>*ISMS4 ,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,FREE ,SKOOL ,SANTA ,CRUZ4 7#b#h74 ,AB\T4 ,FREE ,SKOOL ,SANTA ,KRUZ4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/SANTACRUZ4FREESKOOL4ORG_/E#a#g.-PLUG9S_/CONT5T_/CONT5T4PHP8CONT5T4#a 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #d1 #b#h74 

,FREEMAN1 ,J4 7#a#i#i#f71 ,! TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/FLAG4BLACK5$4NET_/REVOLT_/AN>*ISM_/PDF_/BOOKLETS_//RUCTURELESSNESS4HTML 7ACCESS$ ,FEBRU>Y #h1 #b#a74 

,FUSS1 ,D4 7#a#i#i#a74 ,9SIDE_/,\T3 ,LESBIAN !ORIES1 GAY !ORIES4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,GAGNE1 ,P4 @& ,TEWKESBURY1 ,R4 7#a#i#i#h74 ,CON=MITY PRESSURE & G5D] RESI/ANCE AMONG TRANSG5D] 9DIVIDUALS4 ,SOCIAL ,PROBLEMS1 #d#e7#a71 #h#a-#a#a4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,E4 7#a#i#f#i74 ,AN>*ISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,K5NIKAT ,PRESS4 

,HECK]T1 ,J4 7#b#e71 ,RESI/+ ORI5TATION3 ,ON ! COMPLEXITIES ( DESIRE & ! LIMITS ( ID5TITY POLITICS4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/SEXUALORI5TATION49FO_/!SIS_/ 7ACCESS$ ,AUGU/ #i1 #b#e74 

,HOLL[AY1 ,J4 7#b#b74 ,*ANGE ! WORLD )\T TAK+ P[]3 ,! MEAN+ ( REVOLUTION TODAY4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,HUNT]1 ,I4 7#a#i#h#h74 ,CULTURE & GOV]NM5T3 ,! EM]G5CE ( LIT]>Y $UCATION4 ,LONDON3 ,MACMILLAN4 

,HURLEY1 ,M4 7#a#i#i74 ,HOMOSEXUALITIES3 ,FICTION1 READ+ & MORAL TRA9+4 ,9 ,T4 ,?READGOLD @& ,A4 ,CRANNY-,FRANCIS 7,$S471 ,FEM99E_/MASCUL9E & REPRES5TATION4 ,SYDNEY3 ,ALL5 @& ,UNW94 

,MAY1 ,T4 7#a#i#i#d74 ,! POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ( PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*ISM4 ,UNIV]SITY ,P>K1 ,P,A3 ,P5NSYLVANIA ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,NEWMAN1 ,S4 7#b#a74 ,FROM ,BAKUN9 TO ,LACAN3 ,ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM & ! DISLOCATION ( P[]4 ,OX=D3 ,LEX+TON ,BOOKS4 

,NI*OLAS1 ,L4 7#b#i74 ,A RADICAL QUE] UTOPIAN FUTURE3 ,A RECIPROCAL RELATION BEYOND SEXUAL DIFF]5CE4 ,?IRDSPACE3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,FEM9I/ ,!ORY & ,CULTURE1 #h7#b74 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4?IRDSPACE4CA_/J\RNAL_/>TICLE_/VIEW,>TICLE_/LNI*OLAS_/#b#d#h 7ACCESS$ ,NOVEMB] #b#e1 #b#a74 

,NI*OLAS1 ,L4 7#b#g74 ,APPROA*ES TO G5D]1 P[] & AU?ORITY 9 CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*O-PUNK3 ,PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*ISM8 ,E-,%>P ,J\RNAL1 #b#g7#i74 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4GLA4AC4UK_/DEP>TM5TS_/E%>P_/ISSUES_/#i_/ISSUE#iAB/RACTS_/ 7ACCESS$ ,NOVEMB] #b#e1 #b#a74 

,PATTON1 ,P4 7#a#i#i#d74 ,F\CAULT'S SUBJECT ( P[]4 ,POLITICAL ,!ORY ,NEWSLETT]1 #a#i#i#d7#f71 #f-#g#a4 

,PURKIS1 ,J4 @& ,B[51 ,J4 7#a#i#i#g74 ,TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY AN>*ISM3 ,UNOR?ODOX IDEAS = A NEW MILL5NIUM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CASSELL4 

,QUE]UPTION4 7#b#c74 ,QUE] IS HIP1 QUE] IS COOL3 ,DOGMAS 9 ! QUE] SC5E4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4QUE]UPTION4ORG_/ 7ACCESS$ ,NOVEMB] #b#e1 #b#a74 

,SEIDMAN1 ,S4 7#a#i#i#e74 ,DECON/RUCT+ QUE] !ORY1 OR ! UND]-!ORIZATION ( ! SOCIAL & ! E?ICAL4 ,9 ,L4 ,NI*OLSON @& ,S4 ,SEIDMAN 7,$S471 ,SOCIAL PO/MOD]NISM3 ,BEYOND ID5TITY POLITICS1 #a#a#f-#d#a4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,SPIVAK1 ,G4,C4 7#a#i#i#d74 ,9 A WORD3 ,9T]VIEW4 ,GAYATRI ,*AKRAVORTY ,SPIVAK ) ,ELL5 ,ROONEY4 ,9 ,N4 ,S*OR @& ,E4 ,WE$ 7,$S471 ,! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE1 #a#e#a-#h#d4 ,BLOOM+TON3 ,9DIANA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,/OETZL]1 ,M4 7#b#e74 ,SUBJECT TR\BLE3 ,JUDI? ,BUTL] & DIALECTICS4 ,PHILOSOPHY @& ,SOCIAL ,CRITICISM1 #c#a7#c71 #c#d#c-#f#h4 

,WA91 ,K4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,F\CAULT1 $UCATION1 ! SELF & MOD]NITY4 ,J\RNAL ( ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,$UCATION1 #c7#c71 #c#d#e-#f4 

,*,A,P,T,] #a#d4 ,AN>*O-,FEM9I/ ,PSY*OLOGY3 ,CONTRIBUT+ TO ,PO/=MAL ,CRITICALITY 

,CURRY ,/EPH5SON ,MALOTT 

,9 !IR SE>* = WAYS TO PRODUCE DEMOCRATIC & EVOCATIVE KN[L$GES1 CRITICAL CON/RUCTIVI/S BECOME DETECTIVES ( NEW WAYS ( SEE+ & CON/RUCT+ ! WORLD4 7,JOE ,L4 ,K9*ELOE1 #b#e1 P4 #d7 

,CONSID]+ H[ ,K9*ELOE'S PO/=MAL PSY*OLOGY AS CRITICAL REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE MI<T BE EXT5D$ & CONTRIBUT$ TO ?R\< ! 5GAGEM5T ) NEW1 OR TOO (T5 IGNOR$1 WAYS ( SEE+ & CON/RUCT+ ! WORLD1 :AT ,I UND]/& TO BE ! MORE DEMOCRATIC IMPULSES ( ! VA/1 DIV]SE TRADITION KN[N AS AN>*ISM WILL BE EXPLOR$ H]E4 ,I WILL SITUATE ?IS FOCUS ON AN>*Y )9 ! HI/ORY ( ! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T1 :I* PLAY$ A C5TRAL ROLE 9 ,K9*ELOE'S 7#b#h7 CRITICAL P$AGOGY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,K9*ELOE'S 7#b#h7 ,CRITICAL ,P$AGOGY ,PRIM]1 HE >GUES ?AT BLACK FEM9I/ & CULTURAL /UDIES S*OL> BELL HOOKS IS ONE ( A H&FUL ( 0IMPORTANT FIGURES 9 ! EM]G5CE ( CRITICAL P$AGOGY0 7P4 #e#i74 ,HOOKS'S 7#a#i#h#d7 CONTRIBUTION TO CRITICAL P$AGOGY ?R\< FEM9ISM1 ACCORD+ TO ,K9*ELOE 7#b#h71 WAS TO *ALL5GE ! :ITE1 MIDDLE-CLASS PO9T ( VIEW ( ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T ?AT ASSUM$ !IR EXP]I5CES REPRES5T$ ! EXP]I5CES ( ALL WOM54 ,?AT IS1 HOOKS 7#a#i#h#d7 >GU$ ?AT ,BETTY ,FRI$AN'S ,! ,FEM99E ,MY/IQUE1 :I* S]V$ AS ! BASIS = #a#i#gS FEM9ISM1 WAS BAS$ ON 0! PLI<T ( A SELECT GR\P ( COLLEGE-$UCAT$1 MIDDLE & UPP] CLASS1 M>RI$ :ITE WOM5--H\SEWIVES BOR$ ) LEISURE1 ) ! HOME1 ) *ILDR51 ) BUY+ PRODUCTS1 :O WANT$ MORE \T ( LIFE0 7P4 #a74 ,?AT MORE ?AT ,FRI$AN ALLUD$ TO HAS FAM\SLY BECOME KN[N )9 FEM9I/ LIT]ATURE AS C>E]S4 ,HOOKS'S 7#a#i#h#d7 CRITICAL CONTRIBUTION H]E IS ?AT %E EXT5D$ FEM9I/ DISC\RSE TO 9CLUDE CONSID]ATIONS ( RACE & CLASS4 ,*ALL5G+ ,FRI$AN1 HOOKS 7#a#i#h#d7 NOTES ?AT :AT WAS NOT BE+ ADDRESS$ WAS ! QUE/ION ( :O W\LD BE TAK+ C>E ( ! KIDS ( :ITE1 MIDDLE-CLASS WOM5 ONCE !Y BEGAN !IR MORE FULFILL+ C>E]S4 ,SUMM>IZ+ ?IS CRUCIAL PO9T1 HOOKS 7#a#i#h#d7 NOTES ?AT :ITE1 MIDDLE-CLASS FEM9ISM 0DID NOT SPEAK ( ! NE$S ( WOM5 )\T M51 )\T *ILDR51 )\T HOMES4 ,%E IGNOR$ ! EXI/5CE ( ALL NON:ITE WOM5 & POOR :ITE WOM50 7PP4 #a-#b74 ,SUMM>IZ+ ?IS CONTRIBUTION ,K9*ELOE 7#b#h7 NOTES ?AT 0HOOKS & O!R WOM5 ( COLOR MOV$ MANY FEM9I/S T[>D AN EF=T TO *ALL5GE AN 5TIRE SY/EM ( DOM9ATION0 7P4 #h#c74 ,CRITICAL P$AGOGY1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! FEM9I/ WORK ( HOOKS1 IS NOT JU/ FOCUS$ ON ! NOTION ( RI<TS & ACCESS1 BUT ON ! ABILITY TO 0ID5TIFY & ]ADICATE ! IDEOLOGY ( DOM9ATION ?AT EXPRESSES ITSELF ALONG ! AXES ( RACE1 CLASS1 SEXUALITY1 COLONIALISM1 & G5D]0 7,K9*ELOE1 #b#h1 P4 #h#c74 

,?IS FOCUS ON IDEOLOGY HAS ALL[$ CRITICAL P$AGOGY TO BETT] UND]/& H[ SEXI/ OPPRESSION IS BAS$ ON ! BELIEF ?AT WOM5 >E 9F]IOR1 PRIMITIVE1 LESS ADVANC$1 MORE EMOTIONAL & LESS RATIONAL ?AN M54 ,BECAUSE OPPRESSION IS BAS$ ON WORLDVIEWS OR 9T]PRETIVE FRAMEWORKS ?AT >E 9T]NALIZ$ & P]PETUAT$ BY ALL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 EV5 ?OSE MO/ NEGATIVELY HURT BY ! IDEA1 ! /RUCTURE ( DOM9ATION IS ALWAYS MORE COMPLEX ?AN SIMPLE DI*OTOMIES SUGGE/4 ,SEXISM IS !RE=E NOT JU/ A /RUGGLE BETWE5 M5 & WOM51 BUT IT IS A SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT BECOMES P>T ( ! CULTURAL1 TAK5-=-GRANT$1 HEGEMONY ( ! DOM9ANT SOCIETY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 WOM5 9T]NALIZE & P]PETUATE SEXISM ) M54 ,K9*ELOE 7#b#h7 9T]PRETS ?IS 9SI<T CONCLUD+ ?AT1 0ONE'S ACTIONS 9 PURSUIT ( RESI/ANCE TO OPPRESSION >E MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ONE'S RACE1 CLASS1 OR G5D]--ONE'S POSITIONALITY0 7P4 #h#c74 ,NOT ONLY IS IDEOLOGY MORE IMPORTANT ?AN POSITIONALITY :5 IT COMES TO ! WORK ( RESI/+ ! DOCTR9AL SY/EM & OPPRESSIVE /RUCTURES & >RANGEM5TS1 BUT !IR ABOLITION 7SU* AS PATRI>*Y7 NOT ONLY B5EFITS ?OSE :O >E MO/ HURT 7I4E41 WOM57 BY !M1 BUT ?OSE :O B5EFIT ! MO/ 7I4E41 M57 BY !M >E ALSO BETT] (F UND] MORE POSITIVE CONDITIONS4 ,HOOKS 7#b7 MAKES ?IS PO9T CRY/AL-CLE> 9 ,FEM9ISM ,IS = ,EV]YBODY3 ,PASSIONATE ,POLITICS1 9 ! FOLL[+ SOME:AT L5G?Y1 BUT HI<LY SIGNIFICANT1 PASSAGE3 

,MALES AS A GR\P HAVE & DO B5EFIT ! MO/ FROM PATRI>*Y1 FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT !Y >E SUP]IOR TO FEMALES & %\LD RULE OV] US4 ,BUT ?OSE B5EFITS COME ) A PRICE4 ,9 RETURN = ALL ! GOODIES M5 RECEIVE FROM PATRI>*Y1 !Y >E REQUIR$ TO DOM9ATE WOM51 TO EXPLOIT & OPPRESS US1 US+ VIOL5CE IF !Y MU/ TO KEEP PATRI>*Y 9TACT4 ,MO/ M5 F9D IT DIFFICULT TO BE PATRI>*S4 ,MO/ M5 >E DI/URB$ BY HATR$ & FE> ( WOM51 BY MALE VIOL5CE AGA9/ WOM51 EV5 ! M5 :O P]PETUATE ?IS VIOL5CE4 ,BUT !Y FE> LETT+ GO ( ! B5EFITS4 ,!Y >E NOT C]TA9 :AT WILL HAPP5 TO ! WORLD !Y KN[ MO/ 9TIMATELY IF PATRI>*Y *ANGES4 ,SO !Y F9D IT EASI] TO PASSIVELY SUPPORT MALE DOM9ATION EV5 :5 !Y KN[ 9 !IR M9DS & HE>TS ?AT IT IS WRONG4 7P4 IX7 

,IT IS ?IS COMPLEX CONTEXT :]E ?OSE :O B5EFIT ! MO/ FROM AN OPPRESSIVE IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE W\LD ACTUALLY1 9 ! LONG RUN1 BE F> BETT] (F IF IT CEAS$ TO EXI/1 R5D]+ HOOKS'S FEM9ISM SO F\NDATIONAL TO CRITICAL P$AGOGY 9 G5]AL & ,K9*ELOE'S APPROA* 9 P>TICUL>4 ,9 ,TEA*+ ,NATIVE ,AM]ICA ACROSS ! ,CURRICULUM3 ,A ,CRITICAL ,9QUIRY 7,MALOTT1 ,WAUKAU1 & ,WAUKAU-,VILLAGOMEZ1 #b#i7 ,I CONTRIBUTE TO ?IS L9E ( REASON+ >GU+ ?AT ?OSE 0GOODIES0 REF]R$ TO BY HOOKS 7#b7 >E NOT AS OBJECTIVELY B5EFICIAL AS !Y MAY SEEM4 ,CONSID]3 

,:ILE ?OSE DEEM$ 0:ITE10 ON AV]AGE1 RECEIVE MORE MAT]IAL PRIVILEGES ?AN NON-:ITES1 MO/ PEOPLE :O FIT )9 CURR5T DEF9ITIONS ( :IT5ESS W\LD ALSO BE BETT] (F )\T ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( :ITE SUPREMACY4 ,SIMPLY /AT$1 A UNIT$ WORK+ CLASS_/HUMAN SPECIES W\LD BE F> BETT] EQUIPP$ TO CREATE A SOCIALLY JU/ WORLD ?AN A DIVID$ ONE4 ,9 ,A ,CALL TO ,ACTION 7#b#h7 ,I MADE ! PO9T ?AT :ITE PEOPLE1 :ILE AT TIMES MADE TO FEEL SPECIAL OR SUP]IOR BECAUSE WE >E :ITE1 HAVE BE5 LEFT TO ROT & DIE ( CANC] AT AL>M+ RATES 9 DE-9DU/RIALIZ$ >EAS SU* AS ,NIAG>A ,FALLS1 ,NEW ,YORK4 ,MY 9T5TIONS H]E >E SIMIL>4 ,?AT IS1 ?IS BOOK1 9 P>T1 IS DESIGN$ TO (F] :ITE PEOPLE 7& O!RS7 A WORLDVIEW NOT BAS$ ON ! FALSE SUPREMACY ( ,EUROPEANS1 BUT ONE ?AT ACKN[L$GES ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( ,AFRICANS1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS1 & O!RS TO MOD]N DEMOCRACY & SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE PRODUCTION4 ,SOLID>ITY1 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 IS NOT A POLITE GE/URE MADE BY ! ASSUM$ SUP]IOR TO ! ASSUM$ 9F]IOR1 BUT RA!R1 IT IS AN ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! AWE-9SPIR+ A*IEVEM5TS ( ! NON-,EUROPEAN WORLD ?AT PAV$ ! WAY = ,EUROPE 7& ?OSE ( ,EUROPEAN DESC5T7 TO BEG9 EM]G+ FROM ! ,D>K ,AGES--A PROCESS /ILL UND]WAY4 7P4 #c7 

,IT IS )9 ?IS CONTEXT ( UNIV]SAL IMPROVEM5T ?AT \R EPI/EMOLOGICAL BAZA> BEG9S TO OV]LAP 9 SIGNIFICANT WAYS ) AN>*I/ !ORY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 LIKE ! B\RGEOISIE FEM9I/ MOVEM5T ?AT IGNOR$ ISSUES ( RACE & CLASS1 :I* HOOKS & O!RS CONFRONT$ DUR+ ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & O!R FEMALE AN>*I/S >\ND ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY CONFRONT$ ! SEXISM ( F\NDATIONAL MALE AN>*I/ S*OL>S SU* AS ,PR\DHON & ,KROPOTK9 7,LE$]1 #a#i#i#f74 ,MAK+ ?IS PO9T 9 0,LET ,\R ,MO!RS ,%[ ! ,WAY10 ,ELA9E ,LE$] 7#a#i#i#f7 NOTES ?AT 0AN>*I/ WOM5 ADD$ NEW DIM5SIONS TO ! TRADITION :I* C\LD NOT BE F\ND 9 ! TEA*+S ( ,PR\DHON1 ,KROPOTK91 & ,BAKUN94 ,AN>*I/ WOM5 BELIEV$ ?AT *ANGES 9 SOCIETY HAD TO OCCUR 9 ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SPH]ES BUT !IR EMPHASIS WAS ALSO ON ! P]SONAL & PSY*OLOGICAL DIM5SIONS ( LIFE0 7P4 #a#d#c74 

,= EXAMPLE1 ,PR\DHON1 IT IS >GU$1 BELIEV$ 9 PATRI>*Y & ?AT ! ROLE ( WOM5 AS ! DOME/IC =CE 9 LIFE REPRES5TS ! NATURAL DIVISION ( LABOR R5D]+ !M SUBORD9ATE TO M5 & ?US UNABLE TO DIVORCE4 ,H[EV]1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN /ILL DREW ON ,PR\DHON'S WORK BORR[+ HIS CONCLUSION ?AT PROP]TY IS !FT1 & TURN+ IT ON ! SEXI/ DISC\RSE & PRACTICE 9=M+ IT BY 0>GU+ ?AT WOMAN1 AS PRIVATE PROP]TY ( MAN1 WAS HAV+ H] FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE /OL50 7,LE$]1 #a#i#i#f1 P4 #a#d#d74 ,UNLIKE ! :ITE1 COLORBL9D FEM9I/S1 BELL HOOKS *ALL5G$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 ,GOLDMAN 7#a#i#f#i71 A ,JEWI% WOMAN :O EMIGRAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,NEW ,YORK ,CITY7 9 #ahhe AT ! AGE ( SIXTE51 WAS CONSCI\S ?AT 0! TRUE PATRON SA9TS ( ! BLACK M5 W]E REPRES5T$0 NOT 9 ,L9COLN1 :O ONLY 0FOLL[$ :5 ABOLITION HAD BECOME A PRACTICAL ISSUE0 7P4 #g#f71 BUT 9 ! RADICAL :ITE ABOLITIONI/S SU* AS ,JOHN ,BR[N & O!RS4 ,GOLDMAN1 AS AN AN>*I/1 RECOGNIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ABOLITION ( ALL =MS ( CO]CIVE P[] FROM CAPITALISM1 SLAV]Y1 TO PATRI>*Y4 ,ONE CRITIQUE ( ,GOLDMAN'S WORK MI<T BE ?AT %E FOCUS$ ON :ITE ABOLITIONI/S )\T SUFFICI5TLY RECOGNIZ+ ! AG5CY & RESI/ANCE ( ,AFRICANS !MSELVES 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,H[EV]1 BECAUSE ?IS SOPHI/ICAT$ FOCUS IS NOT UNIV]SAL )9 ! FEM9I/ TRADITION1 !RE >E ?OSE :O SEE NO FUTURE 9 FEM9ISM AS A !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK = POLITICAL PRAXIS4 

,= EXAMPLE1 SOME AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,SUSAN ,BR[N 7#a#i#i#f71 >GUE ?AT BECAUSE FEM9ISM DOES NOT POSSESS1 AS A C5TRAL1 UNIV]SAL COMMITM5T1 ! OV]?R[ & ABOLITION ( ! BASIC /RUCTURES ( P[]1 IT IS NOT ABLE TO PROVIDE ! !ORETICAL RELEVANCE TO LIB]ATE ALL ( HUMANITY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,BR[N 7#a#i#i#f7 >GUES = A MORE G5]AL !ORY = 0HUMAN FRE$OM0 AS P>T ( ! PROCESS ( MOV+ BEYOND FEM9ISM4 ,:ILE COM+ TO ESS5TIALLY ! SAME CONCLUSION AS ! LIKE ( HOOKS & O!RS 9 ! RESI/ANCE TO A L>G] SY/EM ( DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION--:ITE-SUPREMACI/1 PATRI>*AL CAPITALISM--%E *OOSES TO AB&ON ! LANGUAGE ( FEM9ISM = AN>*ISM4 ,:ILE ?IS MI<T SEEM LIKE A M9OR ISSUE1 MU* CAN BE SAID AB\T ! P[] ( LANGUAGE & ! IMPORTANCE ( NAM+ ! WORLD & !RE=E ! IMPORTANCE ( CALL+ \RSELVES FEM9I/S SO AS TO NAME & OPPOSE SEXI/ OPPRESSION1 CALL+ \RSELVES ANTIRACI/S SO AS TO NAME & OPPOSE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ :ITE SUPREMACY1 & CALL+ \RSELVES AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S SO AS TO NAME ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & OPPOSE ! PROCESS ( VALUE PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! $UCATIONAL ,LEFT !RE >E H>D1 DEEP L9ES ( DIVISION DRAWN BETWE5 ,M>XI/S 79CLUD+ AN>*I/S1 RADICAL 5VIRONM5TALI/S1 & O!RS :O TAKE 9DU/RIALISM & A CLASS-BAS$ APPROA* TO ANALYSIS & PRACTICE7 & PO/MOD]NI/S 79CLUD+1 AMONG O!RS1 FEM9I/S & CRITICAL RACE !ORI/S74 

,TO ! NEW G5]ATION ( CRITICAL $UCATORS & ?OSE :O >E CURI\S OR 9T]E/$1 ,I SAY NONS5SE1 RESI/ *OOS+ SIDES1 WE %\LD EMBRACE \R CRITICAL DIV]SITY TO ! FULLE/ EXT5T POSSIBLE4 ,?IS REQUIRES HUMILITY & A REFUSAL TO TAKE ONESELF TOO S]I\SLY4 ,IT IS1 9 FACT1 ALL GOOD4 ,WE NE$ TO REALIZE ?AT !RE >E LEGITIMATE CRITIQUES REG>D+ \R [N PRACTICES & CONCLUSIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 PO/MOD]NI/S T5D TO BE CORRECT :5 !Y *>GE ,M>XI/S ) BE+ TRANSMISSIVE_/BANK+_/TRADITIONAL 9 T]MS ( P$AGOGY4 ,M>XI/S1 AT ! SAME TIME1 T5D TO BE CORRECT :5 !Y *>GE PO/MOD]NI/S ) NOT *ALL5G+ ! BASIC /RUCTURES ( P[] & OBSESS$ ) ID5TITY & TRIVIALITY4 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ! SOLUTION IS TO >GUE ! ,LEFT NE$S TO ADOPT A NEW !ORY4 ,I BELIEVE ! SOLUTION RESIDES )9 A MORE CONSCI\S EF=T TO 5GAGE 9 HONE/1 CRITICAL SELF-REFLECTION & NOT GET SO DEF5SIVE & ?REAT5$ :5 WE >E *ALL5G$4 ,ANO!R RELAT$ COMPON5T ( MOV+ =W>D1 AS SUGGE/$ BY ! TITLE ( ?IS *APT]1 IS TO EXP& & 5GAGE MORE CRITICAL TRADITIONS4 ,) ?IS SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY 9 M9D1 LET US MOVE 9TO A DISCUSSION ( ! HI/ORY ( AN>*Y & H[ IT MI<T CONTRIBUTE TO \R PO/=MAL1 FEM9I/ APPROA* TO $UCATIONAL PSY*OLOGY4 

,9 MY /UDY ( AN>*Y ,I BEG9 BY CONSID]+ ! PHILOSOPHICAL & HI/ORICAL ROOTS ( :AT WE MI<T CALL AN AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,AFT] ?IS FIR/ SECTION1 WE EXPLORE H[ !SE 9SI<TS MI<T 9=M A PO/=MAL1 FEM9I/ PSY*OLOGY CONTRIBUT+ TO \R MOVE T[>D A NEW DISCIPL9E4 ,F9ALLY1 WE CONSID] B>RI]S & *ALL5GES WE WILL CONT9UE TO FACE 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE 9 \R ATTEMPTS TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE1 AS P>T ( A L>G] CRITICAL $UCATION MOVEM5T1 PO/=MAL APPROA*ES TO TEA*+ & LE>N+ = LIFE AFT] CAPITALISM & )\T ! :ITE SUPREMACI/1 HOMOPHOBIC1 PATRI>*AL HI]>*IES ( :AT WE HOPE TO BE DI/ANT MEMORIES ( A TIME NO LONG] ?RIV+4 ,?R\<\T ?IS *APT] WE CONT9UE TO REVISIT C5TRAL ASPECTS ( ! DOM9ANT PSY*OLOGICAL P>ADIGM AS WE MAKE \R PO/=MAL AN>*I/ CASE AGA9/ IT4 

,AN>*I/ ,PSY*OLOGY 

,WE BEG9 \R 9VE/IGATION ) ! SCI5TIFIC AN>*I/ WORK ( ,NOAM ,*OMSKY4 ,BECAUSE !RE >E SO MANY TAL5T$ AN>*I/ WRIT]S1 & !RE=E SO MANY POT5TIAL PLACES ( DEP>TURE1 IT IS WOR? PAUS+ = A MOM5T TO REFLECT UPON :Y ,*OMSKY WAS *OS54 ,AS NOT ONLY A LEAD+ SCI5TI/ 9 L+UI/ICS S9CE ! #a#i#eS1 :]E HE HAS MORE PRECISELY CONNECT$ ! FIELD TO ! ESS5CE ( HUMAN NATURE1 BUT ALSO ONE ( ! WORLD'S LEAD+ PUBLIC 9TELLECTUALS KN[N = HIS AN>*I/ POLITICS & CEASELESS CRITIQUE ( ,U4,S4 =EIGN POLICY & ITS ONGO+ IMP]IALI/ AMBITIONS1 ,*OMSKY'S A/ONI%+ A*IEVEM5TS & CRITICAL CR$5TIALS DEM& WE ACTIVELY PAY ATT5TION TO & LE>N FROM HIS PO9T ( VIEW1 YET )\T PASSIVELY ACCEPT+ ALL HIS IDEAS DOGMATICALLY & ME*ANICALLY4 ,RA!R1 ! *ALL5GE IS TO 5GAGE !M ) AS MU* SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVITY AS HUMANLY POSSIBLE1 AW>E ?AT \R [N SUBJECTIVITIES & 9T]PRETIVE FRAMEWORKS ALWAYS S]VE AS \R FIR/ L5S OR FILT] AS WE CON/RUCT KN[L$GE AB\T ! EXT]NAL WORLD4 

,( P>TICUL> IMPORTANCE TO \R PRES5T 9VE/IGATION >E ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ,*OMSKY'S SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATIONS REG>D+ HUMAN NATURE & HIS AN>*I/ POLITICS4 ,AS WE WILL OBS]VE 9 ! FOLL[+ DISCUSSION ,*OMSKY'S *OICE TO EMBRACE & CONTRIBUTE TO AN>*ISM IS BAS$ ON HIS ASSESSM5T ?AT AN>*Y MO/ CLOSELY MAT*ES ! ESS5CE ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,*OMSKY'S AN>*ISM1 9 MANY FUNDAM5TAL WAYS1 IS 9=M$ BY ! CONCLUSIONS ( SCI5CE4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,*OMSKY'S WORK AS A SCI5TI/ CANNOT BE OV]/AT$1 ESPECIALLY SITUAT$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! E>LY TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 :5 AN ANTI-,WE/]N SCI5CE PO/MOD]NISM HAS COME TO DOM9ATE CRITICAL !ORY4 ,?AT IS1 :ILE MANY PO/MOD]N1 CULTURAL CRITICS1 AN>*I/ WRIT]S1 & O!R CRITICAL ACTIVI/S BRILLIANTLY \TL9E & CONTEXTUALIZE ! SOCIAL CONTEXT 9 :I* AN>*ISM & O!R =MS & MODES ( C\NT]HEGEMONY EXI/ ?R\< /RUGGLE1 ,*OMSKY'S PO9T ( VIEW1 ?AT IS1 ! BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT ( HUMAN NATURE1 (F]S A UNIQUE P]SPECTIVE ?AT ,I BELIEVE IS VALUABLE 9 CON/RUCT+ A PO/=MAL AN>*O-FEM9I/ PSY*OLOGY SOCIALLY SITUAT$4 

,*OMSKY 7#b#e7 SITUATES ! HE>T ( :AT ,I WILL REF] TO AS HIS AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY FIRMLY )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSE ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ! SCI5TIFIC TRADITION ( ,WE/]N C\NT]HEGEMONY4 ,:ILE PO/MOD]NI/S T5D TO FOCUS ON ! OPPRESSIVE NATURE ( H[ ,WE/]N SCI5CE HAS COME TO BE DOM9AT$ BY IMP]IALI/ & CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S1 !Y TOO (T5 PRES5T ?IS TRADITION AS IF DOM9ATION OV] NON-,WE/]N KN[L$GE SY/EMS WAS ALL IT WAS EV] AB\T4 ,*OMSKY1 ON ! O!R H&1 FOCUSES HIS 5]GY ON CONTRIBUT+ TO ! DEMOCRATIC NATURE ( E>LY ,5LI<T5M5T SCI5CE1 MORE OR LESS IGNOR+ ! 9DOCTR9AT+ & EXCLUSION>Y T5D5CIES4 ,I 9CLUDE ,*OMSKY'S PO9T ( VIEW BECAUSE AN>*I/ ?\<T & PRACTICE1 :5 NOT DEMONIZ$ BY ! DISC\RSE ( DOM9ATION1 T5DS NOT TO BE TRAC$ ANY FUR!R BACK ?AN TO N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/S1 H[EV] IMPORTANT1 SU* AS ,MAX ,/IRN]1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 & ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,GU]91 #b#e2 ,MORL&1 #a#i#i#g71 SUGGE/+ ?AT CRITICAL_/ REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & ! ,EUROPEAN ,5LI<T5M5T1 & ! SUBSEQU5T SCI5TIFIC REVOLUTION1 >E SEP>ATE & UNRELAT$ DEVELOPM5TS4 ,LOCAT+ ! ROOTS ( AN>*Y )9 SCI5CE & ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 AS >GU$ BY ,*OMSKY1 RECLAIMS BO? AN>*Y FROM DEMONIZATION & SCI5CE FROM ! BOSS'S R$UCTIONI/IC PROCESS ( COLONIALI/ WEAL? EXTRACTION & ! SUBJUGATION ( NON-,EUROPEAN-RUL+ ELITE PEOPLES & P]SPECTIVES_/KN[L$GES4 ,?AT IS1 MAK+ !SE CONNECTIONS *ALL5GES ! HYP]DECONTEXTUALIZ$ R$UCTIONISM ?AT FALSELY DISCONNECTS SCI5CE & POLITICS4 

,AGA91 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,*OMSKY'S SCI5TIFIC APPROA* IS HI<LI<T$ BY ITS UNIQU5ESS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :ILE MANY AN>*I/ WRIT]S CORRECTLY UND]/& ?AT ONE'S VIEW ( HUMAN NATURE IS GO+ TO DET]M9E ONE'S UND]/&+ ( :AT K9D ( SOCIETIES HUMANS >E CAPABLE ( SUCCESSFULLY CREAT+ !REBY %AP+ FUTURE POSSIBILITIES & 9T]PRETATIONS ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS1 !Y T5D TO FAIL TO TRANSGRESS ! IDEA ?AT ONES CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE IS PURELY SUBJECTIVE & A MATT] ( P]SONAL PREF]5CE OR POLITICAL COMMITM5TS4 ,REPRES5T+ ?IS PO9T ( VIEW 9 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE8 ,HUMAN ,NATURE & ! ,POLITICS 9 ,N9ETE5?-,C5TURY ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM1 ,DAVID ,MORL& 7#a#i#i#g7 NOTES ?AT 

444 !RE IS NO UNIV]SAL AGREEM5T AB\T ! MEAN+ ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,BROADLY SPEAK+1 ! CONTROV]SY C5T]S ON :E!R HUMAN NATURE %\LD BE ?\<T ( AS SOME?+ 9NATE TO ! 5TIRE SPECIES ( ,HOMO ,SAPI5S OR :E!R IT \<T TO BE VIEW$ AS A REFLECT ( P>TICUL> 5VIRONM5TAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,HUMAN NATURE1 IT IS >GU$1 EI!R IS UNIV]SAL & SOME?+ ?AT IS 9H]5T 9 ALL ( US1 OR IS SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ )9 A GIV5 HUMAN & SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T 444 ,POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES1 9CLUD+ SOCIAL AN>*ISM (T5 RELY ON A CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE ?AT DRAWS ON BO? DIM5SIONS ( ?IS >GUM5T4 7P4 #c7 

,! DEBATE REG>D+ ! 9NATE QUALITIES ( HUMAN NATURE 9 ?IS CONTEXT DESCRIB$ BY ,MORL& 7#a#i#i#g7 T5D TO BE C5T]$ >\ND ! ISSUE ( :E!R IT IS 9H]5TLY GOOD OR EVIL4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE ?IS DEBATE & FOCI >E IMPORTANT1 !Y FAIL TO CONSID] ! 9SI<TS ( SCI5CE1 :I*1 ,I >GUE1 IS AN UN=TUNATE OV]SI<T4 ,IT IS CURI\S ?AT ! ONLY M5TION ( ,*OMSKY 9 ,MORL&'S 7#a#i#i#g7 BOOK IS HIS OBS]VATION ?AT !RE >E TOO MANY COMPET+ !ORIES )9 AN>*ISM TO BE ABLE TO ID5TIFY A G5]ALIZABLE IDEOLOGY4 ,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT ,MORL&'S 7#a#i#i#g7 WORK IS SPECIFICALLY C5T]$ ON N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/S1 ,*OMSKY1 A TW5TIE?-C5TURY AN>*I/1 AS DEMON/RAT$ BEL[1 PROVIDES ! ,WE/]N SCI5TIFIC_/,5LI<T5M5T L9K BETWE5 SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5?-C5TURY C\NT]HEGEMONIC S*OL>S1 SU* AS ,GALILEO1 ,DESC>TES1 & ,NEWTON1 ) ! LIKES ( ,PR\DHON & O!RS FROM ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,*OMSKY'S FOCUS NOT ONLY CONTRIBUTES TO ! DEBATE REG>D+ HUMAN NATURE1 BUT HIS HI/ORICAL CONTEXTUALIZATION (F]S 9VALUABLE 9SI<TS = UND]/&+ N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*Y4 

,ONE ( ! CLE>E/ EXAMPLES ( ,*OMSKY'S HI/ORICAL UND]/&+ ( :AT WE MI<T CALL AN AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY IS \TL9$ 9 HIS ESSAY 5TITL$ 0,LANGUAGE & ,FRE$OM10 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#g1 BUT REC5TLY REPRODUC$ 9 ,*OMSKY ON ,AN>*ISM 7,*OMSKY1 #b#e74 ,:AT FOLL[S IS !RE=E AN 5GAGEM5T ) AN AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY TAK+ ,*OMSKY'S WORK AS A PLACE ( DEP>TURE4 ,>GU+ ?AT ,WE/]N1 0LIB]T>IAN 444 ?\<T & REVOLUTION>Y ACTS ( ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY0 7P4 #a#b7 >E E*O$ )9 ! WORK ( ,S*ELL+ 7#a#g#g#e-#a#h#e#d71 :O ID5TIFIES ! ESS5CE ( ! HUMAN EGO AS FRE$OM1 ,*OMSKY 7#b#e7 LOCATES ! ROOTS ( AN>*Y )9 ! ,ROMANTIC BRAN* ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,AS WE OBS]VE BEL[1 ,R\SSEAU1 ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL >*ITECTS ( ,ROMANTICISM1 HAS ALSO PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY4 

,AL?\< DEEM$ TO BE NOT IMPORTANT BY MANY LEAD+ HI/ORIANS ( PHILOSOPHY1 SU* AS ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 7#a#i#d#e1 #a#i#g#b71 ,S*ELL+1 :O WAS A /UD5T ) ,HEGEL1 HAD SU* AN 9FLAT$ S5SE ( SELF1 IT HAS BE5 REPORT$ 7SEE ,GUTMANN1 #a#i#c#f71 ?AT HIS FRI5D%IPS W]E ALMO/ ALWAYS SACRIFIC$1 W\LD BE ABSOLUTELY LIVID TO KN[ HE HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO ! /ATUS ( UNIMPORTANT4 ,:E!R SU* CONCLUSIONS >E JU/IFI$ IS A MATT] ( DEBATE1 BUT \TL9+ ,*OMSKY'S AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY LEADS US TO HIS WORK NEV]!LESS4 

,HI<LI<T+ ! MAGNITUDE ( HIS EGO1 ,GUTMANN 7#a#i#c#f71 9 AN 9TRODUCTION TO ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,9QUIRES 9TO ! ,NATURE ( ,HUMAN ,FRE$OM 7,S*ELL+1 #a#i#c#f71 >GUES ?AT ,S*ELL+ FA%ION$ HIMSELF A LEAD] ( :AT HE UND]/OOD TO BE ! NEW REVOLUTION ?AT TAKES ! NOTION ( FRE$OM TO BE ! C5T] ( ALL PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE 7,GUTMANN1 #a#i#c#f74 ,?AT IS1 ,S*ELL+ >GU$ ?AT PHILOSOPHY ITSELF IS AN ACT ( FRE$OM1 & ?US ! PRODUCT ( A FREE HUMAN1 C>RI$ \T BY A SPECIES BORN = ACTION1 NOT JU/ SPECULATION1 R5D]+ PHILOSOPHY'S PLACE ( DEP>TURE BE+ ! ANN\NCEM5T ( SAID FRE$OM4 ,! CONNECTION TO ! ,ROMANTIC ,MOVEM5T )9 ,S*ELL+'S FOCUS ON FRE$OM H]E IS 9/RUCTIVE = UND]/&+ ! PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS ( ,*OMSKY'S AN>*ISM4 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,*OMSKY 7#b#e7 ID5TIFIES ,R\SSEAU'S 9SI/5CE ?AT ! ESS5CE ( HUMAN NATURE IS FRE$OM & CONSCI\SNESS ( ?AT FRE$OM1 :I*1 HE >GUES1 IS AN 5D[M5T UNIQUE TO ! HUMAN SPECIES4 

,EXAM9+ ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( !SE IDEAS ,*OMSKY 7#b#e7 LOCATES ,R\SSEAU'S CONCLUSIONS ?AT ME*ANICAL PHILOSOPHY CAN EXPLA9 NO?+ ( \R FRE$OM1 ?AT IS1 FREE WILL OR CONSCI\SNESS1 !RE=E ID5TIFIES AN>*Y AS CONTRIBUT+ TO ?IS TRADITION ( OPPOS+ :AT HAS DEVELOP$ 9TO A BEHAVIORI/ ONTOLOGY DOM9ANT 9 TODAY'S 9CREAS+LY CORPORATE-CONTROLL$ SY/EM ( MASS S*OOL+4 ,?AT IS1 ,*OMSKY 7#b#e7 NOTES ?AT IT IS 0/RIK+0 ?AT 0,R\SSEAU'S >GUM5T AGA9/ ! LEGITIMACY ( E/ABLI%$ AU?ORITY1 :E!R ?AT ( POLITICAL P[] OR ?AT ( WEAL? 444 FOLL[S A FAMILI> ,C>TESIAN MODEL0 :]E 0MAN IS UNIQUELY BEYOND ! B\NDS ( PHYSICAL EXPLANATION2 ! BEA/1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS M]ELY AN +5I\S MA*9E1 COMM&$ BY NATURAL LAW4 ,MAN'S FRE$OM & HIS CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS FRE$OM DI/+UI%ES HIM FROM ! BEA/-MA*9E0 7P4 #a#f74 ,ANY POLITICAL OR SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT ASSUMES OR TREATS ! HUMAN SPECIES AS NOT ESS5TIALLY FREE & 9DEP5D5T !RE=E REPRES5TS AN ATTACK ON HUMAN NATURE4 

,:ILE ,DESC>TES'S CONCEPTION ( M9D1 ?AT IT IS UNIQUE TO ! SPECIES & BEYOND ME*ANICAL EXPLANATION1 REMA9S 9TACT1 HIS CONCEPTION ( BODY HAS BE5 AB&ON$ BY ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY4 ,FUR!R CONTEXTUALIZ+ ?IS HI/ORY1 ,*OMSKY 7#a#i#h#h7 NOTES3 

,! ,C>TESIAN CONCEPTION ( BODY WAS REFUT$ BY SEV5TE5?-C5TURY PHYSICS1 P>TICUL>LY ! WORK ( ,ISAAC ,NEWTON1 :I* LAID ! F\NDATIONS = MOD]N SCI5CE4 ,NEWTON DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! MOTIONS ( HEAV5LY BODIES C\LD NOT BE EXPLA9$ BY ! PR9CIPLES ( ,DESC>TES' CONTACT ME*ANICS1 SO ?AT ! ,C>TESIAN CONCEPT ( BODY MU/ BE AB&ON$4 ,9 ! ,NEWTONIAN FRAMEWORK !RE IS A 0=CE0 ?AT ONE BODY EX]TS ON ANO!R1 )\T CONTACT BETWE5 !M1 A K9D ( 0ACTION AT A DI/ANCE40 ,:ATEV] ?IS =CE MAY BE1 IT DOES NOT FALL )9 ! ,C>TESIAN FRAMEWORK ( CONTACT ME*ANICS4 7P4 #a#d#c7 

,:ILE ! NOTION ( GRAVITY AS ACTION AT A DI/ANCE ) A PHYSICAL EXPLANATION HAS BE5 WIDELY ACCEPT$ 9 ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY1 ! IMPLICATIONS = ! M9D AS A SORT ( ACTION AT A DI/ANCE HOLDS ! BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATORY KEY = HUMAN FRE$OM & !RE=E L>GELY IGNOR$4 ,?IS NEGLIG5CE IS A/ONI%+ GIV5 ,*OMSKY'S CONCLUSION ?AT ! NOTION ( ACTION AT A DI/ANCE CONT9UES TO BE ! BE/ EXPLANATION SCI5CE HAS = HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE OR FREE WILL4 ,! BRA9 MI<T BE MATT] DESIGN$ TO PRODUCE ?\<T ELECTRICALLY1 BUT ! S\RCE ( ?AT ANIMATION REMA9S CL\D$ 9 MY/]Y4 ,?IS MY/]Y REPRES5TS1 = MANY SCI5TI/S1 SU* AS ,*OMSKY1 ! LIMITS ( \R SPECIES' 9TELLECTUAL 5D[M5TS4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 !RE >E SOME QUE/IONS ?AT >E BEYOND ! REA* ( HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE1 SU* AS1 ,:AT IS ! SCI5TIFIC EXPLANATION = ! S\RCE ( ! ACTION AT A DI/ANCE ?AT GIVES ANIMATION TO LIFE8 ,= ,*OMSKY1 ALL SPECIES HAVE LIMITS4 ,?IS %\LD NOT BE VIEW$ AS CONTROV]SIAL4 ,?AT IS1 MO/ SPECIES ( BIRDS HAVE BUILT 9 G5ETICALLY DET]M9$ NAVIGATION SY/EMS1 :I* HUMANS & MO/ O!R SPECIES1 C\LD NEV] ACQUIRE4 

