,*APT] #f 
,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 

#ai*ai* 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#f4 ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE & ITS ,9FLU5CE ON ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE2 ,! ,9DU/RIAL  
,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD2 ,SYNDICALISM AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>2 ,! ,SYNDICALI/S & ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL2  
,! F\ND+ ( ! NEW ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION2 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 9 ,SPA92 ,9  
,PORTUGAL2 ,9 ,ITALY2 ,9 ,FRANCE2 ,9 ,G]MANY2 ,9 ,SW$52 ,9 ,HOLL&2 ,9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 

,! MOD]N ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE1 ) ! S+LE  
EXCEPTION ( ,SPA9 :]E FROM ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL  
,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! DOM9ANT T5D5CY 9 ! LABOR  
MOVEM5T1 [ES ITS ORIG9 TO ! RISE ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9  
,FRANCE1 ) ITS FIELD ( 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,C4,G4,T4 ,?IS MOVEM5T  
DEVELOP$ QUITE SPONTANE\SLY )9 ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS AS A  
REACTION AGA9/ POLITICAL ,SOCIALISM1 ! CLEAVAGES 9 :I* = A LONG  
TIME P]MITT$ NO UNIFI$ TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,AFT] ! FALL ( !  
,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! \TLAW+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,FRANCE !  
LABOR MOVEM5T !RE HAD TAK5 ON A COMPLETELY COLORLESS *>ACT] &  
HAD FALL5 COMPLETELY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLICAN1  
,J4 ,B>B]ET1 :OSE SLOGAN WAS3 0,H>MONY BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR60 ,NOT  
UNTIL ! CONGRESS 9 ,M>SEILLES 7#a#h#g#i7 DID ANY ,SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES  
AGA9 MANIFE/ !MSELVES & ! ,F$]ATION DES ,TRAVAILLEURS CAME 9TO  
BE+1 ITSELF TO COME QUICKLY & COMPLETELY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( !  
SO-CALL$ COLLECTIVI/S4 

,BUT EV5 ! COLLECTIVI/S DID NOT LONG REMA9 UNIT$1 & !  
CONGRESS ( ,/4 ,ETI5NE 7#a#h#h#b7 BR\<T A SPLIT 9 ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,ONE  
SECTION FOLL[$ ! S*OOL ( ! ,M>XI/1 ,JULES ,GUESDE1 & F\ND$  
! ,P>TI ,\VRIE ,FRANCAIS1 :ILE ! O!R SECTION ATTA*$ ITSELF TO  
! =M] ,AN>*I/1 ,PAUL ,BR\SSE1 TO =M ! ,P>TI ,\VRI]  
,REVOLUTION>E ,SOCIALI/E ,FRANCAIS4 ,! =M] F\ND ITS SUPPORT *IEFLY  
9 ! ,F$]ATION ,NATIONALE DES ,SYNDICATS1 :ILE ! LATT] HAD ITS  
/RON<OLD 9 ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL DE ,FRANCE  
7,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,EX*ANGES ( ,FRANCE74 ,AFT] A %ORT TIME ! SO- 
CALL$ ,ALLEMANI/S1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,JEAN ,ALLEMAN1 BROKE AWAY  
FROM ! ,BR\SSI/S & ATTA9$ A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE 9 SOME ( !  
L>GE SYNDICATES2 !Y HAD GIV5 UP P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY COMPLETELY4  
,BESIDES !SE !RE W]E ! ,BLANQUI/S1 UNIT$ 9 ! ,COMITE  
,REVOLUTIONAIRE ,C5TRAL1 & ! 9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S1 :O BELONG$ TO  
! ,SOCIETE P\R ,L',ECONOMIE ,SOCIALE1 :I* HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 #ahhe BY  
,B5OIT ,MALON1 & \T ( :I* CAME BO? ,JEAN ,JAURES & ,MILL]&4 

,ALL ( !SE P>TIES1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,ALLEMANI/S1 SAW  
9 ! TRADE UNIONS M]ELY RECRUIT+ S*OOLS = !IR POLITICAL  
OBJECTIVES1 & HAD NO UND]/&+ :ATEV] ( !IR REAL FUNCTIONS4  
,! CON/ANT DISS5SION AMONG ! V>I\S ,SOCIALI/ FACTIONS W]E  
NATURALLY C>RI$ OV] TO ! SYNDICATS1 ) ! RESULTS ?AT :5 !  
TRADE UNIONS ( ONE FACTION W5T ON /RIKE1 ! SYNDICATS ( ! O!R  
FACTIONS WALK$ 9 ON !M ON /RIKE-BREAK]S4 ,?IS UNT5ABLE SITUATION  
GRADUALLY OP5$ ! EYES ( ! WORK]S EYES1 ON AWAK5+ TO :I* !  
ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y PROPAG&A ( ! ,AN>*I/S1 :O S9CE #ahhc HAD A  
/RONG FOLL[+ AMONG ! WORK]S 9 ,P>IS & ,LYONS1 CONTRIBUT$ NOT A  
LITTLE4 ,SO ! ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS AT ,NANTES 7#a#h#i#d7 *>G$ A SPECIAL  
COMMITTEE ) ! TASK ( DEVIS+ WAYS & MEANS = BR++ AB\T AN  
UND]/&+ AMONG ALL ! TRADE UNION ALLIANCES4 ,! RESULT WAS !  
F\ND+ 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> AT ! ,CONGRESS 9 ,LIMONGES1 ( !  
,C4,G4,T41 :I* DECL>$ ITSELF 9DEP5D5T ( ALL POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,IT  
WAS ! F9AL R5UNCIATION BY ! TRADE UNIONS ( POLITICAL ,SOCIALISM1  
:OSE OP]ATIONS HAD CRIPPL$ ! ,FR5* LABOR MOVEM5T & DEPRIV$ IT  
( ITS MO/ EFFECTIVE WEAPON 9 ! FI<T = LIB]ATION4 

,FROM !RE ON !RE EXI/$ ONLY TWO L>GE TRADE UNION GR\PS1 !  
,C4,G4,T4 & ! ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,EX*ANGES1 UNTIL 9 #a#i#b1 AT !  
,CONGRESS ( ,MONTPELLI] ! LATT] JO9$ ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,) ?IS !RE WAS  
BR\<T AB\T PRACTICAL UNITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,?IS EF=T AT !  
UNIFICATION ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR WAS PREC$$ BY AN 9T5SIVE PROPAG&A  
= ! G5]AL /RIKE1 = :I* ! CONGRESSES AT ,M>SEILLES 7#a#h#i#b71  
,P>IS 7#a#h#i#c71 & ,NANTES 7#a#h#i#d7 HAD ALREADY DECL>$ BY /RONG  
MAJORITIES4 ,! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS FIR/ BR\<T 9TO !  
TRADE UNION MOVEM5T BY ! ,AN>*I/ C>P5T]1 ,TORTELI]1 :O HAD BE5  
DEEPLY /IRR$ BY ! G5]AL /RIKE MOVEM5T ON ! ,U4,S4,A4 9 #a#h#h#f-#g1  
& IT HAD BE5 LAT] TAK5 UP BY ! ,ALLEMANI/S1 :ILE ,JULES ,GUESDE  
& ! ,FR5* ,M>XI/S HAD EMPHATICALLY PRON\NC$ AGA9/ IT4 ,H[EV]1  
BO? MOVEM5TS FURNI%$ ! ,C4,N4,T4 ) A LOT ( ITS MO/ DI/+UI%$  
REPRES5TATIVES3 FROM ! ,ALLEMANI/S CAME1 9 P>TICUL>1 ,V4  
,GRIFFUELLES2 FROM ! ,AN>*I/S1 ,F4 ,PELL\TI]1 ! DEVOT$ & HI<LY  
9TELLIG5T SECRET>Y ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,EX*ANGES1 ,E4 ,P\GET1  
$ITOR ( ! (FICIAL ORGAN ( ! ,C4,G4,T41 ,LA ,VOIX DU ,PEUPLE1 ,P4  
,DELESALLE1 ,G4 ,YVETOT1 & MANY O!RS4 ,ONE (T5 5C\NT]S 9 O!R  
C\NTRIES1 ! WIDELY DISSEM9AT$ OP9ION1 :I* WAS FO/]$ BY ,W]N]  
,SOMB>T 9 P>TICUL>1 ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE [ES ITS  
ORIG9 TO 9TELLECTUALS LIKE ,G4 ,SOREL1 ,E4 ,B]? & ,H4 ,LAG>DELLE1 :O  
9 ! P]IODICAL1 ,LE ,M\VEM5T ,SOCIALI/E1 F\ND$ IT #a#h#i#i1 ELABORAT$  
9 !IR [N WAY ! 9TELLECTUAL RESULTS ( ! NEW MOVEM5T4 ,?IS IS  
UTT]LY FALSE4 ,!SE M5 NEV] BELONG$ TO ! MOVEM5T !MSELVES1 NOR  
HAD !Y ANY M5TIONABLE 9FLU5CE ON ITS 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T4  
,MOREOV]1 ! ,C4,G4,T4 WAS NOT COMPOS$ EXCLUSIVELY ( REVOLUTION>Y TRADE  
UNIONS1 C]TA9LY HALF ( ITS MEMB]S W]E ( RE=MI/ T5D5CY & HAD  
ONLY JO9$ ! ,C4,G4,T4 BECAUSE !Y RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! DEP5D5CE (  
! TRADE UNIONS ON ! POLITICAL P>TIES WAS A MIS=TUNE = !  
MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y W+1 :I* HAD ! MO/ 5]GETIC &  
ACTIVE ELEM5TS 9 ORGANIZ$ LABOR ON ITS SIDE & HAD AT ITS COMM&1  
MOREOV]1 ! BE/ 9TELLECTUAL =CES 9 ! ORGANIZATION1 GAVE TO !  
,C4,G4,T4 ITS *>ACT]I/IC /AMP1 & IT WAS !Y1 EXCLUSIVELY1 :O  
DET]M9$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEAS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM4 

