,AN>*I/S & ,UNIONS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,PRECURSORS ( ,SYNDICALISM ,I,I,I 

,AFT] DISCUSS+ ! RISE ( SYNDICALI/ IDEAS 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7,PRECURSORS ( ,SYNDICALISM ,I7 & !N 9 ! ,*ICAGO-BAS$ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSOCIATION 7,PRECURSORS ( ,SYNDICALISM ,I,I71 WE N[ TURN TO DEBATES )9 ! ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BE=E ! RISE ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM 9 ! =M ( ITS MO/ FAM\S ?9K]1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 ,TO DO SO %[S ?AT ! /&>D N>RATIVE ON AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM IS WRONG4 

,?IS N>RATIVE IS SIMPLE & CAN BE F\ND 9 MO/ ,M>XI/ DIATRIBES AGA9/ AN>*ISM4 ,) ! EMBRACE & FAILURE ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 7ACTS ( 9DIVIDUAL VIOL5CE AGA9/ MEMB]S ( ! RUL+ CLASS7 BY ! E>LY #a#h#iS1 MANY AN>*I/ TURN$ T[>DS WORK+ )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?IS N>RATIVE IS REFLECT$ 9 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK'S 9FLU5TIAL HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM3 

0,FR5* AN>*ISM .<444.> CLIMB$ \T ( ! DEP?S ( #a#h#i#d1 :5 ITS PRESS WAS DE/ROY$1 ITS LEAD]S W]E /&+ TRIAL1 & ITS /RUCTURE ( AUTONOM\S GR\PS WAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY DISP]S$1 T[>D ! HI<E/ PO9T ( ITS 9FLU5CE .<444.> ,! P]IOD FROM #ahha TO #ahid HAD BE5 A TIME ( ISOLATION1 :5 ! AN>*I/S W&]$ 9 A WILD]NESS ( M>G9AL SOCIAL GR\PS & S\<T ! WAY TO A MILL5NIUM 9 DESP]ATE ACTS ON ! ONE H& & IDYLLIC VISIONS ON ! O!R4 ,! P]IOD FROM #ahid TO #aiad SAW A FRUITFUL EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 ! VISION>Y & ! PRACTICAL .<444.> ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM .<444.> %[$ AN>*ISM SEEK+ CON/RUCTIVE SOLUTIONS40 7,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS .<,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#f.>1 #b#f7 

,?IS RESULT$ 9 ! RISE ( SYNDICALISM AFT] #a#h#i#e1 A DEVELOPM5T (T5 PORTRAY$ AS 9CONSI/5T1 OR FUNDAM5TALLY 9COMPATIBLE1 ) AN>*ISM 7AS 9DIVIDUAL ACTS >E ASS]T$ TO BE ! QU9TESS5TIAL AN>*I/ TACTIC74 ,?IS IS (T5 COMB9$ ) A SUGGE/ION ?AT COME #aiag MO/ SYNDICALI/S TURN$ TO ,L59ISM1 ?US IMPLY+ ?AT SYNDICALISM ITSELF IS QUASI-,M>XI/ OR A /EP T[>DS ,M>XISM4 ,LIKEWISE1 & AS NOT$ 9 \R SECOND 9/ALLM5T1 ,M>XI/S (T5 SEEK TO PROCLAIM - AGA9/ ALL LOGIC & EVID5CE - ! ,I,W,P,A ,M>XI/4 

,YET EV5 ,WOODCOCK HAD TO ADMIT ?AT 0,V>L9 & ! ,FR5* ,BAKUN9I/S HAD ALSO RECOGNIZ$ BE=E ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ! ROLE ( ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE1 & ! G5]AL /RIKE HAD BE5 SUPPORT$ BY ! NON-,M>XI/ COLLECTIVI/S )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL0 BE=E IMM$IATELY CONTRADICT+ HIMSELF BY NOT+ ! SYNDICALI/ 0EMPHASIS ON ! SYNDICATE RA!R ?AN ! COMMUNE AS ! BASIC SOCIAL UNIT1 & ON 9DU/RIAL ACTION AS OPPOS$ TO CONSPIRATORIAL OR 9SURRECTIONAL ACTION1 W]E ! TWO PO9TS ON :I* ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S PR9CIPALLY DIFF]$ FROM ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S & ! COLLECTIVI/S40 7#b#f#c7 ,WE NE$ NOT DWELL TOO LONG ON ?IS1 O!R ?AN TO NOTE ?AT ! LATT] AN>*I/S >GU$ ?AT 9DU/RIAL ACTION WAS NOT 5\< & SO ALSO ADVOCAT$ 9SURRECTION - SO IT IS NOT QUITE A MATT] ( 0EMPHASIS40 

,EV5 IF WE IGNORE ,WOODCOCK'S [N UND]M9+ ( ?IS N>RATIVE1 IT IS EASY TO REFUTE & WE WILL DO SO BY FOCUS+ ON ! ?9K] MO/ ASSOCIAT$ ) AN>*I/-COMMUNISM1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 ,A ,RUSSIAN >I/OCRAT1 HE REJECT$ HIS POSITION 9 LI<T ( ! HORRORS ( ! REGIME HE B5EFIT$ FROM4 ,9ITIALLY BECOM+ A SOCIALLY AW>E (FICIAL SEEK+ RE=MS1 HE EMBRAC$ ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM ( ! ,F$]ALI/-W+ )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7,I,W,M,A7 :5 VISIT+ ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 #a#h#g#b4 ,HE !N RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA1 ! FOLL[+ YE> JO9+ ! ,POPULI/ 70TO ! PEOPLE07 MOVEM5T TO >GUE = LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & TACTICS4 

,! GR\P HE JO9$ - ! ,*AIKOVSKY ,CIRCLE - WAS DISCUSS+ :E!R !IR DIRECTION W\LD BE FUR!R SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A AMONG ! $UCAT$ Y\? OR TO MAKE CONTACT ) ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,KROPOTK9 ADVOCAT$ ! LATT] = PROPAG&A MU/ BE MADE 0UNQUE/IONABLY AMONG ! PEASANTRY & URBAN WORK]S0 = 0! 9SURRECTION MU/ PROCE$ AMONG ! PEASANTRY & URBAN WORK]S !MSELVES0 IF IT W]E TO SUCCE$4 ,REVOLUTION>IES 0MU/ NOT /& \TSIDE ! PEOPLE BUT AMONG !M1 MU/ S]VE NOT AS A *AMPION ( SOME ALI5 OP9IONS WORK$ \T 9 ISOLATION1 BUT ONLY AS A MORE DI/9CT1 MORE COMPLETE EXPRESSION ( ! DEM&S ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES40 ,MOREOV]1 A /RIKE 0TRA9S ! P>TICIPANTS = A COMMON MANAGEM5T ( AFFAIRS & = DI/RIBUTION ( RESPONSIBILITIES1 DI/+UI%ES ! PEOPLE MO/ TAL5T$ & DEVOT$ TO A COMMON CAUSE1 & F9ALLY1 =CES ! O!RS TO GET TO KN[ !SE PEOPLE & /R5G!NS !IR 9FLU5CE40 70,MU/ ,WE ,OCCUPY ,\RSELVES ) AN ,EXAM9ATION ( ! ,IDEAL ( A ,FUTURE ,SY/EM10 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ON ,AN>*ISM & ,REVOLUTION .<,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M4,A43 ,M,I,T ,PRESS1 #a#i#g.>1 #h#e-#f1 #a#a#c7 