,*OMSKY'S REJECTION ( ! RACI/ & SEXI/ PSEUDOSCI5CE ?AT ATTEMPT$ TO MANUFACTURE CONS5T = /]EOTYPICAL DIFF]5CES1 :I* L$ HIM TO FOCUS ON SIMIL>ITIES AMONG ! HUMAN SPECIES CO9CID$ ) FEM9I/ PSY*OLOGI/S ?AT OBJECT$ TO SCI5CE 9=M$ BY A HEGEMONIC & ?US UNCONSCI\S SEXI/ WORLDVIEW4 ,\TL9+ ?IS HI/ORY1 ,JUDI? ,WORELL 7#b71 9 0,FEM9ISM 9 ,PSY*OLOGY3 ,REVOLUTION OR ,EVOLUTION10 ELABORATES 9 GREAT DETAIL3 

,!Y PO9T$ \T ?AT RESE>*]S & ! PEOPLE !Y /UDI$ W]E PR$OM9ANTLY MALE2 ! TOPICS !Y /UDI$1 SU* AS AGGRESSION & A*IEVEM5T1 REFLECT$ MALE CONC]NS2 & ! RESULTS ( RESE>* BAS$ ON MALE SAMPLES W]E ASSUM$ TO APPLY ALSO TO WOM54 ,:5 WOM5 W]E /UDI$1 !Y W]E EVALUAT$ ACCORD+ TO A MALE /&>D1 SO ?AT WOM5'S P]SONALITY & BEHAVIOR W]E SE5 AS DEVIANT OR DEFICI5T 9 COMP>ISON4 ,= EXAMPLE1 E>LY RESE>* ?AT FOCUS$ ON SEX DIFF]5CES CLAIM$ ?AT 9 COMP>ISON TO M51 WOM5 W]E LESS MOTIVAT$ TO A*IEVE1 LESS ASS]TIVE1 & LESS PR(ICI5T 9 SCI5CE & MA!MATICS4 ,!SE PRESUM$ DEFICI5CIES W]E !N SE5 AS /]EOTYPES ( ALL WOM5 & W]E US$ TO D5Y WOM5 5TRY OR ADVANCEM5T 9 MALE-DOM9AT$ EMPLOYM5T SETT+S4 7P4 #a#h#e7 

,EXT5D+ ?IS SECOND-WAVE CRITIQUE ( MOD]N1 ,WE/]N SCI5CE'S T5D5CY TO PRODUCE KN[L$GE 9=M$ BY A PROCESS :]EBY ! WORLD IS SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ AS A S]IES ( HI]>*ICALLY CON/RUCT$ DUALITIES1 SU* AS MALE & FEMALE & :ITE & NON:ITE1 ,COLLE5 ,MAC-,CANTY 7#b#d7 >GUES ?AT ?IRD-WAVE FEM9ISM DECON/RUCTS ! V]Y NOTION ( DUALITY ITSELF4 ,MAC ,CANTY 7#b#d7 CRITIQUES SECOND-WAVE FEM9ISM = WORK+ 0)9 F\NDATIONAL ,WE/]N POLITICAL !ORIES SU* AS LIB]ALISM & SOCIALISM0 7P4 #a#e#e74 ,?IRD WAVE FEM9I/S1 ACCORD+ TO ,MAC-,CANTY 7#b#d71 ON ! O!R H&1 0WORKS TO BEG9 FROM ! SITUAT$ & AMBODI$ P]SPECTIVES ( DIFF]5T7+7 WOM50 7P4 #a#e#e74 ,MAC ,CANTY 7#b#d7 ID5TIFIES ?REE MA9 CAMPS ( ?IRD-WAVE FEM9ISM 9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY--G5]ATIONAL_/Y\? FEM9ISM1 PO/COLONIAL FEM9ISM1 & EC(EM9ISM4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 ,FEM9I/ ,!ORIES & ,$UCATION ,PRIM] ,LEILA ,VILLAV]DE 7#b#h7 HI<LI<TS MANY FEM9ISMS--,BLACK ,FEM9I/ ,?\<T & ,WOMANI/ ,FEM9ISM2 ,LAT9A_/,*ICANA ,FEM9ISM2 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN_/,9DIG5\S ,FEM9ISM2 ,ASIAN-,AM]ICAN ,FEM9ISM2 ,ISLAMIC ,FEM9ISM2 ,LESBIAN ,FEM9ISM2 & ,FEM9I/ ,/UDIES ( ,M54 ,CONTRIBUT+ TO ?IS EPI/EMOLOGICAL DIV]SITY1 CONSID]3 

0,!ORIZ+ ! ,POLITICS ( ',ISLAMIC ,FEM9ISM'0 BY ,%AHRZAD ,MOJAB 7#b#a7 

0,QUE] ,BLACK ,FEM9ISM3 ,! ,PLEASURE ,PR9CIPLE0 BY ,LAURA ,ALEX&RA ,H>RIS 7#a#i#i#f7 

0,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,*ICANA ,FEM9I/ ,DISC\RSE1 #a#i#g-#a#i#h0 BY ,ALMA ,G>CIA 7#a#i#h#i7 

0,PO/COLONIAL ,GEOGRAPHIES ( ,PRIVILEGE3 ,DIASPORA ,SPACE1 ! ,POLITICS ( ,P]SONHOOD & ! ',SRI ,LANKAN ,WOM5'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 ! ,U,K'0 BY ,T>IQ ,JAZEEL 7#b#e7 

0,PU]TO ,RICO3 ,FEM9ISM & ,FEM9I/ ,/UDIES0 BY ,ALICE ,COLON ,W>R5 7#b#c7 

,POLITICS ( ,MASCUL9ITIES3 ,M5 9 ,MOVEM5TS BY ,MI*AEL ,MESSN] 7#a#i#i#g7 

,! ,AGONY ( ,MASCUL9ITY3 ,RACE1 ,G5D]1 & ,$UCATION 9 ! ,AGE ( 0,NEW0 ,RACISM & ,PATRI>*Y4 ,BY ,PI]RE ,ORELUS 7#b#a7 

,:ILE ALL ( ?IS WORK & ALL ( !SE CRITIQUES1 :I* B>ELY SCRAT* ! SURFACE ( ALL ?AT HAS BE5 PRODUC$ & IS AVAILABLE1 C]TA9LY AFFIRM ,*OMSKY'S FOCUS ON BASIC HUMAN SIMIL>ITIES 7I4E41 A CREATIVE1 SELF-ACTUALIZ+ DRIVE71 FEM9ISM EM]G$ AS P>T ( ! PO/MOD]N RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! R$UCTIONI/IC T5D5CY ( MOD]N SCI5CE'S EXCLUSION>Y & COLONIZ+ IMPULSE4 ,IT IS !RE=E MY 9T5TION H]E1 AS /AT$ ABOVE1 TO >GUE ?AT ,*OMSKY'S DEMOCRATIC APPROA* TO ,5LI<T5M5T SCI5CE 7REJECT+ HEGEMONIC SCI5CE7 COMB9$ ) PO/MOD]NISM'S *ALL5GE TO ! ,WE/]N SCI5TIFIC T5D5CY TO SUBJUGATE NONELITE-,WE/]N KN[L$GE SY/EMS & WORLDVIEWS1 WORK TOGE!R TO =M A L>G]1 COMPLEX :OLE4 

,= EXAMPLE1 :ILE !RE >E MANY FEM9ISMS DUE TO ! COMPLEX NATURE ( P[] & CULTURE & !RE=E EXP]I5CE1 HUMANS1 9 G5]AL1 SEEM TO BE G5ETICALLY DESIGN$ TO CREATIVELY USE & DEVELOP ! ABILITY TO 9/ANTLY UND]/& LANGUAGE & BE CONSCI\S ( \R [N CONSCI\SNESS OR FRE$OM ?R\< SELF-REFLECTION1 FREE+ US1 9 P>T1 FROM ! IMPULSE ( REACTION & 9T]NAL DRIVE1 :I*1 AGA91 IT IS >GU$1 IS AN 5D[M5T UNIQUE TO HUMANS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 EV5 ?OSE SPECIES SU* AS APES1 ?AT >E ! MO/ CLOSELY RELAT$ TO HUMANS1 DO NOT POSSESS ! SAME G5ETICALLY DET]M9$ BRA9S AS US1 R5D]+ FRE$OM & ! CONSCI\SNESS ( FRE$OM \TSIDE !IR G5ETICALLY DET]M9$ 5D[M5TS4 ,HUMAN NATURE IS !RE=E1 AT ITS CORE1 A QUE/ION ( DEF9+ ! P>AMET]S ( HUMAN COGNITION OR 9TELLIG5CE4 ,BECAUSE ! NOTION ( FREE WILL1 = SCI5TI/S SU* AS ,*OMSKY1 IS A LITTLE KN[N PROP]TY1 HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE ITSELF IS NOT A WELL-DEF9$ PROP]TY4 ,:ILE HUMAN FRE$OM--A *>ACT]I/IC COMMON TO ! SPECIES--APPE>S TO BE A UNIQUE PROP]TY1 ! 9DEP5D5T ESS5CE ( LIFE IS UNIV]SAL4 ,?AT IS1 ! PRIM>Y QUALITY ( LIFE 7I4E41 TO BE ALIVE71 9 :ATEV] SPECIES ONE REF]S1 IS ?AT IT IS NOT DRIV5 OR GUID$ BY EXT]NAL S\RCES1 EV5 ?\< 9TELLIG5CE CAN BE MANIPULAT$4 ,! LIMITS & A*IEVEM5TS ( ANY GIV5 SPECIES >E DET]M9$ NOT BY EXT]NAL FACTORS1 BUT BY PHYSICAL G5ETICS1 9CLUD+ BRA9 /RUCTURE & SUBSEQU5T 9TELLECTUAL 5D[M5TS4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ! NOTION ( RACE & G5D] >E SOCIAL CON/RUCTS DESIGN$ TO P]PETUATE EXPLOITATIVE RELATION%IPS ) NO REAL LEGITIMATE CONNECTION TO OBJECTIVE SCI5CE4 

,! ABOVE 9SI<T ?AT 9TELLIG5CE IS NOT A WELL-DEF9$ PROP]TY & (T5 MANIPULAT$ TO S]VE POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( P[] IS P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT TO $UCATION1 :I* ! EXTRA5VIRONM5TALISM ( BEHAVIORISM ASSUMES1 IF NOT 9 !ORY1 !N 9 PRACTICE1 ! OPPOSITE4 ,?AT IS1 BEHAVIORISM1 & $UCATION 9 G5]AL1 IS BAS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT 9TELLIG5CE IS WELL DEF9$ & !RE=E PRECISELY MEASURABLE & EXT]NALLY CONTROLLABLE4 ,H[EV]1 FUR!R *ALL5G+ ! HYP]5VIRONM5TALISM ( ?IS BEHAVIORI/ PSEUDOSCI5CE1 ,NEWTON'S CONCLUSIONS ALSO /RONGLY SUGGE/ ?AT ! S\RCE ( \R FREE WILL IS NOT EXT]NAL1 BUT IS A FULLY 9TEGRAT$ ASPECT ( ! LIV+ HUMAN4 ,SCI5CE CAN !RE=E HELP 9TELLECTUALS UND]/& ?AT ! ALI5ATION OBS]V$ BY EXT]NALLY CONTROLL$ & MANIPULAT$ WAGEWORK]S IS A DIRECT1 NEGATIVE CONSEQU5CE ( ! OPPRESSION & SUBJUGATION ( FREE WILL4 ,IF ! ESS5CE ( ! HUMAN SPECIES IS FRE$OM1 !N ?OSE :OSE AU?ORITY IS D]IV$ FROM !IR ASSOCIATION ) SCI5CE %\LD1 !RE=E1 ADOPT ! SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT MO/ C5TRALLY EMBRACE ?IS DEMOCRATIC VALUE--AS A CONCLUSION ( SCI5CE ) POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS1 & 9 ! CURR5T NEOLIB]AL CONTEXT1 REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS4 

,= ,*OMSKY1 AS PREVI\SLY M5TION$1 !SE >RANGEM5TS >E CALL$ AN>*Y4 ,AN AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY--,*OMSKY'S AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY 9 P>TICUL>--IS !RE=E CONSI/5T ) ACCEPT$ KN[L$GE REG>D+ ! NATURE ( HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE & FREE WILL )9 ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY4 ,*OMSKY 7#b#e71 ALWAYS ! RIGOR\S SCI5TI/1 REJECTS ! USE ( DETAIL$ PROPOSALS TO PLAN :AT A FUTURE SOCIETY MI<T LOOK LIKE BECAUSE WE DO NOT KN[ 5\< AB\T ! NATURE ( HUMAN BE+S1 9/ITUTIONS1 SOCIETY1 & ! IMPLICATIONS ( 9TRODUC+ HUMANS TO NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURES TO VALIDATE SU* AN APPROA*4 ,RA!R1 ,*OMSKY 7#b#e7 SUGGE/S ?AT ! BUILD+ ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY %\LD BE 0EXP]IM5TAL1 GUID$ BY C]TA9 G5]AL IDEAS AB\T LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 AU?ORITY1 & DOM9ATION0 ALL[+ & 5C\RAG+ PEOPLE TO 0EXPLORE DIFF]5T WAYS ( WORK+ ?R\< ! MAZE & SEE :AT COMES NATURAL TO !M0 7P4 #b#b#a74 ,IT IS )9 ?IS PRACTICE ?AT NOTIONS ( SPONTANE\S LE>N+ & 9=MAL LE>N+ TAKE ON NEW MEAN+4 

,AN AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY IS !RE=E BAS$ ON ! UNCOMPROMIS+ RESPECT = ! 9TELLECTUAL FRE$OM ( ! LE>N]4 ,! MANY SUBJUGAT$ KN[L$GES REPRES5T$ )9 NEOCOLONIALI/ FEM9ISM1 TO TAKE JU/ ONE EXAMPLE1 (F]S DEEP 9SI<T 9TO ! RI*NESS ( 9TELLECTUAL FRE$OM4 ,IT (F]S A GLOBAL P]SPECTIVE ?AT F9DS JOY & SOLID>ITY 9 COMPLEXITY & T5SION LIKE :5 ,*OMKSY'S FIFTY-PLUS YE>S ( FE>LESS RESI/ANCE TO ,U4,S4 IMP]IALISM LEADS PO/COLONIAL1 FEM9I/1 ,M>XI/ S*OL> ,GAYATRI ,*AKRAVORTY ,SPIVAK TO PASSIONATELY EXCLAIM 9 H] ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY (FICE SUITE ?AT %E IS NO ,*OMSKY BECAUSE %E COMES FROM AN ELITE CLASS 9 ,9DIA ?AT EXPLOIT$ A L[] CLASS = ?\S&S ( YE>S R5D]+ H] UNWILL+ TO =FEIT COMPLEXITY = UNIFICATION4 

,H[EV]1 !RE IS A CONTRADICTION H]E1 BECAUSE ( \R CURR5T /ATE ( 9DOCTR9ATION & HEGEMONIC 9T]NALIZATION1 MO/ ( US >E NOT CONSCI\S ( ! 9SI<TS (F]$ BY \R UNIQUE POSITIONALITIES4 ,?AT IS1 MO/ ( US HAVE NEV] HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO PAUSE & TAKE ! NECESS>Y YE>S TO REFLECT ON ! IDEAS1 VALUES1 & BELIEFS ( ! DOM9ANT1 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ?AT WE HAVE 9T]NALIZ$ ?R\<\T \R LIVES4 ,AS A RESULT1 CAPITALISM1 BEHAVIORISM1 ! IDEA ?AT PEOPLE NE$ LEAD]S BECAUSE HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE IS SO EXTREMELY V>IABLE ?AT ! AV]AGE P]SON IS 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ 9TELLIG5T DECISIONS CONC]N+ IMPORTANT MATT]S SU* AS ! /RUCTURE & NATURE ( ! ECONOMY & =EIGN POLICY1 HAVE BE5 SO NORMALIZ$ & NATURALIZ$ ?AT WE REPRODUCE !SE /RUCTURES )\T REALIZ+ IT4 ,! ROLE ( AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY1 IT SEEMS1 IS TO POSE *ALL5GES TO /UD5TS ?AT W\LD REQUIRE !M TO CRITICALLY SELF-REFLECT ON ! WORLDVIEWS ?AT !Y HAVE ACQUIR$ OV] ! C\RSE ( !IR LIFETIMES4 ,AGA91 ONE ( ! PRIM>Y REASONS :Y ?IS SELF-REFLECTIVE WORK T5DS NOT TO BE PRACTIC$ 9 S*OOLS IS BECAUSE ( ! CONT9U+ DOM9ANCE ( BEHAVIORISM & ! BANK+ MODEL ( $UCATION4 

,:ILE ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY HAS LONG AB&ON$ ME*ANICAL EXPLANATIONS = HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS1 BEHAVIORI/S1 :I* ,*OMSKY NAMES 5VIRONM5TALI/S BECAUSE ( !IR EXT]NAL EXPLANATIONS ( HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE1 HAVE BAS$ !IR 5TIRE FRAMEWORK & CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE & CONSCI\SNESS POSSES NO UNEX-PLA9ABLE =CE & >E !RE=E M]ELY ! CONSEQU5CE ( EXT]NAL CONDITION+ 7I4E41 OP]ANT CONDITION+74 ,?AT IS1 BY R$UC+ HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE & LE>N+ TO ! L[-LEVEL CONDITION$ RESPONSES P]=M$ BY DOGS & RATS1 BEHAVIORISM--:I* CONT9UES TO BE ! DOM9ANT $UCATIONAL !ORY 9=M+ CAPITALI/ S*OOL+ 7I4E41 ,N,C,L,B & ,RACE TO ! ,TOP7--IGNORES ! SELF-REFLECTIVE1 COMPLEX 9TELLIG5CE1 & FREE WILL ?AT R5D] HUMANS A UNIQUE SOCIOCOGNITIVE1 9TELLECTUAL SPECIES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 BEHAVIORISM IGNORES ! HUMAN 5D[M5T ?AT LEAD+ ,5LI<T5M5T ?9K]S SU* AS ,GALILEO HAVE ID5TIFI$ AS \R MO/ NOBLE GIFT 7SEE ,MALOTT1 ,WAUKAU1 & ,WAUKAU-,VILLAGOMEZ1 #b#i74 ,REFLECT+ ON ! 9SI/5CE ( C]TA9 S*OL>S TO BASE !IR BEHAVIORI/ WORK ON REFUT$ CONCLUSIONS1 ,*OMSKY 7#a#i#h#h7 PROVIDES 9SI<TFUL REFLECTIONS3 0,ONE POSSIBLE ANSW] LIES 9 ! ROLE ?AT 9TELLECTUALS *>ACT]I/ICALLY PLAY 9 CONTEMPOR>Y--& NOT SO CONTEMPOR>Y--SOCIETY 444 ,! /&>D IMAGE IS ?AT ! 9TELLECTUALS >E FI]CELY 9DEP5D5T1 HONE/1 DEF5D]S ( ! HI<E/ VALUES1 OPPON5TS ( >BITR>Y RULE & AU?ORITY1 & SO ON4 ,! ACTUAL RECORD REVEALS A DIFF]5T /ORY4 ,QUITE TYPICALLY1 9TELLECTUALS HAVE BE5 IDEOLOGICAL & SOCIAL MANAG]S1 S]V+ P[] OR SEEK+ TO ASSUME P[] !MSELVES0 7P4 #a#f#e74 

,GIV5 ?IS HEGEMONIC ROLE ( SCI5CE 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ]A1 IT %\LD BE EXPECT$ ?AT ! UNIV]SITIES1 ! (FICIAL C5T]S ( KN[L$GE PRODUCTION1 %\LD S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( P[] & PRIVILEGE BE=E TRU? & ! DEMOCRATIC VALUES ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T_/SCI5CE_/PHILOSOPHY--REPRES5T$ 9 ,*OMSKY'S AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY4 ,BECAUSE ! (FICIAL *ANNELS ( KN[L$GE PRODUCTION ?AT >E MO/ C5TRALLY IMPLICAT$ 9 SOCIAL REPRODUCTION OR 5G9E]+1 ?AT IS1 COLLEGES ( TEA*] $UCATION1 SCI5CE ALONE1 AS >GU$ ABOVE1 IS NOT 5\< TO 5SURE /RUCTURES ( P[] >E NOT DESIGN$ TO BETRAY :AT WE KN[ AB\T HUMAN NATURE--?AT IS1 ITS PROP5SITY = FRE$OM & ! CREATE USE ( LABOR P[] & LANGUAGE4 ,:AT \R AN>*I/ APPROA* TO PO/=MAL PSY*OLOGY !RE=E NE$S IS A POLITICAL MILITANCY 9 DEF5SE ( SCI5CE AGA9/ ! BEHAVIORI/ T5D5CIES ( NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM AS A CURR5T MANIFE/ATION ( ! LIFE & LEGACY ( :I* ,COLUMBUS REPRES5T$4 ,BE=E WE MOVE ON TO ! NEXT SECTION WE CAN SUMM>IZE SOME ( ! MORE C5TRAL WAYS ,*OMSKY'S AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY MI<T 9=M \R PO/=MALISM3 

,UNLIKE A LOT ( REC5T AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE ?AT SEEMS TO FOCUS ON ?AT :I* IS \T ( \R IMM$IATE CONTROL1 SU* AS MA9/REAM PSY*OLOGY'S DEVA/AT+ GRIP ON NOT JU/ ! FIELD ( PSY*OLOGY BUT ON SOCIETY MORE G5]ALLY 7,FOX1 #b#d71 ! DRIV+ =CE BEH9D ,*OMSKY'S WORK1 FROM L+UI/ICS TO AN>*I/ CRITIQUES ( =EIGN POLICY1 IS AN UNTIR+ CELEBRATION ( HUMANITY'S MO/ NOBLE GIFT--\R FREE WILL--EXPRESS$ ?R\< \R 9F9ITELY CREATIVE USE ( LANGUAGE4 ,FROM ?IS L+UI/IC P]SPECTIVE ! ESS5CE ( HUMANITY IS !RE=E FRE$OM--! FRE$OM TO ?9K1 5GAGE1 & CREATE4 ,SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT FUNDAM5TALLY BETRAY ?IS 9H]5TLY HUMAN FRE$OM1 FROM ,*OMSKY'S SCI5TIFICALLY 9=M$ AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE1 MU/ !RE=E BE CONDEMN$ & DEPOS$4 ,= ,*OMSKY IT IS ,NEWTON'S DISCOV]Y ( ! PREVI\SLY M5TION$ ACTION AT A DI/ANCE ?AT CONTRIBUTES TO ! VA/ COMPLEXITY & SOPHI/ICATION ( HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE4 ,! ,C>TESIAN 9SI<T REG>D+ ! UNIQU5ESS ( HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE1 :I* ,NEWTON1 TO HIS [N DISPLEASURE1 AFFIRM$1 L$ ,DESC>TES 7#a#f#c#g1 #a#i#i#d7 TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT 0GOOD S5SE IS1 ( ALL ?+S AMONG M51 ! MO/ EQUALLY DI/RIBUT$0 7P4 #c74 ,K9*ELOE'S 7#b#d7 PO/=MAL COGNITIVE !ORY IS BAS$ ON A SIMIL> CONCLUSION1 ?AT 0MO/ /UD5TS :O DON'T SUFF] FROM BRA9 DISORD]S OR SEV]E EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS CAN 7& DO7 5GAGE 9 HI<]-ORD] ?9K+0 7P4 #a#i7 9 !IR DAILY LIVES1 EV5 IF NOT 5C\RAG$ OR NURTUR$ 9 =MALIZ$ S*OOL SETT+S4 

,AGA91 ,*OMSKY'S AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY *ALL5GES PO/=MALI/S TO BE CAUTI\S :5 WAG+ :OLESALE ATTACKS AGA9/ ,DESC>TES1 ,NEWTON1 & ,WE/]N SCI5CE 9 G5]AL BECAUSE !RE >E1 AS DEMON/RAT$ ABOVE1 C\NT]HEGEMONIC 9SI<TS TOO IMPORTANT & POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y TO DISREG>D--! NOTION ( ACTION AT A DI/ANCE 9 P>TICUL>1 :I* C\LD BE US$ BY PO/=MALI/S TO RI<TLY >GUE ?AT1 9 MANY WAYS1 !IR WORK REPRES5TS ! CONCLUSIONS ( SCI5CE ?AN DO ?OSE FREE-WILL-D5Y+ BEHAVIORI/S CLAIM+ TO BE DO+ SCI5TIFIC WORK4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 PO/=MALISM1 UN=TUNATELY1 HAS TOO (T5 MADE ! SAME MI/AKE AS BEHAVIORISM BY REJECT+ SCI5CE4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS ?AT BEHAVIORI/S REJECT SCI5CE TO ADVANCE AN 9DOCTR9AT+ AG5DA1 BUT CALL !MSELVES SCI5TI/S1 :]EAS POS=MALI/S REJECT1 9 MANY WAYS1 ,WE/]N SCI5CE 9 ! NAME ( SOCIAL JU/ICE & EMBRAC+ DIV]SE EPI/EMOLOGIES1 BUT DO NOT1 ( C\RSE1 CALL !MSELVES SCI5TI/S4 ,H[EV]1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT ! UND]LY+ LIB]ATORY1 TRANSGRESSIVE PURPOSE ( PO/=MALISM & CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS IS ESS5TIALLY ! SAME AS ! DEMOCRATIC HABITS ( ! SCI5TIFIC M9D EMBODI$ BY ! LIKES ( ,GALILEO1 & MORE REC5TLY1 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY4 ,SCI5CE1 AFT] ALL1 DID EM]GE 9 ,S\!RN ,EUROPE AS A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! OPPRESSIVE DOGMA1 DIV9E-RI<T MY/ICISM1 & UTT]LY BRUTAL & B>B>IC COLONIZ+ IMPULSE ( ! ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 

,AN>*I/ !ORY1 FROM A ,*OMSKIAN P]SPECTIVE1 CAN LEGITIMATELY 9VOKE ! AU?ORITY ( SCI5CE & SIMULTANE\SLY EXP& ! POSSIBILITIES = TAK+ PO/=MALISM TO ! /REETS1 AS IT W]E4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 AN>*I/S PRIDE !MSELVES ON BE+ PRACTICAL OR AT ! =EFRONT ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 7,GRAEB]1 #b#b74 ,PO/=MALISM1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON DEMOCRATIC KN[L$GE PRODUCTION AS P>T ( ! PROCESS ( RESI/+ DOM9ANT =MS ( OPPRESSIVE & CO]CIVE P[]1 CAN TOO EASILY FAIL TO MOVE ! !ORY & PRACTICE OR CRITICAL CON/RUCTIVISM FROM ! CLASSROOM TO O!R >EAS ( SOCIETY SU* AS PLACES ( EMPLOYM5T & PUBLIC PLACES 7I4E41 P>KS1 SIDEWALKS1 /REETS1 ETC474 

,T[>D A ,NEW ,FIELD3 ,A ,CON/RUCT$1 ,SITUAT$1 & ,MILITANTLY ,5ACT$ ,DISCIPL9E 

,BEG9N+ ) ,K9*ELOE'S IDEAS AB\T A CON/RUCT$ & SITUAT$ PSY*OLOGY1 OR ! NOTION ?AT ! IDEAS PEOPLE HOLD AB\T ! WORLD1 SU* AS ,WE/]N ,EUROPEANS' CON/RUCTION ( ,ORI5TALISM DUR+ ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES 7SEE ,SAID1 #a#i#g#h71 >E NOT OBJECTIVELY FIX$1 BUT >E RA!R SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ ?R\< HI/ORICALLY DEVELOP+ RELATION%IPS ( P[]1 IS1 NO D\BT1 ( EXTREME IMPORTANCE & ?US A C5TRAL COMPON5T ( \R PO/=MAL APPROA* TO $UCATIONAL PSY*OLOGY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 DOM9ANT IDEAS AB\T ! NATURE ( WOM5 >E SOCIAL CON/RUCTIONS DESIGN$ TO MANUFACTURE CONS5T = PATRI>*Y FROM M5 & WOM54 ,PO/=MALISM !RE=E REJECTS ! ONE RI<T ANSW] GR& N>RATIVE ONTOLOGY ( =MAL SCI5CE EMBRAC+1 RA!R1 A MULTILOGICALITY ?AT APPRECIATES & LE>NS FROM ! KN[L$GES & EPI/EMOLOGIES SUBJUGAT$1 DISRESPECT$1 &1 9 MANY 9/ANCES1 ALL BUT ]ADICAT$1 BY ! 5SLAV+ & COLONIZ+ ,EUROPEAN =CES ?AT HAVE TRANS=M$ 9TO NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM MA9TA9+ ! SAME 9SATIABLE APPETITE = ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? ?AT L$ ,COLUMBUS & HIS HIR$ H&S TO COMMIT SOME ( ! MO/ HORR5D\S1 B>B>IC =MS ( G5OCIDE NEV] BE=E WITNESS$ BY HUMANITY4 

,= PO/=MALI/S LE>N+ IS CONSEQU5TLY NOT JU/ ! PASSIVE TRANSMISSION ( FACTS1 OR ! OBJECTIVE1 DECONTEXTUALIZ$ COGNITIVE DEVELOPM5T ( LE>N]S1 BUT IT IS A =M ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT IS ALWAYS SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY M$IAT$ 9 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX & CONTRADICTORY WAYS BY DOM9ANT & SUBORD9ATE =MS ( P[]4 ,CONT9UALLY SEEK+ WAYS ( SEE+ & LOGICS ?AT >E C\NT]HEGEMONIC IS ?US A DRIVE =CE BEH9D PO/=MALISM4 ,MANY ( !SE WORLDVIEWS_/PHILOSOPHIES >E ! 9T]PRETIVE FRAMEWORKS ( ?OSE MO/ OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ WOM5 & M5 BY ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & ! =MALISM ( DOM9ANT SOCIETY 9T5D$ TO NORMALIZE & NATURALIZE ! 9SANE LOGICS ( CAPITAL4 

,ANALYSIS ALONE1 H[EV]1 AS \R ABOVE 5GAGEM5T ) AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY SUGGE/S1 IS NOT 5\< TO TRANS=M ! BASIC /RUCTURES ( P[] EMB$D$ )9 CAPITALI/1 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,! CONTRIBUTIONS AN>*I/ WAYS ( SEE+ MI<T 9=M ,K9*ELOE & O!RS' PO/=MALISM >E P>TICUL>LY 9/RUCTIVE1 ESPECIALLY AT ?IS TIME ( CRISIS :5 ! WORLD'S PEOPLE >E GR[+ EV] MORE TIR$ ( ! IRRESPONSIBLE PRACTICES & DAMAGES 9FLICT$ BY AN 9DU/RIAL1 GLOBAL CAPITALI/ RUL+ ELITE--! POSITIVI/IC =MALISM ( ! BOSS'S SCI5CE = PLUND]4 

,AW>E ( ?IS *ALL5GE POS$ BY CRITICAL !ORY1 MANY ( US ON ! $UCATIONAL ,LEFT >GUE ?AT \R WORK 9 TEA*] $UCATION *ALL5G+ FUTURE TEA*]S TO ASSI/ !IR FUTURE /UD5TS 9 DEVELOP+ CRITICAL CONSCI\SNESSES & VIEW+ !MSELVES AS CREATORS ( HI/ORY RA!R ?AN M]E SPECTATORS OR OBJECTS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS CON/ITUTES ACTION BEYOND ANALYSIS4 ,ON SOME LEVELS ?IS IS CORRECT4 ,H[EV]1 AT ! SAME TIME1 \R ASSUMPTION ?AT REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE WILL AUTOMATICALLY HAPP5 IF 5\< PEOPLE BECOME CRITICALLY CONSCI\S BECAUSE ( \R BIOLOGICALLY DET]M9$ 9TELLIG5CE AS A SPECIES1 IS1 9 SOME RESPECTS TRUE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME NAIVE & ,I W\LD >GUE EV5 IRRESPONSIBLE4 ,?AT IS1 REVOLUTION1 OR ! DISPLACEM5T ( RUL+ CLASS P[] 9 ! =M ( L>GE MULTI-BILLION- & TRILLION-DOLL> CORPORATIONS & CORPORATE_/RUL+ ELITE-CONTROLL$ GOV]NM5TS1 HAS HI/ORICALLY PROV5 TO BE A V]Y DANG]\S & CO/LY 79 T]MS ( BO? RES\RCES1 WEAL?1 & HUMAN LIFE7 5DEAVOR4 

,IF TEA*] $UCATORS 7& O!RS71 9 %>+ ) ! /UD5TS !Y WORK ) ! REVOLUTION>Y CONCLUSIONS ! EVID5CE REG>D+ ! BASIC /RUCTURES ( P[] SUGGE/S1 5C\RAGE FUTURE TEA*]S TO TEA* ! IMPORTANCE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 !N !Y MU/ !MSELVES DEMON/RATE ?R\< ACTION :AT ?IS MI<T LOOK LIKE 9 PRACTICE4 ,! *ALL5GE1 FROM ! PO/=MAL P]SPECTIVE \TL9$ 9 ?IS VOLUME1 IS !RE=E TO MODEL DEMOCRATIC1 NONVIOL5T REVOLUTION>Y AG5CY1 OR A MILITANTLY 5ACT$ PO/=MAL AN>*O-FEM9I/ PSY*OLOGY4 ,OP]AT+ )9 ! P>AMET]S ( 9/ITUTIONAL LE>N+ FACILITIES POSES SIGNIFICANT B>RI]S TO SU* MOVEM5T BECAUSE1 BY DESIGN1 AS >GU$ ABOVE1 !Y >E CON/RUCT$ AGA9/ ! CONCLUSIONS ( SCI5CE TO S]VE ! ELITE 9T]E/S ( REPRODUC+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AW>E ( ! DOME/ICAT+ IMPULSE ( 9/ITUTIONS ( $UCATION1 ANO!R RELAT$ B>RI] = ! CRITICAL $UCATOR IS OV]COM+ ! IMMOBILIZ+ FE> ( SPEAK+ = RA!R ?AN )4 

,?AT IS1 AW>E ( ! HI/ORICAL ROLE $UCATION HAS PLAY$ 9 SUBJUGAT+ ! KN[L$GE ( ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN & ,AFRICAN PEOPLES1 = EXAMPLE1 BY SPEAK+ = & REPRES5T+ ! O!R1 MANY ACADEMICS1 ESPECIALLY :ITES1 9 !IR ATTEMPTS NOT TO REPRODUCE ?IS PAT]NALI/IC T5D5CY1 TOO (T5 RESORT TO DO+ NO?+ AS A SAFE WAY TO AVOID ! NEGATIVE EFFECTS ( !IR 9T]NALIZ$ HEGEMONIES4 ,H[EV]1 = ! CRITICAL $UCATOR1 ?IS IS NOT AN OPTION4 ,= *ANGE TO OCCUR1 RISKS MU/ BE TAK51 BUT ) A P]SI/5T D$ICATION TO CRITICAL SELF-REFLECTION4 ,9 \R EF=TS TO BECOME TRANS=MATIVE AG5TS ( *ANGE WE MU/ !RE=E NOT BECOME TOO DOGMATICALLY W$D$ TO A P>TICUL> ANALYSIS OR CONCLUSION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE MU/ BE CONSCI\S ( ! SIGNIFICANT ROLE ( POSITIONALITY 9 9=M+ ONES ANALYTICAL PLACE ( DEP>TURE4 

,A ,NEW ,G5]ATION ( ,AN>*I/S3 ,POSSIBILITIES = AN ,5ACT$ ,MILITANCY 

,FIR/ & =EMO/1 WE CAN REIT]ATE BY NOT+ ?AT ! AN>*I/ *ALL5GE IS A *ALL5GE TO MORE COMPLETELY TRANSGRESS ! 9/ITUTIONS ( =MALISM1 SU* AS S*OOLS1 COLLEGES1 & UNIV]SITIES4 ,:ILE !SE SPACES (F] OPPORTUNITIES TO PRODUCE KN[L$GE FROM A DIV]SITY ( EPI/EMOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS1 ! QUALITATIVE LIMITS TO ?IS WORK >E DEF9$ BY ! 9/ITUTION ITSELF4 ,AN AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY W\LD EXT5D ,K9*ELOE'S 9SI/5CE ?AT LE>N+ IS A LIBID9AL1 FULL-BODY EXP]I5CE1 >GU+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( ! M9D FL[]S 9TO FULL BLOOM ONLY ?R\< ! COLLECTIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 9DOCTR9AT+ 9/ITUTIONS !MSELVES & ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 

,(F]+ SUB/ANTIAL HOPE H]E 9 0,! ,NEW ,AN>*I/S10 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 7#b#b7 DRAWS ATT5TION TO ! DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZ+ PRACTICES ( A NEW G5]ATION ( AN>*I/ *ALL5G]S TO NEOLIB]AL DOM9ATION4 ,(T5 OV]LOOK$ BY ,M>XI/S & MA9/REAM1 ACADEMIC1 CRITICAL P$AGOGUES & DEMONIZ$ BY CORPORATE M$IA AS VIOL5T1 ,GRAEB] 7#b#b7 >GUES ?AT SU* A MI/AKE C\LD NOT BE MORE S]I\S 9 !SE DESP]ATE TIMES4 ,\TL9+ :O !SE NEW AN>*I/S >E & :AT !IR PHILOSOPHY HAS LOOK$ LIKE 9 PRACTICE1 ,GRAEB] 7#b#b7 BEG9S ) ! ,9DIG5\S1 REVOLUTION>Y ,ZAPATI/AS ( ,*IAPAS1 ,MEXICO 7SEE ,KHASNABI%1 *AP4 #a#b74 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS' SUBJUGAT$ KN[L$GE IS PRECISELY :AT ,K9*ELOE'S PO/=MALISM >GUES IS NE$$ AT ?IS HI/ORICAL JUNCTURE4 

,>GU+ ?AT TODAY'S GLOBAL ACTION NETWORKS AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM1 SU* AS ! FAM\S PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION 7,W,T,O7 9 ,SEATTLE 9 #a#i#i#i1 CAN BE TRAC$ TO ! ,ZAPATI/AS' #aiid UPRIS+ & CALL = A WORLDWIDE NETWORK ( OPPOSITION TO NEOLIB]ALISM1 ,GRAEB] 7#b#b7 UND]SCORES ! PO/=MALISM ( TODAY'S NEW AN>*I/S4 ,IMPORTANT H]E IS ! MEAN+ ( GLOBALIZATION1 :I* HAS 9CORRECTLY BE5 ID5TIFI$ AS A NEGATIVE DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS ANALYSIS /EMS FROM ! NEGATIVE CONSEQU5CES ( ! LIB]ALIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,H[EV]1 ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( CAPITAL IS ACTUALLY ANTIGLOBALIZ+ BECAUSE IT LIMITS ! FREE MOVEM5T ( PEOPLE1 POSSESSIONS1 & IDEAS ACROSS BORD]S 7,*OMSKY1 #a#i#i#i2 ,GRAEB]1 #b#b74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 D]EGULAT+ CAPITAL HAS /R5G!N$ ! RUL+ CLASS &1 AS A RESULT1 LIMIT$ ! FRE$OM ( PEOPLE CREAT+ A LESS GLOBALIZ$ WORLD4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS' CALL AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM IS !RE=E A CALL = A MORE GLOBALIZ$ WORLD--A GLOBAL MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! ABUSES ( RUL+ CLASS P[] ?AT TAKES ! =M ( AN 9T]NATIONAL 0NETWORK0 RA!R ?AN AN 0ORGANIZ+ /RUCTURE0 ) A 0C5TRAL HEAD OR DECISION MAK]0 & !RE=E HAS 0NO C5TRAL COMM& OR HI]>*IES0 7,GRAEB]1 #b#b1 P4 #f#d74 

,BEG9N+ ) ! ,ZAPATI/AS' BLACK SKI MASKS1 RUBB] BOOTS1 & :ITE FLAGS ON !IR RIFLES SYMBOLIZ+ A P>ADOX--GUNS ?AT WANT TO BE SIL5T--! NEW AN>*I/S HAVE EMBRAC$ A PLAYFUL 5GAGEM5T ) \TRAGE\S SYMBOLISM MAT*+ ! EQUALLY ABSURD ]A ( NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM--AN ECONOMIC SY/EM ?AT CALLS ITSELF GLOBALIZATION :ILE EFFECTIVELY LIMIT+ ACTUAL GLOBALIZATION 7I4E41 ! FREE MOVEM5T ( PEOPLE & 9=MATION ACROSS BORD]S7 ?R\< SU* MEANS AS AN EXPLOSION 9 ! WORLD'S BORD] GU>DS & ! RE/RICTION ( IMMIGRATION FROM ! UND]DEVELOP$ SO-CALL$ ?IRD-WORLD TO FIR/-WORLD OR 9DU/RIALLY DEVELOP$ >EAS4 

,AGA91 RESPOND+ TO ! ABSURDITY ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y GLOBAL CONTEXT ,GRAEB] 7#b#b7 PO9TS TO ! /REET P$AGOGY ( ! RIDICUL\S :]E AN>*I/S 9 OV]/UFF$1 PADD$ CL[N CO/UMES LOB FLUFFY /UFF$ ANIMALS AT RIOT POLICE CONFUS+ ! MILIT>Y-M9D$ POLICE ( ! BOSSES4 ,?IS P$AGOGICAL APPROA* ALL[S EV5 ! RIOT POLICE !MSELVES AN OPPORTUNITY TO REFLECT ON ! ABSURDITY ( A SY/EM ?AT TREATS HUMANS LIKE *ATTEL & D5IES ! CREATIVE IMPULSE ( ! HUMAN BIOLOGICAL 5D[M5T4 ,SUMM>IZ+ ! SPIRIT )9 !SE NEW AN>*I/S ,GRAEB] 7#b#b7 NOTES ?AT1 0! G5]AL AN>*I/IC 9SPIRATION ( ! MOVEM5T1 :I* IS LESS AB\T SEIZ+ /ATE P[] ?AN AB\T EXPOS+1 DELEGITIMIZ+ & DISMANTL+ ME*ANISMS ( RULE :ILE W9N+ EV]-L>G] SPACES ( AUTONOMY FROM IT0 7P4 #f#h7 IS NOT NECESS>ILY AB\T REJECT+ ALL ORGANIZATION BUT IS AB\T 0CREAT+ NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION0 7P4 #g74 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,GRAEB] 7#b#b7 PO9TS TO 0SPOKEC\NCILS10 :I* >E3 

,L>GE ASSEMBLIES ?AT COORD9ATE BETWE5 SMALL] 0AFF9ITY GR\PS40 ,!Y >E MO/ (T5 HELD BE=E1 & DUR+1 L>GE-SCALE DIRECT ACTIONS LIKE ,SEATTLE OR ,QUEBEC4 ,EA* AFF9ITY GR\P 7:I* MI<T HAVE BETWE5 #d & #b PEOPLE7 SELECTS A 0SPOKE10 :O IS EMP[]$ TO SPEAK = !M 9 ! L>G] GR\P4 ,ONLY ! SPOKES CAN TAKE P>T 9 ! ACTUAL PROCESS ( F9D+ CONS5SUS 9 ! C\NCIL1 BUT BE=E MAJOR DECISIONS !Y BREAK \T 9TO AFF9ITY GR\PS AGA9 & EA* GR\P COMES TO CONS5SUS ON :AT POSITION !Y WANT !IR SPOKE TO TAKE4 7P4 #g#a7 

,SU* ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 NOT UNLIKE ! ANCI5T GOV]N+ MODEL PRACTIC$ BY ! ,MAYAN-BAS$ ,ZAPATI/AS (F]S EXCIT+ PROSPECTS = :AT LIFE AFT] NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM C\LD POSSIBLY LOOK LIKE 9 PRACTICE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 A MORE HORIZONTAL & LESS HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY IS NOT JU/ AN IMPOSSIBLE IDEAL1 BUT IS ACTUALLY REALI/IC4 ,H[EV]1 SU* PROSPECTS >E NOT )\T REAL *ALL5GES4 

