,*APT] #b 
,! ,PROLET>IAT & ! ,BEG9N+ ( ! ,MOD]N ,LAB\R ,MOVEM5T 

#ai*ai* 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#b4 ,! ,PROLET>IAT & ! ,BEG9N+ ( ! ,MOD]N ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 

,! ]A ( MA*9E PRODUCTION & MOD]N ,CAPITALISM2 ,! RISE ( ! ,PROLET>IAT2 ,! FIR/ LABOR UNIONS & !IR /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE2 ,LUDDISM2 ,TRADE ,UNIONISM PURE & SIMPLE2 ,POLITICAL RADICALISM & LABOR2 ,! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T2 ,SOCIALISM & ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,MOD]N ,SOCIALISM WAS AT FIR/ ONLY A PR(\ND] UND]/&+ ( ! 9T]CONNECTIONS 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 AN ATTEMPT TO SOLVE ! CONTRADICTIONS IMPLICIT 9 ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] & TO GIVE A NEW CONT5T TO MAN'S RELATIONS ) HIS SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,ITS 9FLU5CE WAS1 !RE=E1 = A TIME CONF9$ TO A LITTLE CIRCLE ( 9TELLECTUALS1 :O = ! MO/ P>T CAME FROM ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,9SPIR$ ) A PR(\ND & NOBLE SYMPA?Y = ! 9TELLECTUAL & MAT]IAL NE$S ( GREAT MASSES !Y S\<T A WAY \T ( ! LABYR9? ( SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS 9 ORD] TO OP5 TO MANK9D NEW \TLOOKS = ITS FUTURE DEVELOPM5T4 ,= !M ,SOCIALISM WAS A CULTURAL QUE/ION2 !RE=E1 !Y MADE !IR APPEAL DIRECTLY & *IEFLY TO ! REASON & E?ICAL S5SE ( !IR CONTEMPOR>IES1 HOP+ TO F9D !M RECEPTIVE TO ! NEW 9SI<TS4 

,BUT IDEAS DO NOT MAKE A MOVEM5T2 !Y >E !MSELVES M]ELY ! PRODUCT ( CONCRETE SITUATIONS1 ! 9TELLECTUAL PRECIPITATE ( P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,MOVEM5TS >ISE ONLY FROM ! IMM$IATE & PRACTICAL NECESSITIES ( SOCIAL LIFE & >E NEV] ! RESULT ( PURELY AB/RACT IDEAS4 ,BUT !Y ACQUIRE !IR IRRESI/IBLE =CE & !IR 9N] C]TA9TY ( VICTORY ONLY :5 !Y >E VITALIZ$ BY A GREAT IDEA1 :I* GIVES !M LIFE & 9TELLECTUAL CONT5T4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 VIEW$ ?US ?AT ! RELATION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T TO ,SOCIALISM CAN BE CORRECTLY UND]/OOD & 9TELLIG5TLY VALU$4 ,SOCIALISM IS NOT ! CREATOR ( ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T2 RA!R1 IT GREW \T ( IT4 ! MOVEM5T DEVELOP$ AS ! LOGICAL RESULT ( A SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION \T ( :I* ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ WORLD WAS BORN4 ,ITS IMM$IATE PURPOSE WAS ! /RUGGLE = DAILY BREAD1 ! CONSCI\S RESI/ANCE TO A TR5D ( ?+S WAS CON/ANTLY BECOM+ MORE RU9\S = ! WORK]S4 

,! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T [ES ITS EXI/5CE TO ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION :I* WAS GO+ ON 9 ,5GL& 9 ! LATT] HALF ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & :I* HAS S9CE !N OV]FL[$ 9TO ALL FIVE CONT95TS4 ,AFT] ! SY/EM ( SO-CALL$ 0MANUFACTURES0 HAD AT AN E>LI] P]IOD OP5$ ! DOOR = A C]TA9 DEGREE ( DIVISION ( LABOR--A DIVISION :I* WAS1 H[EV]1 CONC]N$ MORE ) ! ME?ODS ( APPLY+ HUMAN LABOR ?AN ) ACTUAL TE*NICAL PROCESSES--! GREAT 9V5TIONS ( ! SUBSEQU5T P]IOD BR\<T AB\T A COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( ALL ! APP>ATUS ( WORK2 ! MA*9E CONQU]$ ! 9DIVIDUAL TOOL & CREAT$ TOTALLY NEW =MS = PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES 9 G5]AL4 ! 9V5TION ( ! ME*ANICAL LOOM REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! :OLE TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9DU/RY 9 ,5GL&1 & L$ TO A COMPLETE NEW SET ( ME?ODS 9 ! PROCESS+ & DYE+ ( WOOL & COTTON4 

,?R\< ! UTILIZATION ( /EAM P[]1 MADE AVAILABLE BY ! EPO*-MAK+ 9V5TION ( ,JAMES ,WATT1 MA*9E PRODUCTION WAS FRE$ FROM ITS DEP5D5CE ON ! OLD MOTIVE =CES ( W9D1 WAT] & HORSE P[]1 & ! WAY FIR/ PROP]LY OP5$ = MOD]N MASS PRODUCTION4 ,! USE ( /EAM MADE POSSIBLE ! OP]ATION ( MA*9ES ( DIFF]5T FUNCTION 9 ! SAME ROOMS4 ,?US >OSE ! MOD]N FACTORY1 :I* 9 A FEW DECADES HAD %OV$ ! SMALL %OP TO ! BR9K ( ! ABYSS4 ,?IS HAPP5$ FIR/ 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY2 ! O!R BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION FOLL[$ AT %ORT 9T]VALS4 ! UTILIZATION ( ! P[] ( /EAM & ! 9V5TION ( CA/ /EEL L$ 9 A %ORT TIME TO A COMPLETE REVOLUTIONIZ+ ( ! IRON & COAL 9DU/RIES & RAPIDLY EXT5D$ !IR 9FLU5CE TO O!R L9ES ( WORK4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N BIG PLANTS HAD AS A RESULT ! FABUL\S GR[? ( ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES4 ,BIRM+HAM1 :I* 9 #aha BOA/$ ONLY #g#c1 9HABITANTS1 HAD 9 #ahdd A POPULATION ( #b14 ,%EFFIELD 9 ! SAME P]IOD GREW FROM #d#f1 TO #a#a14 ,O!R C5T]S ( ! NEW BIG 9DU/RIES GREW 9 ! SAME RATIO4 

,! FACTORIES NE$$ HUMAN FODD]1 & ! 9CREAS+LY IMPOV]I%$ RURAL POPULATION MET ! DEM& BY /REAM+ 9TO ! CITIES4 ,! LEGISLATURE HELP$1 :51 BY ! NOTORI\S ,5CLOSURE ,ACTS1 IT ROBB$ ! SMALL F>M]S ( ! COMMON L&S & BR\<T !M TO BEGG>Y4 ,! SY/EMATIC !FT ( ! COMMONS HAD ALREADY BEGUN UND] ,QUE5 ,ANNE 7#a#g#b-#a#g#a#d71 & BY #ahdd HAD TAK5 9 MORE ?AN ONE ?IRD ( ! TILLABLE L& ( ,5GL& & ,WALES4 ,:ILE 9 #a<f !RE HAD /ILL EXI/$ #b#e1 9DEP5D5T L&[N]S1 9 ! C\RSE ( ONLY ?IRTY YE>S !IR NUMB] HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO #c#b14 

