,*APT] #ab - ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,WELF>E 

#aiifaiif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,X,I,I4 ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,WELF>E 

  
  

,ALL 9/ITUTIONS1 ALL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS1 IMPOSE A PATT]N ON PEOPLE & DETRACT FROM !IR 9DIVIDUALITY2 ABOVE ALL IT SEEMS TO ME1 !Y DETRACT FROM !IR HUMANITY 444 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ONE ?+ IS 9 ! NATURE ( ALL 9/ITUTIONS1 :E!R !Y >E = GOOD PURPOSES1 LIKE COLLEGES1 S*OOLS & HOSPITALS1 OR = EVIL PLUPOSES1 LIKE PRISONS4 ,EV]YONE 9 AN 9/ITUTION IS CONT9UALLY ADAPT+ HIMSELF TO IT1 & TO O!R PEOPLE1 :]EAS ! GLORY ( HUMANITY IS ?AT IT ADAPTS ITS 5VIRONM5T TO MANK9D1 NOT HUMAN BE+S TO !IR 5VIRONM5T4  
  
  

,JOHN ,VAIZEY1 ,SC5ES ,FROM ,9/ITUTIONAL ,LIFE 

,AN>*I/S >E SOMETIMES TOLD ?AT !IR SIMPLE PICTURE ( ! /ATE AS ! PROTECTOR ( ! PRIVILEGES ( ! P[]FUL IS HOPELESSLY \T ( DATE3 WELF>E HAS *ANG$ ! /ATE4 ,SOME POLITICIANS EV5 CLAIM ?AT !IR P>TIES 9V5T$ WELF>E4 ,! LATE ,HU< ,GAITSKILL1 = 9/ANCE1 DESCRIB$ ! WELF>E /ATE AS 0ANO!R ,LABOR A*IEVEM5T01 ADD+ ?AT 0UN=TUNATELY GRATITUDE IS NOT A RELIABLE POLITICAL ASSET04 ,9 FACT ! C&IDATES = (FICE 9 MO/ ,WE/]N GOV]NM5TS RIVAL EA* O!R 9 ! WELF>E PACKAGES !Y (F] ! ELECTORATE4 

,BUT :AT DO WE MEAN BY ! WELF>E /ATE8 ,SOCIAL WELF>E CAN EXI/ )\T ! /ATE4 ,/ATES CAN1 & FREQU5TLY DO1 EXI/ )\T UND]TAK+ RESPONSIBILITY = SOCIAL WELF>E4 ,EV]Y K9D ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION MAY BE A WELF>E SOCIETY3 TRADE UNIONS1 ,*RI/MAS CLUBS1 *UR*ES & TE5AGE GANGS -- ALL ( :I* PRESUMABLY AIM AT MUTUAL B5EFIT1 COM=T & SECURITY CAN BE CONSID]$ AS ASPECTS ( SOCIAL WELF>E4 ,! /ATE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IS A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* DIFF]S FROM ALL ! RE/ 9 TWO RESPECTS3 FIR/LY1 ?AT IT CLAIMS ! ALLEGIANCE ( ! :OLE POPULATION RA!R ?AN ?OSE :O HAVE OPT$ TO JO9 IT1 & SECONDLY1 ?AT IT HAS CO]CIVE P[] TO 5=CE ?AT ALLEGIANCE4 ,ASSOCIATION = MUTUAL WELF>E IS AS OLD AS HUMANITY -- WE W\LDN'T BE H]E IF IT W]E NOT - & IS BIOLOGICAL 9 ORIG94 ,KROPOTK91 :OSE ,MUTUAL ,AID *RONICLES ?IS 9NATE HUMAN T5D5CY1 DESCRIBES1 NOT ! /R5G!N+1 BUT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EMBODI$ IT1 ) ! GR[? ( ! MOD]N ,EUROPEAN NATION-/ATE FROM ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ONW>D3  
  

,= ! NEXT ?REE C5TURIES ! ,/ATES1 BO? ON ! CONT95T & 9 !SE ISL&S1 SY/EMATICALLY WE$$ \T ALL 9/ITUTIONS 9 :I* ! MUTUAL AID T5D5CY HAD =M]LY F\ND ITS EXPRESSION4 ,! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES W]E B]EFT ( !IR FOLKMOTES1 !IR C\RTS & 9DEP5D5T ADM9I/RATION3 !IR L&S W]E CONFISCAT$4 ,! GUILDS W]E SPOILAT$ ( !IR POSSESSIONS & LIB]TIES1 & PLAC$ UND] ! CONTROL1 ! FANCY1 & ! BRIB]Y ( ! ,/ATE'S (FICIAL4 ,! CITIES W]E DIVE/$ ( !IR SOV]EIGNTY1 & ! V]Y SPR+S ( !IR 9N] LIFE - ! FOLKMOTE1 ! ELECT$ JU/ICES & !IR ADM9I/RATION1 ! SOV]EIGN P>I% & ! SOV]EIGN GUILD -- W]E ANNIHILAT$2 ! ,/ATE'S FUNCTION>Y TOOK POSSESSION ( EV]Y L9K ( :AT WAS =M]LY AN ORGANIC :OLE 444 ,IT WAS TAU<T 9 ! UNIV]SITIES & FROM ! PULPIT ?AT ! 9/ITUTIONS 9 :I* M5 =M]LY US$ TO EMBODY !IR NE$S ( MUTUAL SUPPORT C\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$ 9 A PROP]LY ORGANIZ$ ,/ATE2 ?AT ! /ATE ALONE C\LD REPRES5T ! BONDS ( UNION BETWE5 ITS SUBJECTS2 ?AT F$]ALISM & 0P>TICUL>ISM0 W]E ! 5EMIES ( PROGRESS1 & ! ,/ATE WAS ! ONLY PROP] 9ITIATOR ( FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4.<#a#b#h.>  
  

,?IS IS NOT AN OLD-FA%ION$ ROMANTIC VIEW ( ! PASS+ ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES3 IT IS REFLECT$ 9 MOD]N S*OL>%IP1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,ULLMANN'S  
,GOV]NM5T & ,PEOPLE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,NOR IS ,KROPOTK9'S BITT] ACC\NT ( IT EXAGG]AT$1 AS Y\ CAN SEE FROM ! HI/ORY ( PAUP]ISM 9 ,BRITA94 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES DE/ITUTION WAS RELIEV$ )\T REC\RSE TO /ATE ACTION4 ,GUILD MEMB]S :O FELL 9TO POV]TY W]E ASSI/$ BY ! FRAT]NITY1 :OSE CONC]N EXT5D$ TO !IR WID[S & ORPHANS4 ,!RE W]E HOSPITALS & LAZ>-H\SES = ! SICK1 & MONA/IC HOSPITALITY WAS EXT5D$ TO ALL :O NE$$ IT4 ,BUT ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A FIRMLY BAS$ NATION-/ATE BY ! ,TUDORS1 IT WAS *>ACT]I/IC ?AT ! FIR/ /ATE LEGISLATION ON POV]TY REQUIR$ ?AT BEGG>S %\LD BE :IPP$ & ?AT ! SECOND REQUIR$ ?AT !Y %\LD BE BR&$1 & ?AT ! ESS5CE ( ! ,POOR ,LAW FROM ITS CODIFICATION 9 #afa TO ITS AM5DM5T 9 #ahcd & ITS F9AL DISAPPE>ANCE 9 \R [N TIME1 WAS PUNITIVE4 ,ANY MEMB] ( ! ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNION TODAY W\LD 9SI/ ?AT ! ,POOR ,LAW /ILL EXI/S & ?AT IT IS PUNITIVE4 

,WE MAY ?US CONCLUDE ?AT !RE IS AN ESS5TIAL P>ADOX 9 ! FACT ?AT ! /ATE :OSE SYMBOLS >E ! POLICEMAN1 ! JAIL] & ! SOLDI] %\LD HAVE BECOME ! ADM9I/RATOR & ORGANIZ] ( SOCIAL WELF>E4 ,! CONNECTION BETWE5 WELF>E & W>F>E IS 9 FACT V]Y CLOSE4 ,UNTIL LATE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! /ATE CONDUCT$ ITS W>S ) PR(ESIONAL SOLDI]S & M]C5>IES1 BUT ! 9CREAS+ SCALE & SCOPE ( W>S =C$ /ATES TO PAY MORE & MORE ATT5TION TO ! PHYSICAL QUALITY ( RECRUITS1 :E!R VOLUNTE]S OR CONSCRIPTS1 & ! DISCOV]Y ?AT SO L>GE A POPULATION! ELIGIBLE CANNON-FODD] WAS PHYSICALLY UNFIT 7A DISCOV]Y IT HAS MADE AFRE% ) EV]Y W> ( ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S7 L$ ! /ATE TO TAKE MEASURES = IMPROV+ ! PHYSICAL HEAL? ( ! NATION4 ,RI*>D ,TITMUSS REM>KS 9 HIS ESSAY ON ,W> & ,SOCIAL ,POLICY ?AT 0,IT WAS ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN ,W>1 NOT ONE ( ! NOTABLE W>S 9 HUMAN HI/ORY TO *ANGE ! AFFAIRS ( M51 ?AT T\*$ (F ! P]SONAL HEAL? MOVEM5T :I* EV5TUALLY L$ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICE 9 #a#i#d#h40.<#a#b#i.> 