,B>RI]S TO AN ,AN>*I/ ,PO/=MAL ,P$AGOGY 

,! B>RI]S TO 5ACT+ AN AN>*I/ PO/=MAL PSY*OLOGY >E MANY1 BO? 9T]P]SONAL & 9/ITUTIONAL4 ,:AT FOLL[S IS A BRIEF SUMM>Y ( !SE TWO TYPES ( B>RI]S4 ,H[EV]1 BE=E WE PROCE$ ,I %\LD PAUSE = A MOM5T & ACKN[L$GE ?AT ! 9T]P]SONAL & ! 9/ITUTIONAL >E NOT SEP>ATE & UNRELAT$ 5TITIES1 BUT >E RA!R P>T ( ! SAME L>G] :OLE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9/ITUTIONS EXI/ BECAUSE GR\PS ( 9DIVIDUALS CON/RUCT$ !M & EV5 L>G] GR\PS ( 9DIVIDUALS EI!R SUPPORT & UNCRITICALLY REPRODUCE !M OR *ALL5GE & OPPOSE !M4 ,MANY S*OL>S HAVE ID5TIFI$ ?IS TYPE ( RELATION%IP AS DIALECTICAL BECAUSE IT REPRES5TS A T5SION ( COMPET+ 9T]E/S :]E 9/ITUTIONS DET]M9E :O 9DIVIDUALS DEVELOP 9TO :ILE 9DIVIDUALS SIMULTANE\SLY %APE 9/ITUTIONS ?R\< BO? CRITICAL & UNCRITICAL AG5CY4 

,9/ITUTIONAL 

,FIR/ & =EMO/1 SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 SU* AS 9/ITUTIONS ( =MALIZ$ $UCATION1 HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ & DEVELOP$ >\ND BEHAVIORI/ MODELS ( LESSON PLANN+1 CURRICULUM DEVELOPM5T1 & CLASSROOM MANAGEM5T1 & 9T]NALIZ$ BY POLICY-MAK]S1 $UCATIONAL LEAD]S1 TEA*]S1 /UD5TS1 & C>EGIV]S TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT !Y >E VIEW$ AS JU/ H[ IT IS1 OR A NONP]SPECTIVE4 ,NO ,*ILD ,LEFT ,BEH9D & ,RACE TO ! ,TOP1 = 9/ANCE1 >E EXAMPLES ( H[ BEHAVIORI/ PRACTICES HAVE BE5 F$]ALLY 5=C$ ?R\< LEGISLATION4 ,( C\RSE NO:]E )9 !SE EXAMPLES ( LEGISLATION DOES IT SAY !Y >E 9=M$ BY BEHAVIORI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,RA!R1 !Y >E PRES5T$ AS ! OBJECTIVE RESULTS ( :AT SCI5CE TELLS US >E ! BE/ ME?ODS ( TEA*+ LIT]ACY4 ,! MESSAGE IS ?AT !Y >E NOT EMB$D$ ) A POLITICAL AG5DA1 BUT REPRES5T AN OBJECTIVE APPROA* TO LE>N+4 

,SUPPORT+ ?IS PROPAG&A APPROA* TO $UCATION IS ! CORPORATE M$IA1 :I* ALSO HAS PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE DEMONIZ+ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,EV5 MANY ,M>XI/S USE ! T]M AN>*Y TO DESCRIBE ?AT :I* IS ASSUM$ TO BE UNORGANIZ$1 UNDESIRABLE1 & UNPRODUCTIVE1 SU* AS ! AN>*Y ( ! M>KET4 ,:ILE ?IS T5D5CY HAS HI/ORICAL PRESID5TS BETWE5 ,M>X HIMSELF & PROM95T AN>*I/S SU* AS ,BAKUN91 IT IS C]TA9LY NOT HELPFUL TO ! MOVEM5T = DEMOCRATIC GLOBALIZATION4 ,H[EV]1 ! CORPORATE M$IA'S ATTACK ON AN>*Y HAS UND\BT$LY HAD F> GREAT] EFFECTS ?AN ,M>XI/S :O !MSELVES T5D TO BE IGNOR$ OR DEMONIZ$ BY ! SAME M$IA \TLETS4 

,GRAEB] 7#b#b71 = EXAMPLE1 PO9TS TO ! M$IA'S REPEAT$ 9SI/5CE ?AT ! AN>*I/S ( ! ,SEATTLE ,W,T,O PROTE/S W]E VIOL5T1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y HURT NO ONE4 ,:AT ! MA9/REAM1 CORPORATE M$IA SEEM$ TO BE MO/ FRU/RAT$ )1 >GUES ,GRAEB] 7#b#b71 WAS ! FACT ?AT ! NEW AN>*I/S W]E DECID$LY NOT VIOL5T4 ,?AT IS1 IT IS A LOT MORE DIFFICULT TO DEMONIZE & IGNORE A GR\P'S IDEOLOGY & POSITION :5 !Y >E NONVIOL5T4 ,! MASS M$IA W\LD HAVE HAD A MU* EASI] TIME CONV9C+ PEOPLE AN>*I/S W]E SC>Y MON/]S HAD !Y ACTUALLY BE5 PHYSICALLY ASSAULT+ POLICE (FIC]S & CIVILIAN BY/&]S4 

,IT IS !RE=E ! *ALL5GE ( CRITICAL PO/=MAL $UCATORS TO DEMON/RATE ?R\< \R TEA*+ & S*OL>%IP ! PRACTICAL REASONS :Y CRITICAL !ORIES & PRACTICES1 SU* AS AN>*Y1 >E FAVORABLE ALT]NATIVES TO ! NEOLIB]AL ORD] ?AT CURR5TLY DOM9ATES4 ,PEOPLE MU/ COME TO UND]/& ?AT ! CURR5T NEOLIB]AL TRAJECTORY IS NOT ONLY UNSU/A9ABLE1 BUT IT IS DANG]\SLY IRRESPONSIBLE4 ,! M$IA HAS CONDITION$ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE TO EQUATE DEMOCRACY & FRE$OM ) CAPITALISM R5D]+ ! /RUGGLE = G5U9E DEMOCRACY AN 9CR$IBLY DIFFICULT UND]TAK+4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 MANY CRITICAL P$AGOGUES HAVE GIV5 UP HOPE BELIEV+ ! ONLY WAY P>ADIGMATIC *ANGE WILL COME IS ?R\< ! CATA/ROPHIC PHYSICAL & ECONOMIC COLLAPSE ( ! CURR5T SY/EM4 ,:AT !SE 9/ITUTIONAL B>RI]S SUGGE/ IS ?AT P>T ( ! SOLUTION REQUIRES AN 9DIVIDUAL APPROA*4 

,9T]P]SONAL 

,:ILE ,*OMSKY'S AN>*ISM PROVIDES US ) MU* 9SI<T REG>D+ ! BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT ( HUMAN NATURE1 O!R AN>*ISMS & CRITICAL PSY*OLOGICAL !ORIES >E NE$$ TO BETT] UND]/& ! SOCIAL COGNITIVE CONTEXT ( ! M9D 9 & ?R\< SOCIETY4 ,TO BEG9 RECOV]+ FROM ! PSY*OLOGICAL DAMAGE DONE BY AN 9DOCTR9AT+1 :ITE-SUPREMACI/1 PATRI>*AL1 NEOLIB]AL SOCIETY NECESS>Y TO MORE FULLY EMBRACE AN AN>*O-FEM9I/1 PO/=MAL PSY*OLOGY & CRITICAL P$AGOGY1 WE NE$ SOME?+ MORE4 ,9 KEEP+ ) \R AN>*I/ !ME ( EXP&+ ! CIRCLE ( CRITICALITY1 WE CAN TURN TO ! AN>*I/ PSY*OLOGY ( ! LATE ,PAUL ,GOODMAN 7#b#a7 :O UND]/OOD ?AT CON=M+ TO ?IS SOCIETY W\LD LEAD TO ILLNESS1 BUT NOT CON=M+ W\LD LEAD TO DEM5TIA BECAUSE ?IS IS ! ONLY SOCIETY !RE IS4 ,?AT IS1 !RE >E NO O!R REALITIES TO ESCAPE TO4 

,SIMIL>LY1 FEM9I/ RE9T]PRETATIONS ( ,FREUD'S WORK 9 ! #a#i#gS BEGAN TO OBS]VE H[ WOM5 9T]NALIZE SEXI/ OPPRESSION AS A RESULT ( LIV+ UND] PATRI>*Y R5D]+ ! PSY*OLOGICAL LIFE UNHEAL?Y = MO/ WOM5 7,LE,L&1 #a#i#h#i74 ,O!RS 7,SA'>1 #b#e7 >GUE ?AT ! /ORY ( H[ WOM5 CONS5T TO PATRI>*Y IS MORE COMPLEX ?AN JU/ ! RESULT ( ! NORMALIZ+ CONSEQU5CE ( SOCIALIZATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,AMALIA ,SA'> 7#b#e7 NOTES ?AT SOME WOM5 CONS5T TO ! L>G] SY/EM ( SEXI/ OPPRESSION BECAUSE !Y B5EFIT MAT]IALLY FROM !IR RACIAL & CLASS ASSOCIATIONS & AFFILIATIONS4 ,! *ALL5GE = CRITICAL $UCATORS1 AS SUGGE/$ ABOVE1 IS !RE=E TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! RESULT ( A WORLD )\T OPPRESSION & CRUDE EXPLOITATION W\LD BE F> BETT] = EV]YONE1 EV5 ?OSE :O CURR5TLY B5EFIT ! MO/ FROM ! NEGATIVE SY/EM ?AT EXI/S4 

,CONCLUSION3 ,A ,PO/=MAL1 ,AN>*I/ ,SELF-,REFLECTION 

,! PRESSURES >E GREAT LIV+ 9 ?IS NEOLIB]AL1 HYP]CONS]VATIVE ,U4,S4 CONTEXT :]E ! VALUE ( ONES ID5TITY IS MEASUR$ BY !IR POSITION )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,BAS$ ON ! VALUES ( ?AT CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 AT ?IS MOM5T 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 MO/ PEOPLE >E DEF9$ AS R$UNDANT1 LOS]S1 FAILURES1 & !RE=E NOT USEFUL TO ! SY/EM4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 FROM ! DOM9ANT SET ( VALUES MO/ PEOPLES' CURR5T CIRCUM/ANCES >E A M>K ( %AME & WOR?LESSNESS4 ,H[EV]1 FROM ANO!R M>G9ALIZ$ & SUBJUGAT$ SET ( VALUES IT CAN BE VIEW$ AS A BADGE ( HONOR TO REFUSE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! PROCESS ( VALUE PRODUCTION1 WEAL? EXTRACTION1 & PLUND]4 ,MO/ PEOPLE :O F9D !MSELVES ON ! M>G9S1 H[EV]1 >E NOT !RE BY *OICE & !RE=E DO NOT NECESS>ILY POSSES A CRITICAL UND]/&+ ( !IR CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,AS A RESULT1 WE EI!R LIVE ) ?OSE 9T]NAL T5SIONS & TRY TO HELP PU% AHEAD1 OR WE RESORT TO \R CAPITALI/ CONDITION+ & ASSUME \R TACIT PLACE )9 ,JUNG'S COLLECTIVE UNCONSCI\SNESS4 ,TRANSGRESSION ( \R ID5TITIES 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 H[EV]1 REQUIRES A COLLECTIVE UPRIS+ :]E SOCIETY LIB]ATES ITSELF FROM ITS OLD ROLES AS WAGEWORK]S & SUBS]VI5T TO ELITE P[]4 ,AN 9=M$ & EMP[]$ POPULATION UND]/&S H[ DOM9ANT =MS ( P[] OP]ATE & TAKES ACTION TO D5Y ITS EXI/5CE SO DEMOCRACY & ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE CAN FL\RI%4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 \R ID5TITY CANNOT FULLY TRANS=M IF ! L>G] ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SOCIAL /RUCTURE & DI/RIBUTION ( P[] REMA9 ! SAME4 

,TO BE SUCCESSFUL1 RADICALS1 ESPECIALLY ! MO/ PRIVILEG$ 7I4E41 :ITE7 RADICALS1 MU/ 5GAGE 9 ?IS S*OL>%IP & MOVEM5T BUILD+ )\T ROMANTICIZ+ OPPRESSION & SUFF]+ SO MANY ( US FAIL TO CORRECT )9 \RSELVES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT IS A ROMANTIC1 PRIVILEG$ PO9T ( VIEW OR BELIEF ?AT ! MO/ OPPRESS$ CITIZ5S >E CRITICAL ?9K]S BECAUSE !Y >E OPPRESS$4 ,?IS IS A NAIVE IDEA 9=M$ BY A SIMPLI/IC & WRONG UND]/&+ ( ! ROLE ( IDEAS 9 CREAT+ CONS5T TO ! BASIC /RUCTURES ( P[]4 ,BELIEV+ ?AT ALL :ITE PEOPLE >E RI* & UNCRITICAL BECAUSE ( :ITE-SK9 PRIVILEGE IS AN EQUALLY 9ADEQUATE & ESS5TIALIZ+ 9T]PRETIVE FRAMEWORK4 ,TAK+ !SE PRECAUTIONS HEI<T5S ! PROSPECTS ( REA*+ O!RS C\NT]HEGEMONICALLY1 :I*1 ,I BELIEVE1 IS ONE ( ! PRIM>Y RESPONSIBILITIES ( ! PO/=MAL1 AN>*O-FEM9I/ CRITICAL P$AGOGUE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS \R TASK TO OPPOSE ! P[] /RUCTURE WE B5EFIT FROM1 :I* MEANS REA*+ ITS PRIM>Y SUPPORT]S--:ITE PEOPLE AS A SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC =CE & IDEOLOGY4 ,AGA91 ?IS IS DONE NOT JU/ BECAUSE IT IS UNFAIR1 BUT BECAUSE IT IS ! NECESS>Y = ALL PEOPLE TO REA* !IR FULL1 SUPPORT$1 9DEP5D5T POT5TIAL4 ,O!RWISE1 WE'RE MISSION>IES1 & MISSION>Y IDEOLOGY IS COLONIALI/4 ,TO REIT]ATE1 WE DO NOT ONLY PAY ATT5TION TO :ITE PEOPLE1 H>DLY1 WE ALSO WORK 9 SOLID>ITY ) DIV]SE COMMUNITIES FROM >\ND ! WORLD4 ,?IS IS FUNDAM5TAL TO \R WORK & GLOBAL MOVEM5T AGA9/ P[] & PRIVILEGE4 ,AGA91 ?IS WORK IS NOT SIMPLE OR CLE>-CUT2 IT IS COMPLEX1 TOO EASILY CONTRADICTORY1 & NEV] /RAI<T=W>D4 ,WE NEV]!LESS CONT9UE TO NEGOTIATE !SE SPACES ( T5SION & CONTRADICTION AS WE OPPOSE DOM9ANT =MS ( EXPLOITATIVE & OPPRESSIVE P[]--SOMETIMES ) SUCCESS1 & O!R TIMES SUFF]+ BITT] DEFEATS1 BUT ALWAYS KN[+ ! /RUGGLE WILL CONT9UE4 

,REF]5CES 

,BR[N1 ,S4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,BEYOND FEM9ISM3 ,AN>*ISM & HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,9 ,H4,J4 ,EHRLI* 7,$471 ,RE9V5T+ AN>*Y1 AGA91 #a#d#i-#e#e4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,*OMSKY1 ,N4 7#a#i#h#h74 ,LANGUAGE & PROBLEMS ( KN[L$GE3 ,! ,MANAGUA LECTURES4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,! ,M,I,T ,PRESS4 

,*OMSKY1 ,N4 7#a#i#i#i74 ,PR(IT OV] PEOPLE3 ,NEOLIB]ALISM & GLOBAL ORD]4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,SEV5 ,/ORIES4 

,*OMSKY1 ,N4 7#b#e74 ,*OMSKY ON AN>*ISM4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,COLON ,W>R51 ,A4 7#b#c74 ,PU]TO ,RICO3 ,FEM9ISM & FEM9I/ /UDIES4 ,G5D] & ,SOCIETY1 #a#g7#e71 #f#f#d-#i4 

,EHRLI*1 ,C4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,SOCIALISM1 AN>*ISM1 & FEM9ISM4 ,9 ,H4,J4 ,EHRLI* 7,$471 ,RE9V5T+ AN>*Y1 AGA91 #a#f#i-#h#h4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,FOX1 ,D4 7#b#d74 ,9T]VIEW3 ,ANTIAU?ORIT>IANISM1 AN>*ISM1 CRITICAL PSY*OLOGY1 LAW 444 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/WWW4D5NISFOX4NET_/PAP]S_/ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN4HTML_?#c 7ACCESS$ ,JUNE #b1 #b#a74 

,G>CIA1 ,A4 7#a#i#h#i74 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ,*ICANA FEM9I/ DISC\RSE1 #a#i#g-#a#i#h4 ,G5D] & ,SOCIETY1 #c7#b71 #b#a#g-#c#h4 

,GOLDMAN4 ,E4 7#a#i#f#i74 ,AN>*ISM & O!R ESSAYS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]4 

,GOODMAN1 ,P4 7#b#a74 ,DRAW+ ! L9E ONCE AGA93 ,! AN>*I/ WRIT+S ( ,PAUL ,GOODMAN4 ,OAKL&3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,GRAEB]1 ,D4 7#b#b74 ,! NEW AN>*I/S4 ,NEW ,LEFT ,REVIEW1 #a#c1 ,JANU>Y-,FEBRU>Y4 

,GU]91 ,D4 7#b#e74 ,NO GODS1 NO MA/]S3 ,AN AN?OLOGY ( AN>*ISM4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,GUTMANN1 ,J4 7#a#i#c#f74 ,9TRODUCTION4 ,9 ,F4,W4,J4 ,S*ELL+1 ,PHILOSOPHICAL 9QUIRES 9TO ! NATURE ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,LA ,SALLE3 ,OP5 ,C\RT4 

,H>RIS1 ,L4,A4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,QUE] BLACK FEM9ISM3 ,! PLEASURE PR9CIPLE4 ,FEM9I/ ,REVIEW1 #e#d1 ,CONFRONT+ ,FEM99E ,OR?ODOXIES1 #c-#c4 

HOOKS1 B4 7#a#i#h#d74 ,FEM9I/ !ORY3 ,FROM M>G9 TO C5T]4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS4 

HOOKS1 B4 7#b74 ,FEM9ISM IS = EV]YBODY3 ,PASSIONATE POLITICS4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS4 

,JAZEEL1 ,T4 7#b#f74 ,PO/COLONIAL GEOGRAPHIES ( PRIVILEGE3 ,DIASPORA SPACE1 ! POLITICS ( P]SONHOOD & ! 0,SRI ,LANKAN ,WOM5'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 ! ,U,K40 ,TRANSACTIONS ( ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,BRITI% ,GEOGRAPHIES1 #a#i-#c#c4 

,K9*ELOE1 ,J4 7#b#d74 ,MULTIPLE 9TELLIG5CES RECONSID]$4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PET] ,LANG4 

,K9*ELOE1 ,J4 7#b#e74 ,CRITICAL CON/RUCTIVISM PRIM]4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PET] ,LANG4 

,K9*ELOE1 ,J4 7#b#h74 ,CRITICAL P$AGOGY PRIM]1 #bND $4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PET] ,LANG4 

,KORNEGG]1 ,P4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,AN>*ISM3 ,! FEM9I/ CONNECTION4 ,9 ,H4,J4 ,EHRLI* 7,$471 ,RE9V5T+ AN>*Y1 AGA91 #a#e#f-#f#h4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,LE$]1 ,E4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,LET \R MO!RS %[ ! WAY4 ,9 ,H4,J4 ,EHRLI* 7,$471 ,RE9V5T+ AN>*Y1 AGA91 #a#d#b-#d#h4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,LE,L&1 ,D4 7#a#i#h#i74 ,LACANIAN PSY*OANALYSIS & ,FR5* FEM9ISM3 ,T[>D AN ADEQUATE POLITICAL PSY*OLOGY4 ,HYPATIA1 #c7#c71 #h#a-#a#c4 

,MAC-,CANTY1 ,C4 7#b#d74 ,?IRD-WAVE FEM9ISM & ! NE$ TO REWEAVE !NATURE_/ CULTURE DUALITY4 ,N,W,S,A ,J\RNAL1 #a#f7#c71 #a#e#d-#g#i4 

,MALOTT1 ,C41 ,WAUKAU1 ,L4 @& ,WAUKAU-,VILLAGOMEZ1 ,L4 7#b#i74 ,TEA*+ ,NATIVE ,AM]ICA ACROSS ! CURRICULUM3 ,A CRITICAL 9QUIRY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PET] ,LANG4 

,MESSN]1 ,M4 7#a#i#i#g74 ,POLITICS ( MASCUL9ITIES3 ,M5 9 MOVEM5TS4 ,?\S& ,OAKS1 ,C,A3 ,SAGE4 

,MOJAB1 ,S4 7#b#a74 ,!ORIZ+ ! POLITICS ( 0,ISLAMIC FEM9ISM40 ,FEM9I/ ,REVIEW1 #f#i1 #a#b#d-#d#f4 

,MORL&1 ,D4 7#a#i#i#g74 ,DEM&+ ! IMPOSSIBLE8 ,HUMAN NATURE & POLITICS 9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIAL AN>*ISM4 ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL4 

,ORELUS1 ,P4 7#b#a74 ,! AGONY ( MASCUL9ITY3 ,RACE1 G5D]1 & $UCATION 9 ! AGE ( 0NEW0 RACISM & PATRI>*Y4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PET] ,LANG4 

,RUSSELL1 ,B4 7#a#i#d#e74 ,! HI/ORY ( ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,SIMON @& ,S*U/]4 

,SA'>1 ,A4 7#b#e74 ,PO/COLONIAL FEM9ISM1 ! POLITICS ( ID5TIFICATION1 & ! LIB]AL B>GA94 ,G5D] & ,SOCIETY1 #a#i7#e71 #f#h-#g4 

,SAID1 ,E4 7#a#i#g#h74 ,ORI5TALISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE4 

,S*ELL+1 ,F4,W4,J4 7#a#i#c#f74 ,PHILOSOPHICAL 9QUIRIES 9TO ! NATURE ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,LA ,SALLE3 ,OP5 ,C\RT4 

,VILLAV]DE1 ,L4 7#b#h74 ,FEM9I/ !ORIES & $UCATION PRIM]4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PET] ,LANG4 

,WORELL1 ,J4 7#b74 ,FEM9ISM 9 PSY*OLOGY3 ,REVOLUTION OR EVOLUTION8 ,ANNALS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,ACADEMY ( ,POLITICAL & ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CE1 #e#g#a1 ,FEM9I/ ,VIEWS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES1 #a#h#c-#i#f4 

,*,A,P,T,] #a#e4 ,PAIDEIA = ,PRAXIS3 ,PHILOSOPHY & ,P$AGOGY AS ,PRACTICES ( ,LIB]ATION 

,NA?AN ,JUN 

,9TRODUCTION3 ,A ,PILGRIMAGE TO ,=E/ ,HOME 

,IT IS EASY = ACADEMIC WORK]S1 EV5 ?OSE ( US :O CONSID] \RSELVES AN>*I/S1 TO BECOME DETA*$ & DIS5GAG$ FROM ! SAD REALITIES ( ! WORLD4 ,DUR+ ! TWO OR SO YE>S ,I WAS WRIT+ MY DISS]TATION1 ,I WAS (T5 SO 5GROSS$ 9 PHILOSOPHICAL M9UTIAE ?AT ,I'D =GET ?AT ! RI*E/ #b P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S ADULTS CONTROL MORE ?AN HALF ( ! WORLD'S WEAL?1 :ILE ! BOTTOM HALF [NS B>ELY #a P]C5T2 ?AT ! COMB9$ WEAL? ( ! ?REE RI*E/ 9DIVIDUALS IS GREAT] ?AN ! COMB9$ ,GROSS ,DOME/IC ,PRODUCT ( ! =TY-EI<T POORE/ C\NTRIES2 ?AT ( ! ONE HUNDR$ L>GE/ ECONOMIES1 MORE ?AN FIFTY >E CORPORATIONS2 ?AT ?REE BILLION PEOPLE >E LIV+ ON LESS ?AN ONE DOLL> A DAY2 ?AT TW5TY-FIVE MILLION PEOPLE 9 ,AFRICA >E DY+ ( ,A,I,D,S2 ?AT EI<T-HUNDR$ MILLION PEOPLE LACK ACCESS TO BASIC HEAL? C>E2 ?AT EI<T-HUNDR$ & SEV5TY MILLION PEOPLE >E ILLIT]ATE2 ?AT SEV5-HUNDR$ MILLION PEOPLE >E />V+ OR MALN\RI%$4 ,MY REACTION TO !SE LAPSES ( MEMORY WAS ALWAYS ! SAME3 ,I FELT A%AM$ ( MYSELF4 ,H[ C\LD ,I SIT 9 ! COM=T ( MY AP>TM5T 9 A CLEAN1 SAFE1 MIDDLE-CLASS NEI<BORHOOD1 AN ALI5 TO ! /RUGGLE1 & WRITE A DISS]TATION AB\T ! EVILS ( POV]TY & /ATE-SPONSOR$ VIOL5CE1 ALL ! :ILE AW>E ( MY [N COMPLICITY 9 ! V]Y SY/EM :I* G5]ATES !SE EVILS & UNLEA%ES !M UPON ! WORLD8 

,! ROLE ( 9TELLECTUALS 9 G5]AL & ACADEMIC WORK]S 9 P>TICUL> )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T IS FAM\SLY AMBIGU\S4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE LONG H>BOR$ SKEPTICISM T[>D =MAL ACADEMIC 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* !Y T5D$ TO REG>D1 RI<TLY1 AS ANCILL>IES ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC ORD]4 0,IT WAS NOT = ! ,PEOPLE10 ,PR\DHON WRITES1 0?AT ! ,POLYTE*NIC1 ! ,NORMAL ,S*OOL1 ! ,MILIT>Y ,S*OOL AT ,/ ,CYR1 ! ,S*OOL ( ,LAW1 W]E F\ND$2 IT WAS TO SUPPORT1 /R5G!N1 & =TIFY ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 CLASSES1 9 ORD] TO COMPLETE & MAKE IRREVOCABLE ! SPLIT BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! UPP] CLASS0 7,PR\DHON1 #a#i#g#b1 P4 #a#a#a74 ,9 A SIMIL> VE91 ,BAKUN9 >GUES ?AT 0JU/ AS ,CA?OLICISM ONCE SANCTION$ ! VIOL5CE P]PETRAT$ BY ! NOBILITY UPON ! PEOPLE1 SO DOES ! UNIV]SITY1 ?IS *UR* ( B\RGEOIS SCI5CE1 EXPLA9 & CONDONE ! EXPLOITATION ( ! SAME PEOPLE BY B\RGEOIS CAPITAL0 7,BAKUN91 #a#i#i#b1 P4 #a#b#d74 ,ACADEMICS1 9 TURN1 >E 0BY !IR V]Y NATURE 9CL9$ TO ALL SORTS ( 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CORRUPTION10 *IEFLY A T5D5CY T[>D >ROGANCE & POMPOSITY 7,BAKUN91 #a#i#i1 P4 #a#c#d74 7,ANYONE :O HAS SP5T MORE ?AN FIVE M9UTES AT AN ACADEMIC CONF]5CE CAN SC>CELY TAKE ISSUE ) ?IS OBS]VATION74 ,AT !IR WOR/1 ,BAKUN9 SAYS1 !Y >E 0MOD]N PRIE/S ( LIC5S$ POLITICAL & SOCIAL QUACK]Y .<:O.> POISON ! UNIV]SITY Y\? SO EFFECTIVELY ?AT IT W\LD TAKE A MIRACLE TO CURE !M0 & :O PRODUCE 0DOCTR9AIRE.<S.> FULL ( CONCEIT & CONTEMPT = ! RABBLE1 :OM .<!Y >E.> READY TO EXPLOIT 9 ! NAME ( .<!IR.> 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL SUP]IORITY0 7,BAKUN91 #a#i#i#b1 P4 #g#d74 ,REGRETTABLY ALL ( ,BAKUN9'S CLAIMS1 ?\< WRITT5 9 ! #a#h#fS & '#gS1 REMA9 JU/ AS TRUE 9 ! PRES5T DAY4 ,AS ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS WRITES3 

,WE DO NOT WANT TO BE LIKE !SE PEOPLE .<B\RGEOIS ACADEMICS.> 444 ,!RE IS HONOR AMONG ?IEVES1 & WE PREF] ?AT K9D TO ! HONOR ( TITL$ PR(ESSIONALS4 ,IMAG9E ! HYPOCRISY1 ! BL9DNESS1 ( ! SOCIAL SCI5TI/S /UDY+ 0HI]>*Y & P[]0 EVID5T 9 ONE P>TICUL> SC5E1 ! RECEPTION D9N] AT ! 5D ( ! CONF]5CE4 ,A HUNDR$ LADIES & G5TLEM5 9 EXP5SIVE DRESSES & SUITS1 GOBBL+ UP HORS D'\EVRES 9 A BUILD+ GU>D$ BY PRIVATE SECURITY 9 ! CAPITAL ( A POOR C\NTRY1 ONLY ES!TICALLY AW>E ( ! DOZ5 T-%IRT-& JEANS-CLAD AN>*I/S AMONG !M1 SOME PACK+ WEAPONS BECAUSE !IR V]Y REAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ HI]>*Y PUTS !M 9 CON/ANT RISK ( ATTACK BY FASCI/S1 CASUALLY /EAL+ SILV]W>E & FILL+ PLA/IC BAGS ) BANQUET DELICACIES TO FE$ !MSELVES = ! NEXT FEW DAYS4 ,I RECALL ONE CONV]SATION3 A FLIRTY PR( M5TION$ ! LOVELY SEASIDE HOTEL HE /AY$ 9 DUR+ A CONF]5CE 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,I C\LDN'T HELP BUT 9T]JECT3 0AH YES1 !RE US$ TO BE A FI%]M5'S VILLAGE !RE BE=E !Y DEMOLI%$ IT & BUILT ! >TIFICIAL BEA*4 ,IT WAS REALLY NICE40 ,HE DIDN'T GET ! IRONY4 ,LET ME REPEAT3 WE DO NOT WANT TO BE LIKE !SE PEOPLE4 7,GELD]LOOS1 #b#g7 

,EV5 HONE/1 CLE>-EY$1 & WELL-9T5TION$ ACADEMICS--! K9D ( ACADEMICS WE WANT TO BE--CON/ANTLY RUN ! RISK ( VALORIZ+ ! AB/RACT & !ORETICAL AT ! EXP5SE ( ! CONCRETE & ! PRACTICAL4 ,?IS IS A S]I\S PROBLEM S9CE1 AS ,BAKUN9 NOTES1 0AB/RACTION CAN EASILY CONCEIVE ! PR9CIPLE ( REAL & LIV+ 9DIVIDUALITY BUT IT CAN HAVE NO DEAL+S ) REAL & LIV+ 9DIVIDUALS0 7,BAKUN91 #b#d1 P4 #c#e74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !ORETICAL ANALYSIS & O!R =MS ( 9TELLECTUAL WORK DO NOT BY !MSELVES GU>ANTEE ANY MEAN+FUL CONNECTION ) ! CONCRETE1 LIV$ EXP]I5CE ( HUMAN BE+S1 :I* IS PRECISELY :Y !ORETICAL ANALYSIS T5DS TO 9VITE DIS5GAGEM5T & DETA*M5T FROM REALITY4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ,ROCK] WRITES1 0ALL HI<] UND]/&+1 EV]Y NEW PHASE ( 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T1 EV]Y EPO*-MAK+ ?\<T1 GIV+ M5 NEW VI/AS = CULTURAL ACTIVITIES1 HAS BE5 ABLE TO PREVAIL ONLY ?R\< CON/ANT /RUGGLE ) 444 AU?ORITY0 7,ROCK]1 #a#i#i#g1 P4 #h#d74 ,?IS ILLU/RATES ONE ( ! MAJOR *ALL5GES :I* AN>*I/ ACADEMIC WORK]S FACE--NAMELY1 H[ TO M>%AL \R 9TELLECTUAL WORK 9 ! LIV$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ AU?ORITY & ! S]VICE ( HUMAN LIB]ATION4 ,TWO YE>S AFT] COMPLET+ MY DISS]TATION1 AN ASSI/ANT PR(ESSOR ( PHILOSOPHY 9 A PROV9CIAL ,NOR? ,TEXAS MILIT>Y T[N1 IT IS A *ALL5GE :I* ,I MYSELF FACE ON A DAILY BASIS4 

,ON ,JULY #a#g1 #b#a1 ! SEV5TY-F\R? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 MY WIFE & ,I VISIT$ ,=E/ ,HOME ,CEMET]Y \TSIDE ,*ICAGO1 :]E SOME ( ! MO/ FAM\S & BELOV$ FIGURES ( ! HI/ORICAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T >E BURI$4 ,IT WAS 9 ?AT SPOT1 9 ! %AD[ ( ! ,HAYM>KET ,M>TYRS ,MONUM5T1 ?AT A DE> COMRADE ( \RS HAD *OS5 TO CELEBRATE HIS COMMITM5T C]EMONY4 ,AS HAPPY AS ,I WAS = ,BILL & HIS P>TN]1 ! EXP]I5CE ( /&+ AMID ! REMA9S ( ?OSE H]OES WAS 9F9ITELY MORE H>R[+ ?AN IT WAS ! FIR/ TIME ,I VISIT$ ! CEMET]Y4 ,?AT WAS 9 #aiii :51 NEWLY RADICALIZ$ 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ,SEATTLE & FLU%$ ) A ROMANTIC REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR1 ,I V5TUR$ \T TO LAY ROSES AT ! BASE ( ! ,MONUM5T & UPON ! GRAVES ( ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,LUCY ,P>SONS1 & ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE4 

,HAV+ BE5 RAIS$ 9 A RELIGI\S H\SEHOLD1 ,I AM NO /RANG] TO ! CONCEPT ( PILGRIMAGE2 9DE$ ,I CONT9UE TO APPRECIATE IT EV5 ?\< ,I HAVE LONG S9CE AB&ON$ ALL RELIGI\S CRE$S4 ,TO RELIGI\S PEOPLE1 ! PO9T ( PILGRIMAGE IS TO DRAW NE> TO HOL9ESS1 TO IMM]SE !MSELVES 9 ! SACR$4 ,:ILE MO/ AN>*I/S >E NOT RELIGI\S1 WE >E NONE!LESS PEOPLE ( GREAT & UNWAV]+ FAI?--FAI? 9 ! VALUES ( LIB]TY & EQUALITY1 9 ! CAPACITY ( HUMANK9D TO CON/RUCT A WORLD FREE ( GRE$1 OPPRESSION1 & VIOL5CE4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 WE BELONG TO AN OLD & AUGU/ TRADITION POPULAT$ BY O!RS :O HAVE %>$ ?IS FAI? & HAVE EV5 LAID D[N !IR LIVES 9 ITS NAME4 ,:5EV] ,I VISIT ,=E/ ,HOME1 ,I FEEL A DEEP & PR(\ND CONNECTION TO !SE H]OIC =EBE>S2 A PR(\ND S5SE ( BELONG+ TO SOME?+ L>G] & MORE P[]FUL ?AN MYSELF2 A VISC]AL PRIDE 9 ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS & SACRIFICES ( 0MY0 MOVEM5T ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 ,?AT WAS ! PO9T ( PA/ PILGRIMAGES3 TO KEEP SIL5T & SOLIT>Y COMPANY1 H[EV] BRIEF1 ) GIANTS--! GIANTS UPON :OSE %\LD]S WE /& UPON TODAY4 ,?IS MO/ REC5T PILGRIMAGE1 H[EV]1 WAS DIFF]5T4 ,GAZ+ AT ! ,HAYM>KET ,MONUM5T1 LOOK+ D[N AT ! GRAVES ( ,GOLDMAN & ,P>SONS & DE ,CLEYRE1 ,I ?\<T AB\T :AT !SE PEOPLE DID & WOND]$ H[ ,I C\LD D>E TO C\NT MYSELF AMONG !M4 ,AFT] ALL1 :AT WAS ,I DO+ TO M]IT ! HONORABLE TITLE ( 0AN>*I/08 ,AS ,BECKETT W\LD SAY1 0V]Y LITTLE1 ALMO/ NO?+40 

,9 MY S*OL>LY WORK ,I JO9 ,BAKUN9 9 CONDEMN+ AB/RACTION AS POLITICALLY1 SOCIALLY1 & ECONOMICALLY OPPRESSIVE1 YET ISN'T !RE SOME?+ 9CR$IBLY HYPOCRITICAL AB\T ?IS8 ,ISN'T ,BAKUN9 RI<T1 AFT] ALL1 9 9TIMAT+ ?AT S*OL>LY WORK IS ITSELF A =M ( AB/RACTION8 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 DOES NOT ?IS AB/RACTION 5TITLE ME TO PRIVILEGE--PRIVILEGE :I* IS D5I$ TO O!RS1 PRIVILEGE :I* PREJUDICES MY WORK & ALI5ATES ME FROM ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 PRIVILEGE :I* ,I CONSI/5TLY & CON/ANTLY TAKE = GRANT$8 ,& :AT1 AT ! 5D ( ! DAY1 DOES ?IS AB/RACTION DO TO PROMOTE ! LIB]ATION ( HUMANK9D8 ,DOES IT P]HAPS DO NO?+8 ,WORSE1 DOES IT ACTUALLY S]VE TO P]PETUATE DOM9ATION8 ,9 ! FACE ( SU* SUSPICION1 IT IS LITTLE WOND] ?AT SO MANY ONL9E AN>*I/ & ,LEFT-SOCIALI/ =UMS >E CON/ANTLY BRIMM+ ) 9VECTIVE AGA9/ 0ACADEMICS10 OR ?AT ,I (T5 F9D MYSELF FEEL+ A%AM$ & GUILTY 9 ! PRES5CE ( COMRADES4 ,:E!R SU* SUSPICION & ! ACCOMPANY+ SELF-D\BT >E W>RANT$ REMA9S TO BE SE54 ,MY PO9T IS ?AT ,I F9D MYSELF ?9K+ & WORRY+ & GETT+ DEPRESS$ AB\T !SE ISSUES ALL ! TIME1 & ,I KN[ ?AT ,I AM NOT ALONE 9 ?IS4 ,ANY HONE/ AN>*I/ :O F9DS HIMSELF OR H]SELF TOIL+ 9 ! B[ELS ( ACADEMIA & K9DR$ 9/ITUTIONS CANNOT AVOID !SE FEEL+S4 ,! SALI5T QUE/ION1 & ONE :I* ,I AM KE5 TO DISCUSS 9 ?IS ESSAY1 IS :E!R !Y >E RATIONAL OR AT LEA/ UND]/&ABLE2 :E!R !Y CAN BE OV]COME ) A M9D TO TRANS=M+ US = ! BETT]2 :E!R !Y CAN IMPEL US TO ?9K OR ACT DIFF]5TLY4 ,I ?9K !Y CAN1 BUT ONLY IF WE ?9K C>EFULLY AB\T \R ROLES AS TEA*]S & S*OL>S4 

,AN>*I/S AS ,9TELLECTUALS & ,ACADEMICS 

,MALATE/A WRITES1 0,ALL ( US1 )\T EXCEPTION1 >E OBLIG$ TO LIVE MORE OR LESS 9 CONTRADICTION ) \R IDEALS0 7,MALATE/A1 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #a#d#b74 ,?IS1 9 MY VIEW1 IS ! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT LESSON ( MOD]N POLITICS3 ?AT WE >E ALL HYPOCRITES1 ?AT PURITY & AU!NTICITY >E VA9 ASPIRATIONS1 ?AT WE >E ALL ACCOMPLICES ) ,/ATE & ,CAPITAL :E!R WE LIKE IT OR NOT4 ,:AT MATT]S = AN>*I/S1 ,MALATE/A CONT9UES1 IS ?AT 0WE SUFF] BY ?IS CONTRADICTION & SEEK TO MAKE IT AS SMALL AS POSSIBLE0 7,MALATE/A1 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #a#d#b74 ,WE /RIVE TO BE AW>E ( \R COMPLICITY & TO DO :ATEV] WE CAN TO M9IMIZE ?AT COMPLICITY )\T COMPROMIS+ \R 9DIVIDUALITY & P]SONAL IDEALS4 ,CLE>LY ?IS RECOGNITION WAS 5\< TO AMELIORATE ,MALATE/A'S %AME1 IF 9DE$ HE HAD ANY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,BUT !N AGA91 ,MALATE/A WAS A PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>Y1 :]EAS ,I AM SIMPLY A TEA*] & A WRIT] ( BOOKS4 ,IF ,I AM BE+ TRULY HONE/ ) MYSELF1 ,I CANNOT HELP BUT ?9K ?IS MAKES A DIFF]5CE4 ,SURELY PEOPLE LIKE ,MALATE/A--PEOPLE :OM ,I ADMIRE V]Y MU*1 PEOPLE :OM ,I 5VY BECAUSE !Y SEEM SO MU* /RONG] & BRAV] ?AN ,I1 BECAUSE !Y ACCOMPLI%$ MU* MORE ?AN ,I C\LD EV] SEE MYSELF ACCOMPLI%+--C\LD AF=D TO BE A BIT B\RGEOIS4 ,YET :5 ,I TRY TO TAKE ,MALATE/A'S LESSON TO HE>T1 IT 9EVITABLY 5DS UP SEEM+ LIKE A COP-\T4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 >E O!R COMRADES' *OICES REALLY ?AT DIFF]5T FROM M9E8 ,AFT] ALL1 ONE MU/ E>N A LIV+ :E!R %E LIKES IT OR NOT1 & :E!R %E *OOSES TO WORK 9 A FACTORY OR 9 A UNIV]SITY1 %E NECESS>ILY REMA9S AN ACCOMPLICE TO ! V]Y SY/EM %E SEEKS TO ABOLI%4 ,SO ! QUE/ION BECOMES3 GIV5 ONE'S DI/9CTIVE TAL5TS1 9T]E/S1 & PASSIONS1 H[ CAN ONE DO ! BE/ = H]SELF & = HUMANITY AS A :OLE8 ,CLE>LY = SOME ( US1 ! ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION LIES 9 9TELLECTUAL WORK4 ,AS ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN WRITES3 

,DO NOT MAKE ! MI/AKE ( ?9K+ ?AT ! WORLD HAS BE5 BUILT ) H&S ONLY4 ,IT HAS ALSO REQUIR$ BRA9S4 ,SIMIL>LY DOES ! REVOLUTION NE$ BO? ! MAN ( BRAWN & ! MAN ( BRA94 ,MANY PEOPLE IMAG9E ?AT ! MANUAL WORK] ALONE CAN DO ! 5TIRE WORK ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS A FALSE IDEA1 A V]Y GRAVE ]ROR ?AT CAN BR+ NO 5D ( H>M4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS CONCEPTION HAS WORK$ GREAT EVIL ON PREVI\S OCCASIONS1 & !RE IS GOOD REASON TO FE> ?AT IT MAY DEFEAT ! BE/ EF=TS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! WORK+ CLASS CONSI/S ( ! 9DU/RIAL WAGE E>N]S & ! AGRICULTURAL TOIL]S4 ,BUT ! WORK]S REQUIRE ! S]VICES ( ! PR(ESSIONAL ELEM5TS1 ( ! 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZ]1 ! ELECTRICAL & ME*ANICAL 5G9E]1 ! TE*NICAL SPECIALI/1 ! SCI5TI/1 9V5TOR1 *EMI/1 ! $UCATOR1 DOCTOR1 & SURGEON4 ,9 %ORT1 ! PROLET>IAT ABSOLUTELY NE$S ! AID ( C]TA9 PR(ESSIONAL ELEM5TS )\T :OSE COOP]ATION NO PRODUCTIVE LABOR IS POSSIBLE4 7#b#c1 P4 #a#i7 

