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,! ,DIALECTIC ( ,NATURE & ,CULTURE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TEXT 3 

#c3 ,! ,DIALECTIC ( ,NATURE & ,CULTURE 

  

,IT IS LIKELY ?AT ,RECLUS' MO/ 5DUR+ 9TELLECTUAL LEGACY WILL BE HIS CONTRIBUTION TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N ECOLOGICAL WORLDVIEW & HIS ROLE 9 ! CREATION ( RADICAL ECOLOGICAL SOCIAL ?\<T4.<#f#a.> ,MORE SPECIFICALLY1 HE IS IMPORTANT = 9TRODUC+ A /RONGLY ECOLOGICAL DIM5SION 9TO ! TRADITION ( AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL !ORY4 ,?IS TRADITION1 LIKE ,WE/]N ?\<T 9 G5]AL1 HAS BE5 M>K$ BY HUMANITY'S ALI5ATION FROM ! NATURAL WORLD & ITS QUE/ TO DOM9ATE NATURE4 ,YET IT HAS BE51 ON ! :OLE1 MORE SUCCESSFUL ?AN MO/ O!RS 9 UNCOV]+ ! ROOTS ( ?IS ALI5ATION1 LOOK+ BEYOND ! PROJECT ( PLANET>Y DOM9ATION1 & ATTEMPT+ TO RE/ORE HUMANITY TO ITS RI<TFUL PLACE )91 RA!R ?AN ABOVE1 NATURE4 ,RECLUS MADE A P[]FUL CONTRIBUTION TO 9TRODUC+ ?IS MORE ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE 9TO AN>*I/ ?\<T4 

,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY HAD AN IMPACT ON AN>*I/ !ORY AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? & ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 JU/ AS SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS HAD A C]TA9 9FLU5CE ON AN>*I/ ?\<T 9 ! LATE TW5TIE? & E>LY TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY4.<#f#b.> ,:ILE ?IS HI/ORICAL P>ALLEL IS OCCASIONALLY NOT$1 ! CONNECTION IS USUALLY MADE ?R\< REF]5CE TO ,KROPOTK9 AS A =]UNN] ( ECOLOGICAL AN>*ISM4 ,FEW COMM5TATORS HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT ,RECLUS1 MU* MORE ?AN ,KROPOTK91 9TRODUC$ 9TO AN>*I/ !ORY !MES ?AT W]E LAT] DEVELOP$ 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY & ECO-AN>*ISM4 ,9DE$1 ,RECLUS EXPLOR$ !SE SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL ISSUES ) CONSID]ABLE !ORETICAL SOPHI/ICATION-- MORE ?AN A C5TURY AGO4.<#f#c.> 

,BEATRICE ,GIBL91 9 H] >TICLE 0,RECLUS3 ,AN ,ECOLOGI/ AHEAD ( ,HIS ,TIME80 CONT5DS ?AT ,RECLUS 0HAD A GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY ?AT DI$ ) HIM = ALMO/ A FULL HALF-C5TURY40.<#f#d.> ,?IS SWEEP+ G5]ALIZATION IS 9 SOME WAYS EV5 AN UND]/ATEM5T ( ! CASE4 ,! K9D ( ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE ?AT ,RECLUS DEVELOP$1 ESPECIALLY 9 HIS GREAT CULM9AT+ WORK1 ,MAN & ! ,E>?1 EFFECTIVELY DISAPPE>$ FROM MA9/REAM SOCIAL ?\<T E>LY 9 ! C5TURY & DID NOT REEM]GE SIGNIFICANTLY UNTIL WELL 9TO ! #a#i#gS1 9 RESPONSE TO GR[+ PUBLIC AW>5ESS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ REMA9$ AN UND]CURR5T ( AN>*I/ & UTOPIAN ?\<T & PRACTICE1 AS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! WORK ( SU* COMMUNIT>IAN GR\PS AS ! ,S*OOL ( ,LIV+ ( ,RALPH ,BORSODI & ,MILDR$ ,LOOMIS4.<#f#e.> ,H[EV]1 IT DID NOT BECOME A C5TRAL !ME 9 AN>*I/ & UTOPIAN !ORETICAL DISCUSSION UNTIL ! IDEAS ( ,PAUL ,GOODMAN & ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 BEGAN TO HAVE A NOTICEABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS4.<#f#f.> 

,IT HAS BE5 NOT$ ?AT ,RECLUS BEG9S ! FIR/ VOLUME ( HIS MAGNUM OPUS ( SOCIAL !ORY ) ! EPIGRAPH 0,MAN IS NATURE BECOM+ SELFCONSCI\S40.<#f#g.> ,?IS CONCEPT--LIT]ALLY1 ?AT HUMANITY IS 0NATURE TAK+ CONSCI\SNESS ( ITSELF0--CAPTURES ! ESS5CE ( ,RECLUS' MESSAGE3 ?AT HUMANITY MU/ COME TO UND]/& ITS ID5TITY AS ! SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! E>? & ?AT IT MU/ COMPLETE ! PROCESS ( DEVELOP+ ?IS CONSCI\SNESS 9 HI/ORY4 ,9 EFFECT1 HE PROPOSES A !ORETICAL PROJECT ( UND]/&+ MORE FULLY \R PLACE 9 NATURE & ( UNMASK+ ! IDEOLOGIES ?AT DI/ORT IT1 & A CORRESPOND+ E?ICAL PROJECT ( ASSUM+1 ?R\< A TRANS=M$ SOCIAL PRACTICE1 ! F>-REA*+ MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES IMPLI$ BY ?AT CRUCIAL POSITION4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS APPROA*1 HE SEEKS TO EXPLA9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETY 9 DIALECTICAL 9T]ACTION ) ! RE/ ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 & HE EXP\NDS A !ORY ( SOCIAL PROGRESS 9 :I* HUMAN SELF-REALIZATION & ! FL\RI%+ ( ! PLANET AS A :OLE CAN F9ALLY BE RECONCIL$ ) ONE ANO!R4 

,RECLUS ALWAYS HAD A /RONG S5SE ( HUMANITY'S 9TIMATE CONNECT$NESS TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,EV5 9 HIS E>LY WORK1 HE ELOQU5TLY DESCRIBES HUMANITY'S *>ACT] AS AN EXPRESSION ( ! E>?'S CREATIVITY & \R K9%IP ) ALL ( LIFE4 0,WE >E10 HE SAYS1 0! *ILDR5 ( ! 'B5EFIC5T MO!R1' LIKE ! TREES ( ! =E/ & ! RE$S ( ! RIV]S4 ,%E IT IS FROM :OM WE D]IVE \R SUB/ANCE2 %E N\RI%ES US ) H] MO!R'S MILK1 %E FURNI%ES AIR TO \R LUNGS1 &1 9 FACT1 SUPPLIES US ) ?AT :]E9 WE LIVE & MOVE & HAVE \R BE+40.<#f#h.> ,?R\<\T HIS WORKS1 HE REMA9S TRUE TO ?IS 9TEGRAL1 HOLI/IC VISION ( HUMANITY-9-NATURE4 ,:ILE HIS /UDIES BECAME 9CREAS+LY SCI5TIFIC1 TE*NICAL1 & M9UTELY DETAIL$1 HE NEV] AB&ON$ ! ES!TIC1 POETIC1 & EV5 SPIRITUAL ASPECTS ( HIS ATTITUDE T[>D NATURE BUT RA!R SYN!SIZ$ !SE DIM5SIONS 9 HIS F>RANG+1 9TEGRATIVE P]SPECTIVE4 ,SU* A FUSION ( =MS ( RATIONALITY & IMAG9ATION ?AT HAVE SO (T5 BE5 OPPOS$ TO ONE ANO!R 9 ,WE/]N ?9K+ IS ONE ( ! MO/ NOTEWOR?Y DIM5SIONS ( ,RECLUS' ?\<T4.<#f#i.> 

,SIMIL>LY1 ,RECLUS SEEKS TO 9TEGRATE A !ORETICAL & SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ ( NATURE ) AN AW>5ESS ( ! PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS ( SU* AN UND]/&+4 ,HIS SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY IS A ?OR\<LY POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY1 CON/ANTLY EXPLOR+ ! QUE/ION ( :AT ONE MI<T CALL 0! POLITICS ( SELF-CONSCI\S NATURE40 ,YVES ,LACO/E1 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,FR5* GEOGRAPH] :O HAS P]HAPS DONE MO/ TO REVIVE 9T]E/ 9 ,RECLUS1 CONT5DS ?AT :ILE ,RECLUS WAS 0! GREATE/ ,FR5* GEOGRAPH]10 HE HAS BE5 0COMPLETELY MISUND]/OOD0 BECAUSE ( ! 0C5TRAL EPI/EMOLOGICAL PROBLEM ( ACADEMIC GEOGRAPHY3 ! EXCLUSION ( ! POLITICAL40.<#g.> ,LACO/E F9DS IT IRONIC ?AT REC5T DISCUSSIONS ( SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY SY/EMATICALLY 0=GET0 ,RECLUS' MASSIVE SIX-VOLUME WORK 9 :I* SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY IS ! 0MA9 ?READ40.<#g#a.> ,! SITUATION P>ALLELS 9 SOME WAYS ! RECEPTION ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY & RADICAL POLITICAL ECOLOGY TODAY4 ,SU* P]SPECTIVES >E SOMETIMES GRANT$ VALIDITY TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y PO9T \T ?AT 0ALL ?+S >E CONNECT$10 9CLUD+ ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL REALITIES1 BUT !Y (T5 LOSE CR$IBILITY :5 !Y BEG9 TO EXPLORE ! NATURE ( ?AT CONNECTION--& D>E TO F9D ! ROOTS ( ECOLOGICAL CRISIS 9 ! EXI/5CE ( ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE & ! CORPORATE CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,SU* P>ALLELS %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS+1 = ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ,RECLUS' SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY & SOCIAL ECOLOGY 9 P>TICUL> >E 9 MANY WAYS QUITE /RIK+4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY REMA9S RADICALLY DIALECTICAL1 ONE ( ITS FUNDAM5TAL 9T]PRETIVE PR9CIPLES IS ! CONCEPT ?AT EV]Y PH5OM5ON 9CORPORATES )9 ITSELF ! HI/ORY ( ?AT PH5OM5ON4 ,RECLUS USES MU* ! SAME CONCEPT TO GUIDE HIS SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY :5 HE OBS]VES ?AT 0PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY CONTA9S )9 ITSELF ALL PA/ SOCIETIES40.<#g#b.> ,HE ALSO APPLIES IT TO HUMAN NATURE1 EXPRESS+ A V>IATION ON ! IDEA ?AT ONTOG5Y RECAPITULATES PHYLOG5Y4 ,9 HIS =MULATION1 0MAN RECOLLECTS 9 HIS /RUCTURE EV]Y?+ ?AT HIS ANCE/ORS LIV$ ?R\< DUR+ ! VA/ EXPANSE ( AGES4 ,HE 9DE$ EPITOMIZES 9 HIMSELF ALL ?AT PREC$$ HIM 9 EXI/5CE1 JU/ AS1 9 HIS EMBRYONIC LIFE1 HE PRES5TS SUCCESSIVELY V>I\S =MS ( ORGANIZATION ?AT >E MORE SIMPLE ?AN HIS [N40.<#g#c.> 