,) ! EXT5SION ( W>F>E TO ! CIVILIAN POPULATION1 ! NE$ TO MA9TA9 MORALE BY ! =MULATION ( 0PEACE AIMS0 & ! G5]AL FEEL+ ( GUILT OV] PA/ SOCIAL 9JU/ICES & ( RESOLUTION TO DO BETT] 9 FUTURE :I* W> 5G5D]S1 ! CONC]N OV] PHYSICAL HEAL? EXT5D$ TO A WID] FIELD ( SOCIAL WELL-BE+4 ,! 0W>TIME TR5DS T[>DS UNIV]SALIZ+ PUBLIC PROVISION = C]TA9 BASIC NE$S01 AS ,TITRNUSS SAYS1 0MEAN 9 EFFECT ?AT A SOCIAL SY/EM MU/ BE SO ORGANIZ$ AS TO 5ABLE ALL CITIZ5S 7& NOT ONLY SOLDI]S7 TO LE>N :AT TO MAKE ( !IR LIVES 9 PEACETIME4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! ,$UCATION ,ACT ( #aidd BECOMES 9TELLIGIBLE2 SO DOES ! ,BEV]IDGE ,REPORT ( #aidb & ! ,NATIONAL ,9SURANCE1 ,FAMILY ,ALL[ANCES & ,NATIONAL ,S]VICE ,ACTS4 ,ALL !SE MEASURES ( SOCIAL POLICY W]E 9 P>T AN EXPRESSION ( ! NE$S ( W>-TIME /RATEGY TO FUZE & UNIFY ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE ( CIVILIANS & NON-CIVILIANS ALIKE40.<#a#c.> 

,HIS S>DONIC CONCLUSION IS ?AT 0,! AIMS & CONT5T ( SOCIAL POLICY1 BO? 9 PEACE & W>1 >E ?US DET]M9$ -- AT LEA/ TO A SUB/ANTIAL EXT5T -- BY H[ F> ! COOP]ATION ( ! MASSES IS ESS5TIAL TO ! SUCCESSFUL PROSECUTION ( W>40 

,!RE >E 9 FACT SEV]AL QUITE SEP>ATE TRADITIONS ( SOCIAL WELF>E3 ! PRODUCT ( TOTALLY DIFF]5T ATTITUDES TO SOCIAL NE$S4 ,EV5 9 ! UNIFI$ PROVISION UND] ! /ATE'S WELF>E LEGISLATION !SE TRADITIONS LIVE ON4 ,A FRI5D ( M9E1 AN EXP]IM5TAL PSY*OLOGI/ :O VISITS MANY HOSPITALS1 SAYS ?AT AL?\< IT IS SEV]AL DECADES S9CE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 HE CAN ALWAYS TELL :E!R A P>TICUL> 9/ITUTION GREW \T ( A VOLUNT>Y HOSPITAL1 A MUNICIPAL ONE1 OR A ,POOR ,LAW 9/ITUTION4 ,ONE ( !SE TRADITIONS IS ?AT ( A S]VICE GIV5 GRUDG+LY & PUNITIVELY BY AU?ORITY1 ANO!R IS ! EXPRESSION ( SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY1 OR ( MUTUAL AID & SELF-HELP4 ,ONE IS EMBODI$ 9 9/ITUTIONS1 ! O!R 9 ASSOCIATIONS4 

,9 ! J>GON ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION !RE IS AN UGLY BUT EXPRESSIVE WORD 09/ITUTIONALIZATION01 MEAN+ PUTT+ PEOPLE 9TO 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!RE IS ALSO AN EV5 UGLI] WORD1 0DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION01 MEAN+ GETT+ !M \T AGA94 ,REGRETTABLE ! WORD MAY BE1 BUT IT DESCRIBES A TR5D ?AT IS PR(\NDLY SIGNIFICANT FROM AN AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW4 0,9/ITUTION0 9 A G5]AL S5SE MEANS 0AN E/ABLI%$ LAW1 CU/OM1 USAGE1 PRACTICE1 ORGANIZATION1 OR O!R ELEM5T 9 ! POLITICAL OR SOCIAL LIFE ( A PEOPLE0 & 9 A SPECIAL S5SE MEANS 0AN $UCATIONAL1 PHILAN?ROPIC1 REM$IAL1 OR P5AL E/ABLI%M5T 9 :I* A BUILD+ OR SY/EM ( BUILD+S PLAYS A MAJOR & C5TRAL ROLE1 E4G4 S*OOLS1 HOSPITALS1 ORPHANAGES1 OLD PEOPLE'S HOMES1 JAILS04 ,IF Y\ ACCEPT !SE DEF9ITIONS Y\ WILL SEE ?AT AN>*ISM IS HO/ILE TO 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! G5]AL S5SE1 HO/ILE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION 9TO PRE-E/ABLI%$ =MS OR LEGAL 5TITIES ( ! V>I\S K9DS ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION4 ,IT IS PR$ISPOS$ T[>DS DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION1 T[>DS ! BREAKD[N ( 9/ITUTIONS4 

,N[ DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION IS A FEATURE ( CURR5T ?\<T & ACTUAL TR5DS 9 ! SECOND OR SPECIAL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,!RE IS A *>ACT]I/IC PATT]N ( DEVELOPM5T COMMON TO MANY ( !SE SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,FREQU5TLY !Y W]E F\ND$ OR MODIFI$ BY SOME 9DIVIDUAL PIONE]1 A SECUL> OR RELIGI\S PHILAN?ROPI/1 TO MEET SOME URG5T SOCIAL NE$1 OR REM$Y SOME SOCIAL EVIL4 ,!N !Y BECAME ! FOCUS ( ! ACTIVITIES ( A VOLUNT>Y SOCIETY1 & AS ! N9ETE5? C5TURY PROCE$$1 GA9$ ! ACKN[L$GM5T & SUPPORT ( ! /ATE4 ,LOCAL AU?ORITIES FILL$ 9 ! GEOGRAPHICAL GAPS 9 !IR DI/RIBUTION & F9ALLY1 9 \R [N C5TURY1 ! 9/ITUTIONS !MSELVES HAVE BE5 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 ?AT IS TO SAY NATIONALIZ$1 OR TAK5 OV] BY ! /ATE AS A PUBLIC S]VICE4 

,BUT AT ! V]Y PEAK ( !IR GR[? & DEVELOPM5T A D\BT HAS >IS54 ,>E !Y 9 FACT REM$Y+ ! EVIL OR S]V+ ! PURPOSE = :I* !Y W]E 9/ITUT$1 OR >E !Y M]ELY P]PETUAT+ IT8 ,A NEW G5]ATION ( PIONE] ?9K]S >ISES :I* SEEKS TO SET ! PROCESS 9 REV]SE1 TO ABOLI% ! 9/ITUTION ALTOGE!R1 OR TO BREAK IT D[N 9TO NON-9/ITUTIONAL UNITS1 OR TO MEET ! SAME SOCIAL NE$ 9 A NON-9/ITUTIONAL WAY4 ,?IS IS SO M>K$ A TR5D ?AT IT LEADS US TO SPECULATE ON ! EXT5T TO :I* ! SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS CAN BE REG>D$ AS MICROCOSMS OR MODELS = ! CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! G5]AL 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY4 