,BAKUN91 TOO1 /RESSES ! ESS5TIAL ROLE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IAT :I*1 HE 9SI/S1 0MU/ N[ BE IMBU$ ) A PASSION F\ND$ ON REASON = ! SOCIALI/-REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE IF IT DOES NOT WANT TO SUCCUMB %AMEFULLY TO TOTAL RU92 IT IS ?IS CLASS H5CE=? ?AT IS CALL$ TO BE ! ORGANIZ] ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION0 7,BAKUN91 #a#i#i1 P4 #b#a#b74 ,UNLIKE B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS1 :OM ,BAKUN9 RESOLUTELY CONDEMNS1 ! 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IAT IS 0UPRI<T1 S9C]E1 & DEVOT$ 9 ! EXTREME 4440 7P4 #b#a#b74 ,ITS MISSION1 ACCORD+LY1 IS TO 0GO TO ! PEOPLE1 BECAUSE TODAY1 ALL OV] ! WORLD 444 \TSIDE ( ! PEOPLE1 \TSIDE ( ! MILLIONS & MILLIONS ( PROLET>IANS1 !RE IS NEI!R EXI/5CE1 NOR CAUSE1 NOR FUTURE0 7P4 #b#a#b74 ,& AL?\< ! 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IAT BY ITSELF IS TOO SMALL TO 0ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION>Y =CE AP>T FROM ! PEOPLE10 IT IS SUFFICI5T TO PRODUCE SU* A =CE IF IT WORKS ) & AMONG ! PEOPLE 7P4 #b#a#b74 ,! QUE/ION1 ( C\RSE1 IS :E!R1 H[1 & TO :AT EXT5T ! 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IAT CAN 0GO TO ! PEOPLE0 FROM )9 ! UNIV]SITIES1 OR :E!R !RE >E O!R1 MORE PRODUCTIVE AV5UES = IT TO PURSUE4 

,9 HIS 0,PRISON ,NOTEBOOKS10 ,GRAMSCI FAM\SLY >GUES ?AT EV]Y SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS ORGANICALLY G5]ATES A NETWORK ( 9TELLECTUALS :I* ADM9I/] & ORGANIZE ?AT CLASS & CON/RUCT A COHESIVE & UNI=M CLASS ID5TITY )9 & ACROSS ! SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & POLITICAL FIELDS 7,GRAMSCI1 #b#a1 P4 #a#a#c#h74 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 EV]Y CLASS :I* 0EM]GES 9TO HI/ORY \T ( ! PREC$+ ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 & AS AN EXPRESSION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS /RUCTURE0 F9DS 0CATEGORIES ( 9TELLECTUALS ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE10 :I*1 9 CONTRA/ TO 0ORGANIC 9TELLECTUALS10 ,GRAMSCI T]MS 0TRADITIONAL 9TELLECTUALS0 7P4 #a#a#c#i74 ,BECAUSE TRADITIONAL 9TELLECTUALS--SU* AS PHILOSOPH]S1 >TI/S1 & ! CL]GY--HAVE CONT9U$ TO EXI/ DESPITE 0! MO/ COMPLICAT$ & RADICAL *ANGES 9 POLITICAL & SOCIAL =MS10 7P4 #a#a#c#i7 !Y HAVE GRADUALLY COME TO BELIEVE 9 !IR [N AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! RUL+ CLASS & HAVE ]ECT$ A V>IETY ( SELF-S]V+ MY?OLOGIES TO RE9=CE ?IS BELIEF4 ,9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 !IR CONT9U$ EXI/5CE HAS BE5 P]MITT$1 NOT ONLY BY ! RUL+ CLASS1 BUT BY ! 0/RATUM ( ADM9I/RATORS1 ETC41 S*OL>S & SCI5TI/S1 !ORI/S1 NON-ECCLESIA/ICAL PHILOSOPH]S1 ETC40 ORGANICALLY G5]AT$ )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,ONCE !SE TRADITIONAL 9TELLECTUALS HAVE BE5 0CONQU]$ & ASSIMILAT$10 !IR FUNCTION1 LIKE ?AT ( B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS1 IS TO ORGANIZE1 PROMOTE1 & MA9TA9 0SOCIAL HEGEMONY & /ATE DOM9ATION0 7P4 #a#a#d#c74 ,9 ?IS CAPACITY1 !Y WORK *IEFLY AS 0CREATORS ( ! V>I\S SCI5CES1 PHILOSOPHY1 .<&.> >T 4440 & 0'ADM9I/RATORS' & DIVULGATORS ( PREEXI/+1 TRADITIONAL1 .<&.> ACCUMULAT$ 9TELLECTUAL WEAL?0 7P4 #a#a#d#c74 ,!IR VALUE CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 !IR PUTATIVE 09DEP5D5CE0 7OR1 AS WE SAY N[ADAYS1 0OBJECTIVITY071 :I* 9 TURNS GIVES !M ! MAGICAL ABILITY TO TRANS=M CONT+5CIES 9TO TIMELESS1 UNIV]SAL TRU?S OR M]E PROPAG&A 9TO 0COMMON S5SE40 ,ULTIMATELY1 ,GRAMSCI >GUES = ! DEVELOPM5T ( 0ORGANIC 9TELLECTUALS0 )9 ! WORK+ CLASS C\PL$ ) ! RADICALIZATION ( B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS 7BO? TRADITIONAL & ORGANIC74 

,DESPITE ! FLAWS 9H]5T 9 ,GRAMSCI'S ANALYSIS ( 9TELLECTUALS1 MO/ ( :I* >E ALREADY WELL KN[N TO ! READ]S ( ?IS ESSAY1 IT IS CLE> ?AT AN>*I/S LIKE ,BAKUN9 & ,B]KMAN >E SYMPA!TIC TO SEV]AL ( ITS KEY COMPON5TS4 ,BO? RECOGNIZE1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 9TELLECTUAL WORK 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAS BE5 CO-OPT$ BY CAPITALISM & ?AT1 AS A RESULT1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( 9TELLECTUALS CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,SO1 TOO1 BO? RECOGNIZE & APPRECIATE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IAT & >GUE = ! 9CORPORATION ( ACADEMICS & O!R 9TELLECTUALS 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T REG>DLESS ( CLASS ORIG9S4 ,BUT :AT MI<T !SE ?9K]S HAVE TO SAY AB\T AN>*I/S WORK+ 9 ! UNIV]SITIES8 ,9 FAIRNESS1 !RE >E MANY C>E]S1 SU* AS MILIT>Y S]VICE OR ! *AIRMAN%IP ( ,HALLIBURTON1 :I* W\LD APPE> TO BE CLOS$ TO AN>*I/S ON ! BASIS ( PREFIGURATIVE E?ICS4 ,! REASON1 9 BO? CASES1 IS ?AT CONV5TIONAL >MIES & CAPITALI/ FIRMS >E 9TR9SICALLY HI]>*ICAL1 C5TRALIZ$1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 & EXPLOITATIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IS ! SAME TRUE ( UNIV]SITIES8 ,I DON'T ?9K SO4 ,AL?\< IT IS TRUE ?AT ! VA/ MAJORITY ( CONTEMPOR>Y COLLEGES & UNIV]SITIES >E HI]>*ICAL1 BUREAUCRATIC1 C5TRALLY ORGANIZ$1 & DEEPLY AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS--& ?AT'S JU/ ! BEG9N+ ( !IR PROBLEMS--!SE >5'T 9TR9SIC FEATURES ( 0! UNIV]SITY0 ITSELF4 ,ONE CAN IMAG9E A UNIV]SITY 7OR UNIV]SITY-LIKE 9/ITUTION7 ?AT IS NONHI]>*ICAL & DEC5TRALIZ$ 79 FACT1 ! ORIG9AL UNIV]SITIES W]E M>K$ BY BO? FEATURES TO GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE71 :]EAS ONE CANNOT EASILY IMAG9E A CAPITALI/ FIRM ?AT IS NONHI]>*ICAL1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 NONEXPLOITATIVE1 & WORK]-[N$4 ,! FACT IS ?AT UNIV]SITIES1 DESPITE !IR MYRIAD PROBLEMS1 S]VE USEFUL & VALUABLE FUNCTIONS 9 SOCIETY4 ,:AT IS MORE1 !RE >E NO VIABLE ALT]NATIVES :I*1 AT LEA/ AT ! PRES5T TIME1 C\LD EV5 BEG9 TO ACCOMPLI% ! SAME 5DS4 

,?IS IS ALL ! MORE REASON :Y AT LEA/ SOME AN>*I/S \<T TO WORK 9 UNIV]SITIES3 TO DIRECT ! EXI/+ P[] & 9FLU5CE ( UNIV]SITIES T[>D AN>*I/ GOALS & TO WORK T[>D TRANS=M+ ! UNIV]SITIES FROM )9 ) A M9D TO EV5TUALLY MAK+ ! CURR5T UNIV]SITY MODEL OBSOLETE4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 WRITES3 

,REPEAT+ ! =MULATION ( ,PR\DHON1 WE SAY3 IF A NAVAL ACADEMY IS NOT ITSELF A %IP ) SAILORS :O 5JOY EQUAL RI<TS & RECEIVE A !ORETICAL $UCATION1 !N IT WILL PRODUCE NOT SAILORS BUT (FIC]S TO SUP]VISE SAILORS2 IF A TE*NICAL ACADEMY IS NOT ITSELF A FACTORY1 NOT ITSELF A TRADE S*OOL1 !N IT WILL PRODUCE =EM5 & MANAG]S & NOT WORKM52 & SO ONE4 ,WE DO NOT NE$ !SE PRIVILEG$ E/ABLI%M5TS2 WE NE$ ! HOSPITAL1 ! FACTORY1 ! *EMICAL PLANT1 ! %IP1 ! PRODUCTIVE TRADE S*OOL = WORK]S1 :I*1 HAV+ BECOME AVAILABLE TO ALL1 WILL ) UNIMAG9ABLE SPE$ EXCE$ ! /&>D ( PRES5T UNIV]SITIES & ACADEMIES4 7#a#i#i#c1 P4 #b#b7 

,AT PRES5T UNIV]SITIES PROVIDE N>R[LY FOCUS$ & HYP]SPECIALIZ$ TRA9+ ?AT S]VES ! 9T]E/S ( ,/ATE & ,CAPITAL4 ,BUT :AT IF WE CREAT$ UNIV]SITIES ?AT G5U9ELY S]V$ ! 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY8 ,SU* 9/ITUTIONS W\LD BE1 TO P>APHRASE ,KROPOTK91 NAVAL ACADEMIES ON %IPS1 OR TRADE S*OOLS 9 FACTORIES--PLACES1 9 A WORD1 :]E !ORY & PRACTICE >E UNIT$ & H>MONIZ$4 ,TO MY M9D1 IT MAKES S5SE TO AFFECT ! TRANS=MATION ( EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY DEVELOP+ ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,TO SIMPLY AB&ON EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :I* CONTA9 SO MU* TRANS=MATIVE & REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL1 /RIKES ME AS ! HEI<T ( FOLLY4 

,PHILOSOPHY1 ,PAIDEIA1 & ,AN>*I/ ,PRAXIS 

,N[ ,I CANNOT SPEAK = ALL ACADEMIC WORK]S1 BUT AB\T #ge P]C5T ( MY [N 9TELLECTUAL WORK IS DEVOT$ TO TEA*+1 ! REMA9+ #be P]C5T TO RESE>* & S*OL>%IP4 ,:E!R & TO :AT EXT5T ?IS WORK IS AT ALL USEFUL OR VALUABLE AS AN>*I/ PRAXIS DEP5DS CRUCIALLY ON 7A7 :AT1 H[1 & :Y ,I'M TEA*+2 & 7B7 :AT1 H[1 & :Y ,I'M WRIT+1 & H]E ,I ?9K MY DISCIPL9E C\LD ULTIMATELY PROVIDE SOME SAV+ GRACE4 ,!RE IS NOT N[1 NOR HAS !RE EV] BE51 ANY CONS5SUS AMONG PHILOSOPH]S REG>D+ ! DEF9ITION ( PHILOSOPHY AS SU*4 ,HI/ORICALLY ?IS HAS PROV5 BO? A BLESS+ & A BANE1 = AL?\< PHILOSOPHY'S LACK ( ANY N>R[LY CIRCUMSCRIB$ SUBJECT MATT] HAS AF=D$ A DEGREE ( FLEXIBILITY & OP5NESS :I* FEW O!R DISCIPL9ES CAN MAT*1 IT HAS ALSO GIV5 PHILOSOPHY AN UNSAVORY REPUTATION1 MEMORABLY LAMPOON$ 9 ,>I/OPHANES'S ,! ,CL\DS1 = HAIRSPLITT+ & AB/RACTION4 

,?IS IS :Y ,RUSSELL1 ,AY]1 ,C>NAP1 ,QU9E1 & V>I\S O!R E>LY & MID TW5TIE?-C5TURY 0ANALYTICAL0 PHILOSOPH]S >E SO (T5 *>ACT]IZ$ AS RE=M]S2 BY REJECT+ METAPHYSICAL SPECULATION1 %IFT+ ATT5TION TO L+UI/IC & CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS1 & SEEK+ TO RECON/RUCT PHILOSOPHY ON ! MODEL ( LOGICO-MA!MATICAL & SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY1 !Y COLLECTIVELY TRANS=M$ PHILOSOPHY 9TO A 0MOD]N0 DISCIPL9E ,! TRU? ( ! MATT] IS F> MORE COMPLICAT$4 ,! E>LY ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPH]S W]E FI]CELY COMMITT$ TO ,5LI<T5M5T ?\<T & PRACTICE1 ! 0DI/9CTIVE ASSUMPTIONS0 ( :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,PHILIP ,PETTIT1 CAN BE R\<LY DESCRIB$ AS FOLL[S3 

,!RE IS A REALITY 9DEP5D5T ( HUMAN KN[L$GE ( :I* WE HUMAN BE+S >E P>T4 

,REASON & ME?OD1 P>TICUL>LY AS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 SCI5CE1 (F] US ! PROP] WAY TO EXPLORE ?AT REALITY & \R RELATION%IP TO IT4 

,9 ?IS EXPLORATION TRADITIONAL PRECONCEPTIONS--9 P>TICUL>1 TRADITIONAL EVALUATIVE PRECONCEPTIONS--%\LD BE SUSP5D$ & ! FACTS ALL[$ TO SPEAK = !MSELVES 7,PETTIT1 #b#e1 P4 #g74 

,AL?\< !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ANALYTICAL ?9K]S W]E REACT+ 9 P>T AGA9/ :AT !Y SAW AS ! MUDDLE1 IMPRECISION1 & OPACITY ( !IR PHILOSOPHICAL PE]S1 !Y W]E F> MORE TR\BL$ BY ?OSE PHILOSOPH]S 7E4G41 ,HEGEL1 ,KI]KEGA>D1 ,M>X1 ,NIETZS*E7 & MOVEM5TS 7E4G41 ,G]MAN ,IDEALISM1 ,ROMANTICISM1 ,M>XISM1 ,NIETZS*EAN P]SPECTIVISM1 PH5OM5OLOGY1 ETC47 :I* POS$ A *ALL5GE TO !IR KEY ASSUMPTIONS4 ,!SE SAME ASSUMPTIONS1 AFT] ALL1 NOT ONLY PROVID$ ! F\NDATIONS ( MOD]N PHILOSOPHY BUT ALSO MADE POSSIBLE3 

,! POSITIVE SELF-IMAGE MOD]N ,WE/]N CULTURE .<HAD.> GIV5 TO ITSELF1 A PICTURE BORN 9 ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY ,5LI<T5M5T 444 ( A CIVILIZATION F\ND$ ON SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE ( ! WORLD & RATIONAL KN[L$GE ( VALUE1 :I* PLACES ! HI<E/ PREMIUM ON 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN LIFE & FRE$OM1 & BELIEVES ?AT SU* FRE$OM & RATIONALITY WILL LEAD TO SOCIAL PROGRESS ?R\< SELF-CONTROLL$ WORK1 CREAT+ A BETT] MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & POLITICAL LIFE = ALL1 7,PETTIT1 #b#e1 P4 #a#b7 

,AS ,AN?ONY ,GIDD5S NOTES1 ?IS 0SET ( ATTITUDES T[>DS ! WORLD1 ! IDEA ( ! WORLD AS AN OP5 TRANS=MATION BY HUMAN 9T]V5TION0 IS ! CONDITION ( POSSIBILITY = ALL ! O!R SALI5T *>ACT]I/ICS ( MOD]NITY1 A SOCIETY 0VA/LY MORE DYNAMIC ?AN ANY PREVI\S TYPE ( SOCIAL ORD] 444 A SOCIETY--MORE TE*NICALLY1 A COMPLEX ( 9/ITUTIONS--:I* UNLIKE ANY PREC$+ CULTURES LIVES 9 ! FUTURE RA!R ?AN ! PA/0 7,GIDD5S & ,PE>SON1 #a#i#i#i1 P4 #i#d74 ,?IS 0COMPLEX ( 9/ITUTIONS0 9CLUDES 0ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION & A M>KET ECONOMY0 & 0A C]TA9 RANGE ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 9CLUD+ ! NATION-/ATE & MASS DEMOCRACY0 7P4 #i#d74 ,TO ?IS LI/ ,CAHOONE ADDS 0NEW1 P[]FUL TE*NIQUE.<S.> = ! /UDY ( NATURE1 AS WELL AS NEW MA*9E TE*NOLOGIES & MODES ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ?AT HAVE L$ TO AN UNPREC$5T$ RISE 9 MAT]IAL LIV+ /&>DS 444 CAPITALISM1 A L>GELY SECUL> CULTURE1 LIB]AL DEMOCRACY1 9DIVIDUALISM1 RATIONALISM1 HUMANISM0 7,CAHOONE1 #a#i#i#f1 P4 #a#a74 ,IF C]TA9 /R&S ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY PHILOSOPHY DEVELOP$ 9 REACTION TO ! ,5LI<T5M5T PROJECT1 !N ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY DEVELOP$ FIR/ & =EMO/ 9 DEF5SE ( ITS EM]G+ /ATUS QUO4 

,I AGREE ) ,A>ON ,PRE/ON ?AT 0IT IS A MI/AKE TO REG>D ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY AS A PHILOSOPHICAL S*OOL1 MOVEM5T1 OR TRADITION1 & ?AT1 9/EAD1 IT IS 7& ALWAYS HAS BE57 A PURELY SOCIAL 5TITY UNIFI$ BY :AT 9T]ACTIONAL MEMES1 MA9TA9$ AT HI< FREQU5CY BY CON=MI/ TRANSMISSION0 7,PRE/ON1 #b#e1 P4 #b#i#b74 ,BUT EV5 AS A 0SOCIAL 5TITY0 ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY HAS DI/+UI%$ ITSELF 9 TWO WAYS3 FIR/1 BY SUCCESSFULLY A*IEV+ ! TOTAL PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( PHILOSOPHICAL PRACTICE--?AT IS1 BY R$EF9+ PHILOSOPHY AS A HI<LY SPECIALIZ$ ACADEMIC DISCIPL9E ?AT IS TAU<T1 /UDI$1 & PRACTIC$ EXCLUSIVELY BY TRA9$ EXP]TS )9 ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITIES2 & SECOND1 BY N>R[+ ! FOCUS ( ! DISCIPL9E TO M9UTE1 TE*NICAL1 & HI<LY SPECIALIZ$ PROBLEMS4 ,:5 ANALYZ$ FROM A ,GRAMSCIAN P]SPECTIVE1 IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO MAKE S5SE ( !SE PH5OM5A4 ,BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 PHILOSOPH]S-QUA-0TRADITIONAL 9TELLECTUALS0 W]E 9 DIRECT COMPETITION ) ! NEW 0ORGANIC 9TELLECTUALS0 7E4G41 SCI5TI/S & TE*NICIANS7 ( MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,FAC+ OBSOLESC5CE & DESP]ATE TO PROVE !IR ONGO+ RELEVANCE1 ! PHILOSOPH]S REBR&$ !MSELVES 9 ! IMAGE ( !IR COMPETITORS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE1 H[EV]1 ?AT 9 DO+ SO ! ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPH]S HAVE L>GELY R5\NC$ !IR ROLE AS TRADITIONAL 9TELLECTUALS1 RETREAT+ 9TO ! M9UTIAE ( LOGICAL & L+UI/IC ANALYSIS 9/EAD ( S]V+ ! /ATUS QUO AS APOLOGI/S >M$ ) 0ET]NAL V]ITIES40 ,UNLIKE TRADITIONAL 9TELLECTUALS !Y DO NOT ?9K ( !MSELVES AS S]V+ ,GOD OR MANK9D1 LET ALONE ! RUL+ CLASS1 BUT RA!R ! 0PR(ESSION40 ,TO ?IS EXT5T WE MI<T SAY !Y S]VE ! /ATUS QUO 0BY OMISSION0--?AT IS1 9 VIRTUE ( !IR IRRELEVANCE4 

,YET ! IRRELEVANCE ( ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY TO SOCIETY AT L>GE HAS DEEP REP]CUSSIONS = ! PRACTICE ( PHILOSOPHY 9 G5]AL4 ,AS A RESULT ( ANALYTICAL HEGEMONY1 A DE FACTO DEF9ITION ( PHILOSOPHY HAS LONG S9CE TAK5 ROOT ?AT IS CONSID]$ NORMATIVE = ?OSE :O TEA* & CONDUCT RESE>* )9 ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN ACADEMY1 A DEF9ITION :I* MAKES AN 5GAG$1 SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY RELEVANT PHILOSOPHY VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?AT DEF9ITION1 PHILOSOPHY JU/ IS ! SET ( 09T]ACTIONAL MEMES0--! ME?ODOLOGIES US$1 ! TOPICS /UDI$1 ETC4--BY ?OSE PHILOSOPHY PR(ESSORS EMPLOY$ BY ELITE PHILOSOPHY DEP>TM5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,CANADA1 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 & ,AU/RALIA4 ,PR(ESSIONAL ADVANCEM5T & RECOGNITION )9 ! DISCIPL9E IS DET]M9$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS DEF9ITION2 ?OSE :O ADOPT ALT]NATIVE ME?ODOLOGIES OR /UDY ALT]NATIVE TOPICS WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY BE M>G9ALIZ$ 9 V>I\S WAYS PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y >E SE51 AT BE/1 AS DO+ 0BAD PHILOSOPHY0 &1 AT WOR/1 AS NOT DO+ PHILOSOPHY AT ALL4 ,MO/ 0ELITE0 DEP>TM5TS >E 9VE/$ ) ?IS /ATUS BY TRADITION OR1 :AT COMES TO ! SAME1 BECAUSE A PREPOND]ANCE ( !IR FACULTY CAN TRACE !IR PR(ESSIONAL & PHILOSOPHICAL L9EAGES BACK TO PA/ ANALYTICAL LUM9>IES 9 A MORE OR LESS UNBROK5 SUCCESSION4 ,! UND]LY+ ASSUMPTION1 9 ALL EV5TS1 IS ?AT !SE PHILOSOPH]S--:O ULTIMATELY %>E ! SAME G5]AL CONC]NS1 DISCUSS ! SAME G5]AL TOPICS1 & UTILIZE ! SAME G5]AL ME?ODOLOGY--%\LD BE REG>D$ AS ! SUPREME >BIT]S1 EI!R IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY1 ( :AT C\NTS AS PHILOSOPHY4 ,!Y OCCUPY ! UPP]MO/ E*ELONS ( :AT MI<T BE CALL$ 0! PHILOSOPHICAL E/ABLI%M5T0--! HI]>*ICAL NETWORK ( PR(ESSIONAL RELATION%IPS ?AT DET]M9ES TOPICAL1 ME?ODOLOGICAL1 & DISCIPL9>Y OR?ODOXIES4 ,:AT MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$ IS ?AT !SE 0PR(ESSIONAL RELATION%IPS0 >E NO?+ MORE ?AN RELATIONS ( P[]4 ,! NETWORK !Y CON/ITUTE IS A PURELY SOCIAL PH5OM5ON ?AT DOES NOT 7& PROBABLY %\LD NOT BE EXPECT$ TO7 ACT ON ! BASIS ( 0PHILOSOPHICAL0 CONSID]ATIONS4 

,TO ?IS PICTURE WE MU/ ADD AN ADDITIONAL CONT\R--NAMELY1 ?AT PHILOSOPH]S EMPLOY$ BY ELITE DEP>TM5TS >E G5]ALLY PAID OBSC5ELY HI< SAL>IES COMP>$ TO !IR LESS] COLLEAGUES 9 ! PR(ESSION4 ,! MA9 DUTIES !Y P]=M 9 ORD] TO RECEIVE SU* COMP5SATION >E TWO3 FIR/1 !Y PUBLI% RESE>* ?AT IS DIRECT$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY T[>D O!R MEMB]S ( ! DISCIPL9>Y RUL+ CLASS2 & SECOND1 !Y /RIVE TO REPL5I% !IR NUMB]S VIA ! TRA9+ & CR$5TIAL+ ( GRADUATE /UD5TS4 ,9 ORD] TO MEET ! FIR/ DUTY1 !Y MU/ EMPLOY ONLY ?OSE ME?ODS1 DISCUSS ONLY ?OSE TOPICS1 & PUBLI% ONLY 9 ?OSE J\RNALS ?AT >E MET ) ! APPROVAL ( !IR PE]S4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 !Y MU/ HAVE AMPLE TIME AT !IR DISPOSAL1 :I* MEANS ?AT !Y MU/ AVOID TEA*+ UND]GRADUATES AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS NECESSITATES ! SECOND DUTY1 AS ! RESPONSIBILITY = TEA*+ UND]GRADUATES IS MA9LY \TS\RC$ TO GRADUATE TEA*+ ASSI/ANTS4 ,( C\RSE1 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ,ANGLOPHONE COLLEGES & UNIV]SITIES >E NOT ABLE TO PROVIDE !IR FACULTY ) !SE SORTS ( LUXURIES & PRIVILEGES4 ,YET MO/ JUNIOR FACULTY1 HAV+ BE5 TRA9$ 9 RESE>*-C5T]$ DEP>TM5TS1 >E PR$ISPOS$ TO REG>D PUBLI%+ AS !IR MA9 PRIORITY EV5 AT 9/ITUTIONS :I* EMPHASIZE UND]GRADUATE TEA*+4 7,IT IS LITTLE WOND] ?AT TEA*+ IS MET ) SU* DISDA9 AMONG ACADEMIC PHILOSOPH]S1 AT LEA/ 9 MY EXP]I5CE47 

,! ACADEMIC PHILOSOPHICAL E/ABLI%M5T REG>DS PHILOSOPHY AS AN ESS5TIALLY SCI5TIFIC & !ORETICAL DISCIPL9E = :I* RIGOR\S >GUM5TATION & VALID REASON+ >E ! HI<E/ VIRTUES4 ,! GOAL ( PHILOSOPHICAL P$AGOGY1 ACCORD+LY1 IS TO 9/ILL BASIC FAMILI>ITY )1 & COMPREH5SION (1 ! RANGE ( !ORETICAL PROBLEMS ?AT >E REG>D$ AS DI/9CTIVELY 0PHILOSOPHICAL0 &1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 TO CULTIVATE ! CRITICAL SKILLS NECESS>Y TO 0PHILOSOPHICALLY0 ANALYZE !SE PROBLEMS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS APPROA* TO PHILOSOPHICAL PRACTICE & P$AGOGY DIFF]S M>K$LY FROM ?AT ( \R ,GREEK & ,ROMAN PR$ECESSORS1 TO SAY NO?+ ( PHILOSOPH]S FROM ANCI5T ,9DIA1 ,*9A1 & O!R NON-,WE/]N CLIMES4 ,SOCRATES FAM\SLY CLAIM$ ?AT ! AIM ( ?OSE :O PRACTICE PHILOSOPHY IS 0TO PREP>E = DY+ & DEA?0 7,PLATO #a#i#e3 ,I,I4 #e#i71 :ILE ,S5ECA UPBRAID$ TEA*]S = R$UC+ PHILOSOPHY TO >GUM5TATION1 CONT5D+ ?AT !IR S+LE-M9D$ EMPHASIS ON LOGIC DEMON/RAT$ A 0LOVE ( WORDS0 RA!R ?AN A 0LOVE ( WISDOM0 7,S5ECA #a#i#b#e3 EPI/LE #a#h74 ,?IS 0LOVE ( WORDS0 HAS WON ! DAY1 ! RESULT BE+ ?AT MOD]N PHILOSOPHY EXI/S 0TO TRA9 .<PEOPLE.> = C>E]S AS CL]KS OR PR(ESSORS--?AT IS TO SAY1 AS SPECIALI/S1 !ORETICIANS1 & RETA9]S ( SPECIFIC ITEMS OR MORE OR LESS ESOT]IC KN[L$GE0 7,HADOT1 #a#i#i#e1 P4 #c#h74 ,! MOD]N PHILOSOPHY PR(ESSOR CAN RUM9ATE = H\RS AT A CONF]5CE OR 9 ! CLASSROOM ONLY TO GO HOME1 SP5D AN EV5+ 9 FRONT ( ! TELEVISION1 & NEV] GIVE HIS OR H] LECTURE A SECOND ?\<T4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ANY WORK+ PR(ESSIONAL :OSE 0C>E]0 HAS BE5 SEP>AT$ FROM HIS OR H] LIFE4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! /UDY ( PHILOSOPHY IS EXTREMELY CONDUCIVE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?OSE G5]AL CRITICAL ?9K+ & REASON+ SKILLS :I* >E UNIV]SALLY REG>D$ AS B5EFICIAL 9 EV]Y FIELD ( 9QUIRY & 5DEAVOR4 ,9DE$1 TO ! 9CREAS+LY LIMIT$ EXT5T ?AT PR(ESSORS ( PHILOSOPHY >E REG>D$ AS USEFUL AT ALL 9 HI<] $UCATION1 IT IS MO/LY = \R ABILITY TO HELP /UD5TS DEVELOP !SE SORTS ( SKILLS1 NOT 7OR NOT MA9LY7 TO TEA* PHILOSOPHY4 ,CRITICAL ?9K+ & REASON+ SKILLS >E ALSO S9E QUA NON = FREE?9K]S & REVOLUTION>IES ( ALL /RIPES1 BUT ?AT IS OBVI\SLY NOT :Y !Y >E /RESS$ BY COLLEGE & UNIV]SITY ADM9I/RATORS4 ,!IR GOAL1 ( C\RSE1 IS TO PRODUCE ! HI<LY $UCAT$ TE*NICAL-MANAG]IAL-PR(ESSIONAL CLASS ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO ADM9I/] CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ON BEHALF ( ! RUL+ ELITE4 ,9 ORD] TO DO !IR JOBS WELL1 MEMB]S ( ?IS CLASS NOT ONLY REQUIRE ROTE VOCATIONAL TRA9+ BUT ALSO A MOD]ATE DEGREE ( CRITICAL 9TELLIG5CE 7C\PL$1 IDEALLY1 ) AN ANEMIC OR ALTOGE!R NONEXI/5T MORAL S5SIBILITY74 ,?IS IS BY WAY ( SAY+ ?AT :ILE CRITICAL ACUM5 MAY BE NECESS>Y = ! DEVELOPM5T ( :AT WE MI<T CALL A 0LIB]AT$ CONSCI\SNESS10 IT IS SC>CELY SUFFICI5T4 

0,ALL RATIONAL $UCATION10 ,BAKUN9 WRITES1 0IS AT BOTTOM NO?+ SAVE ! PROGRESSIVE IMMOLATION ( AU?ORITY = ! B5EFIT ( FRE$OM1 ! F9AL AIMS ( $UCATION NECESS>ILY BE+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( FREE M5 IMBU$ ) A FEEL+ ( RESPECT & LOVE = ! LIB]TY ( O!RS0 7,BAKUN91 #b#d1 P4 #d#a74 ,AN>*I/S HAVE LONG CLAIM$1 AFT] ALL1 ?AT LIB]ATION IS COEXT5SIVE ) $UCATION1 :I* 9 TURN REQUIRES A PRACTIC$ ABILITY TO READ1 WRITE1 & ?9K CRITICALLY4 ,! PROBLEM1 :I* ,I HAVE JU/ ILLU/RAT$1 IS ?AT !RE IS NO?+ 9H]5TLY 0RADICAL0 AB\T TEA*+ /UD5TS 0H[ TO ?9K40 ,MANY /UD5TS SIMPLY DON'T WANT TO 5GAGE 9 CRITICAL ?9K+ EV5 IF !Y >E ABLE TO LE>N H[1 & ?OSE ?AT DO >E JU/ AS LIKELY TO M>%AL CRITICAL ?9K+ 9 ! S]VICE ( SELF-9T]E/ OR ! MANIPULATION & OPPRESSION ( O!RS4 ,9 ORD] TO MAKE PHILOSOPHICAL P$AGOGY A POT5TIALLY AN>*I/IC PRACTICE1 ONE MU/ PAY S]I\S ATT5TION TO :AT /UD5TS >E ?9K+ AB\T1 H[ !Y'RE ?9K+ AB\T IT1 & TO :AT 5D4 ,AGA91 ! GOAL CANNOT M]ELY BE TO TEA* /UD5TS 0H[ TO ?9K40 ,IF A /UD5T NEV] LE>NS :AT IS WOR? ?9K+ AB\T1 :AT QUE/IONS >E WOR? ASK+1 :AT ISSUES >E WOR? C>+ AB\T1 ET CET]A1 !N H] ABILITY TO ?9K WELL IS AT BE/ PO9TLESS 7BECAUSE %E WILL NEV] USE IT7 & AT WORSE DANG]\S 7BECAUSE %E WILL APPLY IT 9 H>MFUL WAYS74 ,! GOAL MU/ BE SOME?+ ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T4 

,! PHILOSOPHICAL E/ABLI%M5T1 :I* IS ALREADY 9CL9$ TO REG>D TEA*+ AS A 0NECESS>Y EVIL10 DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ?IS4 ,ITS GOAL1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY /AT$1 IS TO PROTECT ITSELF & ! L>G] POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC SY/EM ( :I* IT IS A P>T4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T1 IT HAS A VE/$ 9T]E/ 9 KEEP+ ITS P$AGOGICAL VISION AS VACU\S & UN?REAT5+ AS POSSIBLE4 0,TEA*+ /UD5TS TO ?9K0 S\NDS GUTSY1 BUT 9 REALITY IT IS A S(T-FOOT$ & CONS]VATIVE APPROA* ?AT LEAVES ! /ATUS QUO FUNDAM5TALLY UN*ALL5G$4 ,SO :AT IS ! ALT]NATIVE8 ,:AT IS PHILOSOPHY 70! LOVE ( WISDOM07 IF IT IS NOT 7OR NOT JU/7 A N>R[1 HAIRSPLITT+1 LOGIC-*OPP+ DISCIPL9E8 ,9 LOOK+ = AN ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION1 MANY >E IMM$IATELY DRAWN TO ,SOCRATES1 ! SPIRITUAL GODFA!R ( ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY4 ,SOCRATES1 AFT] ALL1 WAS NOT :AT WE C\LD CALL A 0PR(ESSIONAL PHILOSOPH]40 ,HE WASN'T A SPECIALI/ OR A RETA9] ( ESOT]IC KN[L$GE4 ,HE WASN'T 9T]E/$ 9 OBTA9+ A T5URE-TRACK POSITION AT A UNIV]SITY OR PADD+ HIS ,C,V4 ,HE WASN'T (F]$ A NAM$ *AIR OR PAID AN EXTRAVAGANT SAL>Y TO CONDUCT RESE>*4 ,9 FACT1 HE VEHEM5TLY CRITICIZ$ ! ,SOPHI/S = TEA*+ 9 EX*ANGE = MONEY &1 IF WE TAKE ! WORDS ( ,PLATO AT FACE VALUE1 9SI/$ ?AT !SE SO-CALL$ 0PR(ESSIONALS10 ) !IR TRUMP$-UP CLAIMS TO KN[L$GE & WISDOM1 W]E ACTUALLY *>LATANS4 

,SOCRATES HAD NO IDEAS ( HIS [N4 ,9/EAD1 HE TRAVEL$ FROM PLACE TO PLACE 9 SE>* ( ?OSE :O DID HAVE IDEAS 7OR AT LEA/ CLAIM$ TO7 &1 GUID$ BY NO?+ BUT A REL5TLESS DESIRE = TRU?1 SUBJECT$ !SE SELF-PROCLAIM$ SAGES TO P]SI/5T & EV5 OBNOXI\S 9T]ROGATIONS4 ,! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( !SE 9T]ROGATIONS1 AS WE ALL KN[1 IS ?AT ! SAGES W]E %[N AGA9 & AGA9 TO BE FOOLS4 ,SOCRATES1 MEAN:ILE1 WAS LEFT ) EV5 MORE UNANSW]$ QUE/IONS1 9CREAS+LY CONV9C$ ?AT HE KNEW NO?+ AT ALL4 ,! FACT ?AT ,SOCRATES WAS WILL+--9DE$1 UN%AKABLY DET]M9$--TO DIE = ! SAKE ( PHILOSOPHY /RONGLY SUGGE/S ! CONV]SE--?AT IS1 ?AT HE LIV$ = HIS BELIEFS4 ,PREP>+ = DY+ & DEA? ISN'T AB\T MA/]+ A SPECIALIZ$ ACADEMIC DISCIPL9E4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS ,PLUT>* NOT$1 0AT ALL TIMES & 9 EV]Y PLACE1 9 EV]Y?+ ?AT HAPP5S TO US1 DAILY LIFE GIVES US AN OPPORTUNITY TO DO PHILOSOPHY0 7,PLUT>*1 #a#i#c#f3 NO4 #d74 ,PHILOSOPHY IS A PRAXIS--A PROCESS BY :I* AN IDEA1 CONCEPT1 SKILL1 OR !ORY IS REALIZ$1 ACTUALIZ$1 OR IMPLEM5T$4 ,LIFE ITSELF IS ! IDEA OR CONCEPT :I* PHILOSOPHICAL PRAXIS EMBODIES4 

,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS OP5NESS TO LIFE1 C\PL$ ) A DESIRE TO EXP]I5CE & UND]/& IT 9 ALL ITS RI*NESS & COMPLEXITY1 :I* UND]LIES ! ANCI5T ,GREEK $UCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY ( PAIDEIA4 ,9 ! SIMPLE/ & MO/ G5]AL T]MS1 PAIDEIA IS ANALOG\S TO ,BAKUN9'S 09TEGRAL $UCATION0--IT IS WELL-R\ND$1 BROAD-BAS$ & HOLI/IC TRA9+1 ! GOAL ( :I* IS ! CULTIVATION ( S5SIBILITY & EXCELL5CE ( *>ACT] RA!R ?AN ! ACCUMULATION ( KN[L$GE4 ,! ,GREEKS BELIEV$ ?AT TRA9+ 9 A WIDE RANGE ( SCI5TIFIC1 !ORETICAL1 & >TI/IC DISCIPL9ES PLAC$ /UD5TS 9 A BETT] POSITION TO SUCCESSFULLY OV]COME ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL *ALL5GES POS$ BY HUMAN LIFE & SO TO A*IEVE HAPP9ESS4 ,PHILOSOPHICAL ACUM51 HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE1 ES!TIC S5SITIVITY--!SE >E ALL SKILLS NECESS>Y = ! PURSUIT ( EXCELL5CE 7>ETE74 

,PHILOSOPHY IS 9 MANY WAYS ! HE>T & S\L ( PAIDEIA1 EMPHASIZ+ AS IT DOES ! PROCESS ( SEEK+ RA!R ?AN ! ACT ( F9D+4 ,IF WE TAKE S]I\SLY ! S5TIM5T :I* IS REPEAT$ TIME & AGA9 ?R\<\T ! WORKS ( ! ,/OICS1 ! PHILOSOPHICAL WAY ( LIFE IS A SE>* = KN[L$GE AB\T ONESELF & O!RS4 ,?IS SE>*1 :I* IS SOME?+ ?AT ONE LIVES RA!R ?AN LECTURES OR WRITES OR DEBATES AB\T1 IS COEXT5SIVE ) ! DEVELOPM5T & PRACTICE ( >ETE4 ,UND]/OOD AS A WAY ( LIFE1 PHILOSOPHY HAS ! POT5TIAL TO MAKE BETT] PEOPLE & BETT] WORLDS4 ,UND]/OOD AS A SCI5TIFIC OR !ORETICAL DISCIPL9E1 AS PHILOSOPHY IS TODAY1 IT IS SELDOM MORE ?AN AN ACCOMPLICE ( ! /ATUS QUO4 ,?IS IS BE/ CONFIRM$1 P]HAPS1 BY ASK+ :AT MOD]N PHILOSOPH]S >E WILL+ TO GIVE UP 9 DEF5SE ( !IR DOCTR9ES & !ORIES4 ,IF ! ANSW] IS 0NOT MU*0--& ,I SUSPECT )\T CYNICISM ?AT IT IS--WE \<T NOT TO BE SURPRIS$4 ,AFT] ALL1 ACADEMIC PHILOSOPHY PORTRAYS ITSELF AS A DISPASSIONATE ATTEMPT TO UND]/& ! WORLD1 A PROJECT ?AT GETS BY P]FECTLY WELL )\T M>TYRDOM4 ,PHILOSOPHY AS A WAY ( LIFE IS F> MORE RISKY1 S9CE IT CALLS UPON ! PHILOSOPH] TO EXAM9E &1 ULTIMATELY1 *ANGE H]SELF4 

,?IS VIEW ( PHILOSOPHY HAS NEV] DISAPPE>$ 5TIRELY BUT HAS CONT9U$ TO FL>E UP H]E & !RE ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 ,M>X1 TO CITE JU/ ONE EXAMPLE1 EXP&S IT BY SUGGE/+ ?AT ! PHILOSOPH]'S GOAL ISN'T JU/ TO *ANGE H]SELF BUT TO *ANGE ! WORLD AS WELL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 PHILOSOPHY AS A WAY ( LIFE ISN'T JU/ AN 9TROSPECTIVE SPIRITUAL EX]CISE OR A VOYAGE ( SELF-DISCOV]Y BUT A CONSCI5TI\S ATTEMPT TO UNITE !ORY & PRACTICE ) A M9D TO OP5+ UP NEW & H]ET(ORE UN=ESE5 POSSIBILITIES = ! HUMAN RACE AT L>GE4 ,IT IS NO MI/AKE ?AT ,M>X WAS FIR/ & =EMO/ A POLITICAL PHILOSOPH]1 BECAUSE IT IS )9 ! REALM ( ! POLITICAL ?AT ! UNITY ( !ORY & PRACTICE F9DS ITS MO/ VISIBLE EXPRESSION4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ! GOAL ( A PHILOSOPHICAL WAY ( LIFE ISN'T TO (F] SOLUTIONS TO AB/RACT1 UNIV]SAL PROBLEMS BUT TO IMM]SE ONESELF 9 ! DIALECTIC ( QUE/IONS & ANSW]S1 PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS1 ETC4 9 ORD] TO DISCOV] :AT IS POSSIBLE1 :AT MI<T BE DONE ?AT HASN'T BE DONE BE=E4 ,9 AN IMPORTANT S5SE1 ?IS PROCESS ( IMM]SION PREC$ES ALL 9QUIRIES AB\T :AT IS ! CASE OR :AT \<T TO BE ! CASE4 ,IF MOD]NITY HAS BE5 GUID$1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 BY A 0LOVE ( WORDS0 7OR1 :AT COMES TO ! SAME1 ! 0LOVE ( IMAGES071 IF IT HAS BE5 DIRECT$ T[>D SOLUTIONS RA!R ?AN TO PROBLEMS1 WE \<T NOT TO BE SURPRIS$ IF ALT]NATIVES TO MOD]NITY HAVE PRES5T$ & CONT9UE TO PRES5T V]Y DIFF]5T APPROA*ES4 ,?IS DOES NOT AUTOMATICALLY IMPLY A SIMPLE RECUP]ATION ( PREMOD]N PHILOSOPHICAL ME?ODOLOGIES4 ,I W\LD SUGGE/1 H[EV]1 ?AT ANY?+ ?AT CAN BE G5U9ELY REG>D$ AS 0PO/MOD]N0 79 ! S5SE ( 0GO+ BEYOND0 ! MOD]N1 NOT JU/ COM+ AFT] IT7 HAS IMPORTANT LESSONS TO LE>N FROM ! ANCI5T IDEAL ( PHILOS SOPHIA1 UND]/OOD1 AGA91 NOT AS A !ORETICAL DISCIPL9E BUT AS A LIV$ EXP]I5CE4 