,! NEW MA*9E PRODUCTION 9CREAS$ ! SO-CALL$ NATIONAL WEAL? ON AN UNDREAM$-( SCALE4 ,BUT ?IS WEAL? WAS 9 ! H&S ( A SMALL PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY & [$ ITS ORIG9 TO ! UNRE/RA9$ EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ POPULATION1 :I* BY ! RAPID ALT]ATION ( ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( LIV+ WAS PLUNG$ 9TO ! MO/ REVOLT+ MIS]Y4 ,IF ONE READS ! DISMAL DESCRIPTIONS ( ! SITUATION ( ! WORK]S ( ?AT P]IOD AS IT IS SET D[N 9 ! REPORTS ( ! ,5GLI% FACTORY 9SPECTORS1 ( :I* ,M>X MADE SU* EFFECTIVE USE 9 HIS ,CAPITAL2 OR IF ONE PICKS UP A BOOK LIKE ,EUG5E ,BURET'S ,DE LA MIS]E DES CLASSES LABEURIEUSES 5 ,ANGLET]RE ET ,FRANCE1 TO :I* ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS WAS SO DEEPLY 9DEBT$ 9 HIS 9ITIAL WORK1,! ,CONDITIONS ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASSES 9 ,5GL&2 OR ANY ONE ( NUM]\S WORKS BY CONTEMPOR>Y ,5GLI% AU?ORS1 ONE GETS A PICTURE ( ?AT TIME :I* /AGG]S ! M9D4 

,IF ,>?UR ,Y\NG1 9 HIS WELL-KN[N ACC\NT ( HIS TRAVELS 9 ,FRANCE JU/ BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 C\LD DECL>E ?AT A L>GE P>T ( ! ,FR5* RURAL POPULATION /OOD ALMO/ ON ! LEVEL ( BEA/S1 HAV+ LO/ EV]Y TRACE ( HUMANITY AS A RESULT ( !IR HORRIBLE POV]TY1 ! COMP>ISON C\LD APPLY 9 L>GE MEASURE ALSO TO ! 9TELLECTUAL & MAT]IAL /ATUS ( ! GREAT MASSES ( ! RIS+ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ! 9ITIAL P]IOD ( MOD]N CAPITALISM4 

,! 5ORM\S MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S DWELT 9 MIS]ABLE DIRTY HOLES )\T EV5 A GLASS W9D[1 & !Y HAD TO SP5D FROM F\RTE5 TO FIFTE5 H\RS A DAY 9 ! SWEAT%OPS ( 9DU/RY1 9NOC5T ( EI!R HYGI5IC EQUIPM5T OR PROVISION = ! PROTECTION ( ! LIVES & HEAL? ( ! 9MATES4 ,& ?IS = A WAGE ?AT WAS NEV] 5\< TO SATISFY EV5 ! MO/ 9DISP5SABLE ( NE$S4 ,IF AT ! 5D ( ! WEEK ! WORK] HAD 5\< LEFT TO 5ABLE HIM TO =GET ! HELL HE LIV$ 9 = A FEW H\RS BY GETT+ DRUNK ON BAD LIQUOR1 IT WAS ! MO/ HE C\LD A*IEVE4 ,! 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS WAS AN 5ORM\S 9CREASE 9 PRO/ITUTION1 DRUNK5NESS & CRIME4 ,! UTT] WRET*$NESS ( MANK9D DAWNS ON ONE :5 HE READS ( ! SPIRITUAL DEGRADATION & MORAL DEPRAVITY ( ?OSE MASSES :OM NO ONE PITI$4 

,! PITIFUL SITUATION ( ! FACTORY SLAVES WAS MADE /ILL MORE OPPRESSIVE BY ! SO-CALL$ TRUCK SY/EM1 UND] :I* ! WORK] WAS COMPELL$ TO PUR*ASE HIS PROVISIONS & O!R >TICLES ( DAILY USE 9 ! /ORES ( ! FACTORY-[N]S1 :]E (T5 OV]PRIC$ & UNUSABLE GOODS W]E H&$ \T TO HIM4 ,?IS W5T SO F> ?AT ! WORK] HAD SC>CELY ANY?+ LEFT ( !IR H>D-E>N$ WAGES1 & HAD TO PAY = UNEXPECT$ EXP5SES1 SU* AS DOCTORS1 M$IC9ES1 & ! LIKE ) ! GOODS !Y HAD RECEIV$ FROM ! FACTORY [N]S1 :I* !Y HAD1 ( C\RSE1 TO TURN 9 9 SU* CASES AT A L[] PRICE ?AN !Y HAD BE5 *>G$ = !M4 ,& CONTEMPOR>Y WRIT]S TELL H[ MO!RS1 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE BURIAL = A DEAD *ILD1 W\LD HAVE TO PAY ! UND]TAK] & ! GRAV$IGG] 9 ?IS WAY4 

,& ?IS LIMITLESS EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN LABOR-P[] WAS NOT CONF9$ TO M5 & WOM54 ,! NEW ME?ODS ( WORK HAD 5ABL$ ! MA*9E TO BE S]V$ ) JU/ A FEW MANUAL MOVEM5TS1 :I* C\LD BE LE>N$ ) NO GREAT DIFFICULTY4 ,?IS L$ TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! *ILDR5 ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :O W]E PUT TO WORK AT ! AGE ( ?REE OR F\R YE>S & HAD TO DRAG \T !IR Y\? 9 ! 9DU/RIAL PRISONS ( ! 5TREPR5EURS4 ,! /ORY ( *ILD LABOR1 ON :I* NO RE/RICTIONS ( ANY K9D W]E IMPOS$ AT FIR/1 IS ONE ( ! D>KE/ *APT]S 9 ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT %[S TO :AT L5G?S ( HE>TLESSNESS A ,*RI/IAN MANAGEM5T W\LD GO1 UNTR\BL$ BY E?ICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 & UN?9K+LY ACCU/OM$ TO UNRE/RICT$ EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES4 ,PROLONG$ LABOR UND] ! UN:OLESOME CONDITIONS ( ! FACTORIES AT LA/ RAIS$ *ILD MORTALITY TO ! PO9T :]E ,RI*>D ,C>LILE C\LD1 ) P]FECT JU/ICE1 SPEAK ( A 0GRUESOME REPETITION ( ! SLAU<T] ( ! 9NOC5TS AT ,BE?LEHEM40 ,NOT UNTIL !N DID P>LIAM5T 5ACT LAWS :I* W]E = A LONG TIME EVAD$ BY ! FACTORY [N]S1 OR SIMPLY BROK54 

,! /ATE L5T ITS BE/ ASSI/ANCE TO ! FREE+ ( MANAGEM5T FROM RE/RICTIONS BURD5SOME ON ITS LU/ = EXPLOITATION4 ,IT PROVID$ IT ) *EAP LABOR4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE1 = EXAMPLE1 !RE WAS DEVIS$ ! NOTORI\S ,POOR ,LAW ( #a#h#c#d1 :I* R\SE SU* A /ORM ( 9DIGNATION1 NOT ONLY FROM ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS1 BUT FROM EV]YONE :O /ILL C>RI$ A HE>T 9 HIS BOSOM4 ,! OLD ,POOR ,LAW1 :I* HAD ORIG9AT$ 9 #afa UND] ,QUE5 ,ELIZABE?1 WAS AN \TCOME ( ! SUPPRESSION ( ! MONA/]IES 9 ,5GL&4 ,! MONA/]IES HAD MADE A PRACTICE ( EXP5D+ A ?IRD ( !IR 9COME ON ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! POOR4 ,BUT ! NOBLE PROPRIETORS TO :OM ! GREAT] P>T ( ! MONA/IC HOLD+S HAD FALL5 HAD NO ?\<T ( CONT9U+ TO DEVOTE ! REQUIR$ ?IRD TO ALMS1 SO ! LAW IMPOS$ ON ! P>I%ES ! DUTY ( C>+ = ! POOR & F9D+ SOME HUMAN MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ?OSE :OSE EXI/5CE HAD BE5 UPROOT$4 ! LAW SAW 9 POV]TY A P]SONAL MIS=TUNE = :I* ! HUMAN BE+ WAS NOT RESPONSIBLE1 & CONC$$ TO HIM ! RI<T TO CALL UPON SOCIETY = AID :5 ?R\< NO FAULT ( HIS [N HE HAD FALL5 9TO NE$ & WAS NO LONG] ABLE TO PROVIDE = HIMSELF4 ,?IS NATURAL CONSID]ATION GAVE ! LAW A SOCIAL *>ACT]4 