,9 ONE S5SE ! 9/ITUTIONS F\ND !IR >*ITECTURAL EXPRESSION 9 A HI]>*Y ( HUGE ,VICTORIAN BUILD+S 9 ! CEMET]Y BELT ON ! FR+E ( ! CITIES4 0,CONV5I5TLY ADJAC5T TO ! CEMET]Y01 WROTE ,C4 ,F4 ,MA/]MAN1 0WAS ! IMM5SE FEV] HOSPITAL 444 ,9 FRONT WAS A GIGANTIC WORKH\SE2 BEH9D A GIGANTIC LUNATIC ASYLUM2 TO ! RI<T1 A GIGANTIC B>RACK S*OOL2 TO ! LEFT1 A GIGANTIC PRISON 444 ,>\ND ! CITY'S BORD]S >E /UDD$ ! GIGANTIC BUILD+S1 PRISONS OR PALACES :I* WITNESS TO ITS EF=TS TO GRAPPLE ) ! PROBLEMS ( MAIM$ & DI/ORT$ LIFE -- WITNESS BO? TO ITS 5]GY & ITS FAILURE4 ,! BROK51 ! REBELLI\S1 ! LUNATIC1 ! DES]T$ *ILDR51 ! DES]T$ OLD1 >E COOP$ UP BEH9D HI< GATES & POLI%$ WALLS40.<#a#c#a.> ,HEA!R ,WOOLM] COMM5T$3 0,MA/]MAN SEES !SE FEATURES AS A DELIB]ATE REJECTION BY SOCIETY ( ALL IT WI%$ TO =GET1 LIKE DEA?1 & ALL :I* IT F\ND 9CONV5I5T1 LIKE ! DE/ITUTE1 OLD1 OR MAD4 ,IT WAS ALMO/ AS ?\< AN 5TIRE SUB-CULTURE C\LD BE PROCESS$ ON ! CITY FR+E3 FROM *>ITY S*OOL TO WORKH\SE1 TO OLD PEOPLE'S 9/ITUTION TO HOSPITAL TO GRAVEY>D3 LIKE BATT]Y *ICK5S AWAIT+ ! CONVEYOR BELT TO DEA?40.<#a#c#b.> 

,& 9DE$ 9/ITUTIONALIZATION IS A CRADLE-TO-GRAVE AFFAIR4 ,A G5]ATION AGO ! ACCEPT$ 0IDEAL0 PATT]N ( *ILDBIR? WAS 9 A MAT]NITY HOSPITAL4 ,! BABY WAS TAK5 AWAY FROM ! MO!R AT BIR? & PUT BEH9D GLASS BY A MASK$ NURSE1 TO BE BR\<T \T AT /RICTLY REGULAT$ H\RS = FE$+4 ,KISS+ & CUDDL+ W]E REG>D$ AS UNHYGI5IC4 7,MO/ BABIES W]E NOT BORN ?AT WAY1 BUT ?AT WAS ! IDEAL47 ,TODAY ! IDEAL PICTURE IS COMPLETELY DIFF]5T4 ,BABY IS BORN AT HOME ) FA!R HELP+ ! MIDWIFE1 :ILE BRO!RS & SI/]S >E 5C\RAG$ TO 0%>E0 ! NEW ACQUISITION4 ,HE IS COSSET$ BY ALL & SUNDRY & F$ ON DEM&4 7,AGA9 MO/ BABIES >E NOT BORN ?AT WAY1 BUT IT IS ! ACCEPT$ IDEAL47 ,?IS *ANGE 9 ATTITUDES CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! SW+ ( ! P5DULUM ( FA%ION1 OR TO COMMON S5SE RE-ASS]T+ ITSELF1 OR TO ! IMM5SELY 9FLU5TIAL EVID5CE GA!R$ BY ,JOHN ,B[LBY 9 HIS ,W4,H4,O4 REPORT ON MAT]NAL C>E4.<#a#c#c.> ,A%LEY ,MONTAGU WRITES3  
  

!RE WAS A DISEASE FROM :I*1 BUT HALF A C5TURY AGO1 MORE ?AN HALF ( ! *ILDR5 .<:O DI$.> 9 ! FIR/ YE> ( LIFE1 REGUL>LY DI$4 ,?IS DISEASE WAS KN[N AS M>ASMUS FROM ! ,GREEK WORD MEAN+ 0WA/+ AWAY04 ,?IS DISEASE WAS ALSO KN[N AS 9FANTILE ATROPHY OR DEBILITY4 ,:5 /UDIES W]E UND]TAK5 TO TRACK D[N ITS CAUSE1 IT WAS DISCOV]$ ?AT IT WAS G5]ALLY BABIES 9 ! 0BE/0 HOMES & HOSPITALS :O W]E MO/ (T5 ITS VICTIMS1 BABIES :O W]E APP>5TLY RECEIV+ ! BE/ & MO/ C>EFUL PHYSICAL ATT5TION1 :ILE BABIES 9 ! POORE/ HOMES1 ) A GOOD MO!R1 DESPITE ! LACK ( HYGI5IC PHYSICAL CONDITIONS1 (T5 OV]CAME ! PHYSICAL H&ICAPS & FL\RI%$4 ,:AT WAS LACK+ 9 ! /]ILIZ$ 5VIRONM5T ( ! BABIES ( ! FIR/ CLASS & WAS G5]\SLY SUPPLI$ 9 ! BABIES ( ! SECOND CLASS WAS MO!R LOVE4 ,?IS DISCOV]Y IS RESPONSIBLE = ! FACT ?AT HOSPITALS TODAY 5DEAVOR TO KEEP ! 9FANT = AS %ORT A TIME AS POSSIBLE4.<#a#c#d.>  
  

,! CONFLICT BETWE5 !SE TWO 0IDEAL0 PATT]NS ( *ILDBIR? IS /ILL FREQU5TLY DEBAT$4 ,IT WAS REPORT$1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 0,MANY MO!RS COMP>E !IR RECEPTION & MANAGEM5T 9 HOSPITAL UNFAVORABLY ) CONF9EM5T AT HOME4 ,( ONE S]IES ( #ccf MO!RS :O HAD AT LEA/ ONE BABY 9 HOSPITAL & ONE AT HOME1 #h P]C5T PREF]R$ HOME CONF9EM5T & ONLY #ad P]C5T HOSPITAL CONF9EM5T40.<#a#c#e.> ,?IS SIMPLY MEANS ( C\RSE ?AT MO!RS WANT ! ADVANTAGES ( BO? 0IDEALS0 -- M$ICAL SAFETY & A DOME/IC ATMOSPH]E4 ,! REAL DEM& IS 9 FACT = ! DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! HOSPITAL4 ,?US :5 HE OP5$ ! OB/ETRIC UNIT ( ,*>+ ,CROSS ,HOSPITAL1 ,PR(ESSOR ,NORMAN ,MORRIS DECL>$ ?AT 0,TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( A*IEVEM5T HAVE VA/LY R$UC$ ! HAZ>DS ( *ILDBIR?1 BUT HOSPITALS TOO (T5 DR[N ! JOYS ( MO!RHOOD 9 A SEA ( 9HUMANITY40 ,!RE WAS1 HE SAID1 0AN ATMOSPH]E ( COLDNESS1 UNFRI5DL9ESS1 & SEV]ITY1 MORE 9 KEEP+ ) AN 9COME TAX (FICE4 ,MANY ( \R SY/EMS :I* 9VOLVE DRAGOON+ & REGIM5TATION MU/ BE COMPLETELY REVIS$40.<#a#c#f.> ,LAT] HE DESCRIB$ MANY EXI/+ MAT]NITY UNITS AS M]E BABY FACTORIES4 0,SOME EV5 SEEM TO BOA/ ?AT !Y HAVE DEVELOP$ A MORE EFFICI5T CONVEYOR BELT SY/EM ?AN ANY?+ ?AT HAS GONE BE=E40.<#a#c#g.> 

,! WIDESPREAD ACCEPTANCE ( ! VIEW :I* HAS BECOME KN[N AS ,B[LBY'S MAT]NAL DEPRIVATION HYPO!SIS HAS PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ ATTITUDES TO ! TREATM5T ( Y\NG *ILDR5 9 HOSPITAL4 ,! ,AM]ICAN P$IATRICIANS OBS]V$ ?AT RESID5CE 9 HOSPITAL MANIFE/S ITSELF BY A FAIRLY WELL-DEF9$ CL9ICAL PICTURE4 0,A /RIK+ FEATURE IS ! FAILURE TO GA9 PROP]LY1 DESPITE ! +E/ION ( DIETS ?AT >E 5TIRELY ADEQUATE = GR[? 9 ! HOME4 ,9FANTS 9 HOSPITALS SLEEP LESS ?AN O!RS & !Y R>ELY SMILE OR BABBLE SPONTANE\SLY4 ,!Y >E LI/LESS & APA!TIC & LOOK UNHAPPY40 ,B[LBY NOTES ! SAME ?+ & REM>KS ?AT ! CONDITION ( !SE 9FANTS IS 'UND\BT$LY A =M ( DEPRESSION HAV+ MANY ( ! HALLM>KS ( ! TYPICAL ADULT DEPRESSIVE PATI5T ( ! M5TAL HOSPITAL04.<#a#c#h.> 

,! OBS]VATIONS ( ! EFFECT ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL 5VIRONM5T ON SICK *ILDR5 >E ALSO TRUE ( PHYSICALLY HEAL?Y *ILDR54 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ COMP>ATIVE /UDIES ( ORPHANAGE *ILDR5 ) A MAT*$ CONTROL GR\P L$ ! OBS]V]S TO REM>K3  
  