,>RE/$ = HIS ACTIVITIES1 HE WAS IMPRISON$ 9 A ,CZ>I/ JAIL & AFT] A D>+ ESCAPE FROM ITS HOSPITAL 9 #a#h#g#f1 HE RETURN$ TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & F\R DECADES ( EXILE4 ,DUR+ ?IS TIME HE W5T FROM BE+ ONE COMRADE AMONG MANY TO ! MO/ FAM\S ADVOCATE ( AN>*ISM 9 ! WORLD4 ,HE1 ALONG ) ! LIKES ( ,C>LO ,CAFI]O1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A & ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! RISE ( AN>*I/-COMMUNISM4 ,?IS PRIM>ILY FOCUS$ ON ! BE/ ME?OD ( DI/RIBUT+ GOODS AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 REJECT+ ! E>LI] DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO PRODUCT CREAT$ 7I4E41 ACCORD+ DE$S7 ADVOCAT$ BY MUTUALI/S & COLLECTIVI/S ) FREE DI/RIBUTION 7I4E41 ACCORD+ TO NE$S74 ,E*O+ ! CONCLUSIONS DRAWN BY ,JOSEPH ,DEJACQUES 9 ! #a#h#eS !Y PROCLAIM$ 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO NE$S40 

,9 T]MS ( TACTICS1 COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM 9ITIALLY SAW NO MAJOR *ANGE & IT ADVOCAT$ ! 0,BAKUN9I/0 TACTICS ( LABOR /RUGGLE & 9SURRECTION4 ,?IS IS REFLECT$ 9 ,KROPOTK9'S FIR/ MAJOR !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTION 0,! ,AN>*I/ ,IDEA FROM ! ,PO9T ( ,VIEW ( ITS ,PRACTICAL ,REALIZATION0 7,LE ,REVOLTE1 #a ,NOVEMB] #a#h#g#i7 :I* SAW HIM >GUE ?AT 0! BE/ ME?OD ( %AK+ ?IS $IFICE .<( ! ,/ATE.> W\LD BE TO /IR UP ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE0 :ILE ALSO TAK+ 0ADVANTAGE ( EV]Y FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY TO PO9T \T ! 9CAPACITY1 HYPOCRISY & CLASS EGOISM ( PRES5T GOV]NM5TS40 ,! AIM W\LD BE 0! TRANS=MATION ( ! PROP]TY SY/EM BY ! EXPROPRIATION PURE & SIMPLE ( ! PRES5T HOLD]S ( ! L>GE L&$ E/ATES1 ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 & ( CAPITAL ( EV]Y K9D1 & BY ! SEIZURE ( ALL SU* CAPITAL BY ! CULTIVATORS1 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! AGRICULTURAL & MUNICIPAL COMMUNES40 

,H[EV]1 ! ADVOCACY ( 0PROPAG&A ( ! DE$0 - 9 ! S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( T]ROR - BY SOME AN>*I/S >\ND ! SAME TIME SAW MANY CONFLATE COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM ) ?IS4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,KROPOTK9 NEV] EMBRAC$ ! T]M 7CO9+ 0! SPIRIT ( REVOLT0 TO CONTRA/ HIS IDEAS ) IT7 & CONT9U$ TO URGE AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T3 

0,WE HAVE TO ORGANIZE ! WORK]S' =CES - NOT TO MAKE !M 9TO A F\R? P>TY 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 BUT 9 ORD] TO MAKE !M A =MIDABLE ,M,A,*,9,E ,( ,/,R,U,G,G,L,E ,A,G,A,9,/ ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L4 ,WE HAVE TO GR\P WORK]S ( ALL TRADES UND] ?IS S+LE PURPOSE3 ',W> ON CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION6' ,& WE MU/ PROSECUTE ?AT W> REL5TLESSLY1 DAY BY DAY1 BY ! /RIKE1 BY AGITATION1 BY EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y MEANS4 .<444.> ONCE ! WORK]S ( EV]Y L& HAVE SE5 ?AT ORGANIZATION AT WORK1 TAK+ ! WORK]S' 9T]E/S 9TO ITS H&S1 WAG+ UNREL5T+ W> ON CAPITAL .<444.> ONCE ! WORK]S FROM EV]Y TRADE1 FROM VILLAGE & CITY ALIKE1 >E UNIT$ 9TO A S+LE UNION .<444.> CRU%.<+.> ! TYRANNY ( ,CAPITAL & ,/ATE = GOOD 70,5EMIES ( ! ,PEOPLE10 ,LE ,REVOLTE1 #e ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#h#a7 

,?IS MEANT REJECT+ CALLS BY ,M>XI/S TO TAKE P>T 9 ELECTIONS = ?IS W\LD MEAN 0AB&ON.<+.> ! T]RA9 ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 ( ! WORK] AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/1 9 ORD] TO BECOME COMPLIANT TOOLS 9 ! H&S ( ! POLITICIANS40 ,UNLIKE P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 ?IS DIRECT /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CAPITAL & ,/ATE HAD A RADICALIZ+ EFFECT3 

0H[EV] MOD]ATE ! BATTLE-CRY MAY BE - PROVID$ ?AT IT IS 9 ! DOMA9 ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR - AS SOON AS IT IS PUT 9TO PRACTICE BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS1 IT WILL EV5TUALLY DEEP5 & 9EVITABLY LEAD TO DEM&+ ! OV]?R[ ( ! REGIME ( PROP]TY4 ,:]EAS A P>TY :I* CONF9ES ITSELF )9 P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS 5DS UP AB&ON+ ITS PROGRAM1 H[EV] ADVANC$ IT WAS 9 ! BEG9N+3 IT 5DS UP M]G$ ) ! P>TIES ( B\RGEOIS OPPORTUNISM40 70,! ,LEAGUE & ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS10 ,LE ,REVOLTE1 #a ,OCTOB] #a#h#h#a7 

,AS AN ALT]NATIVE1 HE PO9T$ TO ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S AS REMA9+ 0.<F.>AI?FUL TO ! AN>*I/ TRADITIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 CLEV]1 ACTIVE1 5]GETIC M5 >E NOT AB\T TO SET UP A GR\P TO PURSUE !IR PETTY 5DS3 !Y REMA9 )9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 !Y /RUGGLE ) IT1 = IT4 ,!Y BR+ ! CONTRIBUTION ( !IR 5]GY TO ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATION & WORK TO BUILD UP A =CE ?AT WILL CRU% CAPITAL1 COME ! DAY ( REVOLUTION3 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADES ASSOCIATION40 70,! ,WORK]S' ,MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA910 ,LE ,REVOLTE1 #aa ,NOVEMB] #a#h#h#a74 ,HE EXPLA9$ HIS IDEAS 9 A TWO P>T >TICLE :I* IS WOR? QUOT+ AT L5G?3 

0IT IS AGA9/ ! HOLD]S ( CAPITAL1 BE !Y BLUE1 R$ OR :ITE1 ?AT !Y WI% TO DECL>E W>4 ,IT IS NOT A POLITICAL P>TY ?AT !Y SEEK TO =M EI!R3 IT IS A P>TY ( ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS NO LONG] DEMOCRATIC RE=M ?AT !Y DEM&3 IT IS A COMPLETE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 .<444.> !Y MU/ 5GAGE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL4 .<444.> ,IF WE WI% TO PREP>E = ! DAY ( ! BATTLE .<&.> \R VICTORY OV] CAPITAL1 WE MU/1 FROM ?IS DAY ONW>D BEG9 TO SKIRMI%1 TO H>ASS ! 5EMY AT EV]Y OPPORTUNITY1 TO MAKE !M SEE! & RAGE1 TO EXHAU/ !M ) ! /RUGGLE1 TO DEMORALIZE !M4 .<444.> 