,) IT ! IDEAS ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL WAK5$ TO NEW LIFE1  
& !RE WAS 9ITIAT$ ?AT /ORM-&-/RESS P]IOD ( ! ,FR5*  
LABOR MOVEM5T1 :OSE REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CES MADE !MSELVES FELT F>  
BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( ,FRANCE4 ,! GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5TS & !  
C\NTLESS PROSECUTIONS ( ! ,C4,G4,T4 BY ! GOV]NM5T M]ELY  
/R5G!N$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y V]VE1 & CAUS$ ! NEW IDEAS TO F9D  
!IR WAY ALSO 9TO ,SWITZ]L&1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,HOLL&1 ,BELGIUM1  
,BOHEMIA1 & ! ,SC&9AVIAN C\NTIES4 ,9 ,5GL& ALSO ! ,SYNDICALI/  
,$UCATION ,LEAGUE1 :I* HAD BE5 BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE 9 #aia BY ,TOM  
,MANN & ,GUY ,B[MAN1 & :OSE TEA*+S EX]CIS$ A V]Y /RONG  
9FLU5CE1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! RANK-&-FILE ( ! TRANSPORT &  
M9+ 9DU/RIES1 AS WAS REVEAL$ 9 ! GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5TS ( ?AT  
P]IOD1 [$ ITS EXI/5CE TO ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM4 

,! 9FLU5CE ( ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM ON ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR  
MOVEM5T WAS /R5G!N$ 9 GREAT DEGREE BY ! 9T]NAL CRISIS :I*  
AT ?AT TIME LAID HOLD ( NE>LY ALL ! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR P>TIES4 ,!  
BATTLE BETWE5 ! SO-CALL$ ,REVISIONI/S & ! RIGID ,M>XI/S1 &  
P>TICUL>LY ! FACT ?AT !IR V]Y P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITIES =C$  
! MO/ VIOL5T OPPON5TS ( REVISIONISM ( NATURAL NECESSITY TO TRAVEL  
9 PRACTICE ! REVISION>Y PA?1 CAUS$ MANY ( ! MORE ?\<TFUL  
ELEM5T TO REFLECT S]I\SLY4 ,?US IT CAME AB\T ?AT MO/ ( !  
P>TIES F\ND !MSELVES DRIV5 BY ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 (T5  
AGA9/ !IR WILL1 TO MAKE C]TA9 CONCESSIONS TO ! G5]AL /RIKE  
IDEA ( ! ,SYNDICALI/S4 ,BE=E ?IS ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS1 ! PIONE] (  
! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,HOLL&1 HAD BR\<T UP 9 !  
,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,BRUSSELS 7#a#h#i#a7 A PROPOSAL =  
W>D+ (F ! APPROA*+ DANG] ( A W> BY PREP>+ ORGANIZ$  
LABOR = ! G5]AL /RIKE1 A PROPOSAL :I* WAS MO/ BITT]LY  
OPPOS$ BY ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNECT 9 P>TICUL>4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( ?IS  
OPPOSITION ALMO/ ALL NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ CONGRESSES  
W]E SUBSEQU5TLY OBLIG$ TO CONC]N !MSELVES MORE & MORE ) ?IS  
QUE/ION4 

,AT ! ,SOCIALI/ CONGRESS 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#h#i#i1 ! FUTURE M9I/]1  
,>I/IDE ,BRI&1 >GU$ = ! G5]AL /RIKE ) ALL HIS FI]Y  
ELOQU5CE & SUCCE$$ 9 HAV+ AN APPROPRIATE RESOLUTION ADOPT$ BY  
! CONGRESS4 ,EV5 ! ,FR5* ,GUESDI/S1 :O HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 !  
BITT]E/ FOES ( ! G5]AL /RIKE1 F\ND !MSELVES OBLIG$ AT !  
CONGRESS 9 ,LILLE 7#a#i#d7 TO ADOPT A RESOLUTION FAVOR+ IT1 AS !Y  
FE>$ !Y W\LD O!RWISE LOSE ALL !IR 9FLU5CE ) ! WORK]S4  
,( C\RSE NO?+ WAS GA9$ BY SU* CONCESSIONS4 ,! SEE-SAW BACK &  
=? BETWE5 P>LIAM5T>ISM & DIRECT ACTION C\LD ONLY CAUSE  
CONFUSION4 ,/RAI<T=W>D M5 LIKE ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS & HIS FOLL[]S  
9 ,HOLL&1 & ! ,ALLEMANI/S 9 ,FRANCE1 DREW ! 9EVITABLE 9F]5CE  
FROM !IR NEW CONCEPTION ( ?+S & )DREW 5TIRELY FROM  
P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY2 = ! O!RS1 H[EV]1 !IR CONCESSIONS TO  
! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE W]E M]ELY LIP S]VICE1 ) NO CLE>  
UND]/&+ BEH9D IT4 ,:I!R ?AT L$ WAS %[N NICELY 9 ! CASE  
( ,BRI&1 :O1 AS A M9I/]1 F\ND HIMSELF 9 ! TRAGIC-COMIC  
SITUATION ( BE+ OBLIG$ TO PROHIBIT HIS [N ADDRESS 9 FAVOR ( !  
G5]AL /RIKE1 :I* ! ,C4,G4,T4 HAD DI/RIBUT$ 9 PAMPHLET =M BY !  
HUNDR$ ?\S&4 

