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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VICTOR ,S]GE 

,TEXT 3 

,AN>*I/ ,?\<T 

,! ,ORIG9S3 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION ( ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY 

,! MO/ PR(\ND REVOLUTION ( MOD]N TIMES1 C>RI$ \T 9 ,EUROPE 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IS ALMO/ UNNOTIC$ BY HI/ORIANS4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION CLE>$ ITS PA?1 & ! POLITICAL UPHEAVALS ?AT = ! MO/ P>T OCCURR$ DUR+ ! P]IOD BETWE5 #ah & #ahe CONTRIBUT$ TO HA/5+ IT4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( ?AT P]IOD CAN BE CLE>LY SE53 A NEW MODE ( PRODUCTION WAS E/ABLI%$ EQUIPP$ ) A NEW TE*NIQUE4 ,9 TRU?1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION UND] ! ,FIR/ ,EMPIRE BEGAN ) ! FIR/ /EAM MA*9]Y4 ,! LOCOMOTIVE DATES FROM #a#h#c4 ,LOOMS1 :I* APPE>$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 HAD ALREADY L$ TO ! =MATION ( AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 C5T]S LIKE ,LYON4 ,9 A FEW DECADES ! B\RGEOISIE1 >M$ ) MA*9]Y1 TRANS=M$--(T5 LIT]ALLY--! SURFACE ( ! GLOBE4 ,FACTORIES W]E ADD$ TO MANUFACTORIES1 *ANG+ ! PHYSIOGNOMY ( CITIES1 GIV+ RISE TO UNPREC$5T$ GR[?4 ,RAILROADS & /EAMBOATS MODIFI$ ! NOTIONS ( TIME & SPACE ?AT HAD REMA9$ /ABLE S9CE ANTIQUITY4 ,) BRUTAL CL>ITY WE CAN SEE ! \TL9ES ( NEW SOCIAL CLASSES & ! BITT] /RUGGLES ?AT BREAK \T BETWE5 !M4 ,! 0LIVE WORK+ OR DIE FI<T+0 ( ! ,CANUTES ( ,LYON SIGNIFI$ ! APPE>ANCE ( ! ,F\R? ,E/ATE1 BORN ( DESPAIR4 ,LESS ?AN TW5TY YE>S LAT] TWO Y\NG ?9K]S1 KN[N TO JU/ A FEW CIRCLES ( REVOLUTION>IES1 W\LD AFFIRM1 AS ,SIEYES HAD = ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! PA/1 ?AT BE+ NO?+ ! PROLET>IAT MU/ BE EV]Y?+1 = SU* IS ! MEAN+ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ?AT ,K>L ,M>X & ,5GELS COMPLET$ 9 #ahdg 9 ,P>IS & ,BRUSSELS 9 WRET*$ HOTEL ROOMS4 

,EUROPE PREP>$ = ! /ORM ( #a#h#d#h4 ,?IS WORLD1 RI* 9 EXP]I5CE1 QUIETLY & VIOL5TLY MOLD$ BY ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 7#a#g#h#i-#i#c ?R\< #ah 4447 9 ITS POLITICAL /ATUS1 RADICALLY *ANG$ BY MA*9]Y & ! MODIFICATIONS 9 SOCIAL /RUCTURE IT ACCEL]ATES1 LIV$ ON ! CONFLICT ( IDEAS ?AT MAKE ONE ?9K ( ! COMBAT ( ,TITANS4 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 CUT UP 9TO SEMIFEUDAL /ATES1 HAD ONLY JU/ 5T]$ ! PA? ( NATIONAL UNITY1 AS A RESULT ( :I* SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS BECAME COMPLICAT$ BY ,Y\NG ,ITALIAN1 ,Y\NG ,G]MAN1 & ,Y\NG ,CZE* IDEALISM4 ,RUSSIA1 :I* HAD 5T]$ ,EUROPEAN LIFE DUR+ ! W>S ( ! ,FIR/ ,EMPIRE1 :I* BR\<T ,ALEX&] ,I & HIS ,COSSACKS TO ,P>IS1 REMA9$ AN ABSOLUTE MON>*Y F\ND$ ON S]FDOM4 ,5GL&1 ON ! O!R H&1 :]E ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION HAD REA*$ ITS HI<E/ PO9T1 WAS A CR[N$ REPUBLIC1 9 :I* B\RGEOIS MILLIONAIRES HAD NO LESS SOV]EIGNTY ?AN ! L&LORDS4 ,9 ,FRANCE ! TRADITIONS ( #a#g#h#i-#i#c CONT9U$ TO MOTIVATE ! MOVEM5TS ?AT MADE ?AT C\NTRY ! LABORATORY ( REVOLUTIONS4 ,! COMPLEXITY1 ! DYNAMISM1 & ! V>I$ ASPECTS ( ?IS TIME MU/ BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT SO WE CAN SEE 9 IT ! BIR? ( \RS4 

,K>L ,M>X & ,5GELS1 HAV+ COME TO ,P>IS FROM ,G]MANY1 S\<T TO REALIZE ! SYN!SIS ( ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY1 ! REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE ( ,FRANCE1 & ! 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS ( ,5GL&4 ,9 DO+ SO !Y LAID ! F\NDATIONS = SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 ,9 ORD] TO DO SO !Y HAD TO REFUTE ! 9DIVIDUALI/ ASS]TIONS ( ANO!R ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN1 ,MAX ,/IRN]1 ! AU?OR ( ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N1 :I* WAS A WELL-REASON$ TREATISE ON AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,) ALL HIS PHYSICAL FRAILTY1 NO ONE BETT] !N ,MAX ,/IRN]1 :O LIV$ & DI$ 9 OBSCURITY 9 ! ,PRUSSIAN C\NTRYSIDE1 CULTIVAT+ HIS FIELD1 ALONE & MISUND]/OOD1 EV5 BY HIS WIFE1 & :O DEPICT$ ! ,UNIQUE BECOM+ CONSCI\S ( HIMSELF 9 ORD] TO RESI/ ! SOCIAL MA*9E4 ,IT WAS 9 OPPOS+ ,/IRN]'S IDEAS ?AT HIS WORK HELP$ ,M>X & ,5GELS1 :O CRITICIZ$ HIM 9 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY BY POS+ ! PROBLEM ( SOCIAL MAN4 ,9 ,P>IS !Y MET TWO O!R F\ND]S ( AN>*ISM1 ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN94 ,WE CAN ?US SEE1 & ?IS IS NO REAL SURPRISE1 ?AT ! CREATORS ( ALL ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T MATUR$ 9 ! SAME COMBATS1 W]E =M$ BY ! SAME SOMETIMES CONTRADICTORY HOPES1 RUBB$ %\LD]S1 UND]/OOD1 E/EEM$1 & 5LI<T5$ EA* O!R BE=E GO+ !IR SEP>ATE WAYS2 EA* OBEY+ HIS 9T]NAL LAW--! REFLECTION ( O!R1 MORE G5]AL LAWS--9 ORD] TO C>RY \T HIS [N MISSION4 

,AT ?IS TIME ON IDEAS BECAME FIX$4 ,/IRN]'S 9DIVIDUALI/ DOCTR9E1 IF IT HAS FEW FOLL[]S1 EI<TY YE>S LAT] DOESN'T SEEM SUSCEPTIBLE TO REVISION OR AM5D+3 9 ! AB/RACT1 IT IS DEF9ITIVE4 ,! DOCTR9E ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O REMA9S TODAY ! BASIS ( SOCIALISM4 ,AN>*ISM'S GE/ATION P]IOD W\LD BE LONG]1 S9CE IT ONLY REA*$ ITS CONTEMPOR>Y =MULATION CONSID]ABLY LAT] ) ,KROPOTK91 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 & ,MALATE/A1 AFT] #ahg & ! 5D ( ,BAKUN9ISM PROP]LY SPEAK+4 ,BUT ! ESS5TIAL L9ES W]E LAID \T BY ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,H[ CAN WE NOT SEE1 9 ?IS EXC]PT FROM A LETT] FROM ,PR\DHON TO ,K>L ,M>X1 DAT$ ,LYON1 ,MAY #a#g1 #a#h#d#f1 ONE ( ! FIR/ AFFIRMATIONS ( ! AN>*I/ SPIRIT ON ! M>* TO SOCIALISM3 

,IF Y\'D LIKE1 LET US SEEK TOGE!R ! LAWS ( SOCIETY1 ! WAYS !SE LAWS >E REALIZ$1 & ! PROGRESS ?AT ALL[S US TO DISCOV] !M4 ,BUT = ,GOD'S SAKE1 AFT] HAV+ DEMOLI%$ ALL DOGMATISMS A PRIORI1 LET US NOT ?9K 9 \R TURN ( 9DOCTR9AT+ ! PEOPLE4 ,LET'S NOT FALL 9TO ! TRADITION ( Y\R COMPATRIOT ,M>T9 ,LU!R1 :O1 AFT] HAV+ OV]TURN$ ,CA?OLIC !OLOGY1 ) ! USE ( EXCOMMUNICATIONS & ANA!MAS F\ND$ A ,PROTE/ANT !OLOGY4 ,G]MANY HAS SP5T ?REE C5TURIES DO+ NO?+ BUT DE/ROY+ ,LU!R'S REPLA/]+2 LET'S NOT SET HUMANK9D ANO!R TASK ?R\< NEW BUNGL+4 ,) ALL MY HE>T ,I APPLAUD Y\R IDEA ( ONE DAY EXAM9+ ALL OP9IONS4 ,LET'S C>RY \T A GOOD & HONE/ POLEMIC4 ,LET'S GIVE ! WORLD AN EXAMPLE ( A S*OL>LY & F>-SI<T$ TOL]ANCE1 BUT BECAUSE WE >E AT ! HEAD ( ! MOVEM5T LET'S NOT MAKE \RSELVES ! LEAD]S ( A NEW 9TOL]ANCE2 LET'S NOT SET \RSELVES UP AS ! APO/LES ( A NEW RELIGION1 EV5 IF IT'S A RELIGION ( LOGIC & REASON4 ,LET US WELCOME & 5C\RAGE ALL PROTE/S2 LET US CONDEMN ALL EXCLUSIONS1 ALL MY/ICISMS4 ,WE MU/ NEV] LOOK UPON A QUE/IONS AS SETTL$1 & :5 WE HAVE US$ \R F9AL >GUM5T LET US />T OV] IF NECESS>Y1 ) ELOQU5CE & IRONY4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS ,I WILL 5T] Y\R ASSOCIATION ) PLEASURE2 IF NOT1 NO4 

,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 & ,M>X 

,PR\DHON'S ,:AT ,IS ,PROP]TY8 DATES FROM #a#h#d2 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,POV]TY FROM #ahdf 7,M>X WILL RESPOND TO IT ) HIS ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY74 ,) ! LEGALI/IC BUT ALSO ! PRACTICAL SPIRIT ( ! ,FR5* SMALL >TISAN1 ,PR\DHON DEF9ES PROP]TY AS !FT1 NOTES 9 ! CLE>E/ TONES ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 [N]S & EXPLOIT$ WAGE E>N]S & D$UCES FROM ?IS ! NE$ = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 BUT IMM$IATELY SEEKS REFUGE 9 MUTUALISM4 ,M>X W\LD SAY ( HIM ?AT 0! PETIT B\RGEOIS IS A LIV+ CONTRADICTION10 & ,BLANQUI ?AT 0,PR\DHON IS ONLY SOCIALI/ BECAUSE ! ILLEGITIMACY ( 9T]E/40 ,KROPOTK9 W\LD JU/IFY HIM 9 !SE T]MS3 0,:AT DID HE SEEK 9 HIS MUTUALI/ SY/EM IF NOT TO R5D] CAPITAL LESS (F5SIVE DESPITE ! MA9TA9+ ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :I* HE DESPIS$ ) ALL HIS HE>T BUT CONSID]$ NECESS>Y AS A GU>ANTEE = ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ! /ATE40 0,! REVOLUTION ?AT REMA9S TO BE MADE10 WROTE ,PR\DHON1 0CONSI/S 9 SUB/ITUT+ ! ECONOMIC OR 9DU/RIAL REGIME = ! GOV]NM5TAL1 FEUDAL1 & MILIT>Y REGIME40 ,MO/ ( ! >GUM5TS ?AT F$ ! POLEMIC BETWE5 ,M>X & ,PR\DHON CAN /ILL BE F\ND 9 ! CURR5T >S5AL ( ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S4 ,! AN>*I/S' AV]SION = POLITICAL ACTION1 SE5 AS SUP]FLU\S COMP>$ TO ECONOMIC ACTION1 ! ONLY ONE ( ANY VALUE1 DATES FROM ,PR\DHON4 ,LIKE MANY ( TODAY'S SYNDICALI/S1 :O />T$ \T AS AN>*I/S & REVOLUTION>IES BE=E SETTL+ 9TO RE=MISM1 ,PR\DHON1 9 ! SY/EM HE LAYS \T1 >RIVES AT A NUMB] ( RE=MS AIM$ AT PROTECT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL PRODUC] ?AT >E D$UC$1 NOT FROM ! /UDY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 BUT FROM AB/RACT PR9CIPLES BAS$ ON FEEL+S & MORALITY4 ,DESPITE HIMSELF1 ?IS LEADS ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y MORALI/ TO BECOME A CONS]VATIVE DESPITE HIMSELF4 0,AFT] HAV+ %AK5 UP ! SOCIAL SY/EM & PROCLAIM$ ! IMM95CE ( ! REVOLUTION1 HE 5D$ BY SAFEGU>D+ ! CURR5T ME*ANISM 9 A MORE OR LESS ATT5UAT$ =M4 ,IF BECAUSE ( HIS CRITIQUE HE IS CLASS$ AMONG ! SOCIALI/S1 HE REMA9S A PETIT-B\RGEOIS CONS]VATIVE 9 ! REALM ( PRACTICE40 ,! FA!R ( AN>*ISM IS ALSO ?AT ( RE=MISM4 

,AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( HIS C>E]1 ,M>X REFUT$ ,/IRN] & F\<T AGA9/ ,PR\DHON4 ,DUR+ ! F9AL YE>S ( HIS LIFE HE MADE USE ( !M )9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL TO COMBAT ,BAKUN91 ANO!R 9C>NATION1 ONE TOTALLY 9DOMITABLE1 ( ! AN>*I/ SPIRIT4 ,( ! M9OR ,RUSSIAN NOBILITY1 AN (FIC] 9 ! >MY ( ,CZ> ,NI*OLAS ,I1 SU/A9$ BY DESPOTISM TO ! PO9T ?AT HE C\LD ONLY LIVE = ! REVOLUTION2 A COMBATANT 9 #ahdh 9 ,DRESD5 & ,PRAGUE2 *A9$ TO ! WALL ( HIS CELL 9 ,OLMUTZ2 TURN$ OV] TO ! ,CZ> & IMPRISON$ 9 ,PET] & ,PAUL ,=TRESS & ,S*LUSSELB\RG1 :ILE HE WAS !RE WROTE A ,CONFESSION ADDRESS$ TO ,NI*OLAS ,I FULL ( PROPHETIC PASSAGES2 DEPORT$ TO ,SIB]IA1 FROM :I* HE ESCAP$2 RESUM+ AGA9 ?R\<\T ! ,WE/1 HIS LIFE ( A REVOLUTION>Y2 DISCIPLE & TRANSLATOR ( ,M>X2 IRRECONCILABLE ADV]S>Y ( ,M>X2 F\ND] ( A SECRET ,9T]NATIONAL )9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL2 REJECT$1 BITT]LY F\<T AGA9/1 SOMETIMES DEFAM$2 9 HIS F9AL YE>S A RIOT] 9 ,LYON & A CONSPIRATOR 9 ,BOLOGNA1 HE W\LD ONLY R5\NCE ACTION 9 ! F9AL MOM5TS ( HIS LIFE1 AS HE WAS DY+4 ,HE *ANG$ (T51 ?\< ) A P[]FUL FIDELITY TO HIMSELF4 ,?IS IS HIS DEF9ITION ( AN>*Y1 AS HE GAVE IT 9 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE3 0,WE REJECT ALL =MS ( LEGISLATION1 ALL =MS ( AU?ORITY & EV]Y PRIVILEG$1 LIC5S$1 (FICIAL1 & LEGAL 9FLU5CE1 EV5 IF IT ISSUES FROM UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 CONV9C$ ?AT IT CAN ONLY BE TURN$ TO ! PR(IT ( ! DOM9ANT & EXPLOIT+ M9ORITY AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! IMM5SE 5SLAV$ MAJORITY40 

,LET US QUOTE H]E HIS LITTLE-KN[N OP9IONS CONC]N+ ,M>X & ,PR\DHON4 ,BAKUN9 WRITES TO ,M>X 9 ,DECEMB] #a#h#f#h3 0,MY DE> FRI5D4 ,I UND]/& N[ MORE ?AN EV] ?AT Y\ >E RI<T TO FOLL[ ! GREAT PA? ( ECONOMIC REVOLUTION & TO URGE US TO TAKE IT AS WELL1 DETE/+ ?OSE :O LOSE !IR WAY 9 ! SIDE /REET ( SOMETIMES NATIONALI/1 SOMETIMES POLITICAL ESCAPADES4 ,I AM N[ DO+ :AT Y\ HAVE DONE = ! PA/ TW5TY YE>S 444 ,MY FA!RL& IS H5CE=? ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ( :I* Y\ >E ONE ( ! F\ND]S4 ,& SO1 MY DE> FRI5D1 ,I AM Y\R DISCIPLE & PR\D TO BE SO40 

,FRANZ ,MEHR+1 9 HIS BIOGRAPHY ( ,M>X1 QUOTES ! FOLL[+ TEXTS ( ,BAKUN93 

,M>X IS A S]I\S & PR(\ND ECONOMIC ?9K]4 ,HIS IMM5SE SUP]IORITY OV] ,PR\DHON COMES FROM ! FACT ?AT HE IS AU!NTICALLY MAT]IALI/4 ,PR\DHON1 DESPITE ALL HIS EF=TS TO FREE HIMSELF FROM ! TRADITIONS ( CLASSICAL IDEALISM NEV]!LESS REMA9$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE AN IMP5IT5T IDEALI/ FALL+ FIR/ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,BIBLE & !N ( ,ROMAN LAW1 AS ,I TOLD HIM SIX MON?S BE=E HIS DEA?4 ,& HE WAS ALWAYS A METAPHYSICIAN TO ! TIPS ( HIS TOES4 444,M>X1 AS A ?9K]1 IS ON ! RI<T PA?4 ,HE E/ABLI%$--& ?IS IS HIS ESS5TIAL !SIS--?AT ! RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL1 & JURIDICAL PH5OM5A ( HI/ORY >E NOT ! CAUSES BUT ! CONSEQU5CES ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 444,ON ! O!R H&1 ,PR\DHON UND]/OOD & HAD A BETT] FEEL+ = FRE$OM ?AN DID ,M>X4 ,:5 HE WASN'T ALL[+ HIMSELF TO BE S$UC$ BY !ORIES & FANTASIES ,PR\DHON HAD ! 9/9CTS ( A TRUE REVOLUTION>Y4 ,HE ADOR$ ,SATAN & PREA*$ AN>*Y4 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ,M>X WILL MANAGE TO RAISE HIMSELF TO A SY/EM ( FRE$OM MORE REASONABLE ?AN ?AT ( ,PR\DHON1 BUT HE DOESN'T HAVE ! SPONTANE\S P[] ( ! LATT]4 

,BAKUN9 WAS HIMSELF SOMETIMES CALL$ ! 9C>NATION ( ,SATAN BY HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,?R\< ALL ! DISS5SIONS1 ! 9TRIGUES1 ! POLEMICS & MANEUV]S :]E NO ONE CAME (F LOOK+ GOOD1 & :I* L$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO ITS DE/RUCTION1 A BIT BE=E & A BIT AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AN>*I/ IDEAS & S5TIM5TS W]E CL>IFI$4 ,BAKUN9'S 9FLU5CE C>RI$ ! DAY OV] ,M>X 9 ,SPA91 ,ITALY1 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,SWISS ,ROM&E1 & P>TIALLY 9 ,BELGIUM4 

,TO ,M>X'S 0AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM0 ,BAKUN91 ) HIS SECRET ORGANIZATIONS1 OPPOS$ HIS 0ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM10 :I* LAYS ! GR\NDWORK = AN IMM$IATE & DIRECT SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 0,WE REFUSE TO ASSOCIATE \RSELVES ) ANY POLITICAL MOVEM5T ?AT DOES NOT HAVE AS ITS IMM$IATE & DIRECT GOAL ! TOTAL EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S40 ,?IS IS ALSO ! QU>REL BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICISM & ! NASC5T WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,:ILE ,M>X & ,5GELS S\<T TO BUILD A VA/ 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S1 CALL$ UPON TO PROGRESS /EP-BY-/EP & F9ALLY BECOME ! MO/ EFFECTIVE 9/RUM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 TO 9T]V5E 9 POLITICAL LIFE1 & F9ALLY TO MOVE ) IRRESI/IBLE =CE T[>D ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 9/ITUT+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 7A DICTATOR%IP AGA9/ ! DEFEAT$ [N+ CLASSES &1 ITS O!R FACE1 BROAD DEMOCRACY = ! WORK]S71 ! ,BAKUN9I/S 9T5D$ TO PROVOKE 9 ! %ORT T]M ! SUBV]SION ( CAPITALISM FROM ! SIMPLE UNLEA%+ ( POPUL> =CES4 ,!Y BELIEV$ BO? 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y SPONTANEITY ( ! BACKW>D1 I4E41 UNORGANIZ$1 MASSES1 & ! 5]GETIC ACTION ( M9ORITIES4 ,!Y CONDEMN$ POLITICAL ACTION1 :OSE DECEIT !Y D5\NCE1 BY OPPOS+ 9SURRECTION>Y ACTION TO IT4 ,!Y D5\NCE AS AN EVIL EQUAL TO CAPITAL ! /ATE & ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY FROM :I* IT PROCE$S4 ,TO /ATE C5TRALIZATION ,BAKUN9 OPPOS$ F$]ALISM 7NOT )\T C5TRALIZ+ !IR [N ORGANIZATION74 ,F9ALLY1 ,BAKUN91 :O SEEMS TO HAVE NEV] TRULY UND]/OOD ,M>X1 9 C]TA9 REG>DS WAS UNABLE TO %AKE SPECIFICALLY ,RUSSIAN IDEAS CONC]N+ ! ROLE ( ! UND]WORLD 9 ! COM+ REVOLUTION ( ! UND]WORLD1 ! DECLASSES1 ( \TLAWS & B&ITS4 ,HE ATTRIBUTES A USEFUL & IMPORTANT FUNCTION TO !M4 ,9 FACT1 9 VA/1 PEASANT ,RUSSIA B&ITRY WAS (T5 A SPORADIC =M ( REVOLUTION>Y PROTE/ AGA9/ DESPOTISM4 ,& ! DECLASSES1 NOBLES1 & PETITS-B\RGEOIS ?AT HAD GONE OV] TO ! PEOPLE'S CAUSE BEGAN TO =M A REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,M>X1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 LE>N+ FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES1 KNEW ?AT ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 ! SUBPROLET>IAT 9 RAGS ?AT CON/ITUT$ ! RABBLE ( ! BIG CITIES1 F> FROM BE+ BY NATURE A REVOLUTION>Y FACTOR1 IS 9F9ITELY CORRUPTIBLE & UN/ABLE1 I4E41 9CL9$ TO S]VE REACTION4 ,HE BAS$ HIS HOPES ON ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASSES & NOT ON ! UNLEA%+ ( ! MOB4 ,9 ,! ,/ATE & ,AN>*Y ,BAKUN9 WAS 9DIGNANT ?AT ! 0PEASANT POPULATION :I* 444 DOESN'T 5JOY ! SYMPA?Y ( ! ,M>XI/S & F9DS ITSELF AT ! L[E/ LEVEL ( CULTURE10 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X'S S*EMA ( REVOLUTION W\LD 0PROBABLY .<BE.> GOV]N$ BY ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CITIES & FACTORIES40 ,9 ABSOLUTI/ & SEMIFEUDAL ,RUSSIA ! POORE/ PEASANTRY IS1 9 FACT A FACTOR = REVOLUTION1 ONE :OSE CAPACITIES ,BAKUN9 OV]E/IMATES4 ,& S9CE !RE WAS H>DLY A PROLET>IAT1 WE CAN UND]/& ! AN>*I/'S ]ROR4 ,M>X1 ON ! O!R H&1 COMM5T+ ON !SE L9ES1 RI<TLY OBS]VES ?AT 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ! SMALL-HOLD+ PEASANTRY 0CAUSES EV]Y WORK]S' REVOLUTION TO FAIL1 AS !Y'VE DONE TO ! PRES5T DAY 9 ,FRANCE10 & WILL 9 ! FUTURE IMPOSE GOV]NM5T POLICY ON IT4 0,BAKUN9 W\LD LIKE10 HE NOTES1 0= ! ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 BAS$ ON CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 TO BE ACCOMPLI%$ AT ! LEVEL ( ! AGRICULTURE ( ! PA/ORAL ,RUSSIAN & ,SLAVIC PEOPLE40 

,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ,BAKUN9I/ AN>*ISM ONLY TOOK ROOT 9 AGRICULTURAL C\NTRIES1 :]E !RE WAS NO REAL PROLET>IAT3 ,RUSSIA1 ,SPA91 & ,ITALY4 ,HE WAS EQUALLY 9FLU5TIAL AT A FEW PO9TS :]E1 HAV+ IDEAS SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ! LIB]T>IAN & MUTUALI/ IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON1 IT BECAME ! IDEOLOGY ( SMALL-SCALE >TISANS 9 ,P>IS1 ! ,SWISS ,ROM&E1 & 9 ,BELGIUM4 ,AS SOON AS 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T BECAME MORE M>K$ 9 !SE C\NTRIES AN>*ISM SURR5D]$ ITS PREEM95CE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO ,M>XI/ WORK]S' SOCIALISM4 