0,! 5EMY ON :OM WE DECL>E W> IS CAPITAL1 & IT IS AGA9/ CAPITAL ?AT WE WILL DIRECT ALL \R EF=TS1 TAK+ C>E NOT TO BECOME DI/RACT$ FROM \R GOAL BY ! PHONY CAMPAIGNS & >GUM5TS ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,! GREAT /RUGGLE ?AT WE >E PREP>+ = IS ESS5TIALLY ECONOMIC1 & SO IT IS ON ! ECONOMIC T]RA9 ?AT WE %\LD FOCUS \R ACTIVITIES4 

0,IF WE PLACE \RSELVES ON ?IS T]RA91 WE WILL SEE ?AT ! GREAT MASS ( WORK]S WILL COME & JO9 \R RANKS1 & ?AT !Y WILL ASSEMBLE UND] ! FLAG ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,WORK]S4 ,?US WE WILL BECOME A P[]FUL =CE :I* WILL1 ON ! DAY ( ! REVOLUTION1 IMPOSE ITS WILL UPON EXPLOIT]S ( EV]Y SORT4 .<444.> ,9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO MAKE REVOLUTION1 ! MASS ( WORK]S MU/ ORGANIZE !MSELVES1 & RESI/ANCE & ! /RIKE >E EXCELL5T MEANS BY :I* WORK]S CAN ORGANIZE4 ,9DE$1 !Y HAVE A GREAT ADVANTAGE OV] ! TACTICS ?AT >E BE+ PROPOS$ AT ! MOM5T 7WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVES1 CON/ITUTION ( A WORK]S' POLITICAL P>TY1 ETC47 :I* DO NOT ACTUALLY D]AIL ! MOVEM5T BUT S]VE TO KEEP IT P]PETUALLY 9 ?RALL TO ITS PR9CIPAL 5EMY1 ! CAPITALI/4 .<444.> ,:AT IS REQUIR$ IS TO BUILD RESI/ANCE ASSOCIATIONS = EA* TRADE 9 EA* T[N1 TO CREATE RESI/ANCE FUNDS & FI<T AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S1 TO UNIFY ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ( EA* T[N & TRADE & TO PUT !M 9 CONTACT ) ?OSE ( O!R T[NS1 TO F$]ATE ACROSS ,FRANCE1 TO F$]ATE ACROSS BORD]S1 9T]NATIONALLY .<444.> ,IT IS ?R\< ! ORGANIZATION ( RESI/ANCE TO ! BOSS ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL MANAG$ TO GA!R TOGE!R MORE ?AN TWO MILLION WORK]S & TO CREATE A P[]FUL =CE BE=E :I* BO? B\RGEOISIE & GOV]NM5TS TREMBL$40 70,WORK]S' ,ORGANIZATION10 ,LE ,REVOLTE1 #a & #bd ,DECEMB] #a#h#h#a7 

,9 %ORT1 ! E>LY #a#h#hS SAW HIM WRITE NUM]\S >TICLES ON ! SUBJECT ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 AN ATTEMPT TO C\NT] ! ULTRA-REVOLUTION>Y PO/UR+ :I* HAD OV]TAK5 ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AT ! TIME4 ,?IS WAS CUT %ORT ) HIS >RE/ & SUBSEQU5T IMPRISONM5T AFT] ! FAM\S ,LYON TRIAL ( #a#h#h#c1 AL?\< HE LAT] NOT$ ?AT HIS EF=TS W]E )\T MU* SUCCESS :5 HE REC\NT$ ASK+ A PROSECUTION WITNESS AT ! ,LYON TRIAL :E!R HE HAD SUCCE$$ 9 HAV+ 0! ,9T]NATIONAL RECON/ITUT$0 & RECEIV$ ! REPLY3 0,NO4 ,!Y DID NOT F9D IT REVOLUTION>Y 5\<40 7,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/ .<,MONTREAL_/,NEW ,YORK3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#i.>1 #d#b74 

,RELEAS$ 9 #a#h#h#f1 HE FELT ,FRANCE = ,BRITA94 ,!RE HE HELP$ F\ND ,FRE$OM 9 ,LONDON & >GU$ ?AT WORK]S 0WILL NOT WAIT = ORD]S FROM ABOVE BE=E TAK+ POSSESSION ( L& & CAPITAL4 ,!Y WILL TAKE !M FIR/1 & !N - ALREADY 9 POSSESSION ( L& & CAPITAL - !Y WILL ORGANIZE !IR WORK40 70,ACT = ,Y\RSELVES10 ,FRE$OM1 ,JANU>Y #a#h#h#g74 ,HE SAW 9 ! #ahhi ,LONDON ,DOCK ,/RIKE AN EXAMPLE TO %[ AN>*I/S ! IMPORTANCE ( 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T 7SEE 0,! ,LONDON ,DOCK ,/RIKE ( #a#h#h#i10 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW #fc .<,W9T] #b#a#e.>74 ,HE NOT$ H[ AN>*I/S HAD 0(T5 SPOK5 ( ! G5]AL /RIKE0 & ! DOCK /RIKE %[$ ITS VALIDITY = ! WORK]S 0>E ! MA/]S4 ,& ! DAY :5 ?OSE AN>*I/S :O EXHAU/ !MSELVES 9 EMPTY DISCUSSIONS .<444.> WILL WORK AMONG ! WORK]S TO PREP>E ! /OPP+ ( WORK 9 ! TRADES ?AT SUPPLY ALL ! O!RS1 !Y WILL HAVE DONE MORE TO PREP>E ! SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 ,REVOLUTION1 ?AT ALL ! WRIT]S1 J\RNALI/S1 & ORATORS ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY40 70,:AT A /RIKE IS10 ,LA ,REVOLTE1 #g ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#h#i7 

,9 ,BRITA91 HE LIKEWISE URG$ ?AT AN>*I/S 0SPREAD ! LI<T 9 EV]Y CORN] ( ! L&1 9FUS+ ! SPIRIT ( ,REVOLUTION 9TO EV]Y M9E1 FACTORY & WORK%OP4 ,BY SO DO+1 WE %ALL SOON HAVE ! WORK]S ( ,5GL& NO LONG] ASK+ = TRIFL+ 9CREASES ( WAGES1 BUT DEM&+ 9 /URDY TONES A CESSATION ( ! SY/EM ( ROBB]Y :I* OBTA9S TODAY40 70,! ,USE ( ! ,/RIKE10 ,FRE$OM ,APRIL #a#h#i7 ,HE PO9T$ TO ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,I,W,P,A3 0,W]E NOT \R ,*ICAGO ,COMRADES RI<T 9 DESPIS+ POLITICS1 & SAY+ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ROBB]Y MU/ BE C>RI$ ON 9 ! WORK%OP & ! /REET1 BY DE$S NOT WORDS80 70,! ,*ICAGO ,ANNIV]S>Y10 ,FRE$OM1 ,DECEMB] #a#h#i#a7 ,! UNIONS W]E NOT ONLY GOOD WEAPONS 9 ! /RUGGLE BUT ALSO ! MEANS TO REPLACE CAPITALISM3 