,9DEP5D5T ( ,EUROPEAN ,SYNDICALISM !RE DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,U4,S4,A4  
! MOVEM5T ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 :I* WAS :OLLY  
! \TGR[? ( ,AM]ICAN CONDITIONS4 ,/ILL IT HAD 9 COMMON )  
,SYNDICALISM ! ME?ODS ( DIRECT ACTION & ! IDEA ( A ,SOCIALI/  
REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY BY ! 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL  
ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,AT ITS F\ND+ CONGRESS 9  
,*ICAGO 7#a#i#e7 ! MO/ DIV]SE RADICAL ELEM5TS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR  
MOVEM5T W]E REPRES5T$3 ,EUG5E ,DEBS1 ,BILL ,HAYWOOD1 ,*>LES ,MOY]1  
,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON1 ,W4 ,TRAUTMANN1 ,MO!R ,JONES1 ,LUCY ,P>SONS & MANY  
O!RS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT SECTION = A TIME WAS ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION  
( ,M9]S :OSE NAME WAS KN[N EV]Y:]E = ITS DEVOT$ & SELF- 
SACRIFIC+ LABOR FI<TS 9 ,COLORADO1 ,MONTANA & ,IDAHO4 ,S9CE !  
GREAT MOVEM5T = ! EI<T-H\R DAY 9 #a#h#h#f-#g1 :I* CAME TO ITS  
TRAGIC CONCLUSION ) ! EXECUTION ( ! ,AN>*I/S1 ,SPIES1 ,P>SONS1  
,FLET*]4 ,5GEL & ,L+G ON ,NOVEMB] #a#a1 #a#h#g#g1 ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR  
MOVEM5T HAD BE5 COMPLETELY BOGG$ D[N SPIRITUALLY4 ,IT WAS BELIEV$  
?AT BY ! F\ND+ ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 IT MI<T BE POSSIBLE TO PUT !  
MOVEM5T BACK ON ITS REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE1 AN EXPECTATION :I* HAS ?US  
F> NOT BE5 FULFILL$4 ,:AT *IEFLY DI/+UI%$ ! ,I4,W4,W4 FROM !  
,EUROPEAN ,SYNDICALI/S WAS ITS /RONGLY DEF9$ ,M>XI/ VIEWS1 :I* W]E  
IMPRESS$ ON IT MORE P>TICUL>LY BY ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON :ILE ,EUROPEAN  
,SYNDICALI/S HAD CONSPICU\SLY ADOPT$ ! ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS ( !  
LIB]T>IAN W+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! ,I4,W4,W4 HAD AN ESPECIALLY /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ! IT9]ANT  
WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/1 BUT !Y ALSO GA9$ SOME 9FLU5CE AMONG FACTORY  
WORK]S 9 ! EA/]N /ATES1 & CONDUCT$ A GREAT MANY WIDE-SPREAD  
/RIKES1 :I* PUT ! NAME ( ! 0,WOBBLIES0 9 EV]YBODY'S M\?4 ,!Y  
TOOK AN \T/&+ P>T 9 ! EMBITT]$ BATTLES = ! SAFEGU>D+  
( FRE$OM ( SPEE* 9 ! ,WE/]N /ATES1 & MADE MANY T]RIBLE  
SACRIFICES ( LIFE & LIB]TY 9 DO+ SO4 ,!IR MEMB]S FILL$ !  
JAILS BY ?\S&S1 MANY W]E T>R$ & FEA!R$ BY FANATICAL  
VIGILANTES1 OR LYN*$ \TRI<T4 ,! ,EV]ETT MASSACRE ( #a#i#a#f1 !  
EXECUTION ( ! LABOR POET1 ,JOE ,HILL1 9 #a#i#a#e1 ! ,C5TRALIA AFFAIR 9  
#a#i#a#i1 & A LOT ( SIMIL> CASES 9 :I* DEF5SELESS WORK]S FELL  
VICTIMS1 W]E ONLY A FEW MILE /ONES 9 ! ,I4,W4,W4'S HI/ORY (  
SACRIFICE4 

,! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORLD ,W> AFFECT$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T LIKE A  
NATURAL CATA/ROPHE ( 5ORM\S SCOPE4 ,AFT] ! ASSASS9ATIONS AT  
,S>AJEVO1 :5 EV]YBODY FELT ?AT ,EUROPE WAS DRIV+ UND] FULL SAIL  
T[>D A G5]AL W>1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C4,G4,T4 PROPOS$ TO ! LEAD]S  
( ! ,G]MAN TRADE UNIONS ?AT ORGANIZ$ LABOR 9 ! TWO C\NTRIES  
%\LD TAKE JO9T ACTION TO HALT ! ?REAT5$ DISA/]4 ,BUT ! ,G]MAN  
LABOR LEAD]S1 :O ALWAYS OPPOS$ ANY DIRECT MASS ACTION1 & 9 !IR  
LONG YE>S ( P>LIAM5T>Y R\T9E HAD LONG S9CE LO/ EV]Y TRACE (  
REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE1 C\LD NOT BE WON OV] TO SU* A PROPOSAL4 ,SO  
FAIL$ ! LA/ *ANCE = PREV5T+ ! FRI<TFUL CATA/ROPHE4 

,AFT] ! W> ! PEOPLES FAC$ A NEW SITUATION4 ,EUROPE WAS  
BLE$+ FROM A ?\S& W\NDS & WRI?+ AS IF 9 ! ?ROES ( A  
FEV]4 ,9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE ! OLD REGIME HAD COLLAPS$4 ,RUSSIA F\ND  
H]SELF 9 ! MID/ ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( :I* NO ONE C\LD SEE  
! 5D4 ,( ALL ! EV5TS AFT] ! W> ! OCCURR5CES 9 ,RUSSIA HAD  
IMPRESS$ ! WORK]S 9 EV]Y C\NTRY MO/ DEEPLY4 ,!Y FELT  
9/9CTIVELY ?AT !Y W]E 9 ! MID/ ( A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1  
& ?AT1 IF NO?+ DECISIVE CAME \T ( IT N[1 ALL ! HOPES ( !  
TOIL+ MASSES W\LD BE DISPELL$ = YE>S4 ,! WORK]S RECOGNIZ$ ?AT  
! SY/EM :I* HAD BE5 UNABLE TO PREV5T ! HORRIBLE CATA/ROPHE (  
! ,WORLD ,W>1 BUT 9/EAD = F\R YE>S HAD DRIV5 ! PEOPLES TO !  
SLAU<T]-P51 HAD =FEIT$ ITS RI<T TO EXI/5CE1 & !Y HAIL$ ANY  
EF=T :I* PROMIS$ !M A WAY \T ( ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL *AOS  
:I* ! W> HAD CREAT$4 ,= JU/ ?IS REASON !Y PLAC$ !IR  
HI<E/ HOPES ON ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ?\<T IT M>K$ !  
9AUGURATION ( A NEW ]A 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES4 

,9 #aiai ! ,BOL%EVI/ P>TY1 :I* HAD ATTA9$ TO P[] 9  
,RUSSIA1 ISSU$ AN APPEAL TO ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9  
! WORLD1 & 9VIT$ !M TO A CONGRESS :I* WAS TO MEET 9 ,RUSSIA 9  
! FOLL[+ YE> TO SET UP A NEW ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES  
EXI/ AT ?AT TIME 9 ONLY A FEW C\NTRIES2 ON ! O!R H&1 !RE  
W]E 9 ,SPA91 ,PORTUGAL1 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 ,HOLL&1 ,SW$51 ,G]MANY1  
,5GL& & ! C\NTRIES ( ,NOR? & ,S\? ,AM]ICA ,SYNDICALI/  
ORGANIZATIONS1 SOME ( :I* EX]CIS$ A V]Y /RONG 9FLU5CE4 ,IT WAS1  
!RE=E1 ( DEEP CONC]N TO ,L59 & HIS FOLL[]S TO W9 !SE  
P>TICUL> ORGANIZATIONS1 AS HE HAD SO ?OR\<LY ALI5AT$ HIMSELF FROM  
! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR P>TIES ?AT HE C\LD SC>CELY C\NT UPON !IR  
SUPPORT4 ,SO IT CAME AB\T ?AT1 AT ! CONGRESS = ! F\ND+ ( !  
,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b1 ALMO/ ALL ( ! ,SYNDICALI/  
& ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E REPRES5T$4 

,BUT ! IMPRESSIONS :I* ! ,SYNDICALI/ DELEGATES RECEIV$ 9  
,RUSSIA W]E NOT CALCULAT$ TO MAKE !M REG>D COLLABORATION ) !  
,COMMUNI/S AS EI!R POSSIBLE OR DESIRABLE4 ,! 0DICTATOR%IP ( !  
PROLET>IAT0 WAS ALREADY REVEAL+ ITSELF 9 ITS WOR/ LI<T4 ,!  
PRISONS W]E FILL$ ) ,SOCIALI/S ( EV]Y S*OOL1 AMONG !M MANY  
,AN>*I/S & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL IT WAS PLA9 ?AT !  
NEW DOM9ANT CA/E WAS 9 NO WAY FITT$ = ! TASK ( G5U9E  
,SOCIALI/ RECON/RUCTION4 