,! NEW LAW1 H[EV]1 BR&$ POV]TY AS CRIME1 & LAID ! RESPONSIBILITY = P]SONAL MIS=TUNE UPON ALLEG$ 9DOL5CE4 ,! NEW LAW HAD BE5 BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE UND] ! FATEFUL 9FLU5CE ( ! ,MAL?USIAN DOCTR9E1 :OSE MISAN?ROPIC TEA*+S HAD BE5 HAIL$ BY ! POSSESS+ CLASSES AS A NEW REVELATION4 ,MAL?US1 :OSE WELL-KN[N WORK ON ! POPULATION PROBLEM HAD BE5 CONCEIV$ AS AN ANSW] TO ,GODW9'S ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE1 HAD ANN\NC$ 9 BLUNT WORDS ?AT ! POOR MAN =C$ HIS WAY 9TO SOCIETY AS AN UN9VIT$ GUE/1 & C\LD !RE=E LAY NO CLAIM TO SPECIAL RI<TS OR TO ! PITY ( HIS FELL[ M54 ,SU* A VIEW WAS1 ( C\RSE1 GRI/ TO ! MILL ( ! 9DU/RI\S B>ONS & GAVE ! REQUIR$ MORAL SUPPORT TO !IR UNLIMIT$ LU/ = EXPLOITATION4 

,! NEW LAW TOOK ! PROVISION = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! POOR \T ( ! H&S ( ! P>I% AU?ORITIES & PUT IT UND] A C5TRAL BODY APPO9T$ BY ! /ATE4 ,MAT]IAL SUPPORT BY MONEY OR PROVISIONS WAS = ! MO/ P>T ABOLI%$ & REPLAC$ BY ! WORKH\SE1 ?AT NOTORI\S & HAT$ 9/ITUTION :I* 9 ! POPUL> SPEE* WAS CALL$ ! 0POOR LAW ,BA/ILLE40 ,HE :O1 SMITT5 BY FATE1 WAS COMPELL$ TO SEEK REFUGE 9 ! WORKH\SE1 SURR5D]$ HIS /ATUS AS A HUMAN BE+1 = ?OSE H\SES W]E \TRI<T PRISONS1 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS PUNI%$ & HUMILIAT$ = HIS P]SONAL MIS=TUNE4 ,9 ! WORKH\SES AN IRON DISCIPL9E PREVAIL$1 :I* C\NT]$ ANY OPPOSITION ) /RICT PUNI%M5T4 ,EV]YONE HAD A DEF9ITE TASK TO P]=M2 ANYONE :O WAS NOT ABLE TO DO IT WAS DEPRIV$ ( FOOD 9 PUNI%M5T4 ,! FOOD WAS WORSE & MORE 9ADEQUATE ?AN 9 ACTUAL PRISONS1 & ! TREATM5T SO H>% & B>B>\S ?AT *ILDR5 W]E (T5 DRIV5 TO SUICIDE4 ,FAMILIES W]E SEP>AT$ & !IR MEMB]S P]MITT$ TO SEE ONE ANO!R ONLY AT /AT$ TIMES & UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! (FICIALS4 ,EV]Y EF=T WAS DIRECT$ TO MAK+ RESID5CE 9 ?IS PLACE ( T]ROR SO UN5DURABLE ?AT ONLY ! UTMO/ NECESSITY W\LD DRIVE HUMAN BE+S TO SEEK 9 IT A LA/ REFUGE4 ,= ?AT WAS ! REAL PURPOSE ( ! NEW POOR LAW4 ,MA*9E PRODUCTION HAD DRIV5 ?\S&S \T ( !IR OLD MEANS ( LIV+--9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES ALONE MORE ?AN #h1 H& WEAV]S HAD BE5 MADE BEGG>S BY ! MOD]N BIG PLANTS--& ! NEW LAW SAW TO IT ?AT *EAP LABOR WAS AT ! COMM& ( MANAGEM5T1 & ) IT ! POSSIBILITY ( CON/ANTLY =C+ WAGES L[]4 

,UND] !SE HORRIBLE CONDITIONS A NEW SOCIAL CLASS WAS BORN1 :I* HAD NO =]UNN]S 9 HI/ORY3 ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,! SMALL CRAFTSMAN ( =M] TIMES1 :O S]V$ PR9CIPALLY ! LOCAL DEM&1 5JOY$ COMP>ATIVELY SATISFACTORY LIV+ CONDITIONS1 :I* W]E ONLY R>ELY DI/URB$ BY ANY CONSID]ABLE %OCK FROM )\T4 ,HE S]V$ HIS APPR5TICE%IP1 BECAME A J\RNEYMAN1 & (T51 LAT]1 A MA/] HIMSELF1 AS ! ACQUISITION ( ! NECESS>Y TOOLS ( HIS TRADE WAS NOT DEP5D5T ON ! POSSESSION ( ANY GREAT AM\NT ( CAPITAL1 AS IT BECAME 9 ! ]A ( ! MA*9E4 ,HIS WORK WAS WOR?Y ( A HUMAN BE+ & /ILL (F]$ ?AT NATURAL V>IETY :I* 9CITES TO CREATIVE ACTIVITY & GU>ANTEES 9N] SATISFACTION TO MAN4 

,EV5 ! SMALL HOME 9DU/RIALI/1 :O AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! CAPITALI/ ]A WAS ALREADY DISPOS+ ( ! GREAT] P>T ( HIS PRODUCT TO ! RI* LORDS ( TRADE 9 ! CITIES1 WAS F> FROM BE+ A PROLET>IAN 9 ! PRES5T S5SE4 ,9DU/RY1 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 P>TICUL>1 HAD ITS C5T]S 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS1 SO ?AT ! SMALL CRAFTSM5 9 MO/ 9/ANCES HAD AT HIS DISPOSAL A T9Y BIT ( L&1 :I* MADE MA9T5ANCE EASI] = HIM4 ,& AS ! ONCOM+ CAPITALISM WAS BE=E ! DOM9ATION ( ! MA*9E1 /ILL TI$ TO ! H&ICRAFT /AGE ( 9DU/RY1 ITS POSSIBILITIES ( EXPANSION W]E = ! TIME LIMIT$1 S9CE ! DEM& = ! PRODUCTS ( 9DU/RY WAS AS A RULE GREAT] ?AN SUPPLY1 SO ?AT ! WORK] WAS SAFEGU>D$ AGA9/ S]I\S ECONOMIC CRISES4 