,!RE IS ?US = ,RECLUS A CONT9UITY ( DEVELOPM5T 9 BO? NATURAL & SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 9 :I* ! E>LI] /AGES >E PRES]V$ 9 ! LAT] ONES4 ,?IS DOES NOT1 H[EV]1 IMPLY ANY SORT ( /RICT DET]M9I/IC \TLOOK4 ,RA!R1 \R KN[L$GE ( CONT9UITIES & DET]M9ANTS IS SE5 AS CONTRIBUT+ TO ! 9CREAS$ FRE$OM ?AT RESULTS FROM AN ACCURATE UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( ?+S4 ,9T]E/+LY1 ,RECLUS DOES NOT HESITATE TO RECOGNIZE SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 0MON>*Y0 9 HUMAN SOCIETY & 0MON>*Y0 )9 ANIMAL SPECIES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( SOME PRIMATES SPECIES ) GR\PS HAV+ DOM9ANT 9DIVIDUALS1 OR1 AS HE DEPICTS !M1 0RECOGNIZ$ *IEFS40.<#g#d.> ,BOOK*91 ON ! O!R H&1 COMPLETELY REJECTS ANY SU* ATTRIBUTIONS ON ! GR\ND ?AT MANY ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( HUMAN HI]>*IES DO NOT EXI/ 9 ! ANIMAL COMMUNITIES ?AT >E DESCRIB$ AS HI]>*ICAL4 ,HE SEEMS TO FE> ?AT ! USE ( SU* T]M9OLOGY MI<T IMPLY ?AT HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS >E BIOLOGICALLY BAS$ & !RE=E NOT SUBJECT TO SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,RECLUS W\LD C]TA9LY RECOGNIZE ! SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 HUMAN & PRIMATE HI]>*IES1 YET HE SEES ! USE ( SU* T]M9OLOGY AS NO ?REAT TO HIS AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES OR HIS HOPES = HUMANITY4 ,9 HIS ANALYSIS1 SU* LANGUAGE DRAWS ATT5TION TO A C]TA9 CONT9UITY BETWE5 PH5OM5A 9 ! HUMAN & NATURAL WORLDS4 ,YET FROM ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY ONE CAN LE>N ?AT SOCIAL HI]>*IES >E CONT+5T1 HI/ORICALLY DEVELOP$ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MAY BE REJECT$ IF HUMAN BE+S *OOSE TO ORGANIZE !IR COMMUNITIES 9 O!R WAYS4 

,AL?\< ,RECLUS BELIEVES WE CAN LE>N MU* AB\T EXI/+ SOCIAL PH5OM5A ?R\< ! /UDY ( ! EVOLUTION ( ALL =MS ( LIFE1 HIS PRIM>Y FOCUS IS ON DISCOV]+ ! NATURE ( !SE PH5OM5A ?R\< ! EXAM9ATION ( !IR EVOLUTION OV] ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY 9 P>TICUL>4 ,SU* AN ANALYSIS WILL GUIDE US 9 UND]/&+ BO? ! /RUCTURE ( & ! CONTRADICTIONS )9 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETIES4 ,9 HIS ANALYSIS ( !SE SOCIETIES1 HE DISCOV]S ?AT EA* ( !M 0IS COMPOS$ ( SUP]IMPOS$ CLASSES1 REPRES5T+ 9 ?IS C5TURY ALL SUCCESSIVE PREVI\S C5TURIES ) !IR CORRESPOND+ 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CULTURES10 & ?AT :5 !Y >E 0SE5 9 CLOSE JUXTAPOSITION1 !IR VA/LY DIFF]+ CONDITIONS ( LIFE PRES5T A /RIK+ CONTRA/40.<#g#e.> ,?R\< ! 9VE/IGATION ( !SE CLASSES1 ,RECLUS SEEKS TO UNCOV] C]TA9 FISSURES 9 ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ?AT >E USUALLY CONCEAL$ BY ! DOM9ANT 9TEGRATIVE IDEOLOGIES4 ,IT CAN ?US BE %[N H[ ! HIDD5 LEGACY ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION REVEALS ITSELF 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL CONFLICTS4 

,= ,RECLUS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DEVELOP A CRITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( PA/ HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T IF WE >E EV] TO TRANSC5D ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION4 ,SU* AN AW>5ESS IS A PRECONDITION = ! CONSCI\S CREATION ( A FUTURE COLLECTIVE HI/ORY1 A PROCESS CONCEPTUALIZ$ BY ,RECLUS AS HUMANITY'S ATTEMPT 0TO REALIZE ITSELF ?R\< ONE =M ?AT 5COMPASSES ALL AGES40.<#g#f.> ,AS ! SPECIES COMES TO SEE ITSELF AS P>T ( A HI/ORICAL & GEOGRAPHICAL :OLE1 IT ATTA9S BO? SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & A CORRESPOND+ FRE$OM4 ,WE GA9 ! ABILITY 0TO FREE \RSELVES FROM ! /RICT L9E ( DEVELOPM5T DET]M9$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT WE 9HABIT & BY ! SPECIFIC L9EAGE ( \R RACE4 ,BE=E US LIES ! 9F9ITE NETWORK ( P>ALLEL1 DIV]G+1 & 9T]SECT+ ROADS ?AT O!R SEGM5TS ( HUMANITY HAVE FOLL[$40.<#g#g.> ,IT IS ?US BY COMPREH5D+ ! GREAT DIV]SITY ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE ?AT HUMANITY CAN A*IEVE A UNIFY+ VISION ( ITS [N HI/ORY4 

,JU/ AS 9 SOCIETY UNITY IS A*IEV$ ?R\< A RECOGNITION ( DIV]SITY1 9 NATURE A UNIFY+ H>MONY IS ATTA9$ ?R\< DIV]SE & (T5 DISCORDANT ELEM5TS4 ,AL?\< ! ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE HAS (T5 BE5 ID5TIFI$ ) A RA!R ONE-SID$ EMPHASIS ON H>MONY1 BALANCE1 & ORD]1 REC5T DISCUSSIONS 9 ECOLOGICAL !ORY HAVE *ALL5G$ ! DOM9ANT 7ECOSY/EMIC1 0BALANCE ( NATURE07 MODEL4 ,9DE$1 SOME !ORI/S1 9SPIR$ BY PO/MOD]NI/ ?\<T1 HAVE EMBRAC$ ! OPPOSITE EXTREME1 SEE+ ONLY DISORD] & *AOS 9 NATURE4 ,RECLUS LONG AGO SUPPORT$ A MORE JUDICI\S & !ORETICALLY BALANC$ DIALECTICAL VIEW ?AT AVOIDS ! EXTREMES ( OV]EMPHASIZ+ EI!R ORD] OR *AOS4.<#g#h.> ,!RE IS 9DE$1 ACCORD+ TO ,RECLUS1 A H>MONY & BALANCE 9 NATURE1 BUT IT IS ONE ?AT OP]ATES ?R\< A T5D5CY T[>D DISCORD & IMBALANCE4 ,HE NOTES ?AT 0AS PLANTS OR ANIMALS1 9CLUD+ HUMANS1 LEAVE !IR NATIVE HABITAT & 9TRUDE ON ANO!R 5VIRONM5T1 ! H>MONY ( NATURE IS TEMPOR>ILY DI/URB$02 H[EV]1 !SE 9TRODUC$ TYPES EI!R DIE \T OR ADAPT TO ! NEW CONDITIONS1 MAK+ A CONTRIBUTION TO NATURE AS !Y 0ADD TO ! WOND]FUL H>MONY ( ! E>?1 & ( ALL ?AT SPR+S UP & GR[S UPON ITS SURFACE40.<#g#i.> ,?US1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT !RE IS A 0BALANCE ( NATURE0 IT IS NOT A SIMPLE BALANCE ( ELEM5TS BUT RA!R A COMPLEX BALANCE ( ORD] & DISORD]4 

,RECLUS' DEEPLY HOLI/IC ACC\NT ( NATURAL PROCESSES (T5 PREFIGURES CONTEMPOR>Y ECOLOGICAL ANALYZES4 ,AN EXAMPLE IS HIS DISCUSSION ( ! FUNCTION ( =E/S 9 GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL HEAL?4 ,HE LAM5TS ! RECKLESS & DE/RUCTIVE ACTIONS ( ! 0PIONE]S0 ( BO? ,NOR? & ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 :O BURN$ HUGE EXPANSES ( ANCI5T =E/ 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% AGRICULTURE1 0AT ! SAME TIME BURN+ ! ANIMALS1 BLACK5+ ! SKY ) SMOKE1 & CA/+ TO ! W9D A%ES ?AT SCATT] OV] HUNDR$S ( KILOMET]S40.<#h.> ,HE NOTES ?AT :ILE ?IS ACTION WAS %ORTSI<T$ EV5 FROM A N>R[LY ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW1 ! GREAT LOSS IS ?AT ! =E/S HAVE BE5 PREV5T$ FROM PLAY+ 0!IR P>T 9 ! G5]AL HYGI5E ( ! E>? & ITS SPECIES10 :I* IS 0AN ESS5TIAL ROLE40.<#h#a.> ,RECLUS S\NDS /RIK+LY CONTEMPOR>Y 9 PROPOS+ A HEAL? MODEL ( ECOLOGICAL S\NDNESS 9 :I* HUMAN HEAL? IS L9K$ TO ! HEAL? ( ECOSY/EMS4 ,US+ /RONGLY ORGANICI/ IMAG]Y1 HE SUGGE/S ?AT ! E>? 0\<T TO BE C>$ = LIKE A GREAT BODY1 9 :I* ! BREA?+ C>RI$ \T BY MEANS ( ! =E/S REGULATES ITSELF ACCORD+ TO A SCI5TIFIC ME?OD2 IT HAS ITS LUNGS :I* \<T TO BE RESPECT$ BY HUMANS1 S9CE !IR [N HYGI5E DEP5DS ON !M40.<#h#b.> ,HE ALSO 9CORPORATES ! ES!TIC DIM5SION 9 HIS HOLI/IC VIEW ( NATURE :5 HE DESCRIBES ! E>? AS 0RHY?M & BEAUTY EXPRESS$ 9 A H>MONI\S :OLE40.<#h#c.> ,HIS DISCUSSION IS /RONGLY REM9ISC5T ( ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD'S L& E?IC1 :I* /RESSES CONC]N = 0! HEAL? ( ! L&10 9 ! S5SE ( 0! CAPACITY ( ! L& = SELF-R5EWAL10 & FAM\SLY DEF9ES 0RI<TNESS0 9 T]MS ( :AT 0T5DS TO PRES]VE ! 9TEGRITY1 /ABILITY1 & BEAUTY ( ! BIOTIC COMMUNITY40.<#h#d.> 