,! F\NDATION ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ) ITS DICTATORIAL  
APP>ATUS ( ORGANIZATION & ITS EF=T TO MAKE ! :OLE LABOR  
MOVEM5T ( ,EUROPE 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( ! =EIGN POLICY ( !  
,BOL%EVI/ /ATE1 QUICKLY MADE PLA9 TO ! ,SYNDICALI/S ?AT !RE WAS  
NO PLACE = !M 9 ?AT ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT IT WAS V]Y NECESS>Y =  
! ,BOL%EVI/S1 & ,L59 9 P>TICUL>1 TO E/ABLI% A HOLD ON !  
SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION ABROAD1 AS !IR IMPORTANCE1 ESPECIALLY 9 !  
,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 WAS WELL KN[N4 ,= ?IS REASON IT WAS DECID$ TO SET  
UP1 ALONGSIDE ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 A SEP>ATE 9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCE  
( ALL REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONS1 9 :I* ! ,SYNDICALI/  
ORGANIZATIONS ( ALL %ADES C\LD ALSO F9D A PLACE4 ,! ,SYNDICALI/  
DELEGATES AGRE$ TO ! PROPOSAL & BEGAN NEGOTIATIONS ) ,LOSOVSKY1  
! COMMISSION] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BUT HE DEM&$ ?AT  
! NEW ORGANIZATION %\LD BE SUBORD9ATE TO ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1  
& ?AT ! ,SYNDICATES 9 ! SEV]AL C\NTRIES %\LD BE PLAC$ UND]  
! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 !IR C\NTRIES4 ,?IS  
DEM& WAS UNANIM\SLY REJECT$ BY ! ,SYNDICALI/ DELEGATES4 ,AS !Y  
W]E UNABLE TO COME TO AN AGREEM5T ON ANY T]MS1 IT WAS AT LA/ DECID$  
TO HOLD & 9T]NATIONAL TRADE UNION CONGRESS 9 ,MOSC[ ! FOLL[+  
YE>1 #a#i#b#a1 & TO LEAVE ! DECISION ( HIS QUE/ION TO IT4 

,9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#b1 AN 9T]NATIONAL ,SYNDICALI/ CONF]5CE  
CONV5$ 9 ,B]L9 TO DECIDE UPON AN ATTITUDE T[>D ! APPROA*+  
CONGRESS 9 ,MOSC[4 ,! CONGRESS AGRE$ UPON SEV5 PO9TS1 ON !  
ACCEPTANCE ( :I* !IR 5TRANCE 9TO ! ,R$ ,TRADE ,UNION  
,9T]NATIONAL WAS MADE DEP5D5T4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE SEV5  
PO9TS WAS ! COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE ( ! MOVEM5T FROM ALL POLITICAL  
P>TIES1 & 9SI/5CE ON ! VIEWPO9T ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/  
REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY C\LD ONLY BE C>RI$ \T BY ! ECONOMIC  
ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PRODUC+ CLASSES !MSELVES4 ,AT ! CONGRESS 9  
,MOSC[ 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> ! ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E 9 !  
M9ORITY4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,RUSSIAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS DOM9AT$ !  
5TIRE SITUATION & PUT ?R\< ALL ! RESOLUTIONS4 

,9 CONJUNCTION ) ! ?IRTE5? CONGRESS ( ! ,F4,A4,U4,D4 7,FREIE  
,>BEIT]-,UNION ,DEUTS*L&S1 ,FREE ,LABOR ,UNION ( ,G]MANY7 AT  
,DUSSELDORF 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#b#a1 !RE WAS HELD AN 9T]NATIONAL  
ORGANIZATION ( ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS AT :I* DELEGATES FROM  
,G]MANY1 ,SW$51 ,HOLL&1 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA & ! ,I4,W4,W4 9 ,AM]ICA W]E  
PRES5T4 ,! CONF]5CE VOT$ = ! CALL+ ( AN 9T]NATIONAL  
,SYNDICALI/ CONGRESS 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b#b4 ,B]L9 WAS SELECT$ AS !  
MEET+ PLACE4 ,9 ,JULY1 #a#i#b#b1 A CONF]5CE WAS HELD 9 ,B]L9 TO MAKE  
PREP>ATIONS = ?IS CONGRESS2 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,NORWAY1 ,SW$51  
,HOLL&1 ,SPA9 & ! REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/S 9 ,RUSSIA W]E  
REPRES5T$4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,RUSSIAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS HAD ALSO S5T  
A DELEGATE :O DID HIS BE/ TO PREV5T ! CALL+ ( ! CONGRESS1 &  
:5 HE HAD NO SUCCESS 9 ?IS LEFT ! CONGRESS4 ,! CONF]5CE WORK$  
\T A DECL>ATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM1 :I*  
WAS TO BE LAID BE=E ! COM+ CONGRESS = CONSID]ATION1 & MADE  
ALL ! NECESS>Y PREP>ATIONS = MAK+ ! CONGRESS A SUCCESS4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,SYNDICALI/S MET 9 ,B]L9 FROM  
,DECEMB] #b#e1 #a#i#b#b1 UNTIL ,JANU>Y #b1 #a#i#b#c1 ! FOLL[+ ORGANIZATIONS  
BE+ REPRES5T$2 ,>G5T9A BY ! ,F$]ACTION ,OBR]A ,REGIONAL  
,>G5T9A1 ) #b1 MEMB]S2 ,*ILI BY ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( !  
,WORLD1 ) #b1 MEMB]S2 ,D5M>K BY ! ,UNION = ,SYNDICALI/  
,PROPAG&A1 ) #f MEMB]S2 ,G]MANY BY ! ,FREIE ,>BEIT]-,UNION1 )  
#a#b1 MEMB]S2 ,HOLL& BY ! ,NATIONAL ,>BEIDS ,SEKRET>IAT1 )  
#b#b1#e MEMB]S2 ,ITALY BY ! ,UNIONE ,S9DICALE ,ITALIANA1 #e1 MEMB]S2  
,MEXICO BY ! ,CONF$]ACION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES1 ) #c1  
MEMB]S2 ,NORWAY BY ! ,NORSK ,SYNDIKALI/IK ,F$]ASJON1 ) #b1  
MEMB]S2 ,PORTUGAL BY ! ,CONF$]ACAO ,G]AL DO ,TRABALHO1 ) #a#e1  
MEMB]S2 ,SW$5 BY ! ,SV]IGES ,>BET>ES ,C5TRALORGANISATION1 )  
#c#b1 MEMB]S4 ,! ,SPANI% ,C4,N4,T4 WAS AT ?AT TIME 5GAG$ 9 A  
T]RIFIC /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 & =  
?AT REASON HAD S5T NO DELEGATE1 BUT !Y REAFFIRM$ !IR ADH]5CE AT  
! SECRET CONF]5CE 9 ,S>AGOSSA 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#b#c4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 :]E  
AFT] ! W> A SPLIT 9 ! ,C4,G4,T4 HAD TAK5 PLACE1 LEAD+ TO !  
F\ND+ ( ! ,C4,G4,T4,U41 ! LATT] HAD ALREADY JO9$ ! ,MUSCOVITES4  
,BUT !RE WAS A M9ORITY 9 ! ORGANIZATION :I* HAD COMB9$ TO =M  
! ,COMITE DE ,DEF5CE ,SYNDICALI/E ,REVOLUTIONAIRE4 ,?IS COMMITTEE1 :I*  
REPRES5T$ AB\T #a1 WORK]S1 TOOK ACTIVE P>T 9 ! PROCE$+S  
( ! ,B]L9 CONGRESS4 ,FROM ,FRANCE ! ,F$]ATION DES FEUNESSES DE LA  
,SE9E W]E LIKEWISE REPRES5T$4 ,TWO DELEGATES REPRES5T$ !  
,SYNDICALI/ M9ORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN TRADE UNIONS4 

,! CONGRESS RESOLV$ UNANIM\SLY ON ! F\ND+ ( AN  
9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCE ( ALL ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS UND] ! NAME  
,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,IT ADOPT$ ! DECL>ATION (  
PR9CIPLES ?AT HAD BE5 WORK$ \T BY ! ,B]L9 PRELIM9>Y  
CONF]5CE1 :I* PRES5T$ AN \TSPOK5 PR(ESSION ( ,AN>*O- 
,SYNDICALISM4 ,! SECOND ITEM ON ?IS DECL>ATION RUNS AS FOLL[S30,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM IS ! CONFIRM$ 5EMY ( EV]Y =M (  
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL MONOPOLY1 & AIMS AT ITS ABOLITION BY MEANS (  
ECONOMIC COMMUNES & ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANS ( FIELD & FACTORY WORK]S  
ON ! BASIS ( A FREE SY/EM ( C\NCILS1 5TIRELY LIB]AT$ FROM  
SUBORD9ATION TO ANY GOV]NM5T OR POLITICAL P>TY4 ,AGA9/ ! POLITICS  
( ! /ATE & ( P>TIES IT ]ECTS ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION (  
LABOR2 AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ( M51 IT SETS UP ! ADM9I/RATION (  
?+S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT HAS = ITS OBJECT NOT ! CONQUE/ (  
POLITICAL P[]1 BUT ! ABOLITION ( EV]Y ,/ATE FUNCTION 9 SOCIAL  
LIFE4 ,IT CONSID]S ?AT1 ALONG ) ! MONOPOLY ( PROP]TY1 %\LD  
DISAPPE> ALSO ! MONOPOLY ( DOM9ATION1 & ?AT ANY =M ( !  
,/ATE1 9CLUD+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 WILL ALWAYS BE !  
CREATOR ( NEW PRIVILEGES2 IT C\LD NEV] BE AN 9/RUM5T (  
LIB]ATION40 