,KROPOTK91 ,RECLUS1 ,MALATE/A 

,BAKUN9 DI$ 9 #a#h#g#f4 ,! ?REE HEADS ?AT W\LD RE?9K ! PROBLEM ANEW >E ALREADY READY TO ASSUME HIS SUCCESSION4 ,PR9CE ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 (FIC]1 TRAVEL]1 & GEOGRAPH] CONNECT$ ) ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLES1 FELL UND] ! ,BAKUN9I/ 9FLU5CE1 & /UDI$ ,F\RI]1 ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,*]NY%EVSKY4 ,HE ESCAP$ FROM ! ,PET] & ,PAUL ,=TRESS TO :I*1 UND] ! POLICE /ATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 ANY DIS9T]E/$ IDEAS 9EVITABLY LEAD4 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 A Y\NG SCI5TI/ ) A PASSION = KN[L$GE AB\T ! E>?1 PASS$ ?R\< ! BATTALIONS ( ! ,COMMUNE1 SAW ,DUVAL EXECUT$1 & M>*$1 A DU/Y-FAC$ PRISON]1 ALONG ! ROAD TO ,V]SAILLES4 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A WAS AN ,ITALIAN WORK]4 ,) !M AN>*I/ COMMUNISM AT ! 5D ( ! C5TURY A*IEVES AN A/\ND+ 9TELLECTUAL CL>ITY1 A %9+ MORAL HEI<T4 ,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS WEI<$ D[N ) SCORIA & /UCK 9 ! MUD 9 A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9 A P]IOD ( EXPANSION4 ,VA/ UNION ORGANIZATIONS & P[]FUL MASS P>TIES1 ( :I* ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS ! BE/ EXAMPLE1 9 REALITY BECAME P>T ( A REGIME !Y CLAIM$ TO COMBAT4 ,SOCIALISM BECAME B\RGEOIS1 EV5 9 ITS IDEAS1 :I* DELIB]ATELY SUPPRESS$ ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y PR$ICTIONS4 ,IT 9/ALL$ ITSELF 9 CAPITALI/ PROSP]ITY DUR+ ! BLESS$ ]A :5 ! DIVID+ UP ( ! WORLD--?AT IS1 ! C\NTRIES ?AT PRODUCE PRIM>Y MATT] & M>KETS--NOT HAV+ BE5 COMPLET$1 COMM]CE & F9ANCE C\LD BELIEVE ?AT !Y W]E DE/9$ = 5DLESS PROGRESS4 ,! WORK+-CLASS >I/OCRACIES & ! POLITICAL & UNION BUREAUCRACIES SET ! TONE = WORK+-CLASS DEM&S ?AT W]E EI!R TON$ D[N OR R$UC$ TO A PURELY V]BAL REVOLUTIONISM4 ,IT WAS A TIME ( NO?+ BUT OPPORTUNISM1 P>LIAM5T>ISM1 RE=MISM1 ,B]N/E9'S REVISION ( SOCIALISM1 ,MILL]&'S M9I/]IALISM1 & POLITICAL S*EMES4 ,JAURES'S G5]\S 9TELLIG5CE DIDN'T PREV5T HIM FROM ACCEPT+ ! PRES5CE 9 ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU'S CAB9ET ( ! SOCIALI/ ,MILL]& ALONGSIDE ! EXECUTION] ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ,G5]AL ,M>QUIS DE ,GALLIFET4 ,DOCTR9AL 9TRANSIG5CE1 :5 IT MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 A ,KAUTSKY OR A ,GUESDE1 ISN'T ABLE TO SWIM AGA9/ ! CURR5T2 IT REMA9S !ORETICAL4 ,& EV5 MORE1 (F-PUTT+1 = ! PR(\ND LIFE MANQUE HAS ITS =MULAS4 ,MOREOV]1 !SE AB/RACT =MULATIONS >E REPELL5T1 S9CE !Y >E COMPLETELY \T ( T\* ) ! PR(UNDITY ( LIFE4 ,IMAG9E H[ ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS W\LD AFFECT P]SONAL LIFE3 ?AT C\NTS MORE ?AN IS PEOPLE USUALLY ?9K4 ,! MILITANT HAS GIV5 WAY TO ! FUNCTION>Y & ! POLITICAL MAN1 & ! POLITICAL MAN IS (T5 NO?+ BUT A POLITICIAN4 ,?IS SOCIALISM ?AT HAS LO/ ITS REVOLUTION>Y S\L--MORE ?AN ONCE HAV+ SOLD IT = A PLATE ( L5TILS S]V$ ON A BUTT] PLATE--CAN IT SATISFY ! ALL ( ! WORK+ CLASS8 

,! PROLET>IAT IS MADE UP ( /RATA ( POORLY PAID WORK]S1 MANUAL LABOR]S & SOCIALLY DEPRIV$ PR(ESSIONS 7ON ?IS SUBJECT !RE WILL EV5 BE \TL9$ A !ORY ( MAJOR & M9OR PR(ESSIONS71 IMMIGRANTS COME FROM 9DU/RIALLY BACKW>D NATIONS1 ! DECLASSES1 & CULTUR$ >TISANS ?REAT5$ ) PROLET>IANIZATION4 ,9 %ORT1 MANY WORRI$ & DISSATISFI$ PEOPLE = :OM !RE IS NO CAPITALI/ PROSP]ITY & :O1 AS A RESULT ( ?IS1 MU/ /ILL CONFRONT1 9 ALL ITS H>%NESS1 ! PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION &1 ALONG ) ?AT1 ?AT ( ! LIFE ( REVOLUTION>IES4 ,KROPOTK91 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,MALATE/A 7& SOON ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE1 ,LUIGI ,FABBRI1 & ,MAX ,NETTLAU7 PROVIDE !M ) A VIRILE IDEOLOGY1 :OSE UNQUE/IONABLE M]IT IS ?AT ( BE+ 9SEP>ABLE FROM P]SONAL LIFE4 ,AN>*ISM IS AS MU* AS A DOCTR9E ( SOCIAL EMANCIPATION1 A RULE ( CONDUCT4 ,WE SEE 9 ?IS A PR(\NDLY HEAL?Y REACTION TO ! CORRUPTION ( SOCIALISM AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,NO MORE ?AN IT CAN BE CONSID]$ 9 ITSELF1 DETA*$ FROM ITS SOCIAL CONT5T1 CAN AN IDEOLOGY BE SEP>AT$ FROM ITS MORAL CONT5T1 FROM :AT WE W\LD TODAY CALL ITS MY/IQUE4 ,! !ORY ( COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM1 ?\< ,KROPOTK9 & ,RECLUS %[$ GREAT C>E 9 TY+ IT TO SCI5CE1 PROCE$S LESS FROM KN[L$GE1 FROM ! SCI5TIFIC SPIRIT1 ?AN FROM AN IDEALI/IC ASPIRATION4 ,IT'S A UTOPIANISM >M$ ) KN[L$GE1 & ( A KN[L$GE ( ! ME*ANISM ( ! MOD]N WORLD MU* LESS OBJECTIVE1 LESS SCI5TIFIC ?AN ?AT ( ,M>XISM4 ,IT IS ALSO AN OPTIMISM ( DESP]ATE DECLASSES1 AS WAS ATTE/$ TO BY ! BOMBS ( ,EMILE ,H5RY & ,RAVA*OL4 

,FROM ! OBS]V+ ( SOCIAL 9IQUITY & ! MOVEM5T T[>D COLLECTIVE =MS ( PROP]TY1 ,KROPOTK9 7,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL7 D$UC$ ! NE$ = REVOLUTION4 ,! LATT] MU/ BE MADE AGA9/ CAPITAL & ! /ATE2 ! SOCIETY ( TOMORR[ WILL BE COMMUNI/ & F$]ALI/1 A F$]ATION ( FREE COMMUNES MADE UP ( MULTIPLE ASSOCIATIONS ( FREE WORK]S4 ,9 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 ONE ( HIS MO/ REM>KABLE BOOKS1 ,KROPOTK9 /RIVES TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ?R\<\T TIME SOLID>ITY WAS ! BASIS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! COMMUNES ( ! BELLES EPOQUES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :I* HAD NO NE$ ( A /ATE1 APPE>$ TO HIM TO PREFIGURE ! FUTURE COMMUNES ( A DEC5TRALIZ$1 /ATELESS SOCIETY4 ,H[ %\LD ONE WORK = ! REVOLUTION8 ,AN>*I/ COMMUNISM REJECT$ POLITICAL ACTION & ONLY AFT] YE>S ( 9T]NAL /RUGGLES W\LD IT ACCEPT UNION ACTIVITY4 ,MORE ?AN TO SOCIAL CLASSES1 IT APPEALS TO M5 ( GOOD WILL1 TO ! CONSCI5CE MORE ?AN TO ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES4 ,LIV+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR IDEAL ( FREE & DIS9T]E/$ M51 ! AN>*I/S WILL AWAK5 ! MASSES' SPIRIT ( REVOLT & SOLID>ITY & WILL GIVE RISE 9 !M TO A NEW CONSCI\SNESS1 WILL UNLEA% !IR CREATIVE =CES1 & ! REVOLUTION WILL OCCUR ! DAY ! MASSES WILL HAVE UND]/OOD 444 

,IDEALISM 

,!IR WRIT+S PRODUCE A /RANGE IMPRESSION ( NAIVE 9TELLIG5CE1 MORAL 5]GY1 FAI?1 &1 IT MU/ BE SAID1 BL9DNESS4 

,9 ORD] TO RESOLVE ! SOCIAL PROBLEM = ! B5EFIT ( ALL !RE IS ONLY ONE MEANS3 REVOLUTION>ILY EXPEL ! GOV]NM5T2 REVOLUTION>ILY EXPROPRIATE ! [N]S ( SOCIAL WEAL?2 PLACE EV]Y?+ AT ! DISPOSAL ( ALL & SEE TO IT ?AT ALL =CES1 ALL CAPACITIES1 ALL GOOD ! WILL EXI/+ AMONG M5 ACT TO MEET ! NE$S ( ALL 7,MALATE/A1 ,AN>*Y74 

,I DIDN'T >BITR>ILY CUT UP A TEXT2 !RE IS NO CONTEXT4 ,AFFIRMATIONS ( ?IS K9D >E SCATT]$ ?R\<\T AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS4 ,AS = H[ ?IS IS TO BE ACCOMPLI%$1 !RE'S NOT A WORD ( EXPLANATION4 ,LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT ! ,AN>*I/ ,5CYCLOP$IA1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,P>IS A FEW YE>S AGO4 

,ON ! FIR/ PAGE3 

,WELL-BE+ = ALL6 

,FRE$OM = ALL6 

,NO?+ ?R\< CON/RA9T1 EV]Y?+ ?R\< FREE AGREEM5T6 

,?IS ! IDEAL ( ! AN>*I/S2 !RE IS NO O!R ?AT IS MORE PRECISE1 MORE HUMANE1 MORE ELEVAT$6 

,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE'S SOCIOLOGY PROCE$S FROM ! FOLL[+ OBS]VATIONS3 

,! 9DIVIDUAL SEEKS HAPP9ESS 

,SOCIETY'S GOAL IS TO OBTA9 IT = HIM4 

,! BE/ =M ( SOCIETY IS ?AT :I* IS CLOSE/ TO ?IS GOAL4 

,FROM ?IS IS D$UC$1 ?R\< ! SIMPLE/ ME*ANISM ( LOGICAL REASON+1 ! DOCTR9E ( UNIV]SAL H>MONY4 ,GROTIUS1 ,MABLY1 ,HELVETIUS1 ,DID]OT1 ,MORELLY1 ,/U>T ,MILL1 ,B5?AM1 & ,BU*N] >E QUOT$1 & IT 5DS ) ,B5OIT ,MALON3 0,! HAPP9ESS ( ! GREATE/ NUMB] ?R\< SCI5CE1 JU/ICE1 GOODNESS1 & MORAL IMPROVEM5T3 ,NO MORE VA/ OR HUMANE E?ICAL PURPOSE CAN BE F\ND40 

,NO D\BT1 NO D\BT1 ONE W\LD BE TEMPT$ TO OBJECT1 IF WE W]5'T DIS>M$ BY ?IS PASSION = ! PUBLIC GOOD1 DET]M9$ TO DRAW FROM )9 ITSELF AN 5TIRE $IFICE ( REASON+ BEH9D :I* REALITY W\LD DISAPPE>2 BUT AGA91 H[ %\LD WE GO AB\T ?IS8 

,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE'S CONCLUSION HAS A PROPHETIC TONE & NO?+ MORE3 

,ABSOLUTELY EV]Y:]E ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT IS REPLAC+ ! SPIRIT ( SUBMISSION4 ,! VIVIFY+ & PURE BREA? ( FRE$OM HAS >IS52 IT IS ON ! M>* & NO?+ WILL /OP IT4 ,! MOM5T APPROA*ES :51 VIOL5T1 IMPETU\S1 & T]RIBLE1 IT WILL BL[ LIKE A HURRICANE & WILL C>RY AWAY ALL AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS LIKE WISPS ( /RAW4 ,?IS IS ! WAY EVOLUTION OCCURS4 ,& IT GUIDES HUMANITY T[>D AN>*Y4 

,! OLD MILITANT WROTE !SE L9ES AT ! 5D ( A LONG LIFE ( COMBAT1 AT A MOM5T :5 TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES W]E IMPOS+ !MSELVES ?R\< BO? C\NT]REVOLUTION & SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION2 :]E IT WAS NO LONG] A QUE/ION ( ECONOMIC PLANS1 ( GUID$ ECONOMIES1 ( DEMOCRATIC DICTATOR%IP & AU?ORIT>IAN DEMOCRACY4 