,MY [N PHILOSOPHICAL P$AGOGY1 !N1 MAY BE SUMM>IZ$ AS FOLL[S4 ,FIR/1 IT SITUATES PHILOSOPHY )9 A BROAD-BAS$1 MULTIFACET$1 & HOLI/IC LE>N+ CONTEXT :OSE GOAL IS ! CULTIVATION ( A /RONG1 S5SIBLE1 PR9CIPL$1 ADAPTABLE1 & RES\RCEFUL *>ACT]4 7,BAKUN9 CALL$ ?IS 09TEGRAL $UCATION1 ! ,GREEKS CALL$ IT PAIDEIA74 ,FOLL[+ ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN'S ADVICE1 ,I DRAW HEAVILY UPON 0! L>G] HUMAN EXPRESSION MANIFE/ 9 >T .<&.> LIT]ATURE 444 ! /RONGE/ & MO/ F>-REA*+ 9T]PRET] ( \R DEEP-FELT DISSATISFACTION10 RECOGNIZ+ ) H] ?AT 0AN ADEQUATE APPRECIATION ( ! TREM5D\S SPREAD ( ! MOD]N CONSCI\S SOCIAL UNRE/0 CANNOT BE ASC]TA9$ FROM ANY ONE K9D ( S\RCE 7,GOLDMAN1 #b#d1 P4 #b74 ,SECOND1 MY P$AGOGY TREATS PHILOSOPHY NOT AS A !ORETICAL OR SCI5TIFIC DISCIPL9E1 BUT AS A WAY ( LIFE F\ND$ ON ! PRAXIS ( SEEK+1 QUE/ION+1 COMPLICAT+1 PROBLEMATIZ+1 POT5TIAT+1 0POSSIBILIZ+40 ,TO BE SURE1 ,I AM (T5 COMPELL$ TO ASK /UD5TS TO ?9K AB\T TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS & >GUM5TS1 AS ?IS IS MORE OR LESS UNAVOIDABLE 9 ! CONTEXT ( ORD9>Y PHILOSOPHY CLASSES1 BUT ,I /RIVE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE TO AVOID BO? AB/RACTION & HAIRSPLITT+ & TO KEEP DISCUSSIONS GR\ND$ 9 ! H>% & (T5 FRI<T5+ REALITIES ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD4 

,?IRD1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 MY P$AGOGY IS AN AN>*I/ P$AGOGY BECAUSE IT SEEKS TO ADVANCE1 H[EV] M9IMALLY1 ! CAUSE ( TOTAL HUMAN LIB]ATION FROM OPPRESSION & 9EQUALITY4 ,TO A*IEVE ?IS GOAL1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO TEA* /UD5TS H[ TO ?9K2 AS AN AN>*I/1 ,I /RIVE TO HELP AT LEA/ SOME ( !M LE>N TO C>E1 AS C>+ IS ! CONDITION ( POSSIBILITY = ALL ( US TO 0BREAK .<\R.> M5TAL FETT]S10 TO 0?9K & JUDGE = .<\RSELVES.>0 & TO ESCAPE 0! DOM9ION ( D>KNESS0 7,GOLDMAN1 #b#h1 P4 #c#h74 ,IF ,I AM DO+ MY JOB WELL1 AT LEA/ A FEW /UD5TS WILL REMEMB] & PUZZLE OV] TOPICS WE DISCUSS 9 CLASS2 !Y WILL ?9K AB\T & BE TR\BL$ BY ISSUES !Y READ AB\T 9 \R BOOKS2 9 %ORT1 !Y WILL BE HAUNT$4 ,9ITIALLY1 P]HAPS1 ?IS HAUNT+ WILL TAKE ! =M ( NAGG+1 9TRANSIG5T ?\<TS2 OV] TIME1 IT HAS ! POT5TIAL TO BECOME SOME?+ ELSE3 A DEEPLY HELD CONVICTION ?AT SOME?+ IS WRONG ) ONESELF & ! WORLD C\PL$ ) A DESIRE TO DO SOME?+ AB\T BO?4 ,IT IS ?IS FEEL+ ?AT BR+S A P]SON1 EV5TUALLY1 TO AN>*ISM4 ,! AIM ( MY AN>*I/ P$AGOGY IS TO HELP /UD5TS DISCOV] ?AT FEEL+ 9 !MSELVES US+ ! TOOLS ( PHILOSOPHY4 

,GO+ TO ! ,PEOPLE 

,H[ MI<T !SE SAME IDEAS APPLY1 IF AT ALL1 TO ! ISSUE ( ACADEMIC RESE>*8 ,?IS IS A ?ORNY QUE/ION1 S9CE RESE>* IS SOME?+ ACADEMIC WORK]S MU/ DO AS A CONDITION ( EMPLOYM5T & TO ?IS EXT5T IS (T5 LIMIT$ BY MORE OR LESS >BITR>Y & REPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONAL & PR(ESSIONAL /&>DS4 ,BY & L>GE1 ADH]+ TO !SE /&>DS T5DS TO BE SEV]ELY AT ODDS ) ! TASK ( MAK+ ONE'S WORK 9T]E/+1 RELEVANT1 OR USEFUL TO 9DIVIDUALS \TSIDE ONE'S DISCIPL9E1 LET ALONE TO RADICALS OR O!R NONACADEMICS4 ,= ?IS REASON1 EV5 ! MO/ WELL-9T5TION$ ACADEMIC WRIT+ T5DS TO BE UTT]LY USELESS AS A =M REVOLUTION>Y PRAXIS4 ,?AT SAID1 ,I TAKE /RONG EXCEPTION TO ! IDEA ?AT ACADEMIC WRIT+ AS SU* IS 9H]5TLY USELESS1 EV5 9 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =MS4 ,! =EMO/ *ALL5GE FAC$ BY RADICAL ACADEMIC WORK]S IS OV]COM+ ! \TMOD$ & ELITI/ MODEL ( KN[L$GE PRODUCTION ?AT REMA9S DOM9ANT 9 ACADEMIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,A SECOND>Y *ALL5GE IS PRODUC+ WORK )9 ?AT MODEL ?AT ACTUALLY CONTRIBUTES 9 SOME WAY TO ! POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 

,RESE>*1 ACCORD+ TO ,GELD]LOOS1 IS ONE 0MAJOR >EA :]E ! ACADEMY CAN BE USEFUL TO AN>*I/S40 ,HE CONT9UES3 

.<,ACADEMICS.> HAVE US CORN]$ :5 IT COMES TO 9VE/IGATION & CRITICAL DEBATE4 ,AN>*I/S >E LAZY RESE>*]S4 ,MANY PREF] RELIGION TO RESE>*4 ,OBJECTIVE1 & OBJECTIVELY FALSE1 /ATEM5TS ?AT BE> GREAT IMPORTANCE = AN>*I/ !ORY CIRCULATE FREELY 9 \R CIRCLES4 ,SOME ( ! BASIC PREMISES ( PRIMITIVI/1 VEGAN1 & HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/ /RA9S ( AN>*ISM W\LD HAVE BE5 AB&ON$ LONG AGO IF WE'D HAD A CULTURE ( S]I\S 9QUIRY & DEBATE4 ,9/EAD WE HAVE NAME-CALL+ ON 9T]NET =UMS4 ,I ?9K WE ALSO C\LD HAVE MADE SOME HEADWAY ON ! ET]NAL DEBATE AB\T ! NATURE ( =MAL & 9=MAL P[] & ! EXT5T TO :I* EA* ALL[S HI]>*IES TO BE E/ABLI%$ OR *ALL5G$4 ,BUT ALAS1 9 \R CIRCLES IT'S /ILL ANYBODY'S GUESS4 7,GELD]LOOS1 #b#g7 

,C]TA9LY 9 ! LA/ T5 YE>S AN>*I/-RELAT$ RESE>* HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY ACCEPTABLE )9 ACADEMIA4 ,?IS MEANS IT'S POSSIBLE TO SAFELY PURSUE AN ACADEMIC C>E] ) AN>*ISM AS A PR9CIPAL RESE>* FOCUS2 IT DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ALL OR EV5 MO/ AN>*ISM-RELAT$ RESE>* IS OR WILL BE RELEVANT1 9T]E/+1 OR USEFUL TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,= ?AT TO EV5 BECOME A POSSIBILITY1 AN>*I/ ACADEMICS MU/ BE SOME?+ LIKE ,GRAMSCI'S ORGANIC 9TELLECTUALS4 ,?AT IS1 WE MU/ BE A NATURAL & 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,\R WORK MU/ EM]GE FROM )9 ?AT MOVEM5T & S]VE TO RE9=CE & PROMOTE ITS 9T]E/S 7:I* >E ULTIMATELY 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! 9T]E/S ( HUMANK9D AS A :OLE7 RA!R ?AN ?OSE ( DISCIPL9E1 PR(ESSION1 9/ITUTION1! ACADEMY1 OR ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL SY/EM TO :I* ! ACADEMY BELONGS4 ,?IS IS NOT A MATT] ( 0ACTIVISM0 9 SOME N>R[LY DEF9$ S5SE1 BUT ( PASSION1 AW>5ESS1 COMMITM5T1 & HI/ORICAL S5SIBILITY4 ,! LA/ IS PIVOTAL1 S9CE AN>*ISM1 AS ,I SUGGE/$ E>LI]1 IS AS MU* AB\T ! PA/ AS IT IS AB\T ! PRES5T4 ,IT IS AS MU* A LIV$ TRADITION OR HI/ORY AS IT IS A CONTEMPOR>Y PH5OM5ON4 ,AS SU*1 A C]TA9 K9D ( HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS W\LD SEEM 9DISP5SIBLE 9 MAK+ ONE'S WORK RELEVANT FROM ! /&PO9T ( PRAXIS4 

,IF ,I AM RI<T AB\T ALL ( ?IS1 !N IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO UND]/& H[ A C]TA9 K9D ( 9TELLECTUAL WORK1 EV5 ( A SPECIALIZ$ ACADEMIC K9D1 CAN BE VALUABLE4 ,FIR/1 & MO/ OBVI\SLY1 IT IS EXTREMELY B5EFICIAL = AN>*I/S & O!R REVOLUTION>IES TO APPLY ! MODEL ( PAIDEIA TO !IR [N LIVES BY ACTIVELY SEEK+ \T ! BROADE/ POSSIBLE RANGE ( PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL KN[L$GE4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 IT BEHOOVES AN>*I/S TO KN[ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE AB\T \R [N PA/1 :I* ,BAKUN9 RI<TLY REF]S TO AS \R 0M5TAL CAPITAL1 ! SUM ( ! M5TAL LABOR ( ALL PREVI\S G5]ATIONS0 7,BAKUN91 #a#i#g#c1 P4 #c#e#a74 ,ACADEMIC WORK]S HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE TO PLAY 9 ?IS RESPECT1 =1 AL?\< WE >E NOT ! ONLY 9DIVIDUALS CAPABLE ( 5GAG+ 9 HI/ORICAL RESE>* & O!R =MS ( PRODUCTIVE & VALUABLE 9TELLECTUAL WORK1 WE >E IDEALLY PLAC$ TO PURSUE IT [+ TO \R GREAT] %>E ( ACCESS TO TIME1 RES\RCES1 & 9/ITUTIONAL SUPPORT4 

,AN>*I/ ACADEMICS & O!R 9TELLECTUALS >E ALSO WELL DISPOS$ TO 5GAGE 9 0!ORETICAL WORK1 DIRECT COMMUNICATION ) LOTS ( PEOPLE \TSIDE \R CIRCLES 444 9T]V5TION 9 PUBLIC DISC\RSE0 7,GELD]LOOS1 #b#g7--9 %ORT1 :AT ,M>X CALL$ 0! RU?LESS CRITIQUE ( EV]Y?+ EXI/+40 ,WE >E CALL$ TO BE1 AS ,GRAMSCI SAYS1 0CON/RUCT]S1 ORGANIZ]S1 P]MAN5T P]SUAD]S & NOT JU/ 444 SIMPLE ORATORS0 7#b#a1 P4 #a#a#d#c74 ,)\T !ORY1 AN>*ISM BECOMES A DOGMA ON P> ) ,L59ISM & MO/ ORGANIZ$ RELIGIONS4 ,ITS PR9CIPLES BECOME EMPTY AXIOMS :OSE TRU? IS SIMPLY TAK5 = GRANT$ & :I* HAVE NO PURPOSE O!R ?AN TO ME*ANICALLY JU/IFY PRACTICES4 ,I /RONGLY SUSPECT !RE W\LD BE MANY MORE AN>*I/S 9 ! WORLD IF ?OSE PR9CIPLES W]E REALLY AS SELF-EVID5T AS WE (T5 TAKE !M TO BE4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS PRECISELY \R FAILURE TO BETT] >TICULATE & DEF5D SU* PR9CIPLES ?AT HAS FUEL$ \R ONGO+ HI/ORICAL 9SIGNIFICANCE ACROSS SEV]AL KEY SEGM5TS ( ,WE/]N SOCIETY4 ,NO WOND] ,KROPOTK9 WRITES1 0,! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ IS TO SPREAD ! TRU?S ALREADY ACQUIR$1 TO PRACTICE !M 9 DAILY LIFE1 TO MAKE ( !M A COMMON 9H]ITANCE0 7,KROPOTK91 #b#b1 P4 #b#f#e74 

,OBVI\SLY ! TASK ( 0GO+ TO ! PEOPLE0 & UNIT+ ) !M 9 /RUGGLE 9VOLVES WRIT+ TO1 AS WELL AS = ! B5EFIT (1 NONACADEMIC AUDI5CES4 ,EV5 ?OSE NON-T5UR$ OR NON-T5URE-TRACK ACADEMIC WORK]S :O MU/ ADDRESS A PORTION ( \R WORK TO ACADEMIC PE]S %\LD /RIVE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE TO MAKE ?IS ACCESSIBLE & RELEVANT TO NON-ACADEMICS4 0,) BO? IRONY & S]I\SNESS10 WRITES ,GELD]LOOS1 0,I CALL = ! EXCOMMUNICATION ( ALL ACADEMIC AN>*I/S :O PRODUCE NOT = ! MOVEM5T BUT = ! ACADEMY4 ,IF Y\ /UDY NETWORKS1 F9D WAYS TO EXPLA9 TO .<! MOVEM5T.> H[ TO EFFECTIVELY EXT5D NETWORKS TO PEOPLE CURR5TLY PLUGG$ 9TO ! SY/EM 7OR SOME O!R USEFUL QUE/ION71 NOT H[ TO ANALYZE \R NETWORKS SO !Y CAN BE UND]/OOD BY \TSID]S1 AS 9TELLECTUALLY /IMULAT+ AS ?AT TASK MAY BE0 7#b#g74 ,9 (F]+ SU* EXPLANATIONS1 MOREOV]1 WE \<T TO /RIVE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE TO AVOID NE$LESSLY TE*NICAL LANGUAGE & O!R SELF-CONSCI\SLY 0ACADEMIC0 CONV5TIONS :I* S]VE NO PURPOSE EXCEPT TO ALI5ATE \TSID]S & +RATIATE \RSELVES TO O!R ACADEMICS4 ,9 %ORT1 ACADEMIC WORK]S %\LD ONLY OBS]VE ACADEMIC WRIT+ /&>DS TO ! EXT5T ?AT DO+ SO IS PRACTICALLY & PR(ESSIONALLY EXP$I5T2 BEYOND ?IS1 \R =EMO/ GOALS 9 WRIT+ %\LD 9CLUDE CL>ITY1 ACCESSIBILITY1 S9C]ITY1 RELEVANCE1 & EFFECTIV5ESS4 

,TO :AT K9D ( NONACADEMIC AUDI5CES %\LD \R WORK BE ADDRESS$8 ,! ANSW]1 :I* IS ! SAME AS IT WAS MORE ?AN A C5TURY AGO1 HAS ALREADY BE5 DIVULG$4 ,IT IS 0! PEOPLE10 :I* IS TO SAY1 ! :OLE MASS ( HUMAN P]SONS :O HAVE BE5 SY/EMATICALLY OPPRESS$1 EXPLOIT$1 & DIS9H]IT$ IRRESPECTIVE ( AGE1 RACE1 CLASS1 G5D]1 SEXUAL ORI5TATION1 RELIGION1 E?NICITY1 OR NATIONAL ORIG94 ,AMONG !SE1 IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 CLE> ?AT \R =EMO/ ATT5TION1 AT LEA/ = ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE1 \<T TO BE FOCUS$ ON ?OSE :O HAVE SUFF]$ ! MO/--= EXAMPLE1 MEMB]S ( ! POOR & WORK+ CLASSES1 RACIAL & SEXUAL M9ORITIES1 DISPLAC$ 9DIG5\S POPULATIONS1 & SO ON4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! BETT]-(F1 9CLUD+ /UD5TS & B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS1 %\LD BE COMPLETELY NEGLECT$4 ,KROPOTK9 IS RI<T TO PO9T \T ?AT 0PROPAG&IZ+0 AMONG !M 0REQUIRES SO MU* ]UDITION 444 ?AT IT 9VOLVES A T]RIBLY UNPRODUCTIVE WA/E ( TIME & DI/RACTION ( 5]GY FROM 9COMP>ABLY MORE URG5T MATT]S0 7,KROPOTK91 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #d#e74 ,BUT WE OBVI\SLY NE$ TO REA* Y\NG PEOPLE 7&1 TO A LESS] EXT5T1 FELL[ 9TELLECTUALS7 9 ORD] TO REPL5I% & MA9TA9 ! /R5G? ( \R [N 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IAT 

,9 ALL ( ?IS1 WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT \R 5EMIES >E READY & WILL+ TO USE \R [N 9TELLECTUAL WORK AGA9/ US4 ,AS ,GELD]LOOS NOTES3 

,SIMPLY PRODUC+ 9=MATION AIDS ! SY/EM1 EV5 IF ?AT 9=MATION SEEMS TO BE REVOLUTION>Y 9 ITS IMPLICATIONS4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE 9 DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES1 PEOPLE >E PACIFI$1 & EV5 IF !Y >E WELL 9=M$ !Y WILL NOT HAVE GOTT5 :AT !Y NE$ TO FI<T BACK4 ,9=MATION IS NOT :AT'S LACK+4 ,IT IS ! 9/ITUTIONS ( P[]1 & NOT ! PEOPLE1 ?AT >E POSITION$ TO ACT ON ?IS 9=MATION1 & EV5 CRITICAL 9=MATION COM+ FROM DISSID5T ACADEMICS CAN HELP !SE 9/ITUTIONS CORRECT !MSELVES4 7#b#g7 

,TO PREV5T ?IS SORT ( ?+ FROM OCCURR+1 WE NE$ TO BE C>EFUL :5 WORK+ )9 ! ACADEMIC E/ABLI%M5T & EX]CISE DISCRETION 9 :AT WE *OOSE TO /UDY1 PUBLI%1 & WRITE4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 WE NE$ TO BUILD UP NETWORKS ( RELIABLE ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT SUCCESSFULLY BRIDGE ! ACADEMIC_/AN>*I/ DIVIDE4 ,PUBLI%+ H\SES SU* AS ,A,K ,PRESS & ,P,M ,PRESS & ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES ,NETWORK 7,N,A,A,S,N71 ! ,TRANS=MATIVE ,/UDIES ,9/ITUTE1 & ! ,9/ITUTE = ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES >E SL[LY BUT SURELY HELP+ AN>*I/ ACADEMICS & 9DEP5D5T S*OL>S TO PRODUCE1 DISSEM9ATE1 & %>E WORK ?AT IS NOT ONLY 0CR$IBLE0 TO !IR ACADEMIC PE]S BUT ALSO USEFUL & RELEVANT TO !IR COMRADES 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,I CLOSE BY 5JO9+ ACADEMIC WORK]S TO ALWAYS ?9K AB\T :AT WE DO 9 T]MS ( :AT CAME BE=E AS WELL AS :AT C\LD BE4 ,WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT \R WORK IS 9 ! MIDDLE1 ! PRES5T1 ! SPACE ( 0:AT'S HAPP5+ N[10 & TO ?IS EXT5T WE CAN NEV] AF=D TO BECOME DI/ANC$ FROM ! REALITIES ( ! WORLD4 ,?IS DOESN'T MEAN ?AT WE %\LD ALL BE ACTIVI/S AS WELL AS ACADEMICS2 IT MEANS ?AT WE %\LD SEE \R WORK ITSELF AS ACTIVISM1 & WE %\LD DO SO PR\DLY & )\T %AME4 ,AS ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN WRITES3 

,IT IS SAD TO ADMIT ?AT !RE IS A T5D5CY 9 C]TA9 LABOR CIRCLES1 EV5 AMONG SOME SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S1 TO ANTAGONIZE ! WORK]S AGA9/ ! MEMB]S ( ! 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IAT4 ,SU* AN ATTITUDE IS /UPID & CRIM9AL1 BECAUSE IT CAN ONLY H>M ! GR[? & DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS ONE ( ! FATAL MI/AKES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS DUR+ ! FIR/ PHASES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ?AT !Y DELIB]ATELY SET WAGE-E>N]S AGA9/ ! PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES1 TO SU* AN EXT5T1 9DE$1 ?AT FRI5DLY COOP]ATION BECAME IMPOSSIBLE 444 7#b#c1 P4 #a#i#b7 

,9 JU/ICE TO ! 9TELLECTUALS1 LET US NOT =GET ?AT !IR BE/ REPRES5TATIVES HAVE ALWAYS SID$ ) ! OPPRESS$4 ,!Y HAVE ADVOCAT$ LIB]TY & EMANCIPATION1 & (T5 !Y W]E ! FIR/ TO VOICE ! DEEPE/ ASPIRATIONS ( ! TOIL+ MASSES4 7#b#c1 P4 #a#i#c7 

,AS ,I MADE CLE> AT ! \TSET1 ,I AM /ILL TRY+ TO COME TO T]MS ) ALL ( ?IS MYSELF4 ,I'M NO:]E NE> OV]COM+ SELF-D\BT2 ,I HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO IDEA H[ IMPORTANT 9TELLECTUALS 9 G5]AL OR MY [N 9TELLECTUAL WORK 9 P>TICUL> >E 9 ! GR& REVOLUTION>Y S*EME4 ,!N AGA91 ,I'M NOT SURE ?AT IT MATT]S4 ,OV] & ABOVE EV]Y?+ ,I'VE JU/ \TL9$1 ,I SUSPECT :AT REALLY MATT]S = ACADEMICS & 9TELLECTUALS IS JU/ GIV+ A REAL1 HONE/-TO-GOODNESS1 & PASSIONATE DAMN AB\T :AT'S HAPP5+ \TSIDE ! CLASSROOM & ! CONF]5CES4 ,ONLY !N1 IT SEEMS1 CAN WE DET]M9E :E!R :AT WE DO 9 ! CLASSROOMS & AT ! CONF]5CES IS WOR? GIV+ A DAMN AB\T1 TOO4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ,I HOPE ,I'VE (F]$ AN HONE/ APPRAISAL ( \R SITUATION & A FAIR CASE = ! POT5TIAL VALUE & USEFULNESS ( \R WORK )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,= MY P>T1 ,I CONT9UE TO WRE/LE ) SELF-D\BT & WILL PROBABLY DO SO = A LONG TIME4 ,BUT MAYBE ! NEXT TIME ,I VISIT ,=E/ ,HOME ,I WON'T FEEL SO ALI5AT$ FROM MY =EBE>S4 ,MAYBE NEXT TIME ,I WILL FEEL LIKE ,I AM P>T ( !IR1 \R TRADITION ONCE AGA94 

,REF]5CES 

,BAKUN91 ,M4 7#a#i#g#c74 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ WRIT+S4 ,A4 ,LEHN+ 7,$471 7,S4 ,COX @& ,O4 ,/EV5S1 ,TRANS474 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,GROVE ,PRESS4 

,BAKUN91 ,M4 7#a#i#i74 ,/ATISM & AN>*Y4 7,M4 ,%ATZ1 ,TRANS474 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,BAKUN91 ,M4 7#a#i#i#b74 ,! BASIC ,BAKUN94 ,R4 ,CUTL] 7,$474 ,BUFFALO1 ,N,Y3 ,PROME!US4 

,BAKUN91 ,M4 7#b#d74 ,GOD & ! /ATE4 ,:ITEFI%1 ,M,T3 ,KESS+]4 

,B]KMAN1 ,A4 7#b#c74 ,:AT IS COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM8 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,CAHOONE1 ,L4 7#a#i#i#f74 ,FROM MOD]NISM TO PO/MOD]NISM4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,BLACKWELL4 

,GELD]LOOS1 ,P4 7#b#g74 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 AN>*Y & ! ACADEMY4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/!AN>*I/LIBR>Y4ORG_/,H,T,M,L_/,PET].-,GELD]LOOS.-,!.-,DIFF]5CE.-BETWE5.-,AN>*Y.-&.-!.-,ACADEMY4HTML4 

,GIDD5S1 ,A4 @& ,PE>SON1 ,C4 7#a#i#i#i74 ,CONV]SATIONS ) ,AN?ONY ,GIDD5S3 ,MAK+ S5SE ( MOD]NITY4 ,/AN=D1 ,C,A3 ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,E4 7#b#d74 ,! MOD]N DRAMA4 ,:ITEFI%1 ,M,T3 ,KESS+]4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,E4 7#b#h74 ,AN>*ISM & O!R ESSAYS4 ,ROCKVILLE1 ,M,D3 ,S]5ITY4 

,GRAMSCI1 ,A4 7#b#a74 ,! ,=MATION ( 9TELLECTUALS4 ,9 ,V4 ,LEIT* 7,$471 ,NORTON AN?OLOGY ( !ORY & CRITICISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,NORTON4 

,HADOT1 ,P4 7#a#i#i#e74 ,PHILOSOPHY AS A WAY ( LIFE4 ,OX=D3 ,BLACKWELL4 

,KROPOTK91 ,P4 7#a#i#i#c74 ,FUGITIVE WRIT+S4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE4 

,KROPOTK91 ,P4 7#b#b74 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A COLLECTION ( REVOLUTION>Y WRIT+S4 ,M9EOLA1 ,N,Y3 ,DOV]4 

,MALATE/A1 ,E4 7#a#i#i#c74 ,HIS LIFE & IDEAS4 ,V4 ,RI*>DS 7,$474 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 

,PETTIT1 ,P4 7#b#e74 ,! CONTRIBUTION ( ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,9 ,R4 ,GOOD9 @& ,P4 ,PETTIT 7,$S471 ,A COMPANION TO CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,OX=D3 ,BLACKWELL4 

,PLATO 7#a#i#e74 ,PHA$O4 7,F4,J4 ,*UR*1 ,TRANS474 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MACMILLAN 

,PLUT>* 7#a#i#c#f74 ,MORALIA1 ,BOOK ,X4 7,H4,N4 ,F[L]1 ,TRANS474 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,LOEB ,CLASSICAL ,LIBR>Y4 

,PRE/ON1 ,A4 7#b#e74 ,CON=MISM 9 ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,! ,MONI/1 #h#h7#b71 #b#i#b-#c#a#i4 

,PR\DHON1 ,P4-,J4 7#a#i#g#b74 ,! G5]AL IDEA ( REVOLUTION 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,9 ,M4 ,%ATZ 7,$471 ,! ESS5TIAL WORKS ( AN>*ISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,QUADRANGLE ,BOOKS1 #h#a-#a#b#c 

,ROCK]1 ,R4 7#a#i#i#g74 ,NATIONALISM & CULTURE4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE4 

,S5ECA 7#a#i#b#e74 ,EPI/LES #i#c-#a#b#d4 7,R4 ,GRUMM]E1 ,TRANS474 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,LOEB ,CLASSICAL ,LIBR>Y4 

,*,A,P,T,] #a#f4 ,?AT ,TEA*+ ,IS ,IMPOSSIBLE 

,ALEJ&RO DE ,ACO/A 

#a 

,?AT TEA*+ IS IMPOSSIBLE IS NOT A PROPOSITION TO BE >GU$ =4 ,IT W\LD BE ( LITTLE 9T]E/ TO (F] IT UP = DEBATE4 ,IT W\LD BE USELESS TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ ! EVID5CE ( HI/ORY OR COMMON S5SE4 ,TO CONSID] ?AT TEA*+ IS IMPOSSIBLE IS TO OP5 \RSELVES UP TO AN EXP]I5CE ( ! MO/ \TL&I% SORT4 ,9 /AG+ ?IS EXP]I5CE ,I WI% TO CONTEMPLATE ! HAPPY FRU/RATION ( ! URGE TO TEA*1 & TO AFFIRMATIVELY 9VOKE ! LIMITS ( ALL P$AGOGIES4 

,IT IS USEFUL = ANYONE :O ?9KS ?AT !Y TEA* TO EXPLORE !IR URGE TO DO SO4 ,?IS URGE IS AN 9TIMATE MATT]1 ! LIBID9AL SUPPORT = ! 9NOC5T CLAIM ?AT GOOD IDEAS \<T TO BE PASS$ ON TO O!RS4 ,I CALL ! CLAIM 9NOC5T 9 ?AT IT USUALLY LEAVES ! GOOD ( IDEAS 7& ! ,IDEA ( ! ,GOOD7 IMPLICIT & UNEXAM9$2 S9CE ! GOOD REMA9S UNEXAM9$1 PEOPLE MAY OBTUSELY 9VOKE !IR M]E P>TICIPATION 9 EFFICI5T S*OOL+ AS EVID5CE ?AT TEA*+ IS POSSIBLE4 ,?AT ! S*OOL1 AS 9/ITUTION1 SURVIVES2 ?AT ! ROLE ( TEA*] IS UND]/OOD PRIM>ILY 9 REF]5CE TO ! SURVIVAL ( ! 9/ITUTION3 !SE SEEM TO BE ! ONLY EVID5CES NECESS>Y4 ,BUT ONE CAN AT LEA/ BEG9 TO ACC\NT = & EXPLORE ! COMPLEX ( DESIRES ?AT AIM AT ! ROLE ( TEA*]4 ,SOME ( !M WE> ! MASK ( ! EGO3 0,I AM ! ONE :O IMPRESSES ! LESSONS40 

,BEYOND ! EGO-MASK1 MOV+1 ?AT IS1 FROM :AT APPE>S AS 9N] TO :AT APPE>S AS \T]1 ONE MAY OBS]VE ! 9EVITABLE CALCIFICATION ( ! URGE TO TEA* 9TO ! K9DS ( SY/EMS WE CALL P$AGOGIES4 ,!SE MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS ORGANIZATIONS1 NOT JU/ ( KN[L$GE & ME?ODS ( PASS+ IT ON1 BUT PRIM>ILY ( DESIRE4 ,!Y >E 9/ITUTIONAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! URGE TO TEA*1 OR RA!R1 !Y >E ! WAYS 9 :I* ! URGE TO TEA*1 COMB9$ ) O!R URGES1 9V5TS = ITSELF A GREG>I\S EXI/5CE1 A S*OOL3 0,?IS IS :]E ! LESSONS >E IMPRESS$40 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 P$AGOGIES MAY ALSO BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS ! FANTASY ( ! EFFICACY ( ! URGE TO TEA*4 

,TO SAY OR ?9K ?AT TEA*+ IS IMPOSSIBLE IS TO LET GO1 H[EV] TEMPOR>ILY1 ( BO? ! URGE TO TEA* & ITS MORE OR LESS PRECISELY =M$ COLLUSIONS ) O!R URGES 9 GREG>I\S =MS1 AFFIRM+ RA!R ?AT /UDY IS 9T]M9ABLE1 & SO LE>N+ IS 5DLESSLY FRU/RAT$ & FRU/RAT+4 ,TO SAY OR ?9K ?AT TEA*+ IS IMPOSSIBLE IS TO ASS]T ?AT TEA*+ ON PURPOSE1 = A PURPOSE1 IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,= ! URGE 9 ITS GREG>I\S =M HAS O!R PURPOSES1 :I* CONC]N ! P]SON ( ! TEA*]1 HIS ROLE1 H] SPECIALIZATION1 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! S*OOL2 IT HAS NO?+ 9 P>TICUL> TO DO ) LE>N+4 ,I AM 9CL9$ TO ?9K ?AT NEI!R DO S*OOLS4 ,:AT ANYONE :O ?9KS !Y >E A TEA*] CAN DO PURPOSELY IS MA9LY ( TWO NATURES3 

,ONE CAN TRANSMIT DATA1 9=MATION4 ,?IS IS BETT] KN[N AS COMMUNICATION4 ,IT IS COMMONLY ASSIMILAT$ TO TEA*+1 BUT1 AS /UD5TS WELL KN[1 REALLY HAS NO?+ TO DO ) IT4 ,?IS TRANSMISSION IS EM95TLY POSSIBLE & DOES NOT REQUIRE A TEA*]4 

,ONE CAN MODEL BEHAVIORS & PRACTICES1 SIL5TLY (F]+ !M UP = IMITATION4 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY POSSIBLE1 BUT 9EVITABLE4 ,BUT TO :ATEV] EXT5T WE DO IT = A PURPOSE1 IT IS = ONE O!R ?AN TO TEA* !M4 ,9 ?IS MODEL+ WE EXCE$ ! ROLE ( ! TEA*]4 

,P$AGOGY1 !N1 IS PRECISELY ! 9-BETWE5 ( ! EGO-MASK & ! S*OOL1 !IR MUTUAL 9S]TION1 ! BECOM+-ME?OD OR BECOM+-GREG>I\S ( AN URGE 9 A FANTASY3 0,?IS IS H[ ! LESSONS >E IMPRESS$40 ,9 ?IS S5SE TO SAY OR ?9K ?AT TEA*+ IS IMPOSSIBLE IS ALSO TO 9VOKE ! C\NTLESS WAYS ?AT LE>N+ TAKES PLACE DESPITE & BEYOND P$AGOGY4 ,?IS IS ! BEG9N+ ( ! ANTIP$AGOGICAL LESSON4 ,LET US CONSID] IT4 

#b 

,SOMETIMES1 ,I ?9K ?AT ,I TEA*4 ,:5 ,I DO SO ,I IMAG9E ,I AM NOT ALONE 9 UND]L9+ ! EVID5T GAP BETWE5 DISCUSS+ PRACTICES & 5GAG+ 9 !M4 ,CLASSROOMS HAVE ?IS VIRTUE1 ?AT 9 !M ALMO/ ANY?+ MAY BE SAID2 BUT TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! DESIRES ?AT ALL[ US TO SURVIVE 9 SU* SPACES REMA9 UNEXAM9$1 WE WILL T5D TO CONFUSE ! ABILITY TO SAY ALMO/ ANY?+ ) ! ABILITY TO DO ALMO/ ANY?+4 ,?IS GAP 9 CAPACITY IS ESPECIALLY MANIFE/ = ME 9 ! CONTEXT ( PHILOSOPHY OR AN?ROPOLOGY1 9 C\RSES ?AT TAKE UP TOPICS SU* AS SPIRITUAL EX]CISES1 MY/ICISM1 %AMANISM1 OR ! MANY PRACTICES ?AT ,P4 ,HADOT CALLS 0PHILOSOPHY AS A WAY ( LIFE40 ,I MEAN ANY TOPIC :]E :AT IS POSIT$ IS NOT M]ELY ?9K+ DIFF]5TLY 9 ! CONTEXT ( A GIV5 WAY ( LIFE1 BUT A ?9K+ ?AT 7BECAUSE IT IS NOT JU/ A ?9K+7 REQUIRES A CONV]SION4 ,BECOM+ SOMEONE OR SOME?+ ELSE1 LIV+ DIFF]5TLY1 9 %ORT4 ,ONE CAN C]TA9LY TALK AB\T SU* MATT]S 5DLESSLY1 TREAT+ !M AS HI/ORICAL OR SOCIOLOGICAL FACTS1 )\T GRASP+ :AT IS VITAL 9 !M--)\T1 ?AT IS1 BE+ TRANS=M$ 9 ! DO+4 

,! M9IMUM =M ( ! AFFIRMATION ?AT TEA*+ IS IMPOSSIBLE W\LD !N BE ?AT ) REG>D TO PRACTICES ?AT REQUIRE A CONV]SION1 AT LEA/1 TEA*+ IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,I F\ND 9 MYSELF1 NOT JU/ AN URGE TO TEA*1 TO BE ! TEA*]1 BUT TO TEA* !SE TOPICS1 & ! URGE WAS FRU/RAT$4 ,! ROLE ( TEA*] BECAME1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE1 AT LEA/ SOME:AT LAU<ABLE4 ,! REASON WAS CLE> 5\<4 ,NO ONE CAN TEA* SU* PRACTICES 9 A S*OOL UNLESS IT IS ! S*OOL ( SU* PRACTICES3 ,EPICUREANISM NE$S ! ,G>D5 444 ,?9K+ ,I TAU<T1 ,I COMMUNICAT$ 9=MATION CONC]N+ !SE PRACTICES1 BUT AT A GREAT REMOVE2 ,I DID NOT MODEL !M4 ,MOREOV]1 SOME ( !M SEEM SEP>ATE FROM ANY KN[N P$AGOGY3 MY/ICS DON'T SEEM TO ME TO HAVE A S*OOL1 BUT RA!R TO BE ?OSE :O >E USUALLY EXPELL$ FROM S*OOLS4 ,?IS IS NOT BECAUSE S*OOLS >E DOGMATIC OR AU?ORIT>IAN 7?\< ( C\RSE MO/ >E71 BUT BECAUSE ( ! SORT ( EXP]I5CE ?AT MY/ICISM SEEMS TO 5TAIL4 7,OR MAYBE NOT4 ,ONE MI<T GO SO F> AS TO CONSID] ! MAXIMUM =M ( ! CLAIM1 ?AT ! PROBLEM HAS TO DO ) PRACTICE AS SU*1 ) ANY PRACTICE O!R ?AN ?OSE PECULI> TO S*OOLS AS WE KN[ !M47 

,SO :AT IS LEFT 9 SU* SITUATIONS8 ,! M]E 9T5TION TO TEA* :AT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TEA*1 ,I SUPPOSE3 ! URGE 9 ITS RAW & COMPLICAT$ =M1 NOT ITS CALCIFICATION 9TO A P$AGOGY4 ,WE CAN TRY TO COLLECTIVELY GIVE 9 TO ! WILL TO KN[L$GE1 TO MORE ?AN IDLE CURIOSITY4 ,?AT IS1 TO :AT IS 9 FACT POSSIBLE GIV5 ! PRACTICES & WAYS ( LIFE ?AT MAKE S*OOLS AS WE KN[ !M POSSIBLE4 7,AS OPPOS$ TO1 & )\T 9 ANY WAY DEVALU+1 ?OSE ?AT DE/ROY !M1 OR MUTATE !M UNTIL !Y >E UNRECOGNIZABLE47 ,BUT ,I F9D ?AT ?IS WILL & ?AT CURIOSITY >E UNEV5LY DI/RIBUT$4 ,Y\1 TEA*]1 MU/ S$UCE Y\R /UD5TS 9TO A C]TA9 FASC9ATION4 ,?AT IS :AT ,I CALL MODEL+1 AT LEA/ :5 MODEL+ HAS A *ANCE ( SUCCESS4 ,IT IS AK9 TO :AT PSY*OANALY/S CALL ! TRANSF]5CE1 OR TO HYPNOSIS :5 IT IS GRASP$ ?AT :AT IS AT /AKE 9 IT IS SOME?+ O!R ?AN M9D CONTROL1 ?AT ! ONE HYPNOTIZ$ MU/ AT SOME LEVEL ACCEPT ! PROCESS4 ,IT MU/ 9VOLVE Y\R BODY1 TEA*]1 Y\R GE/URES1 MOVEM5TS1 LAU<T]3 ! MASK1 ITS G5]ATION1 & ITS CORRUPTION4 ,?OSE P>TICUL>S CAN NEV] BE BYPASS$ 9 ! MIMESIS ( ! MODEL4 

,BUT EV5 IF ! WILL TO KN[L$GE OR MORE ?AN IDLE CURIOSITY CAN BE MODEL$ & IMITAT$1 7& ,I DO ?9K ?AT !Y CAN1 ON PURPOSE & ACCID5TALLY AS WELL67 ,I DO NOT ?9K IT IS WISE TO !RE=E CLAIM ?AT TEA*+ HAS HAPP5$1 & IS !RE=E POSSIBLE4 ,SOME?+ ELSE IS AT /AKE4 ,9 MODEL+1 ! TEA*]'S EGO-MASK IS REVEAL$ 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T 7FROM ! URGE TO ! ROLE71 BUT ALSO 9 ITS HAPPY FAILURE3 ! FAIL$ TRANSITION FROM ! URGE ?R\< ! ROLE TO ITS CALCIFICATION AS P$AGOGY & ITS S$IM5TATION 9 S*OOL+ >E ALL PROVISIONALLY LAID B>E4 ,9 AT LEA/ ONE IMPORTANT S5SE1 ! TEA*] IS NAK$4 ,:AT HAS BE5 MODEL$ & P]HAPS IMITAT$ IS /ILL QUITE SEP>ATE FROM ! TOPICS 9 QUE/ION1 FROM ! EXP]I5CES AT /AKE 9 !M4 ,:AT HAS BE5 /AG$ IS RA!R AN ANTIP$AGOGICAL PROBLEM4 

#c 

,CAN ONE PASS ON ANY?+ O!R ?AN ! WILL TO KN[L$GE & MORE ?AN IDLE CURIOSITY8 ,:AT AB\T LESS EXOTIC PRACTICES1 ?OSE ?AT SEEM MORE AT HOME 9 :AT WE KN[ AS S*OOLS8 ,= TWO YE>S ,I WAS P>T ( A UNIV]SITY COMMITTEE CONC]N$ ) FEM9I/ /UDIES4 ,ONCE1 9 ! C\RSE ( A REVIEW ( \R WORK1 WE TRI$ TO DEF9E :AT CON/ITUT$1 = US1 A SPECIFICALLY FEM9I/ P$AGOGY4 ,! CONV]SATION WAS BO? FRU/RAT+ & 7AT LEA/ = ME7 QUITE AMUS+4 70,GIV+ /UD5TS A GREAT] ROLE 9 PLANN+ ! CURRICULUM10 SOMEONE SUGGE/$4 0,ALL[+ PEOPLE TO SPEAK FROM !IR EXP]I5CE10 ANO!R SAID4 0,5C\RAG+ CONNECTIONS BETWE5 CLASS READ+S & REAL-WORLD ISSUES10 A ?IRD ADD$4 ,& SO ON47 ,! MORE CONCEPTS & EXAMPLES ?AT WE COLLECTIVELY PROPOS$1 ! CLE>] IT BECAME ?AT WE C\LD PRODUCE NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A SPECIFICALLY FEM9I/ P$AGOGY & GOOD P$AGOGY 9 G5]AL4 ,IT SEEM$ AS IF ! PROBLEM WAS ?AT WE HAD IT AS \R GOAL TO /AY AWAY FROM ! HUMDRUM ( ! G5]IC1 UNM>K$ GOOD1 & TO CLEAVE RA!R TO A MORE R>EFI$ GOOD1 ! %>P $GE ( FEM9I/ POLITICS4 ,BUT 9 ?AT HUMDRUM1 G5]IC1 UNM>K$ MA9/REAM1 !RE >E SAID TO BE GOOD TEA*]S1 >E !RE NOT8 ,IS !IR P$AGOGY NOT GOOD8 ,MANY1 >GUABLY MO/1 ( !M >E 9 NO WAY FEM9I/S4 ,\R TRUE PROBLEM WAS NOT \R DESIRE TO CL+ TO ! SPECIFICITY ( FEM9ISM--IT WAS ?AT WE ASSUM$ ?AT W]E ! ONES :O IMPRESS$ ITS LESSON1 ?AT \R S*OOL WAS :]E ! LESSON WAS TO BE IMPRESS$1 & ?AT FEM9ISM1 \R ME?OD1 \R P$AGOGY1 WAS TO BE H[ ! LESSON WAS TO BE IMPRESS$4 ,WE HAD SUPPOS$ ?AT TEA*+ IS POSSIBLE4 

,DO !SE ASSUMPTIONS HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) FEM9ISM AS A WAY ( LIFE8 ,IF FEM9ISM CAN BE LE>N$1 NOT AS A SET ( !ORIES OR 0/UDIES10 BUT AS AN ATTITUDE1 AS SOME?+ ?AT CAN GR[ 9TO A RESI/ANT POLITICS1 IT IS BECAUSE SOME ( US >E CAPABLE ( MODEL+ IT AS IT EXI/S & DEVELOPS 9 \R LIVES4 ,AS SU* IT HAS Z]O 9=MATIONAL CONT5T1 OR ITS CONT5T IS 9CID5TAL4 ,?AT SOME?+ LIKE FEM9ISM EXI/S AT ALL SUGGE/S ?AT IT WAS1 AT SOME PO9T1 9V5T$4 ,AT ?AT TIME ?OSE :O 9V5T$ IT W]E NOT PRODUC+ NEW 9=MATION 7AT LEA/ ?AT WAS NOT :AT WAS REM>KABLE 9 !IR 9V5TION74 ,!Y W]E PROBLEMATIZ+ EXI/+ PRACTICES & ! WAYS ( LIFE !Y FL[$ \T ( & 9TO1 PROPOS+ NEW ONES4 ,?AT SOME?+ LIKE FEM9ISM IS /ILL POSSIBLE1 /ILL REM>KABLE1 SUGGE/S ?AT SOMEONE CAN /AGE ?AT PROBLEMATIZATION ANEW1 9 EFFECT RE9V5T+ FEM9ISM4 ,:AT DOES ANY ( ?IS1 H[EV]1 HAVE TO DO ) S*OOL+8 