,) ?IS ! BREA* ) ,BOL%EVISM & ITS ADH]5TS 9 !  
SEP>ATE C\NTRIES WAS COMPLET$4 ,! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 FROM !N ON TRAVEL$  
ITS [N ROAD & GA9$ A FOO?OLD 9 A NUMB] ( C\NTRIES :I* HAD  
NOT BE5 REPRES5T$ AT ! F\ND+ CONGRESS4 ,IT HOLDS ITS  
9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES1 ISSUES ITS BULLET9S1 & ADJU/S !  
RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,SYNDICALI/S ORGANIZATIONS ( ! DIFF]5T  
C\NTRIES4 ,AMONG ALL ! 9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCES ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR IT  
IS ! ONE ?AT HAS MO/ FAI?FULLY *]I%$ ! TRADITIONS ( !  
,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! MO/ P[]FUL & 9FLU5TIAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 IS  
! ,SPANI% ,C4,N4,T41 :I* IS MAK+ HI/ORY 9 ,EUROPE TODAY & IS1  
MOREOV]1 DIS*>G+ ONE ( ! H>DE/ TASKS ?AT HAS EV] BE5 SET  
BE=E ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS F\ND$ 9 #a#i#a1 &  
)9 A FEW YE>S C\NT$ AS MEMB]S OV] A MILLION WORK]S &  
PEASANTS4 ,! ORGANIZATION WAS NEW ONLY 9 NAME1 NOT 9 OBJECTIVES OR  
ME?ODS4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T IS %OT ?R\< )  
LONG P]IODS ( REACTION1 9 :I* ! MOVEM5T HAS BE5 ABLE TO C>RY  
ON ONLY AN UND]GR\ND EXI/5CE4 ,BUT AFT] EV]Y SU* P]IOD IT HAS  
ORGANIZ$ ANEW4 ,! NAME *ANGES1 BUT ! GOAL REMA9S ! SAME4 ,!  
LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 GOES BACK TO #a#h#d1 :5 ! WEAV]1 ,JUAN ,MUNTS1  
9 ,CATALONIA1 BR\<T 9TO BE+ 9 ,B>CELONA ! FIR/ TRADE UNION (  
TEXTILE WORK]S4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ?AT DAY S5T ,G5]AL ,ZAPAT]O TO  
,CATALONIA TO PUT D[N ! MOVEM5T4 ,! CONSEQU5CE WAS ! GREAT  
G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#h#e#e1 :I* L$ TO AN OP5 REVOLT 9 :I* ! WORK]S  
9SCRIB$ ON !IR BANN]S ! SLOGAN3 ,ASSOCIACION O ,MU]TE6 7,! RI<T TO  
ORGANIZE OR DEA?67 ,! REBELLION WAS BLOODILY SUPPRESS$1 BUT !  
GOV]NM5T GRANT$ ! WORK]S ! RI<T ( ORGANIZATION4 

,! FIR/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$  
BY ! IDEAS ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL1 LEAD] ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ALI/S &  
DISCIPLE ( ,PR\DHON4 ,PI Y ,M>GALL WAS ONE ( ! \T/&+ !ORI/S  
( HIS TIME & HAD A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T (  
LIB]T>IAN IDEAS 9 ,SPA94 ,HIS POLITICAL IDEAS HAD MU* 9 COMMON )  
?OSE ( ,RI*>D ,PRICE1 ,JOSEPH ,PRIE/LY1 ,?OMAS ,PA9E1 ,JEFF]SON1 &  
O!R REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN LIB]ALISM ( ! FIR/  
P]IOD4 ,HE WANT$ TO LIMIT ! P[] ( ! /ATE TO A M9IMUM &  
GRADUALLY REPLACE IT BY A ,SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC ORD]4 ,9 #a#h#f#h1 AFT] !  
ABDICATION ( ,K+ ,AMADEO ,I1 ,BAKUN9 ADDRESS$ HIS CELEBRAT$ MANIFE/  
TO ! ,SPANI% WORK]S1 & S5T A SPECIAL DELEGATION TO ,SPA9 TO W9  
! WORK]S TO ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S  
JO9$ ! GREAT WORK]S' ALLIANCE & ADOPT$ ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/  
IDEAS ( ,BAKUN91 TO :I* !Y HAVE REMA9$ LOYAL TO ?IS DAY4 ,AS A  
MATT] ( FACT1 ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION WAS ! /RONGE/ ORGANIZATION 9  
! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! FIR/ ,SPANI% REPUBLIC !  
,9T]NATIONAL WAS SUPPRESS$ 9 ,SPA91 BUT IT CONT9U$ TO EXI/ AS AN  
UND]GR\ND MOVEM5T1 ISSU$ ITS P]IODICALS1 & BADE DEFIANCE TO EV]Y  
TYRANNY4 ,& :51 F9ALLY1 AFT] SEV5 YE>S ( UNHE>D-( P]SECUTION1  
! EXCEPTIONAL LAW AGA9/ ! WORK]S WAS REPEAL$1 !RE IMM$IATELY  
SPRANG TO LIFE ! ,F$]ACTION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE LA ,REGION ,ESPANOLA1 AT  
:OSE SECOND CONGRESS 9 ,SEVILLA 7#a#h#h#b7 !RE W]E ALREADY REPRES5T$  
#bah LOCAL F$]ATIONS ) #g1 MEMB]S4 

,NO O!R WORK]S' ORGANIZATION 9 ! WORLD HAS HAD TO 5DURE SU*  
FRI<TFUL P]SECUTION AS ! ,AN>*I/ LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94  
,HUNDR$S ( ITS ADH]5TS W]E EXECUT$ OR HORRIBLE TORTUR$ BY 9HUMAN  
9QUISITORS 9 ! PRISONS ( ,J]EZ DE LA ,=NT]A1 ,MONTJUI*1 ,SEVILLA1  
,ALCALA DEL ,VALLE1 & SO ON4 ,! BLOODY P]SECUTIONS ( ! SO-CALL$  
,MANO ,NEGRA 7,BLACK ,H&71 :I* ACTUALLY NEV] EXI/$1 WAS A PURE  
9V5TION ( ! GOV]NM5T TO JU/IFY ! SUPPRESSION ( !  
ORGANIZATIONS ( ! FIELD WORK]S 9 ,&ALUSIA2 ! GRUESOME TRAG$Y (  
,MONTJUI*1 :I* 9 ITS DAY R\S$ A /ORM ( PROTE/ FROM ! 5TIRE  
WORLD2 ! ACTS ( T]RORISM ( ! ( ! ,CAMISAS ,BLANCAS 7,:ITE  
,%IRTS71 A GANG/] ORGANIZATION :I* HAD BE5 BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE  
BY ! POLICE & ! EMPLOY]S TO CLE> AWAY ! LEAD]S ( !  
MOVEM5T BY ASSASS9ATION1 & TO :I* EV5 ! ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y (  
! ,C4,N4,T41 ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI1 FELL VICTIM -- !SE >E JU/ A FEW *APT]S  
9 ! LONG1 TORTURE-FILL$ /ORY ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4  
,FRANSISCO ,F]R]1 F\ND] ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9 ,B>CELONA &  
PUBLI%] ( ! PAP] ,LA ,HUELGA ,G5]AL 7,! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE7 WAS ONE (  
ITS M>TYRS4 ,BUT NO REACTION WAS EV] ABLE TO CRU% ! RESI/ANCE (  
ITS ADH]5TS4 ,?AT MOVEM5T HAS PRODUC$ HUNDR$S ( ! MO/  
M>VEL\S *>ACT]S1 :OSE PURITY ( HE>T & 9FLEXIBLE IDEALISM HAD  
TO BE ACKN[L$G$ EV5 BY !IR GRIMME/ OPPON5TS4 ,! ,SPANI%  
,AN>*I/ LABOR MOVEM5T HAD NO PLACE = POLITICAL C>E]I/S4 ,:AT IT  
HAD TO (F] WAS CON/ANT DANG]1 IMPRISONM5T1 & (T5 DEA?4 ,ONLY  
:5 ONE HAS BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ! FRI<TFUL /ORY ( ! M>TYRS  
( ?IS MOVEM5T DOES ONE UND]/& :Y IT HAS ASSUM$ AT C]TA9  
P]IODS SU* A VIOL5T *>ACT] 9 DEF5SE ( ITS HUMAN RI<TS AGA9/  
! ONSLAU<TS ( BLACK REACTION>IES4 