,H[EV]1 ALL ?AT WAS *ANG$ )9 A V]Y FEW YE>S AFT] MOD]N MA*9E PRODUCTION HAD BEGUN TO PLAY ITS P>T1 AS IT WAS DEP5D5T 9 ADVANCE ON MASS DEM&1 & H5CE ON ! CONQUE/ ( =EIGN M>KETS4 ,EA* NEW 9V5TION RAIS$ ! CAPACITY = PRODUCTION 9 EV] 9CREAS+ MEASURE & MADE 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL ! UNDISPUT$ MA/] ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY1 DOM9AT+ TRADE & F9ANCE4 ,& S9CE FREE COMPETITION1 :I* WAS HELD BY !ORI/S TO BE AN IRON ECONOMIC LAW1 PUT ANY PLANN$ CONTROL ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION \T ( ! QUE/ION1 AT LONG] OR %ORT] P]IODS !RE MU/ OCCUR P]IODS :51 [+ TO V>I\S CAUSES1 ! SUPPLY ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS \T/RIPP$ ! DEM&4 ,?IS BR\<T ON ABRUPT CESSATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 SO-CALL$ CRISES1 :I* W]E RU9\S TO ! PROLET>IAN POPULATION ( ! CITIES BECAUSE !Y CONDEMN$ ! WORK]S TO 5=C$ 9ACTIVITY & SO DEPRIV$ !M ( ! MEANS ( LIV+4 ,IT IS JU/ ?IS PH5OM5ON ( SO-CALL$ 0OV] PRODUCTION0 :I* IS SO 9DICATIVE ( ! REAL NATURE ( MOD]N CAPITALISM--?IS CONDITION 9 :I*1 :ILE FACTORIES & W>EH\SES >E CRAMM$ ) W>ES1 ! ACTUAL PRODUC]S >E LANGUI%+ 9 BITT]E/ MIS]Y4 ,IT IS ?IS :I* REVEALS MO/ PLA9LY ! HORROR ( A SY/EM = :I* MAN IS NO?+ & DEAD POSSESSIONS EV]Y?+4 

,BUT ! DEVELOP+ PROLET>IAT WAS COMPLETELY EXPOS$ TO ! ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ( ?IS SY/EM1 S9CE ITS MEMB]S HAD NO?+ TO DISPOSE ( EXCEPT ! LABOR ( !IR H&S4 ,! NATURAL HUMAN TIES :I* EXI/$ BETWE5 ! MA/]-WORKMAN & HIS J\RNEYM5 HAD NO MEAN+ = ! MOD]N PROLET>IAN4 ,HE WAS M]ELY ! OBJECT ( EXPLOITATION BY A CLASS ) :I* HE NO LONG] HAD ANY SOCIAL RELATION%IP4 ,= ! FACTORY [N] HE EXI/$ M]ELY AS A 0H&10 NOT ANY MORE AS A HUMAN BE+4 ,HE WAS1 ONE MI<T SAY1 ! *AFF :I* ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION ( ?AT TIME HAD SWEPT UP 9 HEAPS 9 ! CITIES1 AFT] HE HAD LO/ ALL SOCIAL /&+4 ,SOCIALLY UPROOT$1 HE HAD BECOME JU/ A COMPON5T ( A GREAT MASS ( %IPWRECK$ BE+S1 :O HAD ALL BE5 SMITT5 BY ! SAME FATE4 ,! MOD]N PROLET>IAN1 HE WAS ! MAN ( ! MA*9E1 A MA*9E ( FLE% & BLOOD :O SET ! MA*9E ( /EEL 9 MOTION1 TO CREATE WEAL? = O!RS1 :ILE ! ACTUAL PRODUC] ( ?IS WEAL? MU/ P]I% 9 MIS]Y4 

,& DWELL+ CLOSE-PACK$ ) HIS COMRADES-9-MIS=TUNE 9 ! GREAT C5T]S ( 9DU/RY NOT ONLY GAVE A P>TICUL> *>ACT] TO HIS MAT]IAL EXI/5CE1 IT ALSO GRADUALLY CREAT$ = HIS ?9K+ & FEEL+ NEW CONCEPTS :I* HE HAD NOT ORIG9ALLY KN[N4 ,TRANSPLANT$ 9TO A NEW WORLD ( P\ND+ MA*9ES & REEK+ *IMNEYS1 HE AT FIR/ M]ELY FELT HIMSELF AS A :EEL OR A COG 9 A MI<TY ME*ANISM AGA9/ :I* HE AS AN 9DIVIDUAL WAS HELPLESS4 ,HE D>$ NOT EV5 HOPE SOON] OR LAT] TO ESCAPE FROM ?IS CONDITION1 S9CE TO HIM1 AS ! TYPICAL DISPOSSESS$ ) NO MEANS ( KEEP+ ALIVE EXCEPT BY ! SALE ( HIS H&S1 EV]Y WAY \T WAS B>R$4 ,& NOT HE ALONE1 HIS PO/]ITY WAS DOOM$ AS WELL TO ! SAME FATE4 ,B]EFT ( EV]Y SOCIAL TIE1 HE WAS P]SONALLY A M]E NO?+ 9 COMP>ISON ) ?AT 5ORM\S P[] :I* WAS US+ HIM AS ! 9S5SATE TOOL ( ITS SELFI% 9T]E/S4 ,9 ORD] TO BECOME SOME?+ ONCE MORE & TO EFFECT SOME BETT]M5T ( HIS LOT1 HE W\LD HAVE TO ACT ALONG ) O!RS ( HIS K9D & CALL A HALT TO ! FATE ?AT HAD SMITT5 HIM4 ,SU* CONSID]ATIONS HAD SOON] OR LAT] TO CONTROL HIM IF HE DID NOT WI% SIMPLY TO S9K 9TO ! ABYSS2 !Y L$ TO ! FIR/ PROLET>IAN ALLIANCES1 TO ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 

,IT WAS NOT ! 0AGITATOR0 :O CONJUR$ ?IS MOVEM5T ( ! DISPOSSESS$ MASSES 9TO LIFE1 AS N>R[-M9D$ REACTION>IES & A RAPACI\S MANAGEM5T D>$ TO ASS]T !N1 & /ILL ASS]T EV5 TO-DAY2 IT WAS ! CONDITIONS !MSELVES :I* R\S$ TO LIFE ! MOVEM5T & ) IT ITS SPOKESM54 ,! COMB9ATION ( ! WORK]S WAS ! ONLY MEANS AT !IR COMM& = SAV+ !IR LIVES & =C+ MORE HUMAN CONDITIONS UND] :I* TO LIVE4 ,! FIR/ PROPOSALS ( ?OSE B&S ( ORGANIZ$ WAGE-WORK]S1 :I* CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! FIR/ HALF ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 W5T NO FUR!R ?AN ! ABOLITION ( ! MO/ CRY+ EVILS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & SOME IMPROVEM5T ( ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( LIV+4 

,S9CE #ace !RE HAD EXI/$ 9 ,5GL& A /ATUTE 9 ACCORDANCE ) :I* APPR5TICE%IP1 WAGES & H\RS W]E REGULAT$ BY ! /ATE4 ,! ALLIANCES ( ! ANCI5T CRAFT CORPORATIONS CONC]N$ !MSELVES ONLY ) QUE/IONS RELAT+ TO ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES & ! RI<T ( DISPOSAL ( !M4 ,BUT :51 ) 9CIPI5T CAPITALISM1 & ! SPREAD ( 0MANUFACTURES10 WAGES BEGAN TO BE PU%$ D[N FUR!R & FUR!R1 ! FIR/ TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOP$ AMONG ! NEW CLASS ( WAGE-WORK]S TO COMBAT ! T5D5CY4 ,BUT !SE EF=TS ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S AT ONCE 5C\NT]$ ! UNANIM\S RESI/ANCE ( ! MANAG]S1 :O BESIEG$ ! GOV]NM5T ) PETITIONS TO UPHOLD ! ANCI5T LAW & SUPPRESS ! 0UNLAWFUL0 ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,& P>LIAM5T PROMPTLY RESPOND$ TO ?IS DEM& BY PASS+ ! SO-CALL$ ,COMB9ATION ,ACTS ( #a#g#i#i-#a#h1 :I* PROHIBIT$ ALL COMB9ATIONS = ! PURPOSE ( RAIS+ WAGES OR IMPROV+ ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( WORK & IMPOS$ SEV]E P5ALTIES = VIOLATION4 