,9 FACT AS 9 !ORY1 ! AN>*I/ IS ANTI-RELIGI\S1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ 7CAPITALISM IS ! CURR5T HI/ORIC PHASE ( PROP]TY71 & ANTI-/ATI/4 ,IT C>RIES \T A TRIPLE COMBAT AGA9/ AU?ORITY2 IT SP>ES BL[S AGA9/ NEI!R ! /ATE1 NOR PROP]TY1 NOR RELIGION4 ,IT WANT TO SUPPRESS ALL ?REE ( !M4 ,WE WANT TO ABOLI% NOT ONLY ALL =MS ( AU?ORITY1 BUT WE ALSO WANT TO DE/ROY !M ALL SIMULTANE\SLY1 & WE PROCLAIM ?AT ?IS TOTAL & SIMULTANE\S DE/RUCTION IS 9DISP5SABLE4 

,FROM A SCI5TIFIC PO9T ( VIEW ?IS DOCTR9E ( AGITATION IS A CLE> REGRESSION FROM ! OPTIMI/IC SYN!SES ( ,KROPOTK9 & ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 :I* >RIVE AT AN E?ICS & A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM F\ND$ ON ! KN[L$GE ( HI/ORIC EVOLUTION4 7,PHILOSOPHICAL OPTIMISM1 MOREOV]1 HAS NO NE$ = JU/IFICATION2 IT IS AN ESS5TIAL IDEA & WELL ROOT$ 9 US47 ,WE >E WITNESS+ A DECL9E 9 AN>*ISM :I*1 S9CE ! ,WORLD ,W>1 HAS NOT PRODUC$ A S+LE IDEOLOGUE COMP>ABLE TO ?OSE ( ! OLD] G5]ATION4 ,! CELEBRAT$ MILITANTS ( TODAY--,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,LUIGI ,B]TONI1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE1 ,E4 ,>M&1 ,MAX ,NETTLAU1 ,VOL9E1 ,VLADIMIR ,B>NA*1 & ,>ON ,B>ON-->E M5 ( ! PREW> P]IOD4 ,M5 ( ACTION HAVE GONE OV] TO SYNDICALISM4 

,*RI/IAN ,AN>*ISM1 ,9DIVIDUALISM 

,TWO P>TICUL> =MS ( AN>*I/ ?\<T M]IT /UDY1 ,*RI/IAN AN>*ISM & ,9DIVIDUALISM1 :I* HAVE A PO9T 9 COMMON3 0,SALVATION LIES )9 Y\40 ,TOL/OY SOMETIMES CALL$ HIMSELF A 0,*RI/IAN AN>*I/40 ,! SPIRIT ( REVOLT AGA9/ ALL 9JU/ICE SOMETIMES AFFIRMS ITSELF AS ! NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE TO EVIL4 ,ALL ?AT'S NE$$ IS A PROPITI\S SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T1 LIKE ?AT ( ,RUSSIAN OR ,DUT* RELIGI\S SECTS4 

,9 ! PA/ ,I LIV$ ?R\< ! EXP]I5CE ( ,FR5* 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM1 ONE SIMIL> TO O!R ANALOG\S MOVEM5TS1 NOTABLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :]E ,ITALIANS1 /UDY+ ,/IRN]1 QUOT+ ,IBS51 9SPIR$ BY ,JOSIAH ,W>R51 ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK] & ,EMILE ,>M&1 PUBLI%$ A GR& PAP] ) ! PR\D TITLE ,NIHIL4 ,ALL[ ME TO QUOTE H]E A FEW NOTES ,I PUBLI%$ ON ?IS SUBJECT 9 ,ESPRIT3 

,AN>*ISM SWEPT US AWAY COMPLETELY BECAUSE IT BO? DEM&$ EV]Y?+ ( US & (F]$ US EV]Y?+4 ,!RE WAS NO REMOTE/ CORN] ( LIFE ?AT IT FAIL$ TO ILLUM9E2 AT LEA/ SO IT SEEM$ TO US4 ,A MAN C\LD BE A ,CA?OLIC1 A ,PROTE/ANT1 A ,LIB]AL1 A ,RADICAL1 A ,SOCIALI/1 EV5 A SYNDICALI/1 )\T 9 ANY WAY *ANG+ HIS [N LIFE1 & !RE=E LIFE 9 G5]AL4 ,IT WAS 5\< = HIM1 AFT] ALL1 TO READ ! APPROPRIATE NEWSPAP]2 OR1 IF HE WAS /RICT1 TO FREQU5T ! CAFE ASSOCIAT$ ) :ATEV] T5D5CY CLAIM$ HIS ALLEGIANCE4 ,%OT ?R\< ) CONTRADICTIONS1 FRAGM5T$ 9TO V>IETIES & SUB-V>IETIES1 AN>*ISM DEM&$1 BE=E ANY?+ ELSE1 H>MONY BETWE5 DE$S & WORDS 7:I*1 9 TRU?1 IS DEM&$ BY ALL =MS ( IDEALISM1 BUT :I* !Y ALL =GET AS !Y BECOME COMPLAC5T74 ,?AT IS :Y WE ADOPT$ :AT WAS 7AT ?AT MOM5T7 ! EXTREME/ V>IETY1 :I* BY VIGOR\S DIALECTIC HAD SUCCE$$1 ?R\< ! LOGIC ( ITS REVOLUTIONISM1 9 DISC>D+ ! NECESSITY = REVOLUTION4 ,TO A C]TA9 EXT5T WE W]E IMPELL$ 9 ?AT DIRECTION BY \R DISGU/ ) A C]TA9 TYPE ( RA!R MELL[1 ACADEMIC AN>*ISM1 :OSE ,POPE WAS ,JEAN ,GRAVE 9 ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX4 ,9DIVIDUALISM HAD JU/ BE5 >M$ BY \R H]O ,ALB]T ,LIB]TAD 444 

,HIS TEA*+1 :I* WE ADOPT$ ALMO/ :OLESALE1 WAS3 0,DON'T WAIT = ! REVOLUTION4 ,?OSE :O PROMISE REVOLUTION >E FRAUDS JU/ LIKE ! O!RS4 ,MAKE Y\R [N REVOLUTION1 BY BE+ FREE M5 & LIV+ 9 COMRADE%IP40 ,OBVI\SLY ,I AM SIMPLIFY+1 BUT ! IDEA ITSELF HAD A BEAUTIFUL SIMPLICITY4 ,ITS ABSOLUTE COMM&M5T & RULE ( LIFE WAS3 0,LET ! OLD WORLD GO TO BLAZES40 ,FROM ?IS POSITION !RE W]E NATURALLY MANY DEVIATIONS4 ,SOME 9F]R$ ?AT ONE %\LD 0LIVE ACCORD+ TO ,REASON & ,SCI5CE10 & !IR IMPOV]I%$ WOR%IP ( SCI5CE1 :I* 9VOK$ ! ME*ANI/IC BIOLOGY ( ,FELIX LE ,DANTEC1 L$ !M ON TO ALL SORTS ( TOMFOOL]Y1 SU* AS A SALTLESS1 VEGET>IAN DIET & FRUIT>IANISM & ALSO1 9 C]TA9 CASES1 TO TRAGIC 5DS4 ,WE SAW Y\NG VEGET>IANS 9VOLV$ 9 PO9TLESS /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,O!RS DECID$1 0,LET'S BE \TSID]S4 ,! ONLY PLACE = US IS ! FR+E ( SOCIETY40 ,!Y DID NOT /OP TO ?9K ?AT SOCIETY HAS NO FR+E1 ?AT NO ONE IS EV] \TSIDE IT1 EV5 9 ! DEP? ( DUNGEONS1 & ?AT !IR 0CONSCI\S EGOISM10 %>+ ! LIFE ( ! DEFEAT$1 L9K$ UP FROM BEL[ ) ! MO/ BRUTAL B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,F9ALLY1 O!RS1 9CLUD+ MYSELF1 S\<T TO H>NESS TOGE!R P]SONAL TRANS=MATION & REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! MOTTO ( ,ELISEE ,RECLUS3 0,AS LONG AS SOCIAL 9JU/ICE LA/S WE %ALL REMA9 9 A /ATE ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION40 7,I AM QUOT+ ?IS FROM MEMORY47 ,LIB]T>IAN 9DIVIDUALISM GAVE US A HOLD OV] ! MO/ 9T5SE REALITY3 \RSELVES4 ,BE Y\RSELF4 ,ONLY1 IT DEVELOP$ 9 ANO!R 0CITY )\T ESCAPE0--,P>IS1 AN IMM5SE JUNGLE :]E ALL RELATION%IPS W]E DOM9AT$ BY A PRIMITIVE 9DIVIDUALISM1 DANG]\S 9 A DIFF]5T WAY FROM \RS1 ?AT ( A POSITIVELY ,D>W9IAN /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,HAV+ BID F>EWELL TO ! HUMILIATIONS ( POV]TY1 WE F\ND \RSELVES ONCE AGA9 UP AGA9/ !M4 ,TO BE Y\RSELF W\LD HAVE BE5 A PRECI\S COMM&M5T & P]HAPS A L(TY A*IEVEM5T1 IF ONLY IT HAD BE5 POSSIBLE4 ,IT W\LD ONLY HAVE BEGUN TO BE POSSIBLE ONCE ! MO/ PRESS+ NE$S ( MAN1 ?OSE ?AT ID5TIFY HIM MORE CLOSELY ) ! BRUTES ?AN ) HIS FELL[ HUMANS1 W]E SATISFI$4 ,WE HAD TO W9 \R FOOD1 LODG+1 & CLO?+ BY MA9 =CE2 & AFT] ?AT1 TO F9D TIME TO READ & ?9K4 ,! PROBLEM ( ! P5NILESS Y\NG/]1 UPROOT$ OR 7AS WE US$ TO SAY7 0FOAM+ AT ! BIT0 ?R\< IRRESI/IBLE IDEALISM1 CONFRONT$ US 9 A =M ?AT WAS PRACTICALLY 9SOLUBLE4 ,MANY COMRADES W]E SOON TO SLIDE 9TO :AT WAS CALL$ 0ILLEGALISM10 A WAY ( LIFE NOT SO MU* ON ! FR+E ( SOCIETY AS ON ! FR+E ( MORALITY 0,WE REFUSE TO BE EI!R EXPLOIT]S OR EXPLOIT$10 !Y DECL>$1 )\T P]CEIV+ ?AT !Y W]E CONT9U+ TO BE BO? !SE &1 :AT IS MORE1 BECOM+ HUNT$ M54 ,:5 !Y KNEW ?AT ! GAME WAS UP !Y *OSE TO KILL !MSELVES RA!R ?AN GO TO JAIL4 

,ONE ( !M1 :O NEV] W5T \T )\T HIS ,BR[N+ REVOLV]1 TOLD ME1 0,PRISON ISN'T WOR? LIV+ =6 ,SIX BULLETS = ! SLEU?H\NDS & ! SEV5? = ME6 ,Y\ KN[1 ,I'M LI<!>T$40 ,A LI<T HE>T IS A HEAVY BURD54 ! PR9CIPLE ( SELF-PRES]VATION ?AT IS 9 US ALL F\ND ITS CONSEQU5CE1 )9 ! SOCIAL JUNGLE1 9 A BATTLE ( ,ONE AGA9/ ,ALL4.<#f#h.> 

,! SOCIAL ROOTS ( ?IS IDEOLOGY ( Y\NG PEOPLE :O'VE LO/ ALL HOPE CAN BE SE54 ,SOME 9DIVIDUALI/S DI$ ON ! GALL[S1 O!RS 9 ! P5AL COLONIES2 SOME PREF]R$ TO BE KILL$ :ILE RESI/+ ! POLICE1 F9D+ A F9AL SATISFACTION 9 DELIV]+ ! F9AL COMBAT AGA9/ SOCIETY ON !IR [N4 ,!Y W]E MADE ( ! /UFF ( TRUE REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT ?AT SUFFOCATION ]A WAS ONE ( CALM SATURAT$ ) ! ELECTRICITY ( ! PREW> P]IOD4 

,AN>*I/ ?\<T IS CONNECT$ TO B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY ?R\< ! 9DIVIDUALI/ ]ROR4 ,WE F9D TWO OPPOS+ S\RCES 9 IT3 PROLET>IAN IDEALISM LEAD+ TO LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 & ABSOLUTE 9DIVIDUALISM PU%+ TO ITS ULTIMATE CONSEQU5CES ! ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM ( CAPITALI/ COMPETITION4 ,WE CAN CLE>LY SEE ITS CONNECTION ) ! 0LAISSEZ-FAIRE1 LAISSEZ-PASS]10 ! ANTI/ATISM1 & ! 9DIVIDUALISM ( LIB]AL ECONOMI/S1 AS WELL AS ) ! ,POSITIVI/ PHILOSOPHY ( A ,H]B]T ,SP5C] 7,! ,9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ! ,/ATE74 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY LIVES ON 9DIVIDUALISM UNTIL ! MOM5T :5 ITS DISPROPORTIONATELY DEVELOP$ PRODUCTION ME*ANISM CEASES TO BE GOV]NABLE BY 9DIVIDUALS1 TRU/S & C>TELS HAV+ KILL$ FREE COMPETITION & ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAV+ PUT PROP]TY 9 QUE/ION4 ,IT IS !N ?AT ! MASSES >E DISCOV]$1 ?AT ! NE$ IS SE5 = A BETT] ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 VIEW$ AS A :OLE ?R\< C5TRAL PLANN+4 ,! V]Y NOTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OR1 MORE ACCURATELY1 ( ! P]SON IS MODIFI$4 ,MAN APPE>S TO US MORE SOCIAL ?AN EV]3 %AP$1 5RI*$ OR IMPOV]I%$1 DIM9I%$ OR 5L>G$ BY HIS CONDITION2 UN/ABLE1 COMPLEX1 & EV5 CONTRADICTORY1 = :AT WAS CALL$ HIS ,SELF IS ABOVE ALL ! PO9T ( 9T]SECTION ( A MULTITUDE ( L9ES ( 9FLU5CE4 ,\R NOTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT WEAK5$ BY ?IS BUT R5EW$1 PLAC$ AGA9 9 ITS CONTEXT4 ,BUT ! 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM ( ,EMILE ,>M&1 BEH9D ! TIMES BY AT LEA/ A QU>T] ( A C5TURY1 /ILL PROCE$S FROM AFFIRMATIONS LIKE ?IS ONE3 