,REC5T ECOLOGICAL ?\<T HAS DEVOT$ A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION TO ! PROBLEM ( AN?ROPOC5TRISM1 A VIEW ?AT PLACES HUMAN BE+S 9 A HI]>*ICAL POSITION OV] ALL O!R BE+S & R$UCES ALL VALUE 9 0EXT]NAL NATURE0 TO A M]ELY 9/RUM5TAL ONE 9 RELATION TO HUMAN 5DS4 ,RECLUS MAY SOMETIMES S\ND RA!R AN?ROPOC5TRIC1 P>TICUL>LY :5 HE FOCUSES ON ! V>I\S 0CONQUE/S0 9VOLV$ 9 HUMAN PROGRESS4 ,H[EV]1 HIS SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY ACTUALLY CON/ITUTES A GREAT /EP 9 ! DIRECTION ( 9CORPORAT+ HUMANITY FULLY 9TO ! LIFE & HI/ORY ( ! PLANET4 ,:AT IS /RIK+ AB\T HIS VIEWPO9T IS ! DEGREE TO :I* HE WAS ABLE TO TRANSC5D MANY ( ! DOM9ANT IDEAS ( HIS C5TURY 9 %IFT+ FROM AN 5TIRELY HUMANC5T]$ TO A MORE E>?-C5T]$ P]SPECTIVE4 ,! COMM5TS ( AN E>LY COMM5TATOR1 ,$W>D ,RO!N1 9 A MEMORIAL TRIBUTE1 9DICATE ! EXT5T TO :I* ,RECLUS' APPROA* C\LD SEEM EV5 9 HIS [N DAY TO CON/ITUTE A BREAK ) ! DOM9ANT HUMAN-C5T]$ IDEOLOGY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,RO!N1 ,RECLUS 0COMPLETELY REJECT$ ?AT AN?ROPOMORPHISM :I* MADE MAN1 ! IMAGE ( ,GOD1 ! SOV]EIGN ( A WORLD CREAT$ ONLY = ! SATISFACTION ( HIS NE$S & HIS :IMS40.<#h#e.> ,RECLUS 0?\<T IT /UPID TO D5Y A S\L TO ANIMALS1 TO PLANTS & TO ALL ?AT IS /ILL T]M$ '9S5SIBLE MATT]1' AS IF SU* MATT] C\LD BE F\ND ANY:]E 9 ! UNIV]SE40.<#h#f.> ,HIS VIEW CON/ITUTES1 ACCORD+ TO ,RO!N1 AN 09F9ITE PAN!ISM0 ?AT 0P]CEIVES AN IMM5SE SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ALL ?AT LIVES40.<#h#g.> ,CONSID]+ HIS RECOGNITION ( ! CONT9UITY & UND]LY+ UNITY ( ALL BE+1 & ! AWE ) :I* HE CONTEMPLAT$ NATURE1 ?IS C]TA9LY CAPTURES AN IMPORTANT DIM5SION ( ,RECLUS' \TLOOK4 ,RECLUS DID NOT *OOSE TO USE ! T]M 0PAN!ISM0 TO REF] TO HIS WORLDVIEW4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ONE F9DS 9 HIS WORKS SU* PASSAGES AS ! FOLL[+1 FROM HIS *APT] ON 0,BA?+0 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( A ,RIV]3 0,IT SEEMS ?AT ,I HAVE BECOME P>T ( ! SURR\ND+ MILIEU2 ,I FEEL AS IF ,I AM ONE ) ! FLOAT+ AQUATIC PLANTS1 ONE ) ! S& SWEPT ALONG ! BOTTOM1 ONE ) ! CURR5T ?AT SWAYS MY BODY40.<#h#h.> ,! S5SIBILITY EXPRESS$ H]E IS C]TA9LY CLOSE TO :AT IS SOMETIMES CALL$ 0NATURE MY/ICISM0 OR 0PAN!ISM40 

,:AT IS CLE> IS ?AT ,RECLUS WI%$ TO SITUATE HUMANITY )9 ! CONTEXT ( A L>G] REALITY ( :I* IT IS A P>T4 ,F> FROM BE+ AN?ROPOC5TRIC1 ,RECLUS' VIEW ( HUMANITY'S PLACE 9 NATURE IS DIALECTICAL1 CRITICALLY HOLI/IC1 & DEVELOPM5TAL4 ,9 A S5SE1 IT MI<T BE CALL$ AN 0EM]G5CE0 !ORY1 IF IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT = HIM HUMANITY IS EM]G+ )9 NATURE RA!R ?AN \T ( IT4 ,HIS ANALYSIS 9 SOME WAYS P>ALLELS ! DIVISION ( ! NATURAL WORLD MADE BY ,BOOK*9 & V>I\S O!R SOCIAL & POLITICAL ECOLOGI/S :O ADOPT ! ANCI5T DI/9CTION BETWE5 A 0FIR/ NATURE0 & A 0SECOND NATURE10 CORRESPOND+ MORE OR LESS TO ! NATURAL WORLD & ! SOCIAL WORLD1 BO? ( :I* >E SE5 AS DEVELOP+ DIM5SIONS ( A L>G] 0NATURE40.<#h#i.> 

,RECLUS ALSO DEL9EATES SU* REALMS ( BE+ 9 NATURE1 BUT HIS ANALYSIS IS A BIT MORE COMPLEX ?AN !SE4 ,!RE IS1 ON ! ONE H&1 ?AT SPH]E ( NATURE ?AT CAN EXI/ 9DEP5D5TLY ( HUMANITY1 & ?AT HAD1 9DE$1 EXI/$ = EONS BE=E NATURE BEGAN TO 0BECOME CONSCI\S ( ITSELF0 ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY4 ,AS HUMANITY EM]GES1 IT REMA9S 9 9TIMATE 9T]RELATION%IP ) AN EXT]NAL SPH]E ( NATURE1 & ! COMPLEX RELATION%IPS ( 9T]DEP5D5CE BETWE5 ! TWO REALMS TAKE ON AN 9CREAS+LY PLANET>Y DIM5SION4 ,RECLUS CALLS ! REALM ( NATURAL BE+ ?AT HAS >IS5 & RELAT$ ITSELF TO ! RE/ ( NATURE 0! HUMAN SOCIAL MILIEU40 

,H[EV]1 ! SOCIAL WORLD DOES NOT CON/ITUTE = ,RECLUS M]ELY A 0SECOND NATURE10 = IT IS ITSELF DUAL & ?US MI<T BE SAID TO 5COMPASS BO? A 0SECOND0 & A 0?IRD NATURE40 ,HE CALLS ! =M] 0! /ATIC MILIEU0 OR 0! NATURAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE10 :ILE HE LABELS ! LATT] 0! DYNAMIC MILIEU0 OR 0! >TIFICIAL SPH]E ( EXI/5CE40 ,! FIR/ SPH]E1 EV5 ?\< IT IS %AP$ BY HUMAN CULTURE1 CON/ITUTES \R MO/ IMM$IATE EMB$D$NESS 9 NATURE & ?US HAS A C]TA9 DEGREE ( NATURAL NECESSITY4 ,! SECOND SPH]E IS MU* MORE SUBJECT TO HUMAN DIRECTION & IS !RE=E MORE A REALM ( SOCIAL CONT+5CY4 ,= ,RECLUS1 !RE IS 0A QUITE M>K$ DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! FACTS ( NATURE1 :I* >E IMPOSSIBLE TO AVOID1 & ?OSE :I* BELONG TO AN >TIFICIAL WORLD1 & :I* ONE CAN FLEE OR P]HAPS EV5 COMPLETELY IGNORE4 ,! SOIL1 ! CLIMATE1 ! TYPE ( LABOR & DIET1 RELATIONS ( K9%IP & M>RIAGE1 ! MODE ( GR\P+ TOGE!R1 !SE >E ! PRIMORDIAL FACTS ?AT PLAY A P>T 9 ! HI/ORY ( EA* MAN1 AS WELL AS ( EA* ANIMAL4 ,H[EV]1 WAGES1 [N]%IP1 COMM]CE1 & ! LIMITS ( ! /ATE >E SECOND>Y FACTS40.<#i.> ,9 DEF5SE ( ! CONT+5T NATURE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS HE ASSOCIATES ) 0SECOND>Y FACTS10 HE OBS]VES ?AT MANY E>LI] SOCIETIES MANAG$ TO EXI/ )\T !M4 ,HE >GUES = ! !ORETICAL PRIORITY ( ! 0/ATIC MILIEU10 S9CE IT HAS ALWAYS EXI/$ & HAS (T5 HAD A DET]M9+ =CE 9 SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 ,AL?\< HE ADMITS ?AT 0QUITE (T5 9 ! CASE ( 9DIVIDUALS ! >TIFICIAL SPH]E ( EXI/5CE PREVAILS OV] ! NATURAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE10 HE ?9KS ?AT 0IT IS NECESS>Y TO /UDY ! /ATIC MILIEU FIR/ & !N TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! DYNAMIC MILIEU40.<#i#a.> 

,! SUBTLE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO SPH]ES IS1 H[EV]1 DIALECTICAL4 ,= ,RECLUS1 ?IS MEANS ?AT ! 9FLU5CE ( NATURE & ( ! 0/ATIC MILIEU0 IS MU* GREAT] ?AN HI/ORIANS & SOCIAL !ORI/S HAVE RECOGNIZ$4 ,9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY OV] HI/ORY 0NO?+ IS LO/10 BECAUSE 0! ANCI5T CAUSES1 H[EV] ATT5UAT$1 /ILL ACT 9 A SECOND>Y MANN]1 & ! RESE>*] CAN DISCOV] !M 9 ! HIDD5 CURR5TS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y MOVEM5T ( SOCIETY40.<#i#b.> ,:ILE SUP]IMPOS$ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC FACTORS >E (T5 GIV5 PRIM>Y RECOGNITION AS SOCIAL CAUSES1 0?IS SECOND DYNAMIC MILIEU1 ADD$ TO ! PRIMITIVE /ATIC MILIEU1 CON/ITUTES A :OLE ( 9FLU5CES )9 :I* IT IS DIFFICULT1 & (T5 EV5 IMPOSSIBLE1 TO DET]M9E ! PREPOND]ANCE ( =CES4 ,?IS IS ALL ! MORE TRUE BECAUSE ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( PRIM>Y & SECOND>Y =CES1 :E!R PURELY GEOGRAPHICAL OR ALREADY HI/ORICAL1 V>IES ACCORD+ TO PEOPLES & AGES40.<#i#c.> ,ONCE AGA91 A PH5OM5ON--9CLUD+ EV5 ! SOCIAL :OLE--CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD AS ! CUMULATIVE PRODUCT ( ITS 5TIRE HI/ORY4 ,9DE$1 HUMANITY ITSELF1 0) ALL ITS *>ACT]I/ICS ( /ATURE1 PROPORTION1 TRAITS1 & C]EBRAL CAPACITY10 IS 0! PRODUCT ( PREVI\S MILIEUX MULTIPLY+ !MSELVES TO 9F9ITY0 S9CE ! ORIG9S ( ! SPECIES4.<#i#d.> 