,?US LABOR WAS GIV5 OV] UNCONDITIONALLY TO EXPLOITATION BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL1 & WAS FAC$ ) ! ALT]NATIVES (1 EI!R SUBMITT+ TO ! LAW & ACCEPT+ )\T RESI/ANCE ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ?IS 5TAIL$1 OR BREAK+ ! LAW :I* HAD CONDEMN$ !M TO \TRI<T SLAV]Y4 ,CONFRONT$ ) SU* A *OICE ! DECISION C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 TOO DIFFICULT = ! MORE C\RAGE\S SECTION ( ! WORK]S1 AS !Y HAD SC>CELY MORE TO LOSE ANYWAY4 ,!Y DEFI$ ! LAW :I* MOCK$ AT HUMAN DIGNITY1 & TRI$ BY EV]Y MEANS TO GET >\ND ITS PROVISIONS4 ,S9CE ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* W]E AT FIR/ PURELY LOCAL 9 *>ACT] & CONF9$ TO P>TICUL> 9DU/RIES1 HAD BE5 DEPRIV$ ( ! LEGAL RI<T TO EXI/1 !RE SPRANG UP ALL OV] ! C\NTRY SO-CALL$ MUTUAL B5EFIT ASSOCIATIONS OR SIMIL> 9NOCU\S BODIES1 HAV+ AS !IR SOLE PURPOSE ! DIV]T+ ( ATT5TION FROM ! ACTUAL FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PROLET>IANS4 

,= ! 9N] CORE ( !SE OP5 ASSOCIATIONS WAS COMPOS$ ( ! SECRET CONSPIRATORY BRO!RHOODS ( ! MILITANT ELEM5T AMONG ! WORK]S1 SMALL] OR L>G] GR\PS ( DET]M9$ M51 B\ND BY AN OA? TO PR(\NDE/ SECRECY & MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE4 ,9 ! NOR!RN 9DU/RIAL SECTIONS ( ,5GL& & 9 ,SCOTL& 9 P>TICUL> !RE W]E A L>GE NUMB] ( !SE SECRET ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* C>RI$ ON ! FI<T AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S & SPURR$ ! WORK]S TO RESI/ANCE4 ,IT LAY 9 ! NATURE ( ! AFFAIR ?AT MO/ ( !SE /RUGGLES ASSUM$ AN EXTREMELY VIOL5T *>ACT]1 AS IS EASY TO UND]/& :5 WE CONSID] ! MIS]ABLE SITUATION ( ! WORK]S RESULT+ FROM ! DISA/R\S DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & ! PITILESS PROSECUTIONS FOLL[+ EV5 ! MO/ MODE/ ATTEMPT AT IMPROVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN /&>D ( LIV+4 ,ANY VIOLATION ( ! LETT] ( ! LAW WAS VISIT$ ) HORRIBLE PUNI%M5T4 ,EV5 AFT] TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS W]E LEGALLY RECOGNIZ$ 9 #a#h#b#d1 ! PROSECUTIONS DID NOT CEASE = A LONG TIME4 ,CONSCI5CELESS JUDGES1 OP5LY & CYNICALLY PROTECT+ ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! EMPLOY]S1 9FLICT$ HUNDR$S ( YE>S IMPRISONM5T ON 9SUBORD9ATE WORK]S1 & A CONSID]ABLE TIME ELAPS$ BE=E SOME:AT 5DURABLE CONDITIONS PREVAIL$4 

,9 #a#h#a#b1 ! SECRET LABOR ORGANIZATIONS BR\<T AB\T A G5]AL /RIKE ( ! WEAV]S 9 ,GLASG[4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S ! :OLE ( ,NOR!RN ,5GL& WAS CONT9UALLY %AK5 BY /RIKES & UNRE/ AMONG ! WORK]S :I* F9ALLY CULM9AT$ 9 ! GREAT /RIKE ( ! SP9N]S & WEAV]S 9 ,LANCA/]%IRE 9 #a#h#a#h1 9 :I* ! WORK]S1 9 ADDITION TO ! USUAL DEM& = HI<] WAGES1 CALL$ = RE=M ( FACTORY LEGISLATION & HUMANE REGULATION ( ! LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,! SAME YE> BR\<T ! GREAT /RIKE ( ! ,SCOTTI% M9]S1 :I* WAS /AG$ BY !IR SECRET ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ! GREAT] P>T ( ! ,SCOTTI% TEXTILE 9DU/RY WAS P]IODICALLY CRIPPL$ BY CESSATION ( LABOR4 ,(T5 ! /RIKES W]E ACCOMPANI$ BY >SON1 DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY & PUBLIC DISORD]1 SO ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS FREQU5TLY UND] ! NECESSITY ( ?R[+ ! MILITIA 9TO ! 9DU/RIAL SECTIONS4 

,AS LAT] 9 EV]Y O!R C\NTRY1 SO !N 9 ,5GL&1 ! RES5TM5T ( ! WORK]S WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! MA*9ES1 ! SOCIAL IMPORTANCE ( :I* !Y DID NOT YET RECOGNIZE1 & :I* W]E ! IMM$IATE CAUSE ( !IR WANT4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#g#f#i1 A SPECIAL LAW HAD BE5 5ACT$ = ! PROTECTION ( ! MA*9ES2 BUT LAT]1 :5 ! APPLICATION ( /EAM P[] />T$ A RAPID ADVANCE 9 MA*9E PRODUCTION1 &1 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 P>TICUL>1 ?\S&S ( H&WORK]S W]E ROBB$ ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & PLUNG$ 9TO DEEPE/ MIS]Y1 ! DE/RUCTION ( MA*9ES BECAME AN EV]YDAY OCCURR5CE4 ,?IS WAS ! P]IOD ( SO-CALL$ ,LUDDISM4 ,9 #a#h#a#a1 OV] TWO HUNDR$ MA*9E LOOMS W]E DE/ROY$ 9 ,NOTT+HAM4 ,9 ,>NOLD1 :]E ! 9TRODUCTION ( /OCK+-WEAV+ MA*9]Y HAD ?R[N HUNDR$S ( ! OLD /OCK+ WEAV]S ON ! PAYM5T1 ! WORK]S /ORM$ ! FACTORIES & DEMOLI%$ SIXTY ( ! NEW MA*9ES1 EA* ( :I* REPRES5T$ AN 9VE/M5T ( =TY P\NDS4 ,SIMIL> P]=MANCES W]E REPEAT$ EV]Y:]E4 

,:AT WAS ! GOOD ( LAWS1 SO LONG AS ! NE$ ( ! PROLET>IAN POPULATION WAS /EADILY 9CREAS+1 & MANAGEM5T & GOV]NM5T HAD NEI!R UND]/&+ NOR SYMPA?Y = !IR SITUATION6 ,K+ ,LUDD #a MADE HIS ROYAL 5TRY 9 9DU/RIAL CIRCLES EV]Y:]E1 & EV5 ! H>%E/ LAWS W]E UNABLE TO PUT A /OP TO HIS WORK ( DE/RUCTION4 0,/OP HIM :O D>ES2 /OP HIM :O CAN60 WAS ! WAT*WORD ( ! SECRET WORK]'S SOCIETIES4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( ! MA*9ES CEAS$ ONLY :5 A NEW UND]/&+ ( ! MATT] >OSE AMONG !MSELVES1 & !Y CAME TO SEE ?AT !Y C\LD NOT HALT TE*NICAL PROGRESS BY ?IS MEANS4 

,9 #a#h#a#b1 P>LIAM5T 5ACT$ A LAW IMPOS+ ! DEA? P5ALTY = ! DE/RUCTION ( MA*9ES4 ,IT WAS ON ?IS OCCASION ?AT ,LORD ,BYRON DELIV]$ HIS CELEBRAT$ 9DICTM5T ( ! GOV]NM5T & IRONICALLY DEM&$ ?AT1 IF ! BLOODY LAW WAS TO BE PUT 9TO =CE1 ! H\SE %\LD PROVIDE ?AT ! JURY %\LD ALWAYS CONSI/ ( TWELVE BUT*]S4 #b 