,DESPITE ALL AB/RACTIONS1 ALL SECUL> & RELIGI\S 5TITIES1 ALL H]D IDEALS1 AT ! BASE ( ALL COLLECTIVITIES1 SOCIETIES1 ASSOCIATIONS1 & AGGLOM]ATIONS2 ( ALL E?NIC1 T]RITORIAL1 MORAL & RELIGI\S TOTALITIES IS F\ND ! P]SON-UNIT1 ! 9DIVIDUAL-CELL4 ,)\T ! LATT] ! =M] W\LD NOT EXI/4444 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL EXI/$ BE=E GR\PS4 ,SOCIETY IS ! PRODUCT ( 9DIVIDUAL ADDITIONS4 

,NO?+ IS LESS OBVI\S ?AN ! PREEXI/5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 RELATION TO ! GR\P3 AT ! V]Y LEA/ IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ! FAMILY PREC$E IT4 ,& WE KN[ ?AT ! FAMILY IS GRADUALLY FREE+ ITSELF FROM ! PRIMITIVE COMMUNITY4 ,EV]Y?+ LEADS US TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ANIMAL SPECIES FROM :I* ! HUMAN SPECIES WAS BORN W]E SOCIABLE4 ,SOCIETY CLE>LY PREC$$ HUMANITY2 9 ANY CASE IT PREC$$ ! P]SON & ! V]Y IDEA ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 JU/ AS BE+ NECESS>ILY PREC$ES CONSCI\SNESS1 JU/ AS KN[L$GE GR[S \T ( IGNORANCE1 & ! COMPLET$ WORK FROM ! DRAFT4 

,! 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM ( TODAY1 LIV+ ON \TDAT$ IDEAS1 HAS R5\NC$ ANY REVOLUTION>Y AMBITION1 A RESIGNATION 9 :I* WE CAN RECOGNIZE AN ADMISSION ( WEAKNESS4 ,?IS T5D5CY CONF9ES ITSELF TO ! ORGANIZATION ( 0\TSID]S0 BY PAY+ CLOSE ATT5TION TO ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! SEXES4 

,! ,TE/ ( ,REVOLUTIONS3 ,BAKUN9 ! ,PR(ESSIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y 

,IS IT PROP] TO JUDGE A DOCTR9E ( TOTAL REVOLUTION BY ! TE/ ( REVOLUTION8 ,BAKUN91 = :OM 0! CREATIVE SPIRIT IS ALSO A CREATIVE SPIRIT10 HAD BRUTALLY CLE> IDEAS AB\T REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN SOIL 9SPIR$ AN 5]GY 9 HIM ?AT NO?+ C\LD DIM9I%4 ,) HIM WE >E F> FROM ! VAGUE HUMANIT>IAN & SUBV]SIVE RHETORIC ( ! REC5T ,5CYCLOP$IE ,AN>*I/E4 7,ON ! O!R H&1 WE F9D SOME?+ ( HIM 9 ! BIOGRAPHY ( ,DURRUTI47 ,BAKUN9 WAS MOTIVAT$ BY ! 9EXT+UI%ABLE NE$ TO TRANS=M ! WORLD4 ,NO EFFECTIVE WEAPON WAS 9ADMISSIBLE4 ,AN ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN1 HE HAD A PASSION = ORGANIZATION4 ,AGA9/ & DESPITE ,M>X1 WELL BE=E ,L59 HE WORK$ REL5TLESSLY AT CON/RUCT+ A VA/ ORGANIZATION ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! /RICT S5SE ( ! T]M3 DEVOT$1 DISCIPL9$1 OB$I5T TO ! 09VISIBLE DICTATOR10 HIMSELF1 9 ORD] TO UNLEA% ! TEMPE/4 ,9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL HE 9V5T$ 9FILTRATION1 & ?IS WAS ! DRAMA ( HIS ,9T]NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY--BACK$ UP BY A SECRET SOCIETY--:I* WAS TO PLAY A DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7#a#h#g#b74 

,9 /UDY+ HIM ONE IS /RUCK BY ! CONT9UITY ( HIS ?\<T & ACTION4 ,:AT REVOLUTION WAS HE PREP>+ ! 9/RUM5T = AT ! 5D ( HIS LIFE8 ,= ! ONE HE CONCEIV$ 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,BRUPBA*] SUMS UP HIS IDEAS AT ?AT MOM5T3 

,= ,BOHEMIA HE PROPOS$ A RADICAL & DECISIVE REVOLT :I*1 EV5 DEFEAT$1 W\LD HAVE OV]TURN$ EV]Y?+4 ,ALL ! NOBLES W\LD BE DRIV5 \T1 ALL ! ECCLESIA/ICS1 & ALL ! FEUDAL LORDS2 ALL DOMA9S W\LD HAVE BE5 CONFISCAT$ & ON ONE H& !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 DIVID$ AMONG ! POOR PEASANTS1 & ON ! O!R H& US$ TO COV] ! CO/S ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,ALL ! CA/LES W]E TO BE DE/ROY$1 ALL ! TRIBUNALS SUPPRESS$1 ALL TRIALS SUSP5D$1 ALL MORTGAGES & DEBTS BEL[ #a1 GULD5S CANCEL$4 ,SU* A REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE R5D]$ ANY ATTEMPT AT RE/ORATION IMPOSSIBLE1 EV5 IF IT W]E ATTEMPT$ BY VICTORI\S REACTION1 & W\LD ALSO HAVE S]V$ AS AN EXAMPLE TO ,G]MAN REVOLUTION>IES4 ,BOHEMIA WAS TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y CAMP FROM :I* W\LD SET \T ! (F5SIVE UNLEA%$ BY ! REVOLUTION 9 ALL C\NTRIES4444 

,9 ,PRAGUE !Y W\LD HAVE CREAT$ A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ) UNLIMIT$ DICTATORIAL P[]S & ASSI/$ BY A SMALL NUMB] ( SPECIALI/S4 ,CLUBS1 NEWSPAP]S1 & DEMON/RATIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 PROHIBIT$ & REVOLUTION>Y Y\? S5T 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE TO C>RY \T AGITATION & CREATE A MILIT>Y & REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,ALL ! UNEMPLOY$ W]E TO BE >M$ & 5LI/$ 9 A 0R$0 >MY COMM&$ BY =M] ,POLI% & ,AU/RIAN (FIC]S & NONCOMMISSION$ (FIC]S4 

,9 ! 0CONFESSION0 HE ADDRESS$ FROM ! =TRESS ( ,S*LUSSELB\RG TO ,CZ> ,NI*OLAS ,I1 SIGN$ 0! REP5TANT S9N]10 7A FEW YE>S LAT] HE W\LD TELL FRI5DS 9 ,LONDON 0,I HAD TO FREE MYSELF FROM ! CLAWS ( ! BE>07 HE PA9T$ A PORTRAIT ( ! FUTURE ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION :]E ALL ?AT IS MISS+ >E ! WORDS 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,HE WROTE3 

,MORE ?AN ELSE:]E1 ,I ?9K ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA A /RONG DICTATORIAL P[] WILL BE NECESS>Y1 A P[] ?AT WILL BE EXCLUSIVELY CONC]N$ ) ! ELEVATION & $UCATION ( ! MASSES4 ,A P[] FREE 9 ITS LEAN+S & SPIRIT1 BUT FREE ( P>LIAM5T>Y =MS2 PUBLI%+ BOOKS ) FREE CONT5T BUT )\T FRE$OM ( ! PRESS2 AN AU?ORITY SURR\ND$ BY SUPPORT]S1 5LI<T5$ BY !IR C\NSELS1 & /R5G!N$ BY !IR FREE COLLABORATION1 BUT :I* IS LIMIT$ BY NO?+ & NO ONE4 

,WE F9D EV5 H]E A CLE> PREFIGURATION ( ! !ORY ( ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE ?AT ,L59 W\LD =MULATE 9 #a#i#a#g3 

,I SAID ?AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ?IS DICTATOR%IP & MON>*ICAL P[] WILL CONSI/ SOLELY 9 ?AT ! =M]1 9 KEEP+ ) ! SPIRIT ( ITS PR9CIPLES1 MU/ AIM TO R5D] ITS [N EXI/5CE SUP]FLU\S1 = IT WILL HAVE NO O!R GOAL ?AN ! FRE$OM1 9DEP5D5CE1 & 9CREAS$ MATURITY ( ! PEOPLE4 

,! ,BAKUN9I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#g#c-#g#d 

,9 ,SPA9 9 #ahgc ! ,BAKUN9I/S PASS$ ?R\< A TE/ ( FIRE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 AS USUALLY OCCURS1 ! DISCIPLES W]5'T ! EQUAL ( !IR MA/]1 P>ALYZ$ BY !IR [N SLOGANS4 ,K+ ,AMADEO FL$ & ! ,C>LI/ 9SURRECTION BROKE \T 9 ! ,BASQUE REGION4 ,9 MO/ CITIES SPONTANE\S UPRIS+S ASSUR$ ! 9TRANSIG5T REPUBLICANS & ! ,BAKUN9I/S AN EASY VICTORY4 ,SEVILLE1 ,CORDOBA1 ,GR5ADA1 ,MALAGA1 ,CADIZ1 ,ALCOY1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,MURCIA1 & ,C>TAG5A DECL>$ !MSELVES FREE COMMUNES4 ,! ,COMMUNE ( ,C>TAG5A1 OR 0SOV]EIGN CANTON10 WAS TO RESI/ = MORE ?AN FIVE MON?S1 FROM LATE ,JULY #ahgc UNTIL ,JANU>Y #a#a1 #a#h#g#d4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y CANTONS W]E PUT D[N ONE AFT] ! O!R4 ,5GELS PROVID$ AN ANALYSIS1 P]HAPS P>TIZAN1 BUT 9 ANY CASE CONV9C+1 ( ! CAUSES ( ?IS DEFEAT ?AT W\LD LEAD TO A MON>*IC RE/ORATION4 ,! ,ALLIANCI/AS--MEMB]S ( ,BAKUN9'S ,DEMOCRATIC ,ALLIANCE--REJECT$ POLITICAL ACTION1 AB/A9+ FROM P>TICIPATION 9 ELECTIONS TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 09 ?IS WAY CONTRIBUT+ TO 5SUR+ ?AT IT WAS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY B\RGEOIS REPUBLICANS :O W]E ELECT$40 0,AS SOON AS EV5TS PLACE ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! FRONT RANKS10 ,5GELS REM>KS1 0AB/5TION BECOMES AN ACT ( FOOLI%NESS & ! ACTIVE 9T]V5TION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AN UNQUE/IONABLE NECESSITY40 ,?IS WAS NOT ! ONLY ACT ( FOOLI%NESS4 ,AT ! HEI<T ( ! /RUGGLE ! ,BAKUN9I/S ( ,B>CELONA1 /ILL AV]SE TO ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 CALL$ ON ! WORK]S ONLY = A G5]AL /RIKE3 !Y DIDN'T WANT TO SEIZE P[]4 7,VICTORY W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE OR LESS ASSUR$ BY ,B>CELONA'S SUPPORT1 BUT ,B>CELONA DIDN'T BUDGE47 ,& ,SOLID>IDAD ,REVOLUCION>IO WROTE3 0,! REVOLUTION IS ON ! PUBLIC SQU>ES40 

,A SKIRMI% =C$ ! ,BAKUN9I/S TO SEIZE P[] 9 ! MANUFACTUR+ CITY ( ,ALCOY4 ,!Y CREAT$ A ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 ?\< !IR DELEGATES AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SA9T-,IMI] HAD DECID$ %ORTLY BE=E ?IS ?AT1 0ANY ORGANIZATION ( A SO-CALL$ PROVISIONAL OR REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL P[] CAN ONLY BE A NEW =M ( DECEIT & W\LD BE AS DANG]\S = ! PROLET>IAT AS ! EXI/+ GOV]NM5TS40 