,! COMMITTEE'S TR\BL+1 UN/AT$ CONCLUSION WAS ?AT ?AT WE1 PRESUMABLY EXP]TS 9 FEM9ISM AS 0/UDY10 C\LD NOT GU>ANTEE ?AT1 9 TEA*+ CLASSES ) FEM9I/ CONT5T1 WE W]E TEA*+ FEM9ISM4 7,A /UD5T C\LD1 = EXAMPLE1 PASS A C\RSE ) FLY+ COLORS & 9 SOME FUNDAM5TAL WAY REMA9 OBLIVI\S TO SEXISM4 ,! SAME W5T US AS TEA*]S ( ! C\RSE74 ,OR1 IF WE W]E TEA*+ FEM9ISM1 WE C\LD NOT DEF9E 9 :AT WAYS WE W]E DO+ SO 9 ! CONTEXT ( 0FEM9I/ /UDIES40 

,IT \<T TO BE CLE> BY N[ ?AT ?IS V]SION ( ! ANTIP$AGOGICAL PROBLEM DOES NOT M]ELY CONC]N FEM9ISM4 ,SO1 :]E TO GO FROM H]E8 ,ONE FAMILI> PA? IS ?AT ( A C]TA9 RESS5TIM5T1 LEV]AG$ 9 ?IS CASE AGA9/ ! GOOD TEA*]S :O DO NOT M>K ! DIFF]5CES ?AT WE DO1 LEV]AG$ AGA9/ /UD5TS :O DO NOT BECOME FEM9I/S OR :OSE FEM9ISM IS ALI5 TO US1 LEV]AG$ ULTIMATELY AGA9/ \RSELVES1 9 \R 9EVITABLE FAILURE4 ,?IS RESS5TIM5T IS F$ BY ! FAILURE ( AN IDEAL ( REPRES5TATION & 9CLUSIVITY 7ITS 9DEX3 ! PRES5CE ( A C]TA9 SORT ( DATA1 ( 9=MATION7 TO EFFECT ANY?+ O!R ?AN A RE=M 9 S*OOL+--9 ! CURRICULUM1 ,I MEAN1 9 0/UDIES10 DEF9$ ACCORD+ TO ! /&>DS1 ! GOOD1 ( :AT WE KN[ AS S*OOLS4 

,ANO!R PA?1 :I* ,I ADMIT ,I FELL 9TO AS IF BY 9/9CT1 W\LD BE ?AT ( BEMUSEM5T4 ,IT W\LD BE TO SIMULTANE\SLY ADMIT ?AT TEA*+ IS IMPOSSIBLE & ?AT FEM9ISM1 IF IT IS A =M ( RESI/ANCE & NOT JU/ ( /UDY1 WILL BE RE9V5T$ QUITE DESPITE ?OSE ( US :O1 WELL-MEAN+1 MI<T ?9K WE >E TEA*+ IT4 

#d 

,LET US CONSID]1 !N1 ! LESSON ( RESI/ANCE1 TURN+ FROM RE=MI/ TO REVOLUTION>Y P$AGOGIES4 ,ANO!R UNIV]SITY TALE3 ,I WAS ONCE ASK$ TO SPEAK AT A SYMPOSIUM CALL$ 0,A*IEV+ ,SUCCESS AS A ,LAT9O40 ,I WAS ASK$ BY ! ORGANIZ]S TO ADDRESS ! DIFFICULTIES ,LAT9OS & ,LAT9AS MI<T 5C\NT] AT A PR$OM9ANTLY ,ANGLO 9/ITUTION3 0OB/ACLES10 MORE G5]ALLY1 ?AT ALL M9ORITIES FACE 9 ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM4 ,I SAID MORE OR LESS ! FOLL[+3 ,I DON'T WANT TO SPEAK PURELY 9 PRAISE ( S*OOL+1 ! OV]COM+ ( OB/ACLES AS PROGRESS1 CONFUS+ ! EFFICACY ( S*OOL+ ) ! UNQUALIFI$ GOOD ( LE>N+4 ,I WANT TO AFFIRM LE>N+ 9 ITS 5TIRETY & AS A PROCESS1 ) ALL ( ITS CONFLICTS & BREAKD[NS1 NOT TO ADOPT A N>RATIVE ( SUCCESSES 9 ! FACE ( H>D%IPS4 ,I REG>D PH5OM5A SU* AS ,LAT9AS DROPP+ \T ( S*OOL1 NOT GO+ TO COLLEGE1 FEEL+ ALI5AT$ 9 COLLEGE1 NOT JU/ AS PROBLEMS TO BE SOLV$ 9/ITUTIONALLY1 BY S*OOLS OR BY GR\PS 9 S*OOLS ACT+ AS !IR PROXY4 ,IF WE VIEW ALL ( !SE 0PROBLEMS0 AS NEGATIVITIES1 DEFICI5CIES1 BAD ATTITUDES1 WE MISS !IR COMPLEXITY1 :AT 9 !M IS POSITIVE1 IS DESIRE4 ,I ?9K ,LAT9OS & EV]YBODY ELSE HAVE C\NTLESS REASONS & WAYS TO 5GAGE ) S*OOLS4 ,I ALSO ?9K ?AT ,LAT9AS 7& EV]YBODY ELSE67 HAVE GOOD REASONS TO RESI/ SOME OR ALL ( :AT IS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ AS $UCATION4 ,AMONG O!R ?+S1 ,I AM REF]R+ TO :AT WE KN[ AS S*OOLS3 G5]ALLY1 SPACES :]E TRA9+1 DISCIPL9E1 AU?ORIT>IANISM1 BUREAUCRACY1 >E MADE MORE OR LESS EFFICACI\S2 SPACES ?AT >E (T5 CULTURALLY HO/ILE OR 9DIFF]5T1 ETC4 

,A Y\NG ,LAT9O 9DE$ \<T TO ASK HIMSELF1 0,:AT IS S*OOL TO ME8 ,:Y %\LD ,I RISK MY LIFE = ?IS80--( C\RSE 0LIFE0 H]E IS NOT ! LIFE TAK5 AWAY BY ! GUN OR TORTURE1 BUT ! LIFE ( ONE'S B>RIO1 COMMUNITY1 FRI5DS1 FAMILY--BECAUSE MANY ASPECTS ( :AT IT MEANS TO FEEL 9 ONE'S [N SK91 AT HOME1 OR 9 A COMMUNITY >E ?REAT5$ 9 S*OOLS4 ,?AT'S ON ! SIDE ( ! CON/RUCTION ( ID5TITY1 A S5SE ( SELF4 ,ON ! SIDE ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ID5TITY1 ! DESIRE ?AT SO MANY ( US HAVE TO OV]COME :AT WE'VE BE5 TOLD WE >E--?AT PROCESS & ITS FRE$OM >E ALSO ?REAT5$ 9 ?AT S*OOL+ HAS ALWAYS HAD TO DO ) ACCULTURATION TO A DOM9ANT CULTURE1 LANGUAGE1 RELIGION1 ETC4 ,& ALSO 9 ! S5SE ?AT S*OOLS NEI!R TEA* NOR FAVOR REBELLION4 ,9/ITUTIONALLY ?IS IS DISCUSS$ 9 T]MS ( CURRICULUM & CAT*PHRASES LIKE 0CAMPUS CLIMATE10 0DIV]SITY10 ETC41 BUT ,I ?9K ! REAL ISSUE IS ONE ( P[] & GREG>I\S DESIRES3 ! S*OOL'S EXPLICIT & IMPLICIT HI]>*IES & !IR 9S]TION 9TO GREAT] SOCIAL >RAYS4 ,LET US CONSID] ?OSE SE5 AS 0PROBLEMS0 OR AT LEA/ HAV+ 0PROBLEMATIC ATTITUDES0 AS RESI/+4 ,I ?9K ?AT !Y >E RI<T TO DO SO1 AT LEA/ AS RI<T AS ! S*OOLS 9 EX]CIS+ P[] & MODEL+ GREG>I\SNESS4 ,SOME >E MORE AT HOME H]E ?AN O!RS4 ,PEOPLE 9HABIT1 MOVE ?R\<1 MOVE 9 & \T ( A S*OOL1 AT DIFF]5T SPE$S1 = DIFF]5T REASONS1 9 DIFF]5T MOODS1 US+ DIFF]5T GAITS4 ,TO REG>D RESI/ANCE AS A PROBLEM TO BE RESOLV$ BY ! S*OOL1 OR BY US AS ITS PROXY1 IS TO FULLY RE9=CE ! ROLE ( ! TEA*] 9 ! S*OOL3 0,I AM ! ONE :O SOLVES ?IS PROBLEM0--0,I TRANS=M ?IS PROBLEM 9TO ! GOOD ( ! LESSON40 

,! CRITICAL QUE/ION IS3 H[ >E WE US+ ! S*OOL8 ,:AT >E WE DO+ H]E IF TEA*+ IS IMPOSSIBLE8 ,& ?IS IMPLIES ITS CONV]SE3 H[ IS IT US+ US8 ,:AT IS IT DO+ ) OR TO US 7ACKN[L$G+ ?AT 0IT0 IS NOT A ?+ OR SUBJECT1 BUT ! ANONYM\S1 GREG>I\S ACTIONS ( O!RS78 

#e 

,?AT TALK 5D$ ) A PROPOSAL ?AT ,I N[ RECOGNIZE AS WELL-9T5TION$ 7P]HAPS 9FLU5C$ BY ! GOOD 9T5TIONS ( ! SYMPOSIUM'S PLANN]S7 BUT POORLY ?\<T \T4 ,IT WAS A GE/URE *>ACT]I/IC ( A C]TA9 AN>*ISM ?AT CLAIMS = ITSELF ! SIDE ( ! GOOD1 ?AT PROPOSES ITS REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS AS ! /AG+ ( ! ULTIMATE GOOD4 

,I SAID3 ,SO MU* = ! SIDE ( ! 9/ITUTION6 ,S*OOL+ DOESN'T--CAN'T--5D !RE4 ,GREG>I\SNESS C]TA9LY DOES NOT4 ,IT IS P>T ( BE+ 5GAG$ ) AN 9/ITUTION1 RESI/ANTLY OR NOT1 ?AT ONE T5DS TO ORI5T MU* ( ONE'S DISC\RSE & PRACTICES >\ND ! 9/ITUTION4 7,SUPPOS+ ONE WANT$ TO DEF9E 9/ITUTIONS1 IT MI<T BE WOR?:ILE TO BEG9 BY DESCRIB+ ! V>I\S =MS ( ?IS OP]ATION ( CAPTURE74 ,IT TAKES SOME DI/ANCE 7& DROPP+ \T1 ALONG ) ! O!R =MS RESI/ANCE TAKES1 IS A WAY TO ATTA9 ?AT DI/ANCE7 TO BE ABLE TO SPEAK ( S*OOLS AS ,I HAVE BE5 DO+1 OR ( P$AGOGY AS AN \TGR[? ( ! URGE TO TEA*4 ,BUT REALLY1 !RE >E S*OOLS EV]Y:]E4 ,IF ,I W]E TO DISCUSS ! O!R POSSIBILITIES = S*OOL+ ,I C\LD ( C\RSE TALK AB\T ACTIVISM1 POPUL> $UCATION1 ETC41 BUT ,I W\LD RA!R RACE TO ! UTOPIAN 5D & PROPOSE ?AT S*OOLS %\LD HAVE ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( ABOLI%+ !MSELVES AS P>TICUL>1 SEP>ATE1 SPECIALIZ$ SPACES4 ,MY POLITICAL PROPOSAL IS ?AT ALL ( SOCIETY BE A S*OOL3 ?AT ! SOCIAL FIELD BE COEVAL ) ! SPACE ( LE>N+4 ,?IS MEANS1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT !RE W\LD BE A S]IES ( SPACES1 REM>KABLE PLACES ( LE>N+1 RA!R ?AN ONE MEGA9/ITUTION4 ,IT C\LD COME AB\T ?R\< A COLLABORATION BETWE5 ?OSE HAPPIE/ ) S*OOLS AS WE KN[ !M1 & ?OSE :O RESI/ OR REFUSE S*OOL+1 RELATIVELY OR ABSOLUTELY4 

,MY ANTIPOLITICAL CRITICISM ( ?AT POLITICAL PROPOSAL IS ?AT MAK+ A PLAN = ALL ( SOCIETY 7ESPECIALLY ONE ) A GR&IOSE SLOGAN SU* AS 0ABOLI% S*OOLS AS SEP>AT$ SPACES607 )\T AIM+ AT ANNIHILAT+ :AT WE KN[ AS SOCIETY IS TO GIVE \RSELVES A ,CAUSE4 ,! ,CAUSE ( ,MAK+ ,ALL ( ,SOCIETY 9TO ,A ,S*OOL4 ,N[ ! MASK IS TRANS=M$4 ,I AM NO LONG] 9 ! ROLE ( TEA*]1 BUT ?AT ( TEA*]-ACTIVI/3 0,I AM /ILL ! ONE :O RESOLVES ?IS PROBLEM0--N[ PUTATIVELY ?R\< REVOLUTION 9/EAD ( RE=M4 ,S*OOL+ W\LD BE COEVAL ) SOCIETY 9 ! WOR/ S5SE1 FO/]+ 9 PEOPLE NOT ONLY ! ILLUSION ?AT TEA*+ IS POSSIBLE1 BUT ?AT FRE$OM CAN BE TAU<T 7AN>*I/ P$AGOGY 9 ITS MO/ NI<TM>I% =M74 ,WE W\LD HAVE SET \T ) ! BE/ ( 9T5TIONS & 5D$ UP ) ! MO/ GROTESQUE GREG>I\SNESS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT /UDY IS 9T]M9ABLE & ?AT S*OOLS >E EV]Y:]E2 BUT S*OOL+ IS NOT = ALL ?AT OMNIPRES5T--IT CAN & DOES 5D4 

,I W\LD RA!R RE/ATE ?AT TEA*+ IS IMPOSSIBLE 7& ?IS TIME P]HAPS ! MODE/Y ( ! CLAIM1 SO H>D TO SEE AT FIR/1 BEG9S TO %9E ?R\<74 ,TO FOCUS \R EF=TS1 \R ANALYZES1 ON FAILURE & RESI/ANCE IS TO GRASP ! ECC5TRIC BUT VITAL ROLE ( MODEL+ 9 ! TRANSMISSION ( PRACTICES4 ,IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT MODEL+ WILL MEET RESI/ANCE4 ,A MODEL MAY BE IMITAT$1 C\NT]IMITAT$1 OR MET ) SOV]EIGN 9DIFF]5CE4 ,WE MI<T COOP]ATE1 WE MI<T FI<T1 OR WE MI<T IGNORE EA* O!R4 ,9 ?AT SOCIAL *AOS1 9 ITS 9T]/ICES ( ORD] & /ILLNESS1 SOMEONE MI<T LE>N SOME?+4 ,BUT NO?+ AB\T ?IS CAN BE GU>ANTE$4 ,:Y ASSUME1 :Y HOPE1 EV51 ?AT WE WILL ALL COLLABORATE8 ,:Y SCULPT ! MASK 9 A WAY ?AT >ROGANTLY BANKS ON SUCCESS8 ,IT IS ! URGE TO TEA*1 AGA9 REA*+ = ! =M ( ITS SURVIVAL4 0,I IMPRESS ! LESSON ?AT S*OOL+ IS 9T]M9ABLE40 

#f 

,I HAVE ALREADY SAID ?AT MODEL+ IS 9EVITABLE1 & IMPLI$ ?AT IT MAY BE DONE MORE OR LESS PURPOSEFULLY4 ,?IS IS DIFFICULT BECAUSE WE HABITUALLY VIBRATE 9 SYNC ) O!RS :O %>E \R MODELS1 & 9 ?IS LOCAL PH5OM5ON ! 5TIRETY ( \R 9T]ACTIONS IS TO EFFECT T9Y V>IANTS1 MICROIMITATIONS & C\NT]IMITATIONS1 ( EA* O!R'S PRACTICES4 ,! MICROPOLITICS ( P[]2 OR1 A DAY 9 S*OOL4 ,BUT MODEL+ IS ALSO IMP]SONAL & 9DEF9ITE4 ,ITS TAUTOLOGICAL CLAIM3 0,I AM ! ONE :O LIVES AS ,I LIVE0 OR EV5 0,I AM ! ONE :O EXPRESSES ! MODEL ?AT ,I AM MODEL+40 

,! FULLNESS ( A SELF OR A P]SON IS1 AS F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 ALWAYS & ONLY AN >TIFICE1 ?AT ( AN APP>5TLY COMPLET$ MASK4 ,! MASK ( ! TEA*]1 H[EV]1 IS 9COMPLETE4 ,TO ?9K1 TO SAY1 TO EMBODY 0,I AM ! ONE :O IMPRESSES ! LESSON0 IS TO SIMPLIFY1 TO FOOL \RSELVES 9TO ID5TIFY+ ) \R [N MASK1 TO FRU/RATE ! MANY O!R DESIRES CLAMOR+ AGA9/ ! ROLE1 DEM&+1 IF Y\ WILL1 O!R MASKS4 ,TO S$UCE ANYONE ELSE 7TO S$UCE ONESELF67 9TO FASC9ATION ) A MODEL IS SOME?+ ELSE ?AN TO MI/AKE ONESELF = ! ONE :O IMPRESSES ! LESSONS4 ,IT IS RA!R TO DISPLAY ! URGE1 ! MASK1 ! FRU/RAT$ T5D5CIES TO P$AGOGY & S*OOL+1 ) ALL ( !IR DEFECTS & FAILURES--! FAILURES ( ! SIMPLE MASK ( ! TEA*]1 ! GREG>I\S PH5OM5ON ( ! S*OOL1 & ULTIMATELY ! FAILURE ( ME?OD1 ( ALL P$AGOGY4 ,?IS IMP]SONATION %[S :AT 9 ! URGE TO TEA* IS IMP]SONAL4 

,ONE WAY TO CONCEIVE ( ?IS IMP]SONALITY IS ! 0SIL5T TEA*+0 ,R4 ,BLY? REPORTS ON 9 HIS BOOKS ON ,Z54 0,WE TEA* SIL5TLY & ONLY SIL5TLY1 ?\< WE MAY BE SIL5T OR TALK40 ,SIL5CE3 ! (F]+ UP ( ! MODEL = IMITATION1 ) NO ATT5DANT COMM& TO IMITATE 7OR MAYBE ) ! MO/ P>ODIC ( COMM&S74 ,9=MATIONLESS SPEE*1 LAU<T]1 SI<S 444 Y\R BODY1 AGA91 TEA*]1 9 ITS BECOM+-MASK4 ,EV]Y?+ ELSE IS A DANCE ( DATA4 

,IRREP>ABLY1 TO LIVE IS TO (F] ONE'S LIFE UP = IMITATION4 0,PEOPLE TEA* :AT !Y CAN4 ,PEOPLE TEA* :AT !Y TEA*4 ,EV]YBODY TEA*ES EV]YBODY ELSE40 ,?IS IS :AT ,I WAS GETT+ AT 9 DEEMPHASIZ+ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 :AT CAN BE PASS$ ON PURPOSELY & :AT IS PASS$ ON 9EVITABLY4 ,I AM MORE 9T]E/$ 9 :E!R SU* ?+S >E DONE GRACEFULLY1 AS ONE MAY LIVE ONE'S LIFE MORE OR LESS GRACEFULLY4 ,& P]HAPS ! MO/ GRACEFUL LESSON IS ?AT TEA*+ IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BUT H[ IS ?AT TO BE PASS$ ON8 0,! ONLY WAY TO TEA* NOT TEA*+ IS REALLY NOT TO TEA*40 

#g 

,ONE F9AL ANTIP$AGOGICAL LESSON1 ?IS ONE SPECIFICALLY = MY FRI5DS1 ! AN>*I/S4 ,I HOPE IT IS CLE> ?AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 FROM MY [N RESI/ANCE4 ,I LIKE TO ?9K ?AT1 DESPITE MY SEV]AL DECADES ( /UDY1 ,I HAVE RESI/$ S*OOL+4 ,BUT MY DI/ANCE IS D\BLE1 S9CE ,I OBS]VE ?AT ,I MA9TA9 A WILLFUL 9COMPET5CE :5 IT COMES TO POLITICAL MOVEM5TS ?AT AM\NTS TO A =M ( RESI/ANCE4 ,!RE >E1 AFT] ALL1 S*OOLS EV]Y:]E6 ,IT IS MY /YLE1 MY PR$ILECTION1 MY WU-WEI REG>D+ S*OOL+1 REG>D+ ! ROLES ( ACADEMICS & ACTIVI/S4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT EV]Y?+ ,I HAVE PROPOS$ AB\T ! URGE TO TEA*1 AB\T S*OOLS1 & AB\T P$AGOGY APPLIES MUTATIS MUT&IS TO ACTIVISM1 ORGANIZ+1 MOVEM5TS4 ,TRY ! EXP]IM5T Y\RSELF3 GO TO A RALLY OR MEET+ LOOK+ = TEA*+4 ,Y\ WILL F9D IT4 ,AH1 ! P$AGOGY ( RALLIES & MEET+S6 

,SOME ACTIVI/S & !IR !ORI/ FRI5DS >E BUSY LOOK+ TO ! PRIMITIVE PA/ OR ! UTOPIAN FUTURE = A HUMANITY )\T SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 AS ?\< DISCOV]+ !IR ABS5CE SOMEPLACE1 SOME:]E1 C\LD LEAD TO !IR AMELIORATION OR ]ADICATION TODAY4 ,N[1 ! ABS5CE ( A GIV5 9/ITUTION1 ESPECIALLY ONE ?AT ,I F9D 9TOL]ABLE1 SU* AS MONEY OR ! POLICE1 IS 9DE$ A FASC9AT+ QUE/ION = /UDY4 ,BUT /UDY IS 9T]M9ABLE2 IT ONLY LEADS TO MORE /UDY4 ,I PREF] TO ADD TO /UDY ANO!R PRACTICE1 TO MODEL A K9D ( DISAPPE>ANCE1 AN 9COMPET5CE ?AT IS A WAY TO ABS5T ONESELF FROM R\T9IZ$ ACTIVITIES ON ! SIDE ( S*OOLS AS WELL AS ! SIDE ( ! MOVEM5TS4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO LIVE ?IS AS SOME?+ O!R ?AN A NEGATION4 ,& AS 9 ALL MODEL+1 :AT ,I CAN DO IS SIMPLY TO (F] UP ! URGE TO TEA* & ! URGE TO ACT AS SOME DESIRES AMONG MANY4 ,WE CAN TRY TO 7& ,I SUPPOSE ?AT WE %\LD7 ]ADICATE :ATEV] SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS WE F9D TO BE 9TOL]ABLE2 BUT WE CAN ALSO DO :AT WE CAN1 SIL5TLY1 TO LAY B>E \R DESIRES AS WE DISCOV] !M1 \R SOCIAL TEA*+S AS !Y MEET RESI/ANCES ?AT1 AFT] ALL1 HAVE !IR REASONS4 ,WE CAN BE NAK$1 ) A MASK ON4 ,NATURALLY1 TO CALL ONESELF AN AN>*I/ IS TO WE> A FANCIFUL MASK3 0,I AM ! ONE :O 4440 ,BUT IF AN>*ISM IS \R P]HAPS 9EVITABLE P$AGOGY1 AN>*Y C\LD BE SOME?+ ELSE3 \R ANTIP$AGOGY4 

,REF]5CES 

,BLY?1 ,R4 7#a#i#f#d74 ,Z5 & ,Z5 CLASSICS1 ,VOL4 #b4 ,TOKYO3 ,HOKUSEIDO ,PRESS4 

,HADOT1 ,P4 7#a#i#i#e74 ,PHILOSOPHY AS A WAY ( LIFE4 ,OX=D3 ,BLACKWELL4 

,*,A,P,T,] #a#g4 ,AGA9/ ! ,GRA9 ( ! ,/ATUS ,QUO3 ,AN>*ISM BEH9D ,5EMY ,L9ES 

,ABRAHAM ,P4 ,DE,LEON 

,EV]YONE IS UND]COV]4 ,IT'S JU/ A MATT] ( DEGREE4 ,LOOK >\ND--JU/ AB\T EV]YBODY Y\ SEE IS 9 DISGUISE1 T]RIFI$ ( BE+ UNMASK$ AS ! COMPLEX HUMAN BE+S !Y >E4 7,CRIME?,9C41 #b#e1 P4 #c#f7 

,9FILTRATION3 A WORD ?AT MAY EVOKE A HO/ ( ?\<TS & FANTASIES FROM SOLDI]S OP]AT+ BEH9D 5EMY L9ES1 POLICE 9=MANTS GA9+ ACCESS TO CRIM9AL ORGANIZATIONS1 OR TO SC5>IOS ( RADICALS 9S]T+ !MSELVES 9TO CORPORATIONS OR RESE>* LABS4 ,:ATEV] ! SC5>IO1 9FILTRATION CAN BE TACTIC ?AT AN>*I/S PURSUE :5 ?9K+ AB\T OP]AT+ )9 CURR5T 9/ITUTIONAL REALITIES1 ESPECIALLY IF 9T]E/$ 9 TEA*+ 9 PUBLIC S*OOLS4 ,AL?\< ?IS CLAIM IS 5TANGL$ )9 COMPLEX RELATION%IPS ( P[] & PRIVILEGE1 /RUGGLE >ISES :]EV] DOM9ATION COALESCES1 ESPECIALLY )9 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES & SETT+S 7,%>P1 ,R\TL$GE1 ,PHILO @& ,PADDISON1 #b74 ,P[] CONJURES1 0! ?READ+S1 KNOTT+S & WEAV+S0 ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ?R\< A 9T]TW9+ ( ! SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 MORAL1 $UCATIONAL1 & HI/ORICAL REALITIES ( A GIV5 SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 P[] IS 0CRUCIALLY & UNAVOIDABLY SPUN \T ACROSS & ?R\< ! MAT]IAL SPACES ( ! WORLD0 7,%>P1 ET AL41 #b1 P4 #b#b74 

,?IS *APT] ?US LOOKS TO SITUATE ITSELF & BUILD RADICAL P$AGOGY )9 ! ?READS & KNOTS ( CONTEMPOR>Y RELATION%IPS ( P[]2 9-BETWE5 :AT ,HOLL[AY 7#b#a7 HAS CALL$ ! 0CRACKS0 ( CAPITALISM1 TRY+ TO 0DESP]ATELY F9D 444 FAULTS B5EA? ! SURFACE1 OR TO CREATE CRACKS BY BANG+ ! WALLS0 7P4 #h74 ,CRACKS HAVE EM]G$ ?R\< 5VIRONM5TAL DISA/]1 ECONOMIC COLLAPSE1 PSY*OLOGICAL ALI5ATION1 A CRISIS ( ID5TITY1 & DECADES ( W> & IMP]IAL AGGRESSION CONDUCT$ BY ! ,WE/4 ,IT IS UND] !SE HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ?AT RESI/ANCE NE$S TO BE CONCEPTUALIZ$4 ,CREAT+1 F9D+ & EXPLOIT+ 0CRACKS0 )9 A DIFFUS$ & NETWORK$ CAPITALISM DEMON/RATES ?AT DAT$ N>RATIVES ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE >E NO LONG] VIABLE & !RE IS 0NO GU>ANTEE ( A HAPPY 5D+0 7,HOLL[AY1 #b#a1 P4 #i74 ,UN=TUNATELY1 AL?\< !SE N>RATIVES MAY PROVIDE COM=T AMID AN ONSLAU<T ( CAPITALISM1 W>1 DEA?1 T]ROR1 & ALI5ATION1 !Y DO NOT OP5 UP1 NOR ALL[1 ALT]NATIVE POSSIBILITIES ( RESI/ANCE TO =M \TSIDE ! B\ND>IES !Y CON/RUCT4 ,9 SOME WAYS1 !SE MAY ONLY HELP TO REPRODUCE ! CURR5T ORD] WE F9D \RSELVES 94 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE %\LD RESIGN \RSELVES TO ! ?RONGS ( NIHILI/IC DEFEAT1 AS !RE IS 9DE$ POT5TIAL = RADICAL HOPE )9 ! CRACKS ( ,EMPIRE4 ,! MULTITUDE1 ) ITS POT5TIAL = 9F9ITE POSSIBILITIES1 CAN BUILD A COMPLEX & DISP]S$ RESI/ANCE ?R\< ! BREAKS1 TE>S1 & FOLDS ( \R SOCIAL ORD] 7,DELEUZE1 #a#i#i#b71 & ! TACTICS & P$AGOGIES ?AT WE 5VISION AS RADICALS CAN ATTEMPT TO CAPTURE ?IS SPIRIT4 ,AL?\< ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( !SE CRACKS & FOLDS IS YET TO BE SE51 ,I LEAVE ! READ] TO !IR [N RADICAL IMAG9ATIONS 9 DEVIS+ WAYS TO SUBV]T A NETWORK$ & DIFFUS$ MA*9E 7,%UKAITIS1 #b#i74 

,EVOK+ ! METAPHOR ( A 0MA*9E10 AS ,I DESCRIBE ! MULTIFACET$ NATURE ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM1 H>K5S TO ,TROTT]'S 7#a#i#i7 CLAIM ?AT COLONIALISM OP]AT$ 9 A V]Y SIMIL> WAY1 DIVORC$ FROM 9DIVIDUAL 9T]ACTIONS & OP]AT+ AB/RACTLY ?R\< 0(FICIAL0 & 0UN(FICIAL0 DISC\RSES1 =MS ( KN[L$GE1 WAYS ( KN[+1 ! MORALITY ( A GIV5 ]A1 & ! REPRODUCTION ( KN[L$GE TO NAME A FEW4 ,! ANALOGY ( A MA*9E ALSO *ALL5GES ?AT HUMAN AG5CY IS SOLELY AT ! C5T] ( H[ SOCIAL SY/EM OP]ATE1 BECAUSE MA*9ES1 0CREATE1 DI/RIBUTE1 & ORGANIZE POPULATIONS & IMPOSE REGIMES ( CONDUCT1 AG5CY & EFFECTIVITY0 \TSIDE ( 9DIVIDUAL ACTORS & AG5CY 7,GROSSB]G1 #b#a1 P4 #c#f74 ,RADICALS 7)9 & \TSIDE ! LABOR MOVEM5T7 HAD +5I\S WAYS 9 :I* TO DEAL ) ! MA*9ES ( CAPITALISM1 OCCURR+ ?R\< TACTICS ?AT SPANN$ /RIKES1 SIT-9S1 WALK+ \T1 & SUBV]SION TO EV5 MORE DIRECT =MS LIKE SABOTAG+ MA*9]Y1 BR++ PRODUCTION TO A HALT4 ,SABOTAGE IS A TACTIC ?AT AN>*I/S NE$ TO RE?9K 9 LI<T ( H[ LABOR IS N[ DISP]S$ AMONG A WIDE V>IETY ( 9/ITUTIONAL REALITIES 7FACTORIES1 BANKS1 CORPORATIONS1 & PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS1 = EXAMPLE71 AS WELL AS ! CONTEMPOR>Y KN[L$GE & AB/RACT ECONOMIES4 ,! MA*9ES ( CAPITALISM ?AT PRODUC$ GOODS DUR+ ! HEI<T ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY PROVIDE US A WAY 9 :I* TO ?9K ( SOCIETAL MA*9ES & TACTICS ?AT CAN BE ADAPT$ = CURR5T CONDITIONS4 ,H[ DO WE AS AN>*I/S1 :O WANT TO TEA* & WORK ) /UD5TS1 DEAL ) ! CONTRADICTIONS ( BE+ LOCAT$ )9 ! SAME 9/ITUTIONS ?AT SEEK TO DISCIPL9E BODIES & CO]CE US8 ,H[ DO WE SABOTAGE !SE MA*9ES & BUILD A RADICAL P$AGOGY FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE8 

,SABOTAGE PROVIDES A PROVOCATIVE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 9 :I* TO ?9K AB\T BUILD+ ALT]NATIVE =MS ( RESI/ANCE & ALIGNS ) WAYS 9 :I* AN>*I/S HAVE HI/ORICALLY CONCEPTUALIZ$ DIRECT POLITICAL ACTION4 ,?IS IS EV5 MORE 9T]E/+ :5 WE ?9K ( H[ ?IS WILL EM]GE ?R\< $UCATIONAL PRACTICE1 AS TEA*+ ALL[S US TO DIRECTLY 5GAGE IDEOLOGY1 *ALL5G+ /UD5TS' CONCEPTIONS AB\T ! WORLD >\ND !M4 ,) ?IS TYPE ( IMPORTANT1 D>E ,I SAY POLITICAL WORK1 :Y DO SOME AN>*I/S %UN ! WORLD ( PUBLIC TEA*+ & S]VICE8 ,$UCATION IS AT ! 0FRONT L9ES0 ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y IDEOLOGICAL W> CONDUCT$ BY CORPORATE M$IA1 (FICIAL ORGANS ( ! ,/ATE1 & 9FLU5TIAL ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,:E!R ?AT EM]GES ?R\< CORPORATE TEXTBOOKS ?AT OMIT SUBALT]N EXP]I5CES & WORLDVIEWS1 /&>DIZ$ TE/+ ?AT /RESS ROTE MEMORIZATION1 OR A CURRICULUM ?AT REPRODUCES ,EUROC5TRISM & ,WE/]N WAYS ( KN[+1 $UCATION IS 9VE/$ 9 REPRODUC+ DOM9ANT CONCEPTIONS ( ! WORLD4 ,H[EV]1 SABOTAGE CAN TAKE MYRIAD =MS1 & ?IS *APT] WILL BUILD ON ! CONCEPTUAL IDEA ( BUILD+ POLITICS ( 9FILTRATION4 

,IT HAS BE5 WELL E/ABLI%$ ?AT POLICE & O!R ,/ATE AG5TS HAVE 9FILTRAT$ RADICAL POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 ESPECIALLY ) ! RISE ( AN>*I/ PRAXIS OV] ! PA/ TWO DECADES 7,BORRUM @& ,TILBY1 #b#d74 ,AN>*I/S %\LD ?9K AB\T ASSUM+ ?IS SAME TACTIC1 US+ ! IDEA ( 9FILTRATION AS A GUID+ WAY TO ?9K AB\T \R PRAXIS )9 9/ITUTIONAL REALITIES & AS A WAY TO ?9K AB\T DIFFUS$ =MS ( SABOTAGE4 ,AL?\< AN>*ISM IS RIFE ) ID5TITY & LIFE/YLE POLITICS ?AT DETE/S ANY SIGNS ( 0SELL+ \T10 ?IS HAS ONLY PROV5 TO FUR!R M>G9ALIZE US 9 ! EYES ( ! L>G] SOCIETY ?AT WE MU/ WORK AT CONV9C+ H[ T]RIBLY OPPRESSIVE ! CURR5T SOCIAL >RANGEM5T IS4 ,9 ! 5D1 \R MOVEM5T IS GO+ TO HAVE TO BE BROAD-BAS$ & SPAN MULTIPLE ID5TITIES1 SOCIAL LOCATIONS1 POLITICAL AFFILIATIONS1 & A R5EW$ S5SE ( POLITICS ?AT SEEKS TO LOOK AT H[1 0! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD HAS BE5 MADE TO BE :AT IT IS .<&.> MAKE VISIBLE WAYS 9 :I* IT CAN BECOME SOME?+ ELSE0 7,GROSSB]G1 #b#a1 P4 #a74 

,/OL] 7#b#a7 DISCUSSES ! IDEA ( READ+ & ANALYZ+ 0AGA9/ ! GRA90 ( >*IVAL DOCUM5TS TO UNE>? NEW 9T]PRETATIONS & VOICES4 ,?IS *APT] URGES RADICALS TO ?9K ( \R SOCIAL ACTIONS ALONG !SE SAME L9ES ( ?\<T3 AGA9/ ! GRA9 ( DOM9ANT IDEOLOGIES ?AT S]VE TO SUPPORT HI/ORICALLY OPPRESSIVE REALITIES4 ,9 ?IS *APT]1 ,I WILL ATTEMPT TO PROPOSE A POLITICS ( 9FILTRATION ?R\< A PECULI> AN>*I/ L5S ?AT SEEKS TO SUBV]T CAPITALISM & ITS ACCOMPANY+ 9/ITUTIONAL REALITIES ?R\< A DIFFUS$ RESI/ANCE /EMM+ FROM BODIES2 BODIES IMM]S$ 9 OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONAL REALITIES4 ,I DANCE ?R\< !ORETICAL TRADITIONS TO DEMON/RATE H[ 9FILTRATION CAN BE CONCEPTUALIZ$ AS NOT ONLY A PHYSICAL PRACTICE 7SU* AS \R WORK 9 CLASSROOMS71 BUT ALSO CAN BE A !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK 9 :I* TO SITUATE \R PRACTICE1 ALWAYS LOOK+ = CRACKS1 WEAKNESSES1 & OPPORTUNITIES TO SABOTAGE DOM9ANT CONCEPTIONS ( ! WORLD ?AT DEMON/RATES ANO!R WORLD IS POSSIBLE4 ,AL?\< RADICALS MAY ?9K ( ?IS ACTION AS 0SELL+ \T10 ,I WANT TO REFRAME TEA*+ & WORK+ )9 9/ITUTIONS AS A POT5TIAL =M ( 9FILTRATION1 9S]T+ O!R WAYS ( KN[+ & BE+ 9TO ! ACADEMY TO *ALL5GE SY/EMICALLY OPPRESSIVE REALITIES4 ,%ANNON 7#b#i7 REM9DS US ?AT COOPTATION LURKS >\ND EV]Y CORN] & ,%UKAITIS 7#b#i7 W>NS US ( ! RECUP]ATIVE NATURE ( CAPITALISM4 ,BO? ( !SE REALITIES >E FIRMLY ACKN[L$G$ AS RISKS1 H[EV]1 IT %\LD NOT IMMOBILIZE US 9TO 9ACTION4 ,NOR %\LD ?IS RESIGN US TO 0<ETTOIZ+0 \RSELVES 9TO 9TELLECTUAL 5CLAVES :]E CONV]SATIONS >E MORE AB\T NODD+ \R COLLECTIVE HEADS 9 AGREEM5T RA!R ?AN *ALL5G+ \R [N PRACTICES ) ALT]NATIVE VOICES & TACTICS4 ,9DE$1 T5SIONS CAN BE ! BASIS = A CRITICAL REFLECTION AB\T :AT WE >E ACTUALLY DO+ 9 \R PRACTICE & 5GAG+ A WIDE V>IETY ( TE*NIQUES & APPROA*ES TO EXPLORE !SE1 SU* AS WRIT+ & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,COMMUNITIES ( PRACTICE1 :E!R 9 ACTIVISM OR ?R\< QUALITATIVE RESE>*1 >E AN ESS5TIAL FEATURE ( BUILD+ BRIDGES ) O!R LIKE-M9D$ ACTIVI/S & S*OL>S 7,ROSSMAN @& ,RALLIS1 #b#c74 ,COOPTATION & RECUP]ATION >E 9DE$ *ALL5GES WE WILL FACE BUT %\LD NOT /OP US FROM DO+ SOME?+1 KEEP+ 9 M9D ! QUE/ION ?AT ,LORDE 7#b#c7 HAD :5 %E /RUGGL$ ) ! TOOLS ( ! MA/] 7P4 #b#e74 ,?IS *APT] WILL HOPEFULLY ALL[ ! CONV]SATION TO CONT9UE AB\T ! ROLE ( AN>*I/ !ORY 9 BUILD+ ALT]NATIVE =MS ( PRAXIS1 P$AGOGY1 & DIRECT ACTION1 ESPECIALLY )9 ! CONTEXT ( PUBLIC $UCATION & ! CONTRADICTIONS ?AT AN>*I/S FACE )9 HI]>*ICAL & CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 

,AN>*ISM & ,$UCATION 

,TO SAY ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE A COMPLEX RELATION%IP ) $UCATION & ITS ACCOMPANY+ /RUCTURES IS AN UND]/ATEM5T4 ,AN>*ISM SEEMS TO FALL ALONG A WIDE CONT9UUM ( !ORIES & IDEAS AB\T ! ROLE7S7 ( $UCATION 7,SUISSA1 #b#a74 ,AN>*I/S 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION RELI$ HEAVILY ON ! POT5TIAL ( $UCATION 7,GRIBBLE1 #b#d7 :ILE O!R MORE REC5T AN>*I/S HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ! NECESSITY 9 SOMETIMES DROPP+ \T 7SEE ! LIT]ATURE FROM ,CRIME?,9C4 = A FULL CONTEXT74 ,MY [N WORK HAS TRI$ TO 9TEGRATE AN>*I/ CRITIQUES 9 H[ WE ?9K AB\T $UCATION & \R S5SE ( SELF 7,DE,LEON1 #b#h1 #b#iA1 #b#iB1 #b#aA1 #b#aB74 ,BE+ LOCAT$ 9 POSITION ( PRIVILEGE 7AS A UNIV]SITY PR(ESSOR7 BUT ALSO BE+ SELF & 9/ITUTIONALLY ID5TIFI$ AS AN 9DIG5\S MAN 7,I SELF-ID5TIFY AS ,ME/IZO1 :I* CAPTURES MY CULTURAL EXP]I5CES2 SEE ,DE,LEON1 #b#aB = A RI*] EXPLANATION7 HAS ALSO BR\<T AN 9T]E/+ P]SPECTIVE MANEUV]+ )9 9/ITUTIONS ?AT DO NOT SUPPORT VALUES OR P]SPECTIVES WE CURR5TLY HOLD AB\T ! WORLD >\ND US4 

,SPEAK+ FROM MY [N POSITIONALITY AS A MAN ( COLOR1 S*OOL+ HAS ALWAYS BE5 A P]SONALLY CO]CIVE EXP]I5CE1 P>TICUL>LY ! HI<LY EFFECTIVE WAYS 9 :I* ! MA*9ES ( S*OOL+ M>G9ALIZE & ]ASE CULTURAL WAYS ( KN[+ ?AT >E NOT 5VELOP$ )9 ! DOM9ANT ,EUROC5TRIC CULTURE ?AT EXI/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 OR :AT ,GROSSB]G 7#b#a7 CALLS 0,EUROPEAN OR ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC MOD]NITY0 7P4 #g#a74 ,BECAUSE MY P>5TS NEV] TAU<T ME TO SPEAK ,SPANI% = ! RETRIBUTION !Y FAC$ :5 !Y SPOKE IT AT S*OOL 9 ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS1 IT NEV] CONNECT$ ME TO A CRUCIAL COMPON5T TO MY [N ID5TITY & S5SE ( SELF ?AT LANGUAGE PROVIDES 7,REAGAN @& ,OSBORN1 #b#b74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HI/ORICALLY OPPRESS$ PEOPLES 7SPANN+ E?NIC1 RACIAL1 CLASS1 G5D]1 DIS7ABILITY71 ETC4 LOCATIONS7 HAVE ALWAYS DEALT ) ! CONTRADICTIONS FAC$ :5 WORK+ )9 9/ITUTIONS ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE1 ESPECIALLY )9 ! CONTEXT ( PA/ HI/ORICAL & COLONIAL RELATION%IPS 7,TUHIWAI ,SMI?1 #a#i#i#i74 ,DESPITE ?IS1 WORK /ILL HAS TO BE DONE 9SIDE ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS ( DOM9ATION OR !Y WILL REPRODUCE UNABAT$4 ,AL?\< ,I REALIZE A SUBJECT IS NEV] :OLE BUT A FRACTUR$ SELF COMPRIS$ ( MULTIPLE ID5TITIES 7,B>K]1 #b#h71 ! MA*9E WILL CONT9UE TO PRODUCE A SPECIFIC TYPE ( DISCIPL9$ & FRACTUR$ SUBJECT UNLESS !Y >E SUBV]T$4 

