,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d 
,A ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PROGRESS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TEXT 3 

#d3 ,A ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PROGRESS 

  

,AL?\< ! MY? ( PROGRESS HAS TAK5 ON MYRIAD =MS OV] ! AGES1 IT HAS REMA9$ P[]FUL ?R\< MU* ( ! HI/ORY ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION4 ,9DE$1 9 V>I\S GUISES IT HAS CON/ITUT$ ! DOM9ANT MY? ( MOD]NITY4 ,EV5 RADICAL CRITICS ( EXI/+ SOCIETY HAVE HAD DIFFICULTY *ALL5G+ IT1 & ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ ?9K]S1 9CLUD+ ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & ,RECLUS1 W]E NO EXCEPTION4 ,9DE$1 !Y SOMETIMES RIVAL$ !IR CAPITALI/ & /ATI/ OPPON5TS 9 !IR CONFID5CE 9 ! 9EXORABLE ADVANCE T[>D A BETT] FUTURE4.<#a#d#g.> ,:5 ONE EXAM9ES ,RECLUS' VIEW ( HI/ORY1 ONE IS /RUCK BY ! /RONGLY PROGRESSIVI/ NATURE ( HIS ?\<T4 ,9 ?IS1 HE SEEMS TO BE QU9TESS5TIALLY MOD]N 9 HIS ?\<T1 IMAG9ATION1 & S5SIBILITY4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ,RECLUS DI/+UI%ES HIMSELF AMONG CLASSICAL RADICAL !ORI/S BY ! COMPLEX NATURE ( HIS CONCEPTION ( PROGRESS4 ,ON ! MO/ OV]T LEVEL1 HE IS A /RONG P>TISAN ( ! CONCEPT & SEEKS TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ ?OSE :O W\LD USE IT ON BEHALF ( 9JU/ICE & OPPRESSION4 ,HE RECOGNIZES ?AT S9CE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ! IDEA ( PROGRESS HAS (T5 BE5 US$ AS AN IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATION = ELITISM1 CLASS DOM9ATION1 IMP]IALISM1 & O!R EVILS4 ,RECLUS ATTEMPTS TO RESCUE ! CONCEPT FROM ?OSE :O HAVE BETRAY$ IT 9 ?IS WAY1 BUT ON A DEEP] LEVEL1 HE QUE/IONS ! IDEA ( PROGRESS ITSELF4 ,HE REFUSES TO 9T]PRET ANY GIV5 HI/ORICAL EV5T1 MOVEM5T1 9/ITUTION1 OR T5D5CY AS BE+ SIMPLY & UNEQUIVOCALLY PROGRESSIVE4 ,9/EAD1 HE TAKES A DIALECTICAL APPROA* 9 :I* EV]Y HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON IS SE5 AS EMBODY+ 9 ITSELF MANY CONTRADICTORY MOM5TS4 ,?US1 ALL SU* PH5OM5A CAN BE SE5 AS HAV+ BO? PROGRESSIVE & REGRESSIVE ELEM5TS ?AT REQUIRE C>EFUL ANALYSIS IF ONE IS TO UND]/& !IR SIGNIFICANCE & ASSESS ACCURATELY !IR DOM9ANT T5D5CY4 

,ONE ( ! GOALS ( ,RECLUS' SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY IS TO UNCOV] CONT9UITIES BETWE5 ! NATURAL & SOCIAL WORLDS & BETWE5 NATURAL & SOCIAL PH5OM5A4 ,HIS ANALYSIS ( PROGRESS EXEMPLIFIES ?IS 5DEAVOR1 = IT SEEKS TO %[ ?AT ! CONCEPT CAN BE APPLI$ MEAN+FULLY NOT ONLY TO HUMAN SOCIETY BUT ALSO TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,JU/ AS 9 HUMAN HI/ORY !RE >E CASES 9 :I* V>I\S 0SOCIAL TYPES0 HAVE ATTA9$ 0FULL BLOSSOM+10 SO 9 NATURE !RE >E EXAMPLES ( G5]A & SPECIES ?AT 0HAVE REA*$ SU* IDEALS ( /R5G?1 RHY?M1 OR BEAUTY ?AT NO?+ SUP]IOR TO !M CAN BE IMAG9$40 ,?US 0EA* =M1 EPITOMIZ+ 9 ITSELF ALL ( ! LAWS ( ! UNIV]SE ?AT CONV]GE TO DET]M9E IT1 IS AN EQUALLY M>VEL\S CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS PROCESS40.<#a#d#h.> ,RECLUS' ANALYSIS E*OES SU* PHILOSOPHICAL !MES AS ,>I/OTLE'S CONCEPT ( TELOS 7ACCORD+ TO :I* BE+S HAVE 5DS T[>D :I* !Y AIM & ?AT1 IF ATTA9$1 CON/ITUTE ! FULL REALIZATION ( !IR HI<E/ POT5TIALITIES72 ,>I/OTLE'S MORE SPECIFIC IDEA ( ! >ETAI1 OR EXCELL5CES1 :I* DEF9E SU* ELEM5TS ( SELF-REALIZATION = HUMAN BE+S2 & ! ,DAOI/ CONCEPT ( DE1 :I* REF]S TO ! P[] ( BE+S TO REALIZE !IR UNIQUE & 9COMP>ABLE GOODS4 ,EV5 MORE /RIK+ IS ! SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ,RECLUS' ?9K+ & CONCEPTS ( REC5T ECOPHILOSOPH]S :O FOCUS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( ! FACT ?AT BE+S 9 NATURE HAVE ! CAPACITY TO ATTA9 !IR PECULI> GOODS & ?AT EA* HAS ! POSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ 9TO A 0GOOD ( ITS K9D40 ,HE SEES SU* DEVELOPM5T T[>D A GOOD AS A KEY CONCEPT = UND]/&+ BO? NATURE & HUMAN SOCIETY4 

,:5 ,RECLUS LOOKS AT ! VA/ SCOPE ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 HE SEES C]TA9 SL[LY DEVELOP+ BUT P]VASIVE *ANGES 9 SOCIETY ?AT >E MOV+ IT T[>D A FUTURE 9 :I* IT REALIZES ITS [N GOOD--?AT IS1 ! ATTA9M5T ( FRE$OM & JU/ICE 9 ITS 9/ITUTIONS & PRACTICES4 ,AL?\< HE >GUES = ! NE$ = P]IODICAL VIOL5T REVOLUTIONS1 HE 9T]PRETS SU* CATACLYSMIC EV5TS AS BUT ! CULM9ATION ( GRADUAL *ANGES ?AT TAKE PLACE OV] LONG P]IODS ( TIME4 ,PROGRESS IS ?US ! RESULT ( 9T]DEP5D5T REVOLUTION>Y & EVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES4 ,HE (F]S AS EVID5CE ( EVOLUTION>Y *ANGE ! SL[ DECL9E 9 BELIEF 9 C]TA9 SCI5TIFIC ABSURDITIES & RELIGI\S SUP]/ITIONS1 & ! WAN+ P[] ( TRADITIONAL HI]>*ICAL & DEF]5TIAL ATTITUDES4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT CONTR>Y TO SOME V]SIONS ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 *ANGES 9 CONSCI\SNESS CAN PREC$E & 9DE$ GIVE RISE TO FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES 9 :AT IS 9CORRECTLY SE5 AS ! 0MAT]IAL BASE0 ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS 9 P>T = ?IS REASON ?AT HE HOPES 0! GREAT EVOLUTION N[ TAK+ PLACE0 CAN PREP>E ! WAY = 0! LONG EXPECT$1 GREAT REVOLUTION40.<#a#d#i.> 

,?\< ,RECLUS TRIES TO %[ ?AT WORLD HI/ORY 7)9 :I* HE W\LD 9CLUDE SO-CALL$ PREHI/ORY7 CONTA9S BO? ADVANCES & REGRESSIONS1 HE CONCLUDES ?AT B5EA? !SE *ANGES !RE IS AN OV]ALL MOVEM5T ( EVOLUTION>Y PROGRESS4 ,9 9T]PRET+ SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 HE SIDES ULTIMATELY ) ! VIEW ?AT 0CIVILIZ$0 SOCIETIES >E MORE DEVELOP$1 NOT 9 ! COMMON ECONOMIC OR TE*NICAL S5SES ( ?IS T]M BUT RA!R 9 RELATION TO ! PROJECT ( HUMAN SELF-REALIZATION4 ,HE CONT5DS ?AT :ILE !SE SOCIETIES HAVE REGRESS$ 9 SOME IMPORTANT WAYS 9 COMP>ISON TO PREVI\S ONES1 !IR ADVANCES MAKE !M ON BALANCE A POSITIVE /EP ON ! PA? ( EVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,?US1 ! MORE 0PRIMITIVE0 SOCIETY (T5 HAS ! ADVANTAGE ( GREAT] 0COH]5CE0 & 0CONSI/5CY ) ITS IDEAL10 :ILE ! 0CIVILIZ$0 ONE HAS GA9$ 9 0COMPLEXITY0 & 0DIV]SITY40.<#a#e.> ,BY ?IS HE MEANS ?AT ! LATT] 9CORPORATES )9 ITSELF A GREAT] RANGE ( ELEM5TS & HAS MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ 9T]RELATION%IPS ) O!R SOCIETIES4 ,= ,RECLUS1 ! V>I\S =MS ( SOCIAL 09T]M+L+0 *>ACT]I/IC ( MOD]N SOCIETIES >E 5ORM\S ADVANTAGES S9CE !Y EXP& \R POSSIBILITY ( %>+ HUMAN EXP]I5CE & ATTA9+ GREAT] UNIV]SALITY4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 ! GREAT] ! 9T]ACTION BETWE5 CULTURES & RACES 9 A SOCIETY1 ! GREAT] ! SOCIETY'S /R5G? & ABILITY TO A*IEVE ! GOOD = ALL ITS MEMB]S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! MORE ?AT ALL CULTURES ( ! WORLD >E UNIFI$ 9 A UNIV]SAL GLOBAL SOCIETY1 ! MORE ! ADVANCES ( EV]Y REGION & AGE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO G5]AL HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 