,HEAVILY H&ICAPP$ BY !IR DOCTR9E1 :AT C\LD !Y DO8 ,!Y DID NO?+4 ,BAKUN9 HAD JU/ DECL>$ HIMSELF = P>TIZAN W>F>E AGA9/ MILIT>Y C5TRALIZATION 7,LETTRES A UN FRANCAIS1 #a#h#g74 ,EA* COMMUNE F\<T = ITSELF4 ,! G5D>M]IE--! ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL--WAS ABLE TO DEFEAT !M ONE BY ONE4 ,&ALUCIA WAS PUT D[N 9 A =TNI<T4 ,VAL5CIA RESI/$ = TWO WEEKS4 ,9 ALL ( ?IS ! DIVISION BETWE5 ,9T]NACIONALI/AS 7,M>XI/S7 & ,ALLIANCI/AS 7,BAKUN9I/S1 ! MORE NUM]\S7 PLAY$ AS BALEFUL A ROLE AS ! V]BAL 9TRANSIG5CE ( ! REPUBLICANS4 ,5GELS CONCLUD$1 0,! ,BAKUN9I/S ( ,SPA9 CLE>LY %[$ US H[ NOT TO MAKE A REVOLUTION40 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,! AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE WAS (T5 GREAT 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT EV5TS 9EXORABLY POS$ ! SOLE CAPITAL QUE/ION1 ONE = :I* ! AN>*I/S HAVE NO RESPONSE3 ?AT ( P[]4 ,! ,CZ> ABDICAT$ 9 ! FACE ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! 9SURG5T G>RISON ( ,PETROGRAD4 ,:O DOES P[] BELONG TO8 ,A ,PROVISIONAL 7B\RGEOIS7 GOV]NM5T IS CREAT$ ALONGSIDE ! WORK]S' SOVIET4 ,!RE >E TWO P[]S4 ,AFT] ! ,JULY RIOTS ,L591 HIDD5 9 A %EPH]D'S HUT 9 ,F9L&1 ADDRESSES ! PROBLEM ( PROBLEMS BY WRIT+ ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,! AN>*I/ OBJECTIONS CONC]N HIM EV]Y BIT AS MU* AS ! HABITUAL AU?ORIT>IANISM ( SOCIALISM4 ,!SE >E TWO FATAL %OALS4 ,L59 9T5DS TO R5D] JU/ICE TO ! AN>*I/S1 =M]LY TREAT$ AS B&ITS BY ,PLEKHANOV & MANY O!R M&>9S ( 9T]NATIONAL RE=MISM4 0,M>XISM DEGRAD$ BY ! OPPORTUNI/S0 UND]/&S NO?+ ( ! PROBLEM ( ! /ATE4 ,NOR DOES AN>*ISM3 

,ON !SE TWO QUE/IONS ( CONCRETE POLICY3 MU/ ! OLD /ATE MA*9E BE DEMOLI%$ & :AT %\LD IT BE REPLAC$ )1 AN>*ISM HAS BR\<T NO?+ EV5 A LITTLE SATISFY+4444 ,WE DO NOT AFT] ALL DIFF] ) ! AN>*I/S ON ! QUE/ION ( ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE AS ! AIM4 ,WE MA9TA9 ?AT1 TO A*IEVE ?IS AIM1 WE MU/ TEMPOR>ILY MAKE USE ( ! 9/RUM5TS1 RES\RCES1 & ME?ODS ( /ATE P[] AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S1 JU/ AS ! TEMPOR>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! OPPRESS$ CLASS IS NECESS>Y = ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES4 ,M>X *OOSES ! %>PE/ & CLE>E/ WAY ( /AT+ HIS CASE AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S3 ,AFT] OV]?R[+ ! YOKE ( ! CAPITALI/S1 %\LD ! WORK]S 0LAY D[N !IR >MS10 OR USE !M AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/S 9 ORD] TO CRU% !IR RESI/ANCE8 ,BUT :AT IS ! SY/EMATIC USE ( >MS BY ONE CLASS AGA9/ ANO!R IF NOT A 0TRANSI5T =M0 ( /ATE8 ! /ATE8 

,= 0REVOLUTION IS ! MO/ AU?ORIT>IAN ?+ !RE IS0 7,5GELS74 ,WE KN[ ,L59'S SOLUTION3 DEMOLI% ! OLD /ATE MA*9E FROM TOP TO BOTTOM & IMM$IATELY CON/RUCT ON ! RUBBLE A P[]--A /ATE--RADICALLY DIFF]5T & NEW1 ONE LIKE !RE'S NEV] BE51 ONE ?AT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga SEEM$ TO PREFIGURE4 ,A ,COMMUNE-/ATE ) NO CA/E ( FUNCTION>IES1 )\T A POLICE & >MY DI/9CT FROM ! NATION1 :]E ! WORK]S W\LD EX]CISE DIRECT P[] ?R\< !IR LOCAL1 F$]AT$ C\NCILS4 ,A /ATE CONSEQU5TLY DEC5TRALIZ$ & AT ! SAME TIME EQUIPP$ ) AN ACTIVE C5TRAL ME*ANISM4 ,A DEMOCRATIC & LIB]T>IAN /ATE WORK+ TO PREP>E ITS [N ABSORPTION 9TO ! COLLECTIVITY ( LABOR1 BUT EX]CIS+ AGA9/ ! EXPROPRIAT$ CLASSES A V]ITABLE DICTATOR%IP 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,L59 WASN'T A UTOPIAN =G+ !ORIES3 HE WAS 9SPIR$ BY :AT ACTUALLY EXI/$ 9 ORD] TO DRAW ! L>GE/ P>TY T[>D :AT %\LD BE4 ,?IS NEW /ATE ALREADY EXI/$ ALONGSIDE1 B5EA? ! OLD ONE1 =M$ EV]Y:]E BY ! SOVIETS4 ,ALL ?AT WAS NE$$ WAS TO CONSECRATE IT ?R\< ! ?RU/ ( ! F9AL 9SURRECTION4 ,ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS6 ,IF ! LIB]T>IANS W]E TO JO9 9 ) ?IS MOVEM5T W\LDN'T !Y BE 5ORM\SLY USEFUL TOMORR[1 :5 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO PROTECT SOCIETY FROM BUREAUCRATIC SCL]OSIS8 ,BUT ON ! EVE ( ! 9SURRECTION ( ,NOVEMB] #g1 #a#i#a#g1 ! AN>*I/S1 :OSE ,GOLOSS ,TRUDA 7,! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR1 ANTISYNDICALI/ ORGAN7 WAS ! MO/ WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ PAP]1 REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO !IR NEGATIVE CR$O4 ,FIVE DAYS BE=E ! /REET BATTLES !Y WROTE3 0,WE DON'T BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( ACCOMPLI%+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY POLITICAL ME?ODS 444 BY ! SEIZ+ ( P[]40 

,BUT :AT !N IS TO BE DONE8 ,:AT IS TO BE DONE8 ,!Y SAY1 9 ! SAME >TICLE1 ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO 0OP5 NEW HORIZONS TO ! MASSES1 TO HUMANITY ?AT >E CREATORS ( ! REVOLUTION40 

,YES1 BUT H[8 ,& 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 :AT >E !Y !MSELVES GO+ TO DO1 ! ,BOL%EVIK 9SURRECTION BE+ READY8 ,! SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/ GR\P DECL>$ ?AT IT WAS ADOPT+ A 0NEGATIVE ATTITUDE0 T[>D ! POLITICAL ACTION BE+ PREP>$1 BUT IS DET]M9$1 0,IF ! ACTION ( ! MASSES IS UNLEA%$1 TO P>TICIPATE 9 IT ) ! GREATE/ 5]GY40 

,AT ?AT MOM5T ! AN>*I/ SOLUTIONS1 BAS$ ON ! 0CREATIVE LABOR ( ! MASSES0 ( ! MOM5T1 W]E WOR? NO?+1 BUT !IR REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT DIDN'T ALL[ !M TO COMPLETELY ABDICATE4 ,!Y GRUDG+LY FOLL[$ ! MOVEM5T4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ S]I\S ( !M RELATES 9 !SE T]MS HIS IMPRESSIONS ( ! EV5+ ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION3 

,>\ND #a#a3 P4M4444 ,I F\ND MYSELF ON ONE ( ! /REETS ( ,PETROGRAD4 ,IT WAS D>K & PEACEFUL4 ,9 ! DI/ANCE SPORADIC GUNFIRE C\LD BE HE>D4 ,SUDD5LY1 AN >MOR$ VEHICLE SP$ PA/ ME4 ,FROM )9 ! VEHICLE A H& ?REW \T A L>GE PACKET ( %EETS ( PAP]1 :I* FLEW (F 9 ALL DIRECTIONS4 ,I B5T D[N & PICK$ ONE UP4 ,IT WAS AN APPEAL FROM ! NEW GOV]NM5T TO ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ANN\NC+ ! FALL ( ,K]5SKY &1 ON ! BOTTOM1 ! LI/ ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T ( 0PEOPLE'S COMMISS>S10 ,L59 AT ITS HEAD4 ,A COMPLEX FEEL+ ( SADNESS1 ( ANG]1 ( DISGU/ &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 A K9D ( IRONIC SATISFACTION TOOK HOLD ( ME4 0,!SE IMBECILES1 IF !Y'RE NOT SIMPLY DEMAGOGIC IMPO/ORS10 ,I ?\<T4 0,!Y MU/ ?9K ?AT !Y'RE C>RY+ \T A SOCIAL REVOLUTION LIKE ?IS6 ,WELL1 !Y'LL SEE1 & ! MASSES >E GO+ TO LE>N A GOOD LESSON40 

0,ACCORD+ TO ! AN>*I/ !SIS10 ,VOL9E CONT9UES1 0IT WAS ! WORK+ MASSES !MSELVES :O MU/ BY !IR BROAD & P[]FUL ACTION SET !MSELVES TO SOLV+ ! RECON/RUCTIVE PROBLEMS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 

,ALL SOCIALI/S >E 9 AGREEM5T ) ?IS !SIS1 :I* IS NO?+ BUT ! P>APHRASE ( !IR COMMON SLOGAN3 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S IS ! TASK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,BUT :5 IS ABLE TO ONLY =MULATE ?IS G5]AL AFFIRMATION 9 A C\NTRY ?AT HAS BE5 TURN$ COMPLETELY TOPSY-TURVY1 !N ONE HAS R$UC$ ONESELF TO IMPOT5CE4 ,IT'S NOT 5\< TO HAVE NE$S & ASPIRATIONS TO TRANS=M SOCIETY3 ONE MU/ HAVE KN[L$GE1 CLE> IDEAS1 ! CAPACITY TO ORGANIZE & SACRIFICE4 ,DID ! ,RUSSIAN MASSES AS A :OLE HAVE A SUFFICI5T DEGREE ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS & CAPACITY8 ,AN>*I/ !ORY1 DEP5D+ /RICTLY ON ! SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES1 W\LD HAVE BE5 CORRECT 9 A C\NTRY SO ADVANC$ ?AT BE=E EV5 ABOLI%+ PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ! WORK]S W\LD HAVE BE5 P5ETRAT$ ) A SOCIALI/ M5TALITY & EQUIPP$ ) AN $UCATION R5D]+ !M CAPABLE ( ADM9I/]+ PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ?IS WAS F> FROM ! CASE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! MASSES KNEW :AT !Y DIDN'T WANT3 DESPOTISM & EXPLOITATION4 ,9 BROAD T]MS !Y KNEW :AT !Y WANT$3 PEACE1 L&1 BREAD1 & FRE$OM4 ,BUT ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES COMB9$ 7& !RE W]E NO UNIONS ( ANY 9FLU5CE UND] ! ANCI5 REGIME71 BR++ TOGE!R ! MO/ CONSCI\S1 ! MO/ DEVOT$1 ! MO/ $UCAT$ SECTORS ( ! POPULATION1 =M$ ONLY A T9Y P]C5TAGE4 ,IF WE GRANT !M A HALF A MILLION MEMB]S & SYMPA?IZ]S--( UNEQUAL VALUE1 = !SE P>TIES GREW V]TIG9\SLY 9 A FEW MON?S--REPRES5T$ AN ACTIVI/ M9ORITY ( AB\T 4#c P]C5T4 ,)\T ! ,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATION IT IS EXTREMELY LIKELY ?AT ! FEEBLE REVOLUTION>Y SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES W\LD HAVE BE5 PROMPTLY REPRESS$ BY ANO!R SOCIAL M9ORITY1 ?AT ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION L$ BY ! G5]ALS4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT SAV$ ,RUSSIA FROM A MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP4 

,ONE W\LD SEEK 9 VA9 9 ! ABUNDANT AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE ( ! P]IOD = A S+LE PRACTICAL PROPOSAL4 ,!RE >E NO?+ !RE BUT LYRICAL AFFIRMATIONS & IDEALI/IC DEM&S4 ,H[ TO 5SURE ! FUNCTION+ ( ! TRANSPORT SY/EM1 MAKE SURE ! BAK]IES FUNCTION1 REPRESS ! (FIC]S' CONSPIRACIES8 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO ACT IMM$IATELY4 ,A FEW AN>*I/S1 SOON CONDEMN$ BY MO/ ( !IR COMRADES1 5T]$ ! SOVIETS1 :]E !IR TA/E = FRE$OM C\LD BE SO USEFUL4 ,MO/ JU/ P\T$4 ,:5 ! PEACE ( ,BRE/-,LITOVSK HAD TO BE SIGN$ BECAUSE ! FRONT HAD DIS9TEGRAT$1 BECAUSE ! ,CZ>'S PEASANT >MY NO LONG] WANT$ TO FI<T 7H]E ! SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES MANIFE/$ ITSELF ) ABUNDANT CL>ITY71 BECAUSE !Y HAD ATTEMPT$ ! EXP]IM5T CALL$ = BY ,TROTSKY ( 0NEI!R PEACE NOR W>0 & SE5 ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS ADVANCE :]EV] !Y PLEAS$ )\T 5C\NT]+ ANY RESI/ANCE1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ( ,PETROGRAD--! ,GOLOSS ,TRUDA1 ) ,VOL9E--REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ! ODI\S TREATY & PREA*$ P>TIZAN W>F>E4 ,!Y EV5 C>RI$ IT \T 9 ! M>%ES ( ! WE/1 AB&ON+ !IR NEWSPAP] & !IR 9FLU5CE 9 ! CAPITAL4 ,!Y BAS$ ALL !IR HOPE ON 0! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 ! LI<T ( ! WORLD40 ,! PHRASE IS LOVELY4 ,EXCEPT ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 NOT BE+ DIS9C>NATE1 IS N\RI%$ ) BREAD & CAN'T MAKE W> )\T >TILL]Y4 