,9 %ORT1 WE REFLECT ! E>? & ! REGIONS ( ! PLANET 9 :I* WE >OSE & DEVELOP$4 ,9 ,RECLUS' WORDS1 0,! HI/ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D HAS BE5 WRITT5 BE=EH& 9 SUBLIME LETT]+ ON ! PLA9S1 VALLEYS1 & COA/S ( \R CONT95TS40.<#i#e.> ,:ILE BIOREGIONALISM HAS ONLY REC5TLY RE9TRODUC$ ?IS CONCEPT & BR\<T IT TO ! C5T] ( ECOLOGICAL ?\<T1 ,RECLUS LONG AGO DEVELOP$ ! !ME ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E1 AT ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL LEVEL1 REGIONAL CREATURES4.<#i#f.> ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! E>? & ITS REGIONS IS A DIALECTICAL ONE1 RESULT+ FROM MUTUAL 9T]ACTION1 AS ! E>? EXPRESSES ITSELF ?R\< HUMANITY1 & AS HUMANITY ACTS UPON ! E>?4 ,= ,RECLUS ?IS 9T]ACTION 9CLUDES NOT ONLY H>MONI\S 9T]ACTION BUT ALSO HUMANITY'S /RUGGLE ) ! RE/ ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT 0! ACCORDANCE :I* EXI/S BETWE5 ! GLOBE & ITS 9HABITANTS0 CANNOT BE DESCRIB$ ADEQUATELY ?R\< A ONE-SID$ FOCUS ON T]MS LIKE 0H>MONY10 0BALANCE10 & 0ON5ESS0 ?AT /RESS ! EXI/5CE ( ORD] S9CE ?AT V]Y ORD] 0PROCE$S FROM CONFLICT AS MU* AS FROM CONCORD40.<#i#g.> ,ONCE AGA9 WE F9D 9 ! WORLD A DIALECTIC BETWE5 ORD] & *AOS1 9 ?IS CASE 9 ! HUMAN RELATION%IP TO NATURE4 

,RECLUS IS ESPECIALLY 9T]E/$ 9 ANALYZ+ ! SIDE ( ! 9T]RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE ?AT HAS BE5 NEGLECT$ BY MU* ( SOCIAL ?\<T ?R\<\T ! MOD]N P]IOD3 ! CONDITION+ ( ! 0SOCIAL0 BY ! 0NATURAL40 ,HIS POSITION ON ?IS SUBJECT %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! TRADITION ?AT BEG9S ) ,MONTESQUIEU'S FAM\S REFLECTIONS ON ! 9FLU5CE ( CLIMATE ON SOCIETY4.<#i#h.> ,9 SU* DISCUSSIONS1 ! APPEAL TO NATURAL 9FLU5CES BECOMES LITTLE MORE ?AN AN ATTEMPT TO GIVE AN 0OBJECTIVE0 BASIS TO ! WRIT]'S SOCIAL & CULTURAL PREJUDICES1 SO ?AT *>ACT]I/ICS ATTRIBUT$ TO V>I\S PEOPLES BECOME ESS5TIAL QUALITIES DICTAT+ /RICT LIMITS = POSSIBLE SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,?IS TRADITION CULM9ATES 9 SU* !ORIES AS ,HUNT+TON'S 0HUMAN GEOGRAPHY10 9 :I* ! APPEAL TO NATURE BECOMES ! IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATION = :ITE SUPREMACY & ,EUROPEAN HEGEMONY4.<#i#i.> 

,RECLUS' ANALYSIS %\LD BE DI/+UI%$ FROM SU* VIEWS NOT ONLY ON ! BASIS ( HIS DIFF]+ VALUE COMMITM5TS BUT ALSO BY HIS RADICALLY DIFF]5T ME?ODOLOGY4 ,9 /RESS+ ! DIALECTICAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 NATURE & CULTURE1 HE FOCUSES ON ! 9T]ACTION BETWE5 MANY NATURAL & SOCIAL FACTORS 9 %AP+ HUMAN SOCIETY1 ON ! 9EVITABILITY ( *ANGE & TRANS=MATION1 & ON ! OP5-5D$ *>ACT] ( HUMAN & NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,F> FROM ATTRIBUT+ 9H]5T1 IMMUTABLE QUALITIES TO PEOPLES & CULTURES1 HE HOPES ?AT BY UND]/&+ ! DET]M9ANTS ( ! SOCIAL WORLD1 ALL PEOPLES CAN ULTIMATELY TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO ACTIVE1 CONSCI\S AG5TS 9 %AP+ !IR [N LIB]ATION & SELF-REALIZATION1 & ?AT ( ! 5TIRE PLANET4 ,HIS RADICALLY LIB]T>IAN ANALYSIS ILLU/RATES ! FACT ?AT ! 9VE/IGATION ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ! NATURAL WORLD ON CULTURAL PRACTICES & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY HAVE REACTION>Y1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 OR RACI/ IMPLICATIONS4 

,AN EXAMPLE ( ,RECLUS' ANALYSIS ( ! 9FLU5CE ( NATURAL GEOGRAPHY ON SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS IS HIS TREATM5T ( ! HI/ORY ( ANCI5T RELIGIONS4 ,HE HYPO!SIZES ?AT ! MONO!ISM ( ! ANCI5T ,NE> ,EA/ REFLECTS ! AU/]E *>ACT] ( ?AT REGION'S T]RA94 ,HE REM>KS ?AT ONE MI<T G5]ALIZE 0?AT ?R\<\T ! ,SEMITIC C\NTRIES ! SPL5DID UNI=MITY ( TRANQUIL SPACES1 ILLUM9AT$ BY A VIOL5T SUNLI<T1 MU/ HAVE CONTRIBUT$ MI<TILY TO GIV+ A NOBLE & S]I\S TURN TO ! CONCEPTS ( ! 9HABITANTS4 ,!Y LE>N$ TO SEE ?+S SIMPLY1 )\T SE>*+ = GREAT COMPLICATIONS40.<#a.> ,HE CONTRA/S ?IS UNIFY+ VISION TO ! UNITY-9-DIV]SITY EXPRESS$ 9 ,9DIAN RELIGION & SUGGE/S ?AT ! LATT] CORRESPONDS TO ! NATURAL FEATURES ( ,9DIA4 ,NE> ,EA/]N MY?OLOGY 0BORE NO RESEMBLANCE TO ! *AOS ( DIV9E =CES LEAP+ \T ( NATURE 9 9F9ITE V>IATION ?AT ONE F9DS 9 ,9DIA1 ) ITS HI< M\NTA9S1 GREAT RIV]S1 IMM5SE =E/S1 & CLIMATE :IPP$ 9TO RAGES BY ! ABUNDANT RA9S & ! FURY ( /ORMS40.<#a#a.> ,RECLUS NOTES ?AT ! 0,H9DU SPIRIT0 ALSO P]CEIV$ AN UND]LY+ ORD] & UNITY BUT ?AT IT NATURALLY EXPRESS$ ?IS 0S+LE =CE0 9 0AN 9F9ITE V>IETY0 ( MANIFE/ATIONS4.<#a#b.> 

,RECLUS ALSO DISCUSSES ! DIALECTIC BETWE5 NATURE & HUMANITY1 GEOGRAPHY & SOCIETY1 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( E>LY ,GREEK SOCIETY4 ,HE NOTES ?AT ,GREECE CONSI/S ( MANY BAS9S OR WAT]%$S 7TO USE BIOREGIONAL T]M9OLOGY7 DIVID$ FROM ONE ANO!R BY ROCKY OR M\NTA9\S T]RA91 & ?AT 0! FEATURES ( ! GR\ND ?US FAVOR$ ! DIVISION ( ! ,GREEK PEOPLE 9TO A MULTITUDE ( 9DEP5D5T REPUBLICS40.<#a#c.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! UBIQUITY ( ! SEA1 ) ! LONG COA/L9E1 MANY 9LETS1 & SURR\ND+ ISL&S1 EX]T$ A UNIFY+ =CE4 ,! SEA 0ACTS AS A B9D+ ELEM5T0 & HAS 0MADE ! M>ITIME 9HABITANTS ( ,GREECE A NATION ( SAILORS--AMPHIBIAE1 AS ,/RABO CALL$ !M40.<#a#d.> ,!RE IS ?US A DIALECTIC BO? BETWE5 ! UNIFY+ & DIV]SIFY+ NATURAL FACTORS1 & ALSO BETWE5 !SE NATURAL FACTORS & ! SOCIAL ONES4 