,RECLUS' WORKS SOMETIMES EXHIBIT A DISCONC]T+ JUXTAPOSITION ( PR(\ND ADMIRATION = DIV]SE CULTURES & CONDESC5SION TO ?OSE ?AT HE CONSID]S LESS ADVANC$4 ,SOME ( HIS E>LI] WORKS 9 P>TICUL> >E LACK+ 9 APPRECIATION ( ! M]ITS ( SO-CALL$ 0PRIMITIVE0 SOCIETIES4 ,?US1 WRIT+ 9 ! #a#h#fS 9 ,! ,E>?1 HE CLAIMS ?AT 9 TROPICAL REGIONS 0! MILDNESS ( ! CLIMATE1 ! F]TILITY ( ! SOIL1 ! EXUB]ANCE ( LIFE1 & ! SUDD5NESS ( DEA?1 TAKE AN EQUAL P>T 9 MA9TA9+ MAN 9 HIS NATIVE C>ELESSNESS & IDL5ESS10 SO ?AT HUMANS 0B5D 9 SIL5CE BE=E ! MAJE/Y ( MI<TY NATURE0 & RECONCILE !MSELVES TO BE+ 0H] SLAVE40.<#a#e#a.> ,LIKE MANY ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 HE DEPICTS SU* SOCIETIES AS REMA9+ AT ! LEVEL ( ! 0*ILDHOOD0 ( HUMANITY4 ,HE *IDES ! ,EUROPEANS = FALSELY TAK+ PRIDE 9 ADVANCES ?AT W]E DUE LESS TO !IR UNIQUE QUALITIES & MORE TO !IR GOOD =TUNE 9 HAPP5+ TO LIVE 9 ! TEMP]ATE ZONE1 :]E !Y >E 09CIT$ TO LABOR0 & PU%$ 9TO EF=TS ?AT L$ !M TO ACQUIRE 0%REWDNESS1 KN[L$GE1 *E]FULNESS1 & LOVE ( LIFE40.<#a#e#b.> 

,9 HIS LAT] WORKS1 HE COMES TO RECOGNIZE ?AT MANY ( !SE SAME 9TELLECTUAL & P]SONAL QUALITIES EXI/ 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R 9 SOCIETIES O!R ?AN ! NATURALLY 0FAVOR$0 ONES4 ,EV5 SO1 HE SOMETIMES LAPSES 9TO G5]ALIZATIONS AB\T ! 0BACKW>DNESS0 ( PEOPLES ( ! TROPICS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE >GUES 9 ,MAN & ! ,E>? ?AT :ILE 9 SU* REGIONS PEOPLE CAN LIVE ) LITTLE EF=T1 !Y DO NOT 0PROSP]0 BECAUSE 0A PURELY VEGETATIVE EXI/5CE IS NOT CONDUCIVE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( .<MAN'S.> 9TELLIG5CE0 & WILL NOT 0R5D] HIM MA/] ( ! TOO-9DULG5T NATURE ?AT SURR\NDS HIM40.<#a#e#c.> ,HE REIT]ATES HIS OP9ION ?AT ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = !SE A*IEVEM5TS >E PRES5T ONLY 9 C]TA9 0REGIONS ( EF=T0 ?AT 0>E ALL SITUAT$ 9 ! NOR!RN TEMP]ATE ZONE40.<#a#e#d.> 

,DESPITE SU* QUE/IONABLE ASSESSM5TS ( V>I\S CULTURES1 ,RECLUS MANAGES TO ESCAPE ! WIDESPREAD PREJUDICE ( HIS AGE ACCORD+ TO :I* CIVILIZATION CON/ITUT$ AN UNAMBIGU\S ADVANCE COMP>$ TO PREVI\S SOCIAL =MS4 ,9DE$1 HE EXPLICITLY ATTACKS :AT HE CALLS 0*RONOC5TRIC EGOISM10 :I* HOLDS 0?AT CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATION1 AS IMP]FECT AS IT MAY BE1 IS NEV]!LESS ! CULM9AT+ /ATE ( HUMANITY1 & ?AT BY COMP>ISON1 ALL PA/ AGES W]E B>B>IC40.<#a#e#e.> ,9 HIS VIEW1 SOCIETIES GO ?R\< P]IODS ( BO? PROGRESS & REGRESSION1 & !RE IS NO S+LE1 UNIL9E> PA? ( WORLD HI/ORY BY :I* TO JUDGE A*IEVEM5TS4 ,HE CRITICIZES ,EUROPEAN OBS]V]S :O 0HAU<TILY0 DISMISS ALL TRIBAL CULTURES AS M]ELY 0SAVAGE10 :5 9 FACT !SE SOCIETIES >E AT 0DI/9CT PO9TS0 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION & MAY EI!R BE 9 A VITAL & CREATIVE 0/ATE ( BECOM+0 OR 0ON ! ROAD TO DECAY & DEA?40.<#a#e#f.> ,?IS RECOGNITION ( ! SPECIFICITY ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION )9 EA* SOCIETY %[S A RELATIVE OP5NESS TO ! UNIQUE QUALITIES ( ?OSE SOCIETIES4 ,RECLUS CONC$ES ?AT SOCIETIES ?AT >E (T5 >ROGANTLY EXCLUD$ BY ,EUROPEAN ?\<T FROM WORLD HI/ORY >E 9 FACT 09 HI/ORY0--?AT IS1 !Y HAVE !IR [N HI/ORY1 :I* IS COMP>ABLE TO ! HI/ORY ( ANY O!R SOCIETY4 

,FUR!RMORE1 DESPITE ,RECLUS' /ATEM5TS CONC]N+ ! GREAT] DEGREE ( PROGRESS 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES1 HIS WRIT+S DEMON/RATE CONSID]ABLE S5SITIVITY TO ! VALUES & A*IEVEM5TS ( PREMOD]N & NON,WE/]N SOCIETIES4 ,HE ADMIRES MU* AB\T TRIBAL SOCIETIES & CONSID]S ! MOD]N WORLD TO BE QUITE 9F]IOR 9 MANY IMPORTANT >EAS4 ,HE CITES1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,AETA ( ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 :OM HE CONSID]S TO BE A MODEL 09 GOODNESS1 9 SPIRIT ( JU/ICE1 9 RECTITUDE ( 9T5TION1 & 9 REV]5CE1 9 ! TRU? ( WORD & DE$40.<#a#e#g.> ,SIMIL>LY1 HE PRAISES ! ,ALEUTS = MANY QUALITIES1 9CLUD+ !IR >TI/IC A*IEVEM5TS1 !IR BOAT-BUILD+ & SAIL+ ACCOMPLI%M5TS1 !IR A*IEVEM5T ( 0SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM10 & !IR PEACEFULNESS & AMIABILITY4.<#a#e#h.> 

,RECLUS AVOIDS BO? ! N>R[NESS ( PROV9CIALI/S1 :O >E BL9D TO ! A*IEVEM5TS ( SU* SOCIETIES1 & ! NAIVETE ( PRIMITIVI/S1 :O (T5 HAVE LIMIT$ KN[L$GE ( TRIBAL PEOPLES YET IDEALIZE !M AS 0NOBLE SAVAGES40 ,! LATT] OBS]V]S1 BY NOT APPLY+ CRITICAL JUDGM5T TO A SOCIETY'S PRACTICES & BY SUBORD9AT+ ITS LIV$ REALITY TO !IR ILLUSIONS1 EXPRESS A SUBTLE CONDESC5SION T[>D ! SOCIETY4 ,RECLUS CONT5DS ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO RECOGNIZE ?AT SOME TRIBAL SOCIETIES HAVE 5GAG$ 9 ! MO/ HIDE\S RITES ( MURD] & RITUAL DECAPITATION1 & ?AT EV5 SU* G5]ALLY ADMIRABLE CULTURES AS ?AT ( ,TAHITI HAVE 9CLUD$ SOME BRUTAL & 9HUMANE 9/ITUTIONS4.<#a#e#i.> ,YET !RE IS NO NE$ TO IDEALIZE SU* SOCIETIES TO F9D M]IT 9 !M1 = :5 EXAM9$ 9 ! MO/ REALI/IC LI<T !Y (F] EXAMPLES ( SOME ( ! GREATE/ A*IEVEM5TS ( HUMAN SELF-REALIZATION4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL *ALL5GE = SOCIETY1 ACCORD+ TO ,RECLUS1 IS TO DISCOV] & DEVELOP FULLY EV]Y >EA 9 :I* HUMANITY HAS PROGRESS$1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME UNCOV]+ & NEGAT+ EV]Y T5D5CY T[>D REGRESSION4 ,HE CONT5DS ?AT MOD]N SOCIETY HAS REGRESS$ 9 COMP>ISON TO TRIBAL SOCIETY NOT ONLY 9 ! >EA ( SOCIAL SOLID>ITY1 BUT ALSO 9 ITS RELATION%IP TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,HIS POSITION ON ?IS ISSUE IS V]Y SIMIL> TO ?AT ( MANY CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S :O CONCUR ) ,RECLUS ?AT HUMAN SOCIETY HAS ?R\<\T HI/ORY SUB/ITUT$ ONE =M ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y = ANO!R & HAS 9CREAS+LY ADOPT$ AN EXPLOITATIVE & DE/RUCTIVE /&PO9T T[>D ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,! RESULT IS AN 9T5SIFY+ CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! POSSIBILITIES CREAT$ ?R\< SOCIAL PROGRESS & ! CO/S IMPOS$ ON HUMANITY & NATURE = ITS CONT9UATION4 ,!RE IS A GR[+ NE$ TO RESOLVE ?IS CONTRADICTION ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( ! SY/EM ( DOM9ATION ?AT DIVIDES HUMAN BE+S FROM ONE ANO!R & FROM NATURE4 ,! ATTA9M5T ( ?IS GOAL WILL P]MIT A REAPPROPRIATION ( ?OSE VALUABLE ASPECTS ( HUMAN SOCIETY ?AT HAVE BE5 SACRIFIC$1 9CLUD+ ! COMMUNAL S5SIBILITY & ! RESPECT = NATURE EMBODI$ 9 E>LI] SOCIAL =MATIONS4 ,:ILE IT IS NEI!R DESIRABLE NOR EV5 POSSIBLE TO REPLICATE PA/ SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 KN[L$GE ( SU* PA/ A*IEVEM5TS (F]S 9SPIRATION = TRANS=M+ \R VALUES & = EXP&+ \R VISION ( HUMAN POSSIBILITIES 9 ! FUTURE4 