,! (FICIALS PUT A PRICE ( =TY ?\S& P\NDS 9 ! HEADS ( ! LEAD]S ( ! UND]GR\ND MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,JANU>Y ( #a#h#a#c1 EI<TE5 WORK]S CONVICT$ ( ,LUDDISM W]E HANG$ AT ,YORK1 & ! DEPORTATION ( ORGANIZ$ WORK]S TO ! P5AL COLONIES 9 ,AU/RALIA 9CREAS$ AT A FRI<TFUL RATE4 ,BUT ! MOVEM5T ITSELF ONLY GREW ! FA/]1 P>TICUL>LY :5 ! GREAT BUS9ESS CRISIS SET 9 AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S1 & ! DIS*>G$ SOLDI]S & SAILORS W]E ADD$ TO ! >MIES ( ! UNEMPLOY$4 ,?IS SITUATION WAS MADE /ILL T5S] BY SEV]AL %ORT H>VE/S & ! NOTORI\S CORN LAWS ( #a#h#a#e1 BY :I* ! PRICE ( BREAD WAS RAIS$ >TIFICIALLY4 

,BUT AL?\< ?IS FIR/ PHASE ( ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T WAS 9 GREAT P>T A VIOL5T ONE1 IT /ILL WAS NOT REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! PROP] S5SE4 ,= ?IS IT LACK$ ?AT PROP] UND]/&+ ( ! ACTUAL CAUSES ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROCESSES :I* ONLY ,SOCIALISM C\LD GIVE IT4 ,ITS VIOL5T ME?ODS W]E M]ELY ! RESULT ( ! BRUTAL VIOL5CE :I* WAS 9FLICT$ ON ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,BUT ! ME?ODS ( ! Y\NG MOVEM5T W]E NOT DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS SU* AT ALL1 BUT M]ELY AT ! ABOLI%M5T ( ITS MO/ P]NICI\S EXCRESC5CES & AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A DEC5T HUMAN /&>D ( LIV+ = ! PROLET>IAT4 0,A FAIR DAYS' PAY = A FAIR DAY'S WORK0 WAS ! SLOGAN ( !SE FIR/ UNIONS1 & :5 ! EMPLOY]S RESI/$ ?IS MODE/ & C]TA9LY FULLY JU/IFI$ DEM& ( ! WORK]S ) ! UTMO/ BRUTALITY1 ! LATT] W]E OBLIG$ TO RESORT TO :ATEV] ME?ODS W]E AVAILABLE TO !M UND] ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS4 

,! GREAT HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! MOVEM5T LAY AT FIR/ LESS 9 ITS ACTUAL SOCIAL OBJECTIVES ?AN 9 ITS SIMPLE EXI/5CE4 ,IT GAVE A FOOT+ ONCE MORE TO ! UPROOT$ MASSES :I* ! PRESSURE ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS HAD DRIV5 9TO ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,IT REVIV$ !IR SOCIAL S5SE4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S AWAK5$ ! SOLID>ITY ( ! WORK]S & GAVE NEW MEAN+ TO !IR LIVES4 ,IT BREA!D NEW HOPE 9TO ! VICTIMS ( AN ECONOMY ( UNRE/RICT$ EXPLOITATION & %[$ !M A C\RSE :I* (F]$ !M ! POSSIBILITY ( SAFEGU>D+ !IR LIVES & DEF5D+ !IR \TRAG$ HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,IT /R5G!N$ ! WORK]S' SELF-RELIANCE & GAVE !M CONFID5CE 9 ! FUTURE ONCE MORE4 ,IT TRA9$ ! WORK]S 9 SELF-DISCIPL9E & ORGANIZ$ RESI/ANCE1 & DEVELOP$ 9 !M ! CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR /R5G? & !IR IMPORTANCE AS A SOCIAL FACTOR 9 ! LIFE ( !IR TIME4 ,?IS WAS ! GREAT MORAL S]VICE ( ?AT MOVEM5T :I* WAS BORN ( ! NECESSITIES ( ! SITUATION1 & :I* ONLY HE CAN UND]VALUE :O IS BL9D TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS & )\T SYMPA?Y = ! SUFF]+S ( HIS FELL[ M54 

,:51 !N1 9 #a#h#b#d1 ! LAWS AGA9/ ! COMB9ATION ( WORK]S W]E REPEAL$1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T & ?AT SECTION ( ! MIDDLE CLASS POSSESS$ ( 9SI<T HAD AT LA/ BECOME CONV9C$ ?AT EV5 ! H>%E/ P]SECUTION W\LD NEV] BREAK UP ! MOVEM5T1 ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S SPREAD OV] ! 5TIRE C\NTRY AT AN UNDREAM$-( RATE4 ,! E>LI] LOCAL GR\PS COMB9$ 9TO L>G] UNIONS & ?US GAVE TO ! MOVEM5T ITS REAL IMPORTANCE4 ,EV5 ! REACTION>Y TURNS 9 ! GOV]NM5T W]E NO LONG] ABLE TO CONTROL ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y M]ELY 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( VICTIMS AMONG ITS ADH]5TS1 BUT !Y C\LD NOT TURN BACK ! MOVEM5T ITSELF4 

,! NEW UPSURGE ( POLITICAL RADICALISM 9 ,5GL& AFT] ! LONG ,FR5* W>S NATURALLY HAD A /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS ALSO4 ,M5 LIKE ,BURDETT1 ,H5RY ,HUNT1 ,MAJOR ,C>TWRI<T1 & ABOVE ALL ,WILLIAM ,COBBETT1 :OSE PAP] ! ,POLITICAL ,REGI/]1 AFT] ! PRICE HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO TWOP5CE1 ATTA9$ A CIRCULATION ( SIXTY ?\S&1 W]E ! 9TELLECTUAL HEADS ( ! NEW RE=M MOVEM5T4 ,?IS WAS DIRECT+ ITS ATTACKS *IEFLY AGA9/ ! CORN LAWS1 ! ,COMB9ATION ,ACTS ( #a#g#i#i-#a#h1 & MO/ ( ALL1 AGA9/ ! CORRUPT ELECTORAL SY/EM UND] :I* EV5 A L>GE P>T ( ! MIDDLE CLASS WAS EXCLUD$ FROM ! FRAN*ISE4 ,HUGE MASS MEET+S 9 EV]Y SECTION ( ! C\NTRY1 & P>TICUL>LY 9 ! NOR!RN 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS1 SET ! POPULACE 9 MOTION4 ,BUT ! REACTION>Y GOV]NM5T UND] ,CA/L]EA< OPPOS$ ANY RE=M1 & WAS DET]M9$ FROM ! FIR/ TO PUT AN 5D TO ! RE=M PROCESS BY =CE4 ,:5 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#h#a#i1 SIXTY ?\S& PEOPLE P\R$ 9TO ! ,PET]SFIELD 9 ,MAN*E/] TO =MULATE A MASS PETITION TO ! GOV]NM5T1 ! ASSEMBLY WAS DISP]S$ BY ! MILITIA1 & F\R HUNDR$ P]SONS W]E W\ND$ OR KILL$4 