,RECLUS DOES NOT1 IT %\LD BE /RESS$1 ATTEMPT TO R$UCE ! COMPLEXITY ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 :E!R 9 ANCI5T SOCIETIES OR ANY O!RS1 TO A M]E REFLECTION ( GEOGRAPHICAL QUALITIES4 ,9DE$1 HE (T5 PUTS GREAT EMPHASIS ON ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ECONOMIC1 ! TE*NICAL1 & O!R 0MAT]IAL0 DET]M9ANTS1 NOT TO M5TION ! POLITICAL & CULTURAL ONES1 9 %AP+ ALL ASPECTS ( SOCIETY4 ,RECLUS LIV$ 9 AN AGE 9 :I* SOCIAL ANALYSIS T5D$ T[>D EI!R AN IDEALISM 9 :I* MAT]IAL DET]M9ANTS W]E IGNOR$ OR A MAT]IALISM 9 :I* ECONOMIC & TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9ANTS W]E ATTRIBUT$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVE IMPORTANCE4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT 7:I* 5COMPASS$ NOT ONLY MA9/REAM IDEOLOGICAL ?\<T BUT ALSO MO/ ( RADICAL SOCIAL !ORY1 9 BO? ITS ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ V>IETIES71 ,RECLUS WI%$ TO RECTIFY ! G5]AL NEGLECT ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ! NATURAL WORLD ON HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,HIS ?\<T IS !RE=E NOTEWOR?Y = ! DEGREE TO :I* IT DRAWS ATT5TION TO NATURAL & GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS ?AT HAVE BE5 ( HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE 9 %AP+ HUMAN SOCIETIES & ?AT /ILL EX]CISE AN 9FLU5CE BO? IMM$IATELY & ?R\< ! S$IM5TATION ( !IR EFFECTS )9 9H]IT$ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,NATURE ?US %APES HUMANITY AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HUMANITY RE%APES ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,:ILE MOD]N CIVILIZATION HAS DEVOT$ MU* ATT5TION TO ! LATT] SIDE ( ?IS DIALECTIC1 ! P[] ( HUMANITY TO TRANS=M NATURE1 IT HAS FAIL$1 H[EV]1 TO RECOGNIZE ! MORAL SIGNIFICANCE ( NATURE AS A DYNAMIC REALM ( MEAN+1 VALUE & CREATIVITY4 ,) ?IS MORAL FAIL+ 9 M9D1 ,RECLUS !RE=E LAUN*ES A SCA?+ CRITIQUE ( HUMANITY'S ABUSE ( ! E>?4 ,9 0,! ,FEEL+ = ,NATURE0 HE WRITES ( ! 0SECRET H>MONY0 ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 ! E>? & HUMANITY1 W>N+ ?AT :5 0RECKLESS SOCIETIES ALL[ !MSELVES TO M$DLE ) ?AT :I* CREATES ! BEAUTY ( !IR DOMA91 !Y ALWAYS 5D UP REGRETT+ IT40.<#a#e.> ,HE W>NS ?AT :5 HUMANITY DEGRADES ! NATURAL WORLD1 IT DEGRADES ITSELF4 ,HIS ANALYSIS ( ?IS PH5OM5ON IS REM9ISC5T ( ! VIEW ( ,?OMAS ,B]RY1 :O >GUES ?AT ! DIV]SITY & COMPLEXITY ( ! HUMAN M9D REFLECTS ! RI*NESS & COMPLEXITY ( ! E>? & ITS REGIONS1 SO ?AT 9 DAMAG+ ! E>? WE H>M \RSELVES NOT ONLY PHYSICALLY BUT 9 \R 09TELLECTUAL UND]/&+1 ES!TIC EXPRESSION1 & SPIRITUAL DEVELOPM5T40.<#a#f.> ,RECLUS /ATES ?AT 0:]E ! L& HAS BE5 DEFAC$1 :]E ALL POETRY HAS DISAPPE>$ FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ! IMAG9ATION IS EXT+UI%$1 ! M9D BECOMES IMPOV]I%$1 & R\T9E & S]VILITY SEIZE ! S\L1 9CL9+ IT T[>D TORPOR & DEA?40.<#a#g.> ,( C\RSE1 ,RECLUS DOES NOT NEGLECT ! MORE OBVI\S MAT]IAL DAMAGE TO HUMAN SOCIETY CAUS$ BY ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION4 ,HE NOTES ?AT 0! BRUTAL VIOL5CE ) :I* MO/ NATIONS HAVE TREAT$ ! N\RI%+ E>?0 HAS BE5 0=EMO/ AMONG ! CAUSES ?AT HAVE VANQUI%$ SO MANY SUCCESSIVE CIVILIZATIONS40.<#a#h.> 

,RECLUS BELIEVES ?AT DESPITE SU* ABUSES ( ! PA/ !RE >E MANY WAYS 9 :I* HUMANITY CAN PURSUE ITS [N GOOD :ILE A*IEV+ AN ECOLOGICALLY S\ND & E?ICALLY GR\ND$ RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,ONE MEANS ( A*IEV+ ?IS GOAL IS TO GRASP ! CLOSE L9K BETWE5 ! E?ICAL & ! ES!TIC & APPLY ?IS UND]/&+ TO \R SOCIAL PRACTICE4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT :E!R OR NOT WE C>RY \T \R E?ICAL OBLIGATIONS TO ! NATURAL WORLD WILL HAVE MU* TO DO ) \R ES!TIC APPRECIATION ( IT4 ,AN UGLY1 DEGRAD$ WORLD WILL NOT BE FULFILL+ TO HUMAN BE+S1 :ILE A BEAUTIFUL ONE WILL CONTRIBUTE TO \R [N SATISFACTION & SELFREALIZATION4 ,ONE ( HIS MO/ ELOQU5T /ATEM5TS ( ! CONNECTIONS AMONG ! HUMAN GOOD1 HUMAN E?ICAL *OICE1 & ! BEAUTY ( NATURE IS F\ND 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( A ,M\NTA94 ,HE SAYS ?AT  
  

EV]Y PEOPLE GIVES1 SO TO SPEAK1 NEW CLO?+ TO ! SURR\ND+ NATURE4 ,BY MEANS ( ITS FIELDS & ROADS1 BY ITS DWELL+S & EV]Y MANN] ( CON/RUCTION1 BY ! WAY IT >RANGES ! TREES & ! L&SCAPE 9 G5]AL1 ! POPULACE EXPRESSES ! *>ACT] ( ITS [N IDEALS4 ,IF IT REALLY HAS A FEEL+ = BEAUTY1 IT WILL MAKE NATURE MORE BEAUTIFUL4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! GREAT MASS ( HUMANITY %\LD REMA9 AS IT IS TODAY1 CRUDE1 EGOI/IC & 9AU!NTIC1 IT WILL CONT9UE TO M>K ! FACE ( ! E>? ) ITS WRET*$ TRACES4 ,?US WILL ! POET'S CRY ( DESP]ATION BECOME A REALITY3 0,:]E CAN ,I FLEE8 ,NATURE ITSELF HAS BECOME HIDE\S40.<#a#i.>  
  

,NEV]!LESS1 HUMAN TRANS=MATIVE ACTIVITIES NE$ NOT HAVE SU* NEGATIVE EFFECTS4 ,DO+ :AT IS RI<T FROM AN E?ICAL P]SPECTIVE CAN BE ID5TICAL ) ! CREATION & PRES]VATION ( ! BEAUTY & 9TEGRITY ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,WE CAN1 ,RECLUS SAYS1 F9D BEAUTY 9 0! 9TIMATE & DEEPLY SEAT$ H>MONY ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 \R [N WORK & ?AT ( NATURE40.<#a#a.> ,?US1 AS WE CONTRIBUTE TO ! FL\RI%+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD WE MAKE \R [N LIVES RI*] & MORE FULFILL+4 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE TO 0ASSI/ ! SOIL 9/EAD ( 9VET]ATELY =C+ IT10 & TO A*IEVE 0! BEAUTIFICATION AS WELL AS ! IMPROVEM5T ( HIS DOMA910 BY GIV+ 0AN ADDITIONAL GRACE & MAJE/Y TO ! SC5]Y :I* IS MO/ *>M+40.<#a#a#a.> ,:5 ?IS IS DONE1 HUMAN CREATIVE SELF-EXPRESSION WILL BE 9 ACCORD ) ! CREATIVE SELF-EXPRESSION ( NATURE4 ,WE WILL HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 0MAK.<+.> \R EXI/5CE AS BEAUTIFUL AS POSSIBLE1 &1 AS BE/ WE CAN1 ADAPT.<+.> IT TO ! ES!TIC CONDITIONS ( \R 5VIRONM5T40.<#a#a#b.> 

,RECLUS GIVES A NUMB] ( EXAMPLES ( ! WAYS 9 :I* HUMANITY COOP]ATES ) ! E>? 9 PRODUC+ GOODNESS & BEAUTY1 RA!R ?AN RU?LESSLY SEEK+ TO IMPOSE ITS WILL UPON IT4 ,AL?\< AGRICULTURE ALWAYS 9VOLVES SIGNIFICANT HUMAN TRANS=MATION ( ! L&SCAPE1 !RE IS NO NE$ = IT TO BE A PROCESS ( M9+ ! SOIL4 ,RECLUS BELIEVES ?AT IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE = F>M]S TO 0COMPREH5D0 ! L& & TO 0HUMOR0 IT BY DISCOV]+ :I* CROPS SUIT IT BE/1 & HE CONT5DS ?AT SOME =MS ( TRADITIONAL F>M+ HAVE A*IEV$ ?IS GOAL4 ,HE PRAISES ! ,%AK] COMMUNITIES = !IR SYMBIOTIC1 MUTUALI/IC PRACTICES ?AT MAKE AGRICULTURE A 0C]EMONY ( LOVE0 9 :I* ALL ASPECTS ( NATURE >E 0*]I%$40.<#a#a#c.> ,WRIT+ 9 ! #a#h#fS1 HE REM>KS ?AT !RE >E ALSO GOOD EXAMPLES 9 ,EUROPE ( ! WAY 9 :I* AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY CAN BE RECONCIL$ ) ! BEAUTY ( ! L&SCAPE4 ,HE REM>KS ?AT 0A COMPLETE ALLIANCE ( ! BEAUTIFUL & ! USEFUL0 HAS BE5 ATTA9$ 9 C]TA9 >EAS ( ,5GL&1 ,LOMB>DY1 & ,SWITZ]L&1 PLACES :]E AGRICULTURE IS 9 FACT 0MO/ ADVANC$40.<#a#a#d.> ,AS O!R 9/ANCES ( SU* A B5EFICIAL ALLIANCE1 HE CITES ! DRA9+ ( M>%ES 9 ,FL&]S TO PRODUCE F>ML&1 ! IRRIGATION ( ! B>R5 ,CRAU REGION1 ! PLANT+ ( OLIVE TREES ALONG ! SLOPES ( ! ,AP5N9ES & ,ALPS1 & ! REPLACEM5T ( ,IRI% PEAT BOGS BY DIV]SE =E/S4.<#a#a#e.> ,9 ,HI/ORY ( A ,M\NTA9 HE NOTES ?AT ANCI5T ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS NE> ! ,PYR5EES W]E TRANSPORT$ BY CANAL 9 ORD] TO BUILD UP & 5RI* ! 0NAK$ PLA9S0 ( ! ,L&ES1 OR MOORS1 ( S\?WE/ ,FRANCE4 ,HE COMM5TS ?AT 9 SU* UND]TAK+S ONE 0C]TA9LY0 MU/ SEE 0CONSID]ABLE PROGRESS40.<#a#a#f.> 