,AS AN 9TELLECTUAL ?AT PRODUCES KN[L$GE & HAS CLASSROOM RESPONSIBILITIES & = ?OSE ?AT HAVE SIMIL> EXP]I5CES1 WE >E AT ! 0FRONTL9ES0 ( 5GAG+ DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY AS \R /UD5TS WALK 9TO \R CLASSROOMS ) P]SPECTIVES1 ID5TITIES1 & SUBJECTIVITIES ?AT >E MIR$ 9 CORPORATE M$IA & O!R DOM9ANT DISC\RSES4 ,KN[+ & UND]/&+ \R MUTUAL ROLES 9 A L>G] SOCIAL MOVEM5T IS AN IMPORTANT FACET ( CRITICAL WORK4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE CRITIQU$ $UCATION = ITS REPRODUCTIVE & CO]CIVE REALITIES1 E*O+ ! CONC]NS ( MANY RADICAL !ORI/S 9 $UCATION TODAY 7,D>D]1 ,BALTODANO @& ,TORRES1 #b#i74 ,$UCATION DOME/ICATES DESIRES1 DISCIPL9ES BODIES1 & TRIES TO /IFLE CREATIVITY & IMAG9ATION = ROTE /&>DIZATION & HI<-/AKES TE/+4 ,! P]ILS ( $UCATION >E FELT ALONG CLASS1 G5D]$1 & RACIAL L9ES1 ALONG ) DISABILITY & SEXUALITY4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE TRI$ TO ?9K AB\T ! POSSIBILITIES ( $UCATION ?R\< A V>IETY ( CRITICALLY 5GAG$ SOCIETAL ASSEMBLAGES1 COMPRIS$ ( DIFF]5T SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 LIV+ >RANGEM5TS1 9TIMATE 5C\NT]S1 >TI/IC EXPRESSIONS1 ID5TITY POLITICS1 DISCURSIVE CON/RUCTIONS1 ALT]NATIVE CLAIMS ( TRU?1 & M>G9ALIZ$ SPIRITUALITIES4 ,!SE ASSEMBLAGES GIVE US1 0A PROP]LY UTOPIAN CONFID5CE ?AT ?+S CAN *ANGE BECAUSE IT IS 444 9 CONT9U\S V>IATION0 7,BU*ANAN1 #b1 P4 #a#a#i74 ,LIKE ! CONCEPT ( ! ASSEMBLAGE ?AT COMES FROM ! WORK ( ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I1 AN>*ISM NOT ONLY POSSESSES A DEVELOP$ UTOPIAN 0SPIRIT0 7,NEWMAN1 #b#i71 BUT IS ALSO A BODY ( !ORY ?AT CAN BE APPLI$ TO A V>IETY ( DIFF]5T CIRCUM/ANCES1 FUR!R DEMON/RAT+ ?AT 0NO SOCIETY HAS TO BE ORGANIZ$ 9 ! WAY IT IS1 ?AT !RE IS ALWAYS ANO!R WAY .<?AT.> CAN BE ACTIVAT$ BY ?9K+ DIFF]5TLY0 7,BU*ANAN1 #b1 P4 #a#a#h74 ,$UCATION IS AT ! C5T] ( ?IS CON/RUCTION1 AS IT ALSO CONTA9S ! POT5TIAL TO ACTIVATE A DIFF]5T WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T SOCIETY & \R PROBLEMS4 

,$UCATION HAS ! POT5TIAL TO LEAD TO SELF-TRANS=MATION :5 ITS PROCESSES >E GUID$ BY IDEAS SU* AS COOP]ATION1 LIMIT+ CO]CIVE EXP]I5CES1 ALL[+ = ! POT5TIAL7S7 = GR[? & SELF-DISCOV]Y1 & LE>N+ TO ?9K CRITICALLY AB\T ! PRODUCTION & REIFICATION ( KN[L$GE4 ,CRITICAL P$AGOGY HAS E/ABLI%$ ?IS POSSIBILITY ?R\< WORK ?AT SEEKS A POLITICAL PROJECT ?AT QUE/IONS ! FUNDAM5TAL NATURE & PURPOSE ( $UCATION FROM A V>IETY ( DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVES 7,D>D] ET AL41 #b#i74 ,M>XI/ DOM9AT$1 RADICAL ?\<T 9 $UCATION HAS T5D$ TO FOLL[ ! TRADITIONS FROM ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL ( CRITICAL !ORY1 BUT HAS ALSO BE5 9VIGORAT$ ) VOICES FROM PO/MOD]NISM1 PO//RUCTURALISM1 FEM9ISM1 ECO-JU/ICE1 & O!R CRITIQUES4 ,GL>+LY OMITT$ HAS BE5 AN>*I/ !ORY1 A RADICAL & ACTIVI/ ORI5TATION ?AT IS ROOT$ 9 PROTE/ POLITICS1 DIRECT CONFRONTATION ( ! POLICE1 ALT]NATIVE WAYS ( LIV+_/BE+1 & IS 9JECT$ ) !ORETICAL WORK F\ND AT ! UNIV]SITY 7,AM/]1 ,DE,LEON1 ,F]N&EZ1 ,NOCELLA ,I,I @& ,%ANNON1 #b#i74 ,AL?\< ASSOCIAT$ ) REPRES5TATIONS ( POLITICAL T]ROR & G5]AL MAYHEM1 AN>*ISM EM]GES FROM A WIDE V>IETY ( P]SPECTIVES & IS NOT EASILY DEF9ABLE1 MAK+ IT HI<LY ADAPTABLE = DIFF]5T CONTEXTS4 ,BECAUSE IT HAS T5D$ TO BE OP5-5D$1 AN>*ISM HAS BE5 ADAPT$ TO A V>IETY ( SETT+S1 & $UCATION SEEMS TO BE A LOCATION 9 :I* AN>*I/S %\LD CONC]N !MSELVES ) 7,SUISSA1 #b#a74 

,AN>*ISM IS EMB$D$ 9 A POLITICS ?AT SEEKS TO RESI/ HI]>*IES1 CO]CIVE EXP]I5CES1 & (FICIAL & UN(FICIAL ,/ATE POLITICS4 ,AL?\< ?IS IS AT ! CORE ( :AT MANY AN>*I/S DO1 IT HAS ALSO 9TEGRAT$ WORK ?AT QUE/IONS RIGID B\ND>IES ( SEXUALITY1 CLASS1 RACISM1 G5D]$ OPPRESSION1 & O!R POLITICAL PROJECTS4 ,BECAUSE IT HAS BE5 9FUS$ ) A V>IETY ( DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVE & POSITIONALITIES1 IT L5DS ITSELF TO BE+ EASILY ADAPTABLE TO A V>IETY ( SITUATIONS1 CRITIQUES1 & APPROA*ES 7,AM/]1 ET AL41 #b#i74 ,AN>*ISM APPE>S TO MAT* ! CONCEPTION ( ,GROSSB]G'S 7#b#a7 VISION ( CULTURAL /UDIES1 A 0COMPLEX PRODUCT ( MULTIPLE L9ES ( =CE1 DET]M9ATION1 & RESI/ANCE1 ) DIFF]5T TEMPORALITIES & SPATIALITIES0 ?AT HAS TO BE 0CON/RUCT$1 N>RAT$1 FABRICAT$0 7P4 #d#a74 ,! MULTIPLE L9ES ( =CE1 TO UTILIZE HIS *>ACT]IZATION1 COALESCE TO PRODUCE AN AN>*I/ DISC\RSE ?AT SUPPORTS A REL5TLESS CRITIQUE ON CO]CIVE AU?ORITY & 9SPIRES US T[>D PRAXIS4 

,AL?\< 9TELLECTUALS >E GUILTY ( 9JECT+ \R [N BIASES & P]SPECTIVES 9TO ! REPRES5TATIONS WE CON/RUCT1 IT IS ?OSE ?AT ORGANIZE UND] AN>*I/ !ORY & PR9CIPLES ?AT SEEM TO (F] US A PROVOCATIVE APPROA* 9 CREAT+ ALT]NATIVE RESI/ANCE /RATEGIES T[>D A DIFFUS$ & NETWORK$ CAPITALISM4 ,IT W\LD APPE> ?AT ! AUTONOM\S & DEC5TRALIZ$ NATURE ( AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE ALL[S = AN 9T]E/+ SET ( TOOLS 9 :I* TO WORK ) ?AT APPE> TO BE EQUALLY DIFFUS$ LIKE ! MA*9ES ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM4 ,CAPITALISM EXI/S OV] A GLOBAL NETWORK ?AT TRAV]SES B\ND>IES1 %AP+ IDEOLOGIES & =MS ( KN[L$GE TO \R MO/ 9TIMATE KN[L$GE ( SELF 7,ROSE1 #a#i#h#i74 ,AN>*ISM HAS ALSO TRAV]S$ ! B\ND>IES ( !ORY & HI/ORY1 A VIBRANT POLITICAL PROJECT ?AT HAS EXI/$ 9 V>I\S LOCATIONS ACROSS ! GLOBE4 ,)9 ! ACADEMY1 AN>*ISM HAS BE5 NETWORK$ ) O!R RADICAL !ORIES1 LIKE FEM9ISM1 ECO-JU/ICE1 & CRITICAL ANIMAL /UDIES4 ,?IS MAKES AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE /& AP>T FROM O!R RADICAL TRADITIONS BECAUSE ( ! ALLIANCES ?AT HAVE BE5 =M$ ) O!R DISCIPL9ES1 BUT IS ALSO ! PO9T ?AT MAKES IT SO *ALL5G+ TO DO AN>*ISM & PRODUCE AN>*I/ !ORY & RESE>*4 

,?IS *ALL5GE IS ALSO COMP\ND$ ) ! NATURE ( RADICAL POLITICS1 AS !RE >E USUALLY MULTIPLE & COMPET+ 9T]E/S ?AT NE$ TO BE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 MANY CONS]VATIVES CAN BUILD !IR [N /RATEGIES >\ND COMMON POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 OR ECONOMIC 9T]E/S 7! ,TEA ,P>TY1 0PRO-LIFE10 A RETURN TO 0TRADITIONAL0 WAYS ( LIFE1 ETC47 & APPE> TO MEET ! NE$S ( ITS BROAD CON/ITU5CY4 ,AL?\< MANY CONS]VATIVE POLICIES DIRECTLY C\NT] ! ECONOMIC NE$S ( ITS BASE SUPPORT AS IT HAS BE5 PO9T$ \T 9 ! LIT]ATURE1 !IR 9FLU5CE REMA9S & IS ONE ( ! P>ADOXES ( CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,GILB]T1 #b#a#a74 ,RADICALS & PROGRESSIVE ACTIVI/S >E SO DIVID$ AMONG ISSUES SURR\ND+ RACE1 G5D]1 CLASS1 ID5TITY1 DISABILITY1 OR SEXUALITY ?AT !SE COMMON L9KS >E NOT SO READILY APP>5T4 ,DESPITE ?IS1 AN>*ISM PROVIDES A DISC\RSE ?AT TRAV]SES A DIV]SE RANGE ( POLITICAL PR9CIPLES1 BUT IT IS ALSO GUID$ BY RADICAL PRAXIS ?AT HAS BE5 UTILIZ$ BY A V>IETY ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT >E EQUALLY AS DIV]SE4 ,?IS MAKES AN>*I/ !ORY A POSITION FULL ( POSSIBILITY1 BECOM+ A BROAD UMBRELLA 9 :I* TO SITUATE A WIDE V>IETY ( POLITICAL CONC]NS4 

,FROM ! /REETS ( ,SEATTLE 9 #a#i#i#i1 ! ,D,I,Y MOVEM5T 9 MANY ALT]NATIVE COMMUNITIES1 TO ! KIT*5S ( ACTIVI/S FE$+ ! HOMELESS = ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS1 !SE ACTIONS HAVE BE5 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*I/ POLITICS & CAN BE 0READ0 & ANALYZ$ ?R\< AN AN>*I/ L5S4 ,= US 9 $UCATION ?AT >E /RUGGL+ ) ! MEAN+ ( \R P$AGOGY 9 LI<T ( ! HI]>*ICAL & CO]CIVE NATURE ( MO/ $UCATIONAL EXP]I5CES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ?IS CAN ALL[ US TO EXPLORE DIV]SE POLITICAL /RATEGIES1 PRAXIS1 & MOVEM5TS TO SE>* = SYN]GIES BETWE5 !M & :AT WE DO AS TEA*]S & $UCATORS 9 \R CLASSROOMS EV]YDAY4 ,AS ?IS P>TICUL> $IT$ COLLECTION IS D$ICAT$ TO AN>*I/ =MS ( P$AGOGY1 ?IS DIV]SITY ( ?\<T & PRAXIS 9 AN>*I/ !ORY CAN HELP US =MULATE SOME IDEAS AB\T SITUAT+ \RSELVES AS AN>*I/S )9 CO]CIVE & HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WE EV5TUALLY W\LD LIKE TO SEE DISMANTL$4 

,AN>*ISM1 ,SABOTAGE1 & A ,POLITICS ( ,9FILTRATION 

,IT IS WIDELY ACCEPT$ ?AT ,/ATE AG5TS HAVE 9FILTRAT$ RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS HI/ORICALLY 7,F]N&EZ1 #b#h74 ,:E!R ?R\< DIRECT 9S]TION 9TO RADICAL GR\PS OR SOPHI/ICAT$ CR[D SURVEILLANCE1 ! ,/ATE IS 9VE/$ 9 DE/ROY+ & SUBV]T+ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT QUE/ION ,/ATE AU?ORITY OR ! 9/ITUTIONS ( CAPITALISM4 ,/ATE AG5TS APPE> TO HAVE A TREM5D\S AM\NT ( AU?ORITY & AUTONOMY 9 !SE OP]ATIONS & >E ABLE TO TAKE DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ ANY 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P DEEM$ A ?REAT4 ,! POLITICAL & SOCIAL BACKDROP 9 ! WAKE ( ,SEPTEMB] #aa HAS GRANT$ ,/ATE AG5TS & AU?ORITIES EV5 MORE DIRECT CONTROL 7,P>5TI1 #b#g74 ,RADICAL1 PROGRESSIVE1 & LIB]AL POLITICAL GR\PS ?R\<\T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE 5DUR$ WIRETAPS1 POLICE RAIDS1 & ,/ATE SURVEILLANCE AIM$ AT >RE/1 9C>C]ATION1 OR S]V+ AS 9=MANTS 7,BORUM @& ,TILBY1 #b#d74 ,?R\< !SE TYPES ( OP]ATIONS1 ! ,/ATE ATTEMPTS TO 5VELOP1 DISCR$ITS1 OR DE/ROY SOCIAL & POLITICAL MOVEM5TS FROM )9 7,F]N&EZ1 #b#h74 

,IF ?IS IS 9DE$ ! REALITY 9 :I* ! ,/ATE OP]ATES ?R\< ! POLICE & O!R AG5CIES1 RADICAL & PROGRESSIVE TRADITIONS ( M>*ES1 SIT-9S1 BOYCOTTS1 & O!R VE/IGES FROM \R PROTE/ PA/ SEEM :OLLY 9ADEQUATE4 ,COMB9E ?IS ) ! DIFFUS$ NATURE ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALI/ >RANGEM5TS & H[ IT SPANS ! MILIEU ( SOCIAL EXP]I5CES1 IT BECOMES AN EV5 GREAT] *ALL5GE TO RESI/4 ,H[EV]1 WE KN[ ?IS4 ,WE HAVE HI/ORICAL EVID5CE 9 :I* TO /UDY H[ O!R PA/ ACTIONS HAVE BE5 DONE4 ,!RE IS POT5TIAL EVID5CE ?AT EXI/S FROM P>TICIPANTS & SURVIVORS :O HAVE WITNESS$ OR EXP]I5C$ !SE ,/ATE 9T]V5TIONS ?AT NE$S QUALITATIVE WORK TO EXPLORE !SE /ORIES FUR!R4 ,! 9ITIAL SE$S 9 :I* TO BUILD FROM ALREADY EXI/ = US TO GR[4 

,US+ AN ANALOGY FROM NATURE 7SPECIFICALLY 0GR[?07 HI<LI<TS MY [N COMMITM5T 9 IMAG9+ POT5TIALS ?AT >E ORGANIC 9 NATURE & REIMAG9+ TRADITIONAL CO]CIVE RELATION%IPS4 ,HI]>*ICAL >RANGEM5TS1 ! ORD]+ ( LIFE1 SPATIAL & >*ITECTURAL >RANGEM5TS1 & ! PRIVILEG+ ( POSITIVI/ DISC\RSES & WAYS ( KN[+ >E BYPRODUCTS ( ,5LI<T5M5T PHILOSOPHY & ,EUROPEAN COLONIAL PROJECTS 7,LEGG1 #b#g74 ,AL?\< !SE HAVE %AP$ ! ,WE/ 9 FUNDAM5TAL WAYS1 RESI/ANCE HAS TO MOVE BEYOND POSITIVI/ WAYS ( KN[+ & ?9K+ AB\T CURR5T SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC REALITIES4 ,?IS ALSO MEANS DISP]S+ \RSELVES ?R\<\T A V>IETY ( SOCIAL LOCATIONS ?R\< 9S]TION & 9FILTRATION1 DISGUIS+ ONESELF = ! CURR5T TASK AT H&4 ,AS ,CRIME?,9C4 7#b#f7 PROVOCATIVELY ASKS ! READ]1 0,DO Y\ F9D Y\RSELF WI%+ ?AT A PASS]BY W\LD TAKE ADVANTAGE ( HIS SQUEAKY-CLEAN LOOK TO DO SOME DA/>DLY REVOLUTION>Y DE$80 7P4 #c#f74 ,CRIME?,9C4 HAS PROVID$ AN 9T]E/+ WAY TO ?9K AB\T DIRECT ACTION1 ESPECIALLY S9CE !Y URGE US TO BECOME 0?AT SQUEAKY-CLEAN PASS]BY 444 .<?AT.> 444 ACTS C]TA9 WAYS SO !Y CAN MOVE ?R\< A REPRESSIVE SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T )\T >\S+ SUSPICION0 7P4 #c#f74 ,BECAUSE !Y CLAIM ?AT EV]YONE IS ACT+ & PLAY+ !IR SOCIAL ROLE ANYWAYS1 WE >E ALL 0EXP]TS ON ACT+0 7P4 #c#f7 :I* IS A KEY COMPON5T TO 9FILTRATION3 PLAY+ A P>T ?AT MI<T NOT NECESS>ILY BE ONE ?AT AN ACTIVI/ W\LD NORMALLY P]SONALLY ADOPT1 BUT HELPS TO 0GA!R 9TELLIG5CE1 SPREAD DIS9=MATION .<&.> CREATE DISRUPTION0 7P4 #c#f74 

,! (FICIAL ROLE ( 0TEA*]0 REQUIRES US TO ASSUME C]TA9 SUBJECTIVITIES & A WILL+NESS TO PLAY 9/ITUTIONAL ROLES DEEM$ 0TRUE0 & 0ACCEPTABLE40 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY RELEVANT = ?OSE ( US :O HAVE RADICAL POLITICS & F9D ! OP]ATIONS ( S*OOLS AT ALL LEVELS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO BE P>TICUL>LY DI/URB+ & REPUGNANT4 ,BUT BE+ A TEA*] SEEMS TO 5COMPASS A P]=MATIVE SPIRIT1 AS ! CLASSROOM & ! ID5TITY ( TEA*] BECOMES A ROLE 9 :I* TO PLAY \T LIV$ & EMBODI$ IDEOLOGIES4 ,?9K+ ( TEA*+ AS P]=MANCE MAKES ! CLASSROOM AN EXCIT+ & 9VIGORAT+ SPACE = LE>N+1 BUT1 ?IS P]=MATIVE REALITY ( ID5TITY ESCAPES S*OOL WALLS ?R\< \R CIRCUM/ANCES & ?OSE ID5TITIES ASSUM$ BY US ?R\< P]SONAL EXP]I5CES1 ! M$IA1 & O!R =MS ( REPRES5TATION4 ,PELIAS 7#b#h7 DISCUSSES ! P]=MATIVE ROLE ( ID5TITY1 ESPECIALLY :5 IT COMES TO G5D] OR O!R SOCIALLY SANCTION$ ID5TITIES ASSUM$ VALID & REAL4 

,I HAVE BE5 CALL$ =?1 CALL$ TO ! !ATRICAL & CULTURAL /AGE1 CALL$ TO MOVE MY P]=M+ BODY AS AN IDEOLOGICAL & DISCIPL9$ SUBJECT4 ,?IS 9T]POLATION TURNS MY BODY 9TO A SITE ?AT IS WORK$ UPON & 9TO A S\RCE = UND]/&+4 ,I MANEUV] & AM MANEUV]$ AMONG ! SCRIPTS ,I 5C\NT]1 SOMETIMES CONS5T+1 SOMETIMES RESI/+1 BUT NEV] ESCAP+ ! APP>ATUS ( IT ALL4 ,I AM CAU<T1 TE!R$ TO ! SY/EM ( MY [N & O!RS' MAK+4 ,I AM AN ACTOR P]=M+ LIFE4 7P4 #f#e7 

,! IDEA ( P]=MANCE & :AT ?IS MEANS = PRAXIS & RESE>* IS A PROVOCATIVE WAY 9 :I* TO ?9K H[ WE ASSUME \R V>I\S ID5TITIES BECAUSE AS ,PELIAS APTLY PO9TS \T1 RESI/ANCE IS ALSO A VITAL COMPON5T TO ! P]=MANCES ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,P]=MANCE & P]=MATIVE ME?ODOLOGIES1 A BURGEON+ 9T]E/ 9 AUTOE?NOGRAPHY & CRITICAL QUALITATIVE RESE>*1 DEMON/RATES ! IMPORTANCE ( ! BODY 9 9T]PRET+ & CON/RUCT+ :AT IS CONSID]$ 0REALITY0 7,M>KULA1 #b#h2 ,/4 ,PI]RE1 #b#h74 ,BODIES LIE AT ! HE>T ( ! EXP]I5TIAL NATURE ( HUMAN LIFE & SOCIETY1 BECAUSE WE NE$ TO1 0BR+ ! BODY \T FROM ! %AD[ ( ! M9D0 7,H>DT1 #a#i#i#c1 P4 #a#g7 TO BETT] UND]/& ! ROLE7S7 ( BODIES 9 RADICAL & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS & 9SURG5CIES4 ,BODIES CAN PLAYFULLY RESI/ OR 9FILTRATE HI/ORICALLY OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS TO SABOTAGE FROM )93 A FRAGM5T$ & PO/MOD]N 9SURG5CY4 0,9SURG5CIES >E ! 9CUBATORS ( NEW IDEAS & KN[L$GES2 PLACES :]E HOPES & 5]GIES ?AT !RE C\LD EXI/ O!R =MS ( SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :AT EXI/S TODAY1 ?AT !RE >E ALT]NATIVES1 >E CULTIVAT$0 7,%UKAITIS1 #b#i1 P4 #f#c74 ,:AT ?IS 5TAILS ?\< IS AN UND]/&+ ( ! IMPORTANCE ?AT P]=MANCE PLAYS 9 ! =MATION ( \R ID5TITIES1 BUT ALSO 9 H[ WE 9T]ACT ) O!RS ACROSS A RANGE ( SOCIAL SPH]ES4 ,P]=MANCE ?US BECOMES A SITE ( RESI/ANCE ?AT DEMON/RATES H[ POLITICS1 CULTURE1 IDEOLOGY1 P[]1 GOV]NM5TALITY1 & KN[L$GE 9T]SECT ?R\< ! BODIES ( HI/ORICAL ACTORS 7,D5Z91 #b#c74 

,AN>*ISM ADDRESSES ISSUES ( ID5TITY & EMBODIM5T & ?US IS 9VE/$ ) ! BODY1 9 T]MS ( ISSUES LIKE RACE1 CLASS1 OR H[ SEXUALITY HAS BE5 CON/RUCT$ 7DISCURSIVELY1 IDEOLOGICALLY1 POLITICALLY1 ECONOMICALLY1 ETC47 9 ! ,WE/ 7,HECK]T1 #b#e74 ,BECAUSE AN>*ISM HAS EXPLOR$ ID5TITY & ITS ROLE 9 RADICAL POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 AN>*ISM PROVIDES A HI/ORY ( ?9K+ AB\T :AT ID5TITY MEANS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 /RESS+ ITS SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ NATURE & ! P]=MATIVE ROLE IT PLAYS 9 BUILD+ \R 9N] SELF4 ,CRIME?,9C4 URGES US TO 0SP5D TIME LE>N+ Y\R *>ACT]0 7P4 #c#h71 BUT :AT DOES ?IS MEAN )9 ! CONTEXT ( $UCATION & SPECIFICALLY1 BECOM+-TEA*]8 ,TRADITIONALLY1 TEA*] IS ASSOCIAT$ ) A SPECIFIC WAY ( BE+4 ,$UCATIONAL !ORIES AB\ND ?AT TELL US ?AT BEHAVIOR 7USUALLY COLLECT$ UND] 0BEHAVIORISM07 ( /UD5TS %\LD BE ! LOCUS ( $UCATIONAL PRACTICE & A MAJORITY ( $UCATIONAL ?\<T HAS BE5 TRADITIONALLY GR\P$ UND] ?IS MANTRA3 PUNI%M5T = RULES 9FRACTION1 ASSIGN+ GRADES = WORK ?AT MEETS SPECIFIC CRIT]IA1 /RICT DEM>CATION ( TIME & SPACE1 & ! CLOS$ SY/EM ( KN[L$GE ?AT 0(FICIAL0 S*OOL CURRICULA REPRODUCE 7,APPLE1 #b74 

,BE+ 09 *>GE0 & ! SOLE AU?ORIT>IAN VOICE ?AT DELIV]S CURRICULUM DIVORC$ ( HI/ORICAL CONTEXT & O!R WAYS ( KN[+ >E WAYS 9 :I* TEA*]S >E CON/RUCT$ TODAY4 ,) ! RISE ( /&>DIZ$ TE/+ OV] ! PA/ SEV]AL DECADES1 ?IS HAS ALSO 9T5SIFI$4 ,>T1 SOCIAL /UDIES1 PHYSICAL $UCATION & O!R DISCIPL9ES ?AT >E NOT TI$ TO /ATE TE/S >E RAPIDLY DISAPPE>+2 ! LOGIC ( S*OOL+ & $UCATION N[ BE+ MORE DIRECTLY TI$ TO SY/EMS ( ACC\NTABILITY1 CO]CION1 & CONTROL 7,HUR%1 #b#h74 ,HI<] $UCATION HAS ALSO NOT ESCAP$ ?IS TYPE ( ?9K+ AB\T PRACTICE & ! ROLE7S7 & 9T]E/S S*OOL+ %\LD S]VE4 ,! REC5T RISE 9 A /&>DIZ$ APPROA* TO $UCATION IS AT ! =EFRONT ( $UCATIONAL ?\<T1 AS DEBATES >E CON/RUCT$ )9 TI<T DISCURSIVE P>AMET]S4 ,AL?\< !SE >E ! WAYS 9 :I* TEA*]S HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$1 WE CAN RESI/ !SE WAYS ( BE+ & BEG9 TO SPREAD DIS9=MATION & E/ABLI% IDEOLOGICAL CRITIQUE AS A BASIS = AN 9VIGORAT$ CRITICAL P$AGOGY4 

,9FILTRATION C\LD ALSO POSSIBLY OCCUR ?R\< A V>IETY ( POSITIONS 9 $UCATIONAL SETT+S4 ,SUB/ITUTE TO P>T-TIME TEA*+1 FILL+ ADJUNCT POSITIONS TO EV5 PURSU+ FULL-TIME WORK >E ALL WAYS 9 :I* ! AN>*I/ CAN 9S]T H]_/HIMSELF 9TO ! MA*9ES ( CONTEMPOR>Y S*OOL+4 ,9TEGRAT+ CRITICAL DISC\RSES1 =GOTT5 HI/ORIES1 NEW =MS ( M$IA ?AT (F] CRITIQUES ( CONTEMPOR>Y >RANGEM5TS1 EX]CISES ?AT ALL[ /UD5TS TO DECON/RUCT IDEOLOGY1 OR PROVID+ EVID5CE ?AT HELPS /UD5TS QUE/ION ! NOTION ( REALITY ITSELF >E WAYS 9 :I* TEA*]S CAN SUBV]T ! /ATUS QUO4 ,?R\< REFLECTIVE & CRITICAL WRIT+ ASSIGNM5TS1 /UD5TS CAN ALSO EXPLORE !IR [N =MS ( SUBJECTIVITY4 ,9 ! MID/ ( AN $UCATIONAL CLIMATE /EEP$ 9 /&>DIZ$ MEASUREM5T1 !SE TYPES ( ACTIONS WILL PROVIDE A />K CONTRA/ TO ! EXP]I5CES ?AT MO/ /UD5TS BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO :ILE SITT+ 9 DESKS & DO+ :AT !Y >E TOLD1 DEVOID ( HI/ORICAL CONTEXT & PURPOSE4 

,EV5 LEAD]%IP POSITIONS CAN BE ASSUM$ = %ORT AM\NT ( TIMES TO ASSURE ?AT ! LOGICS ( ! 9/ITUTION ITSELF DOES NOT BEG9 TO 9FECT ! 9FILTRATOR1 ALWAYS ) AN EYE ON ! DANG]\S POSSIBILITIES ( CO]CION & COOPTATION4 ,BUT )9 !SE POSITIONS = %ORT P]IOD ( TIMES1 DECISIONS CAN BE MADE ?AT GREATLY 9FLU5CE ! LIVES ( /UD5TS & !SE %\LD NOT BE UND]E/IMAT$4 ,:ATEV] ACTION ! 9FILTRATOR DECIDES UPON IS IRRELEVANT4 ,! MORE IMPORTANT ISSUE IS RECOGNIZ+ ! NECESSITY 9 NOT %UNN+ TEA*+ OR O!R WAYS 9 :I* TO 5T] 9/ITUTIONS AS A POLITICAL MIS/EP1 DEFEAT1 OR SECUL> S91 BUT 9/EAD A WAY TO 5GAGE ) O!RS & TO CONV9CE A BROAD] PUBLIC ?AT O!R WAYS ( KN[+ & ORGANIZ+ SOCIETY 9DE$ CAN & %\LD EXI/4 

,T[>D ,EXITS3 ,9FILTRATION & ,L9ES ( ,ESCAPE 

,9 ?IS *APT] ,I HAVE TRI$ TO E/ABLI% :AT AN>*ISM CAN (F] ?OSE :O WI% TO TEA* 9 CO]CIVE & HI]>*ICAL $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AK9 TO 0SELL+-\T0 9 SOME RADICAL CIRCLES1 ! DESIRE TO WORK ) *ILDR5 & MAKE DIRECT IMPACTS ?R\< IDEOLOGICAL OR CURRICUL> SABOTAGE1 ORGANIZ$ UND] A LOOSE NETWORK ( RESI/ANCE1 IS A /RATEGY ?AT SEEMS TO MAT* ! DIFFUS$ NATURE ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM4 ,AN>*ISM1 ESPECIALLY :5 9FUS$ ) O!R RADICAL S5SIBILITIES1 GIVES US AN 9T]E/+ SET ( TOOLS & A LANGUAGE ( ! EV]-PRES5T POT5TIAL = RESI/ANCE4 ,AL?\< AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS /OOD 9 OPPOSITION TO CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 AN>*ISM CAN (F] US WAYS TO ?9K AB\T NAVIGAT+ ! 0REALITY0 ( 9/ITUTIONAL LIFE ?R\< DIRECT 9FILTRATION & SUBV]SION4 ,H[EV]1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 ?AT AN>*ISM IS ALSO AB\T ESCAPE1 OR BETT] YET1 :AT ,PAPADOP\LOS1 ,/EPH5SON @& ,TSIANOS 7#b#h7 CALL 0L9ES ( ESCAPE0 ?AT 05ABLES US TO EXAM9E ! (T5 NEGLECT$ 5G9E ( TRANS=MATION :I* OCCURS )\T A MA/] PLAN & )\T GU>ANTEES 444 A MEANS1 NOT AN 5D0 7P4 #f#a74 ,! WORK ( AN AN>*I/ SABOTEUR IS NOT ONLY 9 PO9T+ \T ! 9H]5T CONTRADICTIONS ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALI/ >RANGEM5TS1 IT IS ALSO 9 PROVID+ SPACE = ! IMAG9ATION TO FL\RI% ?AT SEEKS NEW POSSIBILITIES = SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 0TRANS=M.<+.> ! PRES5T AS P>T ( AN ORGANIC PROCESS 9 :I* ALREADY EXI/+ T5D5CIES >E BUILT ON1 NURTUR$1 & ACTIVELY 5GAG$ )0 7,SUISSA1 #b#i1 P4 #b#d#d74 

,I HAVE ALSO HI<LI<T$ ! CONC]NS AN>*I/S FACE1 AS ! RECUP]ATIVE & CO]CIVE NATURE ( $UCATION1 & ,EURO-MOD]NITY MORE BROADLY1 CANNOT BE UND]E/IMAT$4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT AN>*ISM HAS TO BE CONT9U\SLY AW>E ( ITS [N 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS & ITS [N S5SE ( PRIVILEGE1 :ILE ALSO RECOGNIZ+ ITS M>G9ALIZ$ SPACE EV5 )9 RADICAL ?\<T1 FI<T+ ! DOM9ANT REPRES5TATIONS ( AN>*ISM AS LAWLESS1 SELFI%1 & 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 DIVORC$ ( COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY4 ,EV5 ) ?IS UND]/&+1 !SE WORDS >ISE FROM AN 9TELLECTUAL ?AT IS 9 ! MIDDLEGR\ND ( SOCIAL EXP]I5CES1 BETWE5 ?OSE ( ! DOM9ANT 7MY 9/ITUTIONAL ROLE & ITS ACCOMPANY+ CULTURAL CAPITAL7 & ! 9DIG5\S ROOTS ?AT ,I SELF-ID5TIFY ) & EMBODY4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM >E ESPECIALLY PRES5T 9 ! BODIES ( ?OSE ?AT EXI/ 9 ! M>G9S OR F9D !IR [N CON/RUCTION ( SELF ?AT IS TORN BETWE5 WORLDS ( PRIVILEGE1 AMBIVAL5CE1 ALI5ATION1 & OPPRESSION4 

,DESPITE ?IS BE+ A REALITY = SOME ( US PRIVILEG$ 5\< TO ?9K & !ORIZE AB\T !SE ISSUES1 ?IS DOES NOT RESIGN US TO DEFEAT BUT CAN 9/EAD BE A PLACE TO BUILD POLITICAL /RATEGIES ?AT >E ADAPTABLE TO A WIDE V>IETY ( SITUATIONS & CONTEXTS4 ,?IS IS ALSO IMPORTANT = RADICALS1 ESPECIALLY AN>*I/S TORN BETWE5 WANT+ TO P]=M PUBLIC S]VICE BUT FE> ! CO]CIVE & 9/ITUTIONAL REALITY ?AT SPACES ( $UCATION TODAY N[ ASSUME4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI 7#b#d7 >GUE ?AT ! MULTITUDE 7COMPRIS$ ( Y\1 ME & EV]YONE ELSE7 IS A S]IES ( VA/ POT5TIALITIES1 FROM NEW WAYS TO ORGANIZE LABOR1 EXPLOR+ ! IMAG9ATION & ITS ROLE 9 RADICAL POLITICS1 TO DIFF]5T WAYS ( LIV+ TOGE!R SOCIALLY4 0,! MULTITUDE 444 MI<T ?US BE CONCEIV$ AS A NETWORK3 AN OP5 & EXPANSIVE NETWORK 9 :I* ALL DIFF]5CES CAN BE EXPRESS$ FREELY & EQUALLY1 A NETWORK ?AT PROVIDES ! MEANS ( 5C\NT] SO ?AT WE CAN WORK & LIVE 9 COMMON0 7,H>DT @& ,NEGRI1 #b#d1 P4 XIV74 ,?IS IS ! /R5G? & ! *ALL5GE ( \R CURR5T HI/ORICAL MOM5T4 ,H[EV]1 AN>*I/ !ORY PROVIDES A WAY 9 :I* TO ?9K AB\T ! L9K+ ( !SE MULTIPLICITIES & !IR AN*OR BE+ 9 ! NOTION ( IMAG9ATIVE & RADICAL PRACTICE3 FROM 9FILTRATION TO DIRECT CONFRONTATION4 ,& = TEA*]S :O ALSO ASSUME AN AN>*I/ /ANCE T[>D SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 ?IS BECOMES EV5 MORE IMPORTANT AS WE TRY TO UND]/& ! CONTRADICTIONS ( WORK+ 9 HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS :ILE MA9TA9+ A COMMITM5T T[>D A POLITICS ROOT$ 9 RADICAL DIFF]5CE & REIMAG9+ CO]CIVE & HI]>*ICAL ,/ATE 9/ITUTIONS4 

,REF]5CES 

,AM/]1 ,R41 ,DE,LEON1 ,A41 ,F]N&EZ1 ,L41 ,NOCELLA ,I,I1 ,A4 @& ,%ANNON1 ,D4 7,$S474 7#b#i74 ,CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ /UDIES3 ,AN 9TRODUCTORY AN?OLOGY ( AN>*Y 9 ! ACADEMY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,APPLE1 ,M4 7#b74 ,(FICIAL KN[L$GE3 ,DEMOCRATIC $UCATION 9 A CONS]VATIVE AGE1 #bND $4 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,N,Y3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,B>K]1 ,C4 7#b#h74 ,CULTURAL /UDIES3 ,!ORY & PRACTICE1 #cRD $4 ,?\S& ,OAKS1 ,C,A3 ,SAGE ,PUBLICATIONS4 

,BORUM1 ,R4 @& ,TILBY1 ,C4 7#b#d74 ,AN>*I/ DIRECT ACTIONS3 ,A *ALL5GE = LAW 5=CEM5T4 ,/UDIES 9 ,CONFLICT & ,T]RORISM1 #b#h1 #b#a-#b#c4 

,BU*ANAN1 ,I4 7#b74 ,DELEUZISM3 ,A METACOMM5T>Y4 ,DURHAM1 ,N,C3 ,DUKE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,CRIME?,9C44 7#b#e74 ,RECIPES = DISA/]3 ,AN AN>*I/ COOKBOOK2 A MOVABLE FEA/4 ,OLYMPIA1 ,W,A3 ,CRIME?,9C4 ,WORK]S' ,COLLECTIVE4 

,D>D]1 ,A41 ,BALTODANO1 ,M4 @& ,TORRES1 ,R4 7#b#i74 ,CRITICAL P$AGOGY3 ,AN 9TRODUCTION4 ,9 ,A4 ,D>D]1 ,M4 ,BALTODANO @& ,R4 ,TORRES 7,$S471 ,! CRITICAL P$AGOGY READ]1 #bND $41 #a-#b4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,DE,LEON1 ,A4 7#b#h74 ,OH NO1 NOT ! 0A0 WORD6 ,PROPOS+ AN 0AN>*ISM0 = $UCATION4 ,$UCATIONAL ,/UDIES1 #d#d7#b71 #a#b#b-#d#a4 

,DE,LEON1 ,A4 7#b#iA74 ,SABOTAG+ ! SY/EM6 ,BR++ AN>*I/ !ORY 9TO SOCIAL /UDIES $UCATION4 ,9 ,N4 ,JUN4 7,$471 ,NEW P]SPECTIVES ON AN>*ISM1 #b#d#a-#e#d4 ,LANHAM1 ,M,D3 ,LEX+TON ,BOOKS4 

,DE,LEON1 ,A4 7#b#aA74 ,AN>*ISM1 SABOTAGE & ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT3 ,9JECT+ ! SOCIAL /UDIES ) AN>*I/ POT5TIALITIES4 ,9 ,A4 ,DE,LEON @& ,E4 ,WAYNE ,ROSS 7,$S471 ,CRITICAL !ORIES1 RADICAL P$AGOGIES & SOCIAL $UCATION3 ,NEW P]SPECTIVES = SOCIAL /UDIES $UCATION1 #a-#a#b4 ,ROTT]DAM3 ,S5SE ,PUBLI%]S4 

,DE,LEON1 ,A 7#b#aB7 ,H[ DO ,I BEG9 TO TELL A /ORY ?AT HAS NOT BE5 TOLD8 ,AN>*ISM1 AUTOE?NOGRAPHY1 & ! MIDDLE GR\ND4 ,EQUITY @& ,EXCELL5CE 9 ,$UCATION #d#c7#d71 #c#i#h-#d#a#c4 

,DE,LEON1 ,A4 @& ,LOVE1 ,K4 7#b#iB74 ,AN>*I/ !ORY AS RADICAL CRITIQUE3 ,*ALL5G+ HI]>*IES & DOM9ATION 9 ! SOCIAL & 0H>D0 SCI5CES4 ,9 ,R4 ,AM/]1 ,A4 ,DE,LEON1 ,L4 ,F]N&EZ1 ,A4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I @& ,D4 ,%ANNON 7,$S471 ,CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ /UDIES3 ,AN 9TRODUCTORY AN?OLOGY ( AN>*Y 9 ! ACADEMY1 #a#e#i-#f#e4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,DELEUZE1 ,G4 7#a#i#i#b74 ,! FOLD3 ,LEIBNIZ & ! ,B>OQUE4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,D5Z91 ,N4 7#b#c74 ,P]=MANCE E?NOGRAPHY3 ,CRITICAL P$AGOGY & ! POLITICS ( CULTURE4 ,?\S& ,OAKS1 ,C,A3 ,SAGE4 

,F]N&EZ1 ,L4 7#b#h74 ,POLIC+ DISS5T3 ,SOCIAL CONTROL & ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T4 ,PISCATAWAY1 ,N,J3 ,RUTG]S ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,GILB]T1 ,D4 7#b#a#a74 ,! ,AM]ICAN CLASS /RUCTURE 9 AN AGE ( GR[+ 9EQUALITY1 #h? $4 ,?\S& ,OAKS1 ,C,A3 ,SAGE4 

,GRIBBLE1 ,D4 7#b#d74 ,GOOD NEWS = ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]--H[ AN>*I/ IDEALS 9 $UCATION HAVE SURVIV$ >\ND ! WORLD4 ,9 ,J4 ,PURKIS @& ,J4 ,B[5 7,$S471 ,*ANG+ AN>*ISM3 ,AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE 9 A GLOBAL AGE1 #a#h#a-#i#h4 ,MAN*E/]3 ,MAN*E/] ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,GROSSB]G1 ,L4 7#b#a74 ,CULTURAL /UDIES 9 ! FUTURE T5SE4 ,DURHAM1 ,N,C3 ,DUKE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,H>DT1 ,M4 7#a#i#i#c74 ,GILLES ,DELEUZE3 ,AN APPR5TICE%IP 9 PHILOSOPHY4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,H>DT1 ,M4 @& ,NEGRI1 ,A4 7#b#d74 ,MULTITUDE3 ,W> & DEMOCRACY 9 ! AGE ( EMPIRE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,P5GU94 

,HECK]T1 ,J4 7#b#e74 ,RESI/+ ORI5TATION3 ,ON ! COMPLEXITIES ( DESIRE & ! LIMITS ( ID5TITY POLITICS4 ,UNPUBLI%$ DISS]TATION1 ,! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,$9BUR<4 ,RETRIEV$ FROM HTTP3_/_/SEXUALORI5TATION49FO_/!SIS_/RESI/+.0#bORI5TATION4PDF 7ACCESS$ ,MAY #g1 #b#a74 

,HOLL[AY1 ,J4 7#b#a74 ,CRACK CAPITALISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,HUR%1 ,D4 7#b#h74 ,HI<-/AKES TE/+ & ! DECL9E ( TEA*+ & LE>N+3 ,! REAL CRISIS 9 $UCATION4 ,LANHAM1 ,M,D3 ,R[MAN @& ,LITTLEFIELD4 

,LEGG1 ,S4 7#b#g74 ,BEYOND ! ,EUROPEAN PROV9CE3 ,F\CAULT & PO/COLONIALISM4 ,9 ,J4 ,CRAMPTON @& ,S4 ,ELD5 7,$S471 ,SPACE1 KN[L$GE & P[]3 ,F\CAULT & GEOGRAPHY1 #b#f#e-#i4 ,HAMP%IRE1 ,5GL&3 ,A%GATE4 

,LORDE1 ,A4 7#b#c74 ,! MA/]'S TOOLS WILL NEV] DISMANTLE ! MA/]'S H\SE4 ,9 ,R4 ,LEWIS @& ,S4 ,MILLS 7,$S471 ,FEM9I/ PO/COLONIAL !ORY3 ,A READ]1 #b#e-#b#h4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,M>KULA1 ,P4 7#b#h74 ,AFFECT.<+.> BODIES3 ,P]=MATIVE P$AGOGY ( PILATES4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW ( ,QUALITATIVE ,RESE>* #a7#c71 #c#h#a-#d#h4 

,NEWMAN1 ,S4 7#b#i74 ,AN>*ISM1 UTOPIANISM & ! POLITICS ( EMANCIPATION4 ,9 ,L4 ,DAVIS @& ,R4 ,K9NA 7,$S471 ,AN>*ISM & UTOPIANISM 7#b#g-#b74 ,MAN*E/]3 ,MAN*E/] ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,PAPADOP\LOS1 ,D41 ,/EPH5SON1 ,N4 @& ,VASSILIS1 ,T4 7#b#h74 ,ESCAPE R\TES3 ,CONTROL & SUBV]SION 9 ! #b#a/C5TURY4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,P>5TI1 ,M4 7#b#g74 ,DEMOCRACY = ! FEW1 #h? $4 ,BELMONT1 ,C,A3 ,WADSWOR? ,PUBLI%+4 