0,I %\LD SAY ?AT ! *IEF PO9T TO BE A*IEV$ N[ IS TO MAKE ! ,AN>*I/ IDEAS P]MEATE ! GREAT LABOR MOVEM5T :I* IS SO RAPIDLY GR[+ 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA2 & TO DO SO BY ALL ?OSE MEANS1 & ONLY BY SU* MEANS1 :I* >E 9 /RICT ACCORDANCE ) \R [N PR9CIPLES .<444.> 

0,NO ONE CAN UND]RATE ! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS LABOR MOVEM5T = ! COM+ REVOLUTION4 ,IT WILL BE ?OSE AGGLOM]ATIONS ( WEAL? PRODUC]S :I* WILL HAVE TO REORGANIZE PRODUCTION ON NEW SOCIAL BASES4 ,!Y WILL HAVE TO ORGANIZE ! LIFE ( ! NATION & ! USE :I* IT WILL MAKE ( ! HI!RTO ACCUMULAT$ RI*ES & MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y - ! LABOR]S1 GR\P$ TOGE!R - NOT ! POLITICIANS40 70,COMMEMORATION ( ! ,*ICAGO ,M>TYRS10 ,FRE$OM1 ,DECEMB] #a#h#i#b7 

,! NE$ WAS = AN>*I/S 0TO BR+ \R IDEAS 9TO ?AT MOVEM5T1 TO SPREAD !M1 BY ALL MEANS1 AMONG ?OSE MASSES :I* HOLD 9 !IR H&S ! FUTURE ISSUE ( ! REVOLUTION0 & TO 0PROPAGATE AMONG ! MASSES ! IDEAS :I* WE CONSID] AS ! BASES ( ! COM+ DEVELOPM5T0 = 0IT IS ONLY 9 ! GREAT WORK+ MASSES - SUPPORT$ BY !IR 5]GIES1 APPLI$ BY !M TO REAL LIFE - ?AT \R IDEAS WILL ATTA9 !IR FULL DEVELOPM5T40 

,SO BY #a#h#i#b1 ! LEAD+ ?9K] ( COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM HAD BE5 ADVOCAT+ AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T = TW5TY YE>S1 S9CE #ahgb 9 FACT4 ,! SPATE ( ASSASS9ATIONS & BOMB+S ( ! E>LY #a#h#iS OCCURR$ AFT] ! TURN TO SYNDICALI/ TACTICS NOT BE=E AS IS USUALLY CLAIM$ - RETURN W\LD BE BETT]1 AS ,KROPOTK9 9DICAT$ 9 HIS JU/LY FAM\S >TICLE = ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA3 

0,ACCORD+LY1 S9CE ! F\NDATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 #a#h#f#d-#a#h#f#f1 .<AN>*I/S.> HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO PROMOTE !IR IDEAS DIRECTLY AMONG ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & TO 9DUCE ?OSE UNIONS TO A DIRECT /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL1 )\T PLAC+ !IR FAI? 9 P>LIAM5T>Y LEGISLATION40 70,AN>*ISM10 ,DIRECT ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,CAPITAL3 ,A ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,AN?OLOGY .<,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#d.>1 #a#f#e7 

,?IS IS ! !ORETICAL CONTEXT ( ! RISE ( SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE1 ! PRODUCT ( MANY DECADES ( AN>*I/ P>TICIPATION )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T & :I* REFLECT$ ! IDEAS ADVOCAT$ BY ITS LEAD+ LI<TS1 NOT LEA/ ,KROPOTK94 ,AS CAN BE SE51 ALL ! ESS5TIAL ASPECTS ( SYNDICALISM - DIRECT ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 UNIONS AS A MEANS TO BO? FI<T & REPLACE CAPITALISM1 ! G5]AL /RIKE - WAS ADVOCAT$ BY ,KROPOTK9 & O!R AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S4 ,!Y L9K$ !IR IDEAS TO BO? ! ,F$]ALI/-W+ ( ! ,I,W,M,A & ! ,I,W,P,A1 RECOGNIZ+ - LIKE ,BAKUN9 BE=E !M - ?AT !Y HAD NOT 9V5T$ !SE IDEAS BUT RA!R *AMPION$ TACTICS DEVELOP$ BY WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,?US1 = ,KROPOTK91 0/RUGGLE1 ! W> AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT] ALWAYS REMA9S ! ONLY WEAPON ( ! EXPLOIT$0 & ?AT 0/RUGGLE1 BY ! /RIKE1 ! W> ) ! MA*9ES1 ! W> AGA9/ ! L&LORD 7:I* TAKES A ?\S& DIFF]5T ASPECTS ACCORD+ TO ! LOCALITIES71 & ! REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,/ATE UNITES WORK]S40 70,COOP]ATION & ,SOCIALISM10 ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 #bg ,JULY #a#h#i#e7 ,! PRESS+ NE$ WAS ! CREATION ( AN 09T]NATIONAL UNION ( LABOR ORGANIZATIONS0 = 0,CAPITAL IS ITS 5EMY4 ,DIRECT W>F>E AGA9/ IT - ITS WEAPONS40 70,! ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS10 ,FRE$OM1 ,OCTOB] #a#h#i#f74 ,?IS W\LD CREATE ! FRAMEWORK ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM AS IT W\LD 0BUILD UP A =CE CAPABLE ( IMPOS+ BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS ON ! BOSSES1 BUT ALSO - 9DE$ PRIM>ILY - TO CREATE AMONG ! WORK+ CLASSES ! UNION /RUCTURES ?AT MI<T SOME DAY REPLACE ! BOSSES & TAKE 9TO !IR [N H&S ! PRODUCTION & MANAGEM5T ( EV]Y 9DU/RY40 70,TRADE ,UNIONISM & ,P>LIAM5T>IANISM10 ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 #ac ,OCTOB] #a#i#f74 ,AS HE SUMM>IZ$ 9 #a#i#a#c3 

0:AT MEANS CAN ! ,/ATE PROVIDE TO ABOLI% ?IS .<CAPITALI/.> MONOPOLY ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD NOT F9D 9 ITS [N /R5G? & GR\PS8 .<444.> ,C\LD ITS GOV]NM5TAL MA*9E1 DEVELOP$ = ! CREATION & UPHOLD+ ( !SE .<CAPITALI/.> PRIVILEGES1 N[ BE US$ TO ABOLI% !M8 ,W\LD NOT ! NEW FUNCTION REQUIRE NEW ORGANS8 ,& !SE NEW ORGANS W\LD !Y NOT HAVE TO BE CREAT$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 9 !IR UNIONS1 !IR F$]ATIONS1 COMPLETELY \TSIDE ! ,/ATE80 7,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*Y .<,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#h.>1 #a#f#d7 