,RECLUS MAKES A /RONG CASE ?AT SU* UND]TAK+S HAVE 9CREAS$ NATURAL BEAUTY ( C]TA9 K9DS 9 ADDITION TO BE+ USEFUL = HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,HE CAN ?US BE LOOK$ UPON AS A =EFA!R ( BIOREGIONAL AGRICULTURE AS LAT] DEVELOP$ 9 ! WORK ( ?9K]S SU* AS ,W5DELL ,B]RY & ,B]N>D ,*>BONNEAU4.<#a#a#g.> ,H[EV]1 IT SEEMS ?AT 9 DISCUSSIONS SU* AS ?OSE JU/ CIT$1 ,RECLUS EXHIBITS A BIAS 9 FAVOR ( MORE HUMANIZ$ RA!R ?AN RELATIVELY WILD L&SCAPES4 ,9 G5]AL1 HE SEEMS MU* LESS S5SITIVE TO ! NATURAL BEAUTY ( ! AU/]E T]RA9 ( RUGG$ M\NTA9S & PLA9S OR ! RI* WILDNESS ( A SWAMPL& ?AN TO ! APPEAL ( MORE PA/ORAL L&SCAPES4 ,SIMIL> QUE/IONS HAVE BE5 RAIS$ CONC]N+ LAT] !ORIES ?AT T5D T[>D AN 0ECOLOGICAL HUMANISM10 AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ,BOOK*9'S V]SION ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,H[EV]1 IF SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY & SOCIAL ECOLOGY SEEM AT TIMES TO EXHIBIT A ONE-SID$ PA/ORALISM1 ?IS IS A QUALITY ( SPECIFIC V]SIONS ( !SE !ORIES1 RA!R ?AN A FUNDAM5TAL LIMITATION ( EI!R4 ,BO? !ORIES 9 !IR /RONGE/ =MULATIONS 5COMPASS A DIALECTICAL VIEW ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE & A GRASP ( ! IMPORTANCE ( NONDOM9ATION1 SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T1 & UNITY-9-DIV]SITY 9 ! SELF-REALIZATION ( ! :OLE4 ,!Y >E !RE=E 9 PR9CIPLE FULLY CAPABLE ( RECOGNIZ+ ! IMPORTANCE ( BO? HUMANIZ$ & PA/ORAL L&SCAPES AS WELL AS WILD] & BIOLOGICALLY MORE DIV]SE ECOSY/EMS4.<#a#a#h.> 

,?R\<\T ,RECLUS' WORKS1 !RE IS A T5SION BETWE5 HIS EXPRESSION ( AN EM]G+ HOLI/IC1 ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE & HIS RET5TION ( C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ! DUALI/IC1 HUMAN-C5T]$ \TLOOK ?AT WAS SO COMMON 9 HIS AGE4 ,9 AN E>LY WORK1 HE EXHIBITS ! LATT] T5D5CY RA!R /RONGLY :5 HE REM>KS FAVORABLY ?AT SCI5CE IS 0GRADUALLY CONV]T+ ! GLOBE 9TO ONE GREAT ORGANISM ALWAYS AT WORK = ! B5EFIT ( MANK9D40.<#a#a#i.> ,?IS RA!R EXTRAVAGANT CONCEPTION ( ! E>?'S PROCESSES AS A VA/ CONSPIRACY TO B5EFIT \R SPECIES IS F> FROM ,RECLUS' LAT]1 MORE DIALECTICAL ANALYSIS4 

,!RE1 HUMANITY IS 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! PLANET>Y :OLE AS ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! E>?1 & ! HEAL?Y FUNCTION+ ( ! E>?'S METABOLISM IS SE5 TO B5EFIT HUMANITY AS ONE P>T ( ?AT FL\RI%+ :OLE4 ,! IDEA ?AT SCI5CE MI<T CONTROL ! 5TIRE E>? 9 ANY WAY VA/LY EXAGG]ATES ! P[] ( TE*NOLOGICAL PROCESSES4 ,RECLUS CLAIMS ?AT !SE PROCESSES HAVE ! CAPACITY TO MAKE ! E>? 9TO 0?AT PLEASANT G>D5 :I* HAS BE5 DREAM$ ( BY POETS 9 ALL AGES40.<#a#b.> ,SU* AN IMAGE ( ! E>? ]RS ?R\< AN OV]EMPHASIS ON /ASIS1 NEGLECT+ ! ELEM5T ( DIALECTICAL T5SION ?AT MU/ ALWAYS *>ACT]IZE HUMAN CONFRONTATION ) ! O!RNESS ( NATURE4 ,?IS IMAG]Y T5DS TO LEGITIMATE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ECOLOGICALLY NECESS>Y WILDNESS & FRE$OM ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 & TO IDEALIZE A DOME/ICAT$1 HI<LY HUMANIZ$ NATURAL WORLD ?AT IS F> FROM BE+ AN AU!NTICALLY ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTION4 ,=TUNATELY1 SU* T5D5CIES BECAME MORE MUT$ 9 ,RECLUS' LAT] WORKS1 ?\< !Y DO NOT DISAPPE> 5TIRELY4.<#a#b#a.> 

,IT %\LD BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ,RECLUS WAS FROM ! \TSET A =CEFUL CRITIC ( V>I\S ASSAULTS ON NATURE ?AT W]E ACCEPT$ ) COMPLAC5CY BY HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,HE JUDGES ?AT 9 CIVILIZATION'S DEAL+S ) NATURE1 0EV]Y?+ HAS BE5 MISMANAG$10 SO ?AT :AT IS LEFT IS 0A PSEUDO-NATURE SPOIL$ BY A ?\S& DETAILS--UGLY CON/RUCTIONS1 TREES LOPP$ & TWI/$1 FOOTPA?S BRUTALLY CUT ?R\< WOODS & =E/S40.<#a#b#b.> ,HE JUDGES ?AT 9 VIEW ( HUMANITY'S RAVAG+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO UND]TAKE AN EXT5SIVE PROCESS ( ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION1 A TOPIC ?AT HAS ONLY REC5TLY GA9$ WIDESPREAD ATT5TION 9 ECOLOGICAL ?\<T ) ! RISE ( CONS]VATION BIOLOGY4 ,RECLUS /ATES ?AT 0A RECKLESS SY/EM HAS DEFAC$ .<NATURE'S.> BEAUTY10 & IT WILL !RE=E BE NECESS>Y = 0MAN0 TO 05DEAVOR TO RE/ORE IT0 & TO 0REPAIR ! 9JURIES COMMITT$ BY HIS PR$ECESSORS40.<#a#b#c.> 

,RECLUS SEES ! PROJECT ( MOV+ FROM AN EXPLOITATIVE RELATION%IP TO NATURE TO AN ECOLOGICALLY S\ND ONE AS HAV+ BO? SUBJECTIVE1 IDEOLOGICAL AS WELL AS OBJECTIVE1 9/ITUTIONAL ASPECTS4 ,HE PO9TS \T ?AT HUMAN 9T]ACTION ) NATURE HAS NOT BE5 GUID$ BY 0A S5TIM5T ( RESPECT & FEEL+0 = NATURE BUT RA!R BY 0PURELY 9DU/RIAL OR M]CANTILE 9T]E/S40.<#a#b#d.> ,= A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE TO TAKE PLACE 9 HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP TO NATURE1 A REVOLUTION 9 VALUES MU/ C]TA9LY TAKE PLACE4 ,BUT ! IDEOLOGICAL TRANS=MATION ?AT WILL RESULT 9 ! TRIUMPH ( 0RESPECT & FEEL+0 CAN ONLY SUCCE$ IF !RE IS A COMPLEM5T>Y PROCESS ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 A *ANGE ?AT W\LD OV]TURN ! DOM9ANCE ( ?OSE 09DU/RIAL OR M]CANTILE 9T]E/S40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,RECLUS1 A 0COMPLETE UNION ( ,MAN ) ,NATURE CAN ONLY BE EFFECT$ BY ! DE/RUCTION ( ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 CA/ES AS WELL AS BETWE5 PEOPLES40.<#a#b#e.> ,?IS IMPLIES = ,RECLUS 7AS WILL BE DISCUSS$ 9 *APT] #f7 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! SY/EM ( ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY & EXPLOITATION EMBODI$ 9 CAPITALISM1 ! SY/EM ( POLITICAL DOM9ATION 9H]5T 9 ! MOD]N /ATE1 ! SY/EM ( SEXUAL HI]>*Y ROOT$ 9 ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 & ! SY/EM ( E?NIC OPPRESSION ROOT$ 9 RACIAL HI]>*IES4 ,9 %ORT1 ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE WILL CONT9UE AS LONG AS HUMANITY REMA9S UND] ! SWAY ( A VA/ SY/EM ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION4 

,9 HIS ANALYSIS ( ! EFFECTS ON NATURE ( SU* AN EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY1 ,RECLUS %[$ A LEVEL ( AW>5ESS ( ! DANG]S POS$ BY ! DE/RUCTION ( BIODIV]SITY & BY ECOLOGICAL DISRUPTION ?AT WAS UNUSUAL = HIS TIME4 ,9 ,! ,E>?1 HE PRES5TS EXAMPLES ( ! EXT9CTION ( SPECIES CAUS$ BY HUMAN 0DE/RUCTION10 0SLAU<T]10 & 0BUT*]Y10 CONCLUD+ ?AT HUMAN ACTIVITY HAS CAUS$ A 0RUPTURE 9 ! H>MONY PRIMITIVELY EXI/+ 9 ! FLORA ( \R GLOBE40.<#a#b#f.> ,LONG BE=E WILD]NESS PRES]VATION BECAME AN ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,WILD]NESS ,SOCIETY 9 #a#i#c#f1 & 9DE$ EV5 BE=E ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! FIR/ NATIONAL P>K 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #a#h#g#b1 ,RECLUS WAS 9 ! #a#h#fS W>N+ ( ! DANG]S TO ANCI5T =E/ ECOSY/EMS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,HE LAM5TS ! DE/RUCTION ( 0COLOSSAL0 & 0NOBLE0 TREES SU* AS ! SEQUOIAS ( ! ,WE/ ,COA/1 A PROCESS ?AT HAS RESULT$ 9 0P]HAPS AN IRREP>ABLE LOSS0 9 VIEW ( ! 0HUNDR$S & ?\S&S ( YE>S0 ?AT WILL BE NECESS>Y = ! =E/'S REG5]ATION4.<#a#b#g.> ,9 ,HI/ORY ( A ,M\NTA9 HE ATTACKS ! CLE>-CUTT+ ( =E/S & ASKS :E!R ONE 0IS NOT TEMPT$ TO CURSE0 ?OSE :O C>RY \T SU* LOGG+ PRACTICES4.<#a#b#h.> ,HE ALSO DISCUSSES ! DAMAGE PRODUC$ ?R\< ! 9TRODUCTION 9TO ECOSY/EMS 7:E!R BY 9T5TION OR NEGLIG5CE7 ( EXOTIC PLANTS & ANIMALS1 )\T CONSID]ATION ( !IR EFFECTS ON ECOLOGICAL 9T]RELATION%IPS4 ,H]E AGA91 HE FOCUSES ON A MAJOR ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM ?AT HAS ONLY REC5TLY GA9$ WIDESPREAD ATT5TION AMONG ?OSE CONC]N$ ) 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES4 ,RECLUS CITES ! POIGNANT COMM5T BY ! ,MAORI ( ,NEW ,ZEAL& ?AT 0! :ITE MAN'S RAT DRIVES AWAY \R RAT1 HIS FLY DRIVES AWAY \R FLY1 HIS CLOV] KILLS \R F]NS1 & ! :ITE MAN WILL 5D BY DE/ROY+ ! ,MAORI40.<#a#b#i.> 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,RECLUS' DISCUSSIONS ( DEMOGRAPHY & POPULATION GR[? SEEM TO %[ LESS ?AN ADEQUATE ECOLOGICAL 9SI<T1 AT LEA/ FROM TODAY'S P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT WAS HIS OP9ION ?AT ! HUMAN POPULATION ( #a4#e BILLION 9 HIS TIME WAS NOT ONLY EASILY SUPPORTABLE BUT EV5 0/ILL V]Y M9IMAL1 RELATIVE TO ! HABITABLE SURFACE ( ! E>?40.<#a#c.> ,HE DID NOT S]I\SLY CONSID] ! POSSIBLE IMPACT ON ! BIOSPH]E IF ! HUMAN POPULATION W]E TO D\BLE SEV]AL TIMES OV] ! NEXT C5TURY4 ,AT ONE PO9T1 HE M9IMIZES ! SIGNIFICANCE ( 9CREASES 9 HUMAN POPULATION BY NOT+ ?AT IF EA* P]SON W]E GIV5 A SQU>E MET] ( SPACE1 EV]YONE C\LD FIT 9TO ! >EA ( GREAT] ,LONDON4 ,SU* A FACT IS1 ( C\RSE1 5TIRELY IRRELEVANT FROM ! /&PO9T ( SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY4 ,WE C\LD /& SEV]AL P]SONS 9 EA* SQU>E MET]1 SOME EV5 ON ! %\LD]S ( O!RS1 )\T LE>N+ V]Y MU* AB\T ! 9T]ACTION BETWE5 HUMAN COMMUNITIES & ! E>?4.<#a#c#a.> 