,PELIAS1 ,R4 7#b#h74 ,MAK+ MY MASCUL9E BODY BEHAVE4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW ( ,QUALITATIVE ,RESE>*1 #a7#a71 #f#e-#g#d4 

,REAGAN1 ,T4 @& ,OSBORN1 ,T4 7#b#b74 ,! =EIGN LANGUAGE $UCATOR 9 SOCIETY3 ,T[>D A CRITICAL P$AGOGY4 ,MAHWAH1 ,N,J3 ,LAWR5CE ,]LBAUM ,ASSOCIATES4 

,ROSE1 ,N4 7#a#i#h#i74 ,GOV]N+ ! S\L3 ,! %AP+ ( ! PRIVATE SELF1 #bND $4 ,LONDON1 ,5GL&3 ,FREE ,ASSOCIATION ,BOOKS4 

,ROSSMAN1 ,G4 @& ,RALLIS1 ,S4 7#b#c74 ,LE>N+ 9 ! FIELD3 ,AN 9TRODUCTION TO ,QUALITATIVE RESE>*1 #bND $4 ,?\S& ,OAKS1 ,C,A3 ,SAGE4 

,%>P1 ,J41 ,R\TL$GE1 ,P41 ,PHILO1 ,C4 @& ,PADDISON1 ,R4 7#b74 ,5TANGLEM5TS ( P[]3 ,GEOGRAPHIES ( DOM9ATION_/RESI/ANCE4 ,9 ,J4 ,%>P1 ,P4 ,R\TL$GE1 ,C4 ,PHILO @& ,R4 ,PADDISON 7,$S471 ,5TANGLEM5TS ( P[]3 ,GEOGRAPHIES ( DOM9ATION_/RESI/ANCE1 #a-#d#b4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,%UKAITIS1 ,S4 7#b#i74 ,IMAG9AL MA*9ES3 ,AUTONOMY @& SELF-ORGANIZATION 9 ! REVOLUTIONS ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,BROOKLYN3 ,AUTONOM$IA4 

,/OL]1 ,A4 7#b#a74 ,ALONG ! >*IVAL GRA93 ,EPI/EMIC ANXIETIES & COLONIAL COMMON S5SE4 ,PR9CETON1 ,N,J3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,/4 ,PI]RE1 ,E4 7#b#h74 ,DEC5T]+ VOICE 9 QUALITATIVE 9QUIRY4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW ( ,QUALITATIVE ,RESE>* #a7#c71 #c#a#i-#c#f4 

,SUISSA1 ,J4 7#b#i74 0,! SPACE N[ POSSIBLE03 ,AN>*I/ $UCATION AS UTOPIAN HOPE4 ,9 ,L4 ,DAVIS @& ,R4 ,K9NA 7,$S471 ,AN>*ISM & UTOPIANISM1 #b#d#a-#e#i4 ,MAN*E/]1 ,5GL&3 ,MAN*E/] ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,SUISSA1 ,J4 7#b#a74 ,AN>*ISM & $UCATION3 ,A PHILOSOPHICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,OAKL&3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,TROTT]1 ,D4 7#a#i#i74 ,COLONIAL SUBJECTS4 ,CRITICAL ,QU>T]LY1 #c#b7#c71 #c-#b4 

,TUHIWAI ,SMI?1 ,L4 7#a#i#i#i74 ,DECOLONIZ+ ME?ODOLOGIES3 ,RESE>* & 9DIG5\S PEOPLES4 ,LONDON1 ,5GL&3 ,Z$ ,BOOKS4 

,A,F,T,],W,O,R,D4 ,LET ! ,RIOTS ,BEG9 

,ALLAN ,ANTLIFF 

,ROOT$ 9 ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN VALUES (T5 AT ODDS ) ! 0MA9/REAM10 AN>*I/S CONCEIVE ( $UCATION AS A SITE ( CRITICAL REFLECTION & CREATIVE LIC5SE1 :]E LIFE & LE>N+ COM+LE1 GIV+ RISE TO WAYS ( BE+ ?AT PREFIGURE & REALIZE \R IDEALS ON A PRACTICAL LEVEL1 AS A LIV$ REALITY4 ,& ON ?AT SCORE1 AS ,I READ ?IS BOOK1 ,I WAS /RUCK AGA9 BY ! DIV]SITY ( APPROA*ES & P]SPECTIVES )9 AN>*I/ P$AGOGY1 AS WELL AS ! MANY AV5UES AWAIT+ FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4 ,SAKU ,P9TA'S /UDY ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD'S ,F9NI%-,AM]ICAN ,WORK ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE1 = EXAMPLE1 CITES A COLLEGE ATT5DEE REM9ISC+ AB\T ! S*OOL'S CURRICULUM1 :I* 9CLUD$ 0,BOGDAN(F & ',KALLE' ,M>X40 ,! REF]5CE IS TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/ ,ALEX&R ,BOGDANOV1 :OSE !ORIES CONC]N+ ! NE$ = WORK]S TO ORGANIZE AUTONOM\S $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS 9SPIR$ A %ORT-LIV$ MASS 0PROLET>IAN CULTURE0 $UCATIONAL MOVEM5T 7! 0,PROLET'KULT07 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BE=E ,L59 9T]V5$4 ,L591 :O OPPOS$ ,BOGDANOV'S !ORY ( ,M>XISM AS A 0PROLET>IAN SCI5CE0 7:I* HE HAD CRITIQU$ 9 HIS #aii PHILOSOPHICAL TOME1 ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM71 DEM&$ ! ,PROLET'KULT BE BR\<T UND] ,/ATE & ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CONTROL4 ,& SO ! ORGANIZATION WAS SUBSUM$ 9TO ! ,SOVIET ,M9I/RY ( ,$UCATION :]E IT CONT9U$ PROPAGAT+ ,BOGDANOV'S IDEAS ON A MU*-DIM9I%$ SCALE UNTIL IT WAS %UT D[N = GOOD 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS4 ,9 ITS HEYDAY1 ! ,PROLET'KULT IDEA SPREAD TO ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD1 CONTRIBUT+ TO A SUB/ANTIAL WORK]S' $UCATION MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM DUR+ ! #a#i#bS & '#cS4 ,SOME ( ,BOGDANOV'S WRIT+S W]E TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% & !Y CIRCULAT$ 9 O!R LANGUAGES AS WELL4 ,DISCOV]+ HIS WORK FIGUR$ 9 ! CURRICULUM ( ! ,WORK ,PEOPLE'S ,COLLEGE IS 9TRIGU+1 GIV5 ,BOGDANOV'S HO/ILITY T[>D AN>*ISM1 :I* HE DISMISS$ AS 0UNSCI5TIFIC10 AS OPPOS$ TO ,M>XISM1 :I* WAS PROMOT$ AS ! CLASS-BAS$ 0SCI5TIFIC0 KN[L$GE SY/EM ( ! COM+ 0PROLET>IAN0 ]A4 ,H[ ,I,W,W ACTIVI/S AT ! ,W,P,C RECONCIL$ ! T5ETS ( PROLET>IAN CULTURE ) ! $UCATIONAL IDEAS ( ,KROPOTK9 & O!R AN>*I/S1 !N1 REMA9S AN OP5 QUE/ION4 ,P]HAPS ,P9TA WILL TAKE UP ?IS ISSUE 9 A FUTURE /UDY4 

,!N !RE >E ! 9NOVATIONS REALIZ$ AT ! ,TORONTO ,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,SPACE & ,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,S*OOL1 :I* ,I HELP$ F\ND 79 ,FALL #a#i#i#h7 & :]E ,I C(ACILITAT$ A NUMB] ( C\RSES BE=E ,JEFF ,%ANTZ1 :O WRITES ON !SE PROJECTS1 JO9$ 79 ,JULY #aiii ,I LEFT ,TORONTO = A TEA*+ POSITION AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ALB]TA74 ,DUR+ ! TIME ( MY 9VOLVEM5T ,I WAS COMPLET+ MY FIR/ BOOK1 ,AN>*I/ ,MOD]NISM3 ,>T1 ,POLITICS1 & ! ,FIR/ ,AM]ICAN ,AVANT-,G>DE 7#b#a71 :OSE FOCAL PO9T IS AN AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTION & >T S*OOL 7A ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]-9SPIR$ ,MOD]N ,S*OOL7 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I-]A ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 ,?IS HI/ORY HELP$ %APE MY CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! MISSION /ATEM5T1 >T-RELAT$ C\RSE (F]+S1 & ORGANIZATIONAL LOGI/ICS ( ! ,TORONTO ,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,S*OOL2 & ! ,FREE ,S*OOL_/,FREE ,SPACE EXP]I5CE1 9 TURN1 IMPACT$ ON ! >T HI/ORY ,I WAS WRIT+4 ,O!R CONTRIBUTORS TO AN>*I/ LE>N+ ?R\< ! >TS 9CLUD$ ,ADRIAN ,BLACKWELL1 :O CON/RUCT$ AN >*ITECTONIC SCULPTURE CONFIGUR+ ! ,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,S*OOL'S ANTIHI]>*ICAL PR9CIPLES 7,MODEL = A ,PUBLIC ,SPACE1 #a#i#i#i7 & ,LUIS ,JACOB1 :O CREAT$ AN >T 9/ALLATION UTILIZ+ RECORDS FROM \R F\ND+ MEET+S 7,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,S*OOL ,M9UTES1 #a#i#i#i7 TO PROMOTE AN>*I/ $UCATION 9 >T GALL]Y SETT+S4 ,IT IS FAIR TO SAY1 !N1 ?AT 9 ADDITION TO ,%ANTZ'S FOCUS ON CLASS-SPECIFIC ACTIVISM1 ! ,TORONTO ,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,S*OOL & ,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,SPACE BR\<T NEW IDEAS TO ! LONG/&+ TRADITION ( AN>*I/ P$AGOGY 9 ! >TS4 

,BUT ,I DIGRESS4 ,%ANTZ FOCUSES ON ! WAYS 9 :I* \R ACTIVITIES *ALL5G$ ! CAPITALI/ /ATUS QUO = GOOD REASON4 ,AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL PROJECTS R\T9ELY G5]ATE CONTE/ATION1 9T]NALLY BY VIRTUE ( ! DIV]SITY ( OP9IONS & DEBATES !Y 5C\RAGE & EXT]NALLY BY VIRTUE ( :AT !Y >E3 SITES ( LE>N+ AT ODDS ) ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE-ADJUDICAT$ SOCIOECONOMIC SY/EM P]VAD+ TODAY'S SOCIETIES4 ,COM+ TO GRIPS ) CONTE/ATION IS IMPORTANT1 BECAUSE WE NE$ TO BUILD \R PROJECTS 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( :AT WE >E UP AGA9/4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ EXCIT+ ASPECTS ( ?IS BOOK IS ITS CRITICAL 5GAGEM5T ) ?IS ISSUE 9 *APT]S SU* AS ,DAVID ,GABB>D'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,U4,S4 PUBLIC S*OOL SY/EM OR ,JOSEPH ,TODD'S DISCUSSION ( CONTE/$ T]RA9 BEYOND ,/ATE-BAS$ COMPULSORY $UCATION :]E1 AS ! HOME S*OOL+ MOVEM5T REVEALS1 ABS5CE ( GOV]NM5T AU?ORITY IS NO GU>ANTEE ?AT AN>*IC VALUES >E BE+ REALIZ$4 ,!SE /UDIES >E COMPLIM5T$ BY SOME V]Y RIGOR\S EXAM9ATIONS ( AN>*IC $UCATIONAL PRACTICES :I* =EGR\ND ! GAPS BETWE5 ASPIRATION & REALIZATION4 ,I AM ?9K+1 9 P>TICUL>1 ( ,ISABELLE ,FREMEAUX & ,JOHN ,JORDAN'S DISCUSSION ( ,PAIDEIA1 A LONG-RUNN+ S*OOL 9 ! CITY ( ,M]IDA1 ,SPA91 :]E /UD5TS & 9/RUCTORS ALIKE >E CON/ANTLY NEGOTIAT+ H[ BE/ TO REALIZE AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL VALUES 9 CONDITIONS FRAU<T ) POT5TIAL OR REAL CONFLICT4 ,MAT!W ,WE9/E9'S ANALYSIS ( ! SPACES ( LE>N+ CREAT$ BY /REET M$ICS AT PROTE/S CAPTURES A DIFF]5T K9D ( T5SION4 ,H]E1 UND] CONDITIONS ( /RESS & EM]G5CY1 WE HAVE AN AN>*I/ POLITICS ( 0CRISIS P$AGOGY0 9 :I* /REET M$ICS1 0EV5 :5 D5Y+ EXPLICIT CONNECTIONS TO AN>*ISM1 ADOPT MU* ( ITS E?OS0 \T ( NECESSITY1 PROV+ ONCE AGA9 ?AT AN>*ISM IS NO?+ IF NOT PRACTICAL6 

,:AT IS TO BE GA9$ FROM PURSU+ $UCATIONAL PROJECTS UND] AN>*ISM'S AUSPICES8 

,JU/9 ,MUELL]1 ,S>AH ,MOTTA1 & O!R CONTRIBUTORS BR+ FRE% P]SPECTIVES TO ?IS ISSUE 9 RELATION TO MANY CANONIZ$ !ORI/S ( ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN P$AGOGY--,A4,S4 ,NEILL1 ,PAULO ,FREIRE1 & ,IVAN ,ILLI*1 = EXAMPLE--REVEAL+ ?AT AN>*ISM CAN S]VE AS A P[]FUL EVALUATIVE TOOL = REVISIT+ !IR IDEAS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO ADDRESS RELATION%IPS BETWE5 AN>*ISM1 ACADEMIC SY/EMS ( LE>N+1 & ! K9D ( 0HI<0 !ORY SO VALU$ 9 SOME QU>T]S ( ! ACADEMY4 ,PROJECT+ AN>*IC VALUES 9TO UNIV]SITY CURRICULUMS OR CREAT+ AN>*IC ACADEMIC SPACES AUTONOM\S FROM SU* 9/ITUTIONS IS TRICKY T]RA91 AS ,ELSA ,NOT]MAN & ,&RE ,PUSEY >GUE 9 !IR /UDY ( EXP]IM5TAL $UCATIONAL PROJECTS 9 ,LE$S4 ,DESPITE ! PROBLEMS1 NEI!R !Y NOR ,C>OL9E ,K4 ,KALTEFLEIT] & ,AN?ONY ,J4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I >E READY TO GIVE UP ON ! IDEA ?AT UNIV]SITIES CAN S]VE AS G5]ATIVE SITES = AN>*I/ POLITICS4 ,?AT SAID1 H[ ONE GOES AB\T SU/A9+ !SE POLITICS IS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE1 P>TICUL>LY AS MORE & MORE AN>*I/S CREATE SPACES = !MSELVES )9 ! ACADEMY4 ,KALTEFLEIT] & ,NOCELLA'S H&S-ON ADVICE TO AN>*I/ ACADEMICS = SU/A9+ !IR MILITANCY 9 A UNIV]SITY SETT+ IS1 >GUABLY1 AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! PROCESS4 ,EQUALLY IMPORTANT IS A WILL+NESS TO !ORIZE FROM A /ANCE ( 5GAGEM5T1 ,ALEX ,KHASNABI%'S /UDY ( ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T BE+ A CASE 9 PO9T4 ,N[1 ,I AM NOT SUGGE/+ ?AT IDEAS F\ND$ 9 ACADEMIC !ORY HAVE NO PLACE 9 AN>*I/ P$AGOGY4 ,LUCY ,NI*OLAS & ,ABRAHAM ,DE,LEON (F] COMPELL+ >GUM5TS TO ! CONTR>Y1 DEMON/RAT+ 0RIOTS = ! M9D10 TO P>APHRASE MY FAVORITE ,TORONTO ,AN>*I/ ,U SLOGAN1 CAN ALSO BE WEAPONS4 ,MY PO9T IS ?AT AN>*I/ P$AGOGY IS NOT AB\T CRITIQU+ ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS2 IT'S AB\T SUBV]T+ & TRANSC5D+ OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL =MATIONS SO AS TO REALIZE \R FRE$OM TO CREATIVELY %APE \R LIVES 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE4 ,*ANG+ SOCIETY AN>*ICALLY ?R\< LE>N+1 !RE=E1 IS A PROCESS ( 0BECOM+ AN>*I/0 ?AT NECESS>ILY ELUDES ANY F9AL RESOLUTION4 

,ALLAN ,ANTLIFF 

,CANADA ,RESE>* ,*AIR 

,UNIV]SITY ( ,VICTORIA1 ,CANADA 

,C,O,N,T,R,I,B,U,T,O,R,S 

,ALEJ&RO DE ,ACO/A WRITES ON AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY & ES!TICS4 ,HE IS CURR5TLY COMPOS+ AMORAL ESSAYS 9SPIR$ BY ,GRACIAN & ,HUME4 ,S9CE MOV+ TO ,AU/91 ,TEXAS1 SEV5 YE>S AGO1 HE HAS LAUN*$ ! MICROPRESS MUFA33POEMA1 PUBLI%+ & FREELY DI/RIBUT+ EI<T BOOKLETS ( POETRY & PHILOSOPHY4 ,HE TAU<T PHILOSOPHY 9 ! UNIV]SITY SETT+ = T5 YE>S4 

,ALLAN ,ANTLIFF IS ,CANADA ,RESE>* ,*AIR1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VICTORIA1 & IS ! AU?OR ( ,AN>*I/ ,MOD]NISM3 ,>T1 ,POLITICS1 & ! ,FIR/ ,AM]ICAN ,AVANT-,G>DE 7,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #b#a71 ,AN>*Y & ,>T3 ,FROM ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TO ! ,FALL ( ! ,B]L9 ,WALL 7,>S5AL ,PULP ,PRESS1 #b#g7 & $ITOR ( ,ONLY A ,BEG9N+ 7,>S5AL ,PULP ,PRESS1 #b#d71 A DOCUM5T>Y AN?OLOGY ( AN>*I/ WRIT+S & ACTIVISM 9 ,CANADA4 

,ABRAHAM ,P4 ,DE,LEON IS AN ASSI/ANT PR(ESSOR ( ,F\NDATIONS ( ,$UCATION AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TEXAS AT ,SAN ,ANTONIO 9 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,$UCATIONAL ,LEAD]%IP @& ,POLICY ,/UDIES4 ,HIS RESE>* 9T]E/S >E 9T]DISCIPL9>Y1 SPANN+ CULTURAL /UDIES1 CRITICAL P$AGOGY1 AN>*I/ !ORY1 CRITICAL ANIMAL /UDIES1 SPACE & PLACE1 PO/COLONIAL !ORY1 & AUTOE?NOGRAPHY4 ,SOME ( HIS WRIT+ HAS APPE>$ 9 J\RNALS SU* AS ,$UCATIONAL ,/UDIES1 ,EQUITY @& ,EXCELL5CE 9 ,$UCATION1 ,CRITICAL ,$UCATION1 & ,!ORY 9 ,ACTION & 9 A WIDE V>IETY ( $IT$ BOOK COLLECTIONS4 ,HE WAS ALSO A MEMB] ( ! $ITORIAL COLLECTIVE ?AT PUBLI%$ ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY 7,R\TL$GE1 #b#i7 & HAS CO$IT$ ,CRITICAL ,!ORIES1 ,RADICAL ,P$AGOGIES3 ,T[>DS ,NEW ,P]SPECTIVES = ! ,SOCIAL ,/UDIES ) ,E4 ,WAYNE ,ROSS 7,S5SE ,PUBLI%]S3 #b#a74 ,HE LIVES 9 ,SAN ,ANTONIO1 ,TEXAS1 ) HIS P>TN] & FEL9E COMPANION4 

,ISABELLE ,FREMEAUX WAS1 UNTIL ,DECEMB] #b#a#a1 S5IOR LECTUR] 9 M$IA & CULTURAL /UDIES AT ,BIRKBECK ,COLLEGE1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,LONDON4 ,%E HAS LEFT ACADEMIA 9 ORD] TO />T A ,UTOPIAN EXP]IM5T 9 RADICAL $UCATION4 ,JOHN ,JORDAN IS AN >T ACTIVI/4 ,HE C(\ND$ ! DIRECT ACTION GR\PS ,RECLAIM ! ,/REETS & ! ,CL[N ,>MY1 WORK$ AS A C9EMATOGRAPH] = ,NAOMI ,KLE9'S ,! ,TAKE1 CO$IT$ ! BOOK ,WE ,>E ,EV]Y:]E3 ,! ,IRRESI/IBLE ,RISE ( ,GLOBAL ,ANTI-SCAPITALISM 7,V]SO1 #b#d74 ,TOGE!R !Y F\ND$ ! ,LABORATORY ( ,9SURRECTION>Y ,IMAG9ATION1 A COLLECTIVE ( >TI/S & ACTIVI/S :O DEVELOP ACTION RESE>* PROJECTS FOCUS+ ON CREATIVE =MS ( RESI/ANCE & POPUL> $UCATION4 ,!Y C[ROTE ,LES ,S5TI]S DE ,I',UTOPIE1 A BOOK-FILM PROJECT AB\T ,UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES 9 ,EUROPE 7,LA ,DEC\V]TE1 #b#a#a71 :I* CONTA9S AN 9ITIAL V]SION ( ! *APT] PUBLI%$ 9 ?IS VOLUME4 

,DAVID ,GABB>D IS A PR(ESSOR ( $UCATIONAL F\NDATIONS 9 ! ,COLLEGE ( ,$UCATION AT ,EA/ ,C>OL9A ,UNIV]SITY4 ,HE HAS $IT$ OR CO$IT$ SEV]AL IMPORTANT BOOKS DEAL+ ) CONTEMPOR>Y $UCATIONAL POLICY ISSUES1 9CLUD+ ,KN[L$GE & ,P[] 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,ECONOMY3 ,! ,EFFECTS ( ,S*OOL ,RE=M 9 A ,NEOLIB]AL_/,NEOCONS]VATIVE ,AGE 7,LAWR5CE ,]LBAUM ,ASSOCIATES1 #b#h7 & ,$UCATION ,UND] ! ,SECURITY ,/ATE 7,TEA*]S ,COLLEGE ,PRESS1 #b#h74 

,ROB]T ,H4 ,HAWOR? IS AN ASSI/ANT PR(ESSOR 9 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,PR(ESSIONAL & ,SECOND>Y ,$UCATION AT ,WE/ ,*E/] ,UNIV]SITY4 ,HE TEA*ES C\RSES FOCUS+ ON ! SOCIAL F\NDATIONS ( $UCATION1 AN>*ISM & CRITICAL P$AGOGIES4 ,HE HAS PUBLI%$ & PRES5T$ 9T]NATIONALLY ON AN>*ISM1 Y\? CULTURE1 9=MAL LE>N+ SPACES1 & CRITICAL SOCIAL /UDIES $UCATION4 ,HE C(\ND$ WORK]-[N$ & -OP]AT$ ,REG5]ATION ,T,V AS WELL AS O!R ACADEMIC RESE>* COLLECTIVES4 ,CURR5TLY HE IS WORK+ ON A CO$IT$ BOOK ON ,CRITICAL ,P]SPECTIVES & ,9=MAL ,LE>N+1 AS WELL AS WRIT+ A S+LE-AU?OR$ BOOK 5TITL$3 ,HORIZONTAL ,IMAG9>IES3 ,$UCATION1 ,SPONTANEITY1 & ,DESIRE4 

,NA?AN ,JUN IS ASSI/ANT PR(ESSOR ( PHILOSOPHY & COORD9ATOR ( ! PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM AT ,MIDWE/]N ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,WI*ITA ,FALLS1 ,TEXAS4 ,HE IS CO$ITOR 7) ,%ANE ,WAHL7 ( ,NEW ,P]SPECTIVES ON ,AN>*ISM 7,LEX+TON ,BOOKS1 #b#i7 & 7) ,DAN ,SMI?7 ( ,DELEUZE & ,E?ICS 7,$9BUR< ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#a7 & ! AU?OR ( ,AN>*ISM & ,POLITICAL ,MOD]NITY 7,CONT9UUM1 #b#a#a74 

,C>OL9E ,K4 ,KALTEFLEIT] IS COORD9ATOR ( WOM5'S /UDIES & ASSOCIATE PR(ESSOR ( COMMUNICATION /UDIES AT ! ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK ,COLLEGE AT ,CORTL& & REC5T DIRECTOR ( ! ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI ,F\NDATION4 ,%E HAS OV] TW5TY YE>S ( BROADCA/ ACTIVISM EXP]I5CE AS A NEWS AN*OR & PRODUC] = PUBLIC & COMMUNITY RADIO /ATIONS 9 ,TEXAS1 ,GEORGIA1 ,OHIO1 & ,NEW ,YORK4 ,%E S]V$ AS PRODUC] & DIRECTOR ( ! DOCUM5T>Y ,BURN ,\T 9 ! ,HE>TL&1 :I* 9VE/IGATES ! CRY/AL ME?AMPHETAM9E CULTURE AMONG TE5S 9 ,I[A & ,NEBRASKA4 ,%E CONT9UES TO WORK ON RADIO DOCUM5T>IES = ,NATIONAL ,PUBLIC ,RADIO & AN*ORS A RADIO PROGRAM TITL$ ,! ,DIGITAL ,DIVIDE ON PUBLIC RADIO /ATION ,W,S,U,C-,F,M4 ,%E RECEIV$ H] ,PH,D FROM ,OHIO ,UNIV]SITY 9 COMMUNICATION & WOM5'S /UDIES4 ,%E HOLDS AN ,M,A FROM ,MIAMI ,UNIV]SITY & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,C5T] = ,CULTURAL ,/UDIES1 :]E %E BEGAN H] RESE>* ON Y\? SUBCULTURES & ACTIVISM 9CLUD+ WORK ON Y\? CULTURE1 CAPITALISM1 PO/FEM9ISM1 & POPUL> CULTURE4 ,H] CURR5T RESE>* PROJECT >TICULATES CYB]FEM9ISM )9 A DISC\RSE ( NEW M$IA /UDIES4 ,! PROJECT EXAM9ES ! CON/RUCTION1 MANIPULATION1 & R$EF9ITION ( WOM5'S LIVES )9 CONTEMPOR>Y TE*NOSCI5TIFIC CULTURES4 

,ALEX ,KHASNABI% IS AN ASSI/ANT PR(ESSOR 9 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,SOCIOLOGY & ,AN?ROPOLOGY AT ,M\NT ,SA9T ,V9C5T ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,HALIFAX1 ,NOVA ,SCOTIA1 ,CANADA4 ,HE IS ! AU?OR ( TWO BOOKS1 ,ZAPATISMO ,BEYOND ,BORD]S3 ,NEW ,IMAG9ATIONS ( ,POLITICAL ,POSSIBILITY 7,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS1 #b#h7 & ,ZAPATI/AS3 ,REBELLION FROM ! ,GRASSROOTS TO ! ,GLOBAL 7,Z$ ,PRESS1 #b#a74 ,HE HAS ALSO WRITT5 SEV]AL J\RNAL >TICLES & BOOK *APT]S AB\T CONTEMPOR>Y RADICAL POLITICS1 GLOBALIZATION1 & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,KHASNABI%'S CURR5T RESE>* FOCUSES UPON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE /RUGGLES & ! RADICAL IMAG9ATION4 ,HE SEES HIS ACADEMIC WORK AS AN EXT5SION ( HIS POLITICAL COMMITM5TS TO AN AN>*I/-9SPIR$ ANTICAPITALI/1 ANTIOPPRESSIVE1 & ANTICOLONIAL PRACTICE4 

,CURRY ,/EPH5SON ,MALOTT IS AN ASSI/ANT PR(ESSOR 9 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,PR(ESSIONAL & ,SECOND>Y ,$UCATION AT ,WE/ ,*E/] ,UNIV]SITY ( ,P5NSYLVANIA4 ,HIS RESE>* 9T]E/S >E WIDE-RAG+1 FOCUS+ MO/ REC5TLY ON ! HI/ORY ( $UCATION FROM A ,M>XI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,HE HAS PUBLI%$ & PRES5T$ 9 MANY >EAS ( CRITICAL P$AGOGY FROM C\NT]CULTURES1 COGNITION1 NEOLIB]ALISM1 & LEAD]%IP1 TO NEOCOLONIALISM & ,NATIVE ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,ALL ( HIS WORK IS CONNECT$ BY ! COMMON GOAL ( CONTRIBUT+ TO ! EM]G5CE ( A PO/CAPITALI/ GLOBAL SOCIETY4 

,S>A ,C4 ,MOTTA FOCUSES H] RESE>* ON ! POLITICS ( SUBALT]N RESI/ANCE1 ) P>TICUL> REF]5CE TO ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,%E HAS WRITT5 AB\T ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN ,?IRD ,WAY ,GOV]NM5TS ( ! ,CONC]TACION 9 ,*ILI & ! ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 9 ,BRAZIL 9 RELATION TO !IR ROLE 9 /ABILIZ+ & NORMALIZ+ NEOLIB]AL HEGEMONY4 ,A SECOND /R& ( H] RESE>* IS FOCUS$ ON NEW =MS ( SUBALT]N POLITICS 9 ! REGION1 ) P>TICUL> REF]5CE TO SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,>G5T9A 7UNEMPLOY$ MOVEM5TS71 ,V5EZUELA 7URBAN L& MOVEM5T7 & ,BRAZIL 7,L&LESS ,WORK]S ,MOVEM5T & ,SOLID>ITY ,ECONOMY ,MOVEM5T74 ,?IS RESE>* HAS L$ H] TO EXPLORE ! POLITICS ( KN[L$GE & ! L9KAGES BETWE5 KN[L$GE1 P[]1 & EXCLUSION1 AS WELL AS ! WAYS 9 :I* NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS >E RE9V5T+ DEMOCRATIC & P>TICIPATORY =MS ( KN[L$GE-CREATION ?AT *ALL5GE ! ACADEMIC PRIVILEGE ( ! ACADEMY4 ,ME?ODOLOGICALLY1 %E IS !RE=E 9T]E/$ 9 DEVELOP+ MOVEM5T-RELEVANT RESE>* & P>TICIPATORY RESE>* ME?ODS4 ,AS P>T ( ?IS %E IS ALSO 9T]E/$ 9 ! P$AGOGY ( DISS5T & ! USE ( POPUL> $UCATION & CRITICAL $UCATION 9 & \TSIDE ! UNIV]SITY 9 ! =G+ ( /RUGGLES & PRACTICES ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 

,JU/9 ,MUELL] IS A GRADUATE /UD5T 9 POLITICAL SCI5CE1 ) A FOCUS ON POLITICAL !ORY AT ,PURDUE ,UNIV]SITY4 ,HIS PRIM>Y RESE>* 9T]E/S 9CLUDE3 AN>*ISM AS A MOVEM5T1 A POLITICAL_/SOCIAL !ORY1 & AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK2 DEMOCRATIC !ORY2 POLITICS & $UCATION2 P[] & AU?ORITY2 POLITICAL ECONOMY2 POLITICAL IDEOLOGY2 & ,U4,S4 =EIGN POLICY4 

,LUCY ,NI*OLAS IS CURR5TLY COMPLET+ P] ,PH,D 9 ,SOCIOLOGY AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,$9BUR< CONSID]+ ! POSSIBILITY ( UND]/&+ ! SELF & O!RS )\T OR BEYOND ! L5SES ( SEXUAL DIFF]5CE4 ,P] RESE>* HAS FOCUS$ ON PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*ISM1 QUE] !ORY1 EXI/5TIALI/ E?ICS1 P$AGOGY1 & BROAD] G5D] & SEXUALITY !ORY4 ,ZE HAS PUBLI%$ J\RNAL >TICLES AB\T PO//RUCTURALI/ AN>*ISM1 RIOT GRRRL1 ,D,I,Y PUNK1 SEXUALITY & G5D] & PRES5T$ 9T]NATIONALLY ON ! SAME TOPICS4 ,ZE IS ALSO A Z9E MAK] & AN ACTIVE MEMB] ( AN>*I/1 QUE]1 & FEM9I/ COMMUNITIES4 

,AN?ONY ,J4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I COMPLET$ HIS ,PH,D 9 SOCIAL SCI5CE AT ,SYRACUSE ,UNIV]SITY & HAS TAU<T AT ,S,U,N,Y ,CORTL& & ,HAML9E ,UNIV]SITY4 ,AS AN 9T]DISCIPL9>Y S*OL>1 ,NOCELLA HAS AN 9T]E/ 9 SECURITY1 CONFLICT & PEACE /UDIES1 CULTURAL F\NDATIONS ( $UCATION1 CRIM9OLOGY1 DISABILITY /UDIES1 CRITICAL M$IA /UDIES1 CRITICAL ANIMAL /UDIES1 & 5VIRONM5TAL /UDIES4 ,HE HAS TAU<T WORK%OPS 9 M$IATION & TACTICAL ANALYSIS1 & ASSI/$ 9 A NUMB] ( LEGAL COMMITTEES 9 ! ,AM]ICAS1 9CLUD+ WORK+ ) ! ,M5NONITE ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 ,AM]ICAN ,FRI5DS ,S]VICE ,COMMITTEE1 & ,*RI/IAN ,PEACEMAK] ,TEAMS4 ,NOCELLA HAS PUBLI%$ MORE ?AN TW5TY-FIVE S*OL>LY >TICLES1 C(\ND$ MORE ?AN TW5TY-FIVE POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS 9CLUD+ ! ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI ,F\NDATION1 & S]VES ON FIVE BO>DS 9CLUD+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,FRI5DS ,S]VICE ,COMMITTEE4 ,HE HAS C(\ND$ F\R J\RNALS3 ,GRE5 ,!ORY & ,PRAXIS1 ,PEACE ,/UDIES ,J\RNAL1 ,J\RNAL ON ,CRITICAL ,ANIMAL ,/UDIES1 & ,J\RNAL ON ,T]RORISM & ,SECURITY1 IS ON ! $ITORIAL BO>D ( F\R O!R J\RNALS1 & HAS PUBLI%$ MORE ?AN T5 BOOKS 9CLUD+ CO$IT+ ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*Y 9 ! ,ACADEMY 7,R\TL$GE1 #b#i7 & ,AN ,ECONOMY ( ,SU/A9ABILITY3 ,AN>*I/ ,ECONOMICS 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a74 ,FEEL FREE TO CONTACT HIM AT3 WWW4AN?ONYNOCELLA4ORG 

,ELSA ,NOT]MAN IS ,PROGRAM ,ASSOCIATE AT ! ,COMMUNITY ,/RATEGIES ,GR\P ( ! ,ASP5 ,9/ITUTE 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C41 :]E %E HAS WORK$ S9CE #b#h4 ,H] WORK 9CLUDES RESE>* ON COMMUNITY F\NDATIONS & COMMUNITY GR\PS WORK+ 9 RURAL >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,AT ,C,S,G %E ALSO PROVIDES SUPPORT = PE]-LE>N+ SESSIONS & PUBLICATIONS = LOCAL GR\PS WORK+ ON SOCIAL JU/ICE ISSUES 9 !SE >EAS4 ,:ILE ON A SABBATICAL YE> 9 ! ,U,K %E HELP$ TO E/ABLI% ! ,REALLY ,OP5 ,UNIV]SITY & COORGANIZ$ SEV]AL P>TICIPATORY WORK%OPS TO COLLABORATIVELY 5VISION :AT AN ALT]NATIVE UNIV]SITY MI<T LOOK LIKE & DISCUSS ! POSSIBLE CREATION ( A KN[L$GE COMMONS4 ,%E HAS A LONG-T]M COMMITM5T TO WORK+ = SOCIAL JU/ICE 9 A WIDE RANGE ( >EAS 9CLUD+ 9 ANTIW> & ANTICAPITALI/ MOVEM5TS1 GRE5 AF=DABLE H\S+ PROJECTS1 & ALT]NATIVE $UCATION 9ITIATIVES4 

,SAKU ,P9TA HAS A ,PH,D FROM ! ,POLITICS1 ,HI/ORY1 & ,9T]NATIONAL ,RELATIONS ,DEP>TM5T AT ,L\<BOR\< ,UNIV]SITY4 ,HIS RESE>* EXAM9ES MOM5TS ( !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL CONV]G5CE BETWE5 CLASS /RUGGLE & ANTIP>LIAM5T>IAN AN>*ISMS & M>XISMS4 ,HE HAS BE5 ACTIVE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 AS A MEMB] ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 AS WELL AS O!R 9DEP5D5T M$IA & ANTICAPITALI/ PROJECTS4 ,HIS REC5T CREATIVE PROJECTS 9CLUDE WORK 9 ! CAPACITY ( RESE>*]1 WRIT]1 & COPRODUC] ON ! DOCUM5T>Y FILM ,TO ,MY ,SON 9 ,SPA93 ,F9NI%-,CANADIANS 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & AS A RESE>*]1 WRIT]1 & ACTOR 9 ! FEATURE-L5G? DOCUDRAMA ,UND] ! ,R$ ,/> 7#b#a#a74 

,&RE ,PUSEY IS A ,PH,D C&IDATE 9 ! ,S*OOL ( ,GEOGRAPHY AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,LE$S1 ,U,K4 ,HIS RESE>* IS LOOK+ AT WAYS 9 :I* SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 5GAGE 9 0VALUE /RUGGLES0 :I* BO? DEF5D & 7RE7PRODUCE ! COMMON7S74 ,HE HAS BE5 ACTIVE 9 MOVEM5TS1 SU* AS ,E>? ,FIR/6 & ! ,CAMP = ,CLIMATE ,ACTION1 AS WELL AS AUTONOM\S SOCIAL C5T]S & AN ASSORTM5T ( ANTICAPITALI/ 9ITIATIVES = A NUMB] ( YE>S4 ,REC5TLY HE HAS HELP$ TO E/ABLI% A GR\P CALL$ ! ,REALLY ,OP5 ,UNIV]SITY1 :I* AIMS TO BO? RESI/ SAVAGE SP5D+ CUTS ACROSS HI<] $UCATION & OP5 A UP A SPACE = CRITICAL DIALOGUE & DEBATE AB\T ! BO? ! ROLE & ME?ODS ( $UCATION & KN[L$GE PRODUCTION4 

,JEFF ,%ANTZ HAS BE5 A COMMUNITY ORGANIZ]1 RANK-&-FILE UNION ACTIVI/ & AN>*I/ = DECADES4 ,HE HAS BE5 ACTIVE 9 A RANGE ( GR\PS & PROJECTS 7,I,W,W1 ,ONT>IO ,COALITION ,AGA9/ ,POV]TY1 ,:O'S ,EMMA8 ,9FO%OP1 ,AN>*I/ ,FREE ,SKOOL1 & ,KICK ,IT ,OV] MAGAZ9E AMONG O!RS74 ,HIS PUBLICATIONS 9CLUDE NUM]\S >TICLES 9 MOVEM5T PUBLICATIONS 9CLUD+ ,AN>*Y1 ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM1 ,GRE5 ,AN>*Y1 ,E>? ,FIR/6 ,J\RNAL1 ,NOR!A/]N ,AN>*I/1 ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]1 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW1 ,ONW>D1 ,>S5AL1 & ,PROCESS$ ,WORLD4 ,HIS WRIT+S HAVE ALSO APPE>$ 9 ACADEMIC J\RNALS 9CLUD+ ,CRITICAL ,SOCIOLOGY1 ,CRITIQUE ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY1 ,FEM9I/ ,REVIEW1 & ,NEW ,POLITICS AS WELL AS NUM]\S AN?OLOGIES4 ,HIS BOOK ,CON/RUCTIVE ,AN>*Y3 ,BUILD+ ,9FRA/RUCTURE ( ,RESI/ANCE 7,A%GATE1 #b#a7 IS A GR\NDBREAK+ DISCUSSION ( CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ PROJECTS4 ,CURR5TLY HE TEA*ES AT ,KWANTL5 ,POLYTE*NIC ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,VANC\V]4 

,JOSEPH ,D4 ,TODD IS A DOCTORAL /UD5T AS ,MONTCLAIR ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY 7,M,S,U7 9 ! P$AGOGY & PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM & AN ADJUNCT 9/RUCTOR AT ,M,S,U & ,B]G5 ,COMMUNITY ,COLLEGE TEA*+ BO? PHILOSOPHY & $UCATION C\RSES4 ,HIS >EAS ( 9T]E/ 9VOLVE REIMAG9+ /UD5T-TEA*] RELATION%IPS1 AU?ORITY & DISCIPL9E1 LE>N+ & PLAY1 IMAG9ATION & CREATIVITY1 & LE>N+ TE*NOLOGIES4 ,HE & HIS WIFE ALSO HOMES*OOL_/DES*OOL_/UNS*OOL !IR TWO *ILDR51 :O HAVE NEV] EXP]I5C$ ! TRADITIONAL $UCATIONAL P>ADIGM4 

,MAT!W ,WE9/E9 IS A PR(ESSOR ( SCI5CE $UCATION AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WA%+TON-,TACOMA4 ,HE IS ! AU?OR ( ,BODIES \T ( ,CONTROL3 ,RE?9K+ ,SCI5CE ,TEXTS 7,PET] ,LANG1 #b#a7 & ,ROBOT ,WORLD3 ,$UCATION1 ,POPUL> ,CULTURE1 & ,SCI5CE 7,PET] ,LANG1 #a#i#i#h71 AS WELL AS MANY >TICLES & *APT]S ON ! POLITICS ( HUMAN SUBJECTS & ! PROJECT ( CRITICAL SCI5CE LIT]ACY MORE BROADLY4 

,A,C,K,N,[,L,$,G,M,5,T,S 

,I FIR/ & =EMO/ WANT TO ?ANK ,P,M ,PRESS = !IR SUPPORT ( ?IS PROJECT4 ,I CAN'T SAY 5\< GREAT ?+S AB\T ! FOLKS :O HAVE HELP$ TO MAKE ?IS COLLABORATION HAPP54 ,I ALSO WANT TO ?ANK ALL ! AU?ORS :O CONTRIBUT$ TO ?IS VOLUME4 ,! WORK Y\ >E DO+ IS 9SPIR+1 & ,I APPRECIATE ?AT Y\ TRU/$ ME TO PUBLI% Y\R ?\<TS4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ,I WANT TO ACKN[L$GE MY LIFELONG P>TN] ,HOLLY & MY KIDS ,RA*EL & ,DYLAN4 ,Y\R PATI5CE & CRITICAL FE$BACK ?R\< ?IS PROCESS HAVE BE5 9VALUABLE4 ,HAV+ Y\R T5-YE>-OLD *ILD ASK1 0,:Y DO WE HAVE TO GO TO S*OOL80 WORKS AS A GREAT SPR+BO>D = REFLECTION1 DISCUSSION1 & ACTION4 ,I ALSO WANT TO ?ANK MY MOM & DAD = BE+ SUPPORTIVE OV] ! YE>S4 ,ADDITIONALLY ,I WANT TO ?ANK MY BRO!R = TURN+ ME ON TO PUNK ROCK AT AN E>LY AGE4 

,I DEF9ITELY WANT TO ?ANK MANY ( MY FRI5DS :O HAVE ALWAYS BE5 SUPPORTIVE & HAVE PU%$ ME 9 F>-(F DIRECTIONS ,I NEV] ?\<T POSSIBLE4 ,TO NAME A FEW1 ,BRYAN ,*U1 ,/ACEY ,DUNCAN1 ,*RIS ,ADAMS1 ,CURRY ,MALOTT1 ,]IC ,ALV>EZ1 ,GREGORY ,WEGN]1 ,JOSEPH ,C>OLL-,MIR&A1 ,MO/AFA ,M\HE$D9E1 ,MANAL ,HAMZEH1 ,M>C ,PRUYN1 ,PEG ,F9D]S1 ,WILL ,WATTS1 ,ZACK DE LA ,RO*A1 & MANY MORE4 

,I ?9K IT IS ALSO APPROPRIATE TO SAY 0?ANK Y\0 TO ! AN>*I/S :O >E NO LONG] ) US4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 9TEGRAL 9 RE5]GIZ+ SOME ( \R CURR5T MOVEM5TS TO CONTE/ GLOBAL CAPITALISM & REIMAG9+ H[ WE MI<T ORGANIZE \RSELVES DIFF]5TLY4 ,I KEEP LE>N+ SO MU* FROM !IR RAW HONE/Y & CRITICAL WORK4 

,F9ALLY1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO D$ICATE ?IS BOOK TO ,DON ,LA,COSS1 ONE ( ! MO/ ?\<TFUL & D$ICAT$ PEOPLE ,I HAVE MET4 ,HIS 9SI<TS & CONV]SATIONS MEANT SO MU* TO ME DUR+ A R\< SPOT 9 MY LIFE & ?R\< ! PROCESS ( GETT+ ?IS BOOK TOGE!R4 ,HE IS DEF9ITELY MISS$6 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #c -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/