,! PRES5T ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I4 EMBODIES ! OLD TRADITIONS ( !  
MOVEM5T4 ,9 CONTRA/ ) ! ,AN>*I/S ( MANY O!R C\NTRIES1 !IR  
COMRADES 9 ,SPA9 FROM ! BEG9N+ BAS$ !IR ACTIVITIES ON !  
ECONOMIC FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 TODAY  
EMBRACES A MEMB]%IP ( TWO & A HALF MILLION WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,IT  
CONTROLS ?IRTY-SIX DAILY PAP]S1 AMONG !M ,SOLID>$AD ,OBR]A 9  
,B>CELONA1 ) A CIRCULATION ( #b#d11 ! L>GE/ ( ANY PAP] 9  
,SPA91 & ,CA/ILLA ,LIBRE1 :I* IS ! MO/ READ PAP] 9 ,MADRID4  
,BESIDES !SE ! MOVEM5TS PUT \T A LOT ( WEEKLY PUBLICATIONS &  
POSSESSES SIX ( ! BE/ REVIEWS 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ YE>1  
9 P>TICUL>1 IT HAS PUBLI%$ A L>GE NUMB] ( EXCELL5T BOOKS &  
PAMPHLETS & HAS CONTRIBUT$ MORE TO ! $UCATION ( ! MASSES ?AN  
HAS ANY O!R MOVEM5T4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I4 IS1 TODAY1 ! BACKBONE ( !  
H]OIC /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FASCISM 9 ,SPA9 & ! S\L ( ! SOCIAL  
REORGANIZATION ( ! C\NTRY4 

,9 ,PORTUGAL1 :]E ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAS ALWAYS BE5 /RONGLY  
9FLU5C$ BY NEI<BOR+ ,SPA91 !RE WAS =M$ 9 #aiaa !  
,CONF$]ACCAO ,G]AL DO ,TRABALHO1 ! /RONGE/ WORK]S' ORGANIZATION 9  
! C\NTRY1 REPRES5T+ ! SAME PR9CIPLES AS ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ,SPA94 ,IT  
HAS ALWAYS %>PLY ITS 9DEP5D5CE ( ALL POLITICAL P>TIES1 & HAD  
CONDUCT$ A LOT ( BIG /RIKE MOVEM5TS4 ,BY ! VICTORY ( !  
DICTATOR%IP 9 ,PORTUGAL ! ,C4,G4,T4 WAS =C$ \T ( POLITICAL ACTIVITY  
& TODAY LEADS AN UND]GR\ND EXI/5CE4 ,! REC5T DI/URBANCES 9  
,PORTUGAL1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! EXI/+ REACTION1 >E *IEFLY TRACEABLE  
TO ITS ACTIVITIES4 

,9 ,ITALY !RE ALWAYS EXI/$1 FROM ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/  
,9T]NATIONAL1 A /RONG ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T :I*1 9 C]TA9 SECTIONS (  
! C\NTRY RETA9$ A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE OV] ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4  
,9 #aib ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY F\ND$ ! ,CONF$]AZIONE DEL ,LAVORO1 :I*  
WAS PATT]N$ AFT] ! MODEL ( ! ,G]MAN TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS (  
! C\NTRY4 ,BUT IT NEV] ATTA9$ ?IS GOAL2 IT WAS NOT EV5 ABLE TO  
PREV5T A L>GE P>T ( ITS MEMB]%IP FROM BE+ /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY  
! IDEAS ( ! ,FR5* ,SYNDICALI/S4 ,A FEW BIG & SUCCESSFUL /RIKES1  
ESPECIALLY ! F>MLAB\R]S' /RIKE 9 ,P>MA & ,F]R>A1 GAVE A /RONG  
IMPETUS TO ! PRE/IGE ( ! ADVOCATES ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,9 #aiab !RE  
CONV5$ 9 ,MOD5A A CONF]5CE ( V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS :I* W]E NOT  
AT ALL 9 ACCORD ) ! ME?OD ( ! ,CONF$]ATION & ITS  
SUBS]VI5CE TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,?IS CONF]5CE  
=M$ A NEW ORGANIZATION UND] ! NAME ,UNIONE ,S9DICALE ,ITALIANA4 ,?IS  
BODY WAS ! S\L ( A LONG LI/ ( LABOR /RUGGLES OP TO ! \TBREAK  
( ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,9 P>TICUL> IT TOOK A PROM95T P>T 9 !  
OCCURR5CES ( ! SO-CALL$ ,R$ ,WEEK 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#a#c4 ,! BRUTAL ATTACKS  
( ! POLICE ON /RIK+ WORK]S 9 ,ANCONA L$ TO G5]AL /RIKE1 :I*  
9 A FEW PROV9CES DEVELOP$ 9TO AN >M$ 9SURRECTION4 

,:51 9 FOLL[+ YE>1 ! ,WORLD ,W> BROKE \T1 A S]I\S CRISIS  
>OSE 9 ! ,U4,S4,I4 ,! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL LEAD] ( ! MOVEM5T1 ,ALCE/E  
DE ,AMBRIS1 :O HAD ALL ! TIME PLAY$ A RA!R AMBIGU\S ROLE1 TRI$ TO  
R\SE 9 ! ORGANIZATION A S5TIM5T = ! W>4 ,AT ! CONGRESS 9  
,P>MA 7#a#i#a#d71 H[EV]1 HE F\ND HIMSELF 9 ! M9ORITY1 &1 ) HIS  
FOLL[]S1 )DREW FROM ! MOVEM5T4 ,UPON ,ITALY'S 5TRANCE 9TO !  
W> ALL ! KN[N PROPAG&I/S ( ! ,U4,S4,I4 W]E >RE/$ &  
IMPRISON$ UNTIL ! 5D ( ! W>4 ,AFT] ! W> A REVOLUTION>Y  
SITUATION >OSE 9 ,ITALY1 & ! EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA1 :OSE ACTUAL  
SIGNIFICANCE C\LD AT ?AT TIME1 ( C\RSE1 NOT BE =ESE51 R\S$ A  
VIGOR\S RESPONSE 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,U4,S4,I4 9 A %ORT TIME AWOKE TO  
NEW LIFE & SOON C\NT$ #f1 MEMB]S4 ,A S]IES ( S]I\S LABOR  
DI/URBANCES %OOK ! C\NTRY1 REA*+ !IR PEAK 9 ! OCCUPATION (  
! FACTORIES 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#b4 ,ITS GOAL AT ?AT TIME WAS A FREE SOVIET  
SY/EM1 :I* WAS TO REJECT ANY DICTATOR%IP & F9D ITS BASIS 9 !  
ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR4 

,9 ?AT SAME YE>1 ! ,U4,S4,I4 S5T ITS SECRET>Y1 ,>M&O ,BOR<I1  
TO ,MOSC[ TO ACQUA9T HIMSELF P]SONALLY ) ! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA4  
,BOR<I RETURN$ TO ,ITALY SADLY DISILLUSION$4 ,9 ! 9T]IM !  
,COMMUNI/S HAD BE5 TRY+ TO GET ! ,U4,S4,I4 9TO !IR H&S2 BUT !  
CONGRESS AT ,ROME 9 #aibb L$ TO AN OP5 BREAK ) ,BOL%EVISM & !  
AFFILIATION ( ! ORGANIZATION ) ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,MEAN:ILE ,FASCISM HAD  
DEVELOP$ 9TO AN IMM$IATE DANG]4 ,A /RONG & UNIT$ LABOR MOVEM5T  
?AT WAS DET]M9$ TO RISK EV]Y?+ 9 DEF5SE ( ITS FRE$OM C\LD  
/ILL HAVE PUT A *ECK UPON ?IS DANG]@> ,BUT ! PITIFUL CONDUCT ( !  
,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 :I* WAS SUBJECT TO  
ITS 9FLU5CE1 WRECK$ EV]Y?+4 ,BESIDES ! ,U4,S4,I4 !RE REMA9$  
ONLY ! ONLY ! ,UNIONE ,AN>*IA ,ITALIANA TO RALLY R\ND !  
UNIV]SALLY REV]$ *AMPION ( ,ITALIAN ,AN>*ISM1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A4  
,:5 9 #aibb ! G5]AL /RIKE AGA9/ ,FASCISM BROKE \T1 !  
DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T >M$ ! ,FASCI/ HORDES & ?ROTTL$ ?IS LA/  
ATTEMPT AT ! DEF5SE ( FRE$OM & RI<T4 ,BUT ,ITALIAN DEMOCRACY HAD  
DUG ITS [N GRAVE4 ,IT ?\<T IT C\LD USE ,MUSSOL9I AS A TOOL AGA9/  
! WORK]S1 BUT ?US IT BECAME ITS [N GRAVE-DIGG]4 ,) ! VICTORY  
( ,FASCISM ! :OLE ,ITALIAN LABOR MOVEM5T DISAPPE>$1 & ALONG )  
IT ! ,U4,S4,I4 & ALL OP5NESS 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 