,=TUNATELY1 HIS DISCUSSION ( POPULATION IS (T5 MU* MORE NUANC$ ?AN ?IS1 ?\< /ILL T+$ ) PROGRESSIVI/ OPTIMISM4 ,HE IS WELL AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT !RE IS NO OPTIMAL HUMAN POPULATION ?AT CAN BE CALCULAT$ BY MEANS ( >I?METIC & PLANE GEOMETRY1 OR EV5 DISCOV]$ ?R\< MORE COMPLEX NATURAL & SOCIAL SCI5CES4 ,9 ?IS RECOGNITION1 HE WAS ALREADY F> AHEAD ( SOME CONTEMPOR>Y ADVOCATES ( SIMPLI/IC CONCEPTIONS ( 0C>RY+ CAPACITY40.<#a#c#b.> ,HE NOTES ?AT IF ! WORLD CONSI/$ ( A POPULATION ( HUNT]S1 ! E>? C\LD P]HAPS SUPPORT A POPULATION ( ONLY #e MILLION1 OR ONE-?IRD ! ACTUAL POPULATION AT ! TIME HE WAS WRIT+4 ,HE CITES V>I\S E/IMATES ( ! POSSIBLE SU/A9ABLE HUMAN POPULATION & COMM5TS FAVORABLY ON ,RAV5/E9'S VIEW ?AT A POPULATION ( SIX BILLION IS A POSSIBLE LIMIT4.<#a#c#c.> ,NEV]!LESS HE EXPRESSES SKEPTICISM AB\T ALL SU* E/IMATES S9CE !RE >E NUM]\S V>IABLES ?AT CANNOT BE PR$ICT$ ) ANY C]TA9TY4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE HE CITES *ANGES 9 ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION1 MO/ NOTABLY 9 ! >EA ( AGRICULTURE4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 SU* *ANGES W\LD PROBABLY ALL[ A MU* GREAT] HUMAN POPULATION TO BE SUPPORT$4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT :5 F>M+ ATTA9S 0! 9T5SIVE *>ACT] ?AT SCI5CE DICTATES10 ! POPULATION WILL 9CREASE AT 0A COMPLETELY UN=ESE5 RATE0 & ?AT 0! EXPANSE ( GOOD L&1 :I* IS PRES5TLY QUITE LIMIT$1 CANNOT FAIL TO GR[ RAPIDLY1 :E!R ?R\< IRRIGATION1 DRA9AGE1 OR ! MIX+ ( SOILS40.<#a#c#d.> ,RECLUS DID NOT CONSID] ! POSSIBILITY ?AT IF VA/LY 9CREAS$ SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CO/S ( 9CREAS$ TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T L$ TO A SL[+ ( GR[? 9 PRODUCTIVITY1 ! P] CAPITA SUPPLY ( >ABLE L& DW9DL$ ) POPULATION GR[?1 & ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION CAUS$ ! QUALITY ( ! SOIL TO DET]IORATE1 EXACTLY OPPOSITE CONCLUSIONS CONC]N+ POPULATION W\LD FOLL[4 ,TODAY1 ! SIGNIFICANT SL[+ ( POPULATION GR[? 9 MU* ( ! GLOBAL ,S\? CAN BE SE5 AS A RESPONSE TO SU* PROBLEMS1 :I* HAVE BE5 AGGRAVAT$ BY ! ADDITIONAL BURD5S IMPOS$ BY ! NEOLIB]AL RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! GLOBAL ECONOMY4 

,RECLUS %>$ ) MANY ( HIS PROGRESSIVI/ CONTEMPOR>IES C]TA9 PRONATALI/ ATTITUDES & SAW A DECL9E 9 BIR? RATES 9 P>TS ( ,EUROPE AS A SIGN ( DECAD5CE4 ,HE MORALIZES AB\T ! FACT ?AT 9 ! MORE AFFLU5T >EAS1 NATALITY DROPS DRA/ICALLY4 ,HE CITES ! EXAMPLES ( ! DEP>TEM5TS ( L',EURE & ,LOT-ET-,G>ONNE1 :]E ! DEA? RATE HAD SURPASS$ ! BIR? RATE = MO/ ( ! C5TURY1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !SE >E AMONG ! DEP>TEM5TS 0:OSE SOILS HAVE ! GREATE/ F]TILITY40.<#a#c#e.> ,HE ATTRIBUTES TO ! EGOISM ( AFFLU5CE ! FAILURE ( ! CITIZ5S TO REPRODUCE AT A LEVEL ?AT HE ?9KS APPROPRIATE1 & HE PRES5TS ! PH5OM5ON AS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ UND] CAPITALISM ! PURSUIT ( 9DIVIDUAL SELF-9T]E/ CONFLICTS ) ! G5]AL GOOD4 ,HE NOTES ?AT PROPRIETORS :O FE> ! DIVISION ( !IR L& AMONG NUM]\S HEIRS F9D ?AT HAV+ FEW (FSPR+ BETT] S]VES !IR SELF-9T]E/1 & ?AT ! SAME HOLDS = FUNCTION>IES ) MODE/ 9COMES :O WANT TO MOVE UP 9 SOCIAL /ATUS4.<#a#c#f.> ,NO D\BT !RE IS TRU? 9 HIS OBS]VATIONS4 ,BUT :AT HE FAILS TO NOTE IS ?AT :]E EGOISM REIGNS1 ALL SOCIAL PH5OM5A 79CLUD+ BO? ! DESIRE = (FSPR+ & ! DESIRE TO LIMIT ! NUMB] ( (FSPR+7 TAKE ON AN EGOI/IC COLOR+1 & ?AT !IR EGOI/IC *>ACT] 9 SU* A CONTEXT SAYS LITTLE AB\T !SE PH5OM5A 09 !MSELVES40 

,DESPITE HIS PRONATALI/ T5D5CIES1 ,RECLUS DID NOT %>E ! WIDESPREAD VIEW ?AT AN 9CREASE 9 POPULATION WAS AN UNMIX$ BLESS+ TO SOCIETY4 ,HE SAYS ?AT AL?\< 0GR[? 9 NUMB]S HAS BE51 )\T D\BT1 AN ELEM5T CONTRIBUT+ TO CIVILIZATION1 IT HAS NOT BE5 ! PR9CIPAL ONE1 & ?AT 9 C]TA9 CASES IT CAN BE AN OB/ACLE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( TRUE PROGRESS 9 P]SONAL & COLLECTIVE WELL-BE+1 AS WELL AS TO MUTUAL GOOD WILL40.<#a#c#g.> ,IT IS LIKELY ?AT HE W\LD SEE SIGNIFICANT POPULATION GR[? MU* MORE AS AN 0OB/ACLE0 TODAY1 AS ECOLOGICAL DEVA/ATION ACCEL]ATES1 AS ! ACCOMPANY+ SOCIAL CRISIS 9T5SIFIES1 & AS A RAPIDLY 9CREAS+ HUMAN POPULATION HAS N[ SURPASS$ ! LIMIT ( SIX BILLION ?AT EV5 HE1 LIV+ 9 AN OPTIMI/IC AGE1 CONSID]$ PLAUSIBLE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION HAVE *ANG$ 9 A S5SE CONTR>Y TO ! ONE HE HOP$ =3 !IR DEVELOPM5T UND] CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ HEGEMONY %[S LITTLE PROMISE ( BE/[+ ABUNDANCE ON A RAPIDLY EXP&+ GLOBAL POPULATION1 :ILE IT ?REAT5S TO DE/ROY ! BIOTIC PRECONDITIONS = SUPPORT+ EXI/+ HUMAN & NONHUMAN POPULATIONS AT AN 0OPTIMAL LEVEL10 IF 9DE$ AT ANY LEVEL AT ALL4 

,AN >EA 9 :I* ,RECLUS WAS F> 9 ADVANCE ( HIS TIME1 & 9 :I* HE ANTICIPAT$ CURR5T DEBATE 9 ECOPHILOSOPHY & 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS1 IS HIS EF=T TO RAISE BO? E?ICAL & ECOLOGICAL ISSUES CONC]N+ \R TREATM5T ( O!R SPECIES4 ,HIS IDEAS >E IMPORTANT 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT HE WAS NOT ONLY A PIONE] 9 ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY BUT ALSO AN E>LY ADVOCATE ( ! HUMANE TREATM5T ( ANIMALS & ( E?ICAL VEGET>IANISM4 ,EV5 TODAY1 AFT] SEV]AL DECADES ( DISCUSSION ( 0ANIMAL RI<TS0 & 0ECOLOGICAL ?9K+10 !RE >E FEW !ORI/S :O HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO ?9K ?R\< ! 9T]RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO CONC]NS4 ,YET MORE ?AN A C5TURY AGO1 ,RECLUS (F]$ SOME HI<LY SUGGE/IVE IDEAS AB\T H[ A COMPREH5SIVE HOLI/IC \TLOOK MI<T 5COMPASS A S]I\S CONSID]ATION ( \R MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES T[>D O!R SPECIES4 