,TO ! /ORMY \TBUR/ 9 ! C\NTRY AGA9/ ! 9/IGATORS ( ! MASSACRE ( 0,PET]LOO0 ! GOV]NM5T REPLI$ ) ! NOTORI\S SIX GAG LAWS1 BY :I* ! RI<T ( ASSEMBLY & FRE$OM ( ! PRESS W]E 9 EFFECT SUSP5D$ & ! RE=M]S MADE LIABLE TO ! H>%E/ PROSECUTION4 ,BY ! SO-CALL$ 0,CATO ,/REET ,CONSPIRACY10 9 :I* ,>?UR ,?I/LEWOOD & HIS ASSOCIATES PLANN$ ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,BRITI% ,CAB9ET1 ! GOV]NM5T WAS GIV5 ! WI%$ = OPPORTUNITY TO PROCE$ ) DRACONIC SEV]ITY AGA9/ ! RE=M MOVEM5T4 ,ON ,MAY #a1 #a#h#b1 ,?I/LEWOOD & F\R ( HIS COMRADES PAID = !IR ATTEMPT ON ! GALL[S3 ! HABEAS CORPUS ACT WAS SUSP5D$ = TWO YE>S1 & ,5GL& WAS DELIV]$ TO A REACTION>Y REGIME :I* RESPECT$ NONE ( ! RI<TS ( ITS CITIZ5S4 

,?IS PUT A /OP TO ! MOVEM5T = ! TIME BE+4 ,!N ! ,JULY REVOLUTION ( #ahc 9 ,FRANCE L$ TO A REVIVAL ( ! ,5GLI% RE=M MOVEM5T1 :I*1 ?IS TIME1 TOOK ON AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T *>ACT]4 ,! FI<T = P>LIAM5T>Y RE=M FL>$ UP ANEW4 ,BUT AFT] ! B\RGEOISIE SAW ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR DEM&S SATISFI$ BY ! ,RE=M ,BILL ( #a#h#c#b1 A VICTORY :I* !Y [N$ ONLY TO ! 5]GETIC SUPPORT ( ! WORK]S1 !Y OPPOS$ ALL FUR!R ATTEMPTS AT RE=M1 LOOK+ T[>DS UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 & LEFT ! WORK]S TO DEP>T EMPTY-H&$4 ,NOT ONLY ?AT3 ! NEW P>LIAM5T 5ACT$ A NUMB] ( REACTION>Y LAWS BY :I* ! WORK]S' RI<T TO ORGANIZE WAS AGA9 S]I\SLY ?REAT5$4 ,! %9+ EXAMPLES AMONG !SE NEW LAWS W]E ! NOTORI\S POOR LAWS ( #a#h#c#d1 TO :I* REF]5CE HAS ALREADY BE5 MADE4 ,! WORK]S FELT ?AT !Y HAD BE5 SOLD & BETRAY$1 & ?IS FEEL+ L$ TO A COMPLETE BREAK ) ! MIDDLE CLASS4 

,! NEW RE=M MOVEM5T FROM N[ ON F\ND VIGOR\S EXPRESSION 9 ! DEVELOP+ ,*>TISM1 :I*1 IT IS TRUE1 WAS SUPPORT$ BY A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOISIE1 BUT 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5T EV]Y:]E TOOK & 5]GETIC P>T4 ,*>TISM1 ( C\RSE1 HAD 9SCRIB$ ON ITS BANN] ! CELEBRAT$ SIX PO9TS ( ! *>T]1 :I* AIM$ AT RADICAL P>LIAM5T>Y RE=M1 BUT IT HAD ALSO APPROPRIAT$ ALL ! SOCIAL DEM&S ( ! WORK]S & WAS TRY+ BY EV]Y =M ( DIRECT ATTACK TO TRANS=M !SE 9TO REALITIES4 ,?US ,J4,R4 ,/EV5S1 ONE ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL LEAD]S ( ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T1 DECL>$ BE=E A GREAT MASS MEET+ 9 ,MAN*E/] ?AT ,*>TISM WAS NOT A POLITICAL QUE/ION :I* W\LD BE SETTL$ BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 BUT WAS 9/EAD TO BE REG>D$ AS A 0BREAD & BUTT] QUE/ION10 S9CE ! *>T] W\LD MEAN GOOD HOMES1 ABUNDANT FOOD1 HUMAN ASSOCIATIONS & %ORT H\RS ( LABOR = ! WORK]S4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT PROPAG&A = ! CELEBRAT$ ,T5-,H\R ,BILL PLAY$ SU* AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! MOVEM5T4 

,) ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T ,5GL& HAD 5T]$ UPON A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 & WIDE CIRCLES ( BO? ! B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK+ CLASS W]E CONV9C$ ?AT A CIVIL W> WAS CLOSE AT H&4 ,HUGE MASS MEET+S 9 EV]Y SECTION ( ! C\NTRY TE/IFI$ TO ! RAPID SPREAD ( ! MOVEM5T1 & NUM]\S /RIKES & CON/ANT UNRE/ 9 ! CITIES GAVE IT A ?REAT5+ ASPECT4 ,! FRI<T5$ EMPLOY]S ORGANIZ$ NUM]\S >M$ LEAGUES 0= ! PROTECTION ( P]SONS & PROP]TY0 9 ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,?IS L$ TO ! WORK]S ALSO BEG9N+ TO >M4 ,BY A RESOLUTION ( ! ,*>TI/ CONV5TION1 :I* CONV5$ 9 ,LONDON 9 ,M>* ( #a#h#c#i1 & WAS LAT] MOV$ TO ,BIRM+HAM1 FIFTE5 ( !IR BE/ ORATORS W]E S5T \T TO EV]Y SECTION ( ! C\NTRY TO MAKE ! PEOPLE AQUAT9T$ ) ! AIMS ( ! MOVEM5T & TO COLLECT SIGNATURES TO ! ,*>TI/ PETITION4 ,!IR MEET+S W]E ATT5D$ BY HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S1 & %[$ :AT A RESPONSE ! MOVEM5T HAD >\S$ AMONG ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 

,*>TISM HAD A L>GE NUMB] ( 9TELLIG5T & SELF-SACRIFIC+ SPOKESM5 7SU* AS ,WILLIAM ,LOVELL1 ,FE>GUS ,O',CONNOR1 ,BRANT]RE ,O',BRI51 ,J4,R4 ,/EPH5S1 ,H5RY ,HE!R+TON1 ,JAMES ,WATSON1 ,H5RY ,V9C5T1 ,JOHN ,TAYLOR1 ,A4,H4 ,BEAUMONT1 ,]NE/ ,JONES1 TO M5TION ONLY A FEW ( ! BE/ KN[N47 ,IT COMM&$1 9 ADDITION1 A FAIRLY WIDESPREAD PRESS1 ( :I* PAP]S LIKE,! ,POOR ,MAN'S ,GU>DIAN & ! ,NOR!RN ,/> EX]T$ ! GREATE/ 9FLU5CE4 ,*>TISM WAS1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 NOT A MOVEM5T ) DEF9ITE AIMS1 BUT RA!R A CAT*BAS9 = ! SOCIAL DISCONT5T ( ! TIME1 BUT IT DID EFFECT A %AK+-UP1 ESPECIALLY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :OM IT MADE RECEPTIVE TO F>-REA*+ SOCIAL AIMS4 ,SOCIALISM ALSO =G$ VIGOR\SLY AHEAD DUR+ ! ,*>TI/ P]IOD1 & ! IDEAS ( ,WILLIAM ,?OMPSON1 ,JOHN ,GRAY1 & ESPECIALLY ( ,ROB]T ,[51 BEGAN TO SPREAD MORE WIDELY AMONG ! ,5GLI% WORK]S4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM & ! ,RH9E C\NTRY ALSO1 :]E 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM FIR/ E/ABLI%$ ITSELF ON ! ,CONT95T1 IT WAS EV]Y:]E ACCOMPANI$ BY ! SAME PH5OM5A & L$1 ( NECESSITY1 TO ! 9ITIAL /AGES ( A LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,& ?IS MOVEM5T MANIFE/$ ITSELF AT FIR/ 9 EV]Y C\NTRY 9 ! SAME PRIMITIVE =M1 :I* ONLY GRADUALLY YIELD$ TO A BETT] UND]/&+1 UNTIL AT LA/ ITS P]MEATION BY ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS 5D[$ IT ) L(TI] CONCEPTIONS & OP5$ = IT NEW SOCIAL \TLOOKS4 ,! ALLIANCE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T ) ,SOCIALISM WAS ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE = BO?4 ,BUT ! POLITICAL IDEAS :I* 9FLU5C$ ?IS1 ?AT OR ! O!R ,SOCIALI/ S*OOL DET]M9$ ! *>ACT] ( ! MOVEM5T 9 EA* 9/ANCE1 & ITS \TLOOK = ! FUTURE AS WELL4 

,:ILE C]TA9 S*OOLS ( ,SOCIALISM REMA9$ QUITE 9DIFF]5T OR UNSYMPA!TIC TO ! Y\NG LABOR MOVEM5T1 O!RS ( !M REALIZ$ ! REAL IMPORTANCE ( ?IS MOVEM5T AS ! NECESS>Y PRELIM9>Y TO ! REALIZATION ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,!Y UND]/OOD ?AT IT MU/ BE !IR TASK TO TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! EV]YDAY /RUGGLES ( ! WORK]S1 SO AS TO MAKE CLE> TO ! TOIL+ MASSES ! 9TIMATE CONNECTION BETWE5 !IR IMM$IATE DEM&S & ! ,SOCIALI/ OBJECTIVES4 ,= !SE /RUGGLES1 GR[+ \T ( ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T1 S]VE TO BR+ AB\T A CORRECT UND]/&+ ( ! PR(\ND IMPORTANCE ( ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT = ! COMPLETE SUPPRESSION ( WAGE SLAV]Y4 ,AL?\< SPRUNG FROM ! IMM$IATE NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 ! MOVEM5T1 NEV]!LESS1 BORE )9 IT ! G]M ( ?+S TO COME1 & !SE W]E TO SET NEW GOALS = LIFE4 ,EV]Y?+ NEW >ISES FROM ! REALITIES ( VITAL BE+4 ,NEW WORLDS >E NOT BORN 9 ! VACUUM ( AB/RACT IDEAS1 BUT 9 ! FI<T = DAILY BREAD 9 ?AT H>D & CEASELESS /RUGGLE :I* ! NE$S & WORRIES ( ! H\R DEM& JU/ TO TAKE C>E ( ! 9DISP5SABLE REQUIREM5TS ( LIFE4 ,9 ! CON/ANT W>F>E AGA9/ ! ALREADY EXI/+1 ! NEW %APES ITSELF & COMES TO FRUITION4 ,HE :O DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO VALUE ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! H\R WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO CONQU] A BETT] FUTURE = HIMSELF & HIS FELL[S4 

,FROM ! DAILY BATTLES AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S & !IR ALLIES1 ! WORK]S GRADUALLY LE>N ! DEEP] MEAN+ ( ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,AT FIR/ !Y PURSUE ONLY ! IMM$IATE PURPOSE ( IMPROV+ ! /ATUS ( ! PRODUC]S )9 ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]1 BUT GRADUALLY !Y LAY B>E ! ROOT ( ! EVIL--MONOPOLY ECONOMY & ITS POLITICAL & SOCIAL ACCOMPANIM5TS4 ,= ! ATTA9M5T ( SU* AN UND]/&+ ! EV]YDAY /RUGGLES >E BETT] $UCATIVE MAT]IAL ?AN ! F9E/ !ORETICAL DISCUSSIONS4 ,NO?+ CAN SO IMPRESS ! M9D & S\L ( ! WORK] AS ?IS 5DUR+ BATTLE = DAILY BREAD1 NO?+ MAKES HIM SO RECEPTIVE TO ! TEA*+S ( ,SOCIALISM AS ! 9CESSANT /RUGGLE = ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 

,JU/ AS 9 ! TIME ( FEUDAL DOM9ATION ! BOND M5 PEASANTS BY !IR FREQU5T UPRIS+S--:I* HAD AT FIR/ ONLY ! PURPOSE ( WRE/+ FROM ! FEUDAL LORDS C]TA9 CONCESSIONS :I* W\LD MEAN SOME BETT]M5T ( !IR DRE>Y /&>D ( LIV+--PREP>$ ! WAY = ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION BY :I* ! ABOLITION ( FEUDAL PRIVILEGES WAS PRACTICALLY BR\<T AB\T2 SO ! 9NUM]ABLE LABOR WAS )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY CON/ITUTE1 ONE MI<T SAY1 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ?AT GREAT SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! FUTURE :I* %ALL MAKE ,SOCIALISM A LIV+ REALITY4 ,)\T ! 9CESSANT REVOLTS ( ! PEASANTRY--,TA9E REPORTS ?AT BETWE5 #a<a & ! /ORM+ ( ! ,BA/ILLE NE>LY FIVE HUNDR$ ( !SE REVOLTS OCCURR$ 9 ALMO/ EV]Y P>T ( ,FRANCE--! IDEA ( ! P]NICI\SNESS ( ! :OLE SY/EM ( S]FDOM & FEUDALISM W\LD NEV] HAVE 5T]$ ! HEADS ( ! MASSES4 

,?AT IS JU/ H[ IT /&S ) ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /RUGGLES ( ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT W\LD BE UTT]LY WRONG TO E/IMATE !SE M]ELY ON ! BASIS ( !IR MAT]IAL ORIG9 OR !IR PRACTICAL RESULTS & TO OV]LOOK !IR DEEP] PSY*OLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,ONLY FROM ! EV]YDAY CONFLICTS BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL C\LD ! DOCTR9ES ( ,SOCIALISM1 :I* HAD >IS5 9 ! M9DS ( 9DIVIDUAL ?9K]S1 TAKE ON FLE% & BLOOD & ACQUIRE ?AT PECULI> *>ACT] :I* MAKE ( !M A MASS MOVEM5T1 ! EMBODIM5T ( A NEW CULTURAL IDEAL = ! FUTURE4 

,NOTES 

#a ,! ORIG9 ( ! WORD IS VEIL$ 9 D>KNESS4 ,SOME TRACE IT TO A WEAV] BY ! NAME ( ,N$ ,LUDD1 BUT !RE IS NO HI/ORICAL BASIS = ?IS4 9 SOME REGIONS !Y TALK$ ( 0,JACK ,SW+0 & 0,GREAT ,5O*10 BUT ! MEAN+ ( ALL ! NAMES WAS ! SAME4 

#b ,LORD ,BYRON FELT A /RONG SYMPA?Y = ! ,LUDDITES1 AS IS %[N BY ONE ( HIS POEMS1 ! FIR/ /ANZA ( :I* RUNS3 
0,AS ! ,LIB]TY LADS O'] ! SEA 

,B\<T !IR FRE$OM1 & *EAPLY1 ) BLOOD1 

,SO WE1 BOYS1 WE 

,WILL DIE FI<T+1 OR LIVE FREE 

,& D[N ) ALL K+S BUT ,K+ ,LUDD60 

,PREVI\S ,*APT]  ,MA9 PAGE  ,GO TO ,*APT] #c 

7,A,N,>,*,O,S,Y,N,D,I,C,A,L,I,S,M IS AVAILABLE 9 PR9T =M FROM ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 9  
,ANGEL ,ALLEY1 #h#dB ,:ITE*APEL ,HI< ,/REET1 ,LONDON ,E#a1 ,5GL&2 ,PH5IX  
,PRESS1 ,B,M ,BOOKS]V1 ,LONDON ,W,C#a,N #c,X,X1 ,5GL&1 OR ,PLUTO ,PRESS1 #cde  
,>*WAY ,ROAD1 ,LONDON ,N#f #e,A,A1 ,5GL&47 

,M>K$ UP BY ,*UCK ,MUNSON ON ,JULY #b#i?1 #aiif 

,FROM 3 ,SPUNK4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicg 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/