,= ,RECLUS1 AS = MANY MOD]NI/ POLITICAL RADICALS1 HUMANITY'S SUCCESS 9 ! PROJECT ( LIB]ATORY SOCIAL TRANS=MATION REQUIRES BO? ! VANQUI%+ ( IGNORANCE & PREJUDICE & A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN RATIONALITY4 ,HE /ATES ?AT ! TRUE REVOLUTION>Y MU/ BE NOT ONLY 0A MAN ( S5TIM5T0 BUT ALSO 0A MAN ( REASON10 UNIT+ A /RONG FEEL+ ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY ) PRECISE KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY1 SOCIOLOGY1 BIOLOGY1 & O!R FIELDS1 SO ?AT HE CAN 09CORPORATE HIS P]SONAL IDEAS 9TO ! G5]IC :OLE ( ! HUMAN SCI5CES40.<#a#f.> ,ADVANCES 9 CRITICAL HI/ORICAL RATIONALITY >E P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT TO ,RECLUS4 ,?R\< ! SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY1 HUMANITY CAN LE>N H[ TO PRES]VE ALL ! GA9S ( HI/ORICAL PROGRESS & RECLAIM :AT HAS BE5 LO/ ?R\< ALL ! REGRESSIONS ( ! PA/4 0,MOD]N MAN MU/ UNITE 9 HIS BE+ ALL ( ! VIRTUES ( ?OSE :O HAVE PREC$$ HIM ON E>?4 ,)\T GIV+ UP ANY ( ! GREAT PRIVILEGES ?AT CIVILIZATION HAS CONF]R$ ON HIM1 NEI!R MU/ HE LOSE ANY ( HIS ANCI5T /R5G?1 NOR ALL[ HIMSELF TO BE SURPASS$ BY ANY SAVAGE 9 VIGOR1 DEXT]ITY1 OR 9 KN[L$GE ( NATURAL PH5OM5A40.<#a#f#a.> ,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT DESPITE HIS USE ( ! N[-PEJORATIVE T]M 0SAVAGES10 ,RECLUS RECOGNIZES AMONG ! MANY VIRTUES ( TRIBAL PEOPLE A GREAT] KN[L$GE ( NATURE1 :I* IS NO SMALL MATT] FROM HIS /RONGLY NATURALI/IC1 ECOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW4 

,9DE$1 ,RECLUS' OV]ALL JUDGM5T ON ! MOD]N WORLD IS ?AT DESPITE 5ORM\S PROGRESS 9 MANY SPH]ES1 REGRESSION HAS TAK5 PLACE 9 SOME ( ! MO/ ESS5TIAL >EAS4 ,MOD]N SOCIETY IS SUP]IOR 9 COMPLEXITY S9CE IT HAS ATTA9$ 0A GREAT] SCOPE & CON/ITUTES A MORE HET]OG5E\S ORGANISM ?R\< ! SUCCESSIVE ASSIMILATION ( JUXTAPOS$ ORGANISMS40.<#a#f#b.> ,BUT ?IS GR[+ UNITY IS A*IEV$ ?R\< ! CREATION ( A NATION-/ATE 0:OSE AIM IS PREEM95CE OV] & EV5 ! ABSORPTION ( O!R E?NIC GR\PS10 SO ?AT ! DIV]SITY ( CULTURES EXI/+ 9 DEC5TRALIZ$ TRIBAL SOCIETIES IS 9CREAS+LY LO/4.<#a#f#c.> ,H]E AGA91 !RE IS A /RONG P>ALLEL ) MORE REC5T SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ( ! DIALECTIC UND]LY+ ! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION4 ,:ILE LAT] SOCIAL =MS A*IEVE GREAT] COMPLEXITY & EV5 UNIV]SALITY 9 !IR EMBODIM5T ( A VA/ PROCESS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 AT ! SAME TIME !Y MOVE T[>D SOCIAL SIMPLIFICATION & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! WEAL? ( CULTURAL DIV]SITY1 AS A GLOBAL MONOCULTURE IS E/ABLI%$ BY ! GLOBAL CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ORD] & ! GLOBAL /ATI/ POLITICAL ORD]4 ,!RE IS A /RIK+ P>ALLEL & A REAL HI/ORICAL CONNECTION BETWE5 ?IS SOCIAL SIMPLIFICATION & ! ACCOMPANY+ ECOLOGICAL SIMPLIFICATION1 ALLUD$ TO BY ,RECLUS 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ! ,MAORI CIT$ E>LI]4 

,?R\<\T ,RECLUS' WORK ONE F9DS SU* A DIALECTICAL SOCIAL CRITIQUE1 9 :I* ! COEXI/+ PROGRESSIVE & REGRESSIVE MOM5TS ( HI/ORICAL PH5OM5A >E DEL9EAT$4 ,HIS EXAM9ATION ( ! HI/ORY ( RELIGION PRES5TS ONE ( ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE & DETAIL$ APPLICATIONS ( SU* AN ANALYSIS4 ,BEG9N+ ) TRIBAL RELIGIONS & ! RISE ( ! MAJOR WORLD RELIGI\S TRADITIONS & EXT5D+ ! ANALYSIS TO HIS [N DAY1 HE TRACES ! *ANG+ ROLE ( RELIGION 9 V>I\S SOCIAL SY/EMS & DEL9EATES ITS HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE & REGRESSIVE DIM5SIONS4 

,= EXAMPLE1 HE ANALYZES ! LONG EVOLUTION ( ! ,HEBREW ,GOD4 ,BEG9N+ AS A 0BELLIG]5T DEF5D] ( ! CONF9ES ( HIS N>R[ HOMEL&10 ,YAHWEH IS GRADUALLY TRANS=M$ 9TO A RA!R DI/ANT & TRANSC5D5T RUL] ( ! E>?1 & F9ALLY 9TO A GOD ( COMPASSION1 AS ! SORR[ ( ! PEOPLE1 0HAV+ R5EW$ ! NATION1 R5EW$ ITS GOD ALSO40.<#a#f#d.> ,HE EXPLA9S ?AT ?IS TRANS=MATION WAS A RESPONSE TO ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE1 SPECIFICALLY TO ITS EXP]I5CE ( W>1 PLUND]1 & BETRAYAL BY ITS LEAD]S4 ,AS A RESULT ( SU* ORDEALS1 IT BEGAN TO CONCEIVE ( ! DEITY NOT AS 0! PROTECTOR ( ! HOMEL&1 BUT RA!R AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( JU/ICE40.<#a#f#e.> ,RELIGION ?US REFLECT$ A PROCESS ( MORAL $UCATION 9 SOCIETY4 

,RECLUS CONT5DS ?AT 9 ,ISRAEL A 0MORAL REVOLUTION0 TOOK PLACE1 9 :I* ! ,HEBREW PROPHETS EXPRESS$ A VISION ( SOCIAL JU/ICE ! LEGACY ( :I* CONT9UES 9 ! DEM&S ( RE=M]S & REVOLUTION>IES ( MOD]N TIMES4 ,PROPHETS SU* AS ,AMOS & ,MICAH 0EXPRESS$ !IR DISGU/ = RELIGI\S =MALITIES1 SPECTACLES1 SACRIFICES & G5UFLECTIONS10 & EPITOMIZ$ ! ESS5CE ( RELIGION AS 0PURE & SIMPLE MORALITY1 ! PRACTICE ( JU/ICE1 & K9DNESS40.<#a#f#f.> ,!Y CONDEMN$ W>1 LOOK$ =W>D TO A FUTURE AGE ( PEACE1 & 0DREAM$ ( ?AT UNIV]SAL FRAT]NITY ( :I* WE /ILL DREAM TODAY & :I* HAS FL$ FROM US LIKE A MIRAGE OV] ! PA/ TWO ?\S& YE>S40.<#a#f#g.> ,HAV+ LO/ !IR [N L&1 !Y 0EMBRAC$ 9 ?\<T ! :OLE ( ! UNIV]SE0 & LOOK$ =W>D TO ! DAY :5 ALL W\LD BE UNIT$ 09 ! P]FECT CONSCI\SNESS ( :AT IS JU/ & GOOD40.<#a#f#h.> ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ?IS VISION ( JU/ICE & SOLID>ITY IS ( MU* MORE ?AN HI/ORICAL 9T]E/ TO ,RECLUS4 ,= IT IS EXACTLY ?IS MORAL H]ITAGE ( ! ,HEBREW PROPHETS1 :I* WAS PASS$ D[N TO HIM BY WAY ( RADICAL ,PROTE/ANTISM1 ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( HIS [N AN>*ISM4 

,DESPITE ,RECLUS' ADMIRATION = ! PROPHETIC TRADITION1 HE SUBJECTS IT TO A CRITICAL1 DIALECTICAL ANALYSIS & F9DS 9 IT NOT ONLY PROGRESSIVE BUT ALSO /RONGLY REGRESSIVE ASPECTS4 ,:ILE ! PROPHETS' MESSAGE ( JU/ICE CON/ITUT$ AN 5ORM\S CONTRIBUTION TO ! HI/ORY ( LIB]ATION1 IT WAS ALSO 9EXTRICABLY 5ME%$ 9 ! SY/EM ( HI/ORICAL DOM9ATION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ITS P[]FUL MESSAGE WAS AVAILABLE = USE 9 LEGITIMAT+ & EV5 /R5G!N+ ?AT SY/EM4 ,BECAUSE IT WAS ALLI$ ) AN AU?ORIT>IAN MONO!ISM ?AT CLAIM$ 0! C]TITUDE ( KN[+ ! ONLY ,GOD1 ! ABSOLUTE ,MA/]10 ! PROPHETIC TRADITION ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CREATION ( ! !OCRATIC /ATE & ! FIR/ 0P]FECT RELIGI\S 9TOL]ANCE0 9 HI/ORY4.<#a#f#i.> 