,RECLUS OBS]VES ?AT ALL SOCIAL AU?ORITIES1 9 ADDITION TO PUBLIC OP9ION 9 G5]AL1 0WORK TOGE!R TO H>D5 ! *>ACT] ( ! *ILD0 9 RELATION TO ANIMALS US$ = FOOD4.<#a#c#h.> ,?IS CONDITION+1 HE SAYS1 DE/ROYS \R S5SE ( K9%IP ) A BE+ ?AT 0LOVES AS WE DO1 FEELS AS WE DO1 & MI<T ALSO PROGRESS UND] \R 9FLU5CE1 IF IT DOES NOT REGRESS ALONG ) US40.<#a#c#i.> ,MU* LIKE ! UTILIT>IAN DEF5D]S ( ANIMAL WELF>E S9CE ,B5?AM1 HE OBJECTS TO ! SUFF]+ 9FLICT$ ON 9DIVIDUAL ANIMALS RAIS$ = FOOD1 BUT FROM A L>G] P]SPECTIVE HE ALSO C5SURES ! 9JURY CAUS$ TO ! SPECIES BY ! PROCESS ( DOME/ICATION4 ,! FL\RI%+ & ADAPTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( SPECIES ?AT TAKES PLACE 9 ! WILD IS HALT$ & !N REV]S$1 AS ! ANIMAL IS 9CREAS+LY RE%AP$ OR RE5G9E]$ 9 CON=MITY ) ITS S+LE ROLE AS A FOOD RES\RCE4 

,AS HAS BE5 NOT$1 ,RECLUS L9KS ! E?ICAL & ! ES!TIC 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( \R RELATION TO ! PH5OM5A ( NATURE4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT ! ABUSE ( ANIMALS ?AT WE F9D TO BE MORALLY REPUGNANT IS ALSO REPELL5T TO \R S5SIBILITIES4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 HE T\*ES ON ! QUE/ION ( 9TR9SIC VALUE1 A CONCEPT ?AT IS C5TRAL TO CURR5T DEBATES 9 5VIRONM5TAL E?ICS4 ,HE /ATES ?AT ! 0REGRESSION0 ( ANIMALS UND] HUMAN 9FLU5CE 0IS 9DE$ ONE ( ! MO/ DEPLORABLE RESULTS ( \R C>NIVOR\S PRACTICES1 = ! ANIMALS SACRIFIC$ TO MAN'S APPETITE HAVE BE5 SY/EMATICALLY & ME?ODICALLY MADE UGLY1 WEAK5$1 DE=M$1 & DEGRAD$ 9 9TELLIG5CE & MORAL WOR?40.<#a#d.> ,SU* A R$UCTION ( 0MORAL WOR?0 MI<T REF] TO TWO ASPECTS ( ! MORAL PROBLEM3 FIR/1 ?AT HUMAN TREATM5T ( ANIMALS R$UCES !M TO A LEVEL AT :I* !IR LIVES & EXP]I5CE SEEM LESS VALUABLE TO HUMAN BE+S2 & SECOND1 ?AT ! 0DEBAS+0 TREATM5T TO :I* !Y >E SUBJECT$ R$UCES ! ANIMALS' CAPACITY = ! ATTA9M5T ( !IR [N PECULI> GOOD & = EXP]I5CE ?AT HAS VALUE 9 ITSELF4 ,RECLUS' G5]AL DISCUSSION ( ANIMAL ISSUES 9DICATES ?AT HE HAS BO? ASPECTS 9 M9D4 

,! IMPORTANCE ( E?ICAL VEGET>IANISM = ,RECLUS IS ?AT IT 0RECOGNIZ.<ES.> ! BONDS ( AFFECTION & K9DNESS ?AT L9K MAN TO ANIMALS0 & 0EXT5D.<S.> TO \R BRO!RS :O HAVE BE5 DISMISS$ AS 9F]IOR ! FEEL+S ?AT HAVE ALREADY PUT AN 5D TO CANNIBALISM )9 ! HUMAN SPECIES40.<#a#d#a.> ,9 A LETT] HE EXPLA9S ?AT !RE >E SPH]ES ( MORAL OBLIGATION EXT5D+ \T FROM ONE'S [N SOCIETY1 TO HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 & F9ALLY TO ALL S5TI5T BE+S3  
  

,= MY P>T1 ,I ALSO 9CLUDE ANIMALS 9 MY FEEL+ ( SOCIALI/ SOLID>ITY4 ,BUT ,I ALSO SAY TO MYSELF3 EV]Y?+ COMES 9 DEGREES & \R PRIM>Y OBLIGATIONS BEG9 IMM$IATELY >\ND US6 ,LET US REALIZE JU/ICE 9 ! L>GE/ CIRCLE 9 :I* WE CAN POSSIBLY DO SO3 9 ! CIVILIZ$ CIRCLE FIR/1 !N 9 ! HUMAN CIRCLE4 ,EV]Y P>TIAL REALIZATION ( AN IDEAL 9CREASES \R S5SITIVITY & DELICACY & MAKES US MORE CAPABLE ( REALIZ+ A L>G] IDEAL4 ,ALL ?AT WE ACCOMPLI% = \R NEI<BOR MOVES US CLOS] TO ?OSE :O >E N[ DI/ANT FROM US4 ,I AM FIRMLY CONFID5T ?AT \R H>MONIC SOCIETY %\LD EMBRACE NOT ONLY HUMANS BUT ALSO ALL BE+S ?AT HAVE CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR LIVES4.<#a#d#b.>  
  

,?\< ,RECLUS REF]S 9 SU* PASSAGES TO AN 0EXT5SION0 ( \R MORAL S5TIM5TS1 HIS POSITION GOES F> BEYOND ! 0MORAL EXT5SIONISM0 ( C]TA9 E?ICAL !ORI/S :O M]ELY APPLY CONV5TIONAL1 NONECOLOGICAL E?ICAL CONCEPTS TO NONHUMANS4 ,RECLUS 9/EAD UND]TAKES A FUNDAM5TAL RE?9K+ ( ! E?ICAL4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT \R TREATM5T ( O!R SPECIES REFLECTS \R LEVEL ( AW>5ESS ( \R CONNECT$NESS TO ! :OLE ( NATURE & ( \R DEVELOPM5T ( FEEL+S ?AT >E 9 ACCORD ) SU* AW>5ESS4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 \R GR[+ KN[L$GE ( ANIMALS & !IR BEHAVIOR 0WILL HELP US TO DELVE MORE DEEPLY 9TO ! LIFE SCI5CES1 9CREASE \R KN[L$GE ( ! NATURE ( ?+S1 & EXP& \R LOVE40.<#a#d#c.> ,ELSE:]E HE EXPRESSES HIS 0F]V5T LOVE ( ! JU/ICE ?AT EXT5DS TO ALL ?AT LIVES1 TO ! 5TIRE EXPANSE ( BE+S10.<#a#d#d.> & HE REF]S TO 0! BOND ( SOLID>ITY0 ?AT UNITES HIM NOT ONLY ) 0?OSE BE+S ?AT ,I RESPECT & LOVE0 BUT ALSO ) 0ALL ?AT LIVES & SUFF]S40.<#a#d#e.> ,= ,RECLUS1 WE DEVELOP MORALLY AS ! SCOPE ( \R KN[L$GE EXP&S & AS \R ATTA*M5T TO ! L>G] :OLE ( LIFE IS /R5G!N$4 

,ONCE AGA91 ! C5TRALITY ( ! CONCEPT ( LOVE TO ,RECLUS' WORLDVIEW IS EVID5T4 ,HIS VIEW ( HUMAN MORAL DEVELOPM5T IS NOTEWOR?Y 9 RELATION TO REC5T DISCUSSIONS ( ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! E?ICS ( AB/RACT MORAL PR9CIPLES & ! E?ICS ( C>E4.<#a#d#f.> ,RECLUS IS UNUSUAL AMONG N9ETE5?-C5TURY RADICAL SOCIAL ?9K]S 9 ?AT HE FOCUSES SO /RONGLY ON ! IMPORTANCE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( MORAL FEEL+1 COMPASSION1 & ! PRACTICE ( LOVE & SOLID>ITY 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,9 HIS TIME1 MU* ( ! RADICAL OPPOSITION TO ! DOM9ANT ORD] WAS FUEL$ BY A S5SE ( 9JU/ICE & \TRAGE AT ! OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION PRODUC$ BY ?AT SY/EM4 ,:ILE ?IS OPPOSITION C]TA9LY HAD AN AU!NTIC E?ICAL DIM5SION1 IT ALSO SUCCUMB$ TO ! REACTIVE M5TALITY & SPIRIT ( RES5TM5T ?AT ,NIETZS*E SO P]CEPTIVELY DIAGNOS$ 9 MANY V]SIONS ( SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM1 & AN>*ISM4 ,RECLUS' \TLOOK A*IEVES A REM>KABLE SYN!SIS BETWE51 ON ! ONE H&1 ! CONC]N = JU/ICE1 KN[L$GE & RATIONALITY1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ! NE$ = SOCIAL SOLID>ITY & ! DEVELOPM5T ( C>E & COMPASSION4 ,9 ?IS1 HE HAS MU* 9 COMMON ) CONTEMPOR>Y FEM9I/ E?ICI/S :O WI% TO RE/ORE ! BALANCE BETWE5 !SE TWO SETS ( CONC]NS4 

,RECLUS' CONCEPTION ( LOVE & SOLID>ITY IS ALSO RELEVANT TO ISSUES 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ECOPHILOSOPHY4 ,:ILE V>I\S REC5T !ORI/S HAVE (F]$ 0ID5TIFICATION0 ) NATURE AS AN ANTIDOTE TO AN?ROPOC5TRIC ATTITUDES & PRACTICES1 SU* PROPOSALS HAVE SOMETIMES REMA9$ ON A RA!R IDEALI/ LEVEL AT :I* ID5TIFICATION HAS ! *>ACT] ( AN ACT ( WILL1 IF NOT ?AT ( A LEAP ( FAI?4 ,RECLUS IS CLOS] TO ! POSITION ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY & BIOREGIONALISM ON ?IS ISSUE1 AS 9 MANY O!R >EAS4 ,= HIM1 IT IS \R GR[+ KN[L$GE 79 ! S5SE ( BO? SAVOIR1 UND]/&+2 & CONNAITRE1 BE+ ACQUA9T$ )7 ( ! E>? & ITS HUMAN & NONHUMAN COMMUNITIES ?AT (F]S AN EXP&$ SCOPE = ID5TIFICATION & SOLID>ITY4 ,AS WE COME TO KN[ EA* REALM MORE ADEQUATELY1 WE A*IEVE GREAT] ID5TIFICATION ) \R [N SPECIES1 ID5TIFICATION ) ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! PLANET1 & F9ALLY1 AS 0! CONSCI5CE ( ! E>?10 ID5TIFICATION ) ! LIV+1 EVOLV+ PLANET ITSELF4 ,9 ?IS 9SI<T1 ,RECLUS ANTICIPAT$ SOME ( ! MO/ PR(\ND DIM5SIONS ( CONTEMPOR>Y ECOLOGICAL ?\<T4 

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