,NO ONE C\LD HAVE PR$ICT$1 MU* LESS PROV$1 ! /EADY T5D5CY TO DET]IORATE ON ! P>T ( *ILDR5 MA9TA9$ UND] :AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 REG>D$ AS /&>D ORPHANAGE CONDITIONS4 ,) RESPECT TO 9TELLIG5CE1 VOCABUL>Y1 G5]AL 9=MATION1 SOCIAL COMPET5CE1 P]SONAL ADJU/M5T1 & MOTOR A*IEVEM5T1 ! :OLE PICTURE WAS ONE ( RET>DATION4 ,! EFFECT ( ONE TO ?REE YE>S 9 A NURS]Y S*OOL /ILL F> BEL[ ITS [N POT5TIALITIES1 WAS TO REV]SE ! TIDE ( REGRESSION1 :I*1 = SOME1 L$ TO FEEBLE-M9D$NESS4.<#a#c#i.>  
  

,9 ,BRITA9 DUR+ ! W> ,DORO?Y ,BURL+HAM & ,ANNA ,FREUD REPORT$ 9 ,9FANTS ,)\T ,FAMILIES ! /RIK+ *ANGES 9 *ILDR5 %[+ EV]Y SIGN ( RET>DATION :5 !IR RESID5TIAL NURS]IES W]E BROK5 D[N TO PROVIDE FAMILY GR\PS ( F\R *ILDR5 EA* ) !IR [N SUB/ITUTE MO!R1 & S9CE !N A GREAT NUMB] ( COMP>ISONS HAVE BE5 MADE 9 SEV]AL C\NTRIES1 ) RESULTS :I* ,B>B>A ,WOOTTON SUMM$ UP 9 !SE WORDS3 0,REPEAT$LY !SE *ILDR5 HAVE BE5 F\ND TO LAG BEH9D ! /&>DS ( ?OSE :O LIVE AT HOME2 TO HAVE BO? L[] 9TELLIG5CE & L[] DEVELOPM5TAL QUOTI5TS1 & TO BE1 MOREOV]1 RELATIVELY BACKW>D 9 BO? SPEE* & WALK+ 444 ,!Y W]E ALSO MORE DE/RUCTIVE & AGGRESSIVE1 MORE RE/LESS & LESS ABLE TO CONC5TRATE & MORE 9DIFF]5T TO PRIVACY RI<TS ?AN O!R *ILDR54 ,!Y W]E1 9 FACT1 IMPOV]I%$ 9 ALL ASPECTS ( !IR P]SONALITY40.<#a#d.> ,! *ANGE 9 PUBLIC & (FICIAL OP9ION 9 ,BRITA9 BEGAN ) A LETT] TO  
,! ,TIMES 9 #aidd FROM ,LADY ,ALL5 ( ,HURTWOOD1 :O FOLL[$ IT ) A PAMPHLET DRAW+ ATT5TION TO ! GROSSLY UNSATISFACTORY CONDITIONS 9 *ILDR5'S HOMES & ORPHANAGES1 GIV+ EXAMPLES ( UNIMAG9ATIVE & CRUEL TREATM5T4 ,AS A RESULT A COMMITTEE WAS SET UP 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> & ITS REPORT 7! ,CURTIS ,REPORT ON ! ,C>E ( ,*ILDR57 WAS ISSU$ 9 ,DECEMB] #aidf SEV]ELY CRITICIZ+ ! 9/ITUTIONAL C>E ( *ILDR5 & MAK+ RECOMM5DATIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 SO WIDELY ACCEPT$ S9CE ?AT ,B[LBY WAS ABLE TO WRITE ?AT 0,! CONTROV]SY OV] ! M]ITS ( FO/]-HOMES & ( 9/ITUTIONAL C>E CAN N[ BE REG>D$ AS SETTL$4 ,!RE IS N[ NO-ONE :O ADVOCATES ! C>E ( *ILDR5 9 L>GE GR\PS -- 9DE$ ALL ADVISE /RONGLY AGA9/ IT40 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! ME?ODS & ATTITUDES ?AT HAVE PROV$ MO/ SUCCESSFUL 9 DE-9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ! TREATM5T ( NORMAL *ILDR5 & 0NORMALLY0 SICK *ILDR5 %\LD B E EV5 MORE /RIK+ ) *ILDR5 AFFLICT$ 9 SOME WAY1 = EXAMPLE SPA/IC OR EPILEPTIC *ILDR51 & ) M5TALLY H&ICAPP$ *ILDR54 ,9 ! RESE>* PROJECT UND]TAK5 AT ,BROOKL&S1 ,REIGATE BY ,DR ,J4 ,TIZ>D & ,MISS ,DALY1 A GR\P ( SIXTE5 0IMBECILE0 *ILDR5 W]E MAT*$ ) A CONTROL GR\P AT ! P>5T HOSPITAL4 ,EV5 AFT] ! FIR/ YE> ! *ILDR5 C>$ = ON 0FAMILY0 L9ES GA9$ AN AV]AGE ( EI<T MON?S 9 M5TAL AGE ON A V]BAL 9TELLIG5CE TE/ AS AGA9/ ?REE MON?S = ! CONTROL GR\P4 ,9 P]SONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 MEASUR$ ON AN AGE SCALE1 !Y HAD 9CREAS$ BY SIX MON?S AS AGA9/ ?REE 9 ! CONTROL GR\P1 & !RE W]E SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPM5TS 9 SPEE*1 SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR & SELF-*OS5 ACTIVITY4 ,SIMIL> EXP]I5CES ( ! B5EFITS ( SMALL1 P]MISSIVE1 FAMILY GR\PS HAVE REW>D$ ?OSE :O HAVE S\<T TO DE-9/ITUTIONALIZE ! RESID5TIAL C>E ( 0DEL9QU5T0 OR MALADJU/$ *ILDR5 -- ,GEORGE ,LYW>D AT ,F9*D5 ,MANOR1 OR ,DAVID ,WILLS AT ,BOD5HAM1 = EXAMPLE4 

,= MANY G5]ATIONS ! WORD 09/ITUTION0 MEANT1 TO ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9 ,BRITA91 ONE ?+1 ! ,9/ITUTION1 ! ,POOR ,LAW ,9FIRM>Y OR ,UNION ,WORKH\SE1 ADMISSION TO :I* WAS A DISGRACE & A LA/ REFUGE1 REG>D$ ) DREAD & HATR$4 ,! ,POOR ,LAW HAS GONE BUT ITS TRADITIONS REMA94 ,SL[LY WE HAVE LE>N$ ?AT ANY 9/ITUTION = ! OLD 5C\RAGES S5ILITY1 :ILE EV]Y EF=T TO HELP !M TO LIVE !IR [N LIVES 9 A PLACE ( !IR [N 5C\RAGES 9DEP5D5CE & ZE/ = LIFE4  
  

,PROBABLY ! FIR/ ?+ = ANYONE TO LE>N :O HAS OLD PEOPLE TO C>E = IS ! NE$ TO ALL[ !M ! UTMO/ FRE$OM ( ACTION1 TO REALIZE ?AT !IR P]SONALITY IS /ILL 9DIVIDUAL & ?AT SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE IS ESS5TIAL TO HAPP9ESS4 ,IT IS ALL TOO EASY TO TAKE ! ATTITUDE ?AT ! OLD >E PA/ DO+ ANY?+ & 5C\RAGE RE/+ & DO+ NO?+4 ,?IS IS A MI/AK5 K9DNESS1 ?\< IT MAY BE AN EASY WAY ( SATISFY+ ! CONSCI5CE COMP>$ ) ! MORE EXACT+ WAY ( CONT9UAL 5C\RAGEM5T TO BE ACTIVE1 TO GO \T1 TO F9D WOR?:ILE OCCUPATION4 ,! LATT] C\RSE1 H[EV]1 IS MU* MORE LIKELY TO PROMOTE HAPP9ESS & TO =E/ALL ! TR\BLES :I* MAY >ISE LAT] ON1 FROM 9FIRMITY & APA?Y4.<#a#d#a.>  
  

,! DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! TREATM5T ( M5TAL ILLNESS BEGAN 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY :5 ,WILLIAM ,TUKE F\ND$ ! ,YORK ,RETREAT1 & :5 ,P9EL 9 ! SAME YE> 7#a#g#i#b7 /RUCK (F ! *A9S FROM HIS MAD PATI5TS AT ,BICETRE4 ,BUT 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ) :AT ,KA?LE5 ,JONES CALLS 0! TRIUMPH ( LEGALISM01 ! PATT]N WAS LAID D[N ( HUGE ISOLAT$ LUNATIC ASYLUMS AS A S9I/] APP5DAGE TO ! ,POOR ,LAW -- ! H]ITAGE AGA9/ :I* ! MOD]N PIONE]S HAVE TO /RUGGLE4 ,KROPOTK91 9 HIS REM>KABLE LECTURE ON PRISONS1 DELIV]$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#h#h#g1 TOOK ,P9EL AS ! />T+ PO9T = ! 0COMMUNITY C>E0 :I* IS N[ DECL>$ POLICY = M5TAL HEAL?3  
  

,IT WILL BE SAID1 H[EV]1 !RE WILL ALWAYS REMA9 SOME PEOPLE1 ! SICK1 IF Y\ WI% TO CALL !M ?AT1 :O CON/ITUTE A DANG] TO SOCIETY4 ,WILL IT NOT BE NECESS>Y SOMEH[ TO RID \RSELVES ( !M1 OR AT LEA/ PREV5T !M FROM H>M+ O!RS8 

,NO SOCIETY1 NO MATT] H[ LITTLE 9TELLIG5T1 WILL NE$ SU* AN ABSURD SOLUTION1 & ?IS IS :Y4 ,=M]LY ! 9SANE W]E LOOK$ UPON AS POSSESS$ BY DEMONS & W]E TREAT$ ACCORD+LY4 ,!Y W]E KEPT 9 *A9S 9 PLACES LIKE /ABLES1 RIVET$ TO ! WALLS LIKE WILD BEA/S4 ,BUT ALONG CAME ,P9EL1 A MAN ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 :O D>$ TO REMOVE !IR *A9S & TRI$ TREAT+ !M AS BRO!RS4 0,Y\ WILL BE DEV\R$ BY !M10 CRI$ ! KEEP]S4 ,BUT ,P9EL D>$4 ,?OSE :O W]E BELIEV$ TO BE WILD BEA/S GA!R$ >\ND ,P9EL & PROV$ BY !IR ATTITUDE ?AT HE WAS RI<T 9 BELIEV+ 9 ! BETT] SIDE ( HUMAN NATURE EV5 :5 ! 9TELLIG5CE IS CL\D$ BY DISEASE4 ,!N ! CAUSE WAS WON4 ,!Y /OPP$ *A9+ ! 9SANE4 

,!N ! PEASANTS ( ! LITTLE ,BELGIAN VILLAGE1 ,<EEL1 F\ND SOME?+ BETT]4 ,!Y SAID3 0,S5D US Y\R 9SANE4 ,WE WILL GIVE !M ABSOLUTE FRE$OM40 ,!Y ADOPT$ !M 9TO !IR FAMILIES1 !Y GAVE !M PLACES AT !IR TABLES1 ! *ANCE ALONGSIDE !M TO CULTIVATE !IR FIELDS & A PLACE AMONG !IR Y\NG PEOPLE AT !IR C\NTRY BALLS4 0,EAT1 DR9K1 & DANCE ) US4 ,WORK1 RUN AB\T ! FIELDS & BE FREE40 ,?AT WAS ! SY/EM1 ?AT WAS ALL ! SCI5CE ! ,BELGIAN PEASANT HAD4 ,& LIB]TY WORK$ A MIRACLE4 ,! 9SANE BECAME CUR$4 ,EV5 ?OSE :O HAD 9CURABLE1 ORGANIC LESIONS BECAME SWEET1 TRACTABLE MEMB]S ( ! FAMILY LIKE ! RE/4 ,! DISEAS$ M9D W\LD ALWAYS WORK 9 AN ABNORMAL FA%ION BUT ! HE>T WAS 9 ! RI<T PLACE4 ,!Y CRI$ IT WAS A MIRACLE4 ,! CURES W]E ATTRIBUT$ TO A SA9T & A VIRG94 ,BUT ?IS VIRG9 WAS LIB]TY & ! SA9T WAS WORK 9 ! FIELDS & FRAT]NAL TREATM5T4 

,AT ONE ( ! EXTREMES ( ! IMM5SE 0SPACE BETWE5 M5TAL DISEASE & CRIME0 ( :I* ,MAUDSLEY SPEAKS1 LIB]TY & FRAT]NAL TREATM5T HAVE WORK$ !IR MIRACLE4 ,!Y WILL DO ! SAME AT ! O!R EXTREME4.<#a#d#b.>  
  

,V]Y SL[LY PUBLIC S5TIM5T & (FICIAL POLICY HAVE BE5 CAT*+ UP ) ?IS ATTITUDE4 0,! FIR/ RE=M 9 ! C>E ( ! M5TALLY ILL 9 ,AM]ICA PUT ! 9SANE 9TO /ATE HOSPITALS01 WRITES ,J4 ,B4 ,M>T91 0! SECOND RE=M IS N[ 9 PROGRESS -- TO GET !M \T AGA940.<#a#d#c.> ,EXACTLY ! SAME IS TRUE ( ,BRITA94 ,EVID5CE HAS BE5 PIL+ UP = YE>S TO 9DICATE ?AT ! 9/ITUTION MANUFACTURES MADNESS4 ,ONE KEY PIECE ( RESE>* 7BY ,HILLI>D & ,MUNDAY AT ! ,F\NTA9 ,M5TAL ,DEFICI5CY ,HOSPITAL7 9DICAT$ ?AT #$ P]C5T ( ! 0HI<-GRADE0 PATI5TS W]E NOT 9 FACT 9TELLECTUALLY DEFECTIVE4 ,COMM5T+ 9 ! LI<T ( ?IS ON 0! FALSE IMPRESSION ( ! PROBLEM ( M5TAL DEFICI5CY0 RESULT+ FROM PRES5T CLASSIFICATIONS1 !Y REM>K$ ?AT 0SU* PATI5TS MAY BE SOCIALLY 9COMPET5T1 BUT 9 MANY CASES 9/ITUTIONAL LIFE ITSELF HAS AGGRAVAT$ !IR EMOTIONAL DIFFICULTIES40.<#a#d#d.> 

,! LAW ITSELF HAS *ANG$1 SWEEP+ AWAY ! :OLE PROCESS ( C]TIFICATION & SEEK+ ! TREATM5T ( M5TAL SICKNESS LIKE ANY O!R ILLNESS & M5TAL DEFICI5CY LIKE ANY PHYSICAL H&ICAP4 ,\TPATI5T FACILITIES1 OCCUPATION C5T]S & ! V>IETY ( PROVISIONS KN[N AS 0COMMUNITY C>E0 >E 9T5D$ TO REPLACE 9/ITUTIONS :]EV] POSSIBLE4 ,& YET EV]Y YE> /ILL BR+S A FRE% CROP ( /ORIES ( GROTESQUE CONDITIONS 9 ALLEG$LY !RAPEUTIC 9/ITUTIONS1 ( T]RIBLE ILL-TREATM5T ( HELPLESS PATI5TS1 OR ( ! CONT9U$ ILLEGAL DET5TION ( PEOPLE :O1 YE>S AGO1 HAD BE5 PLAC$ 9 AN 9/ITUTION BECAUSE !Y W]E A NUISANCE TO !IR RELATIONS OR TO A LOCAL AU?ORITY & :O HAD1 OV] ! YE>S1 BE5 R$UC$ TO A /ATE ( PREMATURE S5ILITY BY ! 9/ITUTION ITSELF4 

,BUT :Y1 9 ! FACE ( KN[N FACTS AB\T ! H>MFUL EFFECTS ( 9/ITUTIONS1 & 9 ! FACE ( ! (FICIALLY DECL>$ POLICY ( 0COMMUNITY C>E01 HAVE WE FAIL$1 9 SPITE ( SOME GL[+ EXCEPTIONS1 TO DE-9/ITUTIONALIZE M5TAL ILLNESS8 ,! ANSW] IS NOT M]ELY ! P>SIMONY ( PUBLIC SP5D+ ON M5TAL HEAL?1 IT HAS TWO O!R IMPORTANT COMPON5TS4 ,H[ CAN WE ADOPT A POLICY ( 0! REPLACEM5T ( A CU/ODIAL AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EM BY A P]MISSIVE & TOL]ANT CULTURE 9 :I* ! PATI5TS >E 5C\RAG$ TO BE !MSELVES & %>E !IR FEEL+S10.<#a#d#e.> :5 ! /AFF !MSELVES >E ORGANIZ$ 9 ! RIGID & AU?ORIT>IAN HI]>*Y ?AT *>ACT]IZES EV]Y HOSPITAL8 ,! PEOPLE :OSE LIVES >E SP5T 9 CLOSE/ CONTACT ) ! PATI5TS >E !MSELVES AT ! BOTTOM ( ! PYRAMID ( BULLY+ & EXPLOITATION3 !RE IS NO 0P]MISSIVE & TOL]ANT CULTURE0 = !M1 LET ALONE = ! 9MATES 7,?IS ASPECT ( 9/ITUTIONS IS BRILLIANTLY ILLUM9AT$ 9 ,]V+ ,G(F9AN'S BOOK ,ASYLUMS47 ,! O!R FACTOR IS :AT ! ,P,E,P REPORT ON COMMUNITY M5TAL HEAL? CALLS ! 0IMPORTANT IRRATIONAL COMPON5T0 9 PUBLIC ATTITUDES TO DEVIANCY4.<#a#d#f.> ,DR ,JO%UA ,BI]] REM>K$ ?AT 0,I & MY COLLEAGUES >E CONV9C$ ?AT IT IS \R [N ANXIETY :I* =CES US TO LOCK PEOPLE UP1 TO BR& !M & MAKE !M CRIM9ALS4 ,I BELIEVE IF WE CAN OV]COME \R [N ANXIETY & TREAT ADULTS & ADOLESC5TS AS MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 WE WILL CREATE FEW] M5TAL PATI5TS & FEW] CRIM9ALS40.<#a#d#g.> 

,!RE >E 9DE$ SOME PEOPLE :OSE PRES5CE 9 ORD9>Y SOCIETY >\SES SU* ANXIETY OR HO/ILITY OR FE>1 OR = :OSE WELF>E IT IS SO UNWILL+ TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY 9 ITS NORMAL PRIM>Y GR\PS LIKE ! FAMILY1 ?AT ! SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS WE HAVE DISCUSS$ W]E E/ABLI%$ TO CONTA9 !M3 ASYLUMS = ! 9SANE1 ORPHANAGES = HOMELESS *ILDR51 ! WORKH\SE = ! POOR & AG$1 B>RACKS = ! DEF5D]S ( ! /ATE1 PRISONS & RE=MATORIES = ?OSE :O TRANSGRESS & GET CAU<T4 ,DISCIPL9E1 R\T9E OB$I5CE & SUBMISSION W]E ! *>ACT]I/ICS S\<T 9 ! WELL-REGULAT$ 9/ITUTION1 BE/ OBTA9$ 9 AN 5CLOS$ 5VIRONM5T1 AWAY FROM ! DI/RACTIONS1 COM=TS1 S$UCTIONS & DANG]\S LIB]TIES ( ORD9>Y SOCIETY4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY -- ! GREAT 9/ITUTION-BUILD+ AGE -- 9DE$1 ! SAME *>ACT]I/ICS W]E S\<T 9 ! ORD9>Y 0OP50 9/ITUTIONS ( \TSIDE SOCIETY1 ! FACTORY1 ! S*OOL1 ! DEVELOP+ CIVIL S]VICE1 ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY4 

,! PRISON IS SIMPLY ! ULTIMATE 9/ITUTION1 & EV]Y EF=T TO RE=M ! 9/ITUTION LEAVES ITS FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT] UNT\*$4 ,IT IS1 AS ,M]FYN ,TURN] SAYS1 0AN EMB>RASSM5T TO ?OSE :O SUPPORT ! SY/EM IT P]SONIFIES1 & A S\RCE ( DESPAIR = ?OSE :O W\LD *ANGE IT04 ,GODW9 UND]L9$ ! BASIC DILEMMA AS LONG AGO AS ! #a#g#iS3  
  

,! MO/ COMMON ME?OD PURSU$ 9 DEPRIV+ ! (F5D] ( ! LIB]TY HE HAS ABUS$ IS TO ]ECT A PUBLIC JAIL1 9 :I* (F5D]S ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION >E ?RU/ TOGE!R1 & LEFT TO =M AMONG !MSELVES :AT SPECIES ( SOCIETY !Y CAN4 ,V>I\S CIRCUM/ANCES CONTRIBUTE TO IMBUE !M ) HABITS ( 9DOL5CE & VISE1 & TO DISC\RAGE 9DU/RY2 & NO EF=T IS MADE TO REMOVE OR S(T5 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,IT CANNOT BE NECESS>Y TO EXPATIATE UPON ! ATROCI\SNESS ( ?IS SY/EM4 ,JAILS >E1 TO A PROV]B1 SEM9>IES ( VISE2 & HE MU/ BE AN UNCOMMON PR(ICI5T 9 ! PASSION & ! PRACTICE ( 9JU/ICE1 OR A MAN ( SUBLIME VIRTUE1 :O DOES NOT COME \T ( !M A MU* WORSE MAN ?AN :5 HE 5T]$4.<#a#d#h.>  
  

,& 9 ! #a#h#hS1 ,KROPOTK9 7:O ORIG9AT$ ! DEF9ITION ( PRISONS AS 0UNIV]SITIES ( CRIME07 EXPLA9$ ! FUTILITY ( ATTEMPTS AT RE=M3  
  

,:ATEV] *ANGES >E 9TRODUC$ 9 ! PRISON REGIME1 ! PROBLEM ( SECOND (F5D]S DOES NOT DECREASE4 ,?AT IS 9EVITABLE3 IT MU/ BE SO -- ! PRISON KILLS ALL ! QUALITIES 9 A MAN :I* MAKE HIM BE/ ADAPT$ TO COMMUNITY LIFE4 ,IT MAKES HIM ! K9D ( P]SON :O WILL 9EVITABLY RETURN TO PRISON 444 

,I MI<T PROPOSE ?AT A ,PE/ALOZZI BE PLAC$ AT ! HEAD ( EA* PRISON 444 ,I MI<T ALSO PROPOSE ?AT 9 ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T GU>DS1 EX-SOLDI]S & EX-POLICEM51 SIXTY ,PE/ALOZZIS BE SUB/IT$4 ,BUT1 Y\ WILL ASK1 :]E >E WE TO F9D !M8 ,A P]T95T QUE/ION4 ,! GREAT ,SWISS TEA*] W\LD C]TA9LY REFUSE TO BE A PRISON GU>D1 =1 BASICALLY ! PR9CIPLE ( ALL PRISONS IS WRONG BECAUSE IT DEPRIVES M5 ( LIB]TY4 ,SO LONG AS Y\ DEPRIVE A MAN ( HIS LIB]TY1 Y\ WILL NOT MAKE HIM BETT]4 ,Y\ WILL CULTIVATE HABITUAL CRIM9ALS4.<#a#d#i.>  
  

,ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT EM]GES FROM ! /UDY ( 9/ITUTIONS IS ! EXI/5CE ( A RECOGNIZABLE DEHUMANIZ$ 9/ITUTIONAL *>ACT]4 ,9 ITS ULTIMATE =M IT WAS DESCRIB$ BY ! PSY*IATRI/ ,BRUNO ,BETTELHEIM 9 HIS BOOK ,! ,9=M$ ,HE>T 7:]E HE RELATES HIS PREVI\S /UDIES ( CONC5TRATION CAMP BEHAVIOR & ( EMOTIONALLY DI/URB$ *ILDR5 TO ! HUMAN CONDITION 9 MOD]N MASS SOCIETY74 ,BETTELHEIM WAS A PRISON] AT ,DA*AU & ,BU*5WALD1 & HE DESCRIBES ?OSE PRISON]S :O W]E KN[N AS ,MUSELMANN] 70MOSLEMS071 ! WALK+ CORPSES :O 0W]E SO DEPRIV$ ( AFFECT1 SELF-E/EEM1 & EV]Y =M ( /IMULATION1 SO TOTALLY EXHAU/$1 BO? PHYSICALLY & EMOTIONALLY1 ?AT !Y HAD GIV5 ! 5VIRONM5T TOTAL P[] OV] !M4 ,!Y DID ?IS :5 !Y GAVE UP TRY+ TO EX]CISE ANY FUR!R 9FLU5CE OV] !IR LIFE & 5VIRONM5T04.<#a#e.> ,HIS T]RIBLE DESCRIPTION ( ! ULTIMATE 9/ITUTIONAL MAN GOES ON3  
  

,BUT EV5 ! MOSLEMS1 BE+ ORGANISMS1 C\LD NOT HELP REACT+ SOMEH[ TO !IR 5VIRONM5T1 & ?IS !Y DID BY DEPRIV+ IT ( ! P[] TO 9FLU5CE !M AS SUBJECTS 9 ANY WAY :ATSOEV]4 ,TO A*IEVE ?IS1 !Y HAD TO GIVE UP RESPOND+ TO IT ALL 1 & BECAME OBJECTS1 BUT ) ?IS !Y GAVE UP BE+ P]SONS4 ,AT ?IS PO9T SU* M5 /ILL OBEY$ ORD]S1 BUT ONLY BL9DLY OR AUTOMATICALLY2 NO LONG] SELECTIVELY OR ) 9N] RES]VATION OR ANY HATR$ AT BE+ SO ABUS$4 ,!Y /ILL LOOK$ AB\T1 OR AT LEA/ MOV$ !IR EYES >\ND4 ,! LOOK+ /OPP$ MU* LAT]1 ?\< EV5 !N !Y /ILL MOV$ !IR BODIES :5 ORD]$1 BUT NEV] DID ANY?+ ON !IR [N ANY MORE4 ,TYPICALLY1 ?IS /OPP+ ( ACTION BEGAN :5 !Y NO LONG] LIFT$ !IR LEGS AS !Y WALK$1 BUT ONLY %UFFL$ !M4 ,:5 F9ALLY EV5 ! LOOK+ AB\T ON !IR [N /OPP$1 !Y SOON DI$4.<#a#e#a.>  
  

,?IS DESCRIPTION HAS A RECOGNIZABLE AFF9ITY TO ! BEHAVIOR OBS]V$ 9 0NORMAL0 9/ITUTIONS4 0,(T5 ! *ILDR5 SIT 9]T OR ROCK !MSELVES = H\RS10 SAYS ,DR ,B[LBY ( 9/ITUTION *ILDR54 0,GO & WAT* !M />+ AT ! RADIATOR1 WAIT+ TO DIE10 SAYS ,BRIAN ,ABEL-,SMI? ( 9/ITUTIONAL P5SION]S4 ,DR ,RUSSELL ,B>TON GAVE ?IS MAN-MADE DISEASE ! NAME 9/ITUTIONAL NEUROSIS & DESCRIB$ ITS CL9ICAL FEATURES 9 M5TAL HOSPITALS1 ITS DIFF]5TIAL DIAGNOSIS1 ETIOLOGY1 TREATM5T & PREV5TION4 ,IT IS1 HE SAYS1  
  

A DISEASE *>ACT]IZ$ BY APA?Y1 LACK ( 9ITIATIVE1 LOSS ( 9T]E/1 ESPECIALLY 9 ?+S ( AN IMP]SONAL NATURE1 SUBMISSIV5ESS1 APP>5T 9ABILITY TO MAKE PLANS = ! FUTURE1 LACK ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 & SOMETIMES A *>ACT]I/IC PO/URE & GAIT4 ,P]MUTATIONS ( !SE WORDS & PHRASES1 09/ITUTIONALIZ$01 0DULL01 0APA!TIC01 0)DRAWN01 09ACCESSIBLE01 0SOLIT>Y01 0UNOCCUPI$01 0LACK+ 9 9ITIATIVE01 0LACK+ 9 SPONTANEITY01 0UNCOMMUNICATIVE01 0SIMPLE01 0*ILDI%01 0GIVES NO TR\BLE01 0HAS SETTL$ D[N WELL01 0IS COOP]ATIVE01 %\LD ALWAYS MAKE ONE SUSPECT ?AT ! PROCESS ( 9/ITUTIONALIZATION HAS PRODUC$ NEUROSIS4.<#a#e#b.>  
  

,HE ASSOCIATES SEV5 FACTORS ) ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ! DISEASE OCCURS 9 M5TAL HOSPITALS3 7#a7 ,LOSS ( CONTACT ) ! \TSIDE WORLD4 7#b7 ,5=C$ IDL5ESS4 7#c7 ,BOSS9ESS ( M$ICAL & NURS+ /AFF4 7#d7 ,LOSS ( P]SONAL FRI5DS1 POSSESSIONS1 & P]SONAL EV5TS4 7#e7 ,DRUGS4 7#f7 ,W>D ATMOSPH]E4 7#g7 ,LOSS ( PROSPECTS \TSIDE ! 9/ITUTION4 ,O!R WRIT]S HAVE CALL$ ! CONDITION 0PSY*OLOGICAL 9/ITUTIONALISM0 OR 0PRISON /UPOR01 & MANY YE>S AGO ,LORD ,BROCKWAY1 9 HIS BOOK ON PRISONS1 DEPICT$ ! TYPE EXACTLY 9 HIS DESCRIPTION ( ! ,IDEAL ,PRISON]3 0,! MAN :O HAS NO P]SONALITY3 :O IS CONT5T TO BECOME A M]E COG 9 ! PRISON MA*9E2 :OSE M9D IS SO DULL ?AT HE DOES NOT FEEL ! H>D%IP ( SEP>ATE CONF9EM5T2 :O HAS NO?+ TO SAY TO HIS FELL[S2 :O HAS NO DESIRES1 EXCEPT TO FE$ & SLEEP1 :O %IRKS RESPONSIBILITY = HIS [N EXI/5CE & CONSEQU5TLY IS QUITE READY TO LIVE AT O!RS' ORD]S1 P]=M+ ! ALLOTT$ TASK1 M>*+ H]E & !RE AS COMM&$1 %UTT+ ! DOOR ( HIS CELL UPON HIS [N CONF9EM5T AS REQUIR$40.<#a#e#c.> 

,?IS IS ! IDEAL TYPE ( ,9/ITUTION ,MAN1 ! K9D ( P]SON :O FITS ! SY/EM ( PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS :I* WE HAVE 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/4 ,IT IS NO ACCID5T ?AT IT IS ALSO ! IDEAL TYPE = ! BOTTOM PEOPLE ( ALL AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT IS ! IDEAL SOLDI] 7!IRS NOT TO REASON :Y71 ! IDEAL WOR%IP] 7,HAVE ?9E [N WAY1 ,LORD_/,HAVE ?9E [N WAY_/,?\ >T ! POTT]_/,I AM ! CLAY7 1 ! IDEAL WORK] 7,Y\'RE NOT PAID TO ?9K1 JU/ GET ON ) IT71 ! IDEAL WIFE 7A *ATTEL71 ! IDEAL *ILD 7SE5 BUT NOT HE>D7 -- ! IDEAL PRODUCT ( ! ,$UCATION ,ACT ( #a#h#g4 

,! 9/ITUTIONS W]E A MICROCOSM1 OR 9 SOME CASES A C>ICATURE1 ( ! SOCIETY ?AT PRODUC$ !M4 ,RIGID1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 HI]>*ICAL1 ! VIRTUES !Y S\<T W]E OB$I5CE & SUBS]VI5CE4 ,BUT ! PEOPLE :O S\<T TO BREAK D[N ! 9/ITUTIONS1 ! PIONE]S ( ! *ANGES :I* >E SL[LY TAK+ PLACE1 OR :I* HAVE /ILL TO BE F\<T =1 W]E MOTIVAT$ BY DIFF]5T VALUES4 ,! KEY WORDS 9 !IR VOCABUL>Y HAVE BE5 LOVE1 SYMPA?Y1 P]MISSIV5ESS1 & 9/EAD ( 9/ITUTIONS !Y HAVE PO/ULAT$ FAMILIES1 COMMUNITIES1 LEAD]LESS GR\PS1 AUTONOM\S GR\PS4 ,! QUALITIES !Y HAVE S\<T TO FO/] >E SELF-RELIANCE1 AUTONOMY1 SELF-RESPECT1 &1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY1 MUTUAL RESPECT & MUTUAL AID4 

,:5 WE COMP>E ! ,VICTORIAN ANTEC$5TS ( \R PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS ) ! ORGANS ( WORK+-CLASS MUTUAL AID 9 ! SAME P]IOD ! V]Y NAMES SPEAK VOLUMES4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE ! ,WORKH\SE1 ! ,POOR ,LAW ,9FIRM>Y1 ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIETY = ! ,$UCATION ( ! ,POOR 9 ,ACCORDANCE ) ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ! ,E/ABLI%$ ,*UR*2 &1 ON ! O!R1 ! ,FRI5DLY ,SOCIETY1 ! ,SICK ,CLUB1 ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,SOCIETY1 ! ,TRADE ,UNION4 ,ONE REPRES5TS ! TRADITION ( FRAT]NAL & AUTONOM\S ASSOCIATIONS SPR++ UP FROM BEL[1 ! O!R ?AT ( AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS DIRECT$ FROM ABOVE4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ! S]VANTS ( ! 9/ITUTION >E AS MU* ITS VICTIMS AS ! 9MATES4 ,RUSSELL ,B>TON SAYS ?AT 0IT IS MY IMPRESSION ?AT AN AU?ORIT>IAN ATTITUDE IS ! RULE RA!R ?AN ! EXCEPTION0 9 M5TAL HOSPITALS1 & HE RELATES ?IS TO ! FACT ?AT ! NURSE H]SELF IS 0SUBJECT TO A PROCESS ( 9/ITUTIONALIZATION 9 ! NURSES' HOME :]E %E LIVES04 ,HE F9DS IT USELESS TO BLAME ANY 9DIVIDUAL1 = 09DIVIDUALS *ANGE FREQU5TLY BUT M5TAL HOSPITALS HAVE REMA9$ UN*ANG$01 & HE SUGGE/S ?AT ! FAULT LIES ) ! ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURE4 ,RI*>D ,TITMUSS1 9 HIS /UDY ( 0,! ,HOSPITAL & ITS ,PATI5TS0 ATTRIBUTES ! B>RI] ( SIL5CE SO FREQU5TLY MET ) 9 ORD9>Y HOSPITALS TO 0! EFFECT ON PEOPLE ( WORK+ & LIV+ 9 A CLOS$ 9/ITUTION ) RIGID SOCIAL HI]>*IES & CODES ( BEHAVIOR 444 ,!SE PEOPLE T5D TO DEAL ) !IR 9SECURITY BY ATTEMPT+ TO LIMIT RESPONSIBILITY1 & 9CREASE EFFICI5CY ?R\< ! =MULATION ( RIGID RULES & REGULATIONS & BY DEVELOP+ AN AU?ORITATIVE & PROTECTIVE DISCIPL9E4 ,! B>RI] ( SIL5CE IS ONE DEVICE EMPLOY$ TO MA9TA9 AU?ORITY4 ,WE F9D IT US$ 9 MANY DIFF]5T SETT+S :5 WE LOOK AT O!R 9/ITUTIONS :]E ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! /AFF & ! 9MATES IS NOT A HAPPY ONE40.<#a#e#d.> 

,& ,JOHN ,VAIZEY1 REM>K+ ?AT 0EV]Y?+ 9 \R SOCIAL LIFE IS CAPABLE ( BE+ 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 & IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT \R POLITICAL 5]GIES %\LD BE DEVOT$ TO RE/RA9+ 9/ITUTIONS0 SAYS ?AT 0ABOVE ALL 444 9/ITUTIONS GIVE 9ADEQUATE PEOPLE :AT !Y WANT -- P[]4 ,>MY (FIC]S1 HOSPITAL SI/]S1 PRISON W>D]S -- MANY ( !SE PEOPLE >E 9ADEQUATE & UNFULFILL$ & !Y LU/ = P[] & CONTROL40.<#a#e#e.> ,9 ,! ,CRIM9AL & ,HIS ,VICTIM1 VON ,H5TIG TAKES ?IS VIEW FUR!R3 0,! POLICE =CE & ! RANKS ( PRISON (FIC]S ATTRACT MANY AB]RANT *>ACT]S BECAUSE !Y AF=D LEGAL *ANNELS = PA9-9FLICT+1 P[]-WIELD+ BEHAVIOR1 & BECAUSE !SE V]Y POSITIONS CONF] UPON !IR HOLD]S A L>GE DEGREE ( IMMUNITY1 ?IS 9 TURN CAUSES PSY*OPA?IC DISPOSITIONS TO GR[ MORE & MORE DISORGANIZ$ 4440.<#a#e#f.> ,! PO9T IS EMPHASIZ$ ) MANY TELL+ ILLU/RATIONS 9 A MOD]N AN>*I/ CLASSIC1 ,ALEX ,COM=T'S  
,AU?ORITY & ,DEL9QU5CY 9 ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE4 

,! AN>*I/ APPROA* IS CLE>3 ! BREAKD[N ( 9/ITUTIONS 9TO SMALL UNITS 9 ! WID] SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON SELF-HELP & MUTUAL SUPPORT1 LIKE ,SYNANON OR ,ALCOHOLICS ,ANONYM\S1 OR ! MANY O!R SUPPORTIVE GR\PS ( ?IS K9D :I* HAVE SPRUNG UP \TSIDE ! (FICIAL MA*9]Y ( SOCIAL WELF>E4 ,BRIAN ,ABEL-,SMI? 7BY NO MEANS AN AN>*I/71 :5 ASK$ H[ WE %\LD REBUILD & RE/RUCTURE ! SOCIAL S]VICES SO ?AT !Y REALLY S]VE1 REPLI$3  
  

,WE W\LD REBUILD HOSPITALS ON MOD]N L9ES -- \TPATI5TS' DEP>TM5TS OR HEAL? C5T]S1 ) A FEW B$S TUCK$ AWAY 9 ! CORN]S4 ,WE W\LD CLOSE ! M5TAL DEFICI5CY COLONIES & BUILD NEW VILLAS ) SMALL W>DS4 ,H[ MANY C\LD BE LOOK$ AFT] BY QUASI-H\SEMO!RS 9 UNITS ( EI<T JU/ LIKE GOOD LOCAL AU?ORITIES >E DO+ = *ILDR5 DEPRIV$ ( A NORMAL HOME LIFE8 ,H[ MANY C\LD BE LOOK$ AFT] AT HOME IF !RE W]E PROP] OCCUPATIONAL C5T]S & DOMICILI>Y S]VICES8 ,WE W\LD PL[ UP ! S9I/] OLD M5TAL HOSPITALS & BUILD SMALL ONES 9 OR NE> ! T[NS4 ,WE W\LD PULL D[N MO/ ( ! 9/ITUTIONS = OLD PEOPLE & PROVIDE !M ) SUITABLE H\S+ 444 ,WE W\LD PROVIDE A FULL RANGE ( OCCUPATIONS AT HOME & ELSE:]E = ! DISABL$1 ! AG$ & ! SICK4.<#a#e#g.>  
  

,& AN AN>*I/ APPROA* TO ! P5AL 9/ITUTION8 ,!RE IS NONE1 EXCEPT TO %UT IT D[N4 ,! ORGANIZATION CALL$ ,RADICAL ,ALT]NATIVES TO ,PRISON HAS LI/$ TWELVE EXI/+ ALT]NATIVES )9 ! COMMUNITY1 EA* ( :I* IS LIKELY TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN 9C>C]ATION BY IMP]SONAL1 PUNITIVE & 9COMPET5T AU?ORITIES1 9 5ABL+ 0(F5D]S0 ( DIFF]5T K9DS TO PLAY A P>T AS CREATIVE & 9FLU5TIAL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4.<#a#e#h.> 

,)9 ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIAL SECURITY AS AT PRES5T CON/ITUT$1 SOCIAL WELF>E AS A SUB/ITUTE = SOCIAL JU/ICE -- ! MO/ AN>*ICAL FEATURE IS ! RAPID GR[? ( ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNIONS4 ,?IS IS A DIRECT REACTION TO ! WAY 9 :I* A SO-CALL$ SOCIAL 9SURANCE S*EME HAS BE5 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9TO A PUNITIVE1 9QUISITORIAL BUREAUCRACY :I* DECL9ES TO REVEAL TO ! 0CLI5TS0 ! BASIS ON :I* PAYM5TS >E MADE OR )HELD4.<#a#e#i.> ,ANNA ,COOTE'S ACC\NT ( ! ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNIONS NOTES ?AT3 0,!IR GR[? HAS BE5 5TIRELY SPONTANE\S1 LIKE ! REC5T MU%ROOM+ ( T5ANTS' ASSOCIATIONS1 PLAY GR\PS1 NEI<BORHOOD NEWSPAP]S & ADVICE C5T]S4 ,!Y HAVE NO POLITICAL AFFILIATIONS & EA* ONE IS ANXI\S TO MA9TA9 ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 NOT TO BE CONTROLL$ OR 9FLU5C$ BY ANY ORGANIZATION4 ,ALL ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNIONS >E =M$ AT GRASS-ROOTS LEVEL AMONG ! CLAIMANTS !MSELVES & 9 RESPONSE TO A SPECIFIC NE$40.<#a#f.> 

,%E MAKES ! V]Y SIGNIFICANT OBS]VATION ?AT MEMB]S ( A ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNION TREAT ! SOCIAL SECURITY (FICE LIKE HOME4 0,!Y /& >\ND EX*ANG+ 9=MATION1 CONF]R+ 9 CORN]S1 ORGANIZ+1 H&+ \T LEAFLETS & WORDS ( 5C\RAGEM5T' :ILE 0CLAIMANTS :O DON'T BELONG TO A UNION T5D TO SIT /ILL1 )\T TALK+1 LOOK+ ANXI\S04 

,A MULTIPLICITY ( MUTUAL AID ORGANIZATIONS AMONG CLAIMANTS1 PATI5TS1 VICTIMS1 REPRES5TS ! MO/ POT5T LEV] = *ANGE 9 TRANS=M+ ! WELF>E /ATE 9TO A G5U9E WELF>E SOCIETY1 9 TURN+ COMMUNITY C>E 9TO A C>+ COMMUNITY4 

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