,RECLUS IS P>TICUL>LY A/UTE 9 DIAGNOS+ ! WAYS 9 :I* ! METAPHYSICAL & MORAL 9SI<TS ( ! F\ND]S ( SPIRITUAL TRADITIONS HAVE BE5 TURN$ 9TO IDEOLOGY AT ! S]VICE ( P[]4 ,HIS DISCUSSION ( ! HI/ORY ( ,BUDDHISM P]HAPS BE/ ILLU/RATES ?IS4 ,HE %[S H[ ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ( ,%AKYAMUNI ,BUDDHA'S MESSAGE W]E NEGAT$ AS HIS TEA*+S W]E 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 ! =M ( AN ORGANIZ$ RELIGION 9 ALLIANCE ) POLITICAL P[]4 ,RECLUS IS AMONG ! FEW ,WE/]N SOCIAL & POLITICAL !ORI/S :O HAVE UND]/OOD ! *ALL5GE TO ALL EXI/+ IDEOLOGIES & 9/ITUTIONS 9H]5T 9 ! ,BUDDHI/ APPEAL TO DIRECT EXP]I5CE4 ,HE P]HAPS SEES ! AFF9ITIES BETWE5 HIS [N CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION & BELIEF 9 UNIV]SAL LOVE1 & ! FUNDAM5TAL ,BUDDHI/ TEA*+S ( NONATTA*M5T & COMPASSION4 ,9 ,RECLUS' WORDS1 ! ,BUDDHA PREA*$ A 0GOSPEL ( BRO!RHOOD0 ?AT PROCLAIM$ 0NO MORE K+S1 NO MORE PR9CES1 NO MORE BOSSES OR JUDGES1 NO MORE ,BRAHM9S OR W>RIORS1 NO MORE 5EMY CA/ES ?AT HATE ONE ANO!R1 BUT RA!R BRO!RS1 COMRADES1 & COMPANIONS :O WORK TOGE!R60 ,HE GOES SO F> AS TO SAY ?AT 9 ?IS ORIG9AL TEA*+ 0ALL HI]>*Y IS ABOLI%$0 & ?AT 0!RE IS NO ROLE AT ALL = AU?ORITY40.<#a#g.> ,9 EFFECT1 ! ORIG9AL ,DH>MA WAS A =M ( AN>*ISM4 

,RECLUS EXPLA9S ?AT !SE REVOLUTION>Y1 AN>*I/IC DIM5SIONS ( ,BUDDHISM W]E DE/ROY$ AS ITS SOCIAL EGALIT>IANISM WAS GIV5 A PURELY MORAL OR MY/ICAL 9T]PRETATION1 ! ,BUDDHA WAS DECL>$ A GOD 7OR AN AVAT> ( ,VI%NU71 & ! ,DH>MA WAS E/ABLI%$ AS AN (FICIAL /ATE RELIGION4 ,HE NOTES ! IRONY ( ! FACT ?AT ! /ATE REE/ABLI%$ ! CA/E SY/EM1 :ILE (FICIAL /ATE PROCLAMATIONS CONT9U$ TO PROCLAIM SU* ,BUDDHI/ PR9CIPLES AS 0HUMAN FRAT]NITY & ! NECESSITY ( SPREAD+ 9/RUCTION TO WOM5 & *ILDR5 AS WELL AS M540.<#a#g#a.> 

,RECLUS NOTES AN EV5 MORE EXTREME CONFLICT BETWE5 IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE 9 ! CASE ( ! ,JA9S4 ,! ,JA9 RELIGION IS BAS$ ON A FEEL+ ( UNITY ) ALL ( LIFE & AN E?ICS ( NONVIOL5CE ?AT EXT5DS EV5 TO O!R SPECIES 7A VIEW ?AT TODAY W\LD BE CALL$ 0BIOC5TRIC EGALIT>IANISM074 ,YET ! F>-REA*+ SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS ( SU* PR9CIPLES1 :I* W\LD C]TA9LY REQUIRE ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE & O!R AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS1 W]E NEGAT$ AS ,JA9 PRACTICE DEVELOP$ 9TO AN EXTREME & EV5 FANATICAL OBSESSION ) AVOIDANCE ( 9JURY TO V>I\S LIFE =MS4 ,IT BECAME P]HAPS ! ONLY BIOC5TRISM 9 HUMAN HI/ORY ?AT TOOK ITS PR9CIPLES TO !IR LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS 7?\<1 SOME MI<T SAY1 BY R$UC+ !M TO ! ABSURD74 ,! ,JA9S ADOPT$ SU* EXTREME PRACTICES AS FILT]+ DR9K+ WAT]1 BREA?+ ?R\< A VEIL1 & SWEEP+ ! GR\ND BE=E !M AS !Y WALK$ 9 ORD] TO AVOID DE/ROY+ O!R LIFE =MS4 ,H[EV]1 !IR RESPECT = LIFE DID NOT PREV5T !M FROM 05RI*+ !MSELVES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! POPULACE0 SO ?AT !Y BECAME 0A FI]CE CA/E1 COMPOS$ ( PUBLIC 5EMIES :O W]E JU/LY DETE/$ BY ! PEOPLE40.<#a#g#b.> ,RECLUS PO9TS \T ?AT !IR RESPECT = ALL LIFE =MS DID NOT PREV5T !M FROM BECOM+ AN ELITE GR\P ?AT EXPLOIT$ ! MASSES4.<#a#g#c.> ,HE REM>KS ?AT 0SU* IS ! FATE ( RELIGIONS3 9 BECOM+ E/ABLI%$1 !Y NEGATE !IR [N />T+-PO9TS1 SY/EMIZE !IR BETRAYAL1 & REPUDIATE !IR [N F\ND]S40.<#a#g#d.> 

,DESPITE ,RECLUS' H>% CRITIQUE ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELIGION & HIS PR(ESS$ A!ISM & SECUL>ISM1 !RE IS AN IMPLICIT1 BUT V]Y SIGNIFICANT1 RELIGI\S UND]CURR5T 9 HIS [N WORKS4 ,AS HAS BE5 M5TION$1 HE SOMETIMES WRITES 9 A RA!R PAN!I/IC VE9 ( ! EXP]I5CE ( NATURE AS 9VOLV+ A LOSS ( ! ORD9>Y S5SE ( SELFHOOD & A M]G+ ) ! SURR\ND+ MILIEU4 ,9 SOME WORKS HE EXPRESSES NOT ONLY AN 9T5SE LOVE ( ! NATURAL WORLD BUT SOME?+ CLOSE TO ! EXP]I5CE ( UNION ) NATURE TYPICAL ( NATURE MY/ICISM4.<#a#g#e.> ,FUR!RMORE1 AT TIMES HE EXPLICITLY REF]S TO HIS [N PHILOSOPHY AS A K9D ( HUMANI/IC RELIGION BAS$ ON ! PURSUIT ( ! GOOD ( ! :OLE4 ,:5 ! J\RNAL ,LA ,REVUE PROPOS$ DISCUSSION ( 0MORALITY )\T ,GOD10 ,RECLUS REPLI$ ?AT 0! PUBLIC GOOD1 OR 9 O!R WORDS ! HAPP9ESS ( ALL HUMAN BE+S1 \R BRO!RS1 WILL NATURALLY BECOME ! SPECIAL GOAL ( \R R5EW$ EXI/5CE0 & ?AT 0WE WILL ?US HAVE \R RELIGION1 :I*1 H5CE=?1 WILL BE 9 NO WAY 9COMPATIBLE ) REASON1 & ?IS RELIGION1 :I* IS MOREOV] F> FROM NEW & HAS ALWAYS BE5 PRACTIC$ BY ! BE/ PEOPLE1 9CLUDES EV]Y?+ GOOD ?AT WAS CONTA9$ 9 ! ANCI5T RELIGIONS40.<#a#g#f.> 

,RECLUS HOLDS ?AT ?IS POSITIVE CORE ( RELIGION HAS BE5 OV]:ELM+LY BETRAY$ BY ITS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =MS2 NEV]!LESS1 HE RECOGNIZES ?AT IT IS /ILL PUT 9TO PRACTICE BY ! MORE 5LI<T5$ & COMPASSIONATE ADH]5TS ( !SE TRADITIONS4 ,HE ADMITS ?AT !RE >E T5D5CIES )9 RELIGION ?AT >E COMPATIBLE ) ! SOCIAL GOALS ( AN>*ISM1 EV5 :5 !RE >E IRRECONCILABLE DIV]G5CES ON ! LEVEL ( BELIEFS4 ,?US1 9 HIS LETT] TO ,M4 ,RO?1 A M9I/] 9 ,OR!Z1 HE SAYS ?AT AL?\< 0!RE CAN BE NO AGREEM5T BETWE5 ,*RI/IANS & AN>*I/S1 = ALL CONFUSION ( LANGUAGES LEADS TO A CONFUSION ( IDEAS10 NEV]!LESS1 0AS A ,*RI/IAN1 Y\ C>RY \T Y\R MISSION CONSCI5TI\SLY4 ,WE AN>*I/S KN[ ?AT ALL ! HE>TFELT LOVE ?AT Y\ HAVE = Y\R NON-,*RI/IAN FRI5DS HA/5S ! COM+ ( ?AT GREAT F$]ATION 9TO :I* ALL M5 ( GOOD WILL1 GO+ BEYOND ALL *UR*ES1 WILL 5T]1 EV5 IF !Y BE A!I/S LIKE ! ,BUDDHA40.<#a#g#g.> 

,DESPITE HIS RECOGNITION ( ! PROGRESSIVE ASPECTS ( RELIGION1 ,RECLUS SEES ITS REGRESSIVE ASPECTS AS BY F> ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ONES 9 ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,HE F9DS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELIGION TO BE PRIM>ILY A =CE ?AT P]PETUATES A PA/ ( IGNORANCE & SUP]/ITION1 & ?AT /&S 9 ! WAY ( SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,HE JUXTAPOSES IT />KLY ) SCI5CE1 :I* HE SEES AS A =CE = PROGRESS1 5LI<T5M5T1 & MOD]NITY4 ,RECLUS TRACES ! ORIG9S ( RELIGION AS A SOCIAL =CE BACK TO E>LY SOCIETIES 9 :I* ! %AMAN WAS BO? A TEA*] :O CONVEY$ KN[L$GE BAS$ ON OBS]VATION ( ! REAL WORLD & ALSO A PRIE/ :O PROPAGAT$ FANTASIES CONC]N+ AN ILLUSORY WORLD4 ,HE CONT5DS ?AT ?R\<\T HI/ORY TRADITIONAL WORLDVIEWS HAVE 9H]IT$ ! LEGACY ( ?IS ORIG9AL SPLIT & HAVE CONSI/$ ( AN AMALGAM ( MY? & REALITY1 TRU? & FALSEHOOD4.<#a#g#h.> 

,RECLUS OBS]VES ?AT AS KN[L$GE ( SOCIETY & NATURE HAS PROGRESS$ 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 SCI5CE & RELIGION HAVE 9CREAS+LY DIV]G$ FROM ONE ANO!R4 ,HE SEES ! RESULT ( ?IS DIV]G5CE AS 0A DI/9CT OPPOSITION1 A REL5TLESS W>1 BETWE5 SCI5CE--?AT IS1 ! OBJECTIVE SE>* = TRU?--& ! COLLECTION ( FEEL+S1 BELIEFS & FETI%I/IC VE/IGES ?AT WE CALL RELIGION40.<#a#g#i.> ,HE BELIEVES ?AT 9 ?IS /RUGGLE SCI5CE MU/ ULTIMATELY TRIUMPH & REVEAL ! DOM9ANT RELIGI\S CONCEPTS TO BE RELICS ( PA/ IGNORANCE & SUP]/ITION4 

,SCI5CE ?US PLAYS A H]OIC ROLE 9 HI/ORY = ,RECLUS4 ,?\< HE F9DS ELEM5TS ( BO? PROGRESS & REGRESSION 9 ! HI/ORY ( SCI5CE1 HIS ACC\NT EXHIBITS ! ALMO/ B\NDLESS FAI? 9 SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY ?AT IS SO TYPICAL ( CLASSIC MOD]NITY4 ,HE SOMETIMES DEPICTS SCI5TIFIC 9/ITUTIONS NOT ONLY AS ESS5TIAL TO ALL MAT]IAL PROGRESS BUT1 EV5 MORE1 AS ! KEY TO TRU? 9 ALL REALMS4 ,! M>* ( PROGRESS ADVANCES 9EXORABLY1 BANI%+ OBSOLETE IDEAS & OV]COM+ MAT]IAL B>RI]S1 & SCI5CE IS ! 9/RUM5T ( ITS TRIUMPH4 ,9 HIS PREFACE TO ! #ahib ,FR5* $ITION ( ,KROPOTK9'S  
,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,RECLUS GOES SO F> AS TO SAY ?AT HE 0PR(ESSES A NEW FAI?0 & ?AT ! OBJECT ( ?AT FAI?1 0SCI5CE10 IS ! 0IDEAL0 UPON :I* SOCIETY MU/ ULTIMATELY 0MODEL0 ITSELF4.<#a#h.> ,H[ ?IS 0MODEL+0 MI<T BE ACCOMPLI%$ IS NOT MADE 5TIRELY CLE>4 ,H[EV]1 :AT IS APP>5T IS ,RECLUS' ADH]5CE TO A V>IATION ( ! MY? ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 9 :I* TE*NIQUE & REASON M>* =W>D 9 T&EM1 AS IGNORANCE1 SUP]/ITION1 & MAT]IAL SC>CITY >E PROGRESSIVELY VANQUI%$4 

,AS A RESULT ( ?IS RA!R EXTREME HI/ORICAL OPTIMISM1 ,RECLUS SOMETIMES EXAGG]ATES ! POSSIBILITIES = BANI%+ IDEOLOGY FROM ! MOD]N WORLD4 0,AS ! WORK] BELIEVES NO LONG] 9 MIRACLES10 HE ASKS RHETORICALLY1 0CAN HE BE 9DUC$ TO BELIEVE 9 LIES80.<#a#h#a.> ,UN=TUNATELY1 WE HAVE SE5 OV] ! LA/ C5TURY ABUNDANT EVID5CE ( ! CAPACITY ( HUMAN BE+S--WORK]S OR O!RWISE--TO DELUDE !MSELVES1 :E!R TO JU/IFY !IR HOPE 9 TIMES ( DESP]ATION OR !IR CYNICISM 9 TIMES ( COMPLAC5T SATISFACTION4 ,RECLUS VA/LY UND]E/IMATES ! NE$ ( HUMAN BE+S TO CREATE ILLUSIONS TO DEAL ) ! ET]NAL PROBLEMS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE3 PA91 SUFF]+1 DEA?1 LOSSES ( ALL K9DS1 ! SE>* = ID5TITY1 ! QUE/ = MEAN+4 ,LIKE ALMO/ ALL CLASSICAL RADICAL !ORI/S1 HE HAS AN 9ADEQUATE GRASP ( SOME ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT SPIRITUAL1 EXI/5TIAL1 & PSY*OLOGICAL DIM5SIONS ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,HE ALSO DEVOTES LITTLE ATT5TION TO ! DEEP-SEAT$ HUMAN /RIV+ = P[] ?AT HAS BE5 EXPLOR$ BY ! ,HEGELIAN1 ,NIETZS*EAN1 & ,LACANIAN TRADITIONS BUT HAS BE5 G5]ALLY NEGLECT$ BY MO/ RADICAL SOCIAL ?\<T1 9CLUD+ MU* ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE FAILS TO CONSID] ADEQUATELY ! WAYS 9 :I* IDEALS LIKE 0AN>*Y10 0COMMUNISM10 OR EV5 HIS *]I%$ 0BRO!RHOOD0 & 0SOLID>ITY10 NOT TO M5TION 0SCI5CE10 0REASON10 & 0PROGRESS10 C\LD !MSELVES SO EASILY BE DI/ORT$ IDEOLOGICALLY4 

,BUT AL?\< ,RECLUS SOMETIMES LAPSES 9TO NAIVE TE*NOLOGICAL OPTIMISM & UNCRITICAL RATIONALISM1 HIS ?\<T (T5 TRANSC5DS !SE T5D5CIES4 ,AS WILL BE DISCUSS$ LAT]1 HE 9CLUDES AN 9CISIVE CRITIQUE ( TE*NOLOGY 9 HIS OV]ALL CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION4 ,HE SEES ! ULTIMATE CRIT]ION = JUDG+ SOCIAL PROGRESS TO BE NEI!R TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T NOR ECONOMIC GR[? BUT RA!R ! ADVANCEM5T ( HUMAN SOCIAL SELF-REALIZATION 9 H>MONY ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HE REJECTS N>R[ VIEWS ( ?IS GOAL ?AT W\LD ID5TIFY IT ) VA/LY 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY1 MAT]IAL IMPROVEM5TS1 EXPANSION ( KN[L$GE1 OR EV5 ! MAXIMIZATION ( PLEASURE & HAPP9ESS1 AS UTILIT>IAN E?ICS MA9TA9S1 & AS ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM SEEM$ 9CREAS+LY 9CL9$ TO HOLD EV5 9 HIS DAY4 

,9 PLACE ( ANY SORT ( TE*NOLOGICAL OR ECONOMI/IC UTOPIANISM1 ,RECLUS DEVELOPS A MANY-SID$ VIEW ( HUMAN SELF-REALIZATION ?AT 9CLUDES SOME ( ! GOALS M5TION$ BUT GOES F> BEYOND !M4 ,IT CONSI/S1 HE SAYS1 ( 0A COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL10 9CLUD+ SU* >EAS AS 0! IMPROVEM5T ( ! PHYSICAL BE+ 9 /R5G?1 BEAUTY1 GRACE1 LONGEVITY1 MAT]IAL 5RI*M5T1 & 9CREASE ( KN[L$GE10 9 ADDITION TO 0! P]FECT+ ( *>ACT]1 ! BECOM+ MORE NOBLE1 MORE G5]\S1 & MORE DEVOT$40.<#a#h#b.> ,MOREOV]1 SELF-REALIZATION MU/ BE A SOCIAL PROCESS 9 :I* 0! PROGRESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL M]GES ) ?AT ( SOCIETY1 UNIT$ BY ! =CE ( AN 9CREAS+LY 9TIMATE SOLID>ITY40.<#a#h#c.> ,EV5 9 ?IS BRIEF SUMM>Y ( ! NATURE ( ! GOOD LIFE1 ,RECLUS 9CLUDES ITS PHYSICAL1 ES!TIC1 MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL1 & SOCIAL DIM5SIONS4 ,RECLUS' VIEW HAS MU* 9 COMMON ) ! ,>I/OTELIAN EUDEMONI/IC E?IC1 BO? 9 HIS MULTIFACET$ CONCEPTION ( HUMAN SELF-REALIZATION & 9 HIS BELIEF 9 ! 9SEP>ABLE 9T]CONNECTION BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL ATTA9M5T ( DIV]SE VIRTUES OR EXCELL5CES & ! COLLECTIVE REALIZATION ( A COMMON GOOD4 ,?\< ,RECLUS' E?ICS CAN 9 MANY WAYS BE LOOK$ UPON AS 0AN E?ICS ( C>E10 IT MI<T ALSO BE SE5 AS A 0LEFT ,>I/OTELIANISM10 9 ?AT IT BROAD5S ! CONCEPT ( SELF-REALIZATION 9TO A RADICALLY UNIV]SAL ONE4 ,IT IS 9 SOME WAYS MORE RADICAL ?AN ,M>X'S LEFT ,>I/OTELIANISM1 NOT ONLY 9 PROPOS+ A CONCEPTION ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY ) MORE DEEPLY COMMUNIT>IAN DIM5SIONS BUT ALSO 9 L9K+ HUMAN SELF-REALIZATION TO SIMIL> PROCESSES ( UNFOLD+ & DEVELOPM5T ON ! P>T ( O!R SPECIES & ( ! E>? AS A :OLE4 

,RECLUS SEEMS P>TICUL>LY ,>I/OTELIAN :5 HE DEF9ES ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( PROGRESS AS 0HAPP9ESS10 9 A V]Y EXPANSIVE S5SE4 ,HE EXPLICITLY REJECTS ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC OR UTILIT>IAN CONCEPTION ( HAPP9ESS AS M]E 0P]SONAL 5JOYM5T10 & HE R$EF9ES IT TO 5COMPASS A PROCESS ( UNIV]SAL SELF-REALIZATION4 ,HAPP9ESS1 HE SAYS1 0IS TRUE1 DEEP1 & COMPLETE ONLY :5 IT EXT5DS TO ! :OLE ( HUMANITY40.<#a#h#d.> ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN M]ELY TOTAL+ UP ! SUM ( ALL 9DIVIDUAL SATISFACTIONS TO PRODUCE ! AGGREGATE GOOD = HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 ,! ATTA9M5T ( HAPP9ESS CANNOT BE R$UC$ 79 ! MANN] ( 9DIVIDUALI/IC E?ICAL !ORIES7 TO 0A C]TA9 LEVEL ( P]SONAL OR COLLECTIVE EXI/5CE10 BUT RA!R 9CLUDES A COLLECTIVE 0CONSCI\SNESS ( M>*+ T[>D A WELL-DEF9$ GOAL0 & A PROCESS ( 0DIRECT+ ! :OLE GREAT HUMAN BODY T[>D ! GREATE/ GOOD40.<#a#h#e.> 0,HAPP9ESS0 IS ?US A BROAD CONCEPT SIGNIFY+ P>TICIPATION 9 HUMANITY'S COLLECTIVE PROJECT ( SELF-REALIZATION4 

,FROM ,RECLUS' HOLI/IC E?ICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ! CONCEPT ( SELF-REALIZATION MU/ ALSO BE EXT5D$ BEYOND \R [N SPECIES4 ,IF WE >E TRULY TO ACT AS 0NATURE BECOM+ SELF-CONSCI\S10 WE MU/1 9 ADDITION TO PURSU+ ! GOOD ( HUMANITY1 ALSO CONTRIBUTE AS MU* AS IS 9 \R P[] TO ! GOOD ( ALL LIV+ BE+S4 ,ACCORD+LY1 HUMANITY HAS A WIDE-RANG+ MORAL RESPONSIBILITY ?AT CONSI/S NOT ONLY ( NEGATIVE DUTIES TO REFRA9 FROM H>M+ ! NATURAL WORLD BUT ALSO ( POSITIVE DUTIES TO CONTRIBUTE ACTIVELY TO ITS FL\RI%+4 ,WE HAVE AN OBLIGATION TO 0DEVELOP ! CONT95TS1 ! SEAS1 & ! ATMOSPH]E ?AT SURR\NDS US2 TO 'CULTIVATE \R G>D5' ON E>?2 TO RE>RANGE & REGULATE ! 5VIRONM5T 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE EA* 9DIVIDUAL PLANT1 ANIMAL1 & HUMAN LIFE40.<#a#h#f.> ,SU* ACTIONS MU/ BE BAS$ ON A GR[+ AW>5ESS ( \R 9TEGRAL PLACE 9 NATURE ?AT LEADS US 0TO BECOME FULLY CONSCI\S ( \R HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 =M+ ONE BODY ) ! PLANET ITSELF1 & TO TAKE A SWEEP+ VIEW ( \R ORIG9S1 \R PRES5T1 \R IMM$IATE GOAL1 & \R DI/ANT IDEAL40.<#a#h#g.> 

,HOLI/IC ?\<T IS SOMETIMES CRITICIZ$ = EMPHASIZ+ ! GOOD ( ! :OLE TO ! DETRIM5T ( ?AT ( ! P>T4 ,:ILE EXAMPLES ( AU?ORIT>IAN & EV5 0FASCI/IC0 HOLISM CAN C]TA9LY BE F\ND1 ! T]M 9 NO WAY IMPLIES DOM9ATION OR 0TOTALIZATION40 ,9DE$1 ! MO/ AU!NTICALLY HOLI/IC APPROA*ES RECOGNIZE ?AT ! SELF-REALIZATION ( ! :OLE CAN ONLY BE ATTA9$ ?R\< ?AT ( ! P>TS1 :E!R !SE MAY BE ! BODY & ALL ITS ORGANS & FACULTIES1 9 ! CASE ( HOLI/IC HEAL?1 OR ! COMMUNITY & ALL ITS CON/ITU5T GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS1 9 ! CASE ( HOLI/IC SOCIAL !ORY4.<#a#h#h.> ,RECLUS' SOCIAL ?\<T IS 9/RUCTIVE AS AN EXAMPLE ( A CRITICAL HOLISM ?AT GIVES FULL RECOGNITION TO ! RELATIVE AUTONOMY & 9TEGRITY ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT IS ?US1 LIKE ANY TRULY DIALECTICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 A !ORY ( UNITY-9-DIV]SITY4 ,! NATURE ( SOCIAL PROGRESS CANNOT BE UND]/OOD M]ELY ?R\< AN ANALYSIS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( /RUCTURES1 9/ITUTIONS1 OR O!R SOCIAL :OLES BUT ALSO REQUIRES C>EFUL ATT5TION TO 9DIVIDUALITY & SUBJECTIVITY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,RECLUS1 ALL 0EVOLUTION 9 ! EXI/5CE ( PEOPLES0 IS ! RESULT ( 09DIVIDUAL EF=T40.<#a#h#i.> ,IT IS TRUE ?AT HE (T5 EXPLA9S V>I\S SOCIAL PH5OM5A AS ! RESULT ( ! 9T]ACTION BETWE5 NATURAL & SOCIAL =CES4 ,YET HE REM9DS US ?AT HI/ORY CANNOT BE R$UC$ 5TIRELY TO ! DIALECTICAL 9T]PLAY BETWE5 OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS & ?AT ! HUMAN FRE$OM TO ACT CREATIVELY & TO %APE ! FUTURE ALWAYS EXI/S1 ALBEIT )9 C]TA9 SOCIAL & NATURAL CON/RA9TS4 ,HIS OV]RID+ CONC]N IS TO DEMON/RATE ?AT IT IS 0! HUMAN P]SON10 RA!R ?AN HI/ORICAL LAWS1 9/ITUTIONS1 OR SOCIAL =CES1 ?AT IS ! 0PRIM>Y ELEM5T ( SOCIETY40.<#a#i.> ,SOCIETY1 HE BELIEVES1 BECOMES MORE DET]M9I/IC AS ECONOMIC P[]1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE1 & MANIPULATIVE TE*NOLOGIES SUBJECT PEOPLE TO MORE RIGID CONTROLS & AS FRE$OM & CREATIVITY F9D FEW] 7OR P]HAPS LESS CONSPICU\S7 AV5UES = SOCIAL EXPRESSION4 ,YET SPONTANEITY & *OICE REMA9 POSSIBLE1 & !Y CON/ITUTE ! BASIS = CREAT+ A FUTURE SOCIETY 9 :I* NONDOM9AT+ UNITY-9-DIV]SITY IS F9ALLY REALIZ$4 0,FREE SOCIETY E/ABLI%ES ITSELF ?R\< ! LIB]TY PROVID$ = ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( EA* HUMAN P]SON1 ! ORIG9AL BASIC CELL ( SOCIETY1 :O !N JO9S TOGE!R & ASSOCIATES AS HE WI%ES ) O!R CELLS ( A *ANG+ HUMANITY40.<#a#i#a.> ,RECLUS' ACC\NT ( ! A*IEVEM5T ( P]SONAL SELF-REALIZATION ?R\< P>TICIPATION 9 ! FREE1 COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITY IS AN EXCELL5T EXAMPLE ( ?AT 0COMMITM5T TO COMMUNAL 9DIVIDUALITY0 ?AT ,ALAN ,RITT] SEES AS 0! /R5G? ( ! AN>*I/S' ?\<T40.<#a#i#b.> 

,RECLUS' VISION ( ! UNFOLD+ ( FRE$OM 9 HUMAN HI/ORY CONT9UES 9 MANY WAYS ! ,SP9OZI/IC & ,HEGELIAN CONCEPTIONS ( FRE$OM AS A =M ( SELF-DET]M9ATION & SELF-EXPRESSION4 ,SP9OZA DEF9$ ! ATTA9M5T ( FRE$OM BY A BE+ AS ITS MOVEM5T FROM BE+ PASSIVELY ACT$ UPON BY EXT]NAL =CES TO %AP+ ACTIVELY ! WORLD >\ND IT4 ,HEGEL DEVELOP$ & RADICALIZ$ ?IS CONCEPTION BY GIV+ IT A HI/ORICAL DIM5SION4 ,SP9OZA'S ,DEUS SIVE ,NATURA 7,GOD OR ,NATURE7 BECOMES 9 ,HEGEL ,GEI/ 7,SPIRIT7 OR ! ,ABSOLUTE1 ! UNIV]SAL SUBJECT ( WORLD-HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T T[>D FRE$OM ?R\< SELF-REALIZATION4 ,RECLUS' PHILOSOPHY ( PROGRESS IS A MAJOR /EP T[>D NATURALIZ+ & DEMY/IFY+ SU* A CONCEPTION ( FRE$OM4 ,HE NOTES ?AT :ILE 0= A LONG TIME WE W]E NO?+ MORE ?AN .<! E>?'S.> UNCONSCI\S PRODUCTS1 WE HAVE BECOME 9CREAS+LY ACTIVE AG5TS 9 ITS HI/ORY40.<#a#i#c.> ,AS HUMANITY BECOMES MORE AW>E ( ITS AG5CY1 IT CAN DEVELOP A MEAN+FUL CONCEPTION ( ITS COLLECTIVE SELF-LIB]ATION4 ,?US1 0! ESS5CE ( HUMAN PROGRESS CONSI/S ( ! DISCOV]Y ( ! TOTALITY ( 9T]E/S & WILLS COMMON TO ALL PEOPLES2 IT IS ID5TICAL TO SOLID>ITY40.<#a#i#d.> ,F9ALLY1 \R CONCEPTION ( UNITY WILL EXT5D BEYOND \R [N SPECIES TO ! E>? ITSELF4 ,AS WE BEG9 TO SEE \RSELVES AS 0ONE BODY ) ! PLANET0 & CONCEIVE ( \RSELVES AS 0NATURE BECOM+ SELF-CONSCI\S10 WE REALIZE ?AT ! PROCESS ( ATTA9+ FRE$OM ?R\< SELF-REALIZATION 5COMPASSES NOT ONLY HUMANITY BUT ALSO ! E>? AS A :OLE4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 FROM ,RECLUS' P]SPECTIVE1 :ILE ?IS G5]AL PROGRESSIVE MOVEM5T T[>D FRE$OM TAKES PLACE1 CONTR>Y REGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5TS >E ALSO IMP$+ ITS ADVANCE4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT ONE CO/ ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZATION HAS BE5 AN 9CREASE 9 ! B>RI]S BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS 9 SOCIETY RESULT+ FROM 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ DOM9ATION4 ,SOCIAL PROGRESS !RE=E DEP5DS ON ! ELIM9ATION ( HI]>*ICAL DIVISIONS1 SO ?AT OP5 COMMUNICATION CAN BE A*IEV$4 ,LONG BE=E ,HAB]MAS1 ,RECLUS DISCUSS$ ! IDEA ?AT SOCIAL EMANCIPATION REQUIRES =MS ( COMMUNICATION ?AT >E FREE FROM DOM9ATION1 & ! ABILITY ( ! SPECIES TO CREATE A FUND ( PRACTICAL KN[L$GE RELEVANT TO ?AT EMANCIPATION4 ,RECLUS ASS]TS ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY 0! B\ND>IES BETWE5 CA/ES1 AS WELL AS BETWE5 PEOPLES10.<#a#i#e.> SO ?AT HUMANITY WILL F9ALLY BE ABLE TO DRAW ON ! EXP]I5CE ( ALL CULTURES & ALL 9DIVIDUALS 9 =MULAT+ ITS GOALS & VALUES4 ,AS A RESULT1 HUMANITY WILL BE ABLE TO SYN!SIZE ! VIRTUES & A*IEVEM5TS ( BO? MOD]N & 0PRIMITIVE0 SOCIETIES4 ,! COMPLEXITY1 DIV]SITY1 & UNIV]SALITY ( ! =M] WILL BE ALLI$ ) ! LATT]'S 0ORIG9AL SIMPLICITY0 ( LIFE1 9 :I* !RE IS 0A COMPLETE & AMICABLE FRE$OM ( HUMAN SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE40.<#a#i#f.> 

,AS HUMANITY BECOMES 9 ?IS WAY MORE CONSCI\S ( ITS [N HI/ORY1 IT ALSO EXP&S ITS CONSCI\SNESS 9TO ! L>G] CONTEXT ( NATURE4 ,! CONCEPT ( HUMANITY AS ! SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ( NATURE WAS PRES5T 9 ,RECLUS' WORK ALMO/ ?REE DECADES BE=E HE MADE IT ! OP5+ /ATEM5T ( ,MAN & ! ,E>?4 ,AS E>LY AS ! #a#h#fS HE ASS]TS ?AT 0S9CE CIVILIZATION HAS CONNECT$ ALL ! NATIONS ( ! E>? 9 ONE COMMON HUMANITY--S9CE HI/ORY HAS L9K$ C5TURY TO C5TURY--S9CE A/RONOMY & GEOLOGY HAVE 5ABL$ SCI5CE TO CA/ H] RETROSPECTIVE GLANCE ON EPO*S ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( YE>S BACK1 MAN HAS CEAS$ TO BE AN ISOLAT$ BE+1 &1 IF WE MAY SO SPEAK1 IS NO LONG] M]ELY MORTAL3 HE HAS BECOME ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! IMP]I%ABLE UNIV]SE40.<#a#i#g.> 

,RECLUS HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO DEVELOP HIS DIALECTICAL CONCEPTION ?AT ALL PH5OM5A ( NATURE >E 9 A CON/ANT /ATE ( TRANS=MATION & UNFOLD+4 ,HE NOTES ?AT ONE ( ! MO/ BASIC TRU?S DISCOV]$ ?R\< ! UNIV]SALIZATION ( CONSCI\SNESS IS ?AT 0EV]Y?+ IS *ANG+ & EV]Y?+ IS 9 MOTION40.<#a#i#h.> ,HUMANITY BEG9S TO UND]/& ITSELF 9 ! CONTEXT ( !SE L>G] PROCESSES :5 IT BEG9S TO LOOK BEYOND HUMAN HI/ORY TO E>? HI/ORY4 ,?US1 0! FIRM GR\ND :I* HE TREADS UND] HIS FEET1 & LONG ?\<T TO BE IMMOVABLE1 IS REPLETE ) VITALITY1 & IS ACTUAT$ BY 9CESSANT MOTION2 ! V]Y M\NTA9S RISE OR S9K2 NOT ONLY DO ! W9DS & OCEAN-CURR5TS CIRCULATE R\ND ! PLANET1 BUT ! CONT95TS !MSELVES 444 >E SL[LY TRAVEL+ >\ND ! CIRCLE ( ! GLOBE40.<#a#i#i.> ,OV] ! SUBSEQU5T DECADES1 ,RECLUS 9CREAS+LY DEVELOP$ ?IS PROCESS VIEW ( REALITY 9 A TELEOLOGICAL 7?\< 9 NO WAY DET]M9I/IC7 DIRECTION AS HE UNIT$ IT ) A VISION ( UNIV]SAL SELF-REALIZATION4 

,RECLUS DES]VES RECOGNITION AS AN E>LY PROPHET ( ! DEVELOP+ GLOBALIZATION OR PLANETIZATION ( HUMANITY4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT AS ! WORLD IS BR\<T CLOS] TOGE!R ?R\< ADVANCES 9 TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATION1 & AS KN[L$GE ( ! COMMON HI/ORY ( HUMAN BE+S & ! E>? GR[S1 HUMANITY WILL HAVE TO REVOLUTIONIZE ITS SY/EM ( VALUES 9 ACCORD ) ITS GR[+ UNITY4 ,HE NOTES ?AT 09DU/RIAL APPLIANCES1 ?AT BY A S+LE ELECTRIC IMPULSE MAKE ! SAME ?\<T VIBRATE ?R\< F> CONT95TS1 HAVE DI/ANC$ BY F> \R SOCIAL MORALS02.<#b.> FUR!R1 ! EXPLORATION ( ALL CORN]S ( ! E>? & ! P]PETUAL MOVEM5T ( TRAVEL]S BETWE5 ALL C\NTRIES HAS MADE US 0CITIZ5S ( ! PLANET40.<#b#a.> ,HE CONCLUDES ?AT ?R\< SU* MEANS ! ILLUSION ( SEP>AT5ESS HAS BECOME UNT5ABLE & ?AT 0HUMANITY HAS >RIV$ AT SELF-CONSCI\SNESS40.<#b#b.> ,9 ! ,NEW ,UNIV]SAL ,GEOGRAPHY HE /RIK+LY EXPRESSES ?IS CONCEPTION ( ! GR[+ PLANET>Y UNITY ( HUMANITY3  
  

,SO B\ND$ >E N[ ! CONF9ES ( ! PLANET1 ?AT IT EV]Y:]E B5EFITS BY ! SAME 9DU/RIAL APPLIANCES2 ?AT1 ?ANKS TO A CONT9U\S NETWORK ( PO/AL & TELEGRAPHIC S]VICES1 IT HAS BE5 5RI*$ BY A N]V\S SY/EM = ! 9T]*ANGE ( ?\<T2 ?AT IT DEM&S A COMMON M]IDIAN & A COMMON H\R1 :ILE ON ALL SIDES APPE> ! 9V5TORS ( A UNIV]SAL LANGUAGE4 ,DESPITE ! RANCORS FO/]$ BY W>1 DESPITE H]$IT>Y HATR$S1 ALL MANK9D IS BECOM+ ONE4 ,:E!R \R ORIG9 BE ONE OR MANIFOLD1 ?IS UNITY GR[S APACE1 DAILY ASSUMES MORE ( A QUICK5+ REALITY4.<#b#c.>  
  

,RECLUS ?US SAW ! UNIFICATION ( HUMANITY AS A CONCRETE1 MAT]IAL PROCESS ?AT WILL 9CREAS+LY BE EXP]I5C$ AS A HI/ORICAL REALITY4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 A GR[+ CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS PROCESS WILL MAKE ! AN>*I/ IDEAL ( SOCIAL UNITY-9-DIV]SITY APPE> 9CREAS+LY PLAUSIBLE TO HUMANITY4 ,HI/ORY 9CREAS+LY EXHIBITS 0A G5]AL T5D5CY ( ?+S TO M]GE !MSELVES 9TO ONE LIV+ BODY 9 :I* ALL ! P>TS >E 9 RECIPROCAL 9T]DEP5D5CE10 SO ?AT SOCIETY CAN BE SE5 AS MOV+ T[>D A /ATE 9 EV]Y?+ 0W\LD CON/ITUTE A H>MONI\S COSMOS 9 :I* EA* CELL RETA9S ITS 9DIVIDUALITY1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! FREE LABOR ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 & 9 :I* ALL W\LD ME% TOGE!R ) ONE ANO!R1 EA* ONE BE+ NECESS>Y TO ! WORK ( ALL40.<#b#d.> 

,( C\RSE1 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( GLOBAL UNITY ?AT ,RECLUS HOP$ = WAS 9 HIS [N TIME1 & L>GELY REMA9S TODAY1 9 ONLY A RUDIM5T>Y /ATE4 ,YET HE W\LD >GUE ?AT SOCIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS HAVE NEV]!LESS CREAT$ OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS ?AT HELP =M ! BASIS = SU* A PLANET>Y CONSCI\SNESS4 ,HE DOES NOT UND]E/IMATE ! OB/ACLES TO OV]COM+ IDEOLOGICAL DI/ORTIONS ( ?IS CONSCI\SNESS & TO TRANS=M+ IT 9TO EFFECTIVE SOCIAL PRAXIS1 YET HE IS ABLE 7P]HAPS 9 AN ACT ( MOD]NI/1 PROGRESSIVI/ FAI?7 TO SEE PR(\ND1 9DE$ REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS 9 ! SL[LY GR[+ AW>5ESS ( ! 9T]CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ALL T]RE/RIAL PH5OM5A4 

,RECLUS IS (T5 M>VEL\SLY IMAG9ATIVE 9 ATTEMPT+ TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! CREATION ( ?IS NEW1 UNIFI$ VISION ( ! WORLD4 ,AN EXAMPLE IS HIS PROPOSAL ?AT AN 5ORM\S GLOBE ) A NETWORK ( SURR\ND+ WALKWAYS BE CON/RUCT$ AT ! C5T] ( ,P>IS1 SO ?AT PEOPLE C\LD PASS AT V>I\S LEVELS EXAM9+ ! DETAILS ( ! E>? & !REBY BEG9 TO GRASP IT AS A VA/ 9T]CONNECT$ :OLE4 ,HE ALSO PROPOSES ?AT A NEW CAL5D> BE ADOPT$ ?AT W\LD NOT BE L9K$ TO ! HI/ORY ( ANY P>TICUL> RELIGI\S TRADITION OR %[ PREF]5CE = ONE CULTURE OV] ANO!R4 ,HE JUDGES ! IDEA ( NUMB]+ YE>S 9 TWO DIRECTIONS ) POSITIVE & NEGATIVE NUMB]S TO BE COMPLETELY IRRATIONAL4 ,HIS SOLUTION IS TO *OOSE A BEG9N+ PO9T ) A UNIV]SAL1 PLANET>Y SIGNIFICANCE RA!R ?AN A M]ELY P>TICUL>I/IC1 CULTURALLY SPECIFIC ONE4 ,HE SUGGE/S = ?IS PO9T ( REF]5CE ! FIR/ ECLIPSE RECORD$ 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,HE NOTES ?AT HE W\LD BE WRIT+ 9 ! YE> #a#c1#d#d#g ACCORD+ TO ?IS SY/EM4.<#b#e.> ,HIS *OICE ( ! FIR/ RECORD$ ECLIPSE IS A P[]FUL SYMBOL ( ! 9T]RELATION BETWE5 ! NATURAL & ! SOCIAL4 ,AL?\< ?AT EV5T WAS A NATURAL OCCURR5CE BEYOND HUMAN CONTROL & 9VOLV$ PH5OM5A EXT5D+ EV5 BEYOND \R [N PLANET1 AS A RECORD$ EV5T IT =MS P>T ( HUMAN HI/ORY & IS NOTEWOR?Y = ITS PLACE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN KN[L$GE ( NATURAL PH5OM5A4 

,RECLUS' DESIRE TO PROMOTE ! UNITY ( HUMANITY SEEMS SOMETIMES TO GO TO EXTREME L5G?S1 AS :5 HE DISCUSSES ! NE$ = A 0COMMON LANGUAGE0 = ALL HUMAN BE+S TO FACILITATE GLOBAL COMMUNICATION4 ,HE C]TA9LY APPE>S A BIT NAIVE :5 HE /ATES ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! NEW NATION ( HUMANITY 0MU/ UND]/& EA* O!R COMPLETELY0 & SUGGE/S ?AT A LANGUAGE MI<T BE DEVELOP$ ?AT W\LD HELP REALIZE ?IS RA!R AMBITI\S GOAL4.<#b#f.> ,H[EV]1 !RE MAY BE MORE VALUE TO HIS SPECULATION ON ?IS TOPIC ?AN APPE>S AT FIR/ SI<T4 ,RECLUS WAS WELL AW>E ( ! HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE ( ,LAT9 & LAT] ,FR5* AS COMMON LANGUAGES ( POLITICS1 COMM]CE1 CULTURE1 & S*OL>%IP4 ,TODAY HE W\LD NO D\BT PO9T TO ! GR[+ DOM9ANCE ( ,5GLI% 9 !SE >EAS & 9 COMM]CE AS ! EXPRESSION ( ! NE$ = AN EV] MORE CLOSELY 9T]RELAT$ HUMANITY TO EXPRESS ITSELF 9 A COMMON TONGUE4 ,CLE>LY1 HE W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ ,ESP]ANTO OR A NEW1 MORE MULTICULTURAL & UNIV]SALI/IC LANGUAGE = SU* A MEANS ( COMMUNICATION4 ,YET ! FACT ?AT F> MORE HUMAN BE+S ?AN EV] BE=E CAN N[ COMMUNICATE DIRECTLY W\LD BE SE5 BY ,RECLUS AS /RONG EVID5CE ( PROGRESS 9 ! UNIFICATION ( HUMANITY4 ,HE W\LD C]TA9LY ADD ?AT ! 9EVITABLE REGRESSIVE DIM5SIONS ( SU* A DEVELOPM5T %\LD NOT BE IGNOR$1 NO D\BT PO9T+ \T ! CULTURAL HOMOG5IZATION & LOSS ( DIV]SITY ?AT HAS ACCOMPANI$ ! GR[+ DOM9ANCE ( ,5GLI% & ,ANGLOPHONE CULTURE4 

,= ,RECLUS1 ! SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ( HUMANITY WILL CONT9UE TO GR[ AS KN[L$GE ( GEOGRAPHY & HI/ORY CREATE A NEW GLOBAL SPATIALITY & TEMPORALITY4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 0HUMANK9D1 :I* MAKES ITSELF ,ONE AT EV]Y LATITUDE & LONGITUDE1 SIMIL>LY TRIES TO REALIZE ITSELF ?R\< ONE =M ?AT 5COMPASSES ALL AGES40.<#b#g.> ,HE POSITS A CLOSE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ?IS GR[+ KN[L$GE 7:I* ,HEGEL CALLS 0WORLD-HI/ORICAL0 BUT :I* 9 ! SPIRIT ( ,RECLUS WE MI<T CALL 0E>?-HI/ORICAL07 & ! EXPANSION ( FRE$OM4 ,= ,RECLUS1 HI/ORY EXHIBITS A C]TA9 ORD] & 0LOGIC ( EV5TS10 ! KN[L$GE ( :I* ALL[S US TO PLAY A MORE ACTIVE & CREATIVE ROLE 9 DET]M9+ \R [N DE/9Y4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT WE BROAD5 \R GRASP ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & ! DIV]SITY ( HUMAN POSSIBILITIES1 WE TRANSC5D ANY 0/RICT L9E ( DEVELOPM5T0 DET]M9$ BY 5VIRONM5TAL & H]$IT>Y FACTORS4.<#b#h.> 

,! A*IEVEM5T ( A GRASP ( ?IS HI/ORICAL UNITY-9-DIV]SITY IS ! GOAL ( ,RECLUS' SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY1 ESPECIALLY AS EXPRESS$ 9 HIS SWEEP+ ACC\NT ( HUMAN HI/ORY 9 ,MAN & ! ,E>?4 ,!RE HE SURVEYS ! VA/ DIV]SITY ( HUMAN A*IEVEM5TS1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME SYN!SIZ+ ?AT MULTIPLICITY 9TO A S+LE N>RATIVE ( ! HUMAN /RUGGLE = SELF-REALIZATION4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT SU* A UNIFY+ N>RATIVE IS 9CREAS+LY 9SCRIB+ ITSELF 9 HI/ORY AS A SOCIAL REALITY ROOT$ 9 HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 ,AS WE BECOME 9CREAS+LY PLANET>Y BE+S 9 MANY SPH]ES ( \R ACTIVITY1 SOCIAL PH5OM5A NATURALLY BEG9 TO APPE> TO US AS ASPECTS ( ! LIFE /ORY ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITY4 ,CULTURES ( O!R TIMES & O!R PLACES LOSE !IR QUALITY ( ALI5 O!RNESS1 & !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO PROGRESS BECOME AVAILABLE TO ALL AS EXAMPLES ( HUMAN POSSIBILITIES4 ,WE COME TO SEE ALL PEOPLES AS 0BRO!RS T[>D :OM WE FEEL A GR[+ SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY10 & WE F9D ?R\<\T HI/ORY 0AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( MODELS DEM&+ UND]/&+1 9CLUD+ MANY ?AT AWAK5 9 US ! AMBITION TO IMITATE SOME ASPECT ( !IR IDEAL40.<#b#i.> ,! HUMAN RACE DISCOV]S ITSELF TO HAVE A COMMON HI/ORY & IS ABLE TO UND]TAKE A COMMON PROJECT ( SELF-REALIZATION4 ,= ,RECLUS1 ?IS MEANS ?AT ! DIV]SE EXP]I5CES ( ALL BECOME P>T ( ONE GREAT HUMAN EXP]IM5T1 ! GREAT /RUGGLE = ! ATTA9M5T ( FRE$OM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/