,9 !IR DAILY PAP] ,AN>*Y1 ! ,MOSC[ AN>*I/S1 L$ BY ! ,GORD9 BRO!RS1 PR(ESS$ AN EXCLUSIVELY HUMANIT>IAN FAI?4 ,!Y HAD HUNDR$S IF NOT ?\S&S ( >M$ ,BLACK ,GU>DS :O HAD CLUBS AT !IR DISPOSAL ?AT W]E V]ITABLE CITADELS4 ,ORGANIZ$ 9 SEV]AL GR\PS )\T COMMON DISCIPL9E1 9 !IR PRESS !Y D5\NC$ ! ACTIONS ( !IR IRRESPONSIBLE MEMB]S1 )\T SUCCE$+ 9 PUTT+ A HALT TO !M4 ,!Y DECL>$ !MSELVES 9 PR9CIPLE 0AGA9/ ! ,SOVIETS1 BE+ AGA9/ ALL /ATES10 BUT 9 REALITY =M$ A SMALL /ATE )9 ! /ATE1 TURBUL5T & TOO WELL >M$4 ,!Y W]E DIS>M$ BY =CE1 ALMO/ )\T COMBAT1 ON ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #a#a-#a#b1 #a#i#a#h1 BY ORD] ( ,TROTSKY & ,DZ]ZH9SKY4 ,! ,BLACK ,GU>DS DISAPPE>$2 ! PRESS & ! GR\PS VEGETAT$4 

,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 

,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM NEV]!LESS DEMON/RAT$ AMAZ+ VITALITY1 BUT ONLY F> FROM ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL C5T]S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! AGRICULTURAL REGIONS ( ,UKRA9E4 ,IT WAS !RE1 BETWE5 ! ,DON & ! ,DNIEP]1 9 ,GULAI-,POLE ?AT 9 ! SUMM] ( #aiah A =M] AN>*I/ PRISON]1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO =M$ ONE ( ! C\NTLESS B&S ( 9SURG5T PEASANTS :O C>RI$ \T P>TIZAN W>F>E AGA9/ ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS4 ,! 5TIRE ,UKRA9E HAD RIS5 UP2 ! DEMOBILIZATION PROVID$ !M ) AN ABUNDANCE ( >MS1 IT HAD ITS :EAT TO DEF5D & ITS FRE$OM TO CONQU]4 ,MAKHNO ALSO F\<T AGA9/ ! ,NATIONAL ,DIRECTORATE ( ,SYMON ,PETLIURA4 ,DEF5D+ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! PEASANTS HE W\LD SOON FI<T AGA9/ ! ,R$S1 ?AT IS1 AGA9/ ! C5TRALIZ$ P[] ( ! ,SOVIETS4 ,DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION HE REL5TLESSLY H>ASS$ ! ,:ITES1 COMM&$ BY ,D5IK9 & !N ,WRANGEL4 ,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT HIS ,BLACK ,>MY R5D]$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9E/IMABLE S]VICE4 ,9 #a#i#a#i1 :ILE ,G5]AL ,D5IK91 :O HAD TAK5 ,OREL1 ?REAT5$ ,TULA1 ! >S5AL ( ! REPUBLIC & ! F9AL /OP BE=E ,MOSC[1 ,MAKHNO CUT HIS COMMUNICATIONS1 DISORGANIZ$ HIS RE> & CAUS$ HIS COLLAPSE4 ,9 #a#i#a#i1 :ILE ,FRUNZE1 ,TUKHA%EVSKY1 & ,BLU*] SEIZ$ ,P]EKOP1 ! KEY TO ! ,CRIMEA1 & DEFEAT$ ,B>ON ,WRANGEL1 ,SEM5 ,K>ETNIK & ,M>*5KO1 ,MAKHNO'S LIEUT5ANTS1 7,MAKHNO REMA9+ 9 ,GULAI-,POLE1 = HE WAS RI<TLY W>Y7 =C$ ! /RAITS ( ,SIVA* OV] ! ICE1 DROVE T[>D ,:ITE ,CRIMEA & 5T]$ ,SIMF]OPOL4 

,! EPIC ( ! ,UKRA9IAN AN>*I/ PEASANTS WAS LONG1 *AOTIC1 & /REWN ) ACTS ( H]OISM1 EXCESSES1 CRIMES & \TBUR/S ( 5?USIASM3 IT WAS MAGNIFIC5T & TRAGIC4 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO %[$ HIMSELF TO BE ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE POPUL> FIGURES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 *IEF ( ! PEOPLE ( ! L&2 ORGANIZ] ( A UNIQUE >MY2 AN AN>*I/ ?\< TREM5D\SLY DISCIPL9$2 9 A WAY A DICTATOR1 BUT D5\NC+ AU?ORITY AS ! WOR/ ( EVILS2 ! CREATOR ( A BOLD /RATEGY ?AT ALL[$ HIM TO DEFEAT ONE AFT] ! O!R ! OLD1 EXP]I5C$ G5]ALS :O HAD BE5 /UD5TS AT ! OLD W> COLLEGES1 AS WELL AS ! Y\NG ,R$ G5]ALS2 & CREATOR ( A NEW TE*NIQUE ( P>TIZAN W>F>E :]E ! HORSE TEAM1 EI!R CABRIOLET OR C>T--! TAT*ANKA ( ! ,RUSSIAN C\NTRYSIDE--BE>+ A MA*9E GUN1 WAS ONE ( ! 9/RUM5TS4 ,! AN>*I/ CONF$]ATION ,! ,TOCS9 7,NABAT71 ) ,VOL9E1 ,>*9OV1 ,A>ON ,B>ON & ,RYB9E 7,ZONOV7 GAVE ! MOVEM5T ITS IDEOLOGICAL IMPETUS4 

,MAKHNO'S ,BLACK ,>MY WAS (T5 ACCUS$ ( ANTI-,SEMITISM4 ,!RE W]E ANTI-,SEMITIC EXCESSES C>RI$ \T BY ALL P>TIES 9 ,UKRA9E1 BUT NOT :]E ! ,BLACKS W]E TRULY MA/]S ( !IR MOVEM5TS1 AS ,SOVIET AU?ORS W]E =C$ TO RECOGNIZE4 ,9 COMMUNI/ PUBLICATIONS !Y D5\NC$ ?IS AS A MOVEM5T ( WELL-(F PEASANTS4 ,?IS IS NOT TRUE4 ,CONSCI5TI\S RESE>* C>RI$ \T UND] ! EGIS ( ! ,HI/ORICAL ,COMMISSION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ! ,U,S,S,R E/ABLI%$ ?AT POOR & MIDDLE PEASANTS =M$ ! MAJORITY ( ,MAKHNO'S TROOPS4 ,PEOPLE REPROA*$ ?IS MOVEM5T = ITS DISORD]$ *>ACT] & ITS EXCESSES2 IT WAS *>ACT]IZ$ AS 0B&ITRY40 ,! SAME REPROA*ES %\LD JU/ AS CORRECTLY BE ADDRESS$ TO ALL ! MOVEM5TS ?AT F\<T OV] ,UKRA9E3 NOT A S+LE ONE WAS FREE ( EXCESSES4 

,IT WAS A P]FECTLY VIABLE MOVEM5T = PEASANT AUTONOMY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T COMMITT$ ! S]I\S ]ROR ( DEFEAT+ IT BY RESORT+ TO BETRAYAL4 ,IT'S ONLY FAIR TO NOTE ?AT ! PSY*OLOGICAL HO/ILITY WAS M]CILESS ON BO? SIDES4 ,! ,BLACKS CONSID]$ ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! COMMISS>S0 A NEW =M ( AUTOCRACY & DREAM$ ( UNLEA%+ A ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION AGA9/ IT1 ?AT ( ! AN>*I/ PEOPLE4 ,! ,R$S CONSID]$ ! AN>*I/ & AN>*I/-T5D+ P>TIZANS AS A S\RCE ( DISORGANIZATION )9 ! SOCIALI/ /ATE AIM$ AT S]V+ ! PETIT B\RGEOIS--PR9CIPALLY RURAL--C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,!RE W]E C\NTLESS WRONGS ON BO? SIDES4 ,MAKHNO RALLI$ TO ! ,R$S AGA9/ ! ,:ITES1 WAS DECL>$ AN \TLAW1 & !N WAS RECOGNIZ$ AGA9 BY ! ,SOVIET P[]4 ,! GREATE/ WRONGS1 9 ANY CASE1 MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ AS BELONG+ TO ! /RONGE/4 ,& !Y W]E ALREADY ON ! SLIPP]Y SLOPE TO AN AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE4 

,9 A REC5T DOCUM5T ,TROTSKY RELATES ?AT HE & ,L59 ?\<T ( GRANT+ ! AN>*I/S AN AUTONOM\S T]RITORY4 ,! AN>*I/ PEASANTS ( ,GULAI-,POLE HAD ! RI<T TO ?IS EQUITABLE SOLUTION4 ,!Y W]E PROMIS$ IT1 BUT EV5TS TOOK A DIFF]5T TURN4 

,9 ! SUMM] ( #aib ! ,:ITE ,>MY ( ,B>ON ,WRANGEL C>RI$ \T A VICTORI\S (F5SIVE 9 ! S\? ( ,UKRA9E4 ,A DELEGATION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY (F]$ TO UNITE ) ,MAKHNO AGA9/ ! COMMON 5EMY4 ,! ACCORD WAS SIGN$ ,OCTOB] #a#e1 #a#i#b4 ,ALL ! AN>*I/S IMPRISON$ ON ,SOVIET T]RITORY1 0EXCEPT ?OSE :O F\<T ! ,SOVIET P[]1 WEAPONS 9 H&S0 W]E TO BE FRE$4 ,!Y W]E ASSUR$ FULL FRE$OM ( PROPAG&A4 ,! P>TIZAN >MY WAS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ,R$ =CES :ILE MA9TA9+ ITS [N =MATION4 ,= ! ,R$S IT WAS SIGN$ BY ,FRUNZE1 ! COMM&ANT ( ! ,S\!RN ,FRONT & ! MEMB]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCILS ( ! FRONT1 ,BELA ,KUN1 & ,G\SSEV4 ,= ! ,BLACKS1 ,KORIL5KO & ,POPOV4 

,! UNIT$ OP]ATIONS BR\<T AB\T A RAPID VICTORY OV] ,WRANGEL4 ,MAKHNO'S PEOPLE !N UND]/OOD ?AT ! ACCORD W\LD NOT LA/ LONG4 ,AS SOON AS !Y LE>N$ 9 ,GULAI-,POLE ?AT ,K>ETNIK & HIS P>TIZANS 9 ,CRIMEA W]E M>*+ ON ,SIMF]OPOL1 ,GREGOR ,VASSILEVSKI1 A COLLABORATOR ( ,MAKHNO'S1 %\T$3 0,?AT'S ! 5D ( ! TREATY6 ,I GU>ANTEE ! ,BOL%EVIKS >E GO+ TO ATTACK US 9 ONE WEEK40 

,9 FACT1 ! AN>*I/S1 :O HAD REC5TLY BE5 RELEAS$ FROM PRISON & W]E PREP>+ A CONGRESS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! AGREEM5T SIGN$ ) ,FRUNZE1 W]E SUDD5LY >RE/$ 9 ,NOVEMB] ALL ACROSS ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,BLACKS1 ATTACK$ 9 ,CRIMEA BY ! ,R$S1 DEF5D$ !MSELVES4 ,A FEW HUNDR$ ( !M1 L$ BY ,M>*5KO1 SUCCE$$ 9 BREAK+ ?OR\< ! CIRCLE ( FIRE & JO9$ ,MAKHNO4 0,! LEAD] ( ! P>TIZAN >MY1 ,K>ETNIK1 WAS 9VIT$ BY ! ,SOVIET COMM& TO GO TO ,GULAI-,POLE & WAS TREA*]\SLY >RE/$ ALONG ! WAY4 ,GAVRIL5KO1 ! HEAD ( ! G5]AL /AFF ON CAMPAIGN1 SEV]AL MEMB]S ( ! G5]AL /AFF & UNIT COMM&]S W]E 9VIT$ TO A CONF]5CE & >RE/$4 ,ALL W]E EXECUT$40 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #bf 9 ,GULAI-,POLE1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 ) AB\T #b1#e M51 BO? CAVALRY & 9FANTRY1 WAS SURR\ND$ BY ,R$ TROOPS GREATLY \TNUMB]+ HIS [N4 ,! ,SOVIET NEWSPAP]S PUBLI%$ AN ORD] FROM ,FRUNZE CALL+ ON HIM TO JO9 ! ,R$ ,>MY & ACCUS+ HIM ( REBELLION1 B&ITRY1 & CONNIVANCE ) ,WRANGEL4 ,F9ALLY1 ,FRUNZE'S DECL>$ HIM AN \TLAW4 ,MAKHNO SUCCE$$ 9 BREAK+ ?R\< ! ,R$ L9ES & MADE A FI<T+ RETREAT TO ! ,DNIEP]4 ,A DIVISION ( ,BUD5NY'S CAVALRY JO9$ HIM4 ,HIS LEG BROK51 HE COMM&$ ! TROOPS :ILE /RET*$ \T 9 A WAGON4 ,HIS PEASANTS F\<T TO ! CRY ( 0,LIVE FREE OR DIE FI<T+60 ,9 ! VILLAGES !Y DI/RIBUT$ TRACTS ON 0! FREE ,SOVIETS40 ,HUNT$ D[N BY ! ,R$S1 FI<T+ EV]Y DAY1 ! ,BLACKS GREW EXHAU/$4 