,?IS ANTI-,/ATI/ ALT]NATIVE WAS RAIS$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ,M>XISM :I* 0TALK$ ( ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 BUT IT KNEW ONLY H[ TO %[ US ITS CONQUE/ BY P[]1 ! CONQUE/ ( SOCIALISM BY ! B\RGEOISIE40 70,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,SOCIALI/S BY ,P[]10 ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 #ba ,APRIL #a#i7 ,A NEW PA? WAS NE$$ & SO ,KROPOTK91 FOLL[+ ,PR\DHON1 SAW ! NE$ TO ID5TIFY T5D5CIES ?AT HAD DEVELOP$ )9 CAPITALISM :I* PO9T$ BEYOND IT1 ?OSE ELEM5TS :I* W\LD BE ! MEANS ( CREAT+ & RUNN+ A PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,?US ! FUTURE WAS APPE>+ 9 ! PRES5T1 NOT LEA/ BY ! ACTIONS ( WORK]S 9 !IR /RUGGLES4 ,H5CE ,KROPOTK9 FROM AN >TICLE ON ! #aiac ,DUBL9 LOCK\T & WORK]S' SOLID>ITY ACTIONS ACROSS ,BRITA93 

0,IT IS ONLY LIKE ?AT -- BY BUILD+ :ILE WE DE/ROY -- WILL ! WORK]S >RIVE AT !IR LIB]ATION4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT IT IS SE5 ?AT ! B\RGEOIS IS WORSE ?AN H>MFUL3 ?AT IT IS USELESS40 70,SOLID>ITE ,\VRI]E01 ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 #aa ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#c7 

,! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( BO? T[NS & C\NTRYSIDE1 WAS ! MEANS BY :I* A NEW WORLD WAS CREAT$1 9 ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! OLD TO RESI/ EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION4 ,?IS WAS PRIM>ILY SE5 9 T]MS ( UNIONS1 BUT ,KROPOTK9 ALSO SAW ! POT5TIAL ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS CREAT$ DUR+ ! #aie ,REVOLUTION :I* 0V]Y MU* REM9DS US ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE :I* PREC$$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 & IT IS C]TA9 ?AT WORK]S ACROSS ! C\NTRY %\LD ORGANIZE ON ?IS MODEL .<444.> !SE C\NCILS REPRES5T ! REVOLUTION>Y /R5G? ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 70,DIRECT ,ACTION & ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA10 ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 #b ,DECEMB] #a#i#e7 

,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ?AT ,REVOLUTION1 ,KROPOTK9 /RESS$ TO HIS ,RUSSIAN COMRADES TO LE>N ITS LESSONS & ?OSE ( !IR COMRADES ELSE:]E1 >GU+ ?AT AN>*I/S HAD TO WORK 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T TO 5SURE IT 0WAGES A DIRECT1 UNM$IAT$ BATTLE ( LABOR AGA9/ CAPITAL0 BUT ALSO ?AT 0AN>*I/S LOOK TO ! WORK]S' UNIONS AS CELLS ( ! FUTURE SOCIAL ORD] & AS A P[]FUL MEANS = ! PREP>ATION ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* IS NOT CONF9$ TO A *ANGE ( POLITICAL REGIME BUT ALSO TRANS=MS ! CURR5T =MS ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 E4G4 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! MANUFACTUR$ RI*ES & !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION40 ,9 %ORT1 0! WORK]S' UNIONS0 >E 0NATURAL ORGANS = ! DIRECT /RUGGLE ) CAPITAL & = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! FUTURE ORD] -- ORGANS ?AT >E 9H]5TLY NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE ! WORK]S' [N GOALS40 ,! G5]AL /RIKE 0HAS PROV$ TO BE A P[]FUL WEAPON 9 ! /RUGGLE0 & 0A MEANS ( PRODUC+ A REVOLUTION40 70,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ,AN>*ISM10 ,DIRECT ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,CAPITAL1 #d#f#f-#g1 #d#g#f-#g7 

,GIV5 ?AT ! F9AL ISSUE ( ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX 9 #aiad PROCLAIM$ ITSELF - AS IT HAD = MANY YE>S - 0,EX-,J\RNAL ',LA ,REVOLTE'0 9 A SUB-TITLE & ,KROPOTK9 9 #ahii /AT$ ?AT ! J\RNAL HE F\ND$ 9 #ahgi 0/ILL CONT9UES1 AT ,P>IS1 UND] ! TITLE ( ',TEMPS ,N\VEAUX04 7,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/1 #c#i71 A COMPLETE UND]/&+ ( HIS IDEAS CAN ONLY BE GA9$ BY CONSULT+ ITS V>I\S 9C>NATIONS OV] ?REE DECADES ALONG ) HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO ,FRE$OM & O!R J\RNALS4 ,KROPOTK9'S BOOKS DO NOT 9CLUDE ! >TICLES WRITT5 ON TACTICS & /RATEGY :I* %\LD BE PURSU$ BY ! MOVEM5T :I*1 :ILE !Y DO APPE> 9 ! MORE G5]AL & 9TRODUCTORY WORKS1 >E USUALLY PASS+ COMM5TS RA!R ?AN ! DETAIL$ DISCUSSIONS :I* APPE> 9 NEWSPAP]S4 ,SADLY1 NO EQUIVAL5T ( ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL OR ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD APPE>$ ON ! KEY QUE/ION ( H[ COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM W\LD COME AB\T 7MANY1 BUT NOT ALL1 ( !SE >TICLES >E 9CLUD$ 9 ,DIRECT ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,CAPITAL74 ,)\T ?IS1 ! OBVI\S CONCLUSIONS W\LD BE ?AT HE CONSID]$ REVOLUTION JU/ APPE>+ \T-(-!-BLUE1 A POSITION HE EXPLICITLY & REPEAT$ W>N$ AN>*I/S AGA9/ :ILE >GU+ = AN>*I/ P>TICIPATION 9 WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS4 

,! NOTION1 POPUL>IZ$ BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 7:5 HE /ILL CONSID]$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/71 ?AT COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM FOCUS$ ON ! COMMUNITY & LAM5T$ SYNDICALISM'S R$UCTION ( LIB]T>IAN CRITIQUE & /RUGGLE TO JU/ ! ECONOMIC T]RA9 IS 9ADEQUATE4 ,= ,KROPOTK9 - LIKE ,BAKUN9 & MANY SYNDICALI/S - !RE WAS NO CONFLICT BETWE5 ADVOCAT+ COMMUNITY /RUGGLE & ORGANIZATION AS WELL AS 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLE & ORGANIZATION4 ,:ILE HE DID OBJECT TO C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 HE DID NOT REJECT ! NE$ = AN>*I/S TO WORK )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T = LIB]T>IAN GOALS 7WE WILL ADDRESS COMMUNI/-AN>*I/ CRITICISMS ( SYNDICALISM 9 ! NEXT 9/ALLM5T ( ?IS S]IES74 