,9 ,FRANCE AFT] ! W> ! SO-CALL$ RE=MI/ W+ HAD GA9$  
! UPP]-H& 9 ! ,C4,G4,T41 :]EUPON ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS  
SEC$$ & =M$ !MSELVES 9TO ! ,C4,G4,T4,U4 ,BUT S9CE ,MOSC[ HAD A  
V]Y /RONG 9T]E/ 9 GETT+ ?IS P>TICUL> ORGANIZATION 9TO ITS  
H&S1 !RE WAS />T$ 9 IT AN UNSCRUPUL\S UND]GR\ND ACTIVITY 9  
CELLS AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN PATT]N :I* W5T SO F> ?AT 9 #aibb TWO  
,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S W]E %OT D[N BY ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! ,P>IS ,TRADE  
,UNION H\SE4 ,!REUPON ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S1 ) ,PI]RE ,B]N>D1  
)DREW FROM ! ,C4,G4,T4,U41 & =M$ ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU  
,TRAVAIL ,SYNDICALI/E ,REVOLUTIONAIRE1 :I* JO9$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL  
,WORK+M5S' ,ASSOCIATION4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION HAS S9CE !N BE5  
VIGOR\SLY ACTIVE & HAS CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO KEEP ALIVE AMONG !  
WORK]S ! OLD PRE-W> IDEAS ( ! ,C4,G4,T4 ,! DISILLUSIONM5T OV]  
,RUSSIA &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! RES\ND+ E*O AMONG ! ,FR5* WORK]S (  
! ,SPANI% FI<T = FRE$OM1 L$ TO A /RONG REVIVAL ( REVOLUTION>Y  
,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE1 SO ?AT ONE CAN SAFELY C\NT ON A REBIR? ( !  
MOVEM5T )9 PR$ICTABLE TIME4 

,9 ,G]MANY !RE HAD EXI/$ = A LONG TIME BE=E ! W> !  
MOVEM5T ( ! SO-CALL$ ,LOCOLI/S1 :OSE /RON<OLD WAS ! ,FREIE  
,V]EIGUNG DEUTS*] ,GEW]KS*AFT51 F\ND$ BY ,G4,KESSL] & ,F4 ,KAT] 9  
#a#h#i#g4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION WAS ORIG9ALLY 9SPIR$ BY PURELY ,SOCIAL  
,DEMOCRATIC IDEAS1 BUT IT COMBAT$ ! C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES ( !  
G5]AL ,G]MAN TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,! REVIVAL ( REVOLUTION>Y  
,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE HAD A /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ?IS MOVEM5T1 & ?IS  
WAS NOTABLY /R5G!N$ :5 ! =M] ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT & LAT]  
,AN>*I/1 ,DR4 ,R4 ,FRI$B]G CAME \T = ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,9 #aih !  
,F4,V4,D4,G4 BROKE COMPLETELY ) ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & OP5LY PR(ESS$  
,SYNDICALISM4 ,AFT] ! W> ?IS MOVEM5T TOOK A %>P UPSW+ & 9 A  
%ORT TIME C\NT$ #a#b1 MEMB]S4 ,AT ITS CONGRESS 9 ,B]L9 9 #aiai  
! DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES WORK$ \T BY ,R4 ,ROCK] WAS ADOPT$2 ?IS  
WAS 9 ESS5TIAL AGREEM5T ) ! OBJECTIVES ( ! ,SPANI% ,C4,N4,T4 ,AT  
! CONGRESS 9 ,DUSSELDORF 7#a#i#b71 ! ORGANIZATION *ANG$ ITS NAME TO  
,FREIE ,>BEIT]-,UNION ,DEUTS*L&S4 ,! MOVEM5T C>RI$ ON AN UNUSUALLY  
ACTIVE PROPAG&A & TOOK AN ESPECIALLY 5]GETIC P>T 9 ! GREAT  
ACTIONS BY ORGANIZ$ LABOR 9 ! ,RH5I% 9DU/RIAL FIELD4 ,!  
,F4,A4,U4,D4 R5D]$ A GREAT S]VICE ?R\< ! TIRELESS LABORS ( ITS  
ACTIVE PUBLI%+ H\SE1 :I*1 9 ADDITION TO A VOLUM\S PAMPHLET  
LIT]ATURE1 BR\<T \T A L>GE NUMB] ( LONG] WORKS BY ,KROPOTK91  
,BAKUN91 ,NETTLAU1 ,ROCK] & O!RS1 & BY ?IS ACTIVITY SPREAD !  
LIB]T>IAN IDEAS ( !SE M5 TO WID] CIRCLES4 ,! MOVEM5T1 9  
ADDITION TO ITS WEEKLY ORGAN1 ,D] ,SYNDIKALI/1 & ! !ORETICAL  
MON?LY1 ,DIE ,9T]NATIONALE1 HAD AT ITS COMM& A NUMB] ( LOCAL  
%EETS1 AMONG !M ! DAILY PAP]1 ,DIE ,S*OPFUNG1 9 ,DUSSELDORF4 ,AFT]  
,HITL]'S ACCESSION TO P[] ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,G]MAN ,AN>*O- 
,SYNDICALI/S VANI%$ FROM ! SC5E4 ,A GREAT MANY ( ITS SUPPORT]S  
LANGUI%$ 9 CONC5TRATION CAMPS OR HAD TO TAKE REFUGE ABROAD4 ,9 SPITE  
( ?IS ! ORGANIZATION /ILL EXI/S 9 SECRET1 & UND] MO/  
DIFFICULT CONDITIONS C>RIES ON ITS UND]GR\ND PROPAG&A4 

,9 ,SW$5 !RE HAS EXI/$ = A LONG TIME A V]Y ACTIVE  
,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 ! ,SV]IGES ,>BET>ES ,C5TRALORGANIZATION1 :I*  
IS ALSO AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION NUMB]S OV]  
#d1 MEMB]S1 :I* CON/ITUTES A V]Y HI< P]C5TAGE ( ! ,SW$I%  
LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SW$I% WORK]S'  
MOVEM5T IS 9 V]Y EXCELL5T CONDITION4 ,! MOVEM5T HAS TWO DAILY  
PAP]S ONE ( !M1 ,>BET>51 MANAG$ BY ,ALB]T ,J5S5 9 ,/OCKHOLM4 ,IT  
HAS ITS DISPOSAL A L>GE NUMB] ( DI/+UI%$ PROPAG&I/S1 & HAS  
ALSO 9AUGURAT$ A V]Y ACTIVE ,SYNDICALI/ ,Y\? MOVEM5T4 ,! ,SW$I%  
,SYNDICALI/S TAKE A /RONG 9T]E/ 9 ALL ! WORK]S' /RUGGLES 9 !  
C\NTRY4 ,:51 ON ! OCCASION ( ! GREAT /RIKE ( ,ADAL51 !  
,SW$I% GOV]NM5T = ! FIR/ TIME S5T MILITIA AGA9/ ! WORK]S1  
FIVE M5 BE+ %OT D[N 9 ! AFFRAY1 & ! ,SW$I% WORK]S REPLI$  
) A G5]AL /RIKE1 ! ,SYNDICALI/S PLAY$ A PROM95T P>T1 & !  
GOV]NM5T WAS AT LA/ COMPELL$ TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ! PROTE/  
MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S4 