,9 A LETT]1 ,MAKHNO DESCRIBES ! F9AL MOM5TS ( ! /RUGGLE3 

,:AT TO DO8 ,I C\LDN'T HOLD MYSELF 9 ! SADDLE OR SIT 9 ! C>RIAGE1 & A HUNDR$ MET]S BEH9D ME ,I SAW 9DESCRIBABLE CAVALRY FI<TS4 ,! M5 W]E BE+ KILL$ JU/ SO !Y C\LD SAVE ME4 ,! 5EMY WAS FIVE OR SIX TIMES /RONG] ?AN US4 ,! FIVE MA*9E GUNN]S1 COMM&$ BY ,MI*A ( ! VILLAGE ( ,*]NIGOVKA1 NE> ,B]DIANSK1 CAME UP TO ME & SAID1 0,BATKO1 ! CAUSE ( \R PEASANT ORGANIZATION NE$S Y\4 ,WE'RE GO+ TO BE KILL$1 BUT WE'LL SAVE Y\ & ?OSE ALONGSIDE Y\4 ,DON'T =GET TO TELL ?IS TO \R FAMILIES40 ,SEV]AL ( !M EMBRAC$ ME & ,I NEV] SAW !M AGA94 ,LEVA ,Z9KOVSKI C>RI$ ME 9 HIS >MS & LAID ME D[N 9 A PEASANT C>T4 ,I HE>D ! CRACKL+ ( ! MA*9E GUN & ! EXPLOSION ( BOMBS4 ,! MA*9E GUNN]S COV]$ \R RETREAT4 ,WE W5T AB\T F\R KILOMET]S & CROSS$ A RIV]4 ,! MA*9E GUNN]S W]E KILL$4 

,H>ASS$ BY ,BUD5NY'S CAVALRY1 ,MAKHNO CROSS$ ! ,DNIE/] 9 ,AUGU/ #aiba & S\<T REFUGE 9 ,ROMANIA4 ,AFT] BE+ IMPRISON$ 9 ,ROMANIA & ,POL& HE WAS GRANT$ ASYLUM 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E HE DI$ 9 ,P>IS1 HAV+ SP5T HIS YE>S !RE AS A FACTORY WORK]4 

,:O IS RESPONSIBLE = ! /RANGL+ ( A PR(\NDLY REVOLUTION>Y PEASANT MOVEM5T ?AT ! C5TRAL P[] HAD REC5TLY RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! ,POLITBURO ( ,L59 & ,TROTSKY8 ,! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T ( ,UKRA9E1 HEAD$ BY ,RAKOVSKY8 ,FRUNZE'S >MY1 :]E ,BELA ,KUN1 KN[N = HIS DECEPTIV5ESS1 C\LD BE F\ND8 ,ALL ( !M1 PROBABLY1 9 MEASURES ?AT IT W\LD BE GOOD TO KN[4 ,BUT IT WAS MA9LY DUE TO ! SPIRIT ( 9TOL]ANCE ?AT 9CREAS+LY GRIPP$ ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY FROM #a#i#a#i2 TO ! MONOPOLY ( P[]1 ! IDEOLOGICAL MONOPOLY1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! LEAD]S ( ! P>TY1 ALREADY T5D+ TO SUB/ITUTE !MSELVES = ?AT ( ! SOVIETS & EV5 ! P>TY4 ,:ATEV] ! CASE1 ?IS P]FIDY WAS AN 5ORM\S ]ROR MI/AKE4 ,FROM !N ON A *ASM WAS DUG BETWE5 AN>*I/S & ,BOL%EVIKS ?AT W\LD NOT BE EASY TO FILL4 ,! SYN!SIS ( ,M>XISM & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 SO NECESS>Y & :I* C\LD BE SO F]TILE1 WAS R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE = ! 9DEF9ITE FUTURE4 

,AN>*I/ ,ALTRUISM 

,9 REALITY1 ! RATIONAL VALUE ( A DOCTR9E IS NOT KEY TO ITS EFFECTIV5ESS4 ,EV5 TODAY IRRATIONAL DOCTR9ES ?AT >E H>DLY ABLE TO /& UP TO CRITICISM HAVE PLAY$ A DECISIVE ROLE 9 HI/ORY4 ,AN>*ISM1 DESPITE ! CONSCI5TI\S LABORS ( ,KROPOTK9 & ,RECLUS1 :O 9 ANY CASE W]E NOT F> FROM ,M>XI/ SOCIALISM1 PUTS =? A SET ( UTOPIAN & IDEALI/IC IDEAS ?AT CAN BE L9K$ TO ! SPIRIT ( SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION ?AT PREC$$ MOD]N L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,BURI$ DEEP B5EA? !SE IDEAS >E AFFECTIVE & 9/9CTIVE COMPLEXES ?AT >E ! \TGR[? ( \R HI/ORIC PA/4 ,! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM1 ) ALL IT IMPLIES ( DIGNITY1 G5]OSITY1 MORAL GR&EUR1 & /IMULUS TO ACTION1 CON/ITUTES AN>*ISM'S TRUE VALUE4 ,?IS IS F> MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! %AKY & NAIVELY SMUG IDEAS ( AN UNSCI5TIFIC S*OOL ( ?\<T4 

,UNLIKE ! UPHOLD]S ( O!R IDEOLOGIES--A FEW =MS ( RELIGI\S ?\<T & ! >D5T =MS ( COMMUNISM EXCEPT$--! AN>*I/S SEEK TO LIVE 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR IDEAS4 ,AN>*ISM REMA9S1 EV5 9 ITS MO/ ABSOLUTE NEGATIONS1 A LIV$ MORALITY4 ,I KNEW Y\NG 9DIVIDUALI/ ILLEGALI/S1 :O CONFESS$ TO HAV+ NO CONSCI\S SCRUPLES1 :O 9 AN ACT ( SOLID>ITY ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE KILL$ 9 ORD] NOT TO AB&ON !IR PALS4 ,AT ! O!R POLE ( AN>*ISM OLD ,KROPOTK9 5D$ HIS LONG LIFE \TSIDE ,MOSC[ WRIT+ HIS ,E?ICS4 ,HE ASK$ AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( HIS REVOLUTION>Y C>E]3 0,FI<T+ = TRU?1 = EQUALITY ) ! PEOPLE3 :AT 9 LIFE IS MORE BEAUTIFUL80 ,! MORAL S\RCES ( ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T >E 9 NO WAY DIFF]5T4 ,COMP>E ,KROPOTK9'S WORDS TO !SE L9ES FROM ,TROTSKY3 0,UND] FATE'S IMPLACABLE BL[S ,I W\LD BE AS HAPPY AS ,I WAS DUR+ ! BE/ DAYS ( MY Y\? IF ,I CONTRIBUT$ TO ! TRIUMPH ( ! TRU?4 ,= HUMANITY'S GREATE/ HAPP9ESS IS NOT 9 ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PRES5T DAY1 BUT 9 ! PREP>ATION ( ! FUTURE0 7,L4 ,TROTSKY 9 ,/AL9'S ,CRIMES74 ,! AN>*I/ E?IC PLACES ITS ACC5T ON ! REVOLT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL2 ! ,M>XI/S E?IC SUBORD9ATES ITSELF TO ! FULFILLM5T ( HI/ORICAL NECESSITY4 ,! =M] >RIVES AT A K9D ( ,P]SONALISM2 ! LATT] AT A REVOLUTION>Y TE*NIQUE4 

,! 9N] FAI? ( AN>*I/ REBELS RESEMBLES ! CLASSIC =MS ( ALTRUISM1 BUT AT ! PO9T ( COMBAT4 ,& S9CE IT PROCE$S FROM MORAL & PSY*OLOGICAL COMPLEXES ?AT W9D TI<T ALL ! SPR+S ( BE+1 IT HAS NO DIFFICULTY 9 PU%+ ITSELF AS F> AS IT CAN POSSIBLY GO1 RIS+ ABOVE BO? DEFEAT & P]SONAL MIS=TUNE4 ,LET US EXC]PT A PAGE FROM ,ELISEE ,RECLUS & A FEW L9ES FROM ,VANZETTI3 

,I RECALL AS IF ,I W]E /ILL LIV+ IT A T\*+ MOM5T ( MY LIFE :5 ! PR(\ND JOY ( HAV+ ACT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) MY HE>T & MY IDEAS WAS MIX$ ) ! BITT]NESS ( DEFEAT4 ,IT WAS TW5TY YE>S AGO4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS AT W> ) ! TROOPS ( ,V]SAILLES & MY BATTALION HAD BE5 TAK5 PRISON] ON ! PLATEAU ( ,*ATILLON4 ,IT WAS MORN+ & A CORDON ( SOLDI]S SURR\ND$ US1 :ILE MOCK+ (FIC]S /RUTT$ BE=E US4 ,SEV]AL ( !M 9SULT$ US4 ,ONE ( !M1 :O LAT] BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ ELEGANT PA/ORS ( ! ,ASSEMBLY P]ORAT$ ON ! FOLLY ( ! ,P>ISIANS1 BUT WE HAD O!R ?+S TO ?9K AB\T ?AN LI/5+ TO HIM4 ,! (FIC] ,I F\ND MO/ /RIK+ WAS A MAN ( SOB] SPEE* & A H>% GAZE & ! FACE ( AN ASCETIC2 PROBABLY A C\NTRY SQUIRE RAIS$ BY ! ,JESUITS4 ,HE SL[LY WALK$ ALONG ! /EEP $GE ( ! PLATEAU1 /&+ \T 9 BLACK LIKE AN EVIL %AD[ AGA9/ ! LUM9\S BACKDROP ( ,P>IS4 ,! SUN'S RAYS1 JU/ RIS+1 SPREAD 9 A LAY] ( GOLD OV] ! H\SES & DOMES4 ,NEV] HAD ! BEAUTIFUL CITY1 ! CITY ( RESOLUTIONS APPE>$ MORE BEAUTIFUL TO ME6 0,Y\ SEE Y\R ,P>IS60 ! S9I/] MAN SAID1 PO9T+ HIS WEAPON AT ! DAZZL+ TABLEAU4 0,WELL1 NOT ONE /ONE ( IT WILL BE LEFT /&+ ON ANO!R40 

,VANZETTI1 S5T5C$ ALONG ) ,SACCO TO ! ELECTRIC *AIR1 ON ,APRIL #i1 #a#i#b#g1 RESPOND$ TO ,JUDGE ,?AY]3 

,IF IT HAD NOT BE5 = ?IS ?+1 ,I MI<T HAVE LIV$ \T MY LIFE TALK+ AT /REET CORN]S TO SCORN+ M54 ,I MI<T HAVE DI$1 UNM>K$1 UNKN[N1 A FAILURE4 ,N[ WE >E NOT A FAILURE4 ,?IS IS \R C>E] & \R TRIUMPH4 ,NEV] 9 \R FULL LIFE CAN WE HOPE TO DO SU* WORK = TOL]ANCE1 JU/ICE1 = MAN'S UND]/&+ ( MAN1 AS N[ WE DO BY ACCID5T4 ,\R WORDS--\R LIVES--\R PA9S--NO?+6 ,! TAK+ ( \R LIVES--LIVES ( A GOOD %OEMAK] & A POOR FI% P$DL]--ALL6 ,?AT LA/ MOM5T BELONG TO US--?AT AGONY IS \R TRIUMPH4 

,?IS MORAL /R5G?1 :OSE SOCIAL S\RCES >E PR(\ND1 IS NOT DIM9I%$ BY ! 9TR9SIC WEAKNESS ( AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY4 ,IT (F]S LITTLE ROOM = DOCTR9AL CRITICISM4 ,IT SIMPLY IS4 ,IF1 HAV+ LE>N$ FROM ALL WE >E LIV+ ?R\< ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM IT ANIMATES W\LD BE /RONG 5\< TO ASSIMILATE ! GA9S ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 ?IS SYN!SIS W\LD GU>ANTEE REVOLUTION>IES AN 9COMP>ABLE EFFECTIV5ESS4 

7,LA ,CRAP\ILLOT1 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#h7 

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,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aig 3 ,*APT] #dd -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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