,NOR IS ?IS TO SAY ?AT ALL COMMUNI/-AN>*I/S SUPPORT$ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,ITALIAN ANTI-ORGANISATIONALI/S - MO/ NOTABLY ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI - REJECT$ IT AS RE=MI/1 A POSITION E*O$ BY SOME 9 ,SPA9 &1 AS NOT$ ABOVE1 ,KROPOTK9 HIMSELF LAM5T$ DUR+ ! ,LYONS TRIAL ( #ahhc ?AT MANY ,FR5* AN>*I/S HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 RE=M+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,H[EV]1 !SE POSITIONS W]E EI!R %ORT-LIV$ OR V]Y MU* 9 ! M9ORITY & SO COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM IS JU/ AS MU* A PRECURSOR ( SYNDICALISM AS ! ,F$]ALI/-W+ ( ! ,I,W,M,A & ! ,I,W,P,A4 ,9DE$1 ,TOM ,MANN PRAIS$ ,KROPOTK9 9 0! NAME ( ! ,SYNDICALI/S 9 ,BRITA90 ON HIS SEV5TIE? BIR?DAY1 NOT+ ?AT :ILE BE=E ! 0MASS ( ! .<,BRITI%.> WORK+ CLASS HAVE HI!RTO FAIL$ TO LE>N ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL LESSONS ! OLD TEA*] HAS BE5 /RIV+ TO 9 P>T1 I4 E41 ! ABSURDITY1 ! WRONGFULNESS & ECONOMIC UNS\NDNESS ( RELY+ UPON ,/ATE ,ACTION TO BR+ AB\T ! ECONOMIC *ANGES ESS5TIAL = WELL-BE+10 !Y 0>E LE>N+ ?AT GREAT LESSON N[ & V]Y RAPIDLY .<444.> RELY.<+.> UPON !IR [N P[]S ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION TO A*IEVE0 ! 0,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD40 70,9 ,APPRECIATION10 ,MO!R ,E>?1 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#b7 ,IT WAS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT HE WAS ASK$ TO CONTRIBUTE A PREFACE TO ! #aiac ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ,H[ ,WE ,%ALL ,BR+ ,AB\T ! ,REVOLUTION 7,COMM5T N\S F]ONS LA ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#i7 BY ,EMILE ,PATAUD & ,EMILE ,P\GET1 TWO LEAD+ ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S 79CLUD$ 9 ,DIRECT ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,CAPITAL74 

,KROPOTK9 REPEAT$ NOT$ ?AT ! NE$ = REVOLUTION>Y UNIONS & AN>*I/ P>TICIPATION )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T W]E BORN )9 ! ,I,W,M,A 9 ! E>LY #a#h#gS & HE HELD TO !SE POSITIONS ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,HE ADVOCAT$ !M 9 ! LATE #a#h#gS & E>LY #a#h#hS1 BE=E IMPRISONM5T /OPP$ HIS ACTIVITIES 7! BE/ ACC\NT ( ?IS REMA9S ,C>OL9E ,CAHM'S EXCELL5T ,KROPOTK9 & ! ,RISE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*ISM #a#h#g#b-#a#h#h#f1 .<,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i.>74 ,HE RETURN$ TO !SE !MES 9 ! LATE #a#h#hS & E>LY #a#h#iS1 AFT] !IR DRAMATIC CONFIRMATION 9 ! ,LONDON ,DOCK ,/RIKE ( #a#h#h#i1 & CONT9U$ TO ADVOCATE !M UNTIL HIS DY+ BREA? - 9DE$1 HE REIT]AT$ ?IS POSITION 9 ONE ( HIS LA/ LETT]S3 

0! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T .<444.> WILL BECOME A GREAT P[] = LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS ( AN ANTI-,/ATE COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,IF ,I W]E 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E AT ?IS MOM5T LIES ! C5T] ( ! 9DU/RIAL MOVEM5T1 & IF ,I W]E 9 BETT] HEAL?1 ,I W\LD BE ! FIR/ TO RU% HEADLONG 9TO ?IS MOVEM5T 9 FAVOR ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL - NOT ! ,SECOND OR ! ,?IRD1 :I* ONLY REPRES5T ! USURPATION ( ! IDEA ( ! WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL = ! B5EFIT ( A P>TY :I* IS NOT HALF COMPOS$ ( WORK]S40 7QUOT$ BY ,G4 ,WOODCOCK & ,I4 ,AVAKUMOVIC1 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,PR9CE3 A BIOGRAPHICAL /UDY ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 .<,LONDON3 ,BO>DMAN1 #a#i#e.>1 #d#a#i7 

,WE 5D ) AN >TICLE 9 :I* ,KROPOTK9 SUMM>IZES HIS POSITION ON ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX 9 ,MAY #a#i#g1 IT WAS CONSID]$ IMPORTANT 5\< TO BE TRANSLAT$ = ,FRE$OM ! FOLL[+ MON? 7,JUNE #a#i#g7 AS 0,AN>*ISM & ,TRADE ,UNIONS40 ,AS F> AS WE >E AW>E1 IT WAS FIR/ REPR9T$ 9 ,DIRECT ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,CAPITAL & H]E WE PRES5T A NEW TRANSLATION4 ,?IS IS = TWO REASONS4 ,FIR/1 ! ORIG9AL TRANSLATION DIFF]$ SLI<TLY FROM ! ORIG9AL ,FR5* TEXT &1 SECOND1 IT IS TO MOD]N EYES SOME:AT DAT$ 70WORK+M50 & SU* LIKE74 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ,KROPOTK9 USES ! T]M SYNDICALISME 7OR TRADE UNIONISM7 RA!R ?AN SYNDICALISME REVOLUTIONNAIRE 7REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONISM7 BUT IT IS CLE> HE IS REF]R+ TO ! LATT] 7WRIT+ FROM ,BRITA91 HE SEEMS TO BE UTILIZ+ ! COMMONPLACE USE ( ! =M] TO MEAN ! LATT] 9 ! RADICAL CIRCLES HE LIV$ 974 ,AS A GOOD SUMM>Y ( ! MA9/REAM COMMUNI/-AN>*I/ POSITION ON SYNDICALISM & H[ IT ADVOCAT$ SYNDICALI/ IDEAS BE=E ! WORD1 IT IS WOR? RE-TRANSLAT+ = A NEW G5]ATION4 

,AN>*I/S & ,UNIONS 

,MY DE> FRI5D1 

,I HAD NO 9T5TION ( 9T]V5+ 9 ! DEBATE BETWE5 ,PI]ROT & ,LAG>DELLE1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ,PI]ROT CONDUCTS IT V]Y WELL1 & ,I HAVE SO MANY O!R ?+S TO DO4 ,BUT S9CE ,LAG>DELLE FELT OBLIG$ TO MUDDLE ! DEBATE BY US+ MY NAME & BY 9S9UAT+ ?AT !RE EXI/S A MY/]I\S LETT] 9 MY NAME AGA9/ SYNDICALISM1 :I* ,PI]ROT WILL NOT GO SO F> AS TO PUBLI% - ,I LEAVE IT TO ! READ] TO ASSESS ?IS ME?OD .<( DEBATE.> - ,I AM =C$ TO TALK AB\T ?IS LETT]4 

,=TUNATELY1 ,I HAVE F\ND ! R\< DRAFT1 OR RA!R ! ORIG9AL1 & ,I S5D IT TO Y\4 ,G5]ALLY1 ,I DO NOT WRITE A R\< DRAFT - AT LEA/1 UNTIL N[1 ,I DID NOT TAKE ?IS PRECAUTION - BUT AFT] WRIT+ ?IS LETT] ,I ADD$1 AS Y\ CAN SEE1 SOME PASSAGES & IT WAS NECESS>Y TO COPY IT4 ,?IS DONE1 ,I PUT ! ORIG9AL 9 A BOX1 TO CONSULT ONE DAY = A WORK :I* ,I WAS PREP>+ ON SOCIALISM & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T4 

,PI]ROT IS QUITE RI<T2 ,I REFUS$ TO WRITE ! =EWORD TO ! PAMPHLET ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,/UD5TS NOT BECAUSE ,I DISAPPROV$ ( ! SUB/ANCE BUT BECAUSE ,I DISAPPROV$ ( ! =M1 ! %APE ( ! FIR/ DRAFT4 ,MOREOV]1 IF ANYONE IS 9T]E/$1 H]E IS :AT ,I SAID3 

