,AN?ROPOG5ESIS 
,A ,/UDY ( ! ,ORIG9 ( ,MAN 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,CONTROV]SIES3 ,=UM = ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,AN?ROPOG5ESIS ,A ,/UDY ,( ,! ,ORIG9 ,( ,MAN ,BY ,ANT4 ,PANNEKOEK ,SC4 ,D4 ,PR(ESSOR ,UNIV]SITY ( ,AM/]DAM2 #aiec ,NOR?-,HOLL& ,PUBLI%+ ,COMPANY ,AM/]DAM 
,WRITT53 #a#i#d#d1 UND] ,G]MAN ,OCCUPATION ( ,HOLL&2 
,M>KUP1 ,$IT+1 ,=MATT+3 ,CONTROV]SIES3 ,=UM = ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT & ,D4 ,WALT]S = ! ,M>XI/S ,9T]NET ,>*IVE4 

,PREFACE 

,! PRES5T /UDY ON ,AN?ROPOG5ESIS WAS WRITT5 DUR+ ! W>1 9 #a#i#d#d1 :5 ?R\< ! ,G]MAN OCCUPATION ( ,HOLL& ORD9>Y SCI5TIFIC WORK WAS GREATLY IMP$$4 

,S9CE ! ,G]MAN ,MILIT>Y ,GOV]NM5T HAD =BIDD5 ALL PUBLICATION 9 ,5GLI% & ,FR5*1 ! ,AM/]DAM ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES DECID$ ?AT ALL ITS PUBLICATIONS %\LD BE 9 ,DUT*4 ,SO ! PRES5T /UDY WAS WRITT5 9 ,DUT*1 & PUBLI%$ 9 ?AT LANGUAGE IMM$IATELY AFT] ! LIB]ATION1 9 ! ,V]H&EL+5 ( ! ,AM/]DAM ,ACADEMY4 ,9 ORD] TO R5D] ITS RESULTS ACCESSIBLE TO 9T]NATIONAL SCI5CE1 ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION HAS BE5 PREP>$4 

,ALL QUOTATIONS >E GIV5 9 ! TEXT 9 !IR ,5GLI% =M1 & MAY BE F\ND 9 !IR ORIG9AL =M AT ! 5D ( ! BOOK4 

,TABLE ( CONT5TS 

,! PROBLEM 7#a-#c7 

,TOOLS 7#d-#h7 

,?9K+ 7#i-#a#c7 

,BRA9S 7#a#d-#a#h7 

,SPEE* 7#a#i-#b#b7 

,SPEE* & ?9K+ 7#b#c-#b#f7 

,TOOLS & ?9K+ 7#b#g-#c#a7 

,TOOLS & SPEE* 7#c#b-#c#e7 

,! FIR/ ORIG9 7#c#f-#d7 

! PR9CIPLE ( PROGRESS 7#d#a-#d#h7 

,NOTES 

,SUMM>Y 

,RESUME 79 ,FR5*7 

,ZUSAMM5FASSUNG 79 ,DUT*7 

,LIT]ATURE QUOT$ 

,ORIG9AL QUOTATIONS 

,I4 ,! PROBLEM 

#a4 ,! PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9 ( MAN CANNOT BE SOLV$ BY EXP]IM5T OR OBS]VATION4 ,! APPE>ANCE ( MAN ON E>? IS A FACT ( ! PA/ ( :I* NO REPORT OR WITNESS C\LD REA* US4 ,! FACTUAL DATA :I* WE HAVE AT \R DISPOSAL >E COMP>ISONS ( MAN ( TODAY ) ANIMALS1 SUPPLEM5T$ BY EXTREMELY R>E1 IMP]FECT & DAMAG$ FRAGM5TS ( FOSSILS ( PREHI/ORIC MAN & REMA9S ( HIS /ONE IMPLEM5TS4 ,BUT !Y >E SIL5T ) REG>D TO ! =CES :I* HAVE CAUS$ ! EVOLUTION ( ANIMAL TO MAN4 

,:]E DIRECT EMPIRICAL DATA >E LACK+ & 9DIRECT ONES >E SO FEW1 A F> /RONG] APPEAL ?AN IS NE$$ 9 EXP]IM5TAL SCI5CE HAS TO BE MADE TO ! M5TAL EQUIPM5T ( ! SCI5TI/4 ,:]EAS 9 ! CASE ( PL5TY ( EMPIRICAL FACTS ?AT CAN BE 9CREAS$ AT WILL1 NO MORE IS NECESS>Y ?AN >RANG+ & COMB9+ !M & FROM !M D$UC+ NEW PROBLEMS & MAK+ NEW EXP]IM5TS1 ! SC>CITY ( SU* FACTS CAUSES !ORETICAL DISCUSSION TO PLAY A MORE IMPORTANT P>T4 ,:AT MATT]S H]E IS ! LOGICAL COMB9ATION ( DIFF]+ DATA1 ! SEEK+ = CONNECTION BETWE5 :AT LIES F> AP>T1 ! MAK+ ( CONCLUSIONS1 & ! C>EFUL WEI<+ ( PROBABILITIES4 

,H]E WE MEET ) ! DIFFICULTY - :I* CANNOT BE SOLV$ BUT CAN ONLY BE PO9T$ \T - ?AT MO/ AU?ORS :O HAVE DEALT ) ! ORIG9 ( MAN1 W]E SPECIALIZ$ S*OL>S :O APPROA*$ ! PROBLEM FROM ONE ( ITS MANY ASPECTS4 ,IT MAY HAVE BE5 ?AT ( BIOLOGY1 OR ANATOMY1 OR NEUROLOGY1 OR ?AT ( PREHI/ORY OR E?NOLOGY1 OR ?AT ( ANIMAL PSY*OLOGY1 OR L+UI/ICS1 OR PHILOSOPHY4 ,:51 !N1 !RE WAS 9SUFFICI5T ACQUA9TANCE ) ! O!R ASPECTS ( ! PROBLEM1 OR ) IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE1 EXPLANATIONS C\LD ONLY BE UNSATISFACTORY4 ,IT IS NOT A PROBLEM ( BIOLOGY3 ! BIOLOGICAL LAWS :I* GOV]N ANIMAL LIFE1 HAVE ) MAN L>GELY REC$$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND4 ,IT IS NOT A PROBLEM ( E?NOLOGY3 ! L[E/ RACES :I* E?NOLOGY HAS MADE KN[N TO US >E ALREADY A HI<LY DEVELOP$ HUMAN SPECIES AS COMP>$ ) ,E>LY ,MAN4 ,IT IS NOT A PROBLEM ( PREHI/ORICAL >*AEOLOGY OR PALEONTOLOGY1 AS ONLY SO V]Y FEW H>D1 IMP]I%ABLE REMA9S ( :AT !N LIV$ C\LD BE PRES]V$4 ,IT IS NOT A PROBLEM ( COMP>ATIVE PSY*OLOGY1 :I* CANNOT REMOVE OR BRIDGE ! DEEP CLEFT EXI/+ BETWE5 MAN & ! NE>E/ ANIMALS4 

,A FUNDAM5TAL DIFFICULTY IS ALSO ?AT IT IS MOD]N MAN :O IS COMP>$ ) ! ANIMAL2 WE USE \RSELVES AS ! DIRECT & BE/ KN[N OBJECT ( COMP>ISON4 ,?IS D]IVES FROM ! 9ITIAL ?\<T ?AT MAN AS SU* HAS NOT *ANG$ BASICALLY1 & ?AT MAN ( ! #a#i? OR #b? C5TURY ) ALL HIS HABITS1 WAYS ( ?9K+1 & *>ACT]I/ICS MAY BE C\NT$ AS ! NORMAL1 NATURAL HUMAN BE+4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 = PURPOSES ( COMP>ISON1 MOD]N MAN1 ) HIS HI<LY DEVELOP$ 9DIVIDUALISM IS PLAC$ 9 COMP>ISON BESIDE ! ANIMAL1 :]EAS ORIG9AL MAN WAS 5TIRELY A COMMUNITY BE+4 ,FUR!R = PREF]5CE ! S*OL> HIMSELF IS TAK5 = ?IS PURPOSE1 :O IS AN 9TELLECTUAL SPECIALIZ$ 9 M5TAL WORK1 & *IEFLY CONC]N$ ) AB/RACTIONS1 :]EAS MAN HAS ALWAYS BE5 FIR/ & =EMO/ A PRACTICAL BE+1 WORK+ ) HIS BODY & HIS H&S4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! PROBLEM MU/ 9EVITABLY PRES5T ITSELF 9 A DI/ORT$ =M4 ,:AT MATT]S IS NOT ! ORIG9 ( MOD]N MAN2 ! DEVELOPM5T FROM PRIMITIVE TO MOD]N MAN1 H[EV] MU* ( IT /ILL AWAITS RESE>*1 IS G5]ALLY KN[N AS A GRADUAL1 NATURAL & COMPREH5SIBLE EVOLUTION )\T ANY 5IGMATICAL BREAKS4 ,! RIDDLE IS ! ORIG9 ( PRIMITIVE MAN2 ! REAL PROBLEM IS TO UND]/& ! TRANSITION FROM ANIMAL TO PRIMITIVE MAN4 

#b4 ,! PROBLEM ( AN?ROPOG5ESIS HAS GONE ?R\< V>I\S ASPECTS4 ,ORIG9ALLY ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 MAN & ANIMAL WAS CONSID]$ TO BE SO FUNDAM5TAL1 ?AT EA* WAS C\NT$ AS BELONG+ TO AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T WORLD1 )\T ANY RELATION%IP4 ,?IS F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! DOCTR9E ( ! SEP>ATE CREATION ( MAN1 GIFT$ ) REASON & POSSESS$ ( AN IMMORTAL S\L4 ,AS BIOLOGY DEVELOP$1 ! BODILY SIMIL>ITY ( MAN & ANIMAL BECAME MORE APP>5T1 & ,L9NAEUS CLASSIFI$ MAN 9 ! ANIMAL K+DOM AS A NORMAL SPECIES1 ,HOMO SAPI5S1 BELONG+ TO ! CLASS ( MAMMALS &1 ) ! APES1 =M+ ! ORD] ( ,PRIMATES4 ,D>W9'S !ORY ( MAN'S DESC5T FROM ANIMAL ANCE/ORS BR\<T AB\T A COMPLETE BREAK ) ! TRADITIONAL DOCTR9E4 ,A GREAT NUMB] ( BIOLOGICAL /UDIES S9CE !N HAVE PROV$ ! ESS5TIAL SIMIL>ITY ( MAN & ANIMAL AS WELL AS REFUT$ ANY FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE4 ,?IS WAS MO/ DIFFICULT 9 ! FIELD ( M5TAL P[]S2 BUT 9 ?IS RESPECT TOO IT HAS REPEAT$LY BE5 PO9T$ \T 9 ,D>W9I/IC PUBLICATIONS ?AT ! ANIMAL ALSO ?9KS & %[S 9TELLIG5CE ?AT BETWE5 ! M9D ( ANIMAL & MAN !RE >E NO ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CES BUT ONLY DIFF]5CES ( DEGREE1 & ?AT IT IS BUT A QUE/ION ( MORE OR LESS4 

,?US ! PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9 ( MAN DISAPPE>$1 NOT SO MU* AS IF IT W]E SOLV$ BUT RA!R /RIPP$ ( ITS *>ACT] AS A SPECIAL PROBLEM1 ! CASE NOT DIFF]+ FROM ! ORIG9 ( ANY ANIMAL SPECIES FROM ANO!R4 ,?US1 H[EV]1 ! BALANCE HAD SWUNG TOO F> ! O!R WAY4 ,!RE >E ESS5TIAL & PR(\ND DIFF]5CES1 :I* >E NOT SO ABSOLUTE ?AT !Y =M AN UNBRIDGEABLE CLEFT SEP>AT+ TWO WORLDS1 BUT >E SO L>GE & SO FUNDAM5TAL ?AT ONE MAY SPEAK ( A DIFF]5CE ( QUALITY4 ,QUANTITATIVE DIFF]5CES1 IF ONLY !Y BECOME L>GE 5\<1 GR[ 9TO DIFF]5CES ( QUALITY4 ,AN ANALOGON1 A TRACE1 A BEG9N+ ( EV]Y SPECIFICALLY HUMAN *>ACT]I/IC IS PRES5T 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD - BY :I* IT IS R5D]$ POSSIBLE ?AT BY A NATURAL DEVELOPM5T MAN C\LD DESC5D FROM ! ANIMAL4 ,H[EV] !SE TRACES HAD TO GR[ 9TO SOME?+ 5TIRELY NEW & DIFF]5T1 & ?IS /AMPS AN?ROPOG5ESIS AS A SPECIAL SCI5TIFIC PROBLEM4 

#c4 ,!RE >E !E MA9 *>ACT]I/ICS :I* DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 MAN & ANIMAL4 ,FIR/LY1 !RE IS AB/RACT ?9K+4 ,AL?\< ANIMALS DO %[ A C]TA9 MEASURE ( 9TELLIG5CE1 & ?\< M5TAL PROCESSES DO TAKE PLACE ) !M :I* HAVE !IR SEAT 9 HI<LY DEVELOP$ BRA9S1 ! CAPACITY = AB/RACT ?\<T IS ONLY F\ND 9 MAN4 ,?IS IS ! ?9K+ 9 CONCEPTS :I* HAS ELEVAT$ HIM TO SO HI< A LEVEL ( !ORETICAL KN[L$GE & SCI5CE4 ,SECONDLY !RE IS SPEE*1 !RE IS ! USE ( LANGUAGE4 ,AL?\< ANIMALS DO PRODUCE S\NDS 9T5D$ = MUTUAL 9=MATION1 ) MAN ALONE !SE S\NDS HAVE SIGNIFICANCE AS NAMES1 & ?US >E ! BASIS ( A HI< SPIRITUAL CULTURE4 ,?IRDLY !RE IS ! USE ( TOOLS MADE BY HIMSELF4 ,EV5 ?\< ANIMALS DO MAKE USE ( DEAD ?+S FROM !IR NATURAL SURR\ND+S AS AIDS TO !IR [N SUPPORT1 ) MAN ?IS HAS BECOME AN HABITUAL USE ( IMPLEM5TS SPECIALLY MADE = A PURPOSE & ACCORD+ TO A PRECONCEIV$ PLAN4 ,!SE IMPLEM5TS >E ! BASIS ( AN EV] GR[+ TE*NIQUE1 & !RE=E ( \R 5TIRE MAT]IAL CIVILIZATION4 ,ONE W\LD ADD AS A F\R? *>ACT]I/IC1 FROM ,>I/OTLE'S DESIGNATION ( MAN AS A ZOON POLITIKON1 ?AT MAN LIVES 9 SOCIAL CONNECTION4 ,H[EV] IMPORTANT ?IS *>ACT]I/IC MAY BE1 IT DOES NOT DIFF]5TIATE MAN FROM ALL ANIMALS4 ,MANY O!R ANIMAL SPECIES LIVE 9 GR\PS1 !Y =M COMMUNITIES1 & ! *>ACT]I/IC HAS BE5 9H]IT$ BY MAN FROM ! ANIMAL WORLD4 ,SIMIL>LY IT IS NOT P]MISSIBLE TO CITE ! RAPID EVOLUTION ( MAN 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ! CON/ANCY ( O!R SPECIES AS A DIFF]5CE2 ?IS IS NOT SO MU* A *>ACT]I/IC ITSELF BUT RA!R A QUALITY ( EA* ( ! A=EM5TION$ *>ACT]I/ICS4 

,I,I4 ,TOOLS 

#d4 ,FRANKL9 CALL$ MAN A TOOL-MAK+ ANIMAL4 ,TOOL-US+ W\LD HAVE EXPRESS$ ! SAME2 IF HE WI%ES TO USE !M1 HE HAS TO MAKE !M HIMSELF1 AS !Y >E NOT (F]$ FROM ELSE:]E4 ,H[EV] AS A DI/+UI%+ *>ACT]I/IC ) RESPECT TO ! ANIMALS ! MAK+ HAS TO BE EMPHASIZ$1 S9CE NATURAL OBJECTS >E ALSO US$ BY ANIMALS4 ,?US BRAN*ES & FIB]S >E US$ = NE/ BUILD+1 BEAV]S USE TREES !Y HAVE GNAW$1 & IT IS SAID ?AT APES SOMETIMES USE /ICKS & /ONES4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! MAK+ ( ! TOOL SIGNIFIES A PRECONCEIV$1 PLANN$1 APPROPRIATE *ANGE ( NATURAL OBJECTS1 BAS$ ON ! PREVI\S KN[L$GE ( ! EFFECT4 

,! TOOL IS TAK5 9 ! H& & ?US MADE 9TO AN APPROPRIATE AID 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE4 ,COMB9$ ) ! H& IT HAS BECOME A COMPLETE UNIT1 A BODILY ORGAN1 AN ACTIVE P[]4 ,! H&1 TOGE!R ) ! TOOL IT GRASPS1 P]=MS ! SAME FUNCTION :I* ) ! ANIMAL IS P]=M$ BY ! BODILY ORGANS1 VIZ4 IT EXECUTES SU* ACTS AS >E NECESS>Y T[>DS LIFE4 ,ORGANON MEANS TOOL2 ORGANS >E ! ANIMALS' TOOLS1 ATTA*$ TO !IR BODIES2 TOOLS >E MAN'S ORGANS1 SEP>AT$ FROM HIS BODY4 ,9/EAD ( ! MANIFOLD ORGANS ( ! ANIMALS1 EA* APPROPRIATE TO ITS [N SEP>ATE FUNCTION1 ! HUMAN H& ACTS AS A UNIV]SAL ORGAN2 BY GRASP+ TOOLS1 :I* V>Y1 = DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS1 ! COMB9ATION H&-TOOL REPLACES ! V>I\S ANIMAL ORGANS4 ,! PRES5CE ( SU* A GRASP+ ORGAN1 !RE=E1 HAS BE5 ESS5TIAL T[>DS ! ORIG9AT+ ( MAN4 ,?IS WAS AN 9H]ITANCE FROM ! APE-LIKE1 TREE-9HABIT+ ANCE/ORS :O NE$$ /RONG & AT ! SAME TIME S5SITIVE GRASP+ ORGANS = CLIMB+ & MOV+ AMONG BRAN*ES4 ,?AT IS :Y A TOOL-US+ BE+1 SU* AS MAN1 C\LD ONLY DESC5D FROM APE-LIKE =MS4 ,ADMITT$LY1 9 QUITE ANO!R ORD] ( MAMMALS1 ! ELEPHANT'S TRUNK DOES ACT AS A GRASP+ ORGAN1 SUITABLE TO MANIFOLD PURPOSES2 BUT IT CANNOT COMPETE ) ! APE'S H& = DELICACY ( /RUCTURE & P[]S4 

#e4 ,FROM ! APE'S H& ! HUMAN H& HAS EVOLV$ TO A HI<] LEVEL ( P]FECTION1 NECESS>Y = ! UNIV]SAL PURPOSE ( H&L+ TOOLS4 ,NO:]E HAS ?IS P]FECTION ( ! HUMAN H& BE5 DESCRIB$ 9 MORE /RIK+ & 5?USIA/IC WORDS ?AN 9 ,*>LES ,BELL'S WORK 0,! ,H&1 ITS ME*ANISM & VITAL 5D[M5TS AS EV9C+ DESIGN01 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#c#g4 ,?IS BOOK WAS ONE ( ! SO-CALL$ ,BRIDGEWAT] ,TREATISES1 A S]IES PUBLI%$ ) ! AIM TO %[ ! GREATNESS ( ! ,CREATOR 9 ! P]FECTION ( ,HIS CREATURES4 ,:AT MATT]$ H]E1 !RE=E1 WAS TO %[ ! P]FECTION ( ! H&'S /RUCTURE4 ,FIR/ ! POSSIBILITIES ( MOVEM5T >E DESCRIB$1 DEF9$ BY ! /RUCTURE ( ! BONES & JO9TS ( >M & WRI/1 ALWAYS EXPLA9$ BY COMP>ISON ) ANIMAL ANATOMY4 ,!N ! P[] IS CONSID]$ :I*1 AT ! 5D ( A LONG1 FLEXIBLE LEV]1 IS COMMUNICAT$ TO ! H& BY ! MUSCLES ( *E/ & BACK4 ,! POSITION ( ! ?UMB1 ITSELF SUPPORT$ BY A /RONG MUSCLE1 ) REG>D TO ! F+]S CAUSES ! FIRM GRIP :I* EV5 FROM ! FIR/ WEEKS ( EXI/5CE IS CAPABLE ( C>RY+ ! WEI<T ( ! BODY1 A QUE/ION ( LIFE & DEA? TO TREE-DWELL]S4 ,!N !RE IS ! WEAL? ( MORE ?AN FIFTY MUSCLES 9 ! >M & ! H& :I* HAVE TO CO-OP]ATE 9 ! SIMPLE/ MOVEM5T1 & :I* 9 CONTRACT+ & RELAX+ >E KEPT UND] CONTROL BY ! WILL ) EXTREME PRECISION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! SMALL] M9OR MUSCLES 9 ! H& & F+]S R5D] POSSIBLE AN EXTREMELY DELICATELY & QUICKLY DIFF]5TIAT$ MOVEM5T ( ! F+]S4 0.<444.> ,!Y >E ! ORGANS :I* GIVE ! H& ! P[] ( SP9N+1 WEAV+1 5GRAV+2 & AS !Y PRODUCE ! QUICK MOTIONS ( ! MUSICIAN'S F+]S1 !Y >E CALL$ BY ! ANATOMI/S FIDIC9ALES0 7P4 #a#d#a7 7I4E4 MUSIC-MAK]S74 

,TO ?IS MU/ BE ADD$ ! DELICATE S5SE ( T\* = :I* ! F+]S1 & EV5 MORE ! F+]TIPS HAVE BE5 ESPECIALLY BUILT4 ,!SE LATT] >E SMALL ELA/IC CU%IONS1 SUPPORT$ BY %IELD-LIKE1 FLAT NAILS & PROVID$ ) RIBS BUILT 9 ! %APE ( SPIRALS 9 :I*1 UND] ! EPID]MIS1 9NUM]ABLE F9ELY BRAN*$ N]VE 5DS ALMO/ REA* ! SURFACE4 ,?IS S5SE ( T\* IS AN IMPORTANT FACULTY ( ! HUMAN H&4 0,WE F9D EV]Y ORGAN ( S5SE1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ?AT ( T\*1 MORE P]FECT 9 BRUTES ?AN 9 MAN4 .<444.> ,BUT 9 ! S5SE ( T\*1 SEAT$ 9 ! H&1 MAN CLAIMS ! SUP]IORITY0 7P4 #a#h#e74 

,?IS HI<] P]FECTION 9 CAPACITY ( MOVEM5T AS WELL AS 9 S5SE ( T\*1 ( ! HUMAN H& AS COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ! APE IS H>MONIZ$ BY A GREAT] DEVELOPM5T & DIFF]5TIATION ( ! N]VES CONC]N$4 0,! DIFF]5TIATION ( ! CELLGR\PS 9N]VAT+ ! F+]S1 IS SPECIALLY /RIK+ 9 MAN1 EV5 9 COMP>ISON TO ! AN?ROPOIDS0 7,>I5S ,KAPP]S1 P4 #a#g#g74 

,! S5SE ( T\* IS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 A MEANS T[>DS ! ACQUISITION ( KN[L$GE1 ?R\< 9VE/IGATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,BUT IT EXT5DS FUR!R1 0,BI*AT SAYS ?AT T\* IS ACTIVE1 :IL/ ! O!R S5SES >E PASSIVE4 .<444.> ,WE %ALL >RIVE AT ! TRU? BY CONSID]+ ?AT 9 ! USE ( ! H&1 !RE IS A D\BLE S5SE EX]CIS$4 ,9 T\*1 WE MU/ NOT ONLY FEEL ! CONTACT ( ! OBJECT2 BUT WE MU/ BE S5SIBLE TO ! MUSCUL> EF=T :I* IS MADE TO REA* IT1 OR TO GRASP IT 9 ! F+]S4 ,IT IS 9 ! EX]CISE ( ?IS LATT] P[] ?AT !RE IS REALLY ANY EF=T MADE0 7,BELL1 P4 #a#h#e-#a#h#f74 ,9DE$1 ! ACTIVE MUSCUL> FEEL+ IS C\PL$ ) ! PASSIVE FEEL+ ( T\* 9 ! TAK+ & GRASP+ ( ?+S4 ,! ORGANS 9T5D$ = ! PASSIVE OBS]VATION ( NATURE1 ! S5SES1 HAVE TO BE S5SITIVE1 S(T1 & IMPRESSIONABLE1 9 ORD] TO REGI/] ! SMALLE/ TRANSMISSION ( 5]GY2 ! ORGANS 9T5D$ = ACTION ON NATURE1 SU* AS TEE?1 & CLAWS1 HAVE TO BE H>D1 SOLID1 CAPABLE ( RESI/ANCE1 9 ORD] TO TRANSMIT GREAT 5]GY2 ! H& ) ! TOOL POSSESSES BO? *>ACT]I/ICS AT ! SAME TIME4 ,BELL DOES NOT M5TION ! PURPOSE ( ?IS GRASP+1 AS TE*NIQUE1 ! PRACTICAL LIFE ( MANUAL LABOR IS \TSIDE HIS ORBIT & HIS 9T]E/4 ,YET IT IS CLE> ?AT :AT IS GRASP$ IS ! TOOL4 ,! HOLD+1 /E]+1 & MANIPULAT+ ( TOOLS IS ! PURPOSE ( ! H&1 & A REF9$ S5SE ( T\* IS NECESS>Y = !IR BE+ CORRECTLY HELD1 DIRECT$1 & /E]$4 ,! MUSCUL> FEEL+ & EF=T >E NOT CONC]N$ ) ! 9DIFF]5T GRASP+ ( JU/ ANY?+1 BUT ) ! WORK+ ) TOOLS4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE1 CONSI/+ 9 ! F9D+ ( FOOD & RESI/+ ( 5EMIES1 ! H&L+ ( TOOLS IS A NECESSITY4 

#f4 ,! USE ( TOOLS1 AP>T FROM ! H& BE+ AVAILABLE AS A GRASP+ ORGAN1 IS YET FUR!R CONDITION$1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE BY A C]TA9 AM\NT ( M5TAL DEVELOPM5T 5ABL+ MAN TO =ESEE ! ACTION ( HIS TOOL4 ,AN ANIMAL IS NOT CAPABLE ( ?AT2 0.<444.> EV5 EXTREME EM]G5CY NEV] MAKES IT 9V5TIVE0 7,GEIG]1 P4 #f#a74 ,EV5 9 ! WOR/ P]IL1 OR :5 IT IS />V+1 ! ANIMAL DOES NOT A*IEVE ! USE ( AN AVAILABLE TOOL OR WEAPON1 SIMPLY BECAUSE IT LACKS ! P[] TO VISUALIZE :AT IT MI<T DO ) IT4 ,EV5 MORE DOES ?IS APPLY TO ! MAK+ ( TOOLS1 = :I* VISUALIZATION IS REQUIR$ ( A FUTURE USE ( SOME?+ NOT YET EXI/+1 I4E4 CONSCI\S ?\<T4 

,! USE1 & TO AN EV5 GREAT] DEGREE ! DEVELOPM5T ( TOOLS1 IS ONLY POSSIBLE 9 A COMMUNITY4 ,! SKILL ( H&L+ & CON/RUCT+ TOOLS IS NOT CONG5ITAL1 BUT HAS TO BE ACQUIR$ BY ! Y\NG] G5]ATION FROM ! OLD]4 ,) ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS EV]Y ACQUIR$ SKILL W\LD BE LO/ ) !IR DEA?4 ,A SOCIAL COMMUNITY IS1 SO TO SPEAK1 IMMORTAL3 :ILE ! OLD] MEMB]S DIE (F ! Y\NG] ONES >E GR[+ UP 9 IT4 ,! KN[L$GE ( ! USE & MANUFACTURE ( TOOLS 9 SU* GR\PS IS COLLECTIVE KN[L$GE & A COMMUNAL RI*ES4 ,! Y\NG] G5]ATION GR[S UP 9 ?IS KN[L$GE BECAUSE ( ! COMMON PRACTICE ( LIFE1 & EA* 9V5TION1 EA* IMPROVEM5T IS PRES]V$ & TRANSMITT$4 ,?IS SOCIAL LIFE1 AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( TOOLS &1 !RE=E1 ( AN?ROPOG5ESIS1 IS ALSO AN 9H]ITANCE TRANSMITT$ FROM ! ANCE/ORS 9 ! ANIMAL K+DOM4 

#g4 ,! TOOL1 GRASP$ & GUID$ BY ! H&1 HAS ) MAN ! SAME FUNCTION AS ! BODILY ORGAN ) ANIMALS1 BUT IT P]=MS IT 9 A BETT] MANN]4 ,! SUP]IORITY ( ! HUMAN TOOL AS COMP>$ ) ! ANIMAL ORGAN LIES 9 ! FIR/ PLACE 9 ITS REPLACEABILITY4 ,IT IS A DEAD ?+1 & SEP>ATE FROM ! BODY4 ,:5 IT HAS LO/ ITS USEFULNESS OR HAS BROK5 IT IS ?R[N AWAY4 ,! BODILY ORGAN1 ON ! O!R H&1 CANNOT BE REPLAC$1 SO ?AT A BROK5 LEG USUALLY DOOMS ! WILD ANIMAL4 ,9DE$1 IT IS NOT EV5 NECESS>Y = ! TOOL TO BECOME USELESS2 IT MAY BE DISC>D$ AS OBSOLETE :5 ONE MORE SUITABLE = A GIV5 JOB HAS BE5 MADE4 

,USE ( ! SAME TOOL = V>I\S PURPOSES CAUSES ITS DIFF]5TIATION4 ,?US ! ORIG9AL %>P /ONE :I* S]V$ ALL PURPOSES GREW 9TO AN EV] 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( %>P /ONES SU* AS ! DRILL1 ! >RO:EAD1 ! KNIFE1 SCRAT*]1 SAW1 OR AX1 EA* ! MO/ SUITABLE TO ITS USE4 ,?IS PROCESS ( 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION CONT9UES 9TO ! LAT] /AGES ( TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T &1 MANIFE/ 9 EV]Y CRAFT & 9DU/RY1 BECOMES ! DRIV+ =CE 9 ! GREAT TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY4 

,MAN1 !RE=E1 HAS NOT ONE TOOL AVAILABLE1 BUT MANY4 ,EV]Y TIME HE TAKES ANO!R TOOL 9 HIS H& ! H& BECOMES A DIFF]5T ORGAN4 ,MAN IS AN ANIMAL ) 9T]*ANGEABLE ORGANS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! NE$ ( ! MOM5T1 TO ! PREY HE SEEKS1 TO ! 5EMY HE FACES1 TO ! ALM HE WI%ES TO A*IEVE HE TAKES A DIFF]5T TOOL4 ,! ANIMAL1 BY ITS GIV5 SPECIAL ORGANS1 IS CONF9$ TO ONE MODE ( LIFE TO :I* IT IS EXCELL5TLY ADAPT$4 ,MAN ADAPTS HIMSELF TO V>I\S MODES ( LIFE BY *ANG+ HIS TOOLS2 BY AVAIL+ HIMSELF ( A DIFF]5T ORGAN HE EQUALS ANO!R ANIMAL4 ,HE CAN BURR[ LIKE A MOLE1 SAW TREES LIKE A BEAV]1 CRU% H>D NUTS LIKE A SQUIRREL1 REPEL1 LIKE A BUFFALO1 A BEA/ ( PREY1 &1 AS A BEA/ ( PREY HIMSELF1 KILL & TE> UP HIS VICTIM4 ,:]EAS EV]Y ANIMAL IS LIMIT$ TO ITS [N HABITAT1 MAN IS ADAPT$ TO ! MO/ V>Y+ CONDITIONS ( LIFE3 9 ! WOODS HE TAKES ! AX1 & 9 ! PLA9S ! SPADE4 ,?US WAS HE ABLE TO SPREAD OV] ! :OLE E>?4 

,! GREATE/ SUP]IORITY ( ! HUMAN TOOL OV] ! ANIMAL ORGAN LIES 9 ITS P]FECTIBILITY4 ,= C\NTLESS G5]ATIONS ! ANIMAL HAS EV] HAD TO BE CONT5T ) ! SAME ORGANS1 BEAUTIFULLY ADAPT$ TO ITS 5VIRONM5T4 ,MAN1 H[EV]1 \TGR[S SU* EXCELL5CE1 BY CON/ANTLY IMPROV+ HIS ORGANS1 I4E4 P]FECT+ ! TOOLS4 ,USE & APPLICATION >E CONDUCIVE TO CON/ANTLY IMPROV$ ADAPTATION2 ! IMPROV$ TOOL IMM$IATELY REPLACES ! OBSOLETE ONE :I* IS DISC>D$1 & ITSELF BECOMES ! />T+-PO9T ( NEW IMPROVEM5TS4 ,?US 9 ! USE ( IMPLEM5TS A CONT9U\S & CUMULATIVE DEVELOPM5T TAKES PLACE1 AT FIR/ SL[1 !N FA/] & FA/]4 ,R\<LY HEWN /ONES REPLACE UNFA%ION$ ONES2 !N ! TRANSITION IS MADE TO DELICATELY WORK$ /ONES US$ PROBABLY 9 CONJUNCTION ) S(T] ANIMAL & VEGETABLE MAT]IAL :I* HAS NOT BE5 PRES]V$1 UNTIL AT LA/ METAL WAS F\ND TO BE ! /RONGE/ & MO/ PLA/IC MAT]IAL4 ,) !SE TOOLS MAN WAS ABLE TO SECURE HIS DOM9ION ( NATURE & HIS MA/]Y OV] ! E>? IS A*IEV$1 ?R\< EV] MORE P]FECT$ SOIL1 BUILD+ H\SES & /ABLES1 HUNT+ OR TAM+ ANIMALS1 BY HUSB&RY & CATTLE-BRE$+ HE TRANS=MS ! WILD 5VIRONM5T ( NATURE TO A SAFE 5VIRONM5T ( CULTURE1 & A SOLID BASIS ( EXI/5CE4 ,FUR!R1 ?R\< ! MANY CRAFTS :I* >E EMPLOY$ 9 MAK+ ! MO/ DIV]SE OBJECTS ( DAILY USE BY MEANS ( A GREAT MANY DIFF]5T TOOLS1 AN OV] MORE COMPLETE MA/]Y OV] ! E>? IS A*IEV$1 ?R\< EV] MORE P]FECT$ TE*NIQUES4 

,BELL SANG A HYMN ( PRAISE TO ! HUMAN H&1 AS 0! CONSUMMATION ( ALL P]FECTION AS AN 9/RUM5T0 7P4 #b#d#i74 ,:5 5UM]AT+ ! DETAILS ( ITS 0SUP]IORITY0 HE LIMITS HIMSELF TO A FEW EXAMPLES ( ! H&'S CAPACITY1 SU* AS 0! PROVISIONS = HOLD+1 PULL+1 SP9N+1 WEAV+1 & CON/RUCT+2 PROP]TIES :I* MAY HE F\ND 9 O!R ANIMALS1 BUT >E COMB9$ 9 ?IS MORE P]FECT 9/RUM5T0 7P4 #b#d#i74 ,IF1 [+ TO S*OL>S SPECIALIZ+ 9 M5TAL & SCI5TIFIC EF=T1 PRACTICAL WORK ) TOOLS & ! MANUAL LABOR ( ! MILLIONS PRODUC+ GOODS HAD NOT BE5 5TIRELY \TSIDE HIS ORBIT1 & IF CONSEQU5TLY ! H&'S DE/9ATION TO HOLD & DIRECT TOOLS HAD BE5 CLE> TO HIM1 H[ MU* DEEP] A NOTE ( WORLD P[] HIS HYMN ( PRAISE W\LD HAVE ACQUIR$ & H[ IT W\LD HAVE BECOME A SAGA ( MANK9D'S GR[? TO WORLD DOM9ION6 

#h4 ,LIFE & ! PROGRESS ( MANK9D ALWAYS DEP5D$ ON ! TOOL'S DEVELOPM5T4 ,WEAPONS TOO BELONG TO ! TOOLS4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ TOOL & WEAPON W]E ID5TICAL2 9 FI<T+ BEA/S ( PREY & CAT*+ GAME ! *>ACT] ( >MS DOM9AT$4 ,LAT] !Y BECAME 9CREAS+LY DIFF]5TIAT$1 ?\< EV5 TO-DAY ! KNIFE /ILL BE>S ! D\BLE *>ACT]4 ,SOON ! >TIFICIAL ORGANS1 9 ?IS =M AS WEAPONS1 BEGAN TO PLAY A P>T 9 M5'S MUTUAL FI<T4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 WORLD HI/ORY BECAME A HI/ORY ( W>S2 5DLESS /REAMS ( BLOOD HAVE ACCOMPANI$ MANK9D'S EVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ 0PROGRESS0 ( MAN COMP>$ ) ! ANIMAL4 ,:]EAS ) NE>LY ALL SPECIES ( ANIMAL ! /RUGGLE = LIFE AMONG !IR K9D IS NO MORE ?AN A COMPETITION AS TO :I* WILL SURVIVE 9 !IR OPPOSITION TO ! HO/ILE =CES ( ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 ) MAN ?IS MAT* HAS BECOME A REAL FI<T1 9CREAS+ TO A BATTLE ( ANNIHILATION AGA9/ HIS FELL[ MAN4 ,DIRECT EXT]M9ATION ( HIS K9D AS A MASS =M ( ! /RUGGLE = LIFE ONLY OCCURS ) MAN4 ,?IS IS ALSO A RESULT ( ! USE ( TOOLS1 BECAUSE PROVID$ ) DIFF]5T1 BETT] WEAPONS1 HE MAY C\NT AS A DIFF]5T SPECIES ) SUP]IOR ORGANS4 ,IT MEANS ?AT 9 ! EVOLUTION ( MANK9D AN EV5 FI]C] =M ( SELECTION HAS BE5 ACTIVE ?AN 9 ! ANIMAL K+DOM4 

,I,I,I4 ,?9K+ 

#i4 ,) ! L[] ANIMALS PH5OM5A & BEHAVIOR >E OBS]V$ :I* IMPLY FEEL+ & S5SITIV5ESS ) REG>D TO ! 9FLU5CE ( 5VIRONM5T4 ,CONSID]+ ! HI<] ANIMALS WE CONCLUDE FROM !IR ACTIONS ?AT !Y HAVE A C]TA9 CONSCI\SNESS1 AS !Y DISPLAY BEHAVIOR :I* WE CONSID] TO BE ! RESULT ( DELIB]ATION & A C]TA9 9TELLECTUAL FACULTY4 ,H[EV] 9 MAN ALONE OCCURS ?AT =M ( 9TELLIG5CE :I* WE CALL AB/RACT ?9K+1 ?9K+ BY MEANS ( CONCEPTIONS4 ,:AT USE IS ?9K+8 0,! NATURE ( REASON IS TO REG>D ?+S NOT AS SIMPLY EXI/+ BUT AS NECESS>Y01 ,SP9OZA WROTE 9 HIS !SIS #dd ( ! SECOND P>T ( HIS ,E?ICS4 0,?9K+ IS CONSCI\S COMP>ISON ( ACQUIR$ P]CEPTIONS1 COLLECT+ :AT IS SIMIL> 9TO CONCEPTIONS01 ?US ,HELMHOLTZ 7P4 #c#d#a74 ,9 HIS BOOKLET 0,H[ WE ?9K01 A MANUAL ON P$AGOGICS EXPLA9+ H[ TO TEA* *ILDR5 TO ?9K 9 ! RI<T WAY1 ,DEWEY SAYS3 0,REFLECTION 9VOLVES .<444.> A CONSECUTIVE ORD]+ 7( IDEAS7 9 SU* A WAY ?AT EA* DET]M9ES ! NEXT AS ITS PROP] \TCOME0 7P4 #b7 0,?9K+ .<444.> IS DEF9$ AS ?AT OP]ATION 9 :I* PRES5T FACTS SUGGE/ O!R FACTS 7OR TRU?S7 9 SU* A WAY AS TO 9DUCE BELIEF 9 ! LATT] UPON ! GR\ND OR W>RANT ( ! =M]0 7P4 #h74 0,DEM& = ! SOLUTION ( A P]PLEXITY IS ! /EADY+ & GUID+ FACTOR 9 ! 5TIRE PROCESS ( REFLECTION0 7P4 #a#a74 ,H]E IS SPOK5 ( ! K9D ( ?9K+ :I* IS CONC]N$ ) FACTS ( ! PA/ & FUTURE1 & :I* ORI5TATES ITSELF 9 ! WORLD BY MEANS ( ! REGUL>ITY ( PH5OM5A4 ,SU* ?9K+ ACTS AS AN ORGAN ( SCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY1 ITS IMM$IATE AIM BE+ TO F9D ! TRU? AB\T ! WORLD4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS ALREADY A MORE DEVELOP$ /AGE ( ?9K+ :I*1 AL?\< PLAY+ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 LAT] C5TURIES1 P>TICUL>LY ) !1 0?9K]S01 !ORI/S & SCI5TI/S1 WAS PREC$$ BY ! SIMPLE ?9K+ ( PRIMITIVE MAN4 ,EV5 N[ = ! GREAT MAJORITY ( M51 & EV5 = ALL ( !M = MU* ( !IR LIFE1 ?9K+ HAS AN IMM$IATE1 PRACTICAL PURPOSE4 ,IT DOES NOT PUT OR ANSW] ! QUE/ION3 0,:AT IS TRU?80 BUT ! QUE/ION3 0,:AT AM ,I TO DO80 0,P]PLEXITY0 IS TOO /RONG A WORD = ! /ATE ( M9D PRODUC$ BY !SE DAILY RECURR5T PROBLEMS4 ,BESIDES MU* AUTOMATIC HABITUAL ACTION !RE IS A CON/ANT REFLECTION & CONSID]ATION2 IT DOES NOT 9VOLVE AB/RUSE PROBLEMS OR SEEK = 0TRU?01 BUT IS A COMP>ISON ( V>I\S POSSIBILITIES ( ACTION FROM :I* A *OICE HAS TO BE MADE4 ,?IS WORK ( ?9K+ =MS A CON/ANT ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! TOTAL EF=T ( KEEP+ ALIVE4 

,IF ONE WI%ES TO COMP>E HUMAN & ANIMAL 9TELLIG5CE1 9 ORD] TO LE>N TO UND]/& !IR 9T]CONNECTION & CONT9UITY1 ONE %\LD NOT TAKE1 AS ! HUMAN EXAMPLE1 ! MO/ REC5T & HI<E/ =MS ( DEVELOPM5T1 9VOLV+ ! !ORETICAL ?\<T ( S*OL>%IP & PHILOSOPHY1 BUT RA!R ! SIMPLE/ PRACTICAL ?\<T ( ! COMMON MAN ( TODAY1 & ( PRIMITIVE MAN4 ,?IS LATT] DOES EXHIBIT ! SUNDRY *>ACT]I/ICS ( AB/RACT ?\<T1 ?\< AS YET CONF9$ TO ! IMM$IATE PROBLEMS ( EXI/5CE 7#a74 ,H]E LIES ! PROBLEM ( AN?ROPOG5ESIS2 FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9ITIAL HUMAN M5TAL ACTIVITY TO ! MOD]N LEVEL !N BECOMES A S]IES ( GRADUAL /EPS :I* DO NOT (F] ANY FUNDAM5TAL DIFFICULTIES4 

#a4 ,) MAN AS ) ! ANIMAL1 M5TAL LIFE />TS FROM ! S5SATION AS ! MO/ SIMPLE ELEM5T1 ! S5SATION BE+ EI!R CORPOREAL1 AS ) HUNG] & PA91 OR 5VIRONM5TAL1 AS ) SMELL1 SI<T1 OR HE>+4 ,!SE S5SATIONS >E ! /IMULI TO :I* ! ORGANISM REACTS BY ACTIONS 9 A MANN] APPROPRIATE TO LIFE4 ,! S5SATIONS COMB9E 9TO IMAGES3 ONE SEES AN OBJECT1 SU* AS A FRUIT1 OR MOV+ ANIMAL1 OR HE HE>S SOME?+4 ,9 SU* AN IMAGE A GREAT NUMB] ( SUCCESSIVE IMPRESSIONS ( COLOR & LI<T1 *ANG+ ACCORD+ TO ! EXAM9+ MOVEM5T ( HEAD & EYES1 OR A NUMB] ( SEP>ATE S\NDS RIS+ 9 SUCCESSION \T ( ! SURR\ND+ NOISE1 HAVE BE5 COMB9$4 ,?IS IS POSSIBLE BECAUSE EV]Y IMPRESSION1 :I* DOES NOT TRULY EXI/ BUT = ONE 9DIVISIBLE MOM5T1 DOES NOT DISAPPE> ) IT BUT CONT9UES TO EXI/ & FADES ONLY GRADUALLY4 ,:AT IS CALL$1 !RE=E1 AN IMAGE1 AN OBS]VATION1 OR EXP]I5CE1 IS ALREADY AN 5TIRE COMB9ATION ( MANY V>I\S IMPRESSIONS COV]+ A C]TA9 P]IOD4 

,:5 EV] A COMB9ATION ( ! SAME K9D IS REPEAT$ ! E>LI] IMPRESSIONS >E EVOK$ AS MEMORIES4 ,MEMORY IS ! CONNECT+ TOGE!R ( E>LI] & LAT] IMPRESSIONS1 A RELATION TY+ PA/ ) PRES5T EXP]I5CE4 ,:5 C]TA9 P>TS ( A COMPLEX REPEAT !MSELVES 7E4G4 A S5SATION ( HUNG]1 OR IMPRESSIONS ( ! 5VIRONM5T7 ! O!R P>TS ( ! IMAGE1 :I* E>LI] W]E CONNECT$ ) IT1 >E CALL$ UP - 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLE ( CONNECTION-REFLEXES 7#b7 - SO ?AT !Y >E COMPLET$ & =M ! 5TIRE COMPLEX 7E4G4 FOOD74 ,IT !N EFFECTS ! SAME APPROPRIATE REACTIONS ( MOVEM5T1 A C]TA9 BEHAVIOR1 ! SE>* =1 OR ! TAK+ ( FOOD4 ,! 9CREAS+LY DEF9ITE /IMULATION ( SU* BEHAVIOR BY PREC$+ S5SATIONS IS ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE1 & IS SUCC9CTLY CALL$ 0LE>N+ BY EXP]I5CE04 

,FROM SIMIL> OBS]VATIONS (T5 REPEAT$ & ANALOG\S EXP]I5CE COMPLEXES1 ! IMAGE CREAT$ BY MEMORY RISES UP AGA9 & AGA94 ,SU* IMAGES >E NOT EXACT REPRODUCTIONS2 !Y >E MORE VAGUE ?AN ! OBS]VATIONS & EXP]I5CES !MSELVES4 ,!Y >E A K9D ( AV]AGE 9 :I* ?AT :I* IS COMMON HAS REMA9$ & ! DIFF]5CES HAVE BE5 WIP$ \T4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE1 :AT IS ( IMPORTANCE IS NOT ?AT :I* HAPP5$ ONLY ONCE BUT ?AT :I* MAY BE EXPECT$ NORMALLY1 I4E4 ! RECURR5T COMMON ELEM5T 9 OCCURR5CES4 ,?IS IS1 !RE=E1 :AT IS GRASP$ BY ! IMAG9ATION1 :AT REMA9S 9 ! P]CEPTION1 & :AT DET]M9ES EXPECTATION4 

,!SE P]CEPTIONS :I* R5D] PRES5T :AT HAS BE5 9 ! PA/1 =M CONSCI\SNESS4 ,CONSCI\SNESS IS CONSCI\S BE+ 7#c71 KN[L$GE ( BE+1 ! MO/ IMM$IATE & SURE/ FACT ( EXP]I5CE4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT AS TO \R FELL[ M5 WE CONCLUDE FROM !IR ACTIONS ?AT ) !M ! SAME K9D ( CONSCI\SNESS EXI/S AS WE EXP]I5CE \RSELVES4 ,9 REALITY ! CONSCI\SNESS ( \R FELL[-M5 & \R [N >E EQUALLY A MATT] ( DIRECT1 9/9CTIVE C]TA9TY TO US1 A BASIC FACT1 ALREADY PRES5T BE=E WE >RIVE AT SU* CONCLUSIONS1 & IS 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T ( !M4 ,) ! HI<] ANIMALS WE SIMIL>LY CONCLUDE CONSCI\SNESS FROM !IR APPROPRIATE ACTIONS &1 EV5 MORE SO1 FROM !IR ACTIVE ATT5TION T[>DS :AT APPROA*ES !M AS S5SATIONS2 BUT H]E !RE IS ONLY P>TIAL SIMIL>ITY4 ,WE LACK1 ( C\RSE1 A CLE> IDEA ( !IR P]CEPTIONS & !IR CONSCI\SNESS1 S9CE WE ONLY KN[ \R [N & HAVE TO TAKE ?IS AS A MODEL = O!RS4 ,WE TRY TO APPROA* IT BY ASSUM+ ?AT !IR CONSCI\SNESS IS 9F]IOR 9 COMPREH5SION AS WELL AS 9 CL>ITY1 BY COMP>+ IT ) A /ATE ( PASSIVE DIMNESS ( M9D 9 MAN :I* REMA9S AS A BACKGR\ND :5 CLE>-CUT CONSCI\S ?\<T IS LACK+4 ,IT HAS BE5 REM>K$ ?AT1 IF WE DO NOT KN[ ANY?+ AB\T ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ANIMALS ) C]TA9TY1 IT IS ( NO CONSEQU5CE AS IT IS ONLY !IR REACTIONS & BEHAVIOR :I* >E ( IMPORTANCE AS ! ONLY OBS]VABLE PSY*ICAL PH5OM5A2 AN ACCOMPANY+ 0CONSCI\SNESS0 9 ?IS CONNECTION IS JU/ AS IRRELEVANT AS ! LI<T BY :I* WE LE>N ! TIME FROM ! CLOCK IS IRRELEVANT TO ! TIME-PIECE4 ,?IS MAY BE TRUE1 BUT IT OMITS ?AT 0CONSCI\SNESS0 H]E IS ! NAME ( A CONCEPTION )9 :I* A GREAT COMPLEX ( ACTS ( BEHAVIOR >E APPROPRIATELY COMB9$4 ,! SAME1 MOREOV]1 W\LD APPLY EQUALLY TO MAN1 9 :OM CONSCI\SNESS AS A PSY*IC PH5OM5ON IS C]TA9LY PRES5T4 

#a#a4 ,:AT DIFF]5CE !RE IS BETWE5 MAN & ANIMAL MU/ APPE> 9 ! VISIBLE PSY*IC PH5OM5A4 ,) ! HI<] ANIMALS WE OBS]VE ?AT ! S5SATIONS >E IMM$IATELY CONNECT$ ) ! ACTIONS & PROVOKE !M4 ,! IMAGES ( OBS]VATION :I* BL5D ) ! MEMORY ( =M] S5SATIONS 9TO A :OLE ( P]CEPTION1 >E CONNECT$ DIRECTLY ) ! PRACTICAL REACTIONS1 =M+ A CONSECUTIVE *A94 ,SU* A *A9 MAY BE3 S5SATION ( HUNG]1 SC5T & SI<T ( PLANTS1 GRAZ+1 SATIETY2 OR 9 A MORE COMPLEX =M ) BEA/S ( PREY3 SC5T OR SI<T ( PREY1 FOLL[+ ( TRACKS1 /ALK+1 WAT*+1 ATTACK+4 ,?AT IS H[ !Y MA9TA9 !MSELVES 9 !IR NATURAL HABITAT4 ,! OBS]VATIONS & P]CEPTIONS =M ! 9TRODUCTION TO ! APPROPRIATE ACTION & F9D !IR CONCLUSION 9 IT4 ,) MAN1 H[EV]1 A SEP>ATION TAKES PLACE2 ! *A9 IS BROK54 ,P]CEPTION & ACTION >E NO LONG] CONSECUTIVE1 MUTUALLY SUPPLEM5T>Y P>TS ( A DEVELOP+ COMPLEX BUT >E APP>5TLY 9DEP5D5T4 ,IMPRESSIONS1 OBS]VATIONS1 & IMAGES 9FLU5CE HIM1 BUT NO ACTION OR REACTION FOLL[S4 ,P]CEPTIONS >E =M$ BUT REMA9 UNUS$2 !Y >E LAID UP ) ! /ORE ALREADY AVAILABLE2 & NEW ONES >E REPEAT$LY ADD$ & 9CREASE IT4 ,! ACTIONS ( MAN >E NOT IMM$IATE REACTIONS TO HIS LA/ IMPRESSIONS2 !Y APPE> TO BE AUTONOM\S CREATIONS1 SPONTANE\SLY PRODUC$ AT ANY MOM5T FROM ! TOTAL /ORE ( AVAILABLE P]CEPTIONS4 

,?IS DIFF]5CE HAS FUR!R CONSEQU5CES4 ,:5 - 9 ANIMALS - OBS]VATION & P]CEPTION F9D !IR CONCLUSION 9 ! ACTION1 !IR AIM HAS BE5 A*IEV$1 & !Y MAY DISAPPE> 9TO ! DEP?S1 AS MAT]IAL ONLY = A LAT] MEMORY4 ,IF - ) MAN - NO ACTION FOLL[S1 ! P]CEPTIONS1 UNUS$1 >E LEFT TO !MSELVES4 ,! VISION ( A FRUIT IS NOT CONDUCIVE TO ! PICK+ ( IT2 BUT ! *A9 ( P]CEPTIONS ( PICK+1 EAT+1 SATIETY IS /ILL =M$4 ,! S]IES CONT9UES TO ! 5D1 BUT ?IS 5D REMA9S SO TO SPEAK FLOAT+ 9 ! AIR )\T ANY?+ ON :I* TO FIX4 ,9 ! S]IES ( CONSECUTIVE P]CEPTIONS EA* PREC$+ ONE EVOKES ! SUCCE$+ ONE1 BUT 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION EA* SUCCE$+ ONE EVOKES ITS PR$ECESSOR4 ,! S]IES REB\NDS1 ONE MI<T SAY1 FROM ITS FREELY FLOAT+ 5D & MAY BE RUN ?R\< SEV]AL TIMES4 ,!SE S]IES !MSELVES BECOME S5SATIONS & OBJECTS ( OBS]VATION4 ,IT IS H]E ?AT :AT IS CALL$ ?9K+1 TAKES PLACE 9 A HI<] DEGREE - 9DE$ IT IS CALL$ RE-FLECTION - ?AN 9 ! SIMPLE PRES5CE ( P]CEPTIONS 7#d74 ,H]E P]CEPTIONS ( P]CEPTIONS APPE>1 :I* D5OTE A HI<] DEGREE ( CONSCI\SNESS1 A KN[L$GE ( KN[L$GE1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! P]CEPTION1 A PRODUCT ( PREC$+ EXP]I5CE1 BECOMES A P]CEPTION ( A FUTURE OCCURR5CE2 AS AN UNF9I%$ P]CEPTION IT IS A =ESEE+ ( LAT] ACTION4 

,) MAN TOO1 LIFE IS MA9TA9+ ONESELF AS A P>T ( ! :OLE ( NATURE BY AN 9T]*ANGE ( MATT] & 5]GY ) ?AT :OLE4 ,) MAN TOO1 ACTION 9 ! LA/ RESORT IS1 R\<LY1 DET]M9$ BY ! SUM-TOTAL ( S5SATIONS1 IMAGES1 & P]CEPTIONS2 ?\<T IS AN AUXILI>Y TO PRACTICAL ACTION4 ,BUT !RE IS NO LONG] ! SIMPLE DIRECT WAY FROM ! IMPRESSION ON ! S5SES TO ! ACTION2 9 ITS /EAD ! /OR$-UP P]CEPTIONS =M A NETWORK ( DIV]G+ & CONV]G+ WAYS1 & FROM ?IS /ORE ! 9DUCEM5T TO LAT] ACTION IS TAK54 ,BETWE5 S5SATION & ACTION MANY L9KS >E 9S]T$2 V>I\S *A9S ( L9K$-UP P]CEPTIONS =M !MSELVES SPONTANE\SLY1 EA* PREC$+ ONE EVOK+ ! NEXT ONE4 ,9 ! PROCESS ( CONSCI\S ?9K+ !Y >E CONNECT$ 9TO ORD]LY S]IES4 

,?IS MEANS ?AT FROM OBS]VATION TO ACTION ?\<T FOLL[S A DET\R4 ,L9K$ UP ) ! OBS]VATION ( ! FRUIT >E NOT ! P]CEPTION & ! DE$ ( ACTUAL EAT+ & SATIETY1 BUT O!R1 MORE DI/ANTLY CONNECT$ P]CEPTIONS1 SU* AS ! *ANGE ( SEASONS1 A =M] %ORTAGE1 ! ?\<T ( PLANT+ & S[+1 & ! PROSPECT ( A FUTURE NEW H>VE/4 ,OR AGA91 ) ! DETECTION ( A BE> OR WOLF1 P]CEPTIONS ( O!R CONNECT$ EXP]I5CES L9K UP1 SU* AS ! FET*+ OR PREP>+ ( A WEAPON1 ! LURK+ 9 WAIT1 & ! SETT+ ( A TRAP4 ,! DET\R 9 ?\<T CORRESPONDS TO A DET\R ( ! ACTION ITSELF4 ,BETWE5 ! BODILY NE$ ORIG9ALLY FELT & ! LAT] DE$ ( SATISFY+ ONESELF1 A S]IES ( ACTIONS 9S]TS ITSELF :I* ONLY 9DIRECTLY LEADS TO ! AIM4 ,!Y >E PREC$$ BY A S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS :I* CONSECUTIVELY 9DICATE ! WAY AS AN IMAG9$ :OLE BE=E IT IS ACTUALLY TAK54 ,9 ! LAT] DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D !SE DET\RS BECOME WID] & WID] & MORE COMPLICAT$ AS SOCIETY BECOMES MORE COMPLEX4 

,MOREOV]1 !RE IS NOT ONE DET\R2 !RE >E MANY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! GREAT] WEAL? ( MODES ( LIFE ! ACTION CAN TAKE DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,= ?IS IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT EA* S]IES ( POSSIBLE ACTIONS EXI/S BE=EH& AS A S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS2 IT IS !N POSSIBLE TO COMP>E !M & TO MAKE A *OICE4 ,?IS WEI<+ ( ! ONE AGA9/ ! O!R & ?IS *OOS+ ( WAYS COMES TO ! SURFACE ( CONSCI\SNESS AS FREE WILL4 ,?\<T ACQUIRES ! *>ACT] ( 9DEP5D5T ACTIVITY2 ! P]CEPTIONS >E NOT ALL[$ ANY MORE TO L9K UP PASSIVELY 9 PRODUC+ EA* O!R2 EA* ONE IS CALL$ UP & HELD ATT5TIVELY & DELIB]ATELY FITT$ TO ! O!RS1 UNTIL ! RESULT ( EA* CONSECUTIVE ACTION CAN BE =ESE5 & ! S]IES HAS BE5 C>EFULLY BUILT UP 9 ALL ITS L9KS4 

#a#b4 ,! PROCESS ( ?9K+ CONSI/S ( ! 9T]CONNECTION ( ! P]CEPTIONS4 ,:AT AT FIR/ WAS AN AUTOMATIC L9K+ UP IS N[ A TRAVEL+ UP & D[N ! S]IES ( CONNECTIONS & AS SU* A CONSCI\S PROCESS4 ,?\<TS >E NOT 9DEP5D5T 5TITIES1 NOT 0,WES5HEIT501 BUT CONNECTIONS & 9T]RELATIONS4 ,!Y >E NOT A BE+ BUT A PROCESS ( MOVEM5T1 ( A CONT9U\S L9K+ UP & CONNECT+4 0,?9K+ IS DYNAMICAL1 ?\<T IS ASSOCIATION0 7,PI]ON1 P4 #b#h74 ,MOREOV]1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 ! P]CEPTIONS BETWE5 :I* !Y =M ! RELATION1 >E NOT SIMPLE1 /ATIC ?+S EI!R2 EA* P]CEPTION IS AN EXPANSIVE /RUCTURE ( C\NTLESS CONNECTIONS BETWE5 A NUMB] ( DISSIMIL> & NON-SIMULTANE\S S5SATIONS4 ,AT ! SIMPLE/ ?\<T1 AT ! EV5 SIMPL] P]CEPTION1 E4G4 ( A FRUIT1 CONSCI\SNESS D>TS RAPIDLY OV] ! MO/ DIFF]5T REMEMB]$ IMAGES ( AN E>LI] & A LAT] DATE1 VISUAL IMPRESSIONS ( COLOR & =M1 GU/ATORY IMPRESSIONS ( APPETITE & SATIETY1 EXP]I5CES & DESIRES1 ! ONE P]CEPTION ACTIVAT+ & PROVOK+ MANY O!RS2 IT JUMPS FROM ONE IMAGE TO ANO!R QUITE DIFF]5T ONE1 EA* FRAM$ BY & COMP>$ ) O!RS2 IT %OOTS ?R\< ! :OLE WORLD ( ! M9D1 HI!R & ?I!R AS ! IMAGES FLA% UP4 ,MANY PAGES W\LD BE NE$$ TO DESCRIBE 9 DETAIL :AT D>TS ?R\< ! M9D ) ONE S+LE ?\<T4 

,S5SATIONS COME FL[+ 9TO US 9 A CONT9U\S /REAM4 ,BY AN AUTOMATIC PROCESS ACQUIR$ ?R\< LE>N+ & EXP]I5CE SOME ( !M >E 9CORPORAT$ & ORGANIZ$ 9TO ! EXI/+ /ORE ( IMAGES1 SO AS TO =M AN EV] 9CREAS+ WEAL? FILL+ ! CONSCI\SNESS4 ,O!RS REMA9 UNNOTIC$1 S9K+ AWAY 9TO SUBCONSCI\SNESS1 & HEAP+ UP 9 ! D>K DEP?S1 GRADUALLY SMOO?+ \T & AMALGAMAT+4 ,!Y >E ALWAYS PRES5T AS ! BASIS ( ONE'S P]SONAL ATTITUDE T[>DS LIFE1 DET]M9+ HIS 9/9CTIVE ACTIONS - UNTIL P]HAPS A NEW /RONG IMPRESSION OR A PRACTICAL NECESSITY SUDD5LY CALLS !M UP1 9 ! =M ( SPONTANE\S DE$S OR 9TUITIVE JUDGM5TS1 9TO ! DAYLI<T ( CONSCI\SNESS1 & !Y BECOME CONSCI\S P]CEPTIONS4 ,9 ! PROCESS ( ?9K+ ! P]CEPTIONS >E >RANG$1 ! RELAT$ ELEM5TS BE+ ASSEMBL$ & FIX$ 9 CONCEPTS1 & !IR RELATIONS & 9T]CONNECTIONS LAID D[N & EXPRESS$ 9 RULES4 

,! SEP>ATION ( P]CEPTION & ACTION BR+S AB\T :AT WE CALL AUTONOMY ( ?\<T4 ,FROM ! M5TAL /OCK ( COLLECT$ IMPRESSIONS & P]CEPTIONS CONSECUTIVE *A9S >E BUILT UP1 APP>5TLY SPONTANE\SLY1 />T+ FROM !MSELVES1 )\T EXT]NAL CAUSE4 ,!Y >E1 ( C\RSE1 NOT )\T CAUSE2 !RE ALWAYS IS SOME IMPULSE OR OCCASION :I* =MS ! BEG9N+1 BUT IT MAY BE SO IMP]CEPTIBLE ?AT IT IS NOT RECOGNIZ$4 ,ALL !SE *A9S ( ?\<TS !N =M A P]SONAL SPIRITUAL LIFE :I* IS ! S\RCE FROM :I* ALL CONSCI\S ACTIONS SPR+4 

,?IS SEP>ATION IS ALSO ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE1 !ORY BECOM+ 9DEP5D5T ( PRACTICE4 ,!ORY IS ! 9DEP5D5T WEAV+ ( *A9S ( ?\<TS 9TO CONCLUSIONS APPLICABLE TO PRACTICAL ACTIONS4 ,! OBS]VATIONS >E ! MAT]IAL1 & ! !ORETICAL RULES =M ! RESULT4 ,! OBS]VATIONS BECOME PRO( & >GUM5T1 CONSCI\SLY ADVANC$1 ( ! RULE- E4G4 EV] AGA9 AFT] ! COLD ( W9T] SPR+ CAME ) ITS GR[? ( PLANTS & ANIMALS4 ,FROM ?AT ! RULE WAS BUILT UP AS A SUMM>Y & AN EXPECTATION3 ! SEASONS FOLL[ EA* O!R 9 REGUL> ROTATION4 ,OBS]VATION & RULE TOGE!R =M KN[L$GE & SCI5CE4 ,! RULES EXPRESS :AT HAPP5S NORMALLY & :AT1 !RE=E1 MAY BE EXPECT$1 NOT BE+ CONC]N$ ) SECOND>Y & MOM5T>Y OCCURR5CES BUT ) !IR G5]AL BE+4 ,!Y DO NOT SPEAK ( ! CONCRETE FACT1 BUT ( ! AB/RACT CONCEPT3 W9T] IS FOLL[$ BY SPR+4 ,9 ANY P>TICUL> PRACTICAL APPLICATION1 A GIV5 CASE IS ID5TIFI$ ) ! AB/RACTION3 AFT] ?IS W9T] ANO!R SPR+ WILL COME4 ,BY APPLY+ ! RULE TO EA* SEP>ATE CASE FUTURE ACTION IS DET]M9$4 

#a#c4 ,9 ! AB/RACT CONCEPTION ! G5]AL OR COMMON FACTOR ( A GR\P ( PH5OM5A IS EXPRESS$2 ! M9D IS ! ORGAN ( ! G5]ALITY4 0,?R\< ?9K+ ?+S WE MAKE !M 9TO SOME?+ G5]AL0 7,HEGEL74 ,! 5DLESS MULTIPLICITY ( ! PH5OM5A WE CANNOT RETA92 ! M9D SELECTS :AT IS P]MAN5T & COMMON 9 IT1 HOLDS ON TO IT1 & AB/RACTS FROM :AT IS PECULI> & DIFF]5T4 ,:AT IS COMMON & LA/+ IS ESS5TIAL = LIFE2 IT =MS ITSELF 9TO A RULE & IS COND5S$ 9TO A CONCEPTION4 ,EA* SUCCE$+ EXP]I5CE RECOGNIZ$ AS SIMIL> IS 9S]T$ 9TO ?IS /RUCTURE1 OR IS >RANG$ UND] ! EXI/+ RULE2 BY BE+ ACKN[L$G$ AS A SPECIAL CASE ( ! CONCEPTION OR RULE ALREADY KN[N1 EA* IS 9CORPORAT$ & CLASSIFI$1 SO ?AT ! WELL-KN[N CONCLUSIONS APPLY DIRECTLY TO IT4 ,FREQU5TLY1 TOO1 ( C\RSE1 CASES ( WRONG APPLICATION OCCUR1 :5 !RE IS ]ROR BY SUPPOS$ BUT MI/AK5 9S]TION1 LEAD+ TO AN 9CORRECT CONCLUSION & 9APPROPRIATE ACTION1 :I* 9 TURN LEAD TO A *ANGE 9 ! CONCEPTIONS1 & TO TRANS=MATION & IMPROVEM5T ( ! RULES1 I4E4 TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE4 

,! AB/RACT *>ACT] ( ?9K+ 9 CONCEPTIONS :I* *>ACT]IZES MAN LIES NOT SO MU* 9 !IR G5]ALITY BUT *IEFLY 9 !IR 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! =M] DOES1 9 A S5SE1 HOLD = ! ANIMALS TOO1 BUT NOT ! LATT]4 ,AS ) MAN1 SO ) ANIMALS IMAGES ( MEMORY OR P]CEPTIONS EXI/ AS ! COMMON FACTOR ( PREVI\S EXP]I5CE1 &1 SIMIL>LY1 NOT 9 ! =M ( PRECISE DETAILS ( EA* CASE1 BUT RA!R AS A SMOO!D AV]AGE4 ,9 ! ANIMAL1 H[EV]1 ! PROGRESSION REMA9S AN UNSEP>AT$ :OLE FROM IMPRESSION TO ACTION1 & IS NOT DISSOLV$ 9TO ITS ELEM5TS4 ,9 HUMAN ?9K+ !SE ELEM5TS ACQUIRE 9DEP5D5CE [+ TO !IR BE+ %>PLY DET]M9$ AS CONCEPTIONS4 ,AS A CONCEPTION ! IMAGE IS DEF9$1 SEP>AT$ FROM O!RS1 & MA9TA9$ AS AN 9DEP5D5T 5TITY4 ,?US !Y >E ALL SEP>ATELY MANAGEABLE1 & AS SEP>ATE L9KS MAY BE >RANG$1 ?R\< %ORT CAUSAL RELATIONS1 9TO S]IES ( ?\<TS 9 V>I\S WAYS1 UNTIL 9 =E?\<T ! MO/ EFFECTIVE /RUCTURE HAS BE5 OBTA9$4 

,! ANIMAL1 TOO1 9 ITS BEHAVIOR (T5 FOLL[S ! 9DIRECT WAY4 ,WE SPEAK ( CUNN+ ) SOME BEA/S ( PREY2 BUT H]E ! DET\R1 9VOLV+ /EAL+1 HID+1 SPY+1 HAS BECOME A FIX$ HABIT1 IMPR9T$ BY ! /RUGGLE = LIFE4 ,! ANIMAL ALSO CAN MAKE A C]TA9 *OICE1 ) REG>D TO ! MOM5T & ! PLACE ( ATTACK4 ,BUT ?IS *OICE IS LIMIT$ )9 N>R[ M>G9S [+ TO ! LIMITATION ( ! BODILY ORGANS1 :I* IMPOSE C]TA9 HABITS ( LIFE4 ,!SE SPECIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( HUMAN M5TAL LIFE >E1 !RE=E1 ALSO PRES5T 9 SMALL TRACES 9 ! ANIMAL4 ,MAN1 AGA91 HAS NOT GOT !M 9 AN UNLIMIT$ DEGREE1 & HE TOO IS TI$ 9 HIS *OICE TO ! TE*NICAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,!SE1 H[EV]1 [+ TO !IR CONT9UAL DEVELOPM5T1 CREATE MORE & MORE V>I$ =MS ( LIV+1 ) ! FULFILLM5T ( EV] WID] POSSIBILITIES ( LIFE1 :I* R5D] POSSIBLE AN EV] RI*] MULTIPLICITY ( CAUSAL RELATIONS4 ,?US ! SPIRITUAL WORLD ( CONCEPTIONS GR[S4 ,9 ! AB/RACT CONCEPTION AS A SUB/ANTIAL M5TAL ELEM5T LIES ! MO/ SPECIAL *>ACT]I/IC :I* DI/+UI%ES HUMAN ?9K+ FROM ?AT ( ! ANIMAL4 

,I,V4 ,BRA9S 

#a#d4 ,AMONG ! SPECIAL *>ACT]I/ICS DI/+UI%+ MAN FROM ! ANIMAL ! BRA9S HAVE NOT BE5 M5TION$4 ,?IS MAY SEEM /RANGE AS MAN'S SUP]IORITY ABOVE ! ANIMAL HAS TO BE ATTRIBUT$ TO HIS BRA94 ,! BRA9S >E ! ORGAN ( ! 9TELLECT1 ( ! M9D1 & IT IS ?IS :I* AS ! REAL BASIS1 AS ! F9AL FACTOR DET]M9ES MAN AS ! CR[N ( CREATION1 & MA/] ( ! E>?4 ,! APP>5T CONTRADICTION IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! BRA9S ( ! HI<] ANIMALS & ?OSE ( MAN APPE>S AS A QUANTITATIVE ONE ONLY1 & ?AT WE CANNOT 9DICATE A MANIFE/ QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE 

,! QUANTITATIVE DIFF]5CE CONSI/S 9 ! MU* HI<] WEI<T ( ! HUMAN BRA9 7AT AN AV]AGE ( #a#c-#a#d GRAMS7 AS COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ! MO/ HI<LY DEVELOP$ ANIMALS1 ! AN?ROPOIDS 7#d-#e GRAMS74 ,( C\RSE ! M]E WEI<T ( ! BRA9 CANNOT PROVIDE A S\ND CRIT]ION = ! M5TAL LEVEL1 AS ?IS ALSO DEP5DS ON ! BODYSIZE4 ,DUBOIS HAS %[N ?AT ) CLOSELY RELAT$ ANIMALS ( DIFF]5T SIZE ! BRA9-WEI<T *ANGES 9 PROPORTION TO ! #e_/#i? P[] ( ! BODY-WEI<T1 ALMO/ AS ! BODY-SURFACE4 ,BY ELIM9AT+ 9 ?IS WAY ! 9FLU5CE ( ! BODY-WEI<T & BY R$UC+ ALL ANIMALS TO ! SAME BODY-WEI<T1 A FACTOR KN[N AS ! DEGREE ( 0CEPHALIZATION0 REMA9S1 :I* CAN S]VE AS A MEASURE = ! LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! BRA9S4 ,?US ,DUBOIS F\ND ?AT1 :5 COMP>+ DIFF]5T ANIMAL SPECIES1 ! DEGREE ( CEPHALIZATION = RELAT$ SPECIES ALWAYS DIFF]S BY ! FACTOR #b4 ,HE C\LD EXPLA9 IT BY ASSUM+ ?AT ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( A L[] ANIMAL 9TO A HI<] A MUTATION TAKES PLACE 9 :I* ALL BRA9CELLS SPLIT 9 TWO1 & ?US D\BLE !IR NUMB]4 ,R$UC$ TO A BODY-WEI<T ( #a KILOGRAMS ! BRA9-WEI<T = AN?ROPOIDS W\LD BE #d#e1 :IL/ ?AT = MAN W\LD BE #a#f#e1 :I* IS NE>LY F\R TIMES AS MU*4 

,IT HAS BE5 POSSIBLE SUBSEQU5TLY TO %[ FROM A GREAT] MASS ( DATA 7,R4 ,BRUMMELKAMP1 ,BRA9WEI<T & ,BODYSIZE7 ?AT ! REAL RATE ( 9CREASE IS NOT #b BUT #b .<ROOT ( #b.>1 SO ?AT TWO SMALL LEAPS TAKE ! PLACE ( ,DUBOIS' ONE LEAP4 ,9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 ?IS A MORE COMPLICAT$ SEQU5CE ( PROCESSES HAS TO BE ASSUM$4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 :AT HAS BE5 OBS]V$ ( ! M5TAL LIFE ( ANIMALS AGREES RA!R WELL ) ! CEPHALIZATION F\ND1 SO ?AT ! FUR!R ONE DESC5DS 9 ! ORD]S ( ! MAMMALS1 ! L[] ! CEPHALIZATION 7LUNGOOR #c#f1 LEMUR #a#h#c1 WOLF & FOX #b#d1 CAT & LION #b1 PAN!R #d#b#e1 BE> #c#b1 ELEPHANT #g#c1 HORSE & ASS #b#g1 HIPPOPOTAMUS #a#b1 H>E & RABBIT #a#a1 M\SE & RAT #e1 MOLE #d#g1 ANTEAT] #a#g1 >MADILLO #e#c1 ALL !SE FIGURES REPRES5T+ GRAMS R$UC$ TO A BODYWEI<T ( #a KILOGRAMS74 ,BUT !RE >E ALSO /RANGE VALUES AMONG !M3 SEAL #f#c1 SEALION #h#g1 DOLPH9 #a#g1 :I* W\LD PLACE SU* ANIMALS WELL ABOVE ! AN?ROPOIDS - A ?+ ONE W\LD NOT1 NOT)/&+ !IR CUNN+1 D$UCE FROM !IR BEHAVIOR4 ,AL?\< NO SATISFACTORY EXPLANATION ( ?IS HAS AS YET BE5 GIV51 WE MAY YET SAY ?AT ! CEPHALIZATION !ORY = ! FIR/ TIME ALL[S US TO EXPRESS 9 PRECISE FIGURES ! SUP]IORITY ( ! HUMAN BRA9S AS COMP>$ ) ?OSE ( ! ANIMALS4 

#a#e4 ,! /RUCTURE ( ! BRA91 ( C\RSE1 IS LIKELY TO %[ ?IS TOO4 ,9 V]Y L[ CLASSES ( ANIMALS1 N]VECELLS >E ALREADY PRES5T1 & !SE1 [+ TO !IR REM>KABLE L5G?1 S]VE TO CONDUCT ! /IMULI QUICKLY FROM ! ONE P>T ( ! BODY TO ! O!R1 :]E ! APPROPRIATE MOVEM5T ( REACTION HAS TO BE C>RI$ \T4 ,) HI<] CLASSES ( ANIMALS C5T]S >E =M$ TO :I* ! /IMULI RECEIV$ BY ! V>I\S S5SORY N]VES >E C>RI$ & :]E !Y >E COLLECT$ SO ?AT ! MOVEM5T NECESSITAT$ BY ! COLLECTIVE RESULT IS DISPAT*$ !NCE TO ! ORGANS ( MOVEM5T BY ! MOTOR N]VES4 ,) ! V]TEBRATES ! BRA9 =MS ! C5TRAL ORGAN S]V+ ?IS PURPOSE4 ,H]E ON TOP ( ! OLD]1 PRIMITIVE SY/EMS NEW ONES HAVE BE5 BUILT SO ?AT A /RUCTURE HAS COME 9TO BE+1 SO TO SPEAK1 9 /ORIES1 7UNE ORGANISATOR A ETAGES1 ,PI]ON1 P4 #h74 ,! N]VE C5T]S ( 0! BRA91 SP9AL *ORD1 & SYMPA!TIC GANGLIA SCATT]$ ?R\<\T ! BODY >E >RANG$ 9 'LEVELS' OR HI]>*IES1 EA* HI<] LEVEL CONTROLL+ ?OSE BEL[ IT0 7,JUDSON ,H]RICK1 #b#d1 P4 #a#a#i74 ,! L[E/ /AGE ) ! MAMMALS &1 !RE=E1 ) MAN TOO1 IS =M$ BY ! AUTONOM\S N]V\S SY/EM1 A DELICATE NETWORK P]MEAT+ ALL ! 9T]VAL ORGANS1 BLOOD VESSELS1 MUSCLES1 TISSUES & GL&S1 CONTROLL+ & REGULAT+ !IR ACTIVITY1 )\T ANY ( IT COM+ TO ! SURFACE ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?R\< ! N]VE-BUNDLES ( ! SP9AL CORD IT IS CONNECT$ TO ! BRA9S1 ! C5TRAL ORGAN :I* KEEPS ALL LIFE PROCESSES BALANC$ 9 H>MONIEUS COOP]ATION1 RECEIV+ ALL \TSIDE /IMULI FROM ! S5SES1 & SETT+ ! MUSCLES 9 MOTION4 ,!IR OLDE/ P>T1 ! OBLONGATA & ?ALAMUS 7BRA9/EM71 ! C]EBELLUM & OLFACTORY C5T]1 :IL/ =M+ ! *IEF MASS 9 ! L[E/ V]TEBRATES1 ! FI%ES & AMPHIBIANS1 COMPRISE ) ! MAMMALS LESS ?AN HALF4 ,?IS /ORY IS CONSID]$ FIR/LY TO BE ! SEAT ( ! SIMPLE/ S5SATIONS1 SU* AS PLEASURE & GRIEF1 PA9 & EMOTION1 & SECONDLY TO P]=M ! DELICATE REGULATION1 ! KEEP+ 9 GOOD ORD] ( ! BODILY FUNCTIONS1 & ! BALANC+ 9 EV]Y MOVEM5T1 ALL USUALLY BE+ \TSIDE CONSCI\SNESS4 

,SUP]IOR TO !SE >E ! NEW BRA9S :I* COV] ! =M]1 LIKE A MANTLE 7PALLIUM74 ,!SE >E B>ELY EXI/5T ) FI%ES1 & >E SMALL ) REPTILES1 BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY DEVELOP$ 9 ! S]IES ( MAMMALS1 & ) MAN =M+ ! MA9 P>T ( ! BRA9S4 ,!Y CONSI/ ( A :ITE NUCLEUS SURR\ND$ BY A GRAY CORTEX4 ,) MAN ?IS CORTEX CONSI/S ( A GRAY LAY] ( 9T]TW9$ S+LE N]VE CELLS1 :I* HAS AN AV]AGE ?ICKNESS ( #d MM 74#a#f 97 ) A TOTAL SURFACE ( AB\T #aa CM#b .<SQ4 CM.> 7#a#f#i SQ4 97 & IS FOLD$ UP 9 A GREAT MANY FOLDS 9 ! SMALL SPACE )9 ! SKULL 79T]NAL SURFACE AB\T #g CM#b .<SQ4 CM.> OR #aa SQ4 97 LIKE A PIECE ( PAP] CRUMPL$ UP 9 ONE'S FI/4 ,! ?ICKNESS ( ! CORTEX 9 ! S]IES ( MAMMALS IS NOT SY/EMATICALLY DIFF]5T & ! SURFACE 9CREASES EQUALLY ) ! CEPHALIZATION4 ,SO ) MAN IT IS F\R TIMES AS L>GE AS ) AN AN?ROPOID ( ! SAME SIZE2 ! EXT]NAL SURFACE %[S A MU* GREAT] NUMB] ( FOLDS & MU* DEEP] ONES1 SO ?AT ! EXT]NAL APPE>ANCE GIVES ! IMPRESSION ( A MORE COMPLICAT$ &1 H5CE1 HI<] ORGANIZATION4 ,)9 LIES ! :ITE BRA9 MASS1 ! M>R[-COV]+S ( C\NTLESS N]VE FIB]S1 :I* >E ?US SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R LIKE 9SULAT$ WIRES1 & :I* CONNECT ! V>I\S P>TS ( ! CORTEX ) EA* O!R & ) ! L[] C5T]S1 ! ?ALAMUS & ! C]EBELLUM4 ,! CORTEX IS ! SUPREME ORGAN :I* 9 ! LA/ RESORT DOM9ATES ALL ! L[] ONES2 H]E1 VIA ! L[] C5T]S1 ! /IMULI ( ! S5SES CONV]GE1 & >E COMB9$ & 9TEGRAT$ - AS F> AS ! L[] C5T]S HAVE NOT ALREADY BE5 ABLE SUFFICI5TLY TO COPE ) !M - & ! RESULT IS CONDUCT$ ?R\< ! MOTOR N]VES TO ! ORGANS ( MOTION4 ,! CORTEX IS ! ORGAN ( ! DELIB]ATE BODY MOVEM5TS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ( CONSCI\S ACT+4 ,!SE PROCESSES 9 ! CORTEX >E MO/LY ACCOMPANI$ BY CONSCI\SNESS2 !Y =M ! MAT]IAL BACKGR\ND ( M5TAL LIFE4 

,! /RUCTURE 9 /ORIES APPE>S TO BE ! RESULT ( AN EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD4 ,! PRIMITIVE ME*ANISMS AT HI<] /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T HAVE NOT BE5 SUB/ITUT$ BY BETT] ONES2 !Y REMA9 9 USE1 BUT ON ! TOP ( !M ! MORE COMPLICAT$ ME*ANISMS >E =M$ AS HI<] RESORTS1 DEAL+ ) ! MORE COMPLICAT$ CASES ( A RI*] LIFE1 :I* >E BEYOND ! CONTROL ( ! ORIG9AL ONES4 ,:ILE ! EXT]NAL 9FLU5CES REA* ! CORTEX VIA ! L[] C5T]S & ! MOTOR IMPULSES TRAVEL VIA ! SAME PA?S 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 ! C5TRAL REGULATION ( ALL ACTIONS 9 LIFE RE/S ON A COOP]ATION 9 :I* ! CORTEX *OOSES & DECIDES ON ! EXECUTION OR >RE/+ ( ANY ACTION4 0,! ?ALAMUS SUPPLIES ! EMOTIONAL COLOR+1 ! AGREEABLE OR DISAGREEABLE QUALITY1 & ! SIMPLE IMPULSIVE DRIVES2 ! CORTEX SUPPLIES ! 9TELLIG5T GUIDANCE & RATIONAL CONTROL0 7,JUDSON ,H]RICK1 #b#d1 P4 #a#a#h74 

,! CORTEX CONSI/S ( A D5SE NETWORK ( AB\T #i MILLION N]VE-CELLS 7NEURONS74 ,FROM EA* N]VE-CELL EM]GE FIR/LY A NUMB] ( N]VE-?READS 7D5DRITES71 :I* AT !IR 5DS BRAN* \T LIKE TREES & RECEIVE & CONDUCT ! /IMULI1 & SECONDLY A S+LE1 SOMETIMES V]Y LONG1 EFF]5T N]VE-?READ 7NEURITE OR AXON71 SIMIL>LY SPLIT UP AT ! 5D 9TO F9E BRAN*ES1 :I* ABDUCES ! /IMULI & NE/LES AGA9/ ANO!R CELL 7N]VE-D5DRITE1 MUSCLE- OR ORGAN-CELL74 ,?US EXT]NAL /IMULI 7E4G4 LI<T FALL+ ON A N]VE 5D 9 ! RET9A1 OR T\* AFFECT+ A N]VE 9 ! F+]-TIP7 >E CONVEY$ TO ! SUCCESSIVE N]VE CELLS :I* COLLECT !M1 COMB9E & CONDUCT !IR ACTION1 UNTIL VIA MORE OR FEW] 9T]M$IATE /ATIONS !Y REA* ! CORTEX4 ,! SAME OBTA9S CONV]SELY1 FROM ! C]EBRAL CORTEX TO ! MUSCLES4 ,ORIG9ALLY1 !RE WAS )9 ! CORTEX A LAY] ( SMALL N]VE-CELLS 7SO-CALL$ GRANUL> CELLS7 BEL[ AN \T] LAY] ( N]VE-FIB]S COM+ FROM ELSE:]E4 ,!SE GRANUL>1 OR S5SORIAL1 CELLS RECEIVE ! /IMULUS & PASS IT ON VIA %ORT AXONS TO ! NEXT LAY]4 ,?IS DEEP] LAY] ( ! CORTEX CONSI/S ( L>G] N]VE-CELLS 7SO-CALL$ PYRAMID CELLS71 ! MOTOR CELLS CONVEY+ ! MOTOR-/IMULUS VIA AXONS1 (T5 V]Y LONG1 TO ! MORE DEEPLY SITUAT$ C5T]S1 & 9 ?IS MANN] TO ! MUSCLES4 ,:5 FULLY DEVELOP$1 9 HUMAN BRA9S1 !RE >E USUALLY TWO1 & SOMETIMES MORE ( !SE ALT]NATIVE LAY]S2 9/EAD ( !SE SIMPLE UP & D[N CONNECTIONS !Y =M AN 9NUM]ABLE MASS ( CROSS-CONNECTIONS L9K+ TOGE!R ALL P>TS ( ! CORTEX4 ,! NUMB] ( POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS BETWE5 #i MILLION CELLS IS SO IMM5SELY L>GE & TOTALLY BEYOND ! P[]S ( \R IMAG9ATION1 ?AT IT CAN BE REG>D$ AS BE+ PRACTICALLY 9F9ITE4 ,A S+LE TWO BY TWO CONNECTION ALREADY RESULTS 9 TRILLIONS ( POSSIBILITIES4 ,?US ! TOTAL AM\NT ( POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS CAN (F] AN ADEQUATE DIRECTIVE ME*ANISM = ! MO/ COMPLICAT$ RELATIONS ( LIFE & A SUFFICI5T MAT]IAL BASIS = ! MO/ ABUNDANT & V>I$ SPIRITUAL LIFE4 0,! KN[N COMPLEXITY ( ! BRA91 & ESPECIALLY ( ! C]EBRAL CORTEX1 IS ADEQUATE = ANY !ORETIC EXPLANATION ( C]EBRAL FUNCTION :ATSOEV]4 ,!RE IS NO DE>? ( ME*ANISM04 7,JUDSON ,H]RICK1 #b#c1 P4 #b#a74 

#a#f4 ,! 9VE/IGATION ( ! :OLE /RUCTURE ( CONNECTIONS1 & ! LAB\RI\S DET]M9+ ( ! FUNCTIONS ( EA* ( ! P>TS1 9 !IR RELATION TO S5SATIONS1 CONSCI\SNESS & ?\<T1 ! SUBJECT ( NEUROLOGY1 IS ! DISCOV]Y & DISCLOSURE ( A NEW & WELLNI< UNLIMIT$ WORLD4 ,!REBY IT APPE>$ ?AT C]TA9 >EAS ( ! C]EBRAL CORTEX P]=M$ SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS4 ,! IMPRESSIONS ( LI<T ON ! EYES >E CONDUCT$ BY ! OPTIC N]VES TO ! OPTIC ?ALAMUS1 & !NCE TO ! OCCIPITAL LOBES ( ! CORTEX1 ! ORGAN ( VISUAL P]CEPTION4 ,! LOBES LY+ AGA9/ ! LEFT & RI<T TEMPLES CON/ITUTE ! ORGAN ( HE>+4 ,ABOVE !M1 9 ! SIDE LOBES BETWE5 =EHEAD & OCCIPUT1 >E ! C5T]S = ! /IMULI EMANAT+ FROM ! :OLE BODY1 ! SK9 & MUSCLES1 = G5]AL BODILY S5SATION2 SEP>ATE DETAIL$ S5SORY >EAS = ! SEP>ATE LIMBS1 SITUAT$ SIDE BY SIDE CAN BE DI/+UI%$ H]E4 ,9 FRONT ( !SE & AGA9/ ! FRONTAL LOBES ! MOTOR C5T]S >E SITUAT$2 !SE CONSI/ ( L>GE PYRAMID CELLS ( :I* ! /IMULI CONTROL ! MOTION ( ! V>I\S P>TS ( ! BODY4 

,N[ & AGA9 ONE 5C\NT]S ! OP9ION1 & ESPECIALLY 9 POPUL> WRIT+S1 ?AT ! SPECIFICATION GOES /ILL DEEP]1 D[N TO CELL-GR\PS & SEP>ATE CELLS1 & ?AT !SE >E ! C>RI]S ( IMAGES1 P]CEPTIONS & CONCEPTIONS4 ,?US ,ROHRA*] 7P4 #f7 /ATES ?AT 0!RE SEEM TO BE SPECIAL MEMORY CELLS01 & HE SPEAKS ( A 0READ+ C5T]0 7P4 #f#f7 9 :I* 9 ! CASE ( CIVILIZ$ P]SONS ! LETT]S >E FIX$4 ,H[EV]1 HE IS NOT QUITE C]TA9 AS TO ! CONSEQU5CES3 >E !RE CELLS P>TICUL>LY 9T5D$ = COMB9ATIONS ( CONCEPTIONS1 SU* AS ! QUANTUM !ORY OR H\SEKEEP+-MONEY8 ,L>G] P>TS ?AN SIMPLE CELL-GR\PS MAY BE HAD 9 VIEW BY ,W4 ,HANNA ,?OMSON :]E HE WRITES3 0.<444.> 9 A SMALL PAT* ( GRAY MATT] NOT L>G] ?AN A HAZEL NUT .<444.> IS /OR$ EV]Y WORD ?AT CAN BE SPOK50 7P4 #i#d71 & FUR!R ON3 0,WE ?9K 9 WORDS1 & = ?AT PURPOSE WE REGI/] \R WORD MEMORIES 9 !IR LAB\RI\SLY PREP>$ BRA9 PLACES0 7P4 #a#i74 ,9 ANO!R S5T5CE1 H[EV]1 HE COMP>ES 0?OSE SPEE* >EAS TO ! %ELVES ( A LIBR>Y ) WORDS >RANG$ !REON LIKE SO MANY VOLUMES0 7P4 #i#f74 ,CONV]SELY1 ,PI]ON /ATES ?AT 0IT IS A *ILDI% IDEA TO IMAG9E ?AT ! N]VES CON/ITUTE A W>EH\SE 9 :I* LITTLE PICTURES1 PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES ( EV5TS :I* HAVE EFFECT$ ! S5SATION1 CAN BE /OR$0 7L4C41 P4 #b#d#a74 ,9 ACTUAL FACT ! BRA9 CELLS 9 ! V>I\S-CORTEX->EAS >E ID5TICAL1 COMPOS$ ( ! SAME PROTOPLASMIC /RUCTURE ) SIMIL> NUCLEI4 ,!IR DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS >E DET]M9$ BY !IR DIFF]5T CONNECTIONS4 ,M5TAL PROCESSES >E NOT DI/+UI%$ 9 BE+ BORNE BY P>TICUL> CELLS1 BUT 9 HAV+ P>TICUL> CONNECTIONS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT IDEAS >E NOT 5TITIES BUT RELATIONS1 ! MAT]IAL SUB/RATUM ( ?\<T IS NOT ! BIOLOGICAL & *EMICAL CONT5TS ( ! BRA9 CELLS1 BUT ! /RUCTURE ( !IR RELATIONS1 I4E4 !IR CONNECTIONS4 ,ONE MAY DRAW ! ANALOGY ( A RAILWAY TRAFFIC APP>ATUS ! ESS5CE ( :I* DOES NOT CONSI/ ( ! /RUCTURE ( WELLNI< SIMIL> /ATIONS1 BUT ( ! /RUCTURE ( ! NETWORK ( RAIL CONNECTIONS1 & CAN BE RECOGNIZ$ BY IT4 ,!RE >E NO SPECIAL CELLS OR GR\PS ( CELLS 9 ! OCCIPITAL LOBE1 9 :I* ! CORRELATIE ( C]TA9 LETT]S HAS BE5 FIX$4 ,! VISUAL IMAGE ( ONE S+LE LETT] /IMULATES MANY HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( ! MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ MILLION CONES & RODS ( ! RET9A4 ,EA* ( !SE UND]GOES *ANGES ( LI<T1 D>KNESS1 & COLOR DUR+ ! RAPID & 9VOLUNT>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! EYEBALL & ! HEAD1 & CAUSE AN UNLIMIT$ :OLE ( N]VE-CELLS & N]VE-FIB]S ( ! 9W>D & \TW>D TRACKS TO COME 9TO ACTION4 ,! CORRELATION ( ALL !SE PROCESSES1 DET]M9$ BY ! /RUCTURE ( ! CONNECTIONS1 IS PROJECT$ \TW>DS AS ! VISUAL IMAGE RECOGNIZ$ AS SU*4 

#a#g4 ,! CONVEY+ ( ! /IMULUS FROM ONE N]VE-CELL TO ANO!R TAKES PLACE 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !SE CELLS >E *>G$1 AS IT W]E1 OR >E UND] T5SION1 & !N >E DIS*>G$1 ! T5SION BE+ RELEAS$1 BY ! /IMULUS AT ! S5SITIVE SURFACE1 :]EBY ! POT5TIAL 5]GY 7OBTA9$ FROM ! *EMICAL 5]GY ( FOOD7 IS RELEAS$ & BECOMES AVAILABLE = CONVEY+ ! MESSAGE TO ! NEXT N]VE CELL4 ,?US ! N]V\S EMOTION PROGRESSES AS A CURR5T4 0,! SIGNAL IS A BRIEF LOCAL DEPOL>IZATION ( ! ELECTRICALLY POL>IZ$ SURFACE-LAY] ( ! N]VE-?READ1 & ! SIGNAL 9VOLVES FREE+ ( 5]GY & DEVELOPM5T ( A TEMPOR>Y ELECTRICAL LEAK :I* WILL TRAVEL ALONG ! FIB] OR OV] ! N]VE NET4 ,BY REPOL>ISATION 9 ! WAKE ( ! SIGNAL ! TRANSMITT+ SURFACE IS REPAIR$ & MADE READY = A SECOND SIGNAL .<444.>4 ,!SE JUNCTIONAL PO9TS >E (T5 CONV]G5CE PO9TS = SEV]AL L9ES FROM SEV]AL DIRECTIONS4 ,>RIV$ !RE SIGNALS CONV]G5T FROM SEV]AL L9ES MAY COALESCE & MAY RE9=CE EA* O!R'S EXCIT+ P[]4 ,AT SU* PO9TS TOO APPE>S A PROCESS :I*1 9/EAD ( EXCIT+1 QUELLS & PRECLUDES EXCITATION4 ,?IS 9HIBITION1 LIKE ITS OPPOSITE PROCESS1 EXCITATION1 DOES NOT TRAVEL4 ,IT IS EVOK$1 H[EV]1 BY TRAVEL+ SIGNALS NOT DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?OSE :I* CALL =? EXCITEM5T .<444.>4 ,!SE TWO OPPOS$ PROCESSES1 EXCITATION & 9HIBITION1 CO-OP]ATE AT NODAL PO9T AFT] NODAL PO9T 9 ! N]VE CIRCUITS4 ,!IR JO9T OP]ATION AT ANY MOM5T SETTLES :AT WILL BE ! CONDUCTION PATT]N1 & SO ! MOTOR \TCOME1 ( ! SIGNAL+ GO+ =W>D 9 ! BRA940 7,%]R+TON1 P4 #a#a-#a#c74 

,! TRANSMISSION ( ! N]V\S CURR5T (T5 WORKS AS A RELAY1 :]EBY A V]Y FEEBLE ELECTRIC CURR5T OP5S ! TRACK = A /RONG] CURR5T4 ,EA* CONSECUTIVE /EP 9 ! CONNECT$ TRACK 9CREASES ! AVAILABLE 5]GY4 ,!RE=E ! C]EBRAL CORTEX DOES NOT ONLY ACT AS A SWIT*BO>D ) MILLIONS ( FUZES1 BUT ALSO IS AN AMPLIFY+ APP>ATUS ?R\< :I* ALMO/ IMP]CEPTIBLE 5]GY IMPULSES COM+ FROM \TSIDE OR FROM )9 ! BODY >E 9CREAS$ TO GREAT EFFECTS4 0,! :OLE CORTICAL APP>ATUS IS W\ND UP & SET ON A TRIGG] SO ?AT ITS LAT5T RES]VES ( MOTOR P[] & MEMORY PATT]NS MAY BE RELEAS$ BY ! SLI<TE/ IMPULSE SET 9 MOTION BY SOME EXT]NAL EV5T OR SOME *ANGE 9 ! 9T]IOR ( ! BODY40 7,JUDSON ,H]RICK1 #b#d1 P4 #a#b#b74 ,H]RICK QUOTES ! EXAMPLE ( A MAN ON A %IP4 ,:5 ?IS MAN SEES A FA9T SPOT ( LI<T 9 ! DI/ANCE 7EFFECT+ P]HAPS ONLY A MILLION? ( AN ]G ON TO ! RET9A7 ! :OLE ( HIS BRA9 APP>ATUS COMES 9TO ACTION & !REBY ! MUSCLE APP>ATUS ( HIS BODY IS SET 9 EFFICI5T MOTION4 ,?IS CAN EV5 CAUSE ! GREAT 5G9ES ( ! %IP TO FUNCTION4 

,DUR+ EA* SMALL FRACTION ( A SECOND ! LOAD+ & UNLOAD+ CONT9UALLY FLA%ES ?R\< ! 9NUM]ABLE N]VE FIB]S1 & ! CURR5TS FROM ! N]V\S REACTIONS PASS ?R\< ! CONDUCTION TRACKS1 N[ HALT$1 !N AMPLIFI$1 FL[+ TOGE!R OR SPREAD+ \T4 ,IT HAS PREVI\SLY BE5 PO9T$ \T ?AT ! EXT5T ( ! SIMPLE/ ?\<T W\LD REQUIRE MANY PAGES TO BE DESCRIB$4 ,IT CAN BE ADD$ N[ ?AT EA* L9E ( ?IS DESCRIPTION SIGNIFIES AN IMM5SE QUANTITY ( BRA9 PROCESSES & ( SPECIFICALLY DET]M9$ /IMULI CURR5TS FL[+ VIA TRACKS CONSI/+ ( MILLIONS ( NEURONS4 ,SO ! CONNECTION ( M5TAL LIFE & BRA9S SURELY CANNOT BE DESCRIB$ BY WAY ( !SE PROCESSES1 BUT %\LD BE S\<T 9 ! CORRELATION BETWE5 ! /RUCTURE ( P]CEPTIONS1 CONCEPTIONS & IDEAS1 & ! /RUCTURE ( ! NETWORK ( ! N]VE CONNECTIONS4 ,CONSCI\SNESS ITSELF ( C\RSE CANNOT BE D$UC$ FROM ! /RUCTURE & ! PROCESSES ( ! BRA9S4 

,! BRA9S H[EV] DO MORE4 ,! IMPRESSIONS & ! /IMULI >E NOT ONLY TRANSMITT$ & AMPLIFI$1 BUT >E ALSO COLLECT$ & /OR$4 ,! BRA9S >E ! >*IVES ( ! 5TIRE LIFE-HI/ORY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 FIX+ ALL PA/ EXP]I5CES 9 /RUCTURAL =MATIONS4 0,?IS ORGAN IS A M>VEL\S REGI/RATION APP>ATUS4 ,(T5 A S+LE /IMULUS IS SUFFICI5T TO PRODUCE A LA/+ IMPRESSION0 7,G4 ,BOHN1 P4 #c#b#h74 ,SURELY MAN MU/ MANAGE ) ! N9E MILLI>D NEURONS ) :I* HE WAS BORN1 AS NO NEW NEURONS >E EV] ADD$4 ,?OSE :I* HE HAS1 H[EV]1 DEVELOP 9 A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 0,! EXT5SION1 ! GR[? & ! MULTIPLICATION ( ! APP5DICES ( ! NEURONS1 = ?AT MATT]1 DO NOT /OP AT BIR?1 BUT CONT9UE AFT] BIR? .<444.>4 ,EX]CISE NO D\BT IS NOT =EIGN TO !SE MODIFICATIONS1 :I* PROBABLY ) CULTUR$ MAN >E MORE M>K$ 9 C]TA9 SPH]ES4 ,! ABS5CE ( EX]CISE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 MU/ BR+ AB\T1 DUR+ ! P]IOD ( GR[? & EV5 AT AN ADULT AGE1 9 ! 9ACTIVE SPH]ES ( AN $UCAT$ P]SON AS WELL AS 9 ! BRA9 ( UN$UCAT$ MAN !SE PH5OM5A ( RESORPTION .<444.> :I* H]E BETRAY !MSELVES BY =GETFULNESS40 7,RAMON Y ,CAJAL1 P4 #a#h#h7 7#e74 ,C]TA9 CONNECTIONS DEVELOP$ 9 CORRELATION ) HABITS ( LIFE2 9 CONSEQU5CE ( A MORE 9T5SIVE USE A L>G] QUANTITY ( BRAN*+S & A GREAT] WEAL? ( CONNECTIONS CORRESPOND TO A GREAT] PLA/ICITY 9 BEHAVIOR4 0,! NEWLY CREAT$ CELLUL> EXPANSIONS DO NOT PROCE$ BY *ANCE2 !Y MU/ ORI5TATE !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO ! DOM9AT+ N]VE CURR5TS1 OR AGA9 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! 9T]CELLUL> ASSOCIATION1 :I* IS ! OBJECT ( ! REIT]AT$ REQUE/S ( ! WILL0 7IB41 P4 #a#h#i74 ,! N]VE-CELLS !MSELVES ALSO MIGRATE 9 ! DIRECTION T[>DS ! /IMULI 5T]+ !M 7,>I5S ,KAPP]S1 ON NEUROBIOTAXIS1 PASSIM74 ,AL?\< NOT ALL ! DETAILS >E KN[N ( ! ME*ANISM CAUS+ NEW CONNECTIONS TO BE MADE & EXI/+ ONES TO BE FACILITAT$ OR /R5G!N$1 IT IS A FACT ?AT IT DOES TAKE PLACE4 ,?IS !N IS ! BASIS = LE>N+1 = ! CON/ANT ACQUIR+ ( FRE% KN[L$GE1 & ALSO = ! SPONTANE\S MEMORY PROCESSES1 = ! LAT] REPRODUCTION ( ! IMAGES1 & = ! =MATION ( CONCEPTIONS4 ,S9CE ! BRA9S >E A PLA/IC ORGAN 9 :I* ! BILLIONS ( POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS & 9T]TW9+S ( N]VE FIB]S >E SELECT$1 EFFECT$1 E/ABLI%$ & DET]M9$ BY ! 9FLU5CES ( LIFE1 ALL EXP]I5CES GA9$ 9 LIFE CAN BE FIX$ !RE91 & ?US CONDUCT FUR!R ON ! REACTIONS & DET]M9E BEHAVIOR4 ,! HI<] DEGREE ( CEPHALIZATION ( ! HI<] MAMMALS1 COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ! L[] ONES1 SIGNIFIES A GREAT] WEAL? ( 9T]CORTICAL CONNECTIONS1 & !RE=E MORE POSSIBILITIES ( REACT+ DIFF]5TLY ) REG>D TO ! MORE COMPLICAT$ CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 AS WELL AS A GREAT] CAPACITY = LE>N+1 9 %ORT A GREAT] 9TELLIG5CE4 

#a#h4 ,SIMIL>LY ! C]EBRAL CORTEX FUNCTIONS ) MAN4 ,H]E1 H[EV]1 :5 COMP>$ ) ! MO/ HI<LY DEVELOP$ ANIMALS1 A QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE ( CONSCI\SNESS BECOMES APP>5T1 9 ! =M ( ! AUTONOMY ( AB/RACT REASON+1 :I* AS ! SUPREME 9/ANCE CONTROLS ! M5TAL PROCESSES1 & !REBY ! BODILY ACTIONS4 ,IS !RE ALSO AN ORGAN 9 ! BRA9S CORRESPOND+ TO IT1 CONTROLL+ ! WORK+ ( ! RE/ ( ! CORTEX 9 ! SAME MANN]8 

,FROM ! E>LIE/ TIMES IT HAS BE5 ASSUM$1 ?AT ! SEAT ( HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE WAS 9 ! =EHEAD4 ,A HI< =EHEAD WAS TAK5 TO BE A SIGN ( A HI< SPIRITUAL LEVEL2 ! MORE SLOP+ =EHEAD ( ! L[] & LESS 9TELLIG5T RACES WAS ACCEPT$ AS AN 9DICATION ( AN 9F]IOR DEVELOPM5T ( ! FRONTAL BRA9S1 & ! DIFF]5CE IS /ILL MORE PRON\NC$ 9 APES4 ,?IS OP9ION IS EXPRESS$ 9 A MORE SCI5TIFIC =M BY LEAD+ NEUROLOGI/S4 ,?US ,BIAN*I /ATES3 0,I HOLD ?AT AB/RACT ?\<T MU/ ( NECESSITY REQUIRE P>TICUL> ORGANS & ?OSE ,I F9D 9 ! FRONTAL BRA940 7P4 #g74 ,& FUR!R ON3 0,! ASSOCIATIVE PA?S ?AT UNITE ! S5SORY CORTEX ) ! FRONTAL LOBES HAVE A TW(OLD (FICE3 FIR/1 ?AT ( 9=M+ ! HI<] CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MODIFICATIONS ( ! K9ES!SIS & ( ALL ! NEW P]CEPTS ACQUIR$ BY ! P]SONALITY BY MEANS ( ! S5SORY C5T]S2 SECOND1 ?AT ( P]MITT+ ! HI<] CONSCI\SNESS TO SELECT & RECALL ?OSE IMAGES REGI/]$ 9 ! S5SORY CORTEX ?AT1 9 ! VICISSITUDES ( M5TAL & PHYSICAL LIFE1 >E REPUT$ NECESS>Y = ! PURPOSES ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE & = HI<] REASON+ .<444.>40 7P4 #b#h74 ,LIKEWISE ,TILNEY SAYS3 0,! FRONTAL LOBE .<444.> IS N[ CR$IT$ ) SU* FUNCTIONS AS ?OSE CONNECT$ ) ! REGULATION ( ! HI<] FACULTIES ( ! M9D1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( P]SONALITY1 ! =MATION ( ALL ! ASSOCIATIONAL MEMORIES :I* .<444.> BESPEAK ! DEGREE ( 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T40 7P4 #g#h#i74 ,CORRESPOND+LY1 FROM APE-LIKE & FROM PRIMITIVE TO LAT] MAN ?IS P>T ( ! BRA9S HAS DEVELOP$ MO/ ( ALL4 0,TRAC$ ?R\< ALL !IR 9T]M$IATE /EPS UPW>D IT IS EXACTLY !SE PRE-FRONTAL & FRONTAL REGIONS :I* MANIFE/ ! MO/ CONSPICU\S DEVELOPM5T40 7IB41 
P4 #i#c#e74 

,IT IS A CURI\S ?+1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! CONT5TION :I* REG>DS ! FRONTAL BRA9S AS BE+ ! SPECIAL ORGAN ( HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE1 HAS NOT BE5 EXPLICITLY SUPPORT$ BY NEUROLOGICAL RESE>*4 ,9 CASES ( DISEASE1 :5 C]TA9 O!R P>TS ( ! CORTEX W]E DE/ROY$1 ! CAPACITIES ( 9TELLIG5CE W]E LO/4 ,! REMOVAL ( ! FRONTAL LOBE ( APES1 ON ! O!R H&1 PRODUC$ NO *ANGE 9 ! EFFECTIVE CONNECTION ( ALL ACTIONS2 :AT DID DISAPPE> WAS ! ACTIVE ATT5TIV5ESS1 ! C>EFUL 9VE/IGAT+ CURIOSITY1 ! CUNN+ %9+ ( ! EYES1 & ! CONTROL ( IMPULSES4 ,?US ,BIAN*I1 ON ACC\NT ( !SE EXP]IM5TS1 9DICAT$ ! FRONTAL LOBES AS ! ORGAN ( ATT5TION4 ,GOLTZ HAD PREVI\SLY /AT$ ?AT 9TELLIG5CE HAD NO MORE TO DO ) ! FRONTAL LOBE ?AN IS CONTA9$ 9 ITS ASSOCIATION ) O!R P>TS ( ! BRA94 ,MUNK PUT IT 9 ?IS WAY ?AT 9TELLIG5CE HAS ITS SEAT EV]Y:]E 9 ! C]EBRAL CORTEX & NOT 9 ANY P>TICUL> P>T 7CF4 ,BIAN*I1 P4 #g#d-#g#g74 ,FLE*SIG ALSO HELD ?IS OP9ION4 ,HE DESCRIBES H[ !RE >E C]TA9 CORTEX >EAS BETWE5 & BESIDES ?OSE = SI<T1 HE>+1 & G5]AL S5SATIONS ( ! BODY1 & ?AT N]VE-?READS COM+ FROM ALL ! SURR\ND+ >EAS MEET H]E1 9T]TW9E1 & 9 ?IS MANN] 9T]CONNECT ?OSE >EAS4 0,!RE >E .<444.> EXT5D$ >EAS ( ! CORTEX :OSE PURPOSE IS ESS5TIALLY TO ASSOCIATIE ! /ATE ( EXCITATION ( ! DIFF]5T S5SORIAL SPH]ES0 7P4 #f74 ,& ON ! SAME SUBJECT ,JUDSON ,H]RICK SAYS3 0,! 5ORM\S 9CREASE 9 ! SIZE ( ! HUMAN CORTEX IS *IEFLY 9 ! ASSOCIATION FIELDS4 ,H]E1 !N1 IS TO BE S\<T ! /RUCTURAL ORGANIZATION UPON :I* DEP5D HUMAN CULTURE & ! PROGRESS ( CIVILIZATION4 ,! FEATURE :I* MO/ DI/+UI%ES !SE ASSOCIATIONAL FIELDS FROM ! RE/ ( ! CORTEX IS !IR GREAT] WEAL? ( /RICTLY 9T]CORTICAL ASSOCIATIONAL CONNECTIONS40 7#b#c1 P4 #b#f#e74 ,H5CE1 HE CONT9UES1 ! MU* L>G] WEAL? ( /RUCTURES 9 :I* PREVI\S =MS ( REACTION >E FIX$ & >E AT H& = ASSIMILATION 9TO EV] NEW COMB9ATIONS3 :I* IS CAPACITY = LE>N+4 ,H5CE1 FUR!R ! GREAT] DYNAMIC EFFECT ( ! /OR$ T5SION 9 ! NEURONS1 :I* IS N[ PLAC$ UND] A DELIB]ATE CONTROL ( SPONTANE\S ?\<T4 

,FLE*SIG CONSID]S ! FUNCTION ( ! L>GE ASSOCIATION C5T] SITUAT$ BEH9D ! SIDE LOBES TO BE 0! =M+ & COLLECT+ ( P]CEPTIONS ( EXT]IOR OBJECTS & ( S\ND IMAGES1 ! CONNECT+ ( ! ONE ) ! O!R1 H5CE ! ACTUAL POSITIVE KN[L$GE1 & NOT LESS ! FANTA/IC ACTIVITY ( IMAG9ATION4 .<444.> BRIEFLY ! ESS5TIAL CONT5TS ( :AT LANGUAGE D5OTES AS 9TELLIG5CE 70,GEI/070 7L4C41 P4 #f#b74 ,REG>D+ ! FRONTAL LOBES !MSELVES1 HE SAYS3 0,IT SEEMS TO BE A FACT ?AT POSITIVE KN[L$GE DOES NOT SUFF] DIRECTLY :5 ! FRONTAL LOBE IS DE/ROY$ - :AT DOES SUFF] IS ! ADEQUATE USE ( IT1 9 ?AT EV5TUALLY A COMPLETE LACK ( 9T]E/ .<444.> ASS]TS ITSELF0 7IB41 P4 #f#c74 

,! GR[? ( ! FRONTAL BRA9S FROM ! L[] MAMMALS TO ! APES CORRESPONDS TO AN 9CREAS+LY ACTIVE ATT5TIV5ESS 9 ALL !IR ACTIONS4 ,?IS IS MO/ /RIK+ ALREADY N[ & AGA9 ) DOGS2 BUT 09 DOGS ! FRONTAL LOBE HAS NOT ASSUM$ CONTROL ( ! M5TAL LIFE1 :I* REVOLVES MO/LY 9 ! S5SORY CORTEX0 7,BIAN*I1 P4 #h74 ,9 ! CASE ( APES :O1 JU/ AS MAN1 ?R\< ! CONC]T$ ACTION ( !IR EYES >E 5ABL$ TO SEE /]EO-SCOPICALLY & !REBY TO DI/+UI% POSITION 9 SPACE1 ?IS RESULTS 9 A MU* MORE CON/ANT CONTROL ( ACTIONS4 ,! DEVELOPM5T CULM9ATES 9 HUMAN ?9K+ :I* IS A PROCESS ( UN9T]RUPT$ 9T5SIVE ATT5TION4 ,CONSCI\SNESS IS ACTIVE 0ATT5TIV5ESS OV] A PASSIVE C\RSE ( P]CEPTIONS0 7,CLAY1 P4 #b#b74 ,IT WELLNI< FOLL[S1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! M5TAL PROCESSES ( L9K+ TOGE!R & ORD]+ ! S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS 9 A DESIGN$ SEQU5CE1 ( SURVEY+ !M UP- & D[NW>D & AUTOMATICALLY COMM5C+ OR T]M9AT+ !M1 & ORGANIZ+ !M 9TO CONCEPTIONS1 MU/ L9K UP ) ! PROCESSES ( ACTIVE ATT5TIV5ESS1 & ?US HAVE !IR ORGAN 9 ! FRONTAL BRA9S4 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT :AT ,FLE*SIG CALLS POSITIVE KN[L$GE1 ! COMB9+ ( DIFF]5T SORTS ( S5SATIONS 9TO IMAGES & P]CEPTIONS1 IS NOT ! ESS5TIAL & SPECIAL PROP]TY ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,SU* A BODY ( FACTS IS ALSO POSSESS$ BY HI<] ANIMALS1 ?\< !Y DO NOT HAVE IT 9 \R =M ( CONSCI\S KN[+4 ,ONE CAN CALL ?IS 09TELLIG5CE01 BUT IT MU/ !N BE DI/+UI%$ FROM 0REASON01 ! CAPACITY ( =M+ FREE & AB/RACT CONCEPTIONS1 :I* AS ! ORGAN ( !ORY IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! HUMAN M9D4 

,ONE MI<T !RE=E EXPECT ?AT ! HUMAN FRONTAL BRA9S W\LD %[ A /RONG] DEVELOPM5T ?AN ! RE/1 :5 COMP>$ ) ! HI<] APES4 ,TILNEY ACTUALLY ASS]TS ?AT ! HUMAN FRONTAL >EA AM\NTS TO #dg .0 ( ! 5TIRE SIDE SURFACE 7#h#c \T ( #a< SQ4 CM71 :]EAS ?IS IS #cc .0 ) ! *IMPANZEE1 & #cb .0 ) ! GORILLA4 0,IT IS1 !RE=E1 9 ! EXPANSION ( ! FRONTAL LOBE1 BO? 9 ! >EA COV]$ BY IT & ! GREAT 9CREASE 9 ! COMPLEXITY ( ITS CONVOLUTIONS1 ?AT ! HUMAN BRA9 /&S 9 /RIK+ CONTRA/ TO ! AN?ROPOIDS0 7L4C41 P4 #g#h#c-#g#h#d74 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS CONTRADICT$ BY ! ACCURATE MEASUREM5TS ( ! SURFACE ( ! CORTEX ) ALL ITS W9D+S & FOLDS 7BY ,BRODMAN1 BY ,LEB\CQ1 & BY ,BRUMMELKAMP74 ,!SE MEASUREM5TS 7CF4 ,BRUMMELKAMP1 #g1 P4 #b#f7 %[ ?AT ! PROPORTION BETWE5 ! FRONTAL P>T & ! O!R P>TS IS ID5TICAL = AN?ROPOIDS & = HUMAN BE+S1 VIZ #a 3 #b4#e1 ACCORD+ TO ! LATT]4 ,H]E 0FRONTAL0 9CLUDES ALL ?AT IS SITUAT$ 9 FRONT ( ! 0C5TRAL FISSURE0 & !RE=E ALSO ! MOTOR >EA4 ,FUR!R !RE IS /ILL ! UNC]TA9TY AS TO H[ MU* ( ! SURFACE )9 A FOLD BELONGS TO ! ONE1 & H[ MU* TO ! O!R P>T4 ,IF WE ASSUME ?IS RESULT TO BE CORRECT1 !N ! /RONG GR[? ( ! FRONTAL BRA9S RELATIVE TO ! RE/ DID NOT ACCOMPANY ! G5ESIS ( MAN1 BUT ?AT ( APES OR AN?ROPOIDS FROM L[] MAMMALS4 ,IT FOLL[S TOO ?AT ! QUADRUPL+ ( ! C]EBRAL CORTEX AT ! G5ESIS ( MAN TO ! SAME EXT5T HOLDS GOOD = BO? ! ASSOCIATION FIELDS SITUAT$ MORE TO ! RE>1 9 :I* ! COMB9$ IMAGES & P]CEPTIONS =M !MSELVES & CON/ITUTE ! IMM5SE MAT]IAL ( PRACTICAL KN[L$GE1 & = ! FRONTAL ORGAN :]E ?IS MAT]IAL IS GR\P$ 9TO A WORLD ( AB/RACT CONCEPTIONS1 ! WORLD ( !ORETICAL KN[L$GE4 

,!RE IS SOME?+ CONTRADICTORY 9 ?AT ! QUALITATIVE LEAP 9 ?9K+ FROM ANIMAL TO MAN %\LD HAVE NO?+ :I* CORRESPONDS 9 ! ORGAN ( ?9K+1 ! BRA9S UND]GO+ A M]ELY QUANTITATIVE 5L>GEM5T4 ,?IS !N W\LD HAVE TO BE UND]/OOD 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! 5L>GEM5T IS TO BE REG>D$ AS A CONDITION1 BUT NOT AS A SUFFICI5T OR DECISIVE CAUSE = ! QUALITATIVE LEAP2 IT DID NOT NECESS>ILY BR+ ) IT ! NEW *>ACT] ( HUMAN ?9K+4 ,BESIDES ! BIOLOGICAL GR[? ( ! BRA9S !RE MU/ HAVE BE5 O!R CAUSES ?R\< :I* SPECIFICALLY HUMAN ?\<T CAME 9TO EXI/5CE4 

,V4 ,SPEE* 

#a#i4 ,SPEE* IS ONE ( ! MO/ ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( MAN1 DI/+UI%+ HIM MO/ /RIK+LY FROM ! ANIMALS4 ,?IS IS SO TRUE ?AT IT IS SOMETIMES REG>D$ AS ! ONLY DET]M9+ *>ACT]I/IC1 9 ?AT BY DEF9ITION MAN />TS ) ! COM+ ( SPEE*4 

,SPEE* CONSI/S ( ACTIVE PRODUCTION & PASSIVE UND]/&+ ( S\NDS = MUTUAL COMMUNICATION & UND]/&+4 ,SU* S\NDS1 H[EV]1 ALSO EXI/ 9 ANIMAL COMMUNITIES1 ) !IR EFFECTS ON !IR FELL[S4 ,MO/ ( ! HI<] ANIMALS >E CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ ?ROAT S\NDS AS EXPRESSIONS ( !IR EMOTIONS4 ,!SE ALSO EXI/ ) SOLIT>Y LIV+ ANIMALS1 & >E NORMALLY RELAT$ TO !IR SEXUAL EMOTIONS OR !Y MAY BE A MEANS ( T]RIFY+ A PREY4 ,) GREG>I\S ANIMALS !SE S\NDS LIKEWISE >E EXPRESSIONS ( EMOTIONS1 ( FE> 9 CASE ( DANG]1 ( ANG]1 OR ( CONT5TM5T4 ,S9CE ! O!R MEMB]S ( A GR\P REACT BY NATURE TO SU* S\NDS1 !Y ACQUIRE ! *>ACT] ( W>N+ OR ASSURANCE & BECOME A MEANS ( UND]/&+ & COOP]ATION :I* IS VALUABLE 9 !IR /RUGGLE = LIFE4 

,IF SOMETIMES SU* S\NDS1 9 !IR HI<E/ /ATE ( DEVELOPM5T1 >E CALL$ ANIMAL LANGUAGE1 ?IS T]M C]TA9LY IS IMPROP]LY US$1 AS ! COMP>ISON IS V]Y REMOTE4 ,HUMAN SPEE* DIFF]S FROM ANIMAL S\NDS 9 ?AT IT CONSI/S ( WORDS4 ,WORDS >E NAMES = ?+S1 ACTIONS OR PROP]TIES4 ,WORDS >E S\ND-SYMBOLS1 S\NDS S]V+ AS A SYMBOL = SOME?+ ELSE1 & SIGNIFY+ SOME?+ ELSE4 ,LANGUAGE IS AN ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( CONV5TIONAL S\NDS1 S]V+ AS SYMBOLS = REALITIES4 0,LANGUAGE IS A PURELY HUMAN & NON-9/9CTIVE ME?OD ( COMMUNICAT+ IDEAS1 EMOTIONS & DESIRES BY MEANS ( A SY/EM ( VOLUNT>ILY PRODUC$ SYMBOLS .<444.> ! ESS5CE ( LANGUAGE CONSI/S 9 ! ASSIGN+ ( CONV5TIONAL1 VOLUNT>ILY >TICULAT$ S\NDS .<444.> TO ! DIV]SE ELEM5TS ( EXP]I5CE40 7,SAPIR1 P4 #f SQQ74 ,! SIMIL>ITY ( ANIMAL S\ND & HUMAN SPEE* AS AN 9/RUM5T ( COMMUNICATION & MUTUAL 9T]C\RSE MAKES IT CONCEIVABLE ?AT ! ONE HAS DEVELOP$ FROM ! O!R ?R\< A NATURAL PROCESS4 ,H[EV]1 ! NOT ONLY GREAT1 BUT ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE1 & ! NOT M]ELY QUANTITATIVE BUT QUALITATIVE DI/9CTION MAKES IT ?AT HUMAN SPEE* MU/ BE AN 5TIRELY NEW CREATION4 ,AS SU* AN EXPLANATION WILL HAVE TO BE S\<T1 AS P>T ( ! 5TIRE PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9 ( MAN4 

,! *>ACT]I/IC ELEM5T 9 LANGUAGE AS A COMPLEX ( SYMBOLS IS ! >BITR>9ESS4 ,!RE IS NO CLE> CONNECTION BETWE5 ! OBJECT OR PH5OM5ON & ITS NAME - AP>T FROM OCCASIONAL EXAMPLES ( ONOMATOPOEIA1 SU* AS CUCKOO4 ,! S\ND 0HORSE0 DESIGNATES A C]TA9 TYPE ( ANIMAL1 BUT IT ONLY HAS ?IS MEAN+ = ?OSE SPEAK+ ! SAME LANGUAGE4 ,= ?AT REASON LANGUAGE IS NOT 9NATE1 BUT HAS TO BE LE>N$ BY MEANS ( IMITAT+4 ,ONLY ! DISPOSITION1 ! ABILITY & ! ORGAN ( SPEE* >E 9BORN4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS NECESSITY = LE>N+1 = BE+ 9ITIAT$ 9 ! COMPLEX ( SYMBOLS1 ?AT DEMON/RATES ! >TIFICIALITY ( LANGUAGE4 ,! SAME ?+1 = EXAMPLE ! SAME SPECIES ( ANIMAL1 WILL BE DESIGNAT$ BY DIFF]5T PEOPLES BY 5TIRELY DIFF]5T WORDS3 HORSE1 *EVAL1 PF]D1 EQUUS1 HIPPOS1 LO%ADJ1 KOODA4 

,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !Y >E >BITR>Y FANCIES4 ,LANGUAGE HAS DEVELOP$ & GR[N ACCORD+ TO ITS [N RULES1 :I* >E AN OBJECT ( 9VE/IGATION 9 COMP>ATIVE L+UI/ICS4 ,LANGUAGE HAS BE5 CALL$ A CREATION ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,?AT DOES NOT MEAN1 H[EV]1 ?AT ITS RULES >E PRODUCTS ( 9TELLIG5CE & JUDGM5T4 ,! CURI\S ORIG9 ( ! ,G]MAN WORD 0,PF]D0 FROM ! ,LAT9 0P>AV]$US01 A C>RIAGE ) M5 & HORSES REQUISITION$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ILLU/RATES ! *ANCE-*>ACT] ( NAMES 7CF4 ,GEIG]1 P4 #b#h#a74 ,P>TICUL>LY ! LANGUAGES ( ! MO/ PRIMITIVE1 LEA/ DEVELOP$ PEOPLES1 (T5 %[ ! MO/ 9TRICATE GRAMMATICAL RULES1 F> BEYOND ! !ORETICAL UND]/&+ ( ?OSE US+ !M4 0,! EVOLUTION ( LANGUAGE %[S A PROGRESSIVE T5D5CY FROM 9SEP>ABLE IRREGUL> CONGLOM]ATIONS TO FREELY & REGUL>LY COMB9ABLE %ORT ELEM5TS40 0,PRIMITIVE LANGUAGE .<444.> HAS A L>G] VOCABUL>Y ?AN LAT] LANGUAGES0 7,JESP]S51 P4 #d#b#i1 #d#c#a74 ,?AT DEVELOPM5T GOES FROM GREAT] COMPLICATION TO SMOO?NESS & SIMPLICITY IS A PRO( ( SPONTANE\S EVOLUTION1 & 9 ?IS RESPECT LANGUAGE & ITS SUBJECTION TO LAWS IS RA!R TO BE CONSID]$ AS A NATURAL PRODUCT4 ,! SCI5CE ( L+UI/ICS TRACES ! HUMAN M9D 9 ITS MY/]I\S HIDD5 & SUBCONSCI\S DEP?S1 9 :I* IT ACTS NOT AS CONSCI\S 9TELLIG5CE1 BUT AS AN UNCONSCI\S =CE ( NATURE4 

#b4 ,9=MATION IS ! MA9 *>ACT]I/IC ( SPEE*1 ?\< N[ & AGA9 AN EMOTIONAL EXCLAMATION MAY P]=M ! SAME ROLE4 ,) ANIMALS ! 9=MATIVE FUNCTION IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! K9D ( EMOTIONAL S\ND1 :I* EFFECTS A SPECIAL ATTITUDE ) ! O!RS1 & /IMULATES A DET]M9ATE BEHAVIOR AS A REACTION TO ! S\ND4 ,) MAN ! COMMUNICATION1 BE IT A W>N+1 QUE/ION1 ANSW]1 OR ANN\NCEM5T1 TAKES ! =M ( A PHRASE IMP>T+ 9=MATION ) REG>D TO CONDITIONS :I* >E ( IMPORTANCE 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE4 ,) ! ANIMAL A W>N+ CRY OR AN ALLUR+ CALL AT MO/ CAN BE CONSID]$ AS A K9D ( SIGNAL4 0,BUT >E SIGNALS ! SAME AS WORDS8 ,NO1 = WORDS CAN S]VE TO BUILD UP A S5T5CE :I* EXPRESSES MORE ?AN A M]E SUMMATION ( WORDS2 FROM SIGNALS ONLY A SEQU5CE ( SIGNALS CAN BE MADE .<444.>4 ,NO ANIMAL EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 WORDS1 & NO ANIMAL COMPOSES S5T5CES2 ?IS IS ! ESS5TIAL PO9T40 7,AMMANN1 P4 #i-#a74 ,ORIG9ALLY ! S+LE WORD C\LD S]VE AS A COMMUNICATION1 & ! COMMUNICATION CONSI/$ ( A S+LE WORD1 A S\ND4 ,9 A LAT] DEVELOPM5T S5T5CES >E =M$ ) DIFF]5T WORDS ASSOCIAT$ 9 DIFF]5T RELATIONS TO ONE ANO!R1 SU* AS SUBJECT1 OBJECT1 & V]B4 ,!REBY ! EXP]I5CE & ! SITUATION CAN BE DEPICT$ 9 A MORE PRECISE & DETAIL$ MANN]4 ,WORDS BECOME RELAY-PIECES AS IT W]E :I* EV] AGA9 CAN BE 9CLUD$ AS FREE L9KS 9 ANO!R CONTEXT4 ,?IS OP5S UP ! POSSIBILITY ( SEP>AT+ ! ELEM5TS1 ( A COMPLEX ( ACTIONS & ( IMAG9+ !M 9DIVIDUALLY4 

,ORIG9ALLY A COMMUNICATION1 PROCE$+ FROM A %ORT EXCLAMATION1 WAS 9T5D$ TO PROVOKE AN ACTION BY O!RS1 AS AN IMM$IATE REACTION TO ! S\ND HE>D4 ,9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T !RE APPE>S A SEP>ATION BETWE5 HE>+ & ACT+4 ,! COMMUNICATION S]VES AS A PREP>ATION = ACTION LAT] ON4 ,IT BECOMES SELF-SUFFICI5T & AN AIM 9 ITSELF4 ,9/EAD ( BE+ A SPUR 9CIT+ ACTION1 IT BECOMES A NEUTRAL DESCRIPTION ( ! SITUATION1 :]EBY ! EXP]I5CE ( ONE BECOMES ! KN[L$GE ( O!RS4 ,!N LANGUAGE BEG9S TO DIFF]5TIATE & TO 5RI* ITSELF1 WORDS 9CREASE 9 NUMB]S & SPLIT UP 9TO MANY MEAN+S1 & FROM NAMES ( ?+S & ACTIONS !Y BECOME 9DICATIONS ( PROP]TIES & SITUATIONS1 ( PLACE1 TIME1 & CONDITIONS4 ,AS A NEW & LIV+ ORGANISM DEVELOPS FROM A FEW SIMIL> CELLS 9TO AN EV] 9CREAS+ DIV]SITY ( ORGANS1 SO LANGUAGE GR[S 9TO A WORKABLE 9/RUM5T ( EV] GREAT] P[] & FLEXIBILITY4 

,SPEE* N[ IS NO LONG] A P>T ( ANO!R ACTION1 BUT HAS BECOME AN 9DEP5D5T ACTION4 ,! REACTION TO A COMMUNICATION IS NO LONG] AN IMM$IATE ACTIVITY ACTION1 BUT A 0L+UI/IC ACTION0 7AS CALL$ 9 ! !ORY ( ,SIGNIFICA72 IT IS A RESPONSE 9 ! LANGUAGE ITSELF4 ,SPEE* N[ BECOMES AN ORGAN ( DELIB]ATION1 & A M$IUM = ! COMB9+ & ADJU/+ ( P]SONAL EXP]I5CES4 ,V]BAL 9T]C\RSE1 CONSI/+ ( SPEAK+ TO EA* O!R1 N[ BECOMES AN EX*ANGE ( ?\<TS1 & A SPECIAL FIELD ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,IT BECOMES ! MO/ SPECIALIZ$ & COMPLICAT$ ( ALL EXPRESSIONS ( P]SONAL LIFE1 AT A GREAT] DI/ANCE & ?R\< 9TRICATE 9T]M$IATE =MS CONNECT$ ) ! PRACTICAL DAILY LIFE ( LABOR4 ,AT ?IS /AGE ! (T5 US$ DEF9ITION ( SPEE*3 ?AT IT IS AN EXPRESS+ ( IDEAS BY MEANS ( S\ND-SYMBOLS1 IS APPROPRIATE4 ,IT HAS N[ DEVELOP$ 9TO A MEANS = TRANSF]R+ ! KN[L$GE ( AN 9DIVIDUAL TO ?AT ( A :OLE COMMUNITY4 

#b#a4 ,SPEE* IS A COMMUNAL ORGAN4 ,NE>LY ALL AU?ORS :O DEAL ) IT HAVE EXPRESS$1 MORE OR LESS CLE>LY1 ?IS TO BE ITS ESS5TIAL BASIS4 0,SPEE* IS ! GREAT M$IUM ?R\< :I* HUMAN COOP]ATION IS BR\<T AB\T4 ,IT IS ! MEANS BY :I* ! DIV]SE ACTIVITIES ( M5 >E CO-ORD9AT$ & CORRELAT$ ) EA* O!R = ! ATTA9M5T ( COMMON & RECIPROCAL 5DS4 ,M5 DO NOT SPEAK SIMPLY TO RELIEVE !IR FEEL+S OR TO AIR !IR VIEWS1 BUT TO AWAK5 A RESPONSE 9 !IR FELL[S & TO 9FLU5CE !IR ATTITUDES & ACTS40 7,DE ,LAGUNA1 P4 #a#i74 ,SPEE* W\LD HAVE BE5 NON-EXI/5T IF !RE HAD NOT BE5 A COMMUNITY2 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 USELESS = ISOLAT$ BE+S LIV+ \TSIDE A COMMUNITY1 & C\LD AS LITTLE HAVE ORIG9AT$ AS AN EYE 9 P]PETUAL D>KNESS4 

,! COMMUNITY IS NOT AN ACCID5TAL COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT WAS NOT ! 9DIVIDUAL BUT ! COMMUNITY :I*1 FROM ! E>LIE/ TIMES1 AS ) \R ANIMAL-LIKE ANCE/ORS1 WAS ! LIFE-ELEM5T ( MANK9D4 ,?IS PO9T HAS BE5 FREQU5TLY OV]LOOK$ 9 MOD]N 9DIVIDUALI/IC WAYS ( ?9K+4 ,! FACT ?AT ! GR\P1 CLAN1 OR TRIBE1 WAS ! ALL & 5D = PRIMITIVE PEOPLES1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL NEXT TO NO?+1 HAD TO BE R$ISCOV]$4 ,H[EV]1 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! GR\P REMA9S EV5 = \R MOD]N TIMES4 0,! V]Y AM\NT ( LIT]ATURE & TRADITION AB\T ! DANG]S ( ! CR[D .<444.> HAS S]I\SLY MISL$ US4 ,! IMPLICATION HAS BE5 ?AT ONLY ! 9DIVIDUAL FREE FROM ! CONTROL ( ! GR\P IS ! NORMAL & DESIRABLE P]SON4 ,NO?+ C\LD BE F>!R FROM ! TRU?01 /ATES ! ,AM]ICAN SOCIOLOGI/ ,H]B]T ,MILL] 7P4 L74 ,ANIMALS1 & LIKEWISE M51 LIVE 9 COMMUNITIES ON ACC\NT ( ! GREAT ADVANTAGES GA9$ !REBY 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE IT (F]S RECIPROCAL PROTECTION & ASSI/ANCE AGA9/ 5EMIES2 IT IS KN[N ?AT BEA/S ( PREY 5DEAVOR TO ISOLATE 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( A H]D4 ,PROTECTION IS OBTA9$ BY MEANS ( UNIT$ /R5G? OR BY W>N+1 SOMETIMES COMB9$ ) AN 9/9CTIVE DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,! 5TIRE GR\P PR(ITS FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S4 ,A FUR!R & V]Y IMPORTANT FACTOR IS ! PROTECTION ( ! Y\NG4 ,EA* MEMB] ( ! GR\P ?US HAS A GREAT] *ANCE ( BECOM+ FULL-GR[N & ( PROCREAT+4 ,ALL ! QUALITIES ESS5TIAL = ! LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY >E !REBY P]PETUAT$4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE >E ! SOCIAL 9/9CTS4 ,!SE SOCIAL 9/9CTS >E 9T5SIFI$ BY SELECTION BECAUSE ! GR\PS :]E !Y >E WEAK >E MORE EASILY DE/ROY$ & ! GR\PS :]E !Y >E /RONG P]SI/1 CLOSELY UNIT$4 ,!SE SPECIAL SOCIAL QUALITIES1 SU* AS SOLID>ITY1 LOYALTY1 C\RAGE1 ! READ9ESS TO MAKE SACRIFICES1 KN[N TO M5 AS MORAL S5TIM5TS1 BECOME DOM9AT+ FEATURES4 ,!Y BECOME SU*1 NOT ON ACC\NT ( REASON OR JUDGM5T1 BUT 9/9CTIVELY1 ?R\< AN IRRESI/IBLE IMPULSE2 H5CE1 S9CE !IR ORIG9 REMA9S UNCONSCI\S1 !Y >E FELT TO BE MY/]I\S & SUP]NATURAL4 ,!Y >E ! CEM5T ( ! COMMUNITY1 MOLD+ IT 9TO A FIRM & UNBREAKABLE UNITY4 0,EA* 9DIVIDUAL UNCONSCI\SLY PO/ULATES HIS [N EXI/5CE 9 ! CONT9UITY ( HIS GR\P1 BECAUSE 9 ! /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL !RE WAS NO O!R POSSIBILITY ( EXI/5CE0 7,MILL]1 L4C41 P4 #e74 ,! DEEP 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION MU/ MAKE PLACE =1 OR RA!R TAKE ON ! NATURE (1 COMMUNAL FEEL+4 ,! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY /& AS ! SUPREME COMM&M5T OV] & ABOVE P]SONAL 9T]E/S1 BECAUSE ! LIFE ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS 5SUR$ ONLY :5 ! COMMUNITY ITSELF SURVIVES4 

,! COMMUNITY IS A LIFE-COMMUNITY1 JO9TLY 5GAG$ 9 ! /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL4 ,COMMUNITY ACTION CONSI/S ( COMMUNAL OR ASSOCIATIVE WORK1 ! COMMON FI<T AGA9/ 5EMIES 9CLUD$4 ,! COMMUNITY IS A WORK+ & FI<T+ COMMUNITY1 MOLD$ 9TO A UNITY BY /RONG SOCIAL =CES4 ,ALL ACTION IS COOP]ATION2 SO AN ORGAN IS NE$$ = MUTUAL UND]/&+1 = COMMUNICATION & DELIB]ATION4 ,SPEE* IS SU* AN ORGAN1 & IS ! MI<TIE/ MEANS = B9D+ ! COMMUNITY TOGE!R1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT & 9DISP5SABLE 9/RUM5T 9 ! COMMON /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 0,9 ITS PRIMITIVE USES1 LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS AS A L9K 9 CONC]T$ HUMAN ACTIVITY1 AS A PIECE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR .<444.> N>RATIVE SPEE* IS PRIM>ILY A MODE ( SOCIAL ACTION RA!R ?AN A M]E REFLECTION ( ?\<T01 ?US ,MAL9[SKI EXPRESSES ! FUNCTION ( SPEE* ) PRIMITIVE PEOPLES 7CF4 ,OGD5 & ,RI*>DS1 P4 #d#g#d-#d#g#e74 ,SPEE* IS NOT1 AS ,OTTO ,JESP]S5 CONCEIV$ IT TO BE ) PRIMITIVE MAN1 A LUXURI\S BLOSSOM+ & AN ORGAN ( M]E EMOTION1 BUR/+ 9TO SONG 7#f74 ,SPEE* IS ! 9DISP5SABLE ELEM5T ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONT5TS ( LIFE1 NAMELY ! WORK 9 COMMON1 9SPIR+ ALL ?\<T & S5TIM5T1 9CLUD+ ALSO ! EMOTIONAL BLOSSOM+S ( IMAG9ATION & MY/ICISM 9 RITUAL & SOLEMNITY1 9 FEA/ & SONG4 ,ECONOMY & CULTURAL LIFE >E NOT SEP>AT$ & OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R3 !Y >E ONE4 ,WORK & /RUGGLE >E NOT DI/A/EFUL ACCESSORIES2 !Y >E H>D REALITY1 AS SURELY !Y >E = EA* LIV+ BE+ ?AT ASS]TS ITSELF1 WELL-BALANC$ & 9 H>MONY ) ITS SURR\ND+S4 ,?AT :I* IS NECESS>Y & ESS5TIAL TO LIFE GIVES IT ITS CONT5TS & SIGNIFICANCE & BECOMES ! S\RCE ( S5TIM5T & POETRY4 ,AS ALL ?IS ACTION IS DONE 9 COMMON1 ORGANIZ$ BY1 & P]MEAT$ )1 /RONG SOCIAL S5TIM5TS1 LANGUAGE1 ! B9D+ ELEM5T1 POSSESSES A P[]FUL S5TIM5TAL VALUE & BECOMES ! BE>] ( ! MO/ PR(\ND EMOTIONS4 

,SPEE* MULTIPLIES ! /R5G? ( ! COMMUNITY1 IS IT 5ABLES ! EXP]I5CE ( EA* MEMB] TO BECOME ! PROP]TY ( ! :OLE4 ,! ASSEMBL+ ( ALL EXP]I5CES1 & ! EX*ANG+ & ADJU/+ ( ?\<TS 9 MUTUAL DELIB]ATION1 RESULT 9 KN[L$GE BECOM+ A PUR]1 MORE PRECISE & OBJECTIVE BASIS = EFFECTIVE ACTIONS4 

,ITS SIGNIFICANCE = ! COMMUNITY1 H[EV]1 IS EV5 GREAT] ?AN :AT IS GA9$ BY MUTUAL 9=MATION4 ,SPEE* IS ALSO ! ORGAN = V]BAL TRADITION1 ! TREASURE-H\SE ( LA/+ & 9CREAS+ KN[L$GE4 ,BY MEANS ( SPEE* ! OLD] G5]ATION PASSES 5 ITS KN[L$GE TO ! Y\NG]4 ,AS /AT$ ABOVE1 ! COMMUNITY IS IMMORTAL2 & ITS POSSESSION ( KN[L$GE1 :I* HAS TO ACCOMPANY & COMPLETE AS A MEANS = !IR GOOD USE ! POSSESSION ( TOOLS1 ( TE*NICAL IMPLEM5TS1 CONSI/S ( LANGUAGE & IS EXPRESS$ 9 WORDS & S5T5CES4 ,! TE*NICAL APP>ATUS C\LD NOT CONT9UE TO DEVELOP IF KN[L$GE & SCI5CE DID NOT DEVELOP SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,SOLELY BECAUSE ?IS FUND ( KN[L$GE IS FIX$1 RETA9$1 & PRES]V$ BY LANGUAGE1 IT CAN CONT9UE TO 9CREASE 9DEF9ITELY4 ,?US SPEE* BECOMES ! VEHICLE ( EV] HI<] HUMAN PROGRESS4 

#b#b4 ,:5EV] SPEE* & LANGUAGE H]E >E SPOK5 ( IT /&S TO REASON ?AT BO? SIDES1 SPEAK+ AS ! ACTIVE1 HE>+ AS ! PASSIVE SIDE1 >E 9CLUD$ AS A MATT] ( C\RSE4 ,HE>+ & SI<T >E ALWAYS M5TION$ TOGE!R AS ! HI<E/1 MO/ DEVELOP$ & MO/ IMPORTANT S5SES ( MAN4 ,YET !RE EXI/S A NOTEWOR?Y CONTRA/ BETWE5 !SE TWO2 :IL/ SI<T IS PRIM>ILY AN 9DIVIDUAL ORGAN1 HE>+ IS ABOVE ALL A COMMUNITY ORGAN4 ,SI<T ALL[S = SU* A DETAIL$ ORI5TATION 9 SPACE & SU* A WEAL? ( KN[L$GE ( ! NATURAL SURR\ND+S AS C\LD NEV] BE SUPPLI$ BY HE>+4 ,?IS TAKES PLACE BY MEANS ( ! DIRECT OBS]VATION 9 TWO DIM5SIONS1 :I* BECOMES A PRECISE LOCALIZATION 9 ?REE DIM5SIONS ?R\< ! /]EOSCOPIC USE ( BO? EYES4 ,) MAN HE>+1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS A D[N-RI<T COMMUNITY-S5SE2 IT B9DS HIM TO HIS FELL[-M5 BY MEANS ( SPIRITUAL 9T]C\RSE4 ,SI<T IS ! ORGAN & VEHICLE = OBJECTIVE & PASSIONLESS KN[L$GE ( FACTS4 ,HE>+ IS ! ORGAN & VEHICLE ( AB/RACT ?\<T & ( ALL 9N] FEEL+S :I* P]VADE ! RELATION ( MAN ) HIS FELL[-M54 ,H]E9 LIES ! BASIS = ! EMOTIONAL P[] ( ! HUMAN VOICE1 & ( S\ND & MUSIC 9 G5]AL1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! COOL] BEAUTY ( ! VISUAL >TS4 

,V,I4 ,SPEE* & ?9K+ 

#b#c4 ,IT IS AT ONCE CLE> ?AT SPEE* W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T HUMAN ?9K+2 :IL/ LANGUAGE IS NOT AN >BITR>Y PRODUCT ( ! 9TELLECT1 IT IS1 NEV]!LESS1 A PRODUCT ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,:5 MAN GIVES NAMES TO ?+S ! AUTONOM\S1 CREATIVE P[] ( ! M9D COMES 9TO ACTION4 ,WORDS >E NAMES = CONCEPTIONS4 ,! P]CEPTIONS MU/ HAVE BE5 DIGE/$ 9TO AB/RACT NOTIONS :5 !Y >E DESIGNAT$ BY WORDS4 ,! FREE H&L+ ( CONCEPTIONS IS NECESS>Y :5 JO9+ WORDS 9TO S5T5CES1 :I* IS ! UPW>D & D[NW>D 9S]TION ( DIFF]5T L9KS 9TO ! *A9 ( ?\<T1 & CON/ITUTES ! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( HUMAN ?9K+4 ,9 %ORT1 LANGUAGE IS A SPIRITUAL PH5OM5ON4 ,!RE=E IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT1 FREQU5TLY1 ! CONCLUSION WAS DRAWN ?AT ! HUMAN M9D HAD TO DEVELOP FIR/1 & ?AT FROM IT SPEE* CAME =?4 

,9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS SIMPLE OP9ION ,LAZ> ,GEIG] ) GREAT EMPHASIS PUT =? ITS ANTI!SIS4 0,IT IS NOT REASON ?AT HAS CAUS$ SPEE*1 BUT ! O!R WAY R\ND01 ?US HE EXPRESSES IT 9 ! 0,CONT5TS0 ( HIS WORK 7P4 XXI74 ,?9K+ 9 CONCEPTIONS IS NOT POSSIBLE )\T SPEE* - SPEE* ALWAYS UND]/OOD 9 ! D\BLE MEAN+ ( SPEAK+ & HE>+2 - CONCEPTIONS 9 ! 5D >E NO?+ BUT WORDS OR COMB9ATIONS ( WORDS4 ,EV]YBODY KN[S1 & CAN V]IFY = HIMSELF1 ?AT CONSCI\S ?\<T CONSI/S ( DELIB]AT+ ) ONESELF 9 A VOICELESS DISCUSSION2 WE ?9K 9 WORDS & S5T5CES1 )\T ! L>YNX OR TONGUE COM+ 9TO ACTION4 0,H[ (T5 DOES IT NOT HAPP51 9 ! MO/ V>I$ REALMS1 ?AT A GREAT] CL>ITY ( ?\<T IS SUDD5LY BR\<T AB\T BY A HAPPILY SPOK5 WORD6 ,YES1 IT NE$S ONLY A MOM5T>Y OBS]VATION ( \RSELVES TO CONV9CE \RSELVES ?AT NOT ONLY ! MORE DI/9CT BUT ALSO ! MORE 9T5SIVE \R ?9K+ ! MORE WE DO SO ) WORDS ONLY .<444.> SO ?AT PRES5T ?9K+ IS NO?+ BUT SIL5T SPEAK+1 TALK+ ) OR )9 \RSELVES .<444.>4 ,SO SPEE* C]TA9LY HAS P]MEAT$ ?9K+ TO SU* AN EXT5T & ALL ITS P>TS HAVE CONNECT$ !MSELVES SO 9TIMATELY ) IT1 ?AT ?9K+ LOOS5$ FROM ?IS CONNECTION1 ?9K+ BE=E & )\T SPEE*1 HAS TO BE ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T FROM \R PRES5T ?9K+4 ,:]EAS WE HESITATE TO ASCRIBE TO REASON A DET]M9+ 9FLU5CE 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( LANGUAGE1 YET A MUTUAL RELATION BETWE5 !M CANNOT BE D5I$1 S9CE REASON )\T SPEE* CANNOT BE COMPLETE & = ! CREATION ( REASON SPEE* IS NOT IRRELEVANT40 7,GEIG]1 L4C41 P4 #a#b-#a#c74 ,OR TO QUOTE A MOD]N AU?OR3 0,!RE IS NO ?9K+ 9 CONCEPTIONS )\T SPEE*1 & ALSO 9 SIL5T ?9K+ WE >E APT TO MAKE 9DICATIVE SPEE*-MOVEM5TS1 GIV+ FIRM SUPPORTS TO ! VAGUE FLEET+ /REAM ( CONSCI\SNESS40 7,MULL]-,FREI5FELS1 P4 #a#h#d74 

,FROM ! *ANG+ MASS ( P]CEPTIONS1 P>TLY NEW S5SATIONS & P>TLY MEMORIES RECALL$ BY !M1 CON/ANTLY RECURR+ CONNECTIONS WILL =M !MSELVES AS IMAGES1 PRESS =W>D1 & 5DEAVOR TO FIX !MSELVES4 ,!Y REMA9 VAGUE1 H[EV]1 & DISSOLVE1 AS LONG AS !Y >E NOT FIX$ BY A NAME1 I4E4 A WORD4 ,ONCE ! NEBUL\S MASS 9 \R M9D HAS BE5 FIX$ 9 A S5SORIAL P]CEPTIBLE PH5OM5ON1 AS AN AUDIBLE & PRON\NCEABLE S\ND1 IT BECOMES A CONCEPTION1 SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE GRASP$ 7#g7 & H&L$4 ,N[ ! GR\P ( PH5OM5A IS F5C$ (F FROM ! RE/ ( ! WORLD BY ! NAME :I* COLLECTS & SUMM>IZES !M 70! WORD IS A F5CE074 ,& ANY FUR!R PH5OM5ON ( ! SAME SORT IS PLAC$ 9 ?IS GR\P BY D5OT+ IT BY ! SAME NAME2 = ) ?IS NAME AS A LABEL IT IS RECOGNIZ$1 & ALL FUR!R PROP]TIES & CONSEQU5CES >E KN[N AT ONCE 70! WORD IS A LABEL074 ,!REAFT]1 TO RECALL ! P]CEPTION IT IS NO LONG] NECESS>Y ?AT SIMIL> PH5OM5A TAKE PLACE4 ,! M5TION ( ! NAME IS SUFFICI5T1 & ! WORD IS N[ SO CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! CONCEPTION ?AT ! :OLE S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS CAN !REBY AT WILL BE BR\<T TO ! FRONT 9 \R ?\<TS1 AS A M>%AL$1 OB$I5T CR[D 70! WORD IS A VEHICLE01 ?US ,DEWEY EXPRESSES !SE SUCCESSIVE FUNCTIONS ( ! WORD74 

,LANGUAGE IS PRAIS$ AS ! 0UNSURPASSABLE1 EFFICI5T 9/RUM5T0 ( ?\<T4 ,BUT IT IS MORE4 ,! 9TELLECT W\LD BE 9COMPLETE )\T LANGUAGE1 NAY1 IT W\LD NOT EXI/ AT ALL4 ,IDEAS & P]CEPTIONS HAVE ONLY A %AD[Y1 9TANGIBLE & SPIRITUAL EXI/5CE4 ,! REAL WORLD CONSI/S ( CONCRETE ?+S1 :I* >E ! PH5OM5A !MSELVES2 ! AB/RACT CONCEPTION IS M]ELY ! EXPRESSION ( :AT A GR\P ( PH5OM5A HAS 9 COMMON1 & !RE=E IS \TSIDE ?IS WORLD ( PH5OM5A1 ) NO SEP>ATE REALITY4 ,! WORD1 ! NAME1 GIVES IT ?AT SEP>ATE REALITY1 AS A PHYSICAL EXI/5CE1 7AL?\< ?IS IS ONLY TRANSI5T7 & *ANGES IT 9TO A SOME?+1 :I* CAN BE DESCRIB$1 & ) :I* ONE CAN WORK4 ,! WORD GIVES SUB/ANCE TO A CONCEPTION2 & ONLY ?R\< ! WORD ! VAGUE FEEL+ IS TURN$ 9TO A PRECISE ?\<T4 ,?IS IS ALSO TRUE = ! PHYSICAL ?+S ( ! WORLD !MSELVES4 ,! ?+ ALSO IS AN AB/RACTION1 A SUMM>Y ( ALL ! SEP>ATE IMAGES & IMPRESSIONS ( SI<T1 FEEL+ ETC41 :I* HAVE BE5 ACQUIR$ FROM DIFF]5T ANGLES AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 ,! ID5TITY :I* ! WORD1 ! NAME1 5SURES TO !SE *ANG+ PH5OM5AL =MS MAKES !M A FIGURE 9 SPACE1 A P]MAN5T & CON/ANTLY RECOGNIZABLE OBJECT1 ( :I* ! DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVE ASPECTS CAN BE D]IV$ & CAN BE KN[N 9 ADVANCE4 ,! ANIMAL TOO RECOGNIZES1 ?R\< EXP]I5CE & 9/9CT1 ! ID5TITY & SIMIL>ITY ( 5EMY OR PREY - ?\< H]E ALSO /RONGLY L$ BY ! POSITIONLESS IMPRESSION ( SMELL4 ,H[EV]1 TO >RIVE AT A CLE> PICTURE ( %APE 9 ! SURR\ND+ SPACE1 FROM ?IS RECOGNITION1 ! =MATION ( AB/RACT CONCEPTIONS ATTA*$ TO ! WORD IS NECESS>Y4 

#b#d4 ,IT WAS SE5 ABOVE ?AT ! SPECIAL *>ACT] ( HUMAN ?9K+ LIES 9 ! 9T]RUPT+ ( ! S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS1 & 9 ! P>TS BECOM+ 9DEP5D5T1 SELF-SUFFICI5T & BECOM+ OBJECTS ( OBS]VATION !MSELVES4 ,IT %\LD N[ BE ADD$ ?AT ?IS IS ONLY POSSIBLE :5 !Y CAN BE DESIGNAT$ & !REBY >E FIX$4 ,BY GIV+ !M NAMES !Y >E MADE1 AS IT W]E1 9TO ?+S :I* CAN BE LAID HOLD (1 MANIPULAT$1 & COMB9$4 ,?AT WE CAN FOLL[ ! S]IES UP & D[N1 & CAN DI/+UI% ! DIFF]5T L9KS1 LIFT !M \T1 EX*ANGE !M1 & COMP>E !M ) O!R S]IES1 IS MADE POSSIBLE BY CON/ANTLY CALL+ !M BY NAMES1 & BY L9K+ TOGE!R & JO9+ ! NAMES1 :I* !N AS SYMBOLS REPRES5T ! SUMM>IZ$ REALITIES ( ! WORLD4 

,N[ ! REALITIES ( ! WORLD CAN BE 9DICAT$ 9 /ILL ANO!R MANN] ?AN BY GIV+ !M NAMES1 SU* AS BY PO9T+ TO !M1 OR BY A PICTURE4 ,H]E ! NAME EVOKES ! PICTURE4 ,BUT ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 ! CASE ( ! MORE AB/RACT IDEAS2 !RE IS ! WORD ONLY4 ,SU* CONCEPTIONS AS VIRTUE 9 E?ICS1 TRU? 9 EPI/EMOLOGY1 ADAPTATION 9 BIOLOGY1 & 5TROPY 9 PHYSICS1 CORRESPOND ) PH5OM5A SO B>ELY \TL9$ & RELATIONS SO BROADLY SPREAD ?AT ONE CAN SC>CELY IF AT ALL VISUALIZE !M AS IMAGES1 BUT CAN ONLY 9DICATE !M BY WORDS4 ,! WORD1 ! SYMBOL1 IS !IR SOLE TANGIBLE & REPRES5TATIVE =M4 ,SPEAK+ ( !M !N FREQU5TLY SEEMS1 & (T5 IS1 A PLAY ON WORDS2 BUT ! WORDS DO MEAN SOME?+1 & BECAUSE !Y >E UND]/OOD1 ?IS IS NOT A S5SELESS OR RESULTLESS PLAY4 0,ALMO/ ALL HI<] 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY IS A MATT] ( WORDS1 TO ! NE>LY TOTAL EXCLUSION ( EV]Y?+ ELSE .<444.>4 ,! WORD IS ALWAYS CONCRETE & S5SIBLE1 H[EV] AB/RACT ITS MEAN+ MAY BE1 & ?US BY ! HELP ( WORDS WE >E ABLE TO DWELL ON AB/RACTIONS 9 A WAY :I* W\LD O!RWISE BE IMPOSSIBLE40 7,B4 ,RUSSELL1 P4 #b#a#a74 ,MOREOV] ?IS DWELL+ ON & WORK+ ) AB/RACTIONS1 NOT ONLY HOLDS GOOD = 9=MATION & DISCUSSION1 BUT ALSO = PRIVATE CONSID]ATION1 = P]SONAL ?\<T1 = ! DEEP5+ ( ONE'S [N ?\<TS1 & = ! BUILD+-UP ( A !ORETICAL 9SI<T4 ,9 ITS MO/ ABSOLUTE I4E4 9 ITS PHILOSOPHICAL AB/RACTIONS1 ?9K+ HAS BECOME WORK+ 5TIRELY ) WORDS1 ) SYMBOLS ONLY4 

,?US HUMAN ?9K+ & SPEE*1 WORDS & CONCEPTIONS >E 9SEP>ABLY B\ND TOGE!R4 ,EV5 IF WE %\LD CALL ONE ! CAUSE = ! O!R1 ! ONE CANNOT BE IMAG9$ )\T ! O!R4 ,?\< WE CANNOT CALL !M ID5TICAL1 BECAUSE !Y >E DIFF]5T SIDES ( A PROCESS1 YET !Y >E DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ONE & ! SAME PROCESS1 :I* IS ! BUILD+-UP ( CONSECUTIVE S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS & IDEAS1 PICTURES & SYMBOLS1 ( ! WORLD 9 :I* WE LIVE1 & ! MEANS = REALIZ+ \R LIFE 9 IT AS A RI*LY V>I$ PROCESS4 ,TOGE!R !Y ORIG9AT$1 & TOGE!R !Y HAVE DEVELOP$ ) & ?R\< ONE ANO!R TO !IR PRES5T HEI<T4 ,9 ! PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9 ( MAN !Y APPE> AS A UNITY4 

#b#e4 ,SPEE* H[EV] IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 A PRODUCT ( ! COMMUNITY2 IT C\LD ONLY COME 9TO EXI/5CE 9 ! COMMUNITY1 & IT C\LD ONLY REMA9 9 EXI/5CE AS AN ORGAN ( ! COMMUNITY4 0,IF WE HAD NOT TALK$ ) O!RS & !Y ) US1 WE %\LD NEV] TALK TO & ) \RSELVES40 7,DEWEY1 #a#d1 P4 #a#g74 ,?IS %[S H[ ! :OLE ( \R CAPACITY = AB/RACTION & ?9K+ IS ROOT$ 9 ! COMMUNITY1 9 SPITE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL =M ( ITS APPE>ANCE4 0,SPEE* & REASON DEVELOP ONLY 9 ! WOMB ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,JU/ AS ! WORD ONLY POSSESSES S5SE & MEAN+ = ! P>TICUL> COMMUNITY 7BECAUSE ITS M]E S\ND /ATES NO?+ AT ALL1 & IT ONLY ACQUIRES ITS CONT5TS ?R\< ALL COMMON EXP]I5CES RELAT$ TO IT7 SO BY ! COMMUNITY IT MU/ BE MADE TO DEVELOP 91 I4E4 BE TAU<T TO1 ! Y\NG 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT 5T]S ! SPH]E ( ! LIFE ( REASON ?R\< ! ACCEPTANCE ( SPEE* .<444.>4 ,! ORGAN ( COMMUNICATION BECOMES ! ORGAN ( UND]/&+4 ,! 5TIRETY POSSESSES ! UND]/&+1 & EXP]I5CES ! URGE TO PASS IT ON ALSO TO ! GR[+ UP G5]ATION .<444.>4 ,SPEE* IS ! VOICE ( ! COMMUNITY1 ITS ?\<TS >E NECESS>ILY ?\<TS ( ! COMMUNITY1 ITS E>LIE/ CONT5TS ! ACTIVITY ( ! COMMUNITY1 ITS E>LIE/ OBJECTS ! WORKS ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,! HI<] M5TAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! COMMUNITY1 & NOT ! O!R WAY R\ND4 ,BECAUSE = ! COMMON PURPOSE ! COMMUNITY LE>N$ TO COMMUNICATE BY MEANS ( S\NDS1 !RE=E ! 9DIVIDUAL ACQUIR$ WORDS ) :I* AT LAT] /AGES HE C\LD ?9K \T HIS P]SONAL ACTIVITY & ?US C\LD 9DICATE IT BY NAMES4 ,!Y ALL CAME =? FROM ! S\RCE ( ! COMMON SPIRIT40 7,NOIRE1 P4 #a#d#g-#a#d#h74 

,CONSCI\SNESS 9 MAN AS AN ISOLAT$ BE+ W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DEVELOP BEYOND ! /AGE ( VAGUE P]CEPTIONS1 AS WE ASSUME TO BE ! CASE ) ANIMALS4 ,SPEE*1 & !RE=E AB/RACT NOTIONS1 C\LD COME 9TO BE+ ONLY ?R\< MAN LIV+ 9 A GR\P1 AS A MEMB] ( A COMMUNITY4 ,LIV+ TOGE!R 9 A SOCIETY IS ! NUCLEUS & F\NDATION = ALL ?9K+1 = ALL M5TAL DEVELOPM5T & = ALL HUMAN CULTURE4 ,?IS %[S ! %ORTCOM+S ( PHILOSOPHICAL OP9IONS & SY/EMS :I* />T FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL & FROM 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,A PHILOSOPHY1 :I* CONSID]S ?9K+ TO BE A M]ELY 9DIVIDUAL PROCESS1 CAN ONLY 9COMPLETELY APPROXIMATE ITS ESS5CE4 ,REALITY IS TURN$ UPSIDE D[N :5 ! PHILOSOPH] PROCE$S FROM HIS [N 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI\SNESS AS A BASIC FACT & !N1 ALONG ! WAY ( CRITICAL D\BT1 5DEAVORS TO PROVE LOGICALLY ! EXI/5CE ( HIS FELL[-M54 ,HE IS NOT AW>E ?AT ! SIMPLE/ FACTS ( ?\<T1 FROM :I* HE />TS \T1 ALREADY POSSESS A COLLECTIVE *>ACT]2 ?AT 9 ! FIR/ AB/RACTIONS HE IS DEAL+ )1 A SOCIETY1 A HUMAN COMMUNITY HAS ALREADY MADE ITS DEPOSIT2 ?AT EA* WORD1 EA* CONCEPTION & EA* ?\<T1 :I* HE EXP]I5CES 9 HIMSELF & :I* HE ACCEPTS AS ?AT :I* IS 0GIV501 HAS BE5 9SPIR$ BY COMMUNITY LIFE4 ,EA* P]SONAL CONSCI\SNESS IS ! 9DIVIDUAL =M ?R\< :I* ! M5TAL LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY1 :I* IS ITS COLLECTIVE PROCESS & COLLECTIVE POSSESSION1 GA9S EXPRESSION4 

#b#f4 ,SPEE* IS A NEW ACQUISITION DI/+UI%+ MAN FROM ! ANIMALS4 ,BODILY ORGANS MU/ CORRESPOND TO IT &1 9 FACT1 DO SO 9 A TW(OLD MANN]1 FIR/LY ACTIVELY1 = PRODUC+ SPEE*1 & SECONDLY PASSIVELY1 = HE>+ IT4 ,! HUMAN E> DOES NOT DISPLAY ANY P>TICUL> DEVELOPM5T1 & ! HE>+ ( ANIMALS IS (T5 MU* MORE ACUTE1 BE+ = !M A WEAPON 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE4 ,! BUILD ( ! ORGANS :I* PRODUCE ! VOICE 9 AN?ROPOIDS1 ! L>YNX1 LUNGS1 TONGUE & LIPS1 >E NOT V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( MAN1 & >E CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ ANALOG\S S\NDS 7CF4 ,Y]KES & ,LE>N$1 ,*IMPANZEE ,9TELLIG5CE & ITS VOCAL EXPRESSIONS74 ,UND\BT$LY1 H[EV]1 ! MUSCUL> SY/EM & ! 9N]VATIONS ( !SE ORGANS 9 MAN DEVELOP$ FUR!R 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! HI<] DEM&S ( ACCURACY & PRECISION ( MOVEM5TS4 

,F> MORE ESS5TIAL & IMPORTANT1 H[EV]1 >E ! CORRESPOND+ *ANGES 9 ! BRA9S4 ,SPEAK+ & HE>+ >E *IEFLY M5TAL ACTIVITIES4 ,!RE IS NO?+ PECULI> 9 ! FACT ?AT C]TA9 MOTOR C5T]S 9 ! C]EBRAL CORTEX CONDUCT ! MOVEM5TS ( ! VOCAL *ORDS1 TONGUE & LIPS 9 A PRECISE MUTUAL CORRELATION TO PRODUCE ! DELICATE %ADES 9 ! S\ND ( ! VOICE4 ,NEI!R IS IT PECULI> ?AT ! S\ND-/IMULUS IS L$ TO ! TEMPLE LOBE ( ! C]EBRAL CORTEX & !RE BECOMES A CONSCI\S FACT AS AN IMPRESSION ( LE>N+4 ,:AT IS PECULI> IS ?AT FROM ! :OLE COMPLEX ( P]CEPTIONS & CONCEPTIONS1 OR FROM ! FREE 9ITIATIVE ( ?\<T & WILL1 ! ORD] IS GIV5 TO ! MOTOR C5T] = JU/ !SE P>TICUL> ACTIONS ( SPEE* TO TAKE PLACE4 ,:AT IS PECULI> IS ?AT ! IMPRESSIONS ( HE>+1 ( ?IS NEW WORLD ( S\ND1 CALL UP TOTALLY DIFF]5T K9DS ( MEMORY-IMAGES & S]IES ( ?\<TS1 = :I* !Y S]VE AS SYMBOLS4 

,9 #ahfb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

,PROCE$+ FROM ! SIGNIFICANCE ( SPEE* = ?9K+1 SOME 9VE/IGATORS HAVE S\<T = ! SEAT ( LOGICAL ?9K+ & AB/RACT REASON+ 9 !SE & ! SURR\ND+ P>TS ( ! FRONTAL BRA9S4 ,IT APPE>$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! LOSS ( SPEE* DID NOT EFFECT ! CAPACITY = ?9K+3 0.<444.> ! FUNCTION+ ( ! 9TELLECT DOES NOT DEP5D ON NORMAL CONDITIONS ( ! CORTICAL MOTOR ORGAN ( LANGUAGE .<444.> BUT ON ITS CORTICAL S5SORY ORGANS1 AUDITORY & VISUAL .<444.>02 0! MOTOR >EA ( LANGUAGE DOES NOT EX]CISE ANY REAL REGULATIVE P[] ON EI!R ! =MATION OR ON ! MOVEM5T ( ?\<T40 ,IT IS 0! AUDITORY SPH]E ( LANGUAGE1 :I* IS ONE ( ! MA9 :EELS 9 ! LOGICAL MOVEM5T ( ?\<T40 7,BIAN*I1 L4C4 P4 #a#a#i-#a#b74 ,! P>TS ( ! CORTEX 9 :I* ! CONNECTION ( WORDS\NDS ) CORRESPOND+ ?\<T-S]IES TAKES PLACE & =MS ITSELF1 >E ! ASSOCIATION-FIELDS1 SITUAT$ R\ND ! TEMPLE LOBE4 ,:5 !SE FIELDS >E AFFECT$ & DE/ROY$ BY DISEASE1 ! SYMPTOMS ( WORD-DEAFNESS & WORD-BL9DNESS APPE>4 ,! S\ND IS !N HE>D1 OR ! WORD READ1 BUT ITS MEAN+ IS NOT UND]/OOD1 & ! :OLE PROCESS ( LOGICAL ?\<T1 ! NORMAL L9K+ ( CONCEPTIONS1 IS DI/URB$4 ,FROM ?IS MU/ BE CONCLUD$ ?AT ! HE>D WORD IS F> MORE CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) HUMAN ?9K+ ?AN ! SPOK5 WORD4 ,YET WE HAVE TO CONSID] ?AT BO? !SE FUNCTIONS DO NOT EXI/ 9DEP5D5TLY ( EA* O!R1 BUT1 LOCALIZ$ 9 NEI<BOR+ FIELDS ( ! CORTEX1 9FLU5CE EA* O!R P[]FULLY4 ,?IS IS APP>5T1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ?AT SU* M5TAL DEFECTS >E NE>LY ALWAYS CONNECT$ ) ! V]Y HEMISPH]E ?AT CONTA9S ! SPEE*-C5T] BECOM+ AFFECT$4 ,! ONE-SID$NESS ( ! ACTIVE SPEE*-C5T] CLE>LY 9VOLVES AN ASYMMETRY 9 ! ORGAN ( HE>+ & COMPREH5D+4 ,! ANATOMICAL SUB/RATUM = ! CONNECTIONS ( SPEE* & ?\<T MU/ BE S\<T = 9 ! C\NTLESS CONNECTIONS 9 ! FIELDS ( ASSOCIATION & ASSIMILATION ALONGSIDE & >\ND ! S5SORIAL & MOTOR C5T]S1 :I* CON/ITUTE ! HUGE MA9 P>T ( ! HUMAN C]EBRAL CORTEX4 

,V,I,I4 ,TOOLS & ?9K+ 

#b#g4 ,WE READ 9 ,>I/OTLE3 0,ANAXAGORAS SAYS ?AT MAN IS ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T ANIMAL1 BECAUSE HE POSSESSES H&S04 ,?US ! REALIZATION ( A DEEP NATURAL CONNECTION BETWE5 ! SPIRITUAL & ! MAT]IAL WORLD ALREADY APPE>S 9 ! FIR/ PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<TS ( ANTIQUITY4 ,LAT] AGES REC$$ FROM ?IS OP9ION2 ,>I/OTLE QUOTES HIM TO REPROVE HIM1 & H]E ,GAL5 AGREES3 0,BECAUSE HE WAS ! WISE/1 HE !RE=E POSSESSES H&S AS ,>I/OTLE RI<TLY JUDG$4 ,BECAUSE NOT ! H&S TAU<T MAN ! >TS1 BUT REASON04 ,& ALSO ,*>LES ,BELL1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! AIM & ! PURPORT ( HIS BOOK1 HOLDS ) ?IS OP9ION3 0! POSSESSION ( ! READY 9/RUM5T IS NOT ! CAUSE ( MAN'S SUP]IORITY .<444.>4 ,SO1 WE RA!R SAY ) ,GAL51 ?AT MAN HAS H&S GIV5 TO HIM1 BECAUSE HE IS ! WISE/ ( CREATURES1 '?AN ASCRIBE ?IS SUP]IORITY & KN[L$GE TO ! USE ( HIS H&S40 7,BELL1 P4 #b#d#i74 

,?IS 0USE ( HIS H&S0 IS ! US+ ( TOOLS4 ,IT HAS BE5 REPEAT$LY /AT$ ?AT ! USE ( TOOLS & HUMAN ?9K+ >E NOT 9DEP5D5T ( EA* O!R4 ,ABOVE1 9 *APT] ,I,I1 ATT5TION HAS ALREADY BE5 DRAWN TO ! FACT ?AT 9TELLIG5CE1 I4E4 HUMAN ?\<T1 IS REQUIR$ = US+ & EV5 MORE = MAK+ & 9V5T+ IMPLEM5TS4 ,= IT DEM&S ! CAPACITY ( REVIEW+ BE=EH& & IMAG9+ ! RESULTS ( :AT DOES NOT YET EXI/1 OR RA!R ONLY EXI/S 9 ! M9D4 

,?IS CONNECTION ( C\RSE CANNOT MEAN ?AT HUMAN ?\<T AT FIR/ SPONTANE\SLY CAME 9TO EXI/5CE1 BY MEANS ( ! BIOLOGICAL GR[? ( ! BRA9S1 & ?AT AFT] ?AT TOOLS W]E 9V5T$ & H&L$4 ,SU* AN OP9ION OV]LOOKS ! FACT ?AT HUMAN ?\<T1 COMP>$ ) ANIMAL ?\<T1 NOT ONLY %[S A QUANTITATIVE 9CREASE1 BUT ALSO A QUALITATIVE *ANGE ( *>ACT]4 ,ITS COM+ 9TO EXI/5CE ( ITS [N ACCORD W\LD BE A MIRACUL\S CREATION1 LY+ BEYOND ! PROV9CE ( SCI5CE4 ,MOREOV] ! 9F9ITELY SL[ DEVELOPM5T ( ! FIR/ /ONE IMPLEM5TS OV] A P]IOD ( ?\S&S ( C5TURIES CONTRADICTS SU* AN OP9ION2 IT DISPLAYS ALL ! FEATURES ( A LAB\RI\S GR[? ON ITS [N ACCORD1 H5CE AN AUTONOM\S DEVELOPM5T1 :I* IS TOTALLY DIFF]5T FROM :AT AN EV5 SL[LY GR[+ DELIB]ATE REASON+ W\LD HAVE 9V5T$4 ,9TELLECT IS NOT A GIV5 CAPACITY ?AT PREVI\SLY EXI/$ 9 A DORMANT /ATE2 IT CONSI/S ( ?\<TS1 :I* =M & *ANGE ACCORD+ TO ! /IMULI & NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 ,IT IS WELL-KN[N H[1 FROM A /UDY ( LAT] AGES :I* W]E MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ TE*NICALLY1 TE*NICAL IMP]FECTIONS1 AS EXP]I5C$ 9 ! PRACTICAL USE ( TOOLS1 HAD A /IMULAT+ EFFECT ON ! FACULTY ( ?9K+4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT HUMAN REASON IS NE$$ = US+ TOOLS1 MEANS ?AT ?\<T HAD TO TAKE ON SU* =MS AS SUIT$ & MADE POSSIBLE ! USE ( TOOLS4 ,?US1 CONV]SELY1 ! H&L+ ( IMPLEM5TS ACT$ ON ?9K+4 

#b#h4 ,TO REALIZE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! IMPLEM5T ON ?\<T1 WE MU/1 AS IF COND5S+ A LONG GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T 9TO A SUDD5 JUMP1 COMP>E ! ACTIONS ( AN ANIMAL OR ( MAN'S TOOL-LESS ANCE/OR1 & ?OSE ( A PRIMITIVE MAN ALREADY POSSESS+ TOOLS4 ,:5 FAC$ ) ! RECURR+ CONDITIONS ( ITS 5VIRONM5T1 SU* AS HUNG] & FOOD1 PREY1 OR DANG]1 ! ANIMAL'S REACTIONS1 :I* MAY BE ATTACK1 DEF5SE OR FLI<T1 >E DICTAT$ BY ITS BODILY ORGANS1 !REBY BECOM+ LIFETIME HABITS4 ,EV5 IF ! ANIMAL %\LD HAVE A MORE DEVELOP$ FACULTY ( ?9K+ & C\LD IMAG9E O!R REACTIONS1 ?IS W\LD /ILL BE ( NO USE TO IT2 ITS BODILY BUILD RE/RICTS ITS POSSIBILITIES4 ,H5CE ITS ?9K+ & ITS BRA9-APP>ATUS >E & REMA9 JU/ :AT !Y >E4 ,ITS REACTIONS HAVE BECOME FIX$ ALONG ALMO/ /ABLE TRACKS 9TO P]MAN5T HABITS1 TAK+ PLACE AS IMM$IATE 9/9CTIVE ACTIONS4 

,MAN'S REACTIONS TO EXT]IOR /IMULI >E ( A DIFF]5T NATURE1 AS 9 BETWE5 HIS BODY & ! EXT]IOR WORLD ON :I* HE MU/ REACT1 ! TOOL 5T]S4 ,9/EAD ( IMM$IATELY US+ HIS BODILY ORGANS1 BY SEIZ+ HIS FOOD BETWE5 HIS JAWS1 GRIPP+ ! PREY ) HIS H&S1 DEF5D+ HIMSELF ) HIS FI/S1 OR FLEE+ FROM DANG]1 HE TAKES ! APPROPRIATE TOOL OR WEAPON & USES IT4 ,) IT1 AS IF HE W]E A NEW BE+1 EQUIPP$ ) A NEW ORGAN1 HE MANIPULATES HIS FOOD1 OR ATTACKS HIS PREY OR 5EMY4 ,HIS ACTIONS FOLL[ A NEW C\RSE2 H5CE HIS ?\<TS TOO HAVE TO FOLL[ A NEW C\RSE4 ,! ACTIONS FOLL[ A DET\R1 NO LONG] GO+ DIRECTLY TO ! OBJECT1 BUT TO ! IMPLEM5T1 & ONLY !N FROM !RE TO ! OBJECT4 ,!RE=E ?9K+ MU/ ALSO FOLL[ A DET\R4 ,! SPONTANE\S IMPULSE TO ACT1 BELONG+ TO ! CONDITION 9 :I* !RE W]E NO IMPLEM5TS1 HAS TO BE RE/RA9$2 CONSEQU5TLY ! IMM$IATELY =M$ S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS ( SPR++ TO ACTION OR FLEE+ MU/ ALSO BE SUPPRESS$ & BE REPLAC$ BY ANO!R LEAD+ TO ! IMPLEM5T OR ! WEAPON4 ,?US ONE *>ACT]I/IC ELEM5T ( HUMAN ?9K+1 ITS 9DIRECTNESS1 ALREADY NOT$ ABOVE1 APPE>S AS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! USE ( TOOLS4 

,! =M] CONSECUTIVE S]IES ( ACTIONS1 FROM ! FIR/ P]CEPTION TO ! ATTA9$ OBJECT1 IS N[ 9T]RUPT$ HALFWAY4 ,! IMPLEM5T MU/ BE TAK51 FET*$ OR MADE READY4 ,ALL ?IS MEANS A PO/PONEM5T1 ) A CONT9U+ & COMPLET+ ( ! ACTION COM+ AB\T ONLY LAT] ON4 ,!RE=E ! CORRESPOND+ S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS TOO IS >RE/$1 TO BE TAK5 UP 9DEP5D5TLY LAT] ON4 ,OR MORE PRECISELY1 ! S]IES ( FUR!R CONNECT$ P]CEPTIONS IS =M$1 BUT )\T ! ACCOMPANY+ ACT1 EXI/+ M]ELY AS ?\<T4 ,! PROCESS ( ?9K+ TAKES ON A NEW =M4 ,IT BECOMES AN ACT 9 ITSELF & F9DS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 VIZ 9 AN 9T5TION OR AN 9F]5CE OR A SUSP5D$ PLAN2 IT REMA9S SPIRITUAL1 NOT PRODUC+ AN ACTUAL PH5OM5ON4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! USE ( TOOLS LEADS TO 9DEP5D5CE ( ?9K+2 IT IS NO LONG] P>T ( A PROCESS BUT A SEP>ATE PROCESS ITSELF4 ,! SEP>ATION ( ?\<T & ACTION1 :I* WE LE>N$ TO RECOGNIZE AS ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/IC ( HUMAN M5TAL ACTIVITY1 MANIFE/$ 9 ! SEP>ATION ( !ORY & PRACTICE1 IS 9DUC$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! TOOL PLACES ITSELF AS A NEW ELEM5T BETWE5 ! ORGANISM & ! EXT]IOR WORLD4 

,! *A9 ( BRA9-PROCESSES1 !RE=E1 MU/ ALSO *ANGE4 ,! C]EBRAL CORTEX AFT] ! SAME /IMULUS ( ! S5SE-ORGAN MU/ EFFECT A DIFF]5T MOTOR REACTION4 ,! /IMULUS MAY NO LONG] PASS 9 ! =M] WAY FROM ! S5SORY TO ! MOTOR C5T]S2 NEW CONNECTIONS HAVE TO BE =M$ = NEW CO-ORD9ATIONS ) O!R CORTEX-FIELDS4 ,N]VE-FIB]S WILL HAVE TO DEVELOP 9 A NEW WAY4 ,! /IMULUS MU/ FOLL[ ANO!R R\TE1 L9K ITSELF ) MEMORY-IMAGES ( ! IMPLEM5T OR WEAPON1 & ALONG ?IS NEW DET\R AFFECT ! MOTOR C5T]S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! =M] C\RSE MU/ BE *ECK$1 & ! OLD CONNECTION MU/ BE PUT \T ( ACTION1 - ?\< 9 CASES ( PANIC IT MOM5T>ILY ACTS AGA9 -1 & ALSO ! RESULT ( ! NEW CO-ORD9ATIONS MU/ (T5 BE SUSP5D$1 & H5CE >RE/$4 ,:AT ,JUDSON ,H]RICK /ATES ( ! CORTEX G5]ALLY1 - 0PRIMITIVELY1 CORTICAL ACTIVITY IS 9VOK$1 NOT TO PRODUCE ACTION1 BUT )9 ACTION1 FIR/ *ECK+ 9APPROPRIATE REFLEXES & !N AMPLIFY+1 R$IRECT+1 RECOMB9+1 OR O!RWISE IMPROV+ UPON ! IMM$IATE RESPONSES0 7#b#c1 P4 #b#f7 - IS APPLICABLE H]E TOO ON A HI<] LEVEL4 ,:IL/ ! OLD C\RSE A-B BECOMES ATROPHI$1 BY BE+ CON/ANTLY >RE/$ & BY DISUSE1 ! NEW 9DIRECT R\TES A-C-B CONT9UE TO DEVELOP BY CON/ANT USE4 

,N[ MAN DOES NOT HAVE JU/ ONE TOOL AT HIS DISPOSAL1 BUT DIFF]5T ONES1 SO ?AT HE MU/ *OOSE BETWE5 !M4 ,AT EV]Y S5SUAL P]CEPTION1 :E!R ( FOOD1 DANG]1 OR A PREY1 HE MU/ NOT ONLY SUPPRESS ! OLD IMPULSE1 BUT ALSO MAKE A *OICE1 & DECIDE :I* IMPLEM5T HE WILL USE1 & H[ TO ACT ) IT4 ,! IMPLEM5TS N[ BECOME OBJECTS :I* HAVE TO BE 9S]T$ AS SEP>ATE 9T]*ANGEABLE L9KS 9TO ! S]IES ( ACTIONS2 !RE=E ! CONCEPTIONS TOO1 AS !IR CORRELATES1 BECOME SEP>ATE M5TAL OBJECTS1 :I* MU/ BE 9S]T$ AS 9T]*ANGEABLE L9KS 9TO ! S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS4 ,! S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS MU/ NOT ONLY EXT5D TO ! TOOL1 BUT PROCE$ TO ! F9AL ACTION1 & AGA9 NOT ONLY = ONE1 BUT = EA* ( ! AVAILABLE IMPLEM5TS4 ,IT HAS BE5 SAID ABOVE 79 *APT] ,I,I,I1 8#a#a7 ?AT ! S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS CONT9UES AS IF BY ITSELF1 EV5 ?\< ! ACTION MAY BE >RE/$4 ,IT IS N[ APP>5T :Y ?IS S]IES MU/ BE CONT9U$ TILL ! 5D3 BECAUSE ! 9T]V5TION ( ! IMPLEM5T WAS ! CAUSE ( ?IS >RE/ & ?IS >RE/ GAVE RISE TO A *OICE4 ,ALL !SE S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS MU/ BE FOLL[$ & !IR RESULTS COMP>$1 ! 5TIRE R[ ( POSSIBILITIES MU/ BE CONSID]$1 & ! DECISION & ACTION TAKE PLACE ACCORD+ TO BE F9D+S ( ! RESULT4 ,:]E =M]LY DIFF]5T S]IES ( POSSIBLE ACTIONS W]E SPOK5 (1 IT N[ APPE>S ?AT ?IS DIV]SITY HAS ITS ORIG9 9 ! DIV]SITY ( IMPLEM5TS ?AT CAN BE US$4 

,! /IMULUS-CURR5T N[ DOES NOT FOLL[ ONE S+LE DET\R 9 ! C]EBRAL CORTEX1 BUT SEV]AL2 !RE IS NOT ONE A-C-B1 BUT AN A-C#a-B1 AN A-C#b-B1 ETC4 ,! N]VE R\TES C#a1 C#b1 444 CORRESPOND+ TO DIFF]5T S]IES ( P]CEPTIONS1 S+LY & /ILL MORE :5 COMB9$1 =M SU* AN EXT5SIVE COMPLEX ?AT A MU* GREAT] & MORE 9TRICATE PR(USION ( CONNECTIONS ) EA* O!R & ) ! S5SORY & MOTOR >EAS MU/ COME 9TO ACTION & BE DEVELOP$ 9 ! RELEVANT EXT5SIVE FIELDS ( ! CORTEX4 ,9 ! MUTUAL COMP>ISON ( ! R\TES ! FUNCTION ( ATT5TION COMES 9TO ACTION1 :]EBY ACTIVE CONSCI\SNESS ( ?\<TS & ACTIONS IS E/ABLI%$4 ,& ACCORD+ AS ! IMPLEM5TS BECOME MORE WIDELY DIFF]5TIAT$ & LIFE'S POSSIBILITIES EV] MORE V>I$1 ! CONNECTIONS ( ! N]VE-TRACKS MU/ BECOME MORE 9TRICATE1 ! ASSOCIATION-TRACKS MU/ GR[ 9TO AN EV] MORE IMPORTANT P>T ( ! C5TRAL ORGAN1 & ?9K+ MU/ DEVELOP 9TO A FACULTY ( 9CREAS+LY GREAT] WEAL? & 9DEP5D5CE4 

,A *OICE HAD ALREADY TO BE MADE BE=E IMPLEM5TS W]E CON/RUCT$1 :5 MAN ONLY TOOK 9 HIS H& ! CRUDE /ONES & /ICKS (F]$ BY NATURE4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT !N ! FIR/ DAWN+ ( CONSCI\S REFLECTION MI<T ALREADY HAVE APPE>$4 ,H[EV]1 ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! PROCESS ( ?9K+ IS ONLY A*IEV$ :5 =ESI<T ( ! ACTION LEADS TO PREP>ATION 9 ADVANCE1 H5CE1 :5 MAN MAKES HIS IMPLEM5TS4 ,! FUR!R ACTION1 9VOLV+ ! USE ( ! IMPLEM5T1 MU/ HAVE BE5 ?\<T \T 9 ADVANCE1 & 9 CONSEQU5CE PREP>$ = 9 ANTICIPATION1 BE=E ! NE$S ( ! SITUATION OR ! EV5T CAUS$ ACTION TO BE TAK54 ,AT ?IS /AGE ! ACTION IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO 5TIRELY SEP>ATE P>TS1 EA* COMPLETE 9 ITSELF4 ,! FIR/ IS ! CON/RUCTION ( ! IMPLEM5T1 AS A PREP>ATION1 :I* IS AN 9DEP5D5T & = ! MOM5T CONCLUD$ ACT4 ,H5CE AT ?IS /AGE1 ?9K+ TOO MU/ BUILD UP ITS *A9 ( P]CEPTIONS 9DEP5D5TLY1 AUTONOM\SLY1 />T+ FROM ITSELF APP>5TLY )\T A DIRECT EXT]IOR IMPULSE1 & F$ BY ! MEMORY-IMAGES ( =M] EXP]I5CE4 ,?US1 FROM ! NECESSITY ( CON/RUCT+ ! IMPLEM5T 9 ADVANCE1 A WORLD ( ?\<T DEVELOPS :I* IS MAN'S [N M5TAL LIFE1 A !ORETICAL COMP5DIUM ( ALL HIS EXP]I5CES1 & A S\RCE = ALL HIS FUR!R CONSCI\S ACTION4 

#b#i4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! TOOL GAVE A P[]FUL IMPETUS TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN ?9K+ FROM ! M5TAL PROCESSES ( \R ANIMAL-LIKE ANCE/ORS4 ,NO ONE HAS DISCLOS$ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! TOOL ) SU* A =CE ( CONVICTION AS ! ,G]MAN SCI5TI/ ,LUDWIG ,NOIRE 9 HIS ABOVE QUOT$ BOOK3 0,DAS ,W]KZEUG UND SE9E ,B$EUTUNG FUR DIE ,5TWICKLUNGSGES*I*TE D] ,M5S*HEIT0 7#a#h#h7 7,! ,TOOL & ITS ,SIGNIFICANCE = ! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MANK9D74 ,H]E HE WRITES3 0,NO MOM5T HAS BE5 ( SU* A VA/ & 9CALCULABLE IMPORTANCE = ! DEVELOPM5T & FIX+ ( ?9K+ AS ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT S\LLESS MATT] TOOK ON A DEF9ITE %APE &1 =M$ & TRANS=M$ BY ! H& ( MAN1 HAD TO S]VE PURPOSES & TO P]=M LABOR :I* ALL O!R BE+S >E ONLY ABLE TO P]=M ) !IR 9NATE ORGANS4 ,ITS GREAT IMPORTANCE IS *IEFLY SITUAT$ 9 TWO ?+S3 FIR/LY 9 ! RELEASE OR DETA*M5T ( ! CAUSAL RELATION1 :]EBY ! LATT] ACQUIRES A GREAT & 9CREAS+ CL>ITY 9 HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS2 & SECONDLY 9 ! OBJECTIVATION OR ! PROJECTION ( ! [N ORGANS :OSE ACTION ORIG9ALLY EXI/$ ONLY 9 ! DIMM] CONSCI\SNESS ( 9/9CTIVE FUNCTION+40 7P4 #c#d74 ,=M]LY ! CAUSALLY OP]ATIVE EFFECTS ( NATURE >E UND]GONE PASSIVELY2 & ALSO :5 ! ANIMAL ACTS ACTIVELY1 ITS ACT+ IS A NATURAL IMPULSE :I* DOES NOT GIVE RISE TO AMAZEM5T &1 !RE=E1 TO ?\<T4 0,! RELATION BECOMES 5TIRELY DIFF]5T :5 ! TOOL PLACES ITSELF AS AN 9T]JAC5T L9K BETWE5 ! WILL & ! 9T5D$ RESULT .<444.>4 ,= H]E ! CAUSAL CONCEPTION /RIKES ! EYE & IMPOSES ITSELF AS IF ( ITS [N ACCORD4 ,! WORK+ OBJECT MU/ FIR/ BE CREAT$ OR AT LEA/ FET*$2 ! RELATION BETWE5 ! APPROPRIATE MEANS & ! 9T5D$ ACTION IS PRECISELY ! CAUSAL RELATION ITSELF2 H]E IT PRES5TS ITSELF TO ! OBS]V+ CONSID]ATION 9 ITS SIMPLE/ TANGIBLE EMBODIM5T40 7L4C41 P4 #c#e74 ,?AT CONSCI\SNESS ACKN[L$GES ITSELF AS AN EFFECTIVE =CE1 AS A CAUSE1 & ?US BECOMES SELF-CONSCI\SNESS 9 OBJECTIVE CONTEMPLATION ( ITSELF1 IS R5D]$ POSSIBLE ONLY :5 9 TOOL & MA*9E ! WORK+ CAUSE & ! RESULT+ EFFECT /& CLE>LY BE=E ONE'S EYES4 ,!RE=E1 TOO1 ! ORGANS ( ! HUMAN & ANIMAL BODY >E ONLY UND]/OOD 9 !IR ACTION AFT] ! CREATION ( >TIFICIAL IMPLEM5TS & APP>ATUS :I* CAN S]VE AS COMP>ATIVE EXAMPLES4 ,! >M IS !N EXPLA9$ & UND]/OOD AS A LEV]1 ! EYE AS A CAM]A1 ! E> AS A KEYBO>D1 ! HE>T AS A PUMP1 ! L>YNX AS AN ORGAN-PIPE1 & ! N]VE SY/EM AS A TELEPHONE NETWORK4 

,= MAN EQUIPP$ ) IMPLEM5TS ! WORLD BECOMES AN OBJECT1 OR RA!R A MULTITUDE ( OBJECTS1 ON :I* HE REACTS 9 V>I\S WAYS1 :]EAS = ! TOOL-LESS ANIMAL ! WORLD REMA9S A :OLE 9 :I* AS A P>T IT F9DS ITS PLACE & P]=MS ITS ACTIONS ( LIFE4 0,! CONSCI\SNESS ( SELF K9DLES & ILLUM9ATES ITSELF ONLY FROM ! OBJECTIVE WORLD2 BUT NOT FROM ! OBJECTIVE WORLD AS SU*1 AS IT SURR\NDS US & />ES AT US1 AS 9DE$ IT IS ALSO />$ AT1 I4E4 LOOK$ AT )\T UND]/&+1 BY ! ANIMALS1 BUT 9 SO F> IT IS *ANG$1 MODIFI$1 TRANS=M$ BY HUMAN WILL1 BY HUMAN ACTIVITY1 I4E4 BY ! SUBJECTIVE FACTOR0 7L4C41 P4 #f#a74 

#c4 ,A NEW & P[]FUL 9FLU5CE EMANATES FROM ! H&L+ ( TOOLS TO ! ORGANS ( P]CEPTION & CONSCI\SNESS1 & !REBY TO M5TAL LIFE4 ,IT SUPPLIES A NEW EXP]I5CE ( ! EXT]IOR WORLD4 ,! DELICATE S5SE ( T\* VE/$ 9 ! F+]S COMES 9TO ACTION :5 GRIPP+ & GUID+ ! TOOL :I* IS US$ TO OP]ATE ON ! \TSIDE WORLD BY SOME SU* ACTION AS BEAT+1 PRESS+1 RUBB+ & BOR+4 ,IT IS AN AGGRESSIVE OP]ATION1 ATTEMPT+ TO BR+ AB\T *ANGES4 ,! EXT]IOR WORLD REACTS1 AN ITS RESI/ANCE1 :I* MU/ BE BROK51 IS CAU<T UP BY ! H& AS ! ORGAN ( ! S5SE ( T\*4 ,S9CE 9T5SITY IS FELT & MEASUR$ H]E1 ?IS IS QUITE ANO!R USE ( ! S5SE ( T\*1 AS IT IS DIFF]5T FROM ONLY CONTACT+ ! SURR\ND+ SPACE = ! PURPOSE ( ORI5TATION 7A USE :I*1 9 FACT1 H>DLY PLAYS ANY P>T AT ALL ) ADULTS74 0,! HI< IMPORTANCE ( ! H& AS AN ORGAN ( REASON LIES 9 ITS PREPOND]ANT ACTIVITY1 ?AT ESS5TIALLY NECESS>Y FACTOR1 )\T :I* NO KN[L$GE AT ALL BECOMES POSSIBLE40 7,NOIRE1 P4 #i#f74 

,! EXP]I5CE ( ! USE ( TOOLS1 AS AN ACTIVE EXPRESSION ( A VITAL 5]GY1 CALL$ UP BY LIFE'S NE$S1 SPEAKS MU* MORE 9T5SELY & MORE P5ETRAT+LY ?AN ! PASSIVE EXP]I5CE ( ! IMPRESSIONS ( ! O!R S5SES4 ,AS ALSO EXP]IM5T+1 ! PROVOK+ ( ANSW]S FROM ! WORLD 9 REPLY TO \R QUE/IONS1 AL?\< 9DE$ A MU* S(T] WAY ( OP]AT+ ?AN LABOR = ! NE$S ( LIFE1 DOES WORK MORE 9T5SELY ?AN M]E EXPECTANT OBS]V+4 ,AP>T FROM ! S5SE ( T\*1 ! MUSCUL> S5SE COMES 9TO ACTION :I*1 ?R\< ! 9NUM]ABLE RETRO-C$+ N]VE-FIB]S1 9=MS ! ORGANISM AB\T ITS [N MOVEM5TS4 ,9 ! MUSCUL> EX]TION :5 WORK+ ) ! TOOL1 SU* AS 9 ! BL[ ( ! AX OR HAMM]1 :]E ! MOM5TUM ( ! MOV+ >M IS 9CREAS$ BY ! H&LE1 ! RELATION BETWE5 ! OBS]V$ EFFECT ( LIV+ =CE & ! FEEL+ ( ACCURATELY BALANC$ APPLI$ 5]GY (F]S A RI* S\RCE ( NEW EXP]I5CES ( ! WORLD4 

#c#a4 ,! PRECISE MANN] 9 :I* ! TOOL AFFECTS ?\<T1 TE*NIQUE AFFECTS SCI5CE1 & VICE V]SA1 IS CLE>LY SE5 9 ! LAT] & MOD]N DEVELOPM5T ( MAN4 ,?IS IS1 H[EV]1 MORE DIFFICULT IF WE GO BACK TO PRIMITIVE TIMES1 AS NO DATA ( EXP]I5CE >E AVAILABLE4 ,WE MAY !N TRY TO UND]/& !SE RELATION%IPS1 AS EXPLA9$ ABOVE1 BY COMP>+ ,E>LY ,MAN POSSESS+ IMPLEM5TS ) ! ANIMAL NOT POSSESS+ !M1 BY COMP>+ ,E>LY ,MAN ALREADY EQUIPP$ ) ! CAPACITY ( ?9K+ ) ! CONCEPTION-LESS ANIMAL1 & !N TO COMP>E !IR REACTIONS4 ,9 ACTUAL FACT1 H[EV]1 IT WAS AN EXTREMELY SL[ DEVELOPM5T & A PROCESS /RET*+ OV] MANY HUNDR$S1 P]HAPS ?\S&S1 ( C5TURIES1 9 :I* ! 9F9ITELY SMALL /EPS >E NOT VISIBLE & CANNOT EV5 BE IMAG9$4 ,IS IT NOT POSSIBLE TO FILL 9 ?IS LACK ( DATA BY BR++ ! MO/ HI<LY DEVELOP$ ANIMALS1 ! AN?ROPOIDS :O 9 !IR BRA9 CAPACITY MO/ ( ALL APPROA* MAN1 9TO CONTACT ) SIMPLE IMPLEM5TS1 & TO /UDY !IR REACTIONS8 

,H]E IT IS NOT A MATT] ( APES US+ SU* HUMAN UT5SILS AS A SPOON1 =K & MUG1 :I* IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A SIGN ( TEA*ABILITY & A GREAT] FACULTY ( IMITATION ?AN 9 ! CASE ( O!R ANIMALS2 & IT HAS /ILL LESS TO DO ) ! FANCY ?AT !IR 9TELLIG5CE C\LD BE DEVELOP$ TO A HI<] /AGE ?R\< ! USE ( IMPLEM5TS4 ,! REAL SIGNIFICANCE ( SU* TE/S LIES 9 A C>EFUL & SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION BE+ MADE ( ! M5TAL PROP]TIES & ABILITIES ( !SE ANIMALS1 AS WAS EXPRESS$ BY ONE ( ! PIONE]S 9 ?IS REALM ( RESE>*1 ,WOLFGANG ,KOHL]1 9 ! TITLE ( HIS BOOK 0,9TELLIG5ZPRUFUNG5 AN ,M5S*5AFF50 7,9TELLIG5CE TE/S ) AN?ROPOIDS74 ,H]E ! AN?ROPOIDS >E GIV5 SIMPLE AIDS1 SU* AS BOXES1 /ICKS1 PIECES ( ROPE & CLO?1 BY :I* !Y MI<T OBTA9 ! COVET$ FRUITS SET BEYOND !IR REA*1 TO SEE H[ !Y W\LD USE !M4 ,! ANIMALS US$ W]E ALWAYS ! *IMPANZEES1 = AL?\< GORILLAS >E USUALLY PLAC$ ABOVE !M ) RESPECT TO !IR BRA9 CAPACITY1 ! *IMPANZEE NEV]!LESS %[S A MORE ACTIVE 9TELLIG5CE1 :I* IS PROBABLY DUE TO A MORE ACTIVE GR\P-LIFE4 

,! *IEF DIFFICULTY LIES 9 ! 9T]PRET+1 EV5 9 M]ELY DESCRIB+ ! RESULTS ( !SE TE/S1 BECAUSE ! T]MS US$ >E ALWAYS TAK5 FROM ! HUMAN SPIRITUAL LIFE4 ,! TITLE ( ! BOOK BY ! ,AM]ICAN PSY*OLOGI/ ,Y]KES3 0,ALMO/ ,HUMAN01 REVEALS A T5D5CY1 9 ! BACKGR\ND ( ?\<T1 TO %[ H[ MU* ( HUMAN ?9K+ IS ALREADY TO BE F\ND ) ! *IMPANZEE4 

,& EV5 ,KOHL]1 ) HIS JUDICI\S1 WELL-BALANC$ CONCLUSIONS1 N[ & !N 9CLUDES JUDGM5TS 9S]T$ 9TO ! DESCRIPTIONS ( A TE/3 0!RE N[1 ,SULTAN MAKES A 'BAD TURN' OR MORE PRECISELY A %OCK+ /UPIDITY .<444.>4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT]W>DS COMES AN ACTION ?AT MAY BE RECKON$ AMONG ! GOOD ]RORS .<444.>0 7L4C41 P4 #i72 AS IF ! ANIMAL DUR+ AN EXAM9ATION HAD TO ATTA9 TO A C]TA9 /&>D1 ! NORM ( :I* WAS ADOPT$ FROM HUMAN ?9K+4 ,Y]KES /ATES 0!Y HAVE IDEAS0 :I* CAN MEAN MU* OR LITTLE1 & 9 HIS /&>D WORK 0,! ,GREAT ,APES0 HE SUCCESSIVELY DISCUSSES ! 0MEMORY01 ! 0IMAG9ATION0 & ! 09DICATIONS ( AB/RACTION & G5]ALIZATION04 ,!SE H[EV] >E NOT SPECIFIC FEATURES ( HUMAN SPIRITUAL LIFE4 ,IT CAN BE SAID ?AT EA* ANIMAL G5]ALIZES1 9 ?AT HIS MEMORY-IMAGES >E MADE UP ( SUMM>IES PRODUC$ BY ALL =M] & SIMIL> EXP]I5CES4 ,! MEAN+ ( HIS EXPRESSION 0IDEATIONAL CONDUCT0 IS ?AT ! ACT IS NOT DOM9AT$ ONLY BY ! IMM$IATELY PREC$+ S5SE P]CEPTION4 ,! PROBLEM1 H[EV]1 IS TO :AT EXT5T1 & ESPECIALLY H[1 CONSID]+ ! RESULTANT ACTIONS1 DIFF]5T =M] EXP]I5CES >E ASSIMILAT$ 9 ! P]CEPTIONS4 

,:AT /RIKES ! OBS]V] MO/ ( ALL IS ?AT1 ESPECIALLY AFT] FRUITLESS ATTEMPTS TO GET ! BANANA1 ! ANIMAL QUIETLY SITS D[N & 0?9KS01 & !N JUMPS UP TO MAKE A NEW ATTEMPT4 0,! PROBLEM IS SOLV$1 NOT BY FUMBL+1 BUT BY :AT ,KOHL] CALLS '9SI<T'4 ,WE NE$ NOT ASSUME ?AT ,KOHL]'S *IMPANZEE REASON$ ! ?+ \T & =MULAT$ HIS CONCLUSIONS 9 LOGICAL SYLLOGISMS4 ,! AV]AGE MAN W\LD NOT SOLVE ! PROBLEM ?AT WAY EI!R4 ,:5 A MAN CONFRONT$ ) A SIMPLE PROBLEM LIKE ?IS DOES '/OP TO ?9K'1 ! RI<T WAY TO DO IT MAY COME TO HIM ALL AT ONCE 9 A FLA% ( UND]/&+4 ,HE 'SEES ?R\<' ! SITUATION BE=E HE MAKES A MOVE4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! MAN HIS PREVI\S EXP]I5CE 9CLUDES MANY SITUATIONS EA* ( :I* HAS SOME?+ 9 COMMON ) ! PRES5T PROBLEM .<444.>0 - ?US ,JUDSON ,H]RICK REPRES5TS ?IS BEHAVIOR 7#b#d1 P4 #b#b#e74 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ H]E ?AT LOGICAL SYLLOGISMS UND\BT$LY PLAY !IR P>T 9 ! CASE ( MAN1 9CLUD+ ! SAVAGE1 EV5 ?\< 9 SIMPLE EV]Y DAY PROBLEMS !Y >E NOT ?\<T ( 9 !SE S*OL>LY T]MS4 ,9 ! CASES ( BO? MAN & APE ! DEPOSIT ( =M] SITUATIONS EM]GES & COMES TO ! =E 9 ! EXPECTANT SITT+ /ILL2 & ?IS !N DET]M9ES ! ACTION4 ,IT DOES1 H[EV]1 DIFF] 9 *>ACT]2 ) ! ONE IT IS A SIMPLE MEMORY-PICTURE1 & ) ! O!R AN >GUM5T CLO!D 9 WORDS4 ,BY CALL+ BO? 0IDEAS0 !IR ESS5TIAL *>ACT] IS LEFT UNC]TA94 ,9 ! CASE ( ! Y\NG] ANIMALS ! /ICK IS US$ TO HELP GET ! BANANA1 IF BO? >E SE5 SIMULTANE\SLY2 IF ! ANIMAL ONLY SEES !M 9 TURN1 IT DOES NOT DAWN UPON HIM TO ASSOCIATE !M4 ,! OLD] & MORE EXP]I5C$ ANIMALS H[EV]1 :O HAVE LE>N$ A GREAT DEAL ?R\< ! EXP]IM5TS1 REMEMB] ! /ICK & AT ONCE GO & FET* IT OR LOOK = IT4 

,AN ATT5TIVE /UDY ( ! EXP]I5CES AS DESCRIB$ BY ,KOHL] CONFIRMS ! !SIS ?AT ANIMALS >E 9CAPABLE ( SEE+ SEP>ATELY ! V>I\S P>TS ( A NATURE-IMPRESSION 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT !Y CAN IMAG9E !M 9 ANO!R POSITION & 9 ANO!R CONTEXT1 BECAUSE !Y LACK ! CONCEPTION & !RE=E ALSO ! P]CEPTION ( SEP>ATE ?+S2 = ?AT REASON !Y CANNOT USE !M AS TOOLS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 WE DISC]N CIRCUM/ANCES :]E ?IS TRU? BEG9S TO F9D ITS LIMITS4 ,! HI<E/ A*IEVEM5T ( !SE *IMPANZEES APPE>S TO BE SOME?+ :I*1 9 SPITE ( ,FRANKL9'S DEF9ITION1 MI<T BE CALL$ 0TOOL-MAK+ ABILITY04 ,ONE ANIMAL HAD TWO BAMBOO /ICKS1 A ?ICK ONE & A ?9 ONE1 BO? TOO %ORT ) :I* TO REA* ! BANANAS BEYOND ! F5CE4 ,HAV+ WORK$ UNSUCCESSFULLY ) !SE & O!R ?+S1 IT HAPP5$ ?AT F9ALLY1 AFT] ! OBS]V] HAD LEFT & ONLY ! KEEP] WAS PRES5T1 ! ANIMAL HELD A /ICK 9 EA* ( ITS H&S1 PLAY+ ) !M 9 AN 9DIFF]5T MANN]4 0,!RE IT HAPP5$ ?AT IT HELD \T A /ICK 9 EA* H&1 & 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT !Y LAY 9 ONE L9E2 IT PLAC$ ! ?9 ONE A LITTLE WAY 9TO ! OP5+ ( ! ?ICK ONE1 & AT ONCE JUMP$ UP TO ! F5CE1 TO :I* IT HAD AT FIR/ TURN$ ITS BACK1 & BEGAN TO DRAW ! BANANA T[>DS ITSELF ) ! AID ( ?IS D\BLE /ICK0 7L4C41 P4 #i#a74 ,SO1 BY ACCID5TALLY PLAC+ ! /ICKS 9 ?IS MANN]1 IT SAW A LONG] /ICK !RE2 IT N[ KNEW ! TRICK1 & :5 ! /ICKS FELL AP>T1 APPLI$ ! NEW KN[L$GE AGA9 & AGA94 ,EV5 MORE /RIK+ WAS ! CASE ) ONE ( ! O!R APES1 9 :OSE CAGE !RE WAS A %RUB ) BRAN*ES1 :I* IT HAD TRI$ 9 VA9 TO PASS ?R\< ! B>S 9 ORD] TO REA* ! BANANA4 ,AFT]W>DS1 :5 SITT+ QUIETLY & LOOK+ AT ! %RUB1 IT SUDD5LY JUMP$ UP1 W5T TO ! %RUB1 BROKE (F A BRAN*1 & MADE USE ( IT = ITS PURPOSE4 ,APP>5TLY :ILE LOOK+ AT IT1 ITS ATT5TION WAS DRAWN SO 9T5SELY TO ! BRAN*1 ?AT ! ANIMAL SAW IT AS A SEP>ATE 5TITY1 SIMIL> TO ! /ICKS IT HAD PREVI\SLY US$4 ,MORE 9TELLIG5T TYPES AT ONCE BROKE (F ! BRAN*ES2 P]HAPS ?IS BREAK+ (F ( A BRAN* IS SOME?+ ?AT !Y KNEW FROM !IR /ATE ( NATURE4 

,?\< SU* EXP]IM5TS >E HI<LY IMPORTANT = OBTA9+ A CORRECT 9SI<T 9TO ! SPIRITUAL PROCESSES :I* TAKE PLACE 9 ! HI<E/ APES1 & ?\< !Y CAN TEA* US SOME?+ AB\T ! DAWN+ REACTIONS ( PRE-HUMAN ?9K+ TO ! USE ( IMPLEM5TS1 YET !Y HAVE ONLY AN 9DIRECT SIGNIFICANCE = ! PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9 ( MAN4 ,! CONDITIONS EXI/+ DUR+ !SE 9VE/IGATIONS & ?OSE DUR+ ! FIR/ ORIG9 ( MAN DIFF] TOO MU*4 ,H]E1 ! ANIMAL1 ! EXP]IM5TAL OBJECT ( ! HI<] 9TELLIG5CE ( MAN1 IS PROVID$ BY HUMAN DESIGN & DELIB]ATION ) READY MADE IMPLEM5TS ?\<T \T = HIM4 ,!RE1 ,E>LY ,MAN'S ANCE/OR HAD 9 AN 9F9ITELY SL[ PROCESS TO SEEK = HIMSELF ! FIR/ AIDS 9 HIS HEAVY /RUGGLE = LIFE4 ,H]E1 ! APE IS /UDI$ AS IT IS N[1 & H[ HIS M9D WORKS N[4 ,EV5 ?\< ! ANIMAL LE>NS ALL K9DS ( 9DIVIDUAL ?+S1 LIKE RATS & FI% CAN ALSO LE>N ALL K9DS ( ?+S BY TRA9+1 !RE IS ( C\RSE NO QUE/ION ( A DEVELOPM5T ( ! SPECIES TO NEW PROP]TIES 9 !SE %ORT1 OR EV5 MU* LONG]1 YE>S 7#h74 ,!RE1 ! ESS5TIAL ?+ WAS JU/ ?AT SL[ *ANGE ( ! SPECIES ITSELF1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( TOOL CAPABILITY & SPIRITUAL CAPACITY 9 A CONT9U\S PROGRESS DUR+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,H]E1 MAN AS ! KN[+ MA/] EXP]IM5TS ) ! SUBJECT$ ANIMAL2 & ONLY FANTA/S C\LD IMAG9E SOME?+ LIKE ! RECREAT+ ( IT 9TO AN ANIMAL POSSESS+ HI<] SPIRITUAL CAPACITIES4 ,!RE1 MAN HAD TO CREATE HIMSELF1 CREATOR & CREATURE AT ! SAME TIME1 ?R\< HIS [N LIFE-ACTIVITY4 

,V,I,I,I4 ,TOOLS & SPEE* 

#c#b4 0,TOOL & SPEE*1 ACCORD+ TO ANCI5T VIEWS1 BELONG TO ! MO/ HUMAN SIDE ( MAN01 ?US ,K>L ,BUHL] COMM5CES ! ,PREFACE TO HIS WORK ON ! !ORY ( LANGUAGE4 0,ACCORD+ TO ! :OLE BUILD ( HIS BODY01 ?US HE APPROV+LY CITES ,*>LES ,BELL1 0MAN IS DEP5D5T ON TOOLS & SPEE*1 IS ADJU/$ TO TOOLS & SPEE*04 0,SPEE* IS AK9 TO TOOLS2 IT ALSO BELONGS TO ! IMPLEM5TS ( LIFE1 IS AN ORGANON JU/ AS ! MAT]IAL IMPLEM5T .<444.>0 7P4 III74 ,H]E !Y >E PUT =W>D AS TWO 9DEP5D5T DATA1 SIDE BY SIDE1 TOGE!R DET]M9+ :AT IS SPECIAL 9 MAN1 )\T AN 9DICATION ( ANY CAUSAL RELATION BETWE5 !M4 ,?IS RELATION1 H[EV]1 IS CLE>LY /AT$1 ?\< LOOK$ AT FROM ONE SIDE ONLY1 BY ,GRACE DE ,LAGUNA3 0,IT IS SC>CELY CR$IBLE .<444.> ?AT ! >T ( *IPP+ /ONE IMPLEM5TS C\LD HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ BY M5 :O HAD NOT YET LE>N$ TO SPEAK4 ,! BELIEF ?AT ! TWO GREAT HUMAN FUNCTIONS >E SOMEH[ CAUSALLY 9T]DEP5D5T1 IS PROBABLY HELD QUITE WIDELY AT ! PRES5T TIME40 7P4 #b#a#h74 ,/ILL CLE>]1 LOOK$ AT FROM BO? SIDES1 ,NOIRE /ATES IT 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO HIS WORK3 0,! MUTUAL DEP5D5CE1 9 UN9T]RUPT$ 9T]ACTION1 ( SPEE* & TOOL1 I4E4 ( ?9K+ & ACT+1 CON/ITUTES ! LEAD+ ?READ 9 !SE 9VE/IGATIONS40 7P4 VIII74 

,IT HAS ALREADY BE5 REM>K$ SEV]AL TIMES ?AT AN EFFICI5T USE ( IMPLEM5TS )\T SPEE*1 I4E4 )\T WORDS TO DI/+UI% !M1 IS H>DLY POSSIBLE4 ,CONV]SELY ?IS IMPLIES ?AT 9 ! PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D ! USE ( IMPLEM5TS MU/ HAVE 9FLU5C$ HUMAN SPEE*4 

#c#c4 ,! TRANSITION FROM ANIMAL S\ND TO HUMAN LANGUAGE IS ! TRANSITION FROM ! UTT]ANCE ( EMOTION TO ! PRON\NC+ ( NAMES :I*1 AS SYMBOLS1 SIGNIFY & DESIGNATE ?+S & ACTIONS4 ,H[ DID IT HAPP5 ?AT C]TA9 ?+S CAME TO BE DESIGNAT$ BY C]TA9 S\NDS8 ,= ! ANIMAL ! WORLD IS A :OLE1 & AL?\< IT IS V>IABLE 9 ?AT C]TA9 *ANGES 9 ASPECT SIGNIFY+ DANG] OR FOOD =CE IT 9TO ACTION1 IT IS NEV]!LESS A SELF-EVID5T :OLE4 ,?AT ! P>TS1 AS SEP>ATE ?+S1 >E NOT RECOGNIZ$ AS SU*1 IS DEMON/RAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT = US TOO !Y ACQUIRE ?AT 9DIVIDUALITY ONLY :5 WE DI/+UI% !M BY NAMES4 ,9 ! SUBSEQU5T 9CREASE ( KN[L$GE1 A FIELD ( PH5OM5A (T5 REMA9S A VAGUE & UNRAVEL$ UNITY UNTIL1 :5 ! V>I\S P>TS >E NAM$ & *>ACT]IZ$ & WELL-DEF9$ CONCEPTIONS >E 9TRODUC$1 CL>ITY1 DEP?1 & TRANSP>5CY APPE>4 ,SIMIL>LY1 MAN'S [N BODY IS A SELF-EVID5T :OLE1 & ! SPONTANE\S ACTIONS DO NOT LEAD TO DISCRIM9ATION ( ITS P>TS2 9 ! :OLE ( ! WORLD MAN DISCOV]S HIMSELF LA/ ( ALL4 

,N[ 9 ?IS WORLD1 SELF-EVID5T ON ALL SIDES1 ! TOOL BECOMES APP>5T AS SOME?+ EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,AT ONE TIME IT IS P>T ( ! BODY1 9 :I* IT IS A LIFELESS COMPON5T & BODILY ORGAN1 & AT O!RS CA/ AWAY IT IS P>T ( ! EXT]NAL WORLD2 ?\< EV] ANEW S\<T = & TAK5 UP4 0,! PECULI>ITY & QUITE =MIDABLE IMPORTANCE ( ! TOOL IS TO BE F\ND 9 ?AT IT IS AT ! SAME TIME P>T ( ! SUBJECT & IS YET AN OBJECT40 7,NOIRE1 P4 #a#g74 ,! IMPLEM5T IS ! *ANG+ ELEM5T1 BELONG+ N[ H]E1 N[ !RE2 IT SEV]S ! 9DIVISIBLE UNITS & !IR SELF-EVID5CE4 ,ATT5TION IS1 ?US1 CONC5TRAT$ ON IT1 BECAUSE IT TAKES ITS PLACE \TSIDE EA* ( ! USUAL WORLDS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT IS ( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE ?R\< ! ROLE IT PLAYS 9 WORK & 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE2 IT /&S 9 ! C5T] ( MAN'S ACTIVITY4 ,?US A S\ND ACCOMPANY+ A GIV5 ACTION IS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! OBJECT :I* IS ! C>RI] ( ! ACTION4 ,! OBJECT ITSELF IS DISCRIM9AT$ BECAUSE A S\ND ATTA*ES ITSELF TO IT2 IT GETS A NAME4 

,BO? ,GEIG] >ID ,NOIRE HAVE EXPRESS$ ! OP9ION ?AT AN 9ITIAL BEG9N+ ( LANGUAGE MU/ HAVE EXI/$ BE=E ! USE ( IMPLEM5TS4 0.<444.> L+UI/IC /UDY HAS COMPLETELY PROV$ ?AT MAN ALREADY POSSESS$ LANGUAGE BE=E HE WAS 9 POSSESSION ( ! TOOL .<444.>4 ,RI<T AT ! BOTTOM ( LANGUAGE-LIFE MAN APPE>S1 NOT YET DI/+UI%ABLE 9 ?IS RESPECT FROM ANIMALS1 DEP5D5T ON ! ACTION ( HIS NATURAL ORGANS ONLY40 7,NOIRE1 P4 #a#h74 ,IT MAY BE2 BUT 9 :AT HE SAYS FUR!R ON3 0,AS IS SPEE*1 SO ALSO IS ! TOOL A *>ACT]I/IC ELEM5T ( MAN4 ,)\T EXCEPTION ! WORLD ( MAN & ! WORLD ( ANIMALS 9 ?IS RESPECT >E OPPOSITE40 7L4C41 P4 #a#i7 ! AU?OR HIMSELF ?R[S D\BT ON :E!R ! NAME ( MAN CAN BE APPLI$ H]E4 ,MOREOV] WE MAY BE SURE ?AT 9 SPITE ( ?IS %>P DIVISION BY %>P DEF9ITIONS !RE MU/ HAVE BE5 TRANSITIONAL =MS & 9T]M$IATE /ATES ( A D\BTFUL LABEL+4 ,*IMPANZEES LIV+ 9 GR\PS ALSO ACCOMPANY !IR COMMON ACTIVITY BY MANIFOLD NOISES & S\NDS2 9 SU* 9/ANCES ( ! SIMPL] =MS ( PROVID+ = LIFE1 H[EV]1 9DIVIDUAL PICK+ & GA!R+ CAN H>DLY BE CALL$ COMMON WORK4 ,NOIRE ASSUMES ?AT 9 ! /R5U\S CONDITIONS ( LIFE 9 ! PLA9S ! PREP>+ ( %ELT]S1 ! WATTL+ ( TREE-DWELL+S1 BUT *IEFLY ! DIGG+ ( HOLES CREAT$ A FIR/ NECESSITY = COMMON WORK2 & HE SUPPOSES ?AT ! NAMES = ?IS DIGG+ & SCRAT*+ 7S*>R57 7#i7 BELONG TO ! OLDE/ ROOTS ( LANGUAGE1 FROM :I* MANY WORDS ( LAT] DATES CAN BE D]IV$4 ,IF ?AT W]E ! CASE1 !N IT IS QUITE PROBABLE ?AT DUR+ SU* SCRAT*+ & DIGG+-WORK BITS ( /ONE W\LD NATURALLY COME 9TO ! H&S1 & ?AT QUITE AS NATURALLY !SE W]E US$ AS AIDS2 A LONG P]IOD ( COMMON WORK )\T ?IS V]Y FIR/ ME*ANICAL AID W\LD SEEM TO BE RA!R UNLIKELY4 

,WORK & IMPLEM5T >E NOT YET DI/+UI%$ FROM EA* O!R 9 ! FIR/ S\NDS HAV+ ! *>ACT] ( NAMES2 ! SAME WORD ACTS AS A SYMBOL = BO?4 ,ONLY AT A LAT] /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T IS A DI/9CTION MADE BETWE5 SUB/ANTIVE & V]B1 & ! S5T5CES 9 :I* ! WORDS =M REPLACEABLE P>TS BEG9 TO TAKE %APE4 ,( C\RSE ?IS FIR/ =M+ ( WORDS IS A COLLECTIVE PROCESS2 AN 9DICATION BY NAME MAKES S5SE ONLY 9 A MUTUAL UND]/&+4 ,CONSEQU5TLY WE MAY SAY ?AT SPEE* CAME 9TO EXI/5CE AS A MEANS 9 COMMON WORK ) ! AID ( IMPLEM5TS4 

#c#d4 ,?US ! IMPLEM5T HAS A FUR!R 9FLU5CE1 AS AP>T FROM ITS IMM$IATE ONE1 ON HUMAN ?9K+4 ,! IMPLEM5T CREAT$ SPEE*1 & SPEE*1 BECAUSE WORD-SYMBOLS HAVE A MEAN+1 PRODUC$ ! =M+ ( CLE> CONCEPTIONS & LOGICAL ?\<T4 ,?IS IS :AT ,DEWEY HAS EXPRESS$ AS FOLL[S3 0,! 9V5TION & USE ( TOOLS HAVE PLAY$ A L>GE P>T 9 CONSOLIDAT+ MEAN+S1 BECAUSE A TOOL IS A ?+ US$ AS A MEANS TO CONSEQU5CES1 9/EAD ( BE+ TAK5 DIRECTLY & PHYSICALLY4 ,IT IS 9TR9SICALLY RELATIONAL1 ANTICIPATORY1 PR$ICTIVE .<444.>4 ,! MO/ CONV9C+ EVID5CE ?AT ANIMALS DO NOT '?9K' IS F\ND 9 ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE NO TOOLS1 BUT DEP5D UPON !IR [N RELATIVELY-FIX$ BODILY /RUCTURES TO EFFECT RESULTS40 7#a#d1 P4 #a#h#e74 ,?AT IS TO SAY ?AT ! ME*ANICAL AID1 ?\< AT FIR/ IT WAS ACCID5TALLY TAK5 BY ! H&1 ?\<TLESSLY MADE USE (1 & ?R[N AWAY1 F9ALLY >\S$ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! AIM = :I* IT WAS APPLI$2 & !REBY ! ACCOMPANY+ S\ND ALSO RECEIVES A C]TA9 MEAN+ & BECOMES A SYMBOL4 ,& HE CONT9UES TO EXPLA9 ?IS3 0,A CREATURE MI<T ACCID5TALLY W>M ITSELF BY A FIRE OR USE A /ICK TO /IR ! GR\ND 9 A WAY :I* FUR!R$ ! GR[? ( FOOD-PLANTS4 ,BUT ! EFFECT ( COM=T CEASES ) ! FIRE1 EXI/5TIALLY2 A /ICK EV5 ?\< ONCE US$ AS A LEV] W\LD REV]T TO ! /ATUS ( BE+ JU/ A /ICK1 UNLESS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 IT & ITS CONSEQU5CE W]E DI/+UI%$ & RETA9$4 ,ONLY LANGUAGE1 OR SOME =M ( >TIFICIAL SIGNS1 S]VES TO REGI/] ! RELATION%IP & MAKE IT FRUITFUL 9 O!R CONTEXTS ( P>TICUL> EXI/5CE40 7IB41 P4 #a#h#g74 

,?US AB/RACT ?9K+1 SPEE* & ! USE ( TOOLS >E 9SEP>ATELY CONNECT$4 ,& !Y REMA9 JO9$ 9 ! :OLE ( ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T3 A DIFF]5TIATION ( ! TOOLS TO SPECIAL APPROPRIATE =MS1 A DIFF]5TIATION ( ! LANGUAGE TO AN EV] GREAT] WEAL? ( D$UC$ APPROPRIATE WORDS & COMP\ND S5T5CES1 A DIFF]5TIATION ( ?\<T TO EV] FUR!R LOGICAL AB/RACTIONS4 ,! P]FECT+ & REF9+ ( ! TOOLS TO EV] MORE PRODUCTIVE ME?ODS ( WORK+1 ! P]FECT+ & REF9+ ( LANGUAGE 9TO AN EV] MORE ADEQUATE MEANS ( IMP>T+ 9=MATION & ( SPIRITUAL 9T]C\RSE1 ! P]FECT+ & REF9+ ( ?9K+ AS A MEANS T[>DS AN 9CREAS+ 9VE/IGATION & A HI<] KN[L$GE ( NATURE & ! WORLD >\ND US1 TOGE!R PRODUCE AN EV] GREAT] WEAL? ( MODES & POSSIBILITIES ( LIFE4 

#c#e4 ,?AT ! USE ( TOOLS HAS HAD A DET]M9+ 9FLU5CE ON ! ORIG9 ( SPEE*1 IS ALSO BETRAY$ 9 ! ANATOMICAL /RUCTURE ( ! BRA9S4 ,! SPEE* C5T] IS LOCAT$ 9 ! C]EBRAL CORTEX AT ! FOOT ( ! ?IRD 7! L[E/7 FRONTAL LOBE & ITS SURR\ND+S1 AS AN EXT5SION ( ! MOTOR C5T]S ( ?ROAT & M\? LOCAT$ NE>BY1 & !SE >E SITUAT$ 9 ! CLOSE VIC9ITY ( ! MOTOR C5T]S ( ! >M & ! H&4 ,?IS SPEE* C5T] IS PRES5T 9 ! LEFT-H& HEMISPH]E ( ! BRA9 ONLY2 ! CORRESPOND+ P>TS ( ! RI<T-H& HEMISPH]E >E MUTE4 ,AT LEA/1 ?AT IS ! CASE ) ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE1 :O >E RI<T-H&$4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! LEFT-H&$ PEOPLE ! REV]SE OBTA9S1 AS = !M ! SPEE* C5T] IS SITUAT$ 9 ! RI<T-H& HEMISPH]E ( ! BRA9S 7A FEW V]Y R>E EXCEPTIONS SEEM TO HAVE OCCURR$74 ,IT HAS BE5 KN[N = A LONG TIME ?AT1 [+ TO A CROSS+ ( ! N]VE FIB]S1 ! RI<T-H& HALF ( ! BODY IS 9N]VAT$ BY ! LEFT-H& HEMISPH]E ( ! BRA9S1 & CONV]SELY4 ,!SE FACTS CLE>LY %[ ?AT ! SPEE* C5T] IS CONNECT$ ) & DET]M9$ BY ! USE ( ! H&S4 

,USE ( ! H&S IS USE ( TOOLS4 ,)\T TOOLS1 ANY ASYMMETRY 9 MAN'S ACTIONS W\LD BE SC>CELY DISC]NIBLE4 ,AS IT IS H[EV]1 A SLI<T ASYMMETRY DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( LIFE DET]M9ES & ACTUATES FUR!R PREF]5TIAL USE ( ONE H& OR O!R4 ,RI<T-H&$NESS MEANS ?AT ! TOOL :E!R IT IS A /ICK1 CLUB1 HAMM]1 SPOON1 OR WRIT+ P51 IS GRIPP$1 H&L$ & CONDUCT$ ) ! RI<T H&2 LEFT-H&$NESS MEANS ?AT ALL ?IS IS DONE NATURALLY ) ! LEFT H&4 ,?IS PRACTICE !N DET]M9ES ! =M+ ( ! SPEE* C5T] 9 ! APPROPRIATE PLACE4 

,?IS IS NOT M]ELY A CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM /ATIC1 ANATOMICAL RELATIONS2 IT ALSO APPE>S 9 DYNAMIC1 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS4 ,! CASE IS CIT$ ( A LEFT-H&$ *ILD ) RI<T-H&$ BRO!RS & SI/]S4 0,H] LEFT H& WAS TI$ 9 E>LY *ILDHOOD TILL %E US$ ! RI<T H& WELL1 BUT :]EAS ! O!R *ILDR5 LE>N$ TO SPEAK E>LY .<444.> %E WAS FULLY SIX YE>S OLD BE=E %E C\LD TALK PLA9LY40 7,W4 ,HANNA ,?OMSON1 P4 #b#d#a74 ,SO TOO1 ,ELLIOT ,SMI? /ATES ) REG>D TO LEFT-H&$ *ILDR53 0,:5 SU* *ILDR5 >E COMPELL$ TO TRA9 ! RI<T H&1 ?IS 9VOLVES ! $UCATION1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( ! LEFT C]EBRAL HEMISPH]E .<444.>4 ,?IS (T5 LEADS TO A DEFECTIVE CONTROL ( MUSCUL> ACTIVITIES1 SU* = EXAMPLE AS EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 /AMM]+1 & A DIFFICULTY 9 LE>N+ TO READ & TO RECOGNIZE WORDS40 7P4 #a#h#f74 ,:]EAS SPEE* & ! USE ( H&S GR[ UP 9 A MUTUAL RELATION%IP 9 ! ONTOG5ETIC DEVELOPM5T DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( LIFE1 IT IS PROBABLE ?AT ALSO 9 ! PHYLOG5ETIC DEVELOPM5T1 I4E4 9 ! ORIG9 ( MAN1 ! NEW USE ( ! H&S & ! NEW CAPACITY ( SPEE* CAME 9TO EXI/5CE & GREW 9 CLOSE RELATION 7#a74 

,! CLOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 H& & SPEE* IS SO /RIK+ ?AT IT HAS (T5 BE5 PRON\NC$ AS CAUSAL CONNECTION BETWE5 BO?4 ,SOMETIMES ! P>T PLAY$ H]E BY ! H& AS A T5TACLE = ORI5TATION 9 SPACE HAS BE5 BR\<T =W>D1 SU* AS CAN BE SE5 ) *ILDR5 DUR+ !IR FIR/ YE> ( LIFE4 ,BUT ! H&S DO NOT S]VE MAN = ! PURPOSE ( GROP+ 9 SPACE - ) A *ILD ?AT FUNCTION IS SOON TAK5 OV] BY ! EYES1 & IT HAS PLAY$ NO P>T 9 ! ORIG9 ( MAN AS A SPECIES - BUT TO GRASP ?+S & TO GUIDE IMPLEM5TS AS A WORK+ ORGAN4 

,OR1 :5 TE*NIQUE & MANUAL LABOR /& BEYOND ! VISION ( MOD]N SCI5TI/S1 AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO MAKE ! CONNECTION UND]/&ABLE 9 ?IS WAY1 ?AT BE=E SPEE* EXI/$ !RE WAS A LANGUAGE ( GE/URES RESID+ 9 ! H&S1 & ?AT !SE GE/URES W]E MADE BY ! RI<T H& 9 P>TICUL>4 ,SU* IS 9DICAT$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,ELLIOT ,SMI?4 ,FIR/ HE PO9TS \T H[ V]Y NATURAL ONE-H&$NESS IS3 0,IT MU/ BE EVID5T ?AT ONE H& ONLY CAN BE USEFULLY EMPLOY$ 9 EXECUT+ ! CONSCI\SLY SKILL$ P>T 9 ANY GIV5 MOVEM5T4 ,! O!R H&1 LIKE ! RE/ ( ! MUSCLES ( ! :OLE BODY1 CAN BE ONLY AUXILI>Y TO IT .<444.> ! =CES ( NATURAL SELECTION MADE ONE H& MORE APT TO P]=M SKILL$ MOVEM5TS ?AN ! O!R0 7P4 #f#g74 ,?IS IS !N EXT5D$ 9TO ! GIV+ ( SIGNS = ! PURPOSE ( IMP>T+ 9=MATION4 0,IT IS EASILY COMPREH5SIBLE :Y ONE H& %\LD BECOME MORE EXP]T ?AN ! O!R .<444.> & ! FACT REMA9S ?AT IT IS ! RI<T H&1 CONTROLL$ BY ! LEFT C]EBRAL HEMISPH]E1 :I* IS SPECIALLY FAVOR$ 9 ?IS RESPECT .<444.>4 ,:5 ! ,APE-,MAN ATTA9$ A SUFFICI5T DEGREE ( 9TELLIG5CE TO WI% TO COMMUNICATE ) HIS FELL[S .<444.> ! MORE CUNN+ RI<T H& W\LD NATURALLY PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 SU* GE/URES & SIGNS .<444.>40 7P4 #f#h74 ,WE MAY SAY ?AT ALL ?IS IS NOT REQUIR$ = ! PURPOSE ( AN EXPLANATION1 S9CE ! 0SKILL$0 MOVEM5TS & ! 'CUNN+' ( ! RI<T H& CAN MEAN NO?+ BUT SKILL 9 ACT+ & 9 GRASP+ ?+S1 I4E4 9 H&L+ TOOLS4 ,! PRACTICE ( ?IS SKILL MU/ ALREADY HAVE /IMULAT$ ! =MATION ( S\NDS = IMP>T+ 9=MATION SO =CEFULLY1 ?AT GE/URES ) ! SAME H& CAN B>ELY HAVE PLAY$ A P>T4 ,! :OLE REASON+ REMA9S VAGUE BECAUSE ! TOOL1 9 :I* ! SKILL ( ! H& = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSE IS REALIZ$1 IS NOT SE5 OR M5TION$4 

,I,X4 ,! FIR/ ORIG9 

#c#f4 ,IT HAS BECOME EVID5T FROM ! =EGO+ ?AT ALL ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 :I* DI/+UI% MAN FROM ! ANIMALS /& 9 A CLOSE RELATION%IP TO ONE ANO!R4 ,!Y DEP5D ON EA* O!R2 EA* ONE NE$S ! O!R AS A CONDITION = ITS EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T4 ,! USE & ! MAK+ ( TOOLS IS NOT POSSIBLE )\T BO? A M5TAL CAPACITY TO H&LE & TO 9V5T !M1 & SPEE* TO REPRES5T & TO 9DICATE !M4 ,)\T ! DRIV+ P[] ( ! TOOL ! SPIRIT W\LD HAVE CONT9U$ TO SLEEP 9 UNCONSCI\SNESS1 & WORDS W\LD NEV] HAVE GOT !IR DEF9IT5ESS4 ,)\T LANGUAGE A CAPACITY ( AB/RACT ?9K+ C\LD NOT HAVE DEVELOP$2 BUT ! USE & DEVELOPM5T ( LANGUAGE PRESUPPOSE ! CAPACITY = ?9K+4 

,:5EV] SOME PH5OM5A >E MUTUALLY DEP5D5T = !IR EXI/5CE & GR[?1 !Y CAN ONLY DEVELOP ?R\< A CONT9U\S MUTUAL ACTION4 ,EA* PH5OM5ON1 EA* PROP]TY 9 LIV+ NATURE1 POSSESSES ACCID5TAL V>IATIONS TO A C]TA9 EXT5T2 & ) A CAUSAL RELATION EXI/+ BETWE5 !M A *ANGE 9 ! ONE PRODUCES A CORRESPOND+ *ANGE 9 ! O!R4 ,EA* LITTLE IMPROVEM5T 9 ONE CAPACITY PRODUCES AN 9CREASE 9 ! O!R DEP5D5T CAPACITIES1 & ?IS 9CREASE REACTS AGA9 ON ! FIR/ TO /R5G!N IT4 ,?US1 UND] FAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 !Y MU/ ALL PROCE$ BY LITTLE /EPS1 :I* >E CONT9U\SLY FOLL[+ ON & PROPELL+ EA* O!R1 EA* CAUSE & DRIV+ =CE AS WELL AS EFFECT & RESULT 9 A COMMON DEVELOPM5T4 ,TOOLS & LANGUAGE W]E NOT 9V5T$ AT A C]TA9 TIME2 ! CAPACITY ( ?9K+ WAS NOT MIRACUL\SLY CREAT$1 NOR DID IT SPONTANE\SLY COME 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,!Y GREW UP FROM LITTLE TRACES RECOGNIZABLE 9 ANIMAL ANCE/ORS1 9 A DEVELOPM5T :I* WAS AT FIR/ 9F9ITELY SL[1 ! BEG9N+ ( :I* LIES BACK 9 ! NI<T ( PRIMEVAL TIMES1 F> AWAY BEH9D ?OSE TIMES 9 :I* WE SEE ! FIR/ VISIBLE SIGNS4 ,ONCE ! DEVELOPM5T HAD />T$1 IT CONT9U$ EV] MORE QUICKLY & MORE DI/9CTLY4 

,?IS WAS1 ( C\RSE1 PREC$$ BY ! =MATION ( ! HUMAN BODY1 ! ORIG9 ( MAN AS A TYPE ( ANIMAL1 :I* MAY BE CALL$ ! BIOLOGICAL AN?ROPOG5ESIS4 ,9 ! P>AGRAPH ) ! TITLE 0,AN?ROPOG5ESIS0 9 ! 0,H&WORT]BU* D] ,NATURWISS5SS*AFT50 7,CYCLOP$IA ( ,NATURAL ,SCI5CES7 ONLY ?IS ORIG9 ( MAN AS A BODILY BE+ IS DEALT ) AS BE+ ! SOLE ONE BELONG+ TO ! NATURAL SCI5CES3 TOOLS OR LANGUAGE >E NOT M5TION$ AT ALL4 ,KLAATS* V]Y EMPHATICALLY MADE IT CLE> ?AT MAN MU/ HAVE SPRUNG =? FROM ! ORIG9AL =MS ( MAMMALS1 S9CE BO? HIS TEE? & HIS LIMBS HAVE RETA9$ !IR PRIMITIVE =MS & W]E NOT SPECIALIZ$ = A P>TICUL> MODE ( LIFE1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ! O!R ORD]S ( MAMMALS4 0,?AT MAN REMA9$ AN UNSPECIALIZ$ =M & RETA9$ HIS MANY-SID$NESS - 9 ?IS V]Y FACT LIES A GREAT DEAL ( ! SECRET ( HIS EXTRAORD9>Y SUCCESS .<444.> HIS VICTORY IS ROOT$ 9 ?IS .<444.> ?AT HE RETA9$ HIS H& .<444.>4 ,IT IS NOT SO MU* ! FACT ( HAV+ A H& - !RE WAS A TIME :5 ALL MAMMALS HAD A H& - BUT RA!R ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ?IS ORGAN WAS RETA9$ 9 ITS ORIG9AL =M1 & ?AT IT C\LD PUT ITSELF AT ! S]VICE ( AN 5ORM\S GR[? ( ! BRA9S1 ?AT IS ! REM>KABLE ?+ AB\T IT0 7P4 #d#g-#d#h7 7#a#a74 ,! ORIG9AL =M ( ! ORGANISM WAS F\R-H&$1 ADAPT$ TO A LIFE ( CLIMB+4 ,! FOOT CAME 9TO EXI/5CE AFT]W>DS ?R\< ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ORIG9ALLY H&-%AP$ H9D LIMBS 7#a#b74 

,! IMPULSES MU/ PRESUMABLY HAVE BE5 GIV5 BY NEW CIRCUM/ANCES ( LIFE1 AS WAS PROBABLY ! REGUL> CASE 9 ! =MATION ( NEW SPECIES4 ,IT IS USUALLY ASSUM$ ?AT A *ANGE 9 ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T DROVE MAN'S ANCE/ORS1 :O W]E ADAPT$ TO LIV+ 9 TREES & WOODS1 \T 9TO ! PLA9S4 ,!RE ! COMPLETE DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 H& & FOOT TOOK PLACE1 TOGE!R ) ! CORRESPOND+ UPRI<T PO/URE4 ,?IS MAY HAVE BE5 CONNECT$ ) A *ANGE 9 CLIMATE1 POSSIBLY T[>DS ! 5D ( ! MILD ,T]TI>Y ,P]IOD1 :5 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! APPROA*+ ICE-P]IOD CAUS$ ! LUXURIANT WOODS TO DISAPPE>4 ,UND] !SE *ANG$ CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 ) A MORE DIFFICULT FOOD SUPPLY & GREAT] DANG]S1 A GREAT] CLOS+ ( ! RANKS 9TO GR\PS & A /RONG] & CONT9U\S COOP]ATION 9 COMMON WORK BECAME NECESS>Y3 & ?IS PROCESS LAID ! F\NDATION = ! 9ITIAL USE ( SPEE*-S\NDS4 ,H]E ! GRIPP+ H&1 :I* WAS N[ NO LONG] RE/RICT$ TO ANY FUNCTIONS ( LOCOMOTION1 F\ND NEW EMPLOYM5T 9 GRIPP+ BITS ( WOOD1 /ONES1 OR ANTL]S1 :]E !Y W]E MET ) & C\LD BE UTILIZ$4 ,?IS WAS NOT NECESS>ILY B\ND TO A SPECIAL HI< DEGREE ( CEPHALIZATION2 IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ALL ?IS ALREADY />T$ ) ! L[] /AGES ( C]EBRAL DEVELOPM5T1 9 BETWE5 ?AT ( AN?ROPOIDS & MAN 7#a#c74 

,IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE - ! CAUSES ( MUTATIONS >E /ILL GREATLY UNKN[N - ?AT1 CONV]SELY1 ! HI<] DEM&S PUT TO ! BRA9S ACT$ AS A /IMULANT = GREAT] C]EBRAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?US ! :OLE ( ! L>GE AM\NT TO BE LE>N$ & 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! N]VE-CONNECTIONS T5D$ TO 5L>GE ! BRA9S1 AT FIR/ BY 9CREAS+ ! N]VE BRAN*+S1 & LAT] BY 9CREAS+ ! NUMB] ( CORTICAL CELLS4 ,AT ANY RATE ! C]EBRAL DEVELOPM5T !N CREAT$ A BROAD] BASIS = ! GR[? ( ALL ?OSE =CES1 :ILE ! %>P] /RUGGLE ( LIFE ) ITS CONSEQU5T KE5] SELECTION1 CONTRIBUT$ 9 =C+ ON ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 

#c#g4 ,EV]Y 9VE/IGATOR IS 9CL9$1 9 ! CASE ( MUTUAL DEP5D5CIES1 TO LOOK = ! PRIM>Y CAUSE 9 ! FIELD ) :I* HE IS BE/ ACQUA9T$4 ,?US IT IS QUITE UND]/&ABLE ?AT MO/ SCI5TI/S CONSID] ! HUMAN M9D AS ! ORIG9AL S\RCE & DRIV+ =CE ( ! 5TIRE DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS IS ! MORE SO1 AS1 FIR/LY1 ?IS M9D DEP5DS ON A MAT]IAL ORGAN1 ! BRA9S1 ( :I* ! UPW>D GR[? 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD IS TAK5 = GRANT$1 &1 SECONDLY1 AS ! !ORY ( MUTATION HAS MADE US FAMILI> ) ! CONCEPTION ( SPONTANE\S1 CAUSELESS LEAPS4 0,A LA/ PSY*ICAL REVOLUTION .<444.> IS ?AT :I* IS M>K$ BY ! APPE>ANCE ( MAN ON ! FACE ( ! E>?4 ,?IS APPE>ANCE IS SURR\ND$ BY MANY MY/]IES .<444.>4 ,?IS IS SIMPLY ONE ( ! REC5T OP9IONS3 ! E>? WAS POPULAT$ ) A MULTITUDE ( MAMMALS :5 MAN APPE>$ ON ! SC5E1 AS A RESULT ( A SUDD5 MUTATION1 POSSESS+ A HYP]TROPHI$ BRA9 - A K9D ( MON/] :OSE ?9K+ WAS TO DOM9ATE ! ANIMAL WORLD .<444.> HE DISCOV]$ ! FIRE1 HE MADE TOOLS1 HE EMPLOY$ LANGUAGE .<444.>4 ,!RE IS A GAP BETWE5 ANIMAL & HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE2 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT WE >E READY TO FILL 9 ?AT GAP40 - ?US ?IS CONCEPTION IS /AT$1 /RIK+LY & SLI<TLY IRONICALLY1 BY ! ,FR5* BIOLOGI/ ,GEORGES ,BOHN 7L4C41 P4 #c#c74 ,! SUDD5 9CREASE ( ! CEPHALIZATION1 & ( ! NUMB] ( BRA9 CELLS1 IS !REBY (T5 REG>D$ AS ! MOV+ =CE & SUFFICI5T REASON = ! :OLE DEVELOPM5T4 ,WE CANNOT1 H[EV]1 ACC\NT = ! EXACT BRA9 DIM5SIONS REQUIR$ TO BR+ AB\T ?OSE *ANGES3 :Y PRECISELY A BRA9 WEI<T ( #ad GRAMS 7AT #g KILOS BODY WEI<T7 WAS NECESS>Y & SUFFICI5T :IL/ ?AT ( #a OR #g GRAMS :I* ALREADY EXI/$ WAS NOT1 & :Y PRECISELY #i BILLION CORTICAL CELLS & NOT HALF AS MANY OR TWICE AS MANY WAS NE$$ TO BR+ AB\T ?OSE QUALITATIVE *ANGES 9 HUMAN ?\<T & ACTION :]EBY MAN WAS SO UTT]LY SEP>AT$ FROM ! ANIMAL K+DOM4 ,!RE MU/ HAVE BE5 ADDITIONAL =CES :I* !N CON/ITUT$ ! ACTUAL CAUSES4 

,NO?+ ( SU* =CES IS M5TION$ 9 ! \TL9E GIV5 BY ,FR$]ICK ,TILNEY 9 HIS GREAT WORK 0,! ,BRA9 FROM ,APE TO ,MAN04 ,HE REG>DS ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! ,PRIMATES 7MONKEYS1 APES & M5 TOGE!R7 & ! O!R MAMMALS AS MORE ESS5TIAL ?AN ?AT BETWE5 ! AN?ROPOIDS & MAN4 ,HE SPEAKS ( ! 0NEOK9ESIS0 AS ! NEW =M ( MOVEM5T ?R\< ?\<T & DELIB]ATION - AS COMP>$ TO ! 0PALAEOK9ESIS0 :I* DEP5DS ON REFLEXES - AS A NEW POSSIBILITY GIV5 BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! C]EBRAL CORTEX4 ,! O!R MAMMALS H[EV] DID NOT SUFFICI5TLY EXPLOIT ?IS4 0,BUT = ALL !IR EF=TS1 !Y W]E SURPRIS+LY UNSUCCESSFUL 9 >RIV+ AT ! DESIR$ GOAL40 7P4 #a#c#i74 ,!Y HAVE M]ELY IMPROV$ !IR ORGANS ( LOCOMOTION & ADAPT$ !M TO SOIL1 AIR & WAT]2 !IR DEVELOPM5T IS CON/ANTLY T]M9AT$ 9 A CUL-DE-SAC4 0,!Y ACCEPT$ ! E>? AS !Y F\ND IT & LEFT LITTLE BEH9D TO *ANGE ITS APPE>ANCE AS A RESULT ( !IR [N EF=TS40 7P4 #a#d74 ,KLAATS* EXPRESSES ?IS 9 A SIMIL> MANN]3 0,ALL !SE L[] K9DS ( MAMMALS GOT 9TO A BL9D ALLEY FROM :I* NO RETURN WAS POSSIBLE - & NO =W>D C\RSE EI!R40 7L4C41 P4 #c#a74 ,) ! APES1 H[EV]1 WE >E ON ! RI<T TRACK1 ,TILNEY CONT9UES2 H]E ! DEVELOPM5T SPLITS UP 9TO TWO BRAN*ES1 ( :I* ! ONE LEADS TO ! AN?ROPOIDS1 & ! O!R ?R\< SPECIAL *>ACT]I/ICS TO MAN4 ,( ! LATT] HE SAYS1 0,AT LEA/ FIVE CRITICAL & CLOSELY 9T]DEP5D5T SPECIALIZATIONS DET]M9E ! /ATUS ( ! HUMAN RACE3 ! APPE>ANCE 7#a7 ( ! HUMAN BRA91 7#b7 ( ! HUMAN FOOT1 7#c7 ( ! HUMAN H& 7#d7 ( ! ]ECT PO/URE ) BIP$AL LOCOMOTION1 & 7#e7 A T]RE/RIAL MODE ( LIFE0 7P4 #i#b#h74 0,:AT ! UND]LY+ MOTIVE ( ?IS CRITICAL MODIFICATION MAY HAVE BE5 IS /ILL CL\D$ 9 OBSCURITY4 ,! 9CREAS+ WEI<T ( ! BODY APPE>S TO HAVE PLAY$ SOME ROLE 9 ?IS ALT]ATION40 7P4 #a#d#a74 ,JU/ LIKE ! HEAVY GORILLA MOVES MA9LY ON ! GR\ND4 0,! FACTORS :I* HAVE 9CREAS$ ! BODY WEI<T .<444.> >E DIFFICULT TO E/IMATE4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ! 5DOCR9E GL&S HAD SOME P>T 9 ?IS ALT]ATION40 7P4 #a#d#a74 ,IT MU/ BE REM>K$ ?AT ?IS IS NOT A REAL EXPLANATION1 BECAUSE ! PROBLEM REMA9S AS TO :Y ! GL&S ?US CAME 9TO ACTION4 ,9 ANY CASE1 HE CONT9UES1 A NEW ROAD WAS OP5$ !REBY3 0,! ULTIMATE 9/RUM5T = EXT5D+ ! B\ND>IES ( ! NEOK9ETIC SPH]E WAS AT L5G? ASSUR$ .<444.> ! NEOPALLIUM N[ PROCE$$ TO EXT]NALIZE ALL ( ?OSE POT5TIAL RES\RCES :I* HAD SO LONG BE5 HELD 9 RES]VE AWAIT+ ! >RIVAL ( ?IS ULTIMATE MANUAL EQUIPM5T40 7P4 #a#d#b74 ,! AU?OR IS M]ELY ALLUD+ H]E TO ! *ANGE-OV] TO ! LIFE ON ! PLA9S1 ) ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES1 )\T APP>5TLY REALIZ+ ?AT ! ESS5TIAL /EP HAS /ILL TO BE TAK5 !N4 

,YET ELSE:]E HE DOES %[ UP ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! H&3 0IT HAS BE5 ! A*IEVEM5TS ( HIS H&S :I* HAVE C>RI$ MAN ONW>D40 7P4 #g#g#e74 ,!RE >E SOME1 HE SAYS1 :O SEE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! BRA9S1 O!RS 9 ! ]ECT LOCOMOTION1 & AGA9 O!RS 9 SPEE*1 ! CAUSE ( MAN'S PROGRESS4 ,H[EV]1 = HIM ! MA9 ?+ IS ! /RUCTURE ( ! BODY 0BE/ ADAPT$ TO EXT]NALIZE ! NEURAL 5]GIES ( ! BRA94 ,SU* A FLEXIBLE 9/RUM5T AS ! HUMAN H& SEEMS PREEM95TLY FITT$ = !SE PURPOSES4 ,) ! BRA9 TO DIRECT ITS ACTION1 TO EXP& ITS USEFULNESS1 ! UPRI<T POSITION TO GIVE FRE] RANGE TO ITS EXECUTION1 ) SPEE* TO MAKE ITS ACCOMPLI%M5TS COMMUNAL1 TO 9TRODUCE ! B5EFITS ( COOP]ATION2 ! H& BECAME ! MA/] KEY OP5+ ALL ! WAYS LEAD+ ?R\< ! NEW & VA/ DOMA9 ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR40 7P4 #g#g#f74 ,?AT !RE /ILL REMA9$ ANO!R PROBLEM1 ! ACTUAL PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9 ( MAN1 & ?AT ! H& C\LD DO ?IS ONLY BY H&L+ ! TOOL1 DOES NOT F9D EXPRESSION H]E4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! BRA9S AS ! ESS5TIAL CAUSE ( ! ORIG9 ( MAN IS EXPRESSLY 9DICAT$ BY ,ELLIOT ,SMI?4 0,I HAVE ATTEMPT$ .<444.> TO EMPHASIZE ! UND\BT$ FACT ?AT ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,PRIMATES & ! EM]G5CE ( ! DI/9CTIVELY HUMAN TYPE ( 9TELLIG5CE >E TO BE EXPLA9$ PRIM>ILY BY A /EADY GR[? & SPECIALIZATION ( C]TA9 P>TS ( ! BRA940 ,?US APE & MAN >E TAK5 TOGE!R H]E4 0,MAN HAS EM]G$ NOT BY ! SUDD5 9TRUSION ( SOME NEW ELEM5T 9TO ! ,APE'S PHYSICAL /RUCTURE OR ! FABRIC ( HIS M9D1 BUT BY ! CULM9ATION ( ?OSE PROCESSES :I* HAVE BE5 OP]AT+ 9 ! SAME WAY 9 A LONG L9E ( ANCE/ORS EV] S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,T]TI>Y ,P]IOD40 7P4 #g74 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW HIS EXPLANATIONS >E FULL ( 9T]E/+ SPECULATIONS ON ! BIOLOGICAL F\NDATIONS ?AT R5D]$ POSSIBLE MAN'S COM+ 9TO EXI/5CE4 0,UND] ! GUIDANCE ( VISION ! H&S W]E ABLE TO ACQUIRE SKILL 9 ACTION & 9CID5TALLY TO BECOME ! 9/RUM5TS ( AN 9CREAS+LY S5SITIVE TACTILE DISCRIM9ATION1 :I* AGA9 REACT$ UPON ! MOTOR ME*ANISMS & MADE POSSIBLE ! ATTA9M5T ( YET HI<] DEGREES ( MUSCUL> SKILL0 7P4 #a#e#b74 0,?IS MANUAL 9/RUM5T .<444.> WAS PLA/IC1 & C\LD BE ADAPT$ TO ALMO/ ANY PURPOSE ! BRA9 DIRECT$40 7P4 #a#e#h74 0,IF 7! ]ECT ATTITUDE7 .<444.> LIB]AT$ ! H&S FROM ! FUNCTION ( LOCOMOTION & SO 5ABL$ !M TO ATTA9 HI<] POSSIBILITIES ( SKILL$ ACTION & TACTILE DISCRIM9ATION1 IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT .<444.> ITSELF WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY ! HI<] DEVELOPM5T ( ! BRA90 7P4 #a#f74 0,MANUAL DEXT]ITY 9VOLVES EXP]IM5TATION & ! PROCESS ( LE>N+ ! PROP]TIES ( ?+S & ( ! =CES ( ! WORLD0 7P4 #a#f#a74 ,:AT HE HAS TO P]=M BY MEANS ( ! SKILL & ! DEXT]ITY ( HIS H&S1 VIZ4 WORK+1 H&L+ TOOLS1 IS ( C\RSE NOT M5TION$2 ONCE FUR!R ON 7P4 #a#f#a7 CRICKET1 T5NIS & GOLF >E SPOK5 (4 ,9/EAD ( WORK = LIFE'S MA9T5ANCE CURIOSITY APPE>S AS A DRIV+ P[]3 0?IS COMPLET] VISION ( OBJECTS 9 ! \TSIDE WORLD /IMULAT$ A CURIOSITY TO EXAM9E & TO H&LE !M .<444.>40 7P4 #a#e#c74 

,NEI!R DOES SPEE* AF=D A PROBLEM4 0,:5 .<444.> IT BECAME POSSIBLE = ! 9DIVIDUAL TO DI/+UI% %>PLY ONE OBJECT FROM ANO!R & TO APPRECIATE ITS MANIFOLD PROP]TIES1 ! TIME HAD >RIV$ :5 ! PROCESS ( NAM+ IT ACQUIR$ A DEF9ITE BIOLOGICAL VALUE .<444.>4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ONCE IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO RECOGNIZE A P>TICUL> OBJECT IT BECAME USEFUL TO 9V5T A LABEL = IT4 ,MAN'S ANCE/ORS W]E ALREADY PROVID$ ) ! MUSCUL> 9/RUM5TS = SPEE* & ! ABILITY TO USE !M = ! EMISSION ( A V>IETY ( SIGNALS .<444.>40 7P4 #a#e#d74 0,ALL ?AT WAS NE$$ TO PUT ?IS COMPLICAT$ MA*9]Y TO ! NEW PURPOSE WAS ,MAN'S 5HANC$ P[]S ( DISCRIM9ATION TO APPRECIATE ! USEFULNESS ( COMMUNICAT+ MORE 9TIMATELY ) HIS FELL[S & TO DEVISE ! NECESS>Y SYMBOLISM40 7P4 #a#c74 ,9 %ORT1 :5 HIS 9TELLECT HAD 9CREAS$ SUFFICI5TLY TO REALIZE ! B5EFIT ( SPEE*1 MAN COMM5C$ TO SPEAK4 ,?\< ONE CANNOT SAY ?AT ?IS SIMPLE /ATEM5T ( ! PROCESS IS 9CORRECT1 YET ! AM\NT ( TRU? 9 IT CANNOT OP5 UP FUR!R UND]/&+ ( ! PROBLEM2 ! ACTUAL OP]AT+ =CES REMA9 \T ( SI<T4 

,BY ,JUDSON ,H]RICK TOO1 9 ! L9ES QUOT$ ON PAGE #fc .<!SIS #c#a.>1 NO DI/9CTION IS MADE BETWE5 MAN & APE 9 !IR REACTIONS2 BO? /& TOGE!R H]E 9 CONTRA/ TO ! L[] MAMMALS4 0,9 A SIMIL> :OLLY UNFAMILI> SITUATION AN APE & A MAN MU/ LE>N ! SAME WAY .<444.> HE IS LIKELY TO PAUSE & WAIT = AN '9SPIRATION' TO GIVE ! NECESS>Y ORI5TATION4 ,?IS MAY COME 9 A FLA% .<444.> OR ! MAN 7NOT SURE AB\T ! APE7 MAY ?9K IT OV] SY/EMATICALLY1 MAKE A M5TAL ANALYSIS & 'FIGURE IT \T'40 7#b#e1 P4 #b#b#h74 ,H]E A DIFF]5CE IS DRAWN1 BRIEFLY1 AS 9 D\BT1 MORE QUANTITATIVELY ?AN QUALITATIVELY4 ,9 A BRIEF SUMM>Y HE ILLU/RATES ! ORIG9 ( MAN 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 0,:5 AN >BOREAL PRIMATE CAME D[N FROM ! %ELT] ( ! TREETOPS HE MU/ PROTECT HIMSELF BY CONCEALM5T1 BY ACQUIR+ GREAT /R5G?1 OR BY HIS WITS .<444.>4 ,! FIR/ TWO WAYS W]E NOT V]Y SUCCESSFUL UND] MOD]N CONDITIONS4 ,MO/ ( ?OSE :O TRI$ !M >E N[ EXT9CT .<444.>4 ,BUT WITS SURVIV$4 ,\T ( ! P>TN]%IP ( A GOOD BRA9 & A H& FA%ION$ = MAK+ & US+ TOOLS PRIMITIVE MAN EM]G$0 7P4 #a#f#b74 ,H]E ! TOOLS >E M5TION$4 ,WITS 9 !IR SPECIFICALLY HUMAN =M CLE>LY >E REG>D$ H]E AS PRACTICALLY ID5TICAL TO ! GOOD BRA91 9 :I*1 AS WE SAW1 ! NEUROLOGI/ IS ONLY ABLE TO DISCOV] A QUANTITATIVE PROGRESS4 ,IF WE CONSID] ?AT EV5 N[ ! PROPAG&A & ! G5]AL ACCEPTANCE ( SIMPLE ,D>W9ISM1 PO/ULAT+ ! CONT9UITY ( ! DEVELOPM5T FROM ANIMAL TO MAN1 /ILL MEETS ) DIFFICULTIES1 IT CAN BE UND]/OOD ?AT ! ATT5TION ( BIOLOGI/S IS NOT EASILY DIRECT$ T[>DS ! FUNDAM5TAL QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 APE & MAN1 & ?AT ! ORIG9 ( MAN AS A SPECIAL PROBLEM DOES NOT COME TO ! =E4 

#c#h4 ,DEVIAT+ FROM ?IS NEUROLOGICAL WAY ( VIEW+ ! MATT]1 ! ,G]MAN AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,HANS ,WE9]T F9DS ! ORIG9 ( MAN 9 ! S+LE1 SPECIAL DISCOV]Y ( FIRE 7#a#c74 0,:51 :Y & 9 :I* MANN]1 !N1 ) ! COMM5CEM5T ( ! ,ICE ,P]IOD MAN ORIG9AT$ FROM ?IS *IMPANZEE-BRAN* ( ! /EM ( ! ,PRIMATES1 CAN N[ ALSO BE PROP]LY EXPLA9$4 ,BETWE5 MAN & ANIMAL /&S1 AS ! ONLY C]TA9LY DIFF]5T *>ACT]I/IC 9 ! DEVELOPM5T1 ! CONSCI\S USE ( FIRE4 ,ONCE UPON A TIME1 9 ! DIM PA/1 %ORTLY BE=E OR DUR+ ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,ICE ,P]IOD1 ?IS DISCOV]Y MU/ HAVE BE5 MADE - & ?AT WAS ! H\R ( BIR? ( HUMANITY40 7#d#i1 QUOT$ BY ,J4,H4 ,PO/74 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT FIRE IS N[ & AGA91 ?R\< DR\<T1 ! /RIK+ ( LI<TN+ OR A VOLCANIC ]UPTION1 (F]$ BY NATURE ITSELF4 ,E>LY ,MAN NE$$ ONLY TO OV]COME ! TIMIDITY & FE> 9H]IT$ FROM ! ANIMAL WORLD1 TO LE>N H[ TO C>E = IT & USE IT1 AT FIR/ ESPECIALLY AS A MEANS TO PROTECT HIMSELF AGA9/ BEA/S ( PREY1 & AS A COLLECT+ PO9T = ! TRIBE4 0,! FIRE W>M$ HIM & PROTECT$ HIM AGA9/ 5EMIES04 ,! O!R CAPACITIES ( M5 !N CAME =? FROM IT1 BECAUSE IT DEM&$ A CONT9U\S C>RY+ ( FUEL & ATT5TION TO KEEP IT BURN+4 0,BUT ! FIRE MOREOV] DEM&$ A WAT* OV] IT & C>E .<444.>4 ,9DE$ IT PRODUC$ = ! FIR/ TIME ! =M]LY UNKN[N CONCEPTION ( LABOR .<444.>4 ,LABOR1 H[EV]1 SIGNIFIES ALSO ACTION ) ! CONSCI\SNESS = :AT ONE WORKS40 7,WE9]T1 #e1 P4 #f#d74 ,A CURI\S OP9ION2 ?IS SCI5TI/ ?US IMAG9$ ?AT BE=E FIRE WAS KN[N1 PRIMITIVE MAN M]ELY LAZ$ AB\T & HAD NO?+ TO DO4 ,H[ F> MU/ HE /& FROM ! REALITY ( PRACTICAL LIFE1 :5 H]E ! REALIZATION IS COMPLETELY LACK+ ?AT MAN C\LD EV] ONLY SECURE HIS LIVELIHOOD BY CON/ANT LABOR1 & ?AT C]TA9LY ! LIFE ( ,E>LY ,MAN CONSI/$ 9 ONE CONT9U\S & HEAVY EX]TION TO SEEK FOOD & TO W>D (F BEA/S ( PREY1 ESPECIALLY UND] ! H>D CONDITIONS EXI/+ DUR+ ! ,ICE ,P]IOD4 ,KLAATS*'S IDYLL 7L4C41 P4 #a#f71 9 :I* ,E>LY ,MAN IS DESCRIB$ AS WALK+ AB\T AMONG ! DEF5SELESS ANIMALS :IL/ !Y PRESS$ FE>LESSLY R\ND HIM - AS SEAM5 9 #a#g? C5TURY BETWE5 SW>MS ( DODOS OR P5GU9S - & PICK+ \T & KILL+ AS MANY AS HE WI%$1 CONTRADICTS TOO MU* :AT WE KN[ ( ! LIFE ( ANIMALS1 TO BE REG>D$ AS A SCI5TIFIC /ATEM5T4 ,:AT ,GROSSE WROTE AB\T ! CONDITIONS ( ! 0L[] HUNT+ PEOPLES0 C]TA9LY CORRESPONDS F> MORE TO REALITY3 0,! RESULT ( HUNT+ & COLLECT+ IS ON ! :OLE SO SL5D] & UNC]TA9 ?AT IT (T5 DOES NOT EV5 PROTECT AGA9/ ! MO/ BITT] PRIVATION0 7P4 #c#f74 

,BUT !RE IS YET BETT] TO COME4 0,BUT P]HAPS ! ,PROME!AN IDEA REALLY WAS 9V5T$ AS A NEW ?\<T ONLY ONCE2 SO ?AT IT C\LD REMA9 9 EXI/5CE1 EV5 :5 ! FIR/ FIRE 9 ! H& ( MAN HAD LONG S9CE GONE \T40 7,WE9]T1 #e1 P4 #f#f74 ,:AT IS MEANT !REBY1 APPE>S FUR!R ON3 0.<444.> LIKEWISE CONSCI\S >TICULAT$ SPEE* REMA9S AS A GREAT DIVID+ L9E BETWE5 ANIMAL & MAN4 ,& IF WE IMAG9E !N H[ A *IMPANZEE-LIKE TROOP-LEAD]1 :O HAS DISCOV]$ ! MEAN+ ( ! USE ( FIRE1 OR AT LEA/ HAS UND]/OOD IT A LITTLE1 N[ HAS TO EX]T HIMSELF TO MAKE ! VALUE ( ! DISCOV]Y CLE> TO ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! TROOP1 !N ?IS CAN NO LONG] BE DONE BY MEANS ( GE/URES OR GRIMACES4 ,A BE+1 :I* ( ITSELF WAS ALREADY ACCU/OM$ TO MAKE USE N[ & !N ( HIS VOICE1 MU/ N[ >RIVE AT MAK+ AB/RACT ?+S1 SU* AS SURELY DEAL+ ) FIRE REPRES5TS1 UND]/&ABLE TO O!RS ?R\< WORDS40 7P4 #f#h74 ,IT WILL NOT BE NECESS>Y TO SUBJECT TO A DETAIL$ CRITICISM ?IS NAIVE APPLICATION ( ! ,LEAD]-PR9CIPLE TO MAN 9 PRIMEVAL TIMES - ! LEAD] NOT ONLY 9V5TS ! FIRE1 BUT ALSO 9V5TS AB/RACT ?9K+ & LANGUAGE6 ,EV5 ?\< WE MI<T ASCRIBE SO MU* TO A %ORT \TL9+ 9 A SEMI-POPUL>IZ+ EXPLANATION1 !RE IS TOO MU* LACK+ H]E ( A SCI5TIFIC REALIZATION ( ! CONNECTION ( ?+S1 & ( !IR GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! DISCOV]Y & CONSCI\S USE ( FIRE AS A /AGE 9 ! FIR/ EVOLUTION ( ! HUMAN RACE ABOVE ! ANIMALS - ?IS IS RI<TLY REALIZ$ BY ,WE9]T - CAN H>DLY BE OV]-E/IMAT$4 ,BUT IT IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! USE ( TOOLS4 ,! H&S1 :I* = ! FIR/ TIME D>E TO TAKE HOLD ( A PIECE ( BURN+ WOOD & TO C>RY IT ELSE:]E1 HAD C]TA9LY BE5 LONG ACCU/OM$ TO H&LE PIECES ( WOOD ?AT W]E NOT BURN+1 AS WELL AS O!R OBJECTS4 ,EV5 :]E FIRE IS GIV5 BY NATURE1 ! H&L+ ( IMPLEM5TS TO TREAT1 TO KEEP1 OR TO C>RY IT IS NECESS>Y1 LE/ IT %\LD DISAPPE>1 EXT+UI%$ BY O!R NATURAL 9FLU5CES4 ,?US ) MANY PRIMITIVE TRIBES IT IS CU/OM>Y TO USE E>!N W>E POTS OR HOLL[ /ICKS ( BAMBOO TO C>RY FIRE 94 ,FIRE ONLY !N BECOMES AN ASSUR$ POSSESSION :5 MAN BECOMES CAPABLE TO MAKE IT HIMSELF2 = ?IS PURPOSE ! USE ( TOOLS WAS REQUIR$4 ,IT WILL NOT BE EASY TO SAY :E!R ! FIR/ >TIFICIAL FIRE WAS BR\<T AB\T BY ! BOR+ ( ONE RAPIDLY TWIRL+ PO9T$ PIECE ( WOOD 9TO A HOLL[ 9 ANO!R PIECE 7AS WAS = A LONG TIME PRES]V$ AS A PRIE/LY C]EMONY BY PRIMITIVE PEOPLES71 OR BY ! FLY+ SP>KS PRODUC$ :5 WORK+ PIECES ( FL9T4 ,! ESS5TIAL FACTOR H]E WAS ALWAYS ! ACTIVE 9ITIATIVE DISPLAY$ BY MAN4 ,ALSO1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS O!R CAPACITIES1 ( SPEE* & ?\<T1 WAS A PROCESS ( HIS [N ACTUAL ACTIVITY 9 ! EX]TION & /RUGGLE = LIFE4 ,& IT MAKES A GREAT DIFF]5CE AS TO ! 9T5SITY ( SU* =CES AS W]E DISPLAY$ !N1 :E!R !Y W]E CALL$ 9TO ACTION BY A M]ELY PASSIVE USE ( A MEANS ACCID5TALLY PRES5T$ BY NATURE1 OR ?R\< HIS WORK PROCE$+ FROM HIS P]SONAL ACTIVITY1 ?R\< ! CREATIVE P[] ( P]SONAL ACTION & P]SONAL 9V5TION4 

#c#i4 ,NATURALLY1 H>DLY ANY TANGIBLE RELICS EXI/ ( ?IS FIR/ P]IOD ( ! ORIG9 ( MAN1 :I* C\LD S]VE AS EXP]IM5TAL DATA = \R KN[L$GE4 ,!Y DO H[EV] EXI/ = SUBSEQU5T P]IODS ( FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 & CONSI/ *IEFLY ( /ONE IMPLEM5TS & SU* FOSSILIZ$ REMA9S ( MAN HIMSELF AS BONES & SKULLS4 ,! =M] >E LACK+ = ! E>LIE/ P]IOD ( PRIMEVAL TIMES4 ,!RE IS A DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION AS TO :E!R ! EOLI!S ( ,RUTOT & ( ,MOIR FROM ! ,PRE-*ELLEAN HAD ALREADY BE5 FA%ION$ BY HUMAN WORKMAN%IP1 OR :E!R !Y W]E SIMPLY *OS5 & US$ AS %AP$ & FLAK$ BY NATURAL CAUSES4 ,( C\RSE A P]IOD ( /ONES NOT WORK$ BY MAN MU/ HAVE PREC$$ ! P]IOD ( WORK$ /ONES2 & IT /&S TO REASON ?AT WE CANNOT /ATE ) C]TA9TY :E!R !Y HAVE BE5 US$ BY MAN4 

,IT IS DIFF]5T ) ! FOSSILE REMA9S ( MAN HIMSELF4 ,!RE >E1 H[EV]1 V]Y FEW REMA9S ( =MS 9T]M$IATE BETWE5 ! MO/ HI<LY DEVELOP$ APE-LIKE ANCE/OR 7,DRYOPI!CUS7 & ! MO/ PRIMITIVE HUMAN BE+1 :I* W\LD BRIDGE-OV] ! 9T]M$IATE F\R OR MORE /AGES ( CEPHALIZATION4 ,S9CE !Y W]E DISCOV]$ 9 MORE REC5T TIMES ONLY1 WE MAY EXPECT MORE ( !M FROM FUR!R C>EFUL 9VE/IGATIONS4 ,! E>LIE/ WILL !N HAVE TO ILLU/RATE ESPECIALLY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! HUMAN BODY AS ! BIOLOGICAL ORIG9 ( MAN4 ,PROBABLY ONE MAY REG>D AS SU* ,AU/RALOPI!CUS ( ,TAUNGS & ( ,/]KFONTE91 ! BRA9 WEI<T ( :I* IS E/IMAT$ TO HAVE BE5 #de GRAMS1 A L[1 H>DLY MORE ?AN APE-LIKE CEPHALIZATION1 :]EAS ! SET ( TEE? ALREADY %[S HUMAN *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,PI!CAN?ROPUS & ,S9AN?ROPUS1 HAV+ A BRA9-WEI<T AM\NT+ TO #i & #ii GRAMS1 /& ONLY ONE SMALL CEPHALIZATION-/AGE BEL[ MAN4 ,H]E ONE %\LD RECKON ) ! POSSIBILITY ( F9D+ ! FIR/ TRACES ( ! ESS5TIALLY HUMAN *>ACT]I/ICS4 

,! CA/S ( ! 9SIDE ( ! SKULL REMNANT ( ! ,PI!CAN?ROPUS ON :I* ! GROOVES & W9D+S ( ! BRA9 SURFACE >E FA9TLY VISIBLE1 SUPPLY US ) A FEW 9DICATIONS AB\T ! /RUCTURE ( ! BRA9S4 ,FROM ! /RONGLY DEVELOPCD FRONTAL LOBE ,TILNEY D$UCES AN ALREADY CONSID]ABLE SPIRITUAL DEVELOPM5T4 0,! FRONTAL LOBE APPE>S AS A P>TICUL>LY CONSPICU\S PORTION ( ! HEMISPH]E4 ,IT IS PROM95T ESPECIALLY BECAUSE ( ITS L>GE SIZE & PRON\NC$ CONVOLUTIONS40 7P4 #h#g#b74 0,! ,JAVAN MAN MU/ HAVE POSSESS$ 9CREAS$ P[]S ( ADAPT$ REASON+40 7P4 #h#g#e74 ,! C]TA9TY ( ?IS CONCLUSION1 H[EV]1 AP>T FROM :AT WAS REM>K$ 9 8 #a#h1 IS R$UC$ BY HIS PREC$+ /ATEM5T3 0,! POSITION & DISPOSITION ( ! ,ROL&IC FISSURE 7! B\ND>Y ( ! FRONTAL LOBE7 ASSIGN$ TO ! BRA9 ( PI!CAN?ROPUS DEP5D MORE ON D$UCTION & ANALOGY ?AN ACTUAL 9DICATIONS ON ! CA/40 7P4 #h#g#a74 ,FUR!R !RE IS AN ASYMMETRY 9 !SE CONVOLUTIONS4 0,! LEFT LOBE ( ! ,JAVAN MAN IS SLI<TLY L>G] ?AN ! RI<T1 :I* IS PROBABLY 9DICATIVE ( UNIDEXT]ITY0 7P4 #h#g#d74 0,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT 9 HIS MANUAL DEXT]ITY HE WAS RI<T-H&$2 AT LEA/ ! GREAT] SIZE ( HIS LEFT FRONTAL LOBE SUGGE/S ?AT HIS BRA9 HAD S+L$ \T ONE H& AS ! *IEF REPRES5TATIVE = EXT]NALIZ+ ACTIVITIES4 ,?IS 9 ITSELF IS A DI/9CTLY HUMAN *>ACT]40 ,CONTR>Y TO ?IS OP9ION HIS ,BRITI% COLLEAGUE ,ELLIOT ,SMI? D$UC$ 7FROM ! DI/9CT RI<T-H& SULCUS LUNATUS7 ! EXACT OPPOSITE3 0!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ?IS E>LIE/ KN[N HUMAN BE+ WAS ALSO LEFT-H&$04 7L4C4 P4 #a#h#d74 

,( GREAT] IMPORTANCE IS ! PROBLEM RAIS$ BY ,TILNEY'S FUR!R CONCLUSION3 0,BUT ! PROM95CE ( HIS 9F]IOR FRONTAL CONVOLUTION /RONGLY SUGGE/S ?AT HE ADD$ ONE SUPREME ADVANTAGE TO ! MOTOR EQUIPM5T ( ANIMAL LIFE4 ,HE HAD LE>N$ TO SPEAK - TO COMMUNICATE 9 V]BAL LANGUAGE40 7P4 #h#g#e74 ,?IS OP9ION1 H[EV]1 IS NOT ACCEPT$ BY MORE C>EFUL NEUROLOGI/S4 ,?US ,>I5S ,KAPP]S SAYS3 0NO?+ CAN BE SAID AB\T A SPECIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! LEFT SUBREGIO FRONTALIS 9F]IOR ( ,BRODMANN 7:I* 9 MAN CONTA9S ! SPEE* C5T]7 9 ,PI!CAN?ROPUS02 & FUR!R ON3 0WE HAVE NO MORPHOLOGICAL EVID5CE = ASSUM+ A SPECIALLY DEVELOP$ OP]CULUM FRONTALE & SPEE* C5T] ON ! LEFT HEMISPH]E40 7P4 #b#b#e1 #b#b#h74 ,ON O!R GR\NDS1 VIZ FROM ! CONSID]ABLE EXPANSION 70SUDD5 EXPANSION07 ( ! ASSOCIATION-FIELD NEXT TO ! TEMPORAL LOBES1 ,ELLIOT ,SMI? ?9KS ?AT WE MAY D$UCE AN UND]/&+ ( S\ND-SYMBOLISM1 !RE=E ALSO A CAPACITY = SPEE*4 0,! MO/ PRIMITIVE MEMB] ( ! ,FAMILY HAD ALREADY ACQUIR$ SOME SORT ( SPEE*0 7L4C4 P4 #a#g#b74 ,IT DOES SEEM P]MISSIBLE TO D\BT ?AT !SE PRO(S HAVE CONV9C+ =CE4 

,9 ! CASE ( ,S9AN?ROPUS1 A GREAT NUMB] ( SKULLS W]E FIR/ DISCOV]$ LY+ TOGE!R1 & ?IS GAVE RISE TO !ORIES AB\T RITUAL C]EMONIES1 :I* W]E AB&ON$1 H[EV]1 :5 AT A LAT] /AGE O!R P>TS ( ! SKELETON W]E DISCOV]$4 ,9 ! SAME LAY] A NUMB] ( R\<LY WORK$ /ONES W]E F\ND1 & ALSO *>COAL & O!R TRACES ( FIRE4 0,TRACES ( >TIFICIAL FIRE .<444.> >E SO CLE> & ABUNDANT ?AT !Y REQUIRE ONLY TO BE M5TION$ )\T ANY FUR!R DEMON/RATION40 7,DAVIDSON ,BLACK1 #a1 P4 #a#i74 ,SOME EXP]TS1 AS = 9/ANCE ! ,FR5* AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,M4 ,B\LE1 HAVE EXPRESS$ A D\BT AS TO :E!R !SE REMA9S ( CULTURE & ! SKULLS ACTUALLY BELONG$ TOGE!R1 OR :E!R ! SKULLS W]E TOO PRIMITIVE TO BELONG TO ?OSE :O HAD MANIPULAT$ ! /ONES & ! FIRE 7CF4 ,DAVIDSON ,BLACK1 ,FOSSILE ,MAN 9 ,*9A1 P4 #a#c#d74 ,?IS CANNOT BE SETTL$ UNTIL FUR!R REMA9S >E DISCOV]$4 

,FROM ! CA/ MADE ( ! 9SIDE ( ONE ( ! SKULLS ,BLACK CONCLUDES ?AT ,S9AN?ROPUS WAS RI<T-H&$ & HAD A CAPACITY = SPEE*3 0,A /UDY ( ! 5DOCRANIAL CA/ ( ,S9AN?ROPUS HAS MADE IT CLE> ?AT ! BRA9 ( ?IS =M WAS 9 ALL ESS5TIALS A TYPICALLY HUMAN ONE4 ,IT IS FUR!R PROBABLE ?AT ,S9AN?ROPUS WAS RI<T-H&$ & HAD EVOLV$ ! N]V\S ME*ANISM = ! ELABORATION ( >TICULATE SPEE*40 7IB4 P4 #a#a#c74 0,PROBABLE0 ONLY1 BECAUSE A FEW PAGES BACK IT WAS SAID ?AT A DETAIL$ DISCUSSION FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( 0AN?ROPOLOGICAL NEUROLOGY0 HAD NOT YET BE5 MADE KN[N4 ,AL?\< 9 CEPHALIZATION /&+ ON A LEVEL ) ,PI!CAN?ROPUS1 ,S9AN?ROPUS1 [+ TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! SKULL1 IS MO/LY REG>D$ AS BE+ ALREADY A TRANSITION TO ! LAT] ,NE&]TAL ,MAN4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! GEOLOGICAL LAY]S 9 :I* ! DISCOV]$ REMA9S W]E EMB$D$1 ! AGE ( ,PI!CAN?ROPUS & ,S9AN?ROPUS IS USUALLY SET AT ANY?+ BETWE5 #e1 & #c1 YE>S AGO1 :I* 9 CLIMATIC P]IODS CORRESPONDS TO ! SECOND OR FIR/ ICE-P]IOD1 OR ! 9T]M$IATE & FOLL[+ W>M] P]IOD4 

#d4 ,NATURALLY WE DO NOT POSSESS ANY EMPIRICAL DATUM AB\T ! O!R HUMAN *>ACT]I/ICS ( !SE FIR/ =MS ( MAN1 SU* AS !IR SPIRITUAL LIFE & !IR LANGUAGE4 ,( C\RSE1 ! EXT5T ( !IR LOGICAL ?9K+ & ( !IR SPEE* 9 ?OSE FIR/ HUNDR$ ?\S&S ( YE>S C]TA9LY WAS ( A PRIMITIV5ESS F> BEYOND \R REALIZATION2 WE DO NOT POSSESS ANY PO9T ( COMP>ISON = ?IS FIR/ AWAK5+4 ,IT HAS BE5 ?\<T1 ESPECIALLY BY PHILOLOGI/S1 ?AT ! L[E/ TYPES ( HUMAN RACES KN[N TO US1 ) !IR MODE ( LIFE1 !IR ?9K+ & !IR SPEAK+1 C\LD S]VE1 AL?\< ) A C]TA9 AM\NT ( EXTRAPOLATION1 AS EXAMPLES = ORIG9AL PRIMITIVE MAN4 ,BUT AGA9/ ?AT ! ,FR5* L+UI/ ,DELACROIX HAS LONG S9CE UTT]$ A W>N+3 0,! L+UI/ HAS ALWAYS TO DEAL ) HI<LY DEVELOP$ LANGUAGES1 :I* HAVE A CONSID]ABLE PA/ BEH9D !M1 AB\T :I* WE KN[ NO?+ AT ALL40 7P4 #a#b#h74 ,& AGA9 0,WE HAVE AB&ON$ ASK+ ! SAVAGES4 ,!IR LANGUAGES HAVE A HI/ORY4 ,!Y >E NO PRIMITIVES1 !IR LANGUAGES >E NOT PRIMITIVE40 7P4 #a#c#i74 

,9 LAT] YE>S A P>TICUL> !ORY HAS COME 9TO EVID5CE1 AMONG O!RS VIGOR\SLY DEF5D$ BY ! ,DUT* L+UI/ ,VAN ,G9NEK5 7,LA RECON/RUCTION TYPOLOGIQUE DES LANGUES >*AEIQUES DE L'HUMANITE74 ,?IS !ORY EXPO/ULATES ?AT ,E>LY ,MAN POSSESS$ A LANGUAGE ( SIGNS ONLY1 & NOT ONE ( S\NDS3 0! SIGN LANGUAGE IS ! FIR/ NATURAL LANGUAGE ( ! HUMAN RACE0 7P4 #a#d#e74 ,IT IS BAS$ *IEFLY ON ! SIGNIFICANCE & WIDE EXT5SION ( ! LANGUAGE ( GE/URES1 AMONG ! MO/ DIFF]5T PRIMITIVE I4E4 UNCIVILIZ$ PEOPLES1 AS /AT$ BY ,LEVY-,BRUHL & O!RS4 ,!RE >E GE/URES :I* >E 9/9CTIVELY UND]/OOD BY ALL1 & :I* >E US$ BY EXPLOR]S AS A FIR/ MEANS ( UND]/&+ ) =EIGN PEOPLES4 ,9 ! CASE AT H&1 H[EV]1 IT CONC]NS A F> MORE ELABORAT$ SY/EM ( GE/URES ) ! H&S & ( PO/URES ( ! BODY1 9 :I* ?R\< A COMB9ATION ( SIGNS = SIMPLE CONCEPTIONS A GREAT WEAL? ( IDEAS CAN .<WAS3 VAN.> BE REPRES5T$4 ,IT S]VES AS A MEANS ( 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 ! NATIVES 9 ,AU/RALIA & 9 ,AFRICA1 :ILE IT IS ALSO EXT5SIVELY US$ 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,R$ ,9DIANS ( ! V>I\S TRIBES1 :O DID NOT UND]/& EA* O!R'S LANGUAGE ( S\NDS1 C\LD 9 ?IS MANN] CONV]SE = H\RS ) EA* O!R4 ,FRANK ,CU%+ DISCOV]$ A SY/EM ( MAK+ GE/URES = MUTUAL 9T]C\RSE1 9 USE ) ! ,ZUNIS1 :I* WAS CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) !IR COMMON WORK2 HE REPRES5T$ ?IS BY ! T]M 0MANUAL CONCEPTS04 

,MU/ WE CONCLUDE1 !N1 FROM ?IS G5]AL CONCURR+ TOGE!R ( ! LANGUAGE ( S\NDS & ?AT ( GE/URES1 ?AT ! LATT] MU/ HAVE PREC$$ ! =M]8 ,?AT A LANGUAGE ( GE/URES IS MORE PRIMITIVE ?AN A SPOK5 LANGUAGE DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT IT WAS ! FIR/ LANGUAGE ( PRIMITIVE ,E>LY ,MAN4 ,WE HAVE TO CONSID] H]E ?AT !RE >E TWO MEAN+S ( ! T]M PRIMITIVE1 :I* >E (T5 CONFUS$4 ,AGA9/ ?IS CONFUSION ,LEVY-,BRUHL HIMSELF HAS PROTE/$ VIGOR\SLY2 9 HIS 0,H]B]T ,SP5C] LECTURE0 HE CALLS ?IS T]M 0UN MOT MALHEUREUX01 BECAUSE IT PROVOKES ! MISCONCEPTION ?AT BY ?IS NAME M5 %\LD BE 9DICAT$ 0/ILL NE>1 OR AT LEA/ MORE NE> ?AN WE >E1 TO ! ORIG9AL CONDITION ( ! HUMAN SOCIETY & ?AT1 9 ! PRES5T WORLD1 !Y REPRES5T \R MO/ DI/ANT ANCE/ORS0 7#b#i1 P4 #b#f74 ,HE DOES NOT MEAN !SE ANCE/ORS2 ORIG9AL MAN1 0PRIMITIVE0 9 AN ETYMOLOGICAL S5SE 0IS UNKN[N TO US1 & !RE >E V]Y FEW *ANCES ( US EV] GETT+ TO KN[ HIM04 ,:AT HE MEANS BY 0PRIMITIVE0 CORRESPONDS TO :AT WAS =M]LY CALL$ 0SAVAGE03'M5 :O 9 FACT >E 0NOT MORE'PRIMITIVE0 ?AN WE >E1 BUT BELONG+ TO A SOCIETY 0:I* IS CALL$ 9F]IOR OR LESS CIVILIZ$0 7#b#i1 P4 #g74 ,?US IT IS RI<TLY /AT$ BY ,LEVY-,BRUHL4 ,( C\RSE GE/URES & S\NDS BO? HAVE PLAY$ A ROLE AS 9DICATIONS 9 ! E>LIE/ TIMES1 AS !Y DID ) ANIMALS1 & AS !Y DO /ILL N[ ) \RSELVES2 BUT !Y DO NOT CON/ITUTE A LANGUAGE4 ,AS TO ! LANGUAGE ( GE/URES3 W\LD IT NOT BE F> MORE OBVI\S TO SEE 9 ITS 9T5SIVE USE A LAT] MEANS ( MUTUAL 9T]C\RSE :]E1 ?R\< A F>-REA*+ DIFF]5TIATION ( ! LANGUAGE ( S\NDS & MANY ?\S&S ( YE>S ( MIGRATIONS1 RACES ) ! MO/ V>I$ LANGUAGES W]E ?OR\<LY MIX$ TOGE!R8 ,9/EAD ( ! MO/ PRIMITIVE =M IT C\LD !N BE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ?IS DEVELOP$ =M1 A PRODUCT ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SPEE* :I* WAS ALREADY F> ADVANC$4 ,FUR!R1 :5 ONE PO9TS TO ! MANY TRACES ( ?IS LANGUAGE ( GE/URES 9 LAT] CULTUR$ P]IODS AS REMNANTS ( PREHI/ORIC TIMES 7AS E4G4 ! SIL5T ,PY?AGOREANS7 !N WE %\LD CONSID] ?AT !SE PREHI/ORIC TIMES W]E ALREADY AN AFT]MA? ( MANY HUNDR$S ( C5TURIES ( DEVELOPM5T ( CULTURE & ( LANGUAGE4 

,! !ORY PUT =W>D BY ,VAN ,G9NEK51 H[EV]1 HAS A WID] SCOPE4 ,HE /AT$ ?AT ! FIR/ =M ( ! LANGUAGE ( S\NDS CONSI/$ ( 0CLICKS01 PRODUC$ BY DRAW+ 9 AIR1 ?AT !SE W]E AFT]W>DS REPLAC$ BY CONSONANT-WORDS1 =M$ DUR+ EXHALATION1 & ?AT !SE 9 TURN W]E COMPLET$ BY FILL+ !M ) A DIV]SITY ( V[ELS4 ,NONL+UI/S CANNOT ( C\RSE EXPRESS AN OP9ION AB\T ?IS !ORY4 ,! LANGUAGES ( GE/URES !N >E SUPPOS$ TO HAVE PREC$$ ! 0CLICK0 LANGUAGES4 ,! FIR/ REPRODUCTION 9 WRIT+1 9 HI]OGLYPHICS1 IT SAYS TO HAVE ORIG9AT$ FROM ! GE/URES-LANGUAGE4 ,!SE HI]OGLYPHICS >E NOT SIMPLY IMAGES ( ?+S BUT MA9LY ( PO/URES & GE/URES4 ,?IS IS CLE>LY RECOGNIZABLE 9 ! ORIG9AL ,*9ESE WRIT+4 ,AS IS G5]ALLY KN[N1 ! ,*9ESE *>ACT]S 7WRITT5 SIGNS7 DO NOT REPRES5T WORDS OR S\NDS1 BUT CONCEPTIONS1 SO ?AT !Y >E READ DIFF]5TLY 9 PROV9CES ) DIFF]5T LANGUAGES1 BUT >E UND]/OOD BY ALL 9 ! SAME WAY4 

,!Y =M A COMMON LANGUAGE = A L>GE CULTURAL >EA1 :I* CAN ONLY BE WRITT51 OR RA!R BRU%$1 & NOT SPOK54 ,O!R CULTUR$ PEOPLES EXT5D+ !IR DOM9ION IMPOS$ !IR LANGUAGE AS ! COMMON LANGUAGE UPON ! PEOPLES TAK5 UP 9 !IR SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE4 ,! RUL+ M&>9S ( ,*9A1 H[EV]1 W]E CONT5T TO HAVE A WRITT5 MEANS ( 9T]C\RSE4 ,?IS1 ?\<1 IS DIFF]5TLY 9T]PRET$ BY ,VAN ,G9NEK51 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,*9ESE L+UI/ ,T*ANG ,T*5G-,M+3 ! *>ACT]S 9 ! ANCI5T TEXTS W]E NOT PRON\NC$ AT ALL6 ,SPEE* ONLY CAME AB\T AT A MU* LAT] DATE4 0,UNTIL ?IS MOM5T !RE IS NOT A %AD[ ( AN ORAL LANGUAGE OR EV5 AC\/IC SIGNS 9 ALL ! ,*9ESE *>ACT]S .<444.> IF !RE HAD BE5 AN ORAL LANGUAGE1 OR CLICK-WORDS WE %\LD HAVE F\ND SOME TRACE ( !M40 7P4 #a#d74 ,AT ?IS PO9T ONE MAY WELL ASK :AT !SE TRACES W\LD LOOK LIKE8 

,! SAME HOLDS GOOD = ! WRITT5 LANGUAGES 9 ,EGYPT & ,MESOPOTAMIA1 :]E AT FIR/ ! SIGNS W]E HI]OGLYPHICS1 ILLU/RAT+ ?+S & PO/URES4 ,ONLY LAT]1 9 SU* SIMPLIFI$ =MS AS CUNEI=M SCRIPT1 DID !Y ACQUIRE S\ND-VALUES & REPRES5T S\NDS1 H5CE BECOM+ SYLLABLES OR LETT]S4 ,?IS IS EXPLA9$ H]E 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! SPOK5 LANGUAGE ORIG9AT$ 9 ?AT LAT] P]IOD ONLY1 & ?AT ALL HUMAN 9T]C\RSE PREC$+ ?AT TIME CONSI/$ ( GE/URES4 0,\R REVIEW !RE=E HAS GIV5 US ?IS RA!R REM>KABLE RESULT1 ?AT ALL ! SY/EMS ( WRIT+ :I* >E KN[N TO US FROM ! E>LIE/ DAYS1 >E FOLL[+ ?R\<\T !IR FIR/ ?REE P]IODS 5TIRELY ! MODEL ( A LANGUAGE ( GE/URES1 :I* !RE=E PREC$$ HI]OGLYPHICS4 ,& EVID5TLY IT WAS ONLY ) ! AID & ! SUPPORT ( HI]OGLYPHIC LANGUAGES1 :I* POSSESS$ A DICTION>Y ALREADY1 A GRAMM> & A SYNTAX1 ?AT 9 ! ADVANC$ CIVILIZATIONS ) ! AID ( 9T]JECT$ 0CLICKS0 ! SPOK5 LANGUAGES CAME AB\T .<444.>40 7P4 #a#b#c74 0,N[ \R REVIEW HAS %[N ?AT ! SPOK5 LANGUAGES APPE>$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D ONLY R\ND ! YE> #ce ,B4,C AT ITS E>LIE/40 7P4 #a#b#d74 

,= MAK+ SU* A MOM5T\S D$UCTION ! >GUM5T & ! MAT]IAL SEEM TO BE RA!R WEAK1 TO PUT IT MILDLY4 ,!RE MU/ BE F> MORE /R+5T REASONS TO MAKE ANYONE BELIEVE ?AT ! HUMAN RACE1 FROM ITS BEG9N+ & DUR+ ITS DEVELOPM5T1 REMA9$ MUTE 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT WAS )\T ANY CAPACITY = SPEE*1 = HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S1 & ?AT ONLY QUITE REC5TLY1 AT ! RISE ( CIVILIZATION1 SPOK5 LANGUAGES W\LD HAVE COME 9TO EXI/5CE2 & ?IS :IL/1 TO JUDGE BY ! CLOSE/ ANIMAL RELATIVES1 \R ANCE/ORS W]E CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ DIFF]5T S\NDS4 ,MOREOV]1 IF ! SPOK5 LANGUAGES ( CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES ORIG9AT$ FROM & ?R\< ! WRITT5 LANGUAGE1 H[ !N DID ! MANY SPOK5 LANGUAGES ( UNCIVILIZ$ PEOPLES ORIG9ATE8 ,WE MAY BE SURE ?AT ! TWO MO/ OPPOSITE OP9IONS - ?AT ! ,PI!CAN?ROPUS W\LD HAVE ALREADY SPOK51 & ?AT HI<LY DEVELOP$ MAN AT A LAT] /AGE C\LD NOT YET SPEAK UNTIL %ORTLY BE=E ! RISE ( CIVILIZATION - >E ASS]TIONS DEP5D+ RA!R ON 5?USIA/IC FANTASY ?AN ON TRU/WOR?Y PRO(S4 

,X4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( PROGRESS 

#d#a4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES MAN FROM ! ANIMALS1 AP>T FROM ! PO9TS ALREADY DISCUSS$ H]E1 IS HIS DEVELOPM5T1 IS HIS PROGRESS4 ,HE IS ! ONLY ANIMAL SPECIES ?AT1 FROM ! V]Y MOM5T HE CAME 9TO EXI/5CE1 HAS BE5 CONT9U\SLY *ANG+ & DUR+ A CONT9U\S PROCESS HAS BECOME A DIFF]5T BE+4 ,9 ! ANIMAL WORLD TOO !RE IS DEVELOPM5T2 BUT H]E 9 SU* A WAY ?AT NEW SPECIES HAVE MADE !IR APPE>ANCE & OLD SPECIES HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,EA* SPECIES HAS ALWAYS REMA9$ PRACTICALLY UN*ANG$ ?R\<\T ITS :OLE P]IOD ( EXI/5CE ( HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S OR P]HAPS MILLIONS ( YE>S2 = AN ANIMAL SPECIES !RE IS A COM+ 9TO EXI/5CE & A P]I%+1 BUT !RE IS NO HI/ORY4 ,ONLY MAN HAS A CONT9U\S HI/ORY4 ,HIS HI/ORY IS ONE ( A CON/ANT ADVANCE & UNFOLD+1 AT AN 9CREAS+LY RAPID RATE4 ,FROM A GEOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW IT ONLY COV]S A V]Y %ORT P]IOD4 0,& !N1 SOME #h1 YE>S AGO1 RELATIVELY YE/]DAY1 A NEW ?+1 A TOOL .<444.>1 A /ONE %AP$ BY & = ! HUMAN H&1 & A NEW ANIMAL S\ND1 VOICES TALK+40 7,%]R+TON1 P4 #a#h74 ,EXPRESS$ 9 ?IS R$UC$ SCALE ( TIME A FEW DECADES = ! EVOLUTION ( ! ANIMAL WORLD & A FEW WEEKS = ! BODILY ORIG9 ( MAN W\LD HAVE PREC$$ ?IS S+LE DAY1 :ILE CIVILIZATION W\LD HAVE ORIG9AT$ LITTLE MORE ?AN ONE H\R AGO1 & ! 9DU/RIAL TRANS=MATION ( MAN & E>? ( ! LA/ C5TURY W\LD HAVE TAK5 A C\PLE ( M9UTES4 ,) ! RISE ( ! ANIMAL SPECIES ,HOMO SAPI5S1 A NEW PR9CIPLE CAME 9TO ! WORLD4 ,IT 9TRODUC$ 9/EAD ( A SL[ BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ?R\< ! ORIG9 ( EV] NEW SPECIES1 A FA/ DEVELOPM5T1 9CREAS+ 9 SPE$ EXPON5TIALLY1 )9 ?IS ONE P]SI/+ SPECIES4 

,:5CE ?IS NEW PR9CIPLE8 ,WE CAN IMM$IATELY P]CEIVE ?AT IT ROOTS 9 ! POSSESSION ( TOOLS4 ,! GREAT *ANGE WAS ! SUB/ITUTION ( ! ANIMAL ORGAN BY ! HUMAN TOOL4 ,BO? S]VE ! SAME PURPOSE ( 5ABL+ ! LIV+ BE+ TO 5SURE ITS FOOD & LIFE1 & TO C>RY ON ! /RUGGLE = LIFE4 ,D>W9 HAS %[N ?AT 9 ?IS /RUGGLE = LIFE ! WEAKE/ SPECIM5S1 BE+ UNSUIT$ TO ! 5VIRONM5T1 W]E EXT]M9AT$1 & ! FITTE/1 BE+ ! BE/ ADAPT$1 SURVIV$ & TRANSPLANT$ !IR BETT] QUALITIES ON TO !IR PROG5Y4 ,! FITTE/ >E ! BE/ EQUIPP$2 :AT IS SELECT$ & :AT !Y TRANSPLANT IS !IR EQUIPM5T1 ! APP>ATUS ) :I* !Y C>RY ON ! /RUGGLE4 ,!Y FI<T ) !IR ORGANS1 US+ ! EXCELL5CE ( !IR NOSES & !IR TEE?1 !IR EYES & !IR PAWS4 ,! /RUGGLE IS F\<T \T BETWE5 ! ORGANS1 & ! BETT] ORGANS W94 ,?AT :I* IS IMPROV$ & DEVELOP$ 9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 ?R\< ELIM9ATION ( ! LESS SUIT$1 >E ?OSE ESS5TIAL ORGANS NE$$ = LIFE4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! ANIMAL !SE ORGANS >E P>T ( ! BODY2 !Y >E SUBJECT TO BIOLOGICAL LAWS ( H]$ITY & V>IATION4 ,!RE=E !Y CAN ALT] & IMPROVE ONLY ) ! B>ELY NOTICEABLE SL[NESS IMPOS$ BY !SE LAWS4 ,IF !SE ORGANS HAVE ALT]$ ESS5TIALLY ! 5TIRE ANIMAL HAS BECOME A NEW SPECIES4 

,9 ! CASE ( MAN !SE ORGANS BECAME TOOLS1 DEAD ?+S :I* >E NOT P>T ( ! BODY1 & CAN BE FLUNG ASIDE AT ANY MOM5T & REPLAC$4 ,MAN FI<TS ! /RUGGLE = LIFE ) TOOLS 7AS WAS PREVI\SLY PO9T$ \T1 WEAPONS TOO >E TOOLS72 ! /RUGGLE IS F\<T \T BETWE5 TOOLS1 & ! BETT] TOOLS & WEAPONS W94 ,IT IS ! TOOL :I* IS IMPROV$ & DEVELOP$ 9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 :I* SELECTS BY ELIM9ATION ( ! LESS SUIT$4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T IS NOT TI$ TO ! BODY1 & IS NOT !RE=E SUBJECT TO BIOLOGICAL LAWS4 ,! SPE$ ( MAN'S DEVELOPM5T IS EQUAL TO ! SPE$ ) :I* NEW TOOLS CAN BE 9V5T$ & MADE4 ,! BODY1 ONCE IT IS =M$ ) ITS BRA9 /RUCTURE1 H&1 & ORGAN ( SPEE*1 !REBY REMA9S ! SAME4 ,! SL[NESS ( BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 :I* RECKONS ) ?\S&S ( C5TURIES1 HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! SPE$ ( ! TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! HI/ORY ( :I* IS WRITT5 AT FIR/ ) HUNDR$S & ) T5S ( C5TURIES1 AFT]W>DS ) HUNDR$S1 AT LA/ ) T5S ( YE>S4 ,FROM ! PALEONTOLOGICAL & BIOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ADJU/+ \R GAZE TO ?AT TIME SCALE1 WE SEE ON E>? A GRADUAL GR[? ( ! ANIMAL & PLANT LIFE DEVELOP+ 9TO EV] NEW]1 RI*]1 HI<] & MORE P]FECT =MS1 UNTIL SUDD5LY ! DEVELOPM5T 5DS BECAUSE ) /UP5D\S SPE$ ?IS MONKEY-BRE$ RISES TO DIV9E P[] & BECOMES MA/] ( ! E>?4 

,MA/] ( ! E>? 9DE$1 = N[ POSSESSION C\LD BE TAK5 ( ! :OLE WORLD4 ,EA* ANIMAL BY HAV+ C]TA9 ORGANS IS ADJU/$ TO A C]TA9 MODE ( LIFE & NATURAL 5VIRONM5T1 \TSIDE ( :I* IT CANNOT GO4 ,MAN1 BY TAK+ 9 HIS H& DIV]SE K9DS ( TOOLS1 DISPOSES OV] EV]Y POSSIBLE K9D ( ORGAN4 ,) ! AID ( !SE HE CAN MAKE HIMSELF CON=M TO ALL MODES ( LIFE 9 ANY NATURAL SURR\ND+S4 ,?US HE C\LD ADAPT HIMSELF TO ALL CLIMATES1 SPREAD+ \T OV] EV]Y CONT95T2 9 EA* PLACE DIFF]5TIAT+ HIS TOOLS1 WEAPONS1 ACTIVITY1 FOOD1 CLO?+1 & G5]AL MODE ( LIFE ACCORD+ TO LOCAL CONDITIONS4 ,BODILY HE HAS REMA9$ PRACTICALLY UN*ANG$2 HIS ADAPTABILITY LAY 9 HIS POSSESSION ( >TIFICIAL ORGANS1 9 ! %APE ( TOOLS1 :I* W]E ADAPT$ )\T ! BODY BE+ REQUIR$ TO *ANGE4 

,! BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PREC$+ MILLIONS ( YE>S IS !N 9DE$ CLOS$4 ,?R\< ! DIFF]5TIABILITY ( TOOLS1 MAN BECOMES ! EQUAL 9 P[] ( ANY ANIMAL2 BUT ?R\< ! P]FECTIBILITY ( TOOLS HE BECOMES ! SUP]IOR 9 P[] ( ANY ANIMAL4 ,BY IMPROV+ HIS TOOLS & WEAPONS HE CONQU]S & SUBJECTS !M ALL2 HIS HI<] DEGREE ( ?9K+ PUTS ! CUNN+ ( ! ANIMAL1 :I* IS O!RWISE SO APPROPRIATE1 TO %AME4 ,HE CAN EXT]M9ATE OR SP>E AT WILL4 ,HE CAN TAME & CULTIVATE1 &1 BY ! KN[L$GE ( BIOLOGICAL LAWS1 HE CAN REGULATE ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW =MS TO SUIT HIS NE$S4 ,:I* ANIMALS & PLANTS 9 FUTURE WILL EXI/ ON ?IS E>?1 WILL BE DECID$ BY HIS WILL4 ,! FREE1 9DEP5D5T BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ON E>? HAS COME TO AN 5D2 ! K+DOM ( NATURE MAKES WAY = ! K+DOM ( CULTURE4 

,WE >E ACCU/OM$ & 9CL9$ TO SEE 9 ?IS ABOVE ALL ! P[] ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,9DE$ ! SPIRITUAL P[] ( MAN HAS DEVELOP$ TO EV] GREAT] HEI<TS1 TOGE!R ) ALL ! O!R QUALITIES2 & ?IS IS ESPECIALLY FELT BY US AS P]SONAL ACTIVE P[]3 ! M9D GOV]NS ! TOOL4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS %\LD NOT PREV5T US FROM SEE+ ?AT ALL HIS SUP]IORITY IS L9K$ UP ) ! USE ( TOOLS4 ,)\T >TIFICIAL MEANS1 HAD MAN ONLY HAD HIS NATURAL ORGANS1 HE W\LD HAVE BE5 B\ND TO ONE GIV5 MODE ( LIFE1 & TO ONE 5VIRONM5T4 ,HIS ACTIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 B\ND ALWAYS TO FOLL[ ! SAME PATT]N & BECOME RIGIDLY FIX$ BY IT1 AS 9 ! SAME WAY ) ANIMALS ACTIONS & BRA9 ACTIVITY >E B\ND & FIX$ )9 C]TA9 LIMITS4 ,!IR LIMIT$NESS MU/ NOT BE S\<T = 9 !IR BRA9S - ?\< !SE >E LESS DEVELOP$1 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR NE$S - BUT 9 !IR BODIES1 S9CE !Y ONLY HAVE BODILY ORGANS AT !IR DISPOSAL4 

#d#b4 ,:5 WE MAKE A DETAIL$ /UDY ( ! PREHI/ORIC ]AS ( MAN'S EXI/5CE1 WE SEE ?AT ! NEW TE*NICAL PR9CIPLE DID NOT AT ONCE TAKE ! PLACE ( ! OLD BIOLOGICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,BETWE5 !M !RE WAS AN 9T]M$IATE /AGE ( A MIX$ *>ACT]4 

,= SUPPLY+ \R KN[L$GE ( ! DEVELOPM5T DUR+ ! PREHI/ORY WE HAVE ! TWO S\RCES ( 9=MATION ALREADY M5TION$1 VIZ4 /ONE IMPLEM5TS & SKELETONS & SKULLS :I* REMA9$ FROM ! HUMAN BE+S !MSELVES4 ,DRAW+S >E NOT 9CLUD$ AS !Y >E ADD$ ONLY 9 A LAT] P]IOD4 ,A GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T IS TO BE SE5 9 ! IMPLEM5TS1 9 :I* !Y BECAME 9CREAS+LY BETT] F9I%$ & DIFF]5TIAT$2 ?US !Y C\LD BE CLASSIFI$ 9TO DIFF]5T SUCCESSIVE CULTURE-P]IODS4 ,!SE HAVE BE51 T5TATIVELY1 ID5TIFI$ ) ! CLIMATIC P]IODS BY MEANS ( ! ACCOMPANY+ FOSSILIZ$ REMA9S ( MAMMALS2 9 ?IS V>I\S 9VE/IGATORS DO NOT1 H[EV]1 AGREE1 ,! ,*ELLEAN CAN PROBABLY BE PUT ON ! SAME LEVEL AS ! P5ULTIMATE 9T]GLACIAL P]IOD1 ! ,A*EULEAN ) ! MOD]ATE ?IRD ICE-P]IOD1 ! ,M\/I]IAN ) ! LA/ 9T]GLACIAL & ! BEG9N+ ( ! F\R? GLACIAL P]IOD1 ! ,AURIGNACEAN1 ! ,SOLUTREAN & ! ,MAGDAL5IAN ) ?IS LA/ GLACIAL P]IOD4 ,9 !SE LA/ ?REE1 CALL$ ! UPP]-PALEOLI?IC P]IOD1 WE F9D DRAW+S & EXPRESSIONS ( >T4 ,?IS IS ! 5D ( ! ,PALEOLI?IC OR ,OLD ,/ONE ,AGE1 ! P]IOD ( ! WORK$ BUT NOT YET POLI%$ /ONE IMPLEM5TS4 ,) ! 5D+ ( ?IS ICE-P]IOD & ! BEG9N+ ( ! W>M] CLIMATE !RE IS FIR/ AN 9T]M$IATE P]IOD1 ! ,MESOLI?IC ,AGE2 & !N BE=E LONG1 ) ! 5D ( ! ,PLEI/OC5E1 A NEW P]IOD DAWNS .<WAS3 SURV5ES.>1 ! ,NEOLI?IC OR ,NEW ,/ONE ,AGE1 ! CULTURAL /AGE ( ! POLI%$ /ONE IMPLEM5TS4 

,AMONG ! HUMAN REMA9S - AFT] ! OLD] PR$ECESSORS ,PI!CAN?ROPUS & ,S9AN?ROPUS - ! OLDE/ CONSID]$ TO BE A MEMB] ( ! G5US ,HOMO IS ! ,HEIDELB]G MAN1 ( :I* WE ONLY POSSESS A L[] JAW4 ,!N 9 ! ,*ELLEAN1 ,A*EULEAN & ,M\/I]IAN P]IODS ! SKULLS & SKELETONS ( ! ,NE&]TAL-MAN1 ,HOMO NE&]TAL5SIS1 >E F\ND 9 CONSID]ABLE QUANTITY4 ,?R\< SPECIAL PHYSICAL *>ACT]I/ICS HE DIFF]S FROM ! LAT] ,HOMO SAPI5S4 ,!SE *>ACT]I/ICS CONSI/ ( A HEAVY & ?ICKSET BUILD1 ?ICK SKULL ) P[]FUL BONE /RUCTURES ABOVE ! SOCKETS ( ! EYE 7USUALLY TAK5 TO S]VE AS A SUPPORT = HEAVY MUSCLES71 A FLAT-TOPP$ SKULL1 A /RONG PROGNA?ICISM ?R\< PROJECT+ JAWS & SLOP+ =EHEAD1 A LESS JUTT+-\T *9 7SOME:AT LIKE ?AT ( ! ,AU/RALIAN71 :I* IS ?\<T TO BE CONNECT$ ) A /ILL IMP]FECT CAPACITY ( SPEE* 7#a#e74 ,BUT ! CONT5TS ( ! SKULL IS AS L>GE AS ?AT ( MOD]N MAN2 H5CE !RE IS ! SAME DEGREE ( CEPHALIZATION4 ,9 ! UPP]-,PALAEOLI?ICUM1 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! LA/ GLACIAL P]IOD1 ?IS SPECIES DISAPPE>$ TO MAKE WAY = ! ,CRO-,MAGNON-MAN1 POSSESS+ ALL ! EXT]IOR *>ACT]I/ICS ( LAT] MAN1 H5CE REPRES5T+ A RACE ( ,HOMO SAPI5S1 0A RACE ) A BRA9 CAPABLE ( IDEAS1 ( REASON+1 ( IMAG9ATION1 & MORE HI<LY 5D[$ ) >TI/IC S5SE & ABILITY ?AN ANY UNCIVILIZ$ RACE :I* HAS EV] BE5 DISCOV]$40 7,OSBORN1 P4 #b#g#b74 ,?R\< HIS MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ TE*NIQUE1 HIS BETT] TOOLS & WEAPONS - AMONG ! CAVE-PICTURES WE SEE AN >*] - & ! HI<] SPIRITUAL DEVELOPM5T CONT+5T UPON IT HE PROBABLY EXT]M9AT$ ! ,NE&]TAL]S4 ,BESIDES /ILL O!R RACES EXI/$2 & LAT] HE HIMSELF HAS MADE WAY = A NEW =M1 ?AT ( NEOLI?IC MAN4 

,?US 9 ! FIR/ PRIMEVAL AGE IT IS NOT ONE S+LE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES 9 :I* ! DEVELOPM5T TOOK PLACE4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) BIOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES DIFF]5T MAN-LIKE G5]A & SPECIES 7,HOM9IDAE7 CAME 9TO EXI/5CE1 A PROCESS :I* TOOK ( C\RSE P]IODS LA/+ = HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,H[EV] DUR+ !SE SAME P]IODS & 9 !SE SPECIES ! FIR/ USE ( TOOLS APPE>S4 ,9 TIME ?IS DEVELOP$ 9TO A DELIB]ATE CON/RUCTION1 PROBABLY 9VOLV+ ALSO ! FIR/ =MS ( SPEE*1 A LOOM+ SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & A BEG9N+ ( HUMAN ?9K+4 ,!SE N[ BECAME MEANS 9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 BETT] & LESS WELL EQUIPP$ GR\PS4 ,! SPECIES ?AT HAD BE5 ADAPT$ TO ! H>%] CONDITIONS ( ! E>LIE/ TIME BY A MORE P[]FUL BUILD1 SUCCUMB$ TO ! BETT] TE*NIQUE & ! BETT] 9TELLECT ( ! ,HOMO SAPI5S4 ,:5 F9ALLY !RE REMA9$1 ?\< 9 DIFF]5T RACES1 ?IS ONE SPECIES AS ! BE/ EQUIPP$1 A MORE RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( TOOLS SETS 9 UND] A FI]CE MUTUAL /RUGGLE1 N[ ! PURE WORK+ ( ! NEW TE*NICAL PR9CIPLE4 

,?R\< ! TE*NIQUE ( POLI%+ ! /ONE IMPLEM5TS1 9 ! NEOLI?IC P]IOD1 !SE ACQUIR$ A %>PNESS & /R5G? ALREADY COMP>ABLE ) ?OSE ( LAT] TIMES4 ,N[ !Y DIFF]5TIATE 9TO AN ABUNDANCE ( SUITABLE =MS1 & BECOME MORE EFFECTIVE = FA%ION+ WOOD & BONE 9TO ALL K9DS ( UT5SILS1 & 9TO WEAPONS = ! HUNT & = W>4 ,N[ MAN ?R\< HIS AX & HIS B[ & >R[ GA9S ! UPP] H& OV] BE> & LION2 N[ TREES CAN BE HEWN & DWELL+S BUILT1 N[ ! POTT]IES APPE>1 N[ ?9K+ EXP&S & BECOMES MORE 9V5TIVE1 N[ ANIMALS >E TAM$ & PLANTS >E CULTIVAT$4 ,?US ! TRANSITION FROM ! FIR/ TO ! SECOND /AGE ( CULTURE TOOK PLACE1 ( ! ?REE DI/+UI%$ BY ,LEWIS ,H4 ,MORGAN AS SAVAG]Y1 B>B>ISM1 & CIVILIZATION 9 HIS BOOK 0,ANCI5T ,SOCIETY04 ,AGRICULTURE & CATTLE-BRE$+ 5SURE AN EASI] & MORE DEP5DABLE LIVELIHOOD ?AN HUNT+ & GA!R+1 & AF=D A GREAT] PHYSICAL DEVELOPM5T & /R5G?3 N[ = ! FIR/ TIME IT CAN BE SAID ?AT MAN HAS SOME:AT MA/]$ NATURE4 ,:5 !N /ONE AS A MAT]IAL = TOOLS IS REPLAC$ BY METAL1 :I* IS ! IDEAL MAT]IAL = TOOLS1 BE+ LEES BRITTLE ?AN /ONE & ALSO CAPABLE ( BE+ =M$ 9TO AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( %APES1 ! FUTURE PA? ( UN5D+ DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 OP5$ UP = TE*NIQUE4 

#d#c4 ,AS TO ?9K+ 9 !SE PREHI/ORIC /AGES ( CULTURE1 A COMP>ISON ) ! PRES5T DAY UNCIVILIZ$ PEOPLES MAY SUPPLY A C]TA9 AM\NT ( 9=MATION4 ,:]EAS WE CANNOT OR CAN H>DLY CONCLUDE FROM !SE PEOPLES ANY?+ ON ! /ATE ( ,E>LY ,MAN 9 HIS FIR/ P]IODS ( EXI/5CE1 WE CAN LE>N A LOT FROM !M AB\T ! CONDITIONS :I* PREC$$ CIVILIZATION2 ?IS TRANSITION IS ! /EP :I* !Y DID NOT TAKE4 ,AT ONCE !N IT IS OBVI\S ?AT NOT ONLY ! TE*NIQUE ( LABOR1 BUT EQUALLY1 & /ILL MORE SO1 ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ) ITS /RONG COMMUNITY-FEEL+1 DOM9ATES ! SPIRITUAL LIFE4 ,= ! USE ( TOOLS OP]ATES AS A B>ELY CONSCI\S =CE1 :]EAS ! SOCIAL COMMUNITY OCCUPIES ! 5TIRE CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! ?9K+ ( PRIMITIVE PEOPLE !N IS NOT SIMPLY A FEEBLE BEG9N+ ( MOD]N OBJECTIVE RIGID LOGIC2 IT IS A DIFF]5T1 A SUBJECTIVE K9D ( ?9K+1 A MORE FANTA/IC & EMOTIONAL =M ( COMB9+ ! PH5OM5A4 ,P>T !RE9 IS PLAY$ BY ! D\BL+ ( ! P]SONALITY 9 ! LIFE ( DREAMS1 AS WELL AS BY ! SOCIALLY B\ND-UP ORGANIZATION ( ! /RONG =CES ( SEXUAL LIFE1 & BY ! COMMUNITY ( WORK :I* IS 5SUR$ BY A P[]FUL GR\P-S5SE4 ,SPIRITUAL LIFE TAKES ! =M ( ANIMISM1 ! HUMANIZATION ( ! WORLD2 ALL ?+S >E MAN-LIKE1 ANIMAT$4 ,AS LONG AS TE*NIQUE IS ! SUBCONSCI\S BASIS1 & ! SOCIAL COMMUNITY ! CONSCI\S BASIS = ! WORLD ( MAN1 ?IS MANN] ( ?9K+1 9 MANY EMBODIM5TS1 CONT9UES TO DET]M9E HIS SPIRITUAL LIFE4 

,PRIMITIVE MAN CANNOT BE CONT5T ) HAV+ HIS AB/RACT CONCEPTIONS 9 ! =M ( SPIRITUAL IDEAS ONLY2 TOO /RONGLY DO !Y AFFECT HIS LIFE4 ,HE HAS !M AS WORD-SYMBOLS2 & (T5 ! WORD POSSESSES A MAGIC P[] = HIM4 ,! NE$ TO HAVE !M AS SOME?+ MORE TANGIBLE1 RESULTS 9 !IR ID5TIFICATION ) ?+S AS P]MAN5T SYMBOLS1 PRES5T BESIDES ! FLEET+ WORD1 :I* SYMBOLS >E !N SUPPOS$ TO BE ! S\RCE ( ?IS P[]4 ,?US APPE> NUM]\S OBJECTS ( V5]ATION1 SACR$ OBJECTS1 P>APH]NALIA ( RITES1 SACRIFICIAL UT5SILS1 TOTEMS1 IMAGES1 AMULETS4 ,!SE >E US$ 9 RITUAL ACTS1 9 C]EMONIES & AT FEA/S1 9 :I* ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAN & ! SURR\ND+ WORLD IS EXPRESS$ 9 SYMBOLICAL =MS4 ,!Y OCCUPY AN IMPORTANT P>T ( HIS TIME & ?\<TS1 BECAUSE 9 !SE HE ASS]TS HIMSELF 9 AN ACTIVE MANN]1 BY MEANS ( VOTIVE (F]+S1 EXORCISMS1 WIT*CRAFT & SORC]Y1 BY MAGIC 9 G5]AL1 OR BY O!R MORE EFFICI5T ME?ODS4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! RELATIONS :I* CONTROL ! LIFE ( PREHI/ORIC AS WELL AS ( LAT] UNCIVILIZ$ MAN AS MY/]I\S SPIRITUAL P[]S1 >E TRANS=M$ 9TO TANGIBLE PRACTICE4 

#d#d4 ,! TRANSITION TO ! ?IRD CULTURAL P]IOD1 ?AT ( CIVILIZATION1 IS USUALLY ASSUM$ TO BE CONNECT$ ) ! ORIG9 ( WRIT+2 ! BEG9N+ ( WRITT5 HI/ORY CLOSES ! PREHI/ORIC P]IOD4 ,LANGUAGE AS A MEANS ( UND]/&+1 DELIB]ATION1 & COOP]ATION )9 ! COMMUNITY ACQUIRES A NEW & WID] =M ( EXPRESSION4 ,BESIDES ! SPOK5 & HE>D WORD !RE IS N[ ALSO ! WRITT5 & READ WORD1 BRIDG+ OV] DI/ANCES1 & FIX+ ! TRANSITORY S\ND ?AT DISAPPE>S ! MOM5T IT HAS BE5 PRON\NC$1 9 REMA9+ VISIBLE SIGN-SYMBOLS4 ,! H& ACQUIRES A NEW FUNCTION2 BESIDES ! TOOLS IT H&LES TO REPLACE ANIMAL ORGANS1 !RE IS N[ ! GRAV]1 ! WRIT+ P51 