,9 ,HOLL& AS ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T !RE WAS ! ,NATIONALE  
,>BEET]-,SEKRET>IAT 7,N4,A4,S471 :I* C\NT$ #d1 MEMB]S4 ,BUT :5  
?IS CAME MORE & MORE UND] ,COMMUNI/ 9FLU5CE1 ! ,N$]L&IS*  
,SYNDIKALI/IS* ,VAKV]BOND SPLIT (F FROM IT & ANN\NC$ ITS  
AFFILIATION ) ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT UNIT 9 ?IS NEW  
ORGANIZATION IS ! METAL WORK]S' UNION UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,A4  
,R\SSEAU4 ,! MOVEM5T HAS C>RI$ ON1 ESPECIALLY 9 REC5T YE>S1 A  
V]Y ACTIVE PROPAG&A1 & POSSESSES 9 ,DIE ,SYNDIKALI/1 $IT$ BY  
,ALB]T ,DE ,JONG1 AN EXCELL5T ORGAN4 ,& ! MON?LY ,GROND-,SLAG51 :I*  
APPE>$ = A FEW YE>S UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ,A4 ,MULL]-,LEHN+1  
DES]VES ALSO TO BE M5TION$ H]E4 ,HOLL& HAS BE5 FROM OLD !  
CLASSIC L& ( ANTI-MILIT>ISM4 ,DOMELA ,NEIUW5HUIS1 =M] PRIE/ &  
LAT] ,AN>*I/1 HI<LY RESPECT$ BY EV]YONE = HIS PURE IDEALISM1 9  
#aid F\ND$ ! ,ANTI-,MILIT>I/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I*1 H[EV]1 HAD  
9FLU5CE WOR? M5TION+ ONLY 9 ,HOLL& & ,FRANCE4 ,AT ! ?IRD  
ANTI-MILIT>I/ CONGRESS AT ,! ,HAGUE 7#a#i#b#a7 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ANTI- 
,MILIT>I/ ,BUREAU AGA9/ ,W> & ,REACTION WAS F\ND$1 :I* = !  
PA/ SIXTE5 YE>S HAS C>RI$ ON AN EXTREMELY ACTIVE 9T]NATIONAL  
PROPAG&A GR\P1 & HAS F\ND ABLE & UNSELFI% REPRES5TATIVES 9  
M5 LIKE ,B DE ,LIGT & ,ALB]T DE ,JONG4 ,! BUREAU WAS REPRES5T$ AT A  
NUMB] ( 9T]NATIONAL PEACE CONGRESSES & PUT \T A SPECIAL PRESS- 
S]VICE 9 SEV]AL LANGUAGES4 ,9 #aibe IT ALLI$ ITSELF ) ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4  
?R\< ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ANTI-MILIT>Y ,COMMITTEE1 & 9 ASSOCIATION  
) ?AT ORGANIZATION C>RIES ON A TIRELESS /RUGGLE AGA9/ REACTION  
& ! P]IL ( NEW W>S4 

,9 ADDITION TO !SE !RE EXI/ ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A  
GR\PS 9 ,NORWAY1 ,POL& & ,BULG>IA1 :I* >E AFFILIAT$ ) !  
,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,LIKEWISE ! ,JAPANESE ,JIYU ,R5GO ,DANTAI ,Z5KOKU ,KAIGI HAD  
5T]$ 9TO =MAL ALLIANCE ) ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 

,9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,>G5T9A1 ! MO/ ADVANC$  
C\NTRY ON ! S\!RN CONT95T1 ! Y\NG LABOR MOVEM5T WAS FROM  
! V]Y BEG9N+ /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAS (  
,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM4 ,9 #ahi TO ,BU5OS ,AIRES FROM ,B>CELONA CAME ,PELLICE  
,P>AIRO1 :O HAD LIV$ ?R\< ! TIME ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL &  
WAS ONE ( ! *AMPIONS ( LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM 9 ,SPA94 ,UND] HIS  
9FLU5CE A CONGRESS ( TRADE UNIONS CONV5$ 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES 9 #a#h#i#a1  
FROM :I* >OSE ! ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,>G5T9A1 :I* AT ITS' F\R?  
CONGRESS *ANG$ ITS NAME TO ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,SEGIONAL ,>G5T9A4 ,!  
,F4,O4,R4,A4 HAS C>RI$ ON S9CE !N )\T 9T]RUPTION1 EV5 ?\< ITS  
EFFICI5CY WAS (T51 AS IT IS AGA9 TODAY1 DI/URB$ BY P]IODS (  
REACTION1 & IT WAS DRIV5 TO UND]GR\ND ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS AN ,AN>*I/  
TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION1 & IT WAS ! S\L ( ALL ! GREAT LABOR  
/RUGGLES :I* HAVE SO (T5 %AK5 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,! ,F4,O4,R4,A4 BEGAN  
ITS ACTIVITY ) #d1 MEMB]S1 :I* NUMB] HAS GR[N S9CE ! ,WORLD  
,W> TO #c14 ,ITS HI/ORY1 :I* ,D4 ,A4 DE ,SANTIALLAN HAS SKET*$ 9  
HIS WORK 0,F4,O4,R4,A410 IS ONE ( ! MO/ BATTLE-FILL$ *APT]S 9 !  
ANNALS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,= OV] TW5TY-FIVE YE>S  
! MOVEM5T HAD A DAILY PAP]1 ,LA ,PROTE/A1 :I* UND] ! $ITOR%IP  
( ,SANTIALLAN & ,>ANGO1 = YE>S PUBLI%$ A WEEKLY SUPPLEM5T TO  
:I* ! BE/ M9DS ( 9T]NATIONAL LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM CONTRIBUT$4  
,! PAP] WAS SUPPRESS$ AFT] ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,G5]AL ,URIBURA1 BUT  
IT CONT9UES TO APPE> 9 AN UND]GR\ND $ITION OV5 TODAY1 EV5 IF NOT  
QUITE DAILY4 ,MOREOV]1 ALMO/ EV]Y CONSID]ABLE TRADE UNION HAD ITS [N  
ORGAN4 ,! ,F4,O4,R4,A4 E>LY JO9$ ! ,I4,W4,M4,A41 HAV+ BE5 REPRES5T$  
AT ITS F\ND+ CONGRESS BY TWO DELEGATES4 

,9 ,MAY1 #a#i#b#i1 ! ,F4,O4,R4,A4 SUMMON$ A CONGRESS ( ALL ! ,S\?  
,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES1 TO MEET 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES4 ,TO IT ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 S5T  
FROM ,B]L9 ITS ,CORRESPOND+ ,SECRET>Y1 ,A4 ,S\*Y4 ,AT ?IS CONGRESS1  
BESIDES ! ,F4,O4,R4,A ( ,>G5T9A1 !RE W]E REPRES5T$3 ,P>AGUAY BY  
! ,C5TRO ,OBR>O DEL ,P>AGUAY2 ,BOLIVIA BY ! ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL DE LA  
,PAZ1 ,LA ,ANTOR*A1 & ,LUZ Y ,LIB]TAD2 ,MEXICO BY ! ,CONF$]ACION  
,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES2 ,GUATEMALA BY ! ,COMITE PRO ,ACCION ,S9DICAL2  
,URUGUAY BY ! ,F$]ACION ,REGIONAL ,URUGUAYA2 ,FROM ,BRAZIL TRADE UNIONS  
FROM SEV5 ( ! T5 CON/ITU5T /ATES W]E REPRES5T$1 ,CO/A ,RICA  
WAS REPRES5T$ BY ! ORGANIZATION1 ,HACIA LA ,LIB]TAD4 ,EV5 ! ,*ILEAN  
,I4,W4,W4 S5T REPRES5TATIVES1 AL?\< S9CE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,IBANEZ  
IT HAD BE5 ABLE TO C>RY ON ONLY UND]GR\ND ACTIVITIES4 ,AT ?IS  
CONGRESS ! ,CONT95TAL ,AM]ICAN ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS BR\<T  
9TO EXI/5CE1 CON/ITUT+ ! ,AM]ICAN DIVISION ( ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,!  
SEAT ( ?IS ORGANIZATION WAS AT FIR/ 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 BUT LAT]1  
BECAUSE ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 IT HAD TO BE TRANSF]R$ TO ,URUGUAY4 

,!SE >E ! =CES :I* ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM AT PRES5T HAS AT  
ITS DISPOSAL 9 ! SEV]AL C\NTRIES4 ,EV]Y:]E IT HAS TO C>RY ON A  
DIFFICULT /RUGGLE AGA9/ REACTION AS WELL AS AGA9/ ! CONS]VATIVE  
ELEM5TS 9 ! PRES5T LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?R\< ! H]OIC BATTLE (  
! ,SPANI% WORK]S ! ATT5TION ( ! WORLD IS TODAY DIRECT$ TO ?IS  
MOVEM5T1 & ITS ADH]5TS >E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT A GREAT &  
SUCCESSFUL FUTURE LIES BE=E !M4 

,FROM 3 ,SPUNK4ORG4 

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