0,DE> ,COMRADES 

0,I HAD AGRE$ TO WRITE A PREFACE TO \R PAMPHLET ,LES ,AN>*I/ES ET LES ,SYNDICATS .<,AN>*I/S & ,UNIONS.>1 BE=E HAV+ READ IT4 ,N[1 AFT] READ+ IT1 ,I SEE ?AT ,I %\LD HAVE TO WRITE1 NOT A PREFACE1 BUT A CRITIQUE1 & EV5 A QUITE TR5*ANT ONE 9 SOME PLACES4 

0,9/EAD ( SIMPLY LIMIT+ !MSELVES TO HI<LI<T+ >GUM5TS ?AT CAN BE MADE 9 FAVOR ( TAK+ A MORE ACTIVE P>T 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! UNIONS1 ! AU?ORS HAVE PROPOS$ G5]AL IDEAS ON AN>*Y1 :I* ,I DO NOT %>E1 & 9 PASS+ !Y SUBJECT ?OSE :O ?9K DIFF]5TLY TO !M TO PETTY ATTACKS ) :I* ,I CANNOT ASSOCIATE MYSELF4 

0,! CONCEPTION ( ,AN>*Y ?AT DOM9AT$ 9 ! COLLECTIVI/ & F$]ALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL IS C]TA9LY NOT ?AT ( COMRADES TODAY & NOR IS IT M9E 7P4 #a74 ,!RE HAS BE5 A :OLE EVOLUTION ACCOMPLI%$ DUR+ !SE #c YE>S - BACKW>DS1 P]HAPS SOME WILL SAY - =W>D1 9 MY OP9ION4 ,BETWE5 ! ,IDEE.<S.> SUR L'ORGANIZATION SOCIALE ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION & ,LA ,SOCIETE ,N\VELLE1 ,LA ,SOCIETE AU L5DEMA9 4441 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ETC41 !RE IS A :OLE G5]ATION :I*1 9 MY VIEW1 HAS NEI!R /AY$ 9 ! SAME PLACE NOR GONE BACKW>DS1 & :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 WELCOM$ BY ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF1 IF HE W]E ALIVE TODAY4.<#a.> 

0,! NOTION ',AN>*I/ BECAUSE ,COMMUNI/' IS Y\RS4 ,F9E4 ,IT HAS1 P]HAPS1 ! ADVANTAGE ( EMPHASIZ+ ! IMPORTANCE ( COMMUNISM2 BUT AT LEA/ ADMIT ?AT IT IS NOT %>$ BY A GREAT NUMB] ( AN>*I/S2 ?AT = MANY LIB]TY IS AS *]I%$ AS BREAD 7,I AM AMONG ?OSE72.<#b.> - ?AT MANY CALL !MSELVES AN>*I/S AL?\< COMMUNI/S1 & ?AT ABSOLUTELY S9C]E COMRADES ?9K ?AT COMMUNISM & AN>*Y >E 9COMPATIBLE 7:I* DOES NOT PREV5T MANY ( !M FROM DISCOV]+ ?AT !RE IS MU* TO BE DONE 9 ! UNIONS74 

0,9 ! ?IRD P>T ( Y\R PAMPHLET Y\ ALL[ Y\RSELF TO BE L$ BY Y\R !SIS TO ! PO9T ( MAK+ SEV]AL ASS]TIONS :I* Y\ W\LD BE H>D PRESS$ TO JU/IFY4 ,C]TA9LY1 :5 5T]+ A UNION1 ! AN>*I/ MAKES A CONCESSION - JU/ AS HE DOES BY GO+ TO REGI/] ! TITLE ( HIS NEWSPAP]1 ASK+ = P]MISSION = A MEET+ 9 ,TRAFALG> ,SQU>E1 EV5 SIGN+ ! LEASE ( HIS H\S+ OR HIS COOP]ATIVE F>M1 OR BY LETT+ HIMSELF BE H&CUFF$ )\T RESPOND+ ) PUN*ES4 ,TO TREAT AS IDEOLOGUES ?OSE :O DEMON/RATE ?AT !RE IS A CONCESSION IS NEI!R JU/ NOR JU/IFIABLE4 ,)\T !SE 'IDEOLOGUES' !Y W\LD /ILL FLOG Y\ 9 PRISON1 AS !Y DO 9 ,5GL&4 

0,BY 5T]+ A UNION1 WE MAKE A CONCESSION1 & :5 Y\ SAY ?AT ! CONCESSION IS LESS ?AN IS G5]ALLY BELIEV$1 ?AT IS SIMPLY CORRECT4 ,BUT LET US NOT D5Y IT4 ,IT IS ONE ( ?OSE CONCESSIONS :I*1 LIKE ! RE/ 7! AU?ORIZATION1 ! LEASE1 ! H&CUFFS71 MAKE US HATE ! PRES5T SY/EM MORE4 

0,:5 5T]+ ,UNION ,LIFE1 WE C]TA9LY CAN GET C>RI$ AWAY BY \R SURR\ND+S1 AS 9 ,P>LIAM5T4.<#c.> 

0,ONLY ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A UNION & P>LIAM5T IS ?AT ONE IS AN ORGANIZATION = FI<T+ ,CAPITAL1 :ILE ! O!R 7P>LIAM5T1 ( C\RSE7 IS AN ORGANIZATION = MA9TA9+ ! ,/ATE1 ,AU?ORITY4 ,ONE SOMETIMES BECOMES REVOLUTION>Y1 ! O!R NEV] DOES4 ,ONE 7P>LIAM5T7 REPRES5TS C5TRALIZATION1 ! O!R 7! UNION7 REPRES5TS AUTONOMY1 ETC41 ETC4 ,ONE 7P>LIAM5T7 IS REPUGNANT TO US ON PR9CIPLE1 ! O!R IS ONLY A MODIFIABLE & MODIFI$ ASPECT ( A /RUGGLE ?AT MO/ ( US APPROVE (4 

0,IF UNIONS GIVE !MSELVES A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC HI]>*Y1 WE C\LD NOT 5T] !M UNTIL IT HAS BE5 DEMOLI%$4 

,9 %ORT1 !RE IS 5\< TO SAY ON ! USEFULNESS1 = AN>*I/S1 TO TRY TO WRE/ UNIONS FROM ! POLITICIANS & TO 9SPIRE !M ) BROAD] & MORE REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 )\T SEEK+ 9 ?IS TO LIMIT ?IS POSSIBILITY ( ACTION TO ?OSE :O CONCEIVE ( AN>*Y 9 A C]TA9 SPECIAL WAY4 ,I KN[ AN>*I/S ( ALL %ADES :O HAVE TAK5 P>T 9 WORK]S UNIONS4 ,ONCE ,I WORK 9 SOME TRADE1 IT IS ONLY NATURAL ?AT ,I ASSOCIATE ) MY COMRADES 9 ! FACTORY1 )\T ASK+ !M TO UND]/& SOCIALISM OR AN>*Y 9 SU* A WAY OR ANO!R4 ,?AT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) IT40 

,ON ?AT MY ORIG9AL .<LETT].> 5DS1 ON ! EI<? PAGE4 ,PROBABLY ,I W\LD NOT HAVE ADD$ MU* .<TO IT.>4 ,AS = ! DATE1 ,I WROTE ON ?IS DRAFT3 0,UNIONS & ,AN>*I/S4 ,APRIL #a#h#i#h40 

,N[ ?AT ,I HAVE ANSW]$ ,M4 ,LAG>DELLE'S LITTLE 9S9UATION1 ,I %ALL ALL[ MYSELF TO ASK HIM A QUE/ION3 ,WAS !RE NO?+ MORE 9T]E/+ TO SAY AB\T SYNDICALISM ?AN TO GOSSIP AB\T ?IS LETT]8 ,IS HE R$UC$ TO ?IS8 ,SUPPOS+ ,I HAD BE5 A RABID 5EMY ( SYNDICALISM1 W\LD ?AT HAVE *ANG$ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*Y & ! UNION MOVEM5T 9 ANY WAY8 ,>E !SE JU/ P]SONAL RELATION%IPS8 ,& W\LD ?IS NOT BE ! DUTY ( SOMEONE :O CLAIMS TO BE SCI5TIFIC1 SPECIFICALLY TO DIS5TANGLE ! IDEAS ( ,AN>*Y & ?OSE ( ! ,UNION ,MOVEM5T8 

,F9ALLY1 IF ,M4 ,LAG>DELLE ABSOLUTELY WI%$ TO SPEAK ( MY IDEAS ON ! UNION MOVEM5T1 HAD HE NOT1 IF IT REALLY 9T]E/$ HIM1 MY >TICLES 9 ,LE ,REVOLTE1 ,LA ,REVOLTE1 & ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX4 7AS ,I AM NOT ,FR5*1 !Y CAN EASILY BE RECOGNIZ$ BY !IR /YLE74 ,LEAF+ ?R\< !SE COLLECTIONS = ! YE>S #a#h#h#f-#a#h#i#h1 ,I F9D DUR+ C]TA9 TIMES ( WORK]S' /RUGGLES ONE OR TWO >TICLES 9 EA* ISSUE 7FEATURE & SOCIAL MOVEM5T >TICLES7 :]E9 ,I ALWAYS RETURN TO ! SAME IDEAS3 ,WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS >E ! REAL =CE CAPABLE ( ACCOMPLI%+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AFT] ! AWAK5+ ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS BE5 A*IEV$1 FIR/1 BY 9DIVIDUAL ACTIONS1 !N BY COLLECTIVE ACTIONS ( /RIKES1 REVOLTS :I* >E 9CREAS+LY WID5$2 & :]E WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS HAVE NOT LET !MSELVES TO BE CAPTUR$ BY ! 0CONQUE/ ( P[]0 G5TLEM5 & HAVE CONT9U$ TO WALK H& 9 H& ) ! AN>*I/S - AS !Y DID 9 ,SPA9 - !Y OBTA9$1 ON ! ONE H&1 IMM$IATE RESULTS 7! EI<T-H\R DAY 9 .<C]TA9.> TRADES 9 ,CATALONIA71 & ON ! O!R MADE GOOD PROPAG&A = ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION - ?AT :I* WILL COME1 NOT BY !SE L(TY G5TLEM51 BUT FROM BEL[1 FROM WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS4 

,I HAVE P]HAPS ANNOY$ MY READ]S BY RETURN+ TOO (T5 TO ?IS SUBJECT1 BUT N[ ,I WOND] IF IT W\LD NOT BE USEFUL TO MAKE A SELECTION ( !SE >TICLES TO PUBLI% !M 9 A VOLUME4 

,:AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT IS1 ?AT IF WE CONSULT ! COLLECTION ( AN>*I/ NEWSPAP]S :I* HAVE FOLL[$ ! ,BULLET9 DE LA ,F$]ATION ,JURASSI5NE & ,L',AVANT-,G>DE UNTIL ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 WE SEE ?AT ?OSE AN>*I/S :O HAVE ALWAYS ?\<T ?AT ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 ORGANIZ$ BY OCCUPATION1 = ! DIRECT /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CAPITAL - TODAY 9 ,FRANCE IT IS CALL$ SYNDICALISM & 0DIRECT ACTION0 - CON/ITUTES REAL /R5G?1 CAPABLE ( BR++ AB\T & A*IEV+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 BY ! EGALIT>IAN TRANS=MATION ( CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION1 ?OSE ( US :O HAVE ?\<T 9 ?IS WAY = ! LA/ ?IRTY-FIVE YE>S HAVE SIMPLY REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ! GUID+ IDEA ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 AS CONCEIV$ BY ! ,FR5* 9 #ahfd 7AGA9/ ,M>X & ,5GELS71 & SU* AS IT WAS ALWAYS APPLI$ 9 ,CATALONIA1 9 ! ,B]NESE ,JURA1 9 ! VALLEY ( ,VESDRE & P>TLY 9 ,ITALY4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS A GREAT SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T :I* ACCORD+LY POS$ EV]Y?+ ?AT !SE G5TLEM5 CLAIM TO HAVE DISCOV]$ 9 SYNDICALISM4 

,WE AN>*I/S DO NOT PRET5D TO HAVE DISCOV]$ A NEW IDEA OR A NEW RELIGION4 ,WE SAY ?AT WE SIMPLY REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ! PRACTICAL IDEA ?AT 9SPIR$ ! ?IRD AWAK5+ ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT & ( ! ,LAT9 PROLET>IAT 9 G5]AL4 ,WE REFUS$ TO ASSOCIATE \RSELVES ) ! HID+ AWAY ( ?IS IDEA1 :I* WAS DONE BY ! ,G]MANS & A FEW ,FR5* ,JACOB9S AT ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#g#b1 :5 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! DEFEAT ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT1 !Y TRI$ TO DIV]T ! ,9T]NATIONAL FROM ITS ECONOMIC /RUGGLE TO LAUN* IT 9TO ! CONQUE/ ( P[] 9 ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE4 ,& N[ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT1 DISGU/$ ) P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY1 RETURNS TO ! OLD IDEA ( DIRECT 9T]NATIONAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CAPITAL1 & ?AT !RE >E AGA9 G5TLEM5 :O >E SEEK+ TO DIV]T ?IS MOVEM5T TO MAKE IT A POLITICAL /EPP+-/ONE1 WELL1 WE WILL FI<T AGA9/ !M1 AS WE F\<T AGA9/ !IR =]UNN]S1 TO ALWAYS UPHOLD ! SAME IDEA ( ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BY ! DIRECT & AGGRESSIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ITS EXPLOIT]S4 

.<#a.> ,TODAY WE BETT] UND]/& ! NECESSITY ( IMM$IATE EXPROPRIATION & ! NECESSITY ( ,COMMUNISM4 7,A NOTE :I* ,I HAVE ADD$7 

.<#b.> ,I WILL JU/ PO9T \T ! C\NTLESS /RIKES = ! WORK]S' HUMAN RI<TS2 9 G5]AL1 !Y >E ! MO/ BITT]4 ,A FACT ?AT ,I (T5 M5TION$ 9 MY >TICLES ON ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 7,A NOTE :I* ,I HAVE ADD$7 

.<#c.> ,OBS]VE ,5GL&4 #d YE>S AGO1 ! ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONS W]E FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,BECOM+ RI*1 PROTECT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 FLATT]$ BY ! ROYAL FAMILY1 !Y LO/ !IR COMBATIV5ESS4 ,WORK]S (T5 COMPLA9 ( ! B\RGEOIS-ISM ( !IR IMM5SE CLIQUE ( (FICIALS1 LIKE ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WORK]S4 7,A NOTE :I* ,I HAVE ADD$7 

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