,*APT] #c 
,! ,=]UNN]S ( ,SYNDICALISM 

#ai*ai* 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#c4 ,! ,=]UNN]S ( ,SYNDICALISM 

,ROB]T ,[5 & ! ,5GLI% LABOR MOVEM5T2 ,! ,GR& ,NATIONAL ,CONSOLIDAT$ ,TRADE ,UNION2 ,WILLIAM ,B5B[ & ! IDEA ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE2 ,! P]IOD ( REACTION2 ,EVOLUTION ( ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,FRANCE2 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION2 ,! NEW CONCEPTION ( TRADE UNIONISM2 ,! IDEA ( ! LABOR C\NCILS2 ,LABOR C\NCILS V]SUS DICTATOR%IPS2 ,BAKUN9 ON ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S2 ,! 9TRODUCTION ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS BY ,M>X & ,5GELS & ! 5D ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4  

,! P]MEATION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T BY ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS E>LY L$ TO T5D5CIES :I* HAD AN UNMI/AKABLE RELATION%IP TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM ( \R DAY4 ,!SE T5D5CIES DEVELOP$ FIR/ 9 ,5GL&1 ! MO!R C\NTRY ( CAPITALI/ BIG 9DU/RY1 & = A TIME /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ ! ADVANC$ SECTIONS ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,AFT] ! REPEAL ( ! ,COMB9ATION ,ACTS1 ! EF=T ( ! WORK]S WAS DIRECT$ *IEFLY TO GIV+ A BROAD] *>ACT] TO !IR TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 AS PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE HAD %[N !M ?AT PURELY LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS C\LD NOT PROVIDE ! NE$$ SUPPORT 9 !IR /RUGGLES = DAILY BREAD4 ,/ILL !SE EF=TS W]E NOT AT FIR/ BAS$ ON ANY V]Y PR(\ND SOCIAL CONCEPTS4 ,! WORK]S1 9S(> AS !Y W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ! POLITICAL RE=M MOVEM5T ( ?AT TIME1 HAD NO GOAL :ATEV] 9 VIEW \TSIDE ! IMM$IATE BETT]M5T ( !IR ECONOMIC /ATUS4 ,NOT UNTIL ! BEG9N+ ( ! #c'S DID ! 9FLU5CE ( ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS ON ! ,5GLI% LABOR MOVEM5T BECOME PLA9LY APP>5T1 & ITS APPE>ANCE !N IS TO BE ASCRIB$ *IEFLY TO ! /IRR+ PROPAG&A ( ,ROB]T ,[5 & HIS FOLL[]S4 

,A FEW YE>S BE=E ! CONV5+ ( ! SO-CALL$ ,RE=M ,P>LIAM5T ! ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASSES  WAS F\ND$1 ITS MO/ IMPORTANT COMPON5T P>T BE+ ! WORK]S 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES4 ,?IS COMB9ATION HAD SUMM$ UP ITS DEM&S 9 ! FOLL[+ F\R PO9TS3 #a4 ,TO EV]Y WORK] ! FULL VALUE ( HIS LABOR4 #b4 ,PROTECTION ( ! WORK] AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S BY EV]Y APPROPRIATE MEANS1 :I* MEANS WILL DEVELOP AUTOMATICALLY \T ( ! CURR5T CONDITIONS4 #c4 ,! RE=M ( P>LIAM5T & UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE = BO? M5 & WOM54 #d4 ,$UCATION ( WORK]S 9 ECONOMIC PROBLEMS4 ,ONE RECOGNIZES 9 !SE DEM&S ! /RONG 9FLU5CE ( ! POLITICAL RE=M MOVEM5T :I* JU/ AT ?AT TIME HELD ! 5TIRE C\NTRY UND] ITS SPELL3 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ONE NOTICES EXPRESSIONS :I* >E BORR[$ FROM ! DOCTR9ES ( ,ROB]T ,[54 

,! YE> #ahcb BR\<T ! ,RE=M ,BILL1 BY :I* ! LA/ POLITICAL ILLUSIONS = L>GE CIRCLES ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS W]E DE/ROY$4 ,:5 ! BILL HAD BECOME LAW IT WAS SE5 ?AT ! MIDDLE CLASS HAD1 9DE$1 WON A GREAT VICTORY OV] ! >I/OCRATIC L&[N]S1 BUT ! WORK]S RECOGNIZ$ ?AT !Y HAD BE5 BETRAY$ AGA91 & ?AT !Y HAD M]ELY BE5 US$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE TO PULL ITS *E/NUTS \T ( ! FIRE4 ,! RESULT WAS A G5]AL DISILLUSIONM5T & ! /EADILY SPRAWL+ CONVICTION ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD F9D NO HELP 9 AN ALLIANCE ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IF1 BE=E !N1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAD BE5 AN ACTUALITY :I* ROSE SPONTANE\SLY \T ( ! CONFLICT+ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! POSSESS+ & NON-POSSESS+ CLASSES1 IT HAD N[ TAK5 %APE AS A DEF9ITE CONVICTION 9 ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S & GAVE A DET]M9ATE C\RSE TO !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,?IS TURN 9 ! ?9K+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS CLE>LY REVEAL$ 9 NUM]\S UTT]ANCES 9 LABOR PRESS DUR+ ?OSE YE>S4 ,! WORK]S W]E BEG9N+ TO UND]/& ?AT !IR REAL /R5G? LAY 9 !IR *>ACT] AS PRODUC]S4 ,! MORE KE5LY AW>E !Y BECAME ( ! FIASCO ( !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! POLITICAL RE=M MOVEM5T1 ! MORE FIRMLY ROOT$ BECAME !IR NEWLY ACQUIR$ UND]/&+ ( !IR [N ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 9 SOCIETY4 

,!Y W]E /R5G!N$ 9 ?IS CONVICTION 9 HI< DEGREE BY ! PROPAG&A ( ,ROB]T ,[51 :O AT ?AT TIME WAS GA9+ CON/ANTLY /RONG] 9FLU5CE 9 ! RANKS ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR4 ,[5 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! /EADY GR[? ( TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS FURNI%$ A FIRM BASIS = HIS EF=TS AT A FUNDAM5TAL ALT]ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ORD]1 & ?IS FILL$ HIM ) HI< HOPES4 ,HE %[$ ! WORK]S ?AT ! EXI/+ CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR C\LD NEV] BE SETTL$ BY ORD9>Y BATTLES OV] WAGES1 ?\<1 9 FACT1 HE BY NO MEANS OV]LOOK$ ! GREAT IMPORTANCE ( !SE TO ! WORK]S4 ,ON ! O!R H& HE /ROVE TO CONV9CE ! WORK]S ?AT !Y C\LD EXPECT NO?+ :ATEV] FROM LEGISLATIVE BODIES1 & MU/ TAKE !IR AFFAIRS 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,!SE IDEAS F\ND WILL+ E>S AMONG ! ADVANC$ SECTORS ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS1 & FIR/ MANIFE/$ !MSELVES /RONGLY AMONG ! BUILD+ TRADES4 ,! ,BUILD]S' ,UNION1 9 :I* W]E COMB9$ A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( LOCAL LABOR UNIONS1 WAS AT ?AT TIME ONE ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ & MO/ ACTIVE ( LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 & WAS A ?ORN 9 ! FLE% ( ! MANAG]S4 ,9 ! YE> #a#h#c#a1 ,[5 HAD PRES5T$ HIS PLANS = ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY BE=E A MEET+ ( DELEGATES ( ?IS UNION 9 ,MAN*E/]4 ,! PLANS AM\NT$ TO A K9D ( ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM & CALL$ = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( PRODUC]'S COOP]ATIVES UND] ! CONTROL ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,! PROPOSALS W]E ADOPT$1 & %ORTLY AFT] ?IS ! ,BUILD]S' ,UNION WAS 9VOLV$ 9 A LONG S]I\S ( SEV]E CONFLICTS1 ! UNHAPPY \TCOME ( :I* S]I\SLY ?REAT5$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! ORGANIZATION & PUT A PREMATURE 5D TO ALL EF=TS 9 ! DIRECTION M>K$ \T BY ,[54 

,[5 DID NOT LET HIMSELF BE DISC\RAG$ BY ?IS1 BUT C>RI$ ON HIS ACTIVITIES ) R5EW$ ZEAL4 ,9 #ahcc !RE CONV5$ 9 ,LONDON A CONF]5CE ( TRADE UNIONS & COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 AT :I* ,[5 EXPLA9$ EXHAU/IVELY HIS PLAN = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,FROM ! REPORTS ( ! DELEGATES ONE CAN SEE PLA9LY :AT AN 9FLU5CE !SE IDEAS HAS ALREADY GA9$ & :AT A CREATIVE SPIRIT !N ANIMAT$ ! ADVANC$ CIRCLES ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS4,! ,POOR ,MAN'S ,GU>DIAN V]Y JU/LY SUMM$ UP ITS REPORT ( ! CONF]5CE 9 !SE WORDS30,BUT F> DIFF]5T FROM ! PALTRY OBJECTS ( ALL =M] COMB9ATIONS IS ?AT N[ AIM$ AT BY ! CONGRESS ( DELEGATES4 ,!IR REPORTS %[ ?AT AN 5TIRE *ANGE 9 SOCIETY--A *ANGE AM\NT+ TO A COMPLETE SUBV]SION ( ! EXI/+ ORD] ( ! WORLD--IS CONTEMPLAT$ BY ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,!Y ASPIRE TO BE AT ! TOP 9/EAD ( ! BOTTOM ( SOCIETY--OR RA!R ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO BOTTOM OR TOP AT ALL40 

,! IMM$IATE RESULT ( ?IS CONF]5CE WAS ! F\ND+ ( ! ,GR& ,NATIONAL ,CONSOLIDAT$ ,TRADE ,UNION ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & ,IREL& AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#c#d4 ,!SE W]E /IRR+ TIMES4 ,! :OLE C\NTRY WAS %AK5 BY 9NUM]ABLE /RIKES & LOCK-\TS1 & ! NUMB] ( WORK]S ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADE UNIONS RAPIDLY SO>$ TO #h14 ,! F\ND+ ( ! ,G4,N4,C4 >OSE FROM ! EF=T TO GA!R ! SCATT]$ ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ONE GREAT F$]ATION1 :I* W\LD GIVE GREAT] EFFECTIVE =CE TO ! ACTIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,BUT :AT DI/+UI%$ ?IS ALLIANCE FROM ALL ! EF=TS 9 ?IS DIRECTION :I* HAD BE5 MADE PREVI\SLY WAS ?AT IT /OOD1 NEI!R = PURE TRADE UNIONISM1 NOT = COLLABORATION ( ! WORK]S ) ! POLITICAL RE=M]S4 ,! ,G4,N4,C4 WAS CONCEIV$ AS A FI<T+ ORGANIZATION TO L5D ALL POSSIBLE AID TO ! NE$$ BETT]M5T ( !IR CONDITION1 BUT IT HAD AT ! SAME TIME SET ITSELF ! GOAL ( OV]?R[+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AS A :OLE & REPLAC+ IT ) ! COOP]ATIVE LABOR ( ALL PRODUC]S1 :I* %\LD NO LONG] HAVE 9 VIEW PR(ITS = ALL 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ! SATISFACTION ( ! NE$S ( ALL4 ,! ,G4,N4,C4 WAS1 !N1 TO BE ! FRAMEWORK )9 :I* !SE ASPIRATIONS W\LD F9D EXPRESSION & BE TRANS=M$ 9TO REALITY4 

,! ORGANIZ]S WANT$ TO COMB9E 9 !SE F$]ATIONS ! WORK]S 9 ALL 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS & GR\P !M ACCORD+ TO !IR SPECIAL BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION4 ,EA* 9DU/RY W\LD CON/ITUTE A SPECIAL DIVISION :I* W\LD CONC]N ITSELF ) ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ( !IR PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY & ! RELAT$ ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS4 ,:]EV] ?IS WAS POSSIBLE ! WORK]S 9 ! V>I\S BRAN*ES W]E TO PROCE$ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( COOP]ATIVE PLANTS1 :I* %\LD SELL !IR PRODUCE TO CONSUM]S AT ACTUAL CO/1 9CLUD+ ! EXP5SE ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,UNIV]SAL ORGANIZATION W\LD S]VE TO B9D ! SEP>ATE 9DU/RIES TOGE!R ORGANICALLY1 & TO REGULATE !IR MUTUAL 9T]E/S4 ! EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS ( ! COOP]ATIVE PLANTS WAS TO BE EFFECT$ ?R\< SO-CALL$ LABOR BAZA>S & ! USE ( SPECIAL EX*ANGE-MONEY OR LABOR TICKETS4 ,BY ! /EADY SPREAD ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS !Y HOP$ TO DRIVE CAPITALI/ COMPETITION FROM ! FIELD & ?US TO A*IEVE A COMPLETE REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME !SE COOP]ATIVE AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL UND]TAK+S W]E TO S]VE TO MAKE ! DAY-TO-DAY /RUGGLES ( ! WORK]S 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD EASI]4 ,?IS IS %[N P>TICUL>LY 9 ?REE ( ! SEV5 PO9TS 9 :I* ! ,G4,N4,C4 HAD FRAM$ ITS DEM&S3 
 0,AS L& IS ! S\RCE ( ! FIR/ NECESS>IES ( LIFE1 & AS1 )\T ! POSSESSION ( IT1 ! PRODUC+ CLASSES WILL EV] REMA9 9 A GREAT] OR LESS DEGREE SUBS]VI5T TO ! MONEY CAPITALI/S1 & SUBSEQU5T UPON ! FLUCTUATIONS ( TRADE & COMM]CE1 ?IS COMMITTEE ADVISES ?AT A GREAT EF=T %\LD BE MADE BY ! UNIONS TO SECURE SU* PORTIONS ( IT ON LEASE AS !IR FUNDS WILL P]MIT1 9 ORD] ?AT 9 ALL TURN-\TS ! M5 MAY BE EMPLOY$ 9 RE>+ ! GREAT] P>T1 IF NOT ! :OLE1 ( !IR SUBSI/5CE UND] ! DIRECTION ( PRACTICAL AGRICULTURAL SUP]9T5D5TS1 :I* >RANGEM5TS W\LD NOT HAVE ! EFFECT ( L[]+ ! PRICE ( LABOR 9 ANY TRADE1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y W\LD RA!R T5D TO 9CREASE IT BY DRAW+ (F ! AT PRES5T SUP]FLU\S SUPPLY 9 MANUFACTURES4  

 0,! COMMITTEES W\LD1 NEV]!LESS1 E>NE/LY RECOMM5D 9 ALL CASES ( /RIKES & TURN-\TS1 :]E IT IS PRACTICABLE1 ?AT ! M5 BE EMPLOY$ 9 ! MAK+ OR PRODUC+ ( COMMODITIES AS W\LD BE 9 DEM& AMONG !IR BRO!R UNIONI/S2 & ?AT TO EFFECT ?IS1 EA* LODGE %\LD BE PROVID$ ) A WORKROOM OR %OP 9 :I* !SE COMMODITIES MAY BE MANUFACTUR$ ON ACC\NT ( SU* LODGE1 :I* %ALL MAKE PROP] >RANGEM5TS = ! SUPPLY ( ! NECESS>Y MAT]IALS4 

 0,?AT 9 ALL CASES :]E IT IS PRACTICABLE1 EA* DI/RICT OR BRAN* %\LD E/ABLI% ONE OR MORE DEPOTS ( PROVISIONS & >TICLES 9 G5]AL DOME/IC USE3 BY :I* MEANS ! WORK+ MAN MAY BE SUPPLI$ ) ! BA/ COMMODITIES AT LITTLE ABOVE :OLESALE PRICES40 

,! ,G4,N4,C4 WAS1 !RE=E1 CONCEIV$ BY ITS F\ND]S AS AN ALLIANCE ( TRADE UNIONS & COOP]ATIVES4 ,BY HIS PRACTICAL P>TICIPATION 9 COOP]ATIVE UND]TAK+S ! WORK] WAS TO GA9 ! UND]/&+ NECESS>Y = ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! 9DU/RY & ?US BE FITT$ TO BR+ EV] WID] CIRCLES ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION UND] !IR CONTROL1 UNTIL AT LA/ ! :OLE ECONOMIC LIFE %\LD BE CONDUCT$ BY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES & AN 5D PUT TO ALL EXPLOITATION4 ,!SE IDEAS F\ND SURPRIS+LY CLE> EXPRESSION 9 WORK]'S MEET+S &1 MORE P>TICUL>LY1 9 ! LABOR PRESS4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE READS ,! ,PIONE]1 ! ORGAN ( ! ,G4,N4,C4 MANAG$ BY ,JAMES ,MORRISON1 ONE FREQU5TLY 5C\NT]S >GUM5TS ?AT S\ND ?OR\<LY MOD]N4 ,?IS IS REVEAL$ ESPECIALLY 9 ! DISCUSSIONS ) ! POLITICAL RE=M]S1 :O HAD 9SCRIB$ ON !IR BANN] ! DEMOCRATIC RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS4 ,!Y W]E TOLD 9 REPLY ?AT ! WORK]S HAD NO 9T]E/ :ATEV] 9 EF=TS ( ?AT SORT1 S9CE AN ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ S5SE W\LD R5D] ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS SUP]FLU\S4 ,ITS PLACE W\LD BE TAK5 BY ! LABOR BO>DS & ! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS1 :I* W\LD CONC]N !MSELVES ) M]ELY ) ! PROBLEMS ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!SE ORGANIZATIONS W]E DE/9$ TO TAKE OV] ! FUNCTIONS ( ! PRES5T 5TREPR5EURS2 ) COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL SOCIAL WEAL? !RE W\LD NO LONG] BE ANY NE$ = POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! WEAL? ( ! NATION W\LD NO LONG] BE DET]M9$ BY ! QUANTITY ( GOODS PRODUC$1 BUT BY ! P]SONAL ADVANTAGE ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL D]IV$ FROM !M4 ,! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS W\LD 9 ! FUTURE BE M]ELY A ,H\SE ( ,TRADES4 

,! ,G4,N4,C4 MET ) AN EXTRAORD9>Y RESPONSE FROM ! WORK]S4 ,9 A FEW MON?S IT EMBRAC$ MU* OV] HALF A MILLION MEMB]S1 & EV5 ?\< ITS ACTUAL AIMS W]E CLE>LY UND]/OOD AT FIR/ ONLY BY ! MO/ 9TELLECTUALLY ACTIVE ELEM5TS AMONG ! WORK]S1 /ILL ! GREAT MASSES RECOGNIZ$1 AT LEA/1 ?AT AN ORGANIZATION ( SU* DIM5SIONS C\LD L5D MU* GREAT] WEI<T TO !IR DEM&S ?AN C\LD LOCAL GR\PS4 ,! AGITATION = ! T5-H\R DAY HAD !N TAK5 FIRM HOLD ON ALL SECTIONS ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS1 & ! ,G4,N4,C4 SET ITSELF ) ALL ITS 5]GY TO 5=CE ?IS DEM&4 ,[5 HIMSELF1 & HIS CLOSE FRI5DS ,DOH]TY1 ,FIELD5 & ,GRANT TOOK A PROM95T P>T 9 ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 ! MILITANTS 9 ! ,G4,N4,C4 PLAC$ LITTLE HOPE 9 LEGISLATION1 BUT TRI$ TO CONV9CE ! WORK]S ?AT ! T5-H\R DAY C\LD ONLY BE WON BY ! UNIT$ ECONOMIC ACTION ( ! :OLE BODY ( WORK]S4 0,! ADULTS 9 FACTORIES MU/ BY UNIONS AMONG !MSELVES MAKE A ,%ORT ,TIME ,BILL = !MSELVES40 ,?IS WAS !IR SLOGAN4 

,! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE MET ) UNDIVID$ SYMPA?Y FROM ! ORGANIZ$ ,5GLI% WORK]S4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#c#b1 ,WILLIAM ,B5B[1 ONE ( ! MO/ ACTIVE *AMPIONS ( ! NEW MOVEM5T1 HAD PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET 5TITL$ ,GR& ,NATIONAL ,HOLIDAY & ,CONGRESS ( ! ,PRODUCTIVE ,CLASSES1 :I* HAD A TREM5D\S CIRCULATION1 & 9 :I* ! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE & ITS IMPORTANCE TO ! WORK+ CLASS WAS = ! FIR/ TIME TREAT$ 9 ITS FULL COMPASS4 ,B5B[ TOLD ! WORK]S ?AT IF ! 5=C$ SALE ( !IR LABOR P[] WAS ! CAUSE ( !IR SLAV]Y1 !N !IR ORGANIZ$ REFUSAL TO WORK MU/ BE ! MEANS ( !IR LIB]ATION4 ,SU* AN 9/RUM5T ( W>F>E DISP5S$ ) ANY USE ( PHYSICAL =CE & C\LD A*IEVE 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] EFFECTS ?AT ! BE/ >MY4 ,ALL ?AT WAS NE$$ TO BR+ AB\T ! D[NFALL ( ! SY/EM ( ORGANIZ$ 9JU/ICE WAS ?AT ! WORK]S %\LD GRASP ! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS P[]FUL WEAPON & LE>N TO USE IT ) 9TELLIG5CE4 ,B5B[ ADVANCE A LOT ( PROPOSALS1 SU* AS PREP>ATION = ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ! :OLE C\NTRY BY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( LOCAL COMMITTEES1 SO ?AT ! ]UPTION MI<T BUR/ ) ELEM5TAL =CE1 & HIS IDEAS AT ?AT TIME MET ) ! HE>TIE/ RESPONSE FROM ! WORK]S4 

,! RAPID GR[? ( ! ,G4,N4,C4 &1 EV5 MORE1 ! SPIRIT ?AT EMANAT$ FROM IT1 FILL$ ! EMPLOY]S ) SECRET FE> & BL9D HATR$ ( ! NEW COMB9ATION4 ,!Y FELT ?AT ! MOVEM5T MU/ BE /IFL$ AT ! V]Y \TSET BE=E IT HAD TIME TO BE SPREAD F>!R & BUILD UP & CONSOLIDATE ITS LOCAL GR\PS4 ,! 5TIRE B\RGEOIS PRESS D5\NC$ ! 0CRIM9AL PURPOSES0 ( ! ,G4,N4,C41 & UNANIM\SLY PROCLAIM$ ?AT IT WAS LEAD+ ! C\NTRY T[>D A CATA/ROPHE4 ,! FACTORY [N]S 9 EV]Y 9DU/RY BESIEG$ P>LIAM5T ) PETITIONS URG+ MEASURES AGA9/ 0UNLAWFUL COMB9ATIONS10 & 9 P>TICUL> AGA9/ ! COLLABORATION ( WORK]S 9 DIFF]5T CATEGORIES 9 9DU/RIAL DISPUTES4 ,MANY EMPLOY]S LAID BE=E !IR WORK]S ! SO-CALL$ 0DOCUM5T10 & (F]$ !M ! ALT]NATIVE ( )DRAW+ FROM !IR UNIONS OR BE+ ?R[N ON ! /REET BY A LOCK-\T4 

,P>LIAM5T DID NOT1 IT IS TRUE1 RE5ACT ! OLD ,COMB9ATION ,ACTS1 BUT ! GOV]NM5T 5C\RAG$ ! JUDGES TO DEAL ) ! 0EXCESSES0 ( ! WORK]S AS SEV]ELY AS !Y C\LD )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! EXI/+ LAWS4 ,& !Y DID SO 9 G5]\S MEASURE1 BE+ (T5 ABLE TO USE AS A H&LE ! FACT ?AT MANY UNIONS HAD RETA9$ FROM ! DAYS ( !IR UND]GR\ND ACTIVITY BE=E ! REPEAL ( ! ,COMB9ATION ,ACTS ! =MULA ( ! OA? & O!R C]EMONIAL =MS1 & ?AT ?IS WAS CONTR>Y TO ! LETT] ( ! LAW4 HUNDR$S ( WORK]S W]E S5T5C$ TO HORRIBLE PUNI%M5TS = ! MO/ TRIVIAL (F5SES4 ,AMONG ! T]RORI/ S5T5CES ( ?AT TIME ?AT IMPOS$ ON SIX FIELD H&S 9 ,DOR*E/] >\S$ ! BITT]E/ 9DIGNATION4 ,?R\< ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,G4,N4,C4 ! FIELD WORK]S 9 ,TOLPUDDLE1 A LITTLE VILLAGE NE> ,DOR*E/]1 HAD =M$ A UNION & DEM&$ AN 9CREASE ( WAGES FROM SEV5 %ILL+S TO EI<T %ILL+S A WEEK4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS SIX FIELD H&S W]E >RE/$ & S5T5C$ TO ! FRI<TFUL P5ALTY ( TRANSPORTATION = SEV5 YE>S TO ! P5AL COLONIES 9 ,AU/RALIA4 ,!IR SOLE CRIME CONSI/$ 9 BELONG+ TO A UNION4 

,?US FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ! ,G4,N4,C4 WAS 9VOLV$ 9 A LONG S]IES ( IMPORTANT WAGE W>S & WAS SUBJECT$ BESIDES TO CON/ANT & BITT] PROSECUTIONS1 SO ?AT IT H>DLY F\ND TIME TO BEG9 9 E>NE/ ITS GREAT WORK ( $UCAT+ ! MASSES4 ,P]HAPS1 9 ANY CASE1 ! TIME = ?AT WAS NOT YET RIPE4 ,MANY ( ITS MEMB]S TURN$ TO ! AWAK5+ ,*>TISM1 :I* ACCEPT$ MANY ( ITS IMM$IATE DEM&S1 & ALONG ) O!R MATT]S KEPT UP ! PROPAG&A = ! G5]AL /RIKE1 CULM9AT+ 9 #ahdb 9 ?AT GREAT MOVEM5T :I* TI$ UP ALL ! 9DU/RIES ( ,LANCA%IRE1 ,YORK%IRE1 ,/AF=D%IRE1 ! ,POTT]IES1 ,WALES & ! COAL DI/RICTS ( ,SCOTL&4 ,BUT ! ORIG9AL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! MOVEM5T HAD WORN (F1 & ,[5 HAD BE5 RI<T :5 HE ACCUS$ ,*>TISM ( LAY+ TOO MU* WEI<T ( POLITICAL RE=M & %[+ TOO LITTLE UND]/&+ ( ! GREAT ECONOMIC PROBLEMS4 ,! UNHAPPY REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h-#d#i ON ! CONT95T L$ ALSO TO ! DECL9E ( ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T1 & PURE TRADE UNIONISM CAME ONCE MORE TO DOM9ATE ! FIELD = YE>S 9 ! ,5GLI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,9 ,FRANCE ALSO ! ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALISM ) ! LABOR MOVEM5T QUICKLY L$ TO ATTEMPTS ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S TO OV]?R[ ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ORD] & PAVE ! WAY = A NEW SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT HAD JU/ ACQUIR$ MA/]Y HAD ALREADY %[N ITSELF CLE>LY DUR+ ! /ORMS ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION ! WORK]S HAD BE5 UNIT$ 9 ! SO-CALL$ ,COMPAGNONNAGES1 :OSE ORIG9 CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 ,!SE W]E ASSOCIATIONS ( J\RNEYM5 CRAFTSM5 :I* HAD !IR P>TICUL> C]EMONIALS TRANSMITT$ FROM ! MIDDLE AGES1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E PL$GES TO MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE1 & :I* BUSI$ !MSELVES ) ! CONC]NS ( !IR CALL+1 BUT ALSO RESORT$ (T5 TO /RIKES & BOYCOTTS TO PROTECT !IR IMM$IATE ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,) ! ABOLITION ( ! GUILDS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N 9DU/RY !SE BODIES GRADUALLY LO/ !IR IMPORTANCE & GAVE WAY TO NEW =MS ( PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION4 

,BY ! LAW ( ,AUGU/ #b#a1 #a#g#i1 ALL CITIZ5S W]E CONC$$ ! RI<T ( FREE COMB9ATION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! EXI/+ LAWS1 & ! WORK]S AVAIL$ !MSELVES ( ?IS RI<T BY ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES 9 TRADE UNIONS = ! SAFEGU>D+ ( !IR 9T]E/S AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S4 ,A LOT ( LOCAL /RIKE MOVEM5TS 5SU$1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! BUILD+ 9DU/RY1 & CAUS$ ! EMPLOY]S A GREAT DEAL ( WORRY1 AS ! ORGANIZATIONS ( WORK]S GREW CON/ANTLY /RONG]1 C\NT+ #h1 MEMB]S 9 ,P>IS ALONE4 

,9 A MEMORIAL TO ! GOV]NM5T ! EMPLOY]S D5\NC$ !SE COMB9ATIONS ( WORK]S & DEM&$ ! PROTECTION ( ! /ATE AGA9/ ?IS 0NEW TYRANNY0 :I* PRESUM$ TO 9T]F]E ) ! RI<T ( FREE CONTRACT BETWE5 EMPLOY] & EMPLOYEE4 ,! GOV]NM5T RESPOND$ GRACI\SLY TO ?IS DEM& & =BADE ALL COMB9ATIONS = ! PURPOSE ( EFFECT+ ALT]ATIONS 9 ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( LABOR1 ASSIGN+ AS A REASON ?AT IT C\LD NOT P]MIT ! EXI/5CE ( A /ATE )9 ! /ATE4 ,?IS PROHIBITION CONT9U$ 9 =CE UNTIL #a#h#f#d4 ,BUT H]E ALSO IT WAS E>LY %[N ?AT CIRCUM/ANCES >E /RONG] ?AN ! LAW4 ,JU/ AS HAD ! ,5GLI%1 SO ALSO ! ,FR5* WORK]S RESORT$ TO SECRET ASSOCIATION1 S9CE ! LAW D5I$ !M ! RI<T TO URGE !IR DEM&S OP5LY4 

,! SO-CALL$ MUTUALITES1 H>MLESS MUTUAL B5EFIT SOCIETIES1 (T5 S]V$ 9 ?IS CONNECTION AS A COV]1 SPREAD+ ! MANTLE ( LEGALITY AS OV] ! SECRET ORGANIZATIONS = RESI/ANCE 7SOCIETES DE RESI/ANCE 74 ,!SE HAD1 IT IS TRUE1 (T5 TO 5DURE H>% PROSECUTIONS1 & TO MAKE MANY SACRIFICES1 BUT NO LAW WAS ABLE TO CRU% !IR RESI/ANCE4 ,UND] ! LAW ( ,L\IS ,PHILLIPE ! LAWS AGA9/ ! COMB9ATION ( WORK]S W]E /R5G!N$ /ILL FUR!R1 BUT EV5 ?AT C\LD NOT PREV5T ! /EADY GR[? ( ! SOCIETES DE RESI/ANCE1 NOR ! DEVELOPM5T ( A LONG S]IES ( GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5TS AS A RESULT ( !IR UND]GR\ND ACTIVITIES4 ,( !SE ! FI<T ( ! WEAV]S 9 ,LYONS 9 #ahca GREW 9TO AN EV5T ( ,EUROPEAN IMPORTANCE4 ,BITT] NE$ HAD SPURR$ !SE WORK]S TO A DESP]ATE RESI/ANCE TO ! RAPACITY ( ! EMPLOY]S1 & [+ TO ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! MILITIA ?IS HAD DEVELOP$ 9TO AN \TRI<T REVOLT1 9TO :I* ! WORK]S C>RI$ !IR BANN] 9SCRIB$ ) ! SIGNIFICANT WORDS3 0,LIVE WORK+ OR DIE FI<T+60 

,AS E>LY AS ! #c'S A LOT ( !SE WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS HAD BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 & AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh ! ACQUA9TANCE AF=D$ ! BASIS = ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,FR5* ,WORK+M5S' ,ASSOCIATION1 A COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T ) A TRADE UNION TR5D1 :I* WORK$ = A RE%AP+ ( SOCIETY BY CON/RUCTIVE EF=T4 ,9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T ,S4 ,5GL&] PUTS ! NUMB] ( !SE ASSOCIATIONS AT AB\T TWO ?\S&4 ,BUT ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE PUT AN ABRUPT 5D TO ?IS HOPEFUL BEG9N+1 AS TO SO MANY O!RS4 

,ONLY ) ! F\ND+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS !RE A REVIVAL ( ! DOCTR9ES ( A MILITANT & CON/RUCTIVE ,SOCIALISM1 BUT AFT] ?AT !Y SPREAD 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* EX]CISE SU* A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ON ! 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! BODY ( ,EUROPEAN WORK]S1 & :I* EV5 TODAY HAS NOT LO/ ITS MAGNETIC ATTRACTION 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 WAS BR\<T 9TO BE+ BY ! COLLABORATION ( ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* WORK]S 9 #a#h#f#d4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ GREAT ATTEMPT TO UNITE ! WORK]S ( ALL C\NTRIES 9 AN 9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCE :I* %\LD OP5 ! PA? = ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT WAS FROM ! BEG9N+ DI/+UI%$ FROM ALL ! POLITICAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION ( B\RGEOIS RADICALISM BY PO9T+ \T ?AT ! ECONOMIC SUBS]VI5CE ( ! WORK]S TO ! [N]S ( ! RAW MAT]IALS & ! TOOLS ( PRODUCTION WAS ! S\RCE ( ! SLAV]Y :I* REVEAL$ ITSELF 9 SOCIAL MIS]Y1 9TELLECTUAL DEGRADATION1 & POLITICAL OPPRESSION4 ,= ?IS REASON IT PROCLAIM$ 9 ITS /ATUTES ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! GREAT PURPOSE TO :I* EV]Y POLITICAL MOVEM5T MU/ BE SUBORD9ATE4 

,S9CE ! MO/ IMPORTANT OBJECT WAS TO UNITE ! DIFF]5T FACTIONS ( ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE = ?IS PURPOSE1 ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! VA/ WORK]S' ALLIANCE WAS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ,F$]ALISM1 :I* GU>ANTE$ TO EA* P>TICUL> S*OOL ! POSSIBILITY ( WORK+ = ?IS COMMON GOAL 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N CONVICTIONS & ON ! BASIS ( ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( EA* C\NTRY4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT /& = ANY DEF9$ SOCIAL SY/EM2 IT WAS RA!R ! EXPRESSION ( A MOVEM5T :OSE !ORETICAL PR9CIPLES SL[LY MATUR$ 9 ! PRACTICAL /RUGGLES ( EV]YDAY LIFE & TOOK CLE>] =M AT EV]Y /AGE ( ITS VIGOR\S GR[?4 ! FIR/ NE$ WAS TO BR+ ! WORK]S ( ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES CLOS] TO ONE ANO!R1 TO MAKE !M UND]/& ?AT !IR ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 5SLAVEM5T WAS EV]Y:]E TRACEABLE TO ! SAME CAUSES1 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY ! MANIFE/ATION ( !IR SOLID>ITY MU/ REA* BEYOND ! >TIFICIAL B\ND>IES ( ! /ATES1 S9CE IT IS NOT TI$ UP ) ! ALLEG$ 9T]E/S ( ! NATION1 BUT ) ! LOT ( !IR CLASS4 

,! PRACTICAL EF=TS ( ITS SECTIONS TO 5D ! IMPORTATION ( =EIGN /RIKE-BREAK]S 9 TIMES ( 9DU/RIAL W>F>E1 & TO FURNI% MAT]IAL & MORAL ASSI/ANCE TO MILITANT WORK]S 9 EV]Y C\NTRY BY 9T]NATIONAL COLLECTIONS1 CONTRIBUT$ MORE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN 9T]NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! WORK]S ?AN ! LOVELIE/ !ORIES C\LD HAVE DONE4 ,!Y GAVE ! WORK]S PRACTICAL $UCATION 9 SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,IT WAS A FACT ?AT AFT] EV]Y CONSID]ABLE /RIKE ! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL SO>$ MI<TILY1 & ! CONVICTION ( ITS NATIONAL COH]5CE & HOMOG5EITY WAS CON/ANTLY /R5G!N$4 

,?US ! ,9T]NATIONAL BECAME ! GREAT S*OOL MI/RESS ( ! SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T & CONFRONT$ ! CAPITALI/ WORLD ) ! WORLD ( 9T]NATIONAL LABOR1 :I* WAS BE+ EV] MORE FIRMLY WELD$ TOGE!R 9 ! BONDS ( PROLET>IAN SOLID>ITY4 ,! FIR/ TWO CONGRESSES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 AT ,G5EVA 9 #a#h#f#f1 & AT ,LAUSANNE 9 #a#h#f#g1 W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY A SPIRIT ( COMP>ATIVE MOD]ATION4 ,!Y W]E ! FIR/ T5TATIVE EF=TS ( A MOVEM5T :I* WAS ONLY SL[LY BECOM+ CLE> AS TO ITS TASK1 & WAS SEEK+ = A DEF9ITE EXPRESSION4 ,BUT ! GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5TS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,SWITZ]L& & O!R C\NTRIES GAVE ! ,9T]NATIONAL A P[]FUL =W>D IMPETUS & REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S1 A *ANGE TO :I* ! P[]FUL REVIVAL DUR+ ?AT P]IOD ( ! DEMOCRATIC IDEAS1 :I* HAD SUFF]$ A SEV]E SETBACK AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h-#d#i1 CONTRIBUT$ NOT A LITTLE4 

,! CONGRESS AT ,BRUSSELS1 9 #a#h#f#h1 WAS ANIMAT$ BY A TOTALLY DIFF]5T SPIRIT FROM ?AT ( ITS TWO PR$ECESSORS4 ,IT WAS FELT ?AT ! WORK]S EV]Y:]E W]E AWAK5+ TO NEW LIFE & W]E BECOM+ CON/ANTLY SUR] ( ! SUBJECT ( !IR 5DEAVORS4 ,! CONGRESS1 BY A L>GE MAJORITY1 DECL>$ ITSELF = ! COLLECTIVIZ+ ( ! L& & O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & CALL$ UPON ! SECTIONS 9 ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES TO GO EXHAU/IVELY 9TO ?IS QUE/ION1 SO ?AT AT ! NEXT CONGRESS A CLE> DECISION C\LD BE REA*$4 ,) ?IS ! 9T]NATIONAL TOOK ON AN \TSPOK5LY ,SOCIALI/IC *>ACT]1 :I* WAS MO/ HAPPILY COMPLEM5T$ BY ! \T/&+LY LIB]T>IAN T5D5CY ( ! WORK]S 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES4 ,! RESOLUTION TO PREP>E ! WORK]S = A G5]AL /RIKE TO MEET ! DANG] ( A ?REAT5$ W>1 BECAUSE !Y W]E ! ONLY CLASS ?AT C\LD BY 5]GETIC 9T]V5TION PREV5T ! ORGANIZ$ MASS MURD]1 ALSO TE/IFI$ TO ! SPIRIT BY :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS P]MEAT$ AT ?AT TIME4 

,AT ! CONGRESS 9 ,BASEL 9 #ahfi ! IDEATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! GREAT WORK]S' ALLIANCE REA*$ ITS Z5I?4 ,! CONGRESS CONC]N$ ITSELF ONLY ) QUE/IONS :I* HAD AN IMM$IATE CONC]N ) ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT RATIFI$ ! RESOLUTIONS :I* ! ,BRUSSELS CONGRESS HAD ADOPT$ CONC]N+ ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 LEAV+ ! QUE/ION ( ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR OP54 ,BUT ! 9T]E/+ DEBATES AT ! ,BASEL CONGRESS %[ V]Y PLA9LY ?AT ! ADVANC$ SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD ALREADY BE5 GIV+ ATT5TION TO ?IS QUE/ION1 & HAD1 MOREOV]1 COME TO V]Y CLE> CONCLUSIONS AB\T IT4 ,! WAS REVEAL$ P>TICUL>LY 9 ! UTT]ANCES CONC]N+ ! IMPORTANCE ( TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 ! REPORT UPON ! QUE/ION :I* ,EUG5E ,H9S LAID BE=E ! CONGRESS 9 ! NAME ( ! ,BELGIAN ,F$]ATION !RE WAS PRES5T$ = ! FIR/ TIME A :OLLY NEW PO9T ( VIEW1 :I* HAD AN UNMI/AKABLE RESEMBLANCE TO C]TA9 IDEAS ( ,[5 & ! ,5GLI% LABOR MOVEM5T ( ! #c'S4 

,9 ORD] TO MAKE A CORRECT E/IMATE ( ?IS ONE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( /ATE-SOCIALISM ( ?AT TIME ATTRIBUT$ TO ! TRADE UNIONS EI!R NO IMPORTANCE AT ALL OR AT BE/ ONLY A SUBORD9ATE ONE4 ,! ,FR5* ,BLANQUI/S SAW 9 ! TRADE UNIONS M]ELY A RE=M MOVEM5T1 ) :I* !Y WI%$ TO HAVE NO?+ TO DO1 AS !IR IMM$IATE AIM WAS A SOCIALI/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE DIRECT$ ALL HIS ACTIVITIES T[>D WIELD+ ! WORK]S 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY & WAS AN \TSPOK5 OPPON5T ( ALL TRADE UNION 5DEAVORS1 9 :I* HE SAW ONLY A H9DRANCE TO ! POLITICAL EVOLUTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,M>X1 & MORE ESPECIALLY HIS FRI5DS ( ?AT P]IOD 9 ,G]MANY1 RECOGNIZ$1 IT IS TRUE1 ! NECESSITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS = ! A*IEVEM5T ( C]TA9 BETT]M5TS )9 ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL SY/EM1 BUT !Y BELIEV$ ?AT !IR ROLE W\LD BE EXHAU/$ ) ?IS1 & ?AT !Y W\LD DISAPPE> ALONG ) CAPITALISM1 S9CE ! TRANSITION TO ,SOCIALISM C\LD BE GUID$ ONLY BY A PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 

,AT ,BASEL ?IS IDEA UND]W5T = ! FIR/ TIME A ?OR\< CRITICAL EXAM9ATION4 ,9 ! ,BELGIAN REPORT ,H9S LAID BE=E ! ,CONGRESS1 ! VIEWS EXPRESS$ 9 :I* W]E EXPRESS$ BY ! DELEGATES FROM ,SPA91 ! ,SWISS ,JURA1 & A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! ,FR5* SECTIONS1 IT WAS CLE>LY SET =? ?AT ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S NOT ONLY HAD A RI<T TO EXI/5CE )9 ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 BUT !Y W]E EV5 MORE TO BE REG>D$ AS ! SOCIAL CELLS ( A COM+ ,SOCIALI/ ORD]1 & IT WAS1 !RE=E1 ! TASK ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO $UCATE !M = ?IS S]VICE4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS ! CONGRESS ADOPT$ ! FOLL[+ RESOLUTION30,! ,CONGRESS DECL>ES ?AT ALL WORK]S %\LD /RIVE TO E/ABLI% ASSOCIATIONS = RESI/ANCE 9 !IR V>I\S TRADES4 ,AS SOON AS A TRADE UNION IS =M$ ! UNIONS ON ! SAME TRADE >E TO BE NOTIFI$ SO ?AT ! =MATION ( NATIONAL ALLIANCES 9 ! 9DU/RIES MAY BE BEGUN4 ,!SE ALLIANCES %ALL BE *>G$ ) ! DUTY ( COLLECT+ ALL MAT]IAL RELAT+ TO !IR 9DU/RY1 ( ADVIS+ AB\T MEASURES TO BE EXECUT$ 9 COMMON1 & ( SEE+ ?AT !Y >E C>RI$ \T1 TO ! 5D1 ?AT ! PRES5T WAGE SY/EM BE REPLAC$ BY ! F$]ATION ( FREE PRODUC]S4 ,! ,CONGRESS DIRECTS ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TO PROVIDE = ! ALLIANCE ( ! TRADE UNIONS ( ALL C\NTRIES40 

,9 HIS >GUM5T = ! RESOLUTION PROPOS$ BY ! COMMITTEE ,H9S EXPLA9$ ?AT 0BY ?IS D\BLE =M ( ORGANIZATION ( LOCAL WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & G5]AL ALLIANCES = EA* 9DU/RY ON ! ONE H& ! POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION ( ! COMMITTEES1 & ON ! O!R1 ! G5]AL REPRES5TATION ( LABOR1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL WILL BE PROVID$ =4,! C\NCILS ( ! TRADE & 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS WILL TAKE ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T GOV]NM5T1 & ?IS REPRES5TATION ( LABOR WILL DO AWAY1 ONCE & =EV]1 ) ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! PA/4 0 

,?IS NEW & FRUITFUL IDEA GREW \T ( ! RECOGNITION ?AT EV]Y NEW ECONOMIC =M MU/ BE ACCOMPANI$ BY A NEW POLITICAL =M ( ! SOCIAL ORGANISM & C\LD ONLY ATTA9 POLITICAL EXPRESSION 9 ?IS4 ,!RE=E1 ,SOCIALISM ALSO HAD TO HAVE A SPECIAL POLITICAL =M ( EXPRESSION1 )9 :I* IT MAY BECOME A LIV+ ?+1 & !Y ?\<T !Y HAD F\ND ?IS =M 9 A SY/EM ( LABOR C\NCILS4 ,! WORK]S 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 9 :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL F\ND ITS PR9CIPAL SUPPORT1 DEVELOP$ !IR MOVEM5T ON ! BASIS ( ECONOMIC FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS & ,SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A GR\PS1 & WORK$ 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! ,BASEL RESOLUTIONS4 

,AS !Y RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! /ATE ! POLITICAL AG5T & DEF5D] ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 !Y DID NOT /RIVE AT ALL = ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 BUT = ! OV]?R[ ( ! /ATE & ( EV]Y =M ( POLITICAL P[]1 9 :I* ) SURE 9/9CT !Y SAW ! REQUISITE PRELIM9>Y CONDITIONS = ALL TYRANNY & ALL EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y DID1 !RE=E1 NOT *OOSE TO IMITATE ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES & SET UP A POLITICAL P>TY1 ?US PREP>+ ! WAY = A NEW CLASS ( PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS1 :OSE GOAL WAS ! CONQUE/ ( ! POLITICAL P[]4 ,!Y UND]/OOD ?AT1 ALONG ) ! MONOPOLY ( PROP]TY1 ! MONOPOLY ( P[] MU/ ALSO BE DE/ROY$ IF COMPLETE RE%AP+ ( SOCIAL LIFE WAS TO BE A*IEV$4 ,PROCE$+ FROM !IR RECOGNITION ?AT ! LORD%IP ( MAN OV] MAN HAD HAD ITS DAY1 !Y S\<T TO FAMILI>IZE !MSELVES ) ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S4 ,SO TO ! /ATE POLITICS ( ! P>TIES !Y OPPOS$ ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! WORK]S4 ,!Y UND]/OOD ?AT ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ON A ,SOCIALI/ PATT]N MU/ BE C>RI$ \T 9 ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY & 9 ! DEP>TM5TS ( AGR>IAN PRODUCTION2 ( ?IS UND]/&+ WAS BORN ! IDEA ( A SY/EM ( LABOR C\NCILS4 

,IT WAS ?IS SAME IDEA :I* 9SPIR$ L>GE SECTIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & PEASANTS AT ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLUTION1 EV5 IF ! IDEA HAD NEV] BE5 ?\<T \T SO CLE>LY & SY/EMATICALLY 9 ,RUSSIA AS 9 ! SECTIONS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,UND] CZ>ISM ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S LACK$ ! REQUISITE 9TELLECTUAL PREP>ATION = ?IS4 ,BUT ,BOL%EVISM PUT AN ABRUPT 5D TO ?IS FRUITFUL IDEA4 ,= ! DESPOTISM ( DICTATOR%IP /&S 9 IRRECONCILABLE CONTRADICTION TO ! CON/RUCTIVE IDEA ( ! C\NCIL SY/EM1 ?AT IS1 TO A ,SOCIALI/ RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY BY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES4 ,! ATTEMPT TO COMB9E ! TWO BY =CE C\LD ONLY LEAD TO ?AT S\LLESS BUREAUCRACY :I* HAS BE5 SO DISA/R\S = ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! C\NCIL SY/EM BROOKS NO DICTATOR%IPS AS IT PROCE$S FROM TOTALLY DIFF]5T ASSUMPTIONS4 ,9 IT IS EMBODI$ ! WILL FROM BEL[1 ! CREATIVE 5]GY ( ! TOIL+ MASSES4 ,9 DICTATOR%IP1 H[EV]1 ONLY LIVES B>R5 COMPULSION FROM ABOVE1 :I* WILL SUFF] NO CREATIVE ACTIVITY & PROCLAIMS BL9D SUBMISSION AS ! HI<E/ LAWS = ALL4 ,! TWO CANNOT EXI/ TOGE!R4 ,9 ,RUSSIA DICTATOR%IP PROV$ VICTORI\S4 ,H5CE !RE >E NO MORE SOVIETS !RE4 ,ALL ?AT IS LEFT ( !M IS ! NAME & A GRUESOME C>ICATURE ( ITS ORIG9AL MEAN+4 

,! C\NCIL SY/EM = LABOR EMBRACES L>GE P>T ( ! ECONOMIC =MS EMPLOY$ BY A CON/RUCTIVE ,SOCIALISM :I* ( ITS [N ACCORD OP]ATES & PRODUCES TO MEET ALL NATURAL REQUIREM5TS4 ,IT WAS ! DIRECT RESULT ( A FRUITFUL DEVELOPM5T ( IDEAS GR[+ \T ( ! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?IS P>TICUL> IDEA ROSE FROM ! EF=T TO PROVIDE A CONCRETE BASIS = ! REALIZATION ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,?IS BASIS WAS SE5 TO LIE 9 ! CON/RUCTIVE EMPLOYM5T ( EV]Y EFFICI5T HUMAN BE+4 ,BUT DICTATOR%IP 9 AN 9H]ITANCE FROM B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! TRADITIONAL PRECIPITATE ( ,FR5* ,JACOB9ISM :I* WAS DRAGG$ 9TO ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T BY ! SO-CALL$ ,BAB\VI/S & LAT] TAK5 OV] BY ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S4 ,! IDEA ( ! C\NCIL SY/EM IS 9TIMATELY 9T]GR[N ) ,SOCIALISM & IS UN?9KABLE )\T IT2 DICTATOR%IP1 H[EV]1 HAS NO?+ :ATEV] 9 COMMON ) ,SOCIALISM1 & AT BE/ CAN ONLY LEAD TO ! MO/ B>R5 ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,DICTATOR%IP IS A DEF9ITE =M ( /ATE P[]3 ! /ATE 9 /ATE ( SIEGE4 ,LIKE ALL O!R ADVOCATES ( ! /ATE IDEA1 SO ALSO ! ADVOCATES ( DICTATOR%IP PROCE$ FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ANY ALLEG$ ADVANCE & EV]Y TEMPORAL NECESSITY MU/ BE =C$ ON ! PEOPLE FROM ABOVE4 ,?IS ASSUMPTION ALONE MAKES DICTATOR%IP ! GREATE/ OB/ACLE TO ANY SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! PROP] ELEM5T ( :I* IS ! FREE 9ITIATIVE & CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,DICTATOR%IP IS ! NEGATION ( ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T1 ( NATURAL BUILD+ FROM BEL[ UPW>DS1 IT IS ! PROCLAMATION ( ! W>D%IP ( ! TOIL+ PEOPLE1 A GU>DIAN%IP =C$ UPON ! MASSES BY A T9Y M9ORITY4 ,EV5 IF ITS SUPPORT]S >E ANIMAT$ BY ! V]Y BE/ 9T5TIONS1 ! IRON LOGIC ( ! FACTS WILL ALWAYS DRIVE !M 9TO ! CAMP ( EXTREME/ DESPOTISM4 ,RUSSIA HAD GIV5 US ! MO/ 9/RUCTIVE EXAMPLE ( ?IS4 ,& ! PRET5SE ?AT ! SO-CALL$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS SOME?+ DIFF]5T1 BECAUSE WE HAVE H]E TO DO ) ! DICTATOR%IP ( A CLASS1 NOT ! DICTATOR%IP ( 9DIVIDUALS1 DECEIVES NO E>NE/ CRITIC2 IT IS ONLY A SOPHI/ICAT$ TRICK TO FOOL SIMPLETONS4 ,SU* A ?+ AS ! DICTATOR%IP ( A CLASS IS UTT]LY UN?9KABLE1 S9CE !RE WILL ALWAYS BE 9VOLV$ M]ELY ! DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TICUL> P>TY :I* TAKES UPON ITSELF TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( A CLASS1 JU/ AS ! B\RGEOISIE JU/IFI$ ANY DESPOTIC PROCE$+ 9 ! NAME ( A PEOPLE4 

,! IDEA ( A C\NCIL SY/EM = LABOR WAS ! PRACTICAL OV]?R[ ( ! /ATE IDEA AS A :OLE2 IT /&S1 !RE=E1 9 FRANK ANTAGONISM TO ANY =M ( DICTATOR%IP1 :I* MU/ ALWAYS HAVE 9 VIEW ! HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T ! P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,! PIONE]S ( ?IS IDEA 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ECONOMIC EQUALITY )\T SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIB]TY IS UN?9KABLE2 = ?IS REASON !Y W]E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! LIQUIDATION ( ALL 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICAL P[] MU/ BE ! FIR/ TASK ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 SO AS TO MAKE ANY NEW =M ( EXPLOITATION IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL WAS DE/9$ GRADUALLY TO GA!R ALL EFFECTIVE WORK]S 9TO ITS RANKS1 & AT ! PROP] TIME TO OV]?R[ ! ECONOMIC DESPOTISM ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 & ALONG ) ?IS ALL ! POLITICAL CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 & TO REPLACE !SE BY A NEW ORD] ( ?+S4 ,?IS CONVICTION WAS HELD BY ALL LIB]T>IAN SECTIONS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL4 ,BAKUN9 EXPRESS$ IT 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS30,S9E ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS AS ITS GOAL1 NOT ! SETT+ UP ( NEW /ATES OR DESPOTS1 BUT ! RADICAL DE/RUCTION ( EV]Y SEP>ATE SOV]EIGNTY1 IT MU/ HAVE AN ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T *>ACT] FROM ! ORGANIZATION ( ! /ATE4 ,TO JU/ ! DEGREE ?AT ! LATT] IS AU?ORIT>IAN1 >TIFICIAL & VIOL5T1 ALI5 & HO/ILE TO ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5T & ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE1 TO ?AT SAME DEGREE MU/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL BE FREE1 NATURAL & 9 EV]Y RESPECT 9 ACCORD ) !SE 9T]E/S & 9/9CTS4 ,BUT :AT IS ! NATURAL ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES8 ,IT IS ONE BAS$ ON ! DIFF]5T OCCUPATIONS ( !IR ACTUAL DAILY LIFE1 ON !IR V>I\S K9DS ( WORK1 ORGANIZATIONS ACCORD+ TO !IR OCCUPATIONS1 TRADE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,:5 ALL 9DU/RIES1 9CLUD+ ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( AGRICULTURE1 >E REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ITS ORGANIZATION1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 WILL BE F9I%$40 

,FROM ?IS L9E ( ?\<T >OSE LIKEWISE ! IDEA ( OPPOS+ TO ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS A ,*AMB] ( ,LABOR1 :I* PROCE$$ FROM ! RANKS ( ! ,BELGIAN ,9T]NATIONALI/S4 ,!SES LABOR *AMB]S W]E TO REPRES5T ! ORGANIZ$ LABOR ( EV]Y TRADE & ,9DU/RY1 & W]E TO CONC]N !MSELVES ) ALL QUE/IONS ( SOCIAL ECONOMY & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ON A ,SOCIALI/ BASIS1 9 ORD] TO PREP>E PRACTICALLY = ! TAK+ OV] BY ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & 9 ?IS SPIRIT TO PROVIDE = ! 9TELLECTUAL TRA9+ ( ! PRODUC]S4 ,9 ADDITION !SE BODIES W]E TO PASS JUDGM5T FROM ! WORK]S' PO9T ( VIEW ON ALL QUE/IONS BR\<T UP 9 ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS :I* W]E ( 9T]E/ TO ! WORK]S1 SO AS TO CONTRA/ ! POLICIES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ) ! VIEWS ( ! WORK]S4 ,MAX ,NETTLAU HAS GIV5 TO ! PUBLIC 9 HIS BOOK,D] ,AN>*ISMUS VON ,PR\DHON ZU ,KROPOTK91 A HI!RTO UNKN[N PASSAGE FROM ONE ( ,BAKUN9'S MANUSCRIPTS ?AT IS HI<LY 9DICATIVE ( ,BAKUN9'S VIEWS ON ?IS QUE/ION30444,ALL ?IS PRACTICAL & VITAL /UDY ( SOCIAL SCI5CE BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES 9 !IR TRADE SECTIONS & 9 !SE *AMB]S WILL1 & ALREADY HAS1 5G5D]$ 9 !M ! UNANIM\S1 WELL-CONSID]$1 !ORETICALLY & PRACTICALLY DEMON/RABLE CONVICTION ?AT ! S]I\S1 F9AL1 COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S IS POSSIBLE ONLY UPON ONE CONDITION1 ?AT ( ! APPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL1 ?AT IS1 ( RAW MAT]IAL & ALL ! TOOLS ( LABOR1 9CLUD+ L& BY ! :OLE BODY ( WORK]S4 444,! ORGANIZATION ( ! TRADE SECTIONS1 !IR F$]ATION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & !IR REPRES5TATION BY ! ,*AMB]S ( ,LABOR1 NOT ONLY CREATE A GREAT ACADEMY1 9 :I* ! WORK]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 COMB9+ !ORY & PRACTICE1 CAN & MU/ /UDY ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 !Y ALSO BE> 9 !MSELVES ! LIV+ G]MS ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 :I* IS TO REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,!Y >E CREAT+ NOT ONLY ! IDEAS BUT ALSO ! FACTS ( ! FUTURE ITSELF0 

,!SE IDEAS W]E AT ?AT TIME G5]ALLY DISSEM9AT$ 9 ! SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,BELGIUM1 ,HOLL&1 ! ,SWISS ,JURA1 ,FRANCE & ,SPA91 & GAVE TO ! ,SOCIALISM ( ! GREAT WORK]S' ALLIANCE A PECULI> SOCIAL *>ACT]1 :I* ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( POLITICAL LABOR P>TIES 9 ,EUROPE WAS = A CONSID]ABLE TIME ALMO/ COMPLETELY =GOTT51 & ONLY 9 ,SPA9 NEV] EXHAU/$ ITS P[] TO W9 CONV]TS1 AS REC5T EV5TS 9 ?AT C\NTRY HAVE SO CLE>LY %[N4 ,!Y F\ND ACTIVE ADVOCATES 9 M5 LIKE ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 ,ADHEM> ,S*WITZGUEBEL1 ,EUG5E ,V>L91 ,L\IS ,P9DY1 ,CES> ,DE ,PAEPE1 ,EUG5E ,H9S1 ,HECTOR ,D5IS1 ,GUILLAUME ,DE ,GREEF1 ,VICTOR ,>N\LD1 ,R4 ,F>GA ,PELLIC]1 ,G4 ,S5T9ON1 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 TO M5TION H]E ONLY ! BE/-KN[N NAMES1 ALL M5 ( EXCELL5T REPUTATION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! :OLE 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS TO BE ASCRIB$ TO ! 5?USIASM ( !SE LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS 9 IT1 & RECEIV$ NO /IMULUS FROM EI!R ! /ATE ,SOCIALI/ FACTIONS 9 ,G]MANY & ,SWITZ]L& OR PURE ,TRADES ,UNIONISM 9 ,5GL&4 

,SO LONG AS ! ,9T]NATIONAL PURSU$ !SE G5]AL L9ES1 & = ! BE/ RESPECT$ ! RI<T ( DECISION ( ! SEP>ATE F$]ATIONS1 AS WAS PROVID$ 9 ITS /ATUTES1 IT EX]CIS$ AN IRRESI/IBLE 9FLU5CE OV] ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S4 ,BUT ?AT *ANG$ AT ONCE :5 ,M>X & ,5GELS BEGAN TO USE !IR POSITION 9 ! ,LONDON ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TO COMMIT ! SEP>ATE NATIONAL F$]ATIONS TO P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION4 ,?IS OCCURR$ FIR/ AT ! UNHAPPY ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,?IS BEHAVIOR WAS 9 %>P VIOLATION NOT ONLY ( ! SPIRIT BUT ALSO ( ! /ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT C\LD BUT 5C\NT] ! UNIT$ RESI/ANCE ( ALL ! LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! MORE SO AS ! QUE/ION HAD NEV] PREVI\SLY BE5 BR\<T BE=E A CONGRESS = CONSID]ATION4 

,%ORTLY AFT] ! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION PUBLI%$ ! HI/ORIC CIRCUL> ON ,SONVILLI]1 :I* PROTE/$ 9 DET]M9$ & UNEQUIVOCAL WORDS AGA9/ ! >ROGANT PRESUMPTION ( ! ,LONDON ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,BUT ! CONGRESS AT ,! ,HAGUE 9 #a#h#g#b1 9 :I* A MAJORITY HAD BE5 >TIFICIALLY CREAT$ BY ! EMPLOYM5T ( ! DIRTIE/ & MO/ REPREH5SIBLE ME?ODS1 CR[N$ ! WORK BEGUN BY ! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE ( TRANS=M+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9TO AN ELECTORAL MA*9E4 ,9 ORD] TO OBVIATE ANY MISUND]/&+ ! ,BLANQUI/1 ,$W\>D ,VAILLANT1 9 HIS >GUM5T = ! RESOLUTION PROPOS$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ADVOCAT+ ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS1 EXPLA9$ ?AT 0AS SOON AS ?IS RESOLUTION HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS & SO 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ,BIBLE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT WILL BE ! DUTY ( EV]Y MEMB] TO FOLL[ IT UND] P5ALTY ( EXPULSION40 ,BY ?IS ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S DIRECTLY PROVOK$ ! OP5 SPLIT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ) ALL ITS DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 & 9AUGURAT$ ! P]IOD ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS :I* ( NATURAL NECESSITY L$ TO ?AT 9TELLECTUAL /AGNATION & MORAL DEG5]ATION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T :I* WE CAN OBS]VE TODAY 9 MO/ C\NTRIES4 

,SOON AFT] ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS ! DELEGATES ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT 5]GETIC F$]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL MET 9 ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CONGRESS 9 ,/4 ,IMMI]1 :I* DECL>$ ALL ! RESOLUTIONS ADOPT$ AT ! ,HAGUE NULL & VOID4 ,FROM !N ON DATES ! SPLIT 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ CAMP BETWE5 ! ADVOCATES ( DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y ACTION & ! SPOKESM5 = P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS1 :I* ) ! LAPSE ( TIME HAS GR[N CON/ANTLY WID] & MORE UNBRIDGEABLE4 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 W]E M]ELY ! MO/ PROM95T REPRES5TATIVES ( ! OPPOS$ FACTIONS 9 ?IS /RUGGLE BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE A BIG MI/AKE TO TRY TO EXPLA9 ?IS /RUGGLE AS M]ELY A CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO P]SONALITIES2 IT WAS ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 TWO SETS ( IDEAS :I* GAVE TO ?IS /RUGGLE ITS REAL IMPORTANCE & /ILL GIVES IT TODAY4 ,?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS GAVE SU* A SPITEFUL & P]SONAL *>ACT] TO ! DISS5SION WAS A DISA/]4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD ROOM = EV]Y FACTION1 & A CONT9U\S DISCUSSION ( ! DIFF]5T VIEWS C\LD ONLY HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO !IR CL>IFICATION4 ,BUT ! EF=T TO MAKE ALL S*OOLS ( ?\<T SUBS]VI5T TO ONE P>TICUL> S*OOL1 ONE :I*1 MOREOV]1 REPRES5T$ ONLY A M9ORITY 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 C\LD BUT LEAD TO A CLEAVAGE & TO ! DECL9E ( ! GREAT ALLIANCE ( WORK]S1 C\LD BUT DE/ROY ?OSE PROMIS+ G]MS :I* W]E ( SU* GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 EV]Y L&4 

,! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>1 BY :I* ! FOCAL PO9T ( ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ,G]MANY1 :OSE WORK]S HAD NEI!R REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS NOT ?AT RI* EXP]I5CE POSSESS$ BY ,SOCIALI/S 9 ! C\NTRIES TO ! WE/1 CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO ?IS DECL9E4 ,! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! 9CIPI5T REACTION 9 ,FRANCE1 :I* 9 A FEW YE>S SPREAD OV] ,SPA9 & ,ITALY AS WELL1 PU%$ ! FRUITFUL IDEA ( A C\NCIL SY/EM = LABOR F> 9TO ! BACKGR\ND4 ,! SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES W]E = A LONG TIME ABLE TO C>RY ON ONLY AN UND]GR\ND EXI/5CE & W]E OBLIG$ TO CONC5TRATE ALL !IR /R5G? ON REPELL+ ! REACTION4 ,ONLY ) ! AWAK5+ ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE W]E ! CREATIVE IDEAS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL RESCU$ FROM OBLIVION1 ONCE MORE TO VITALIZE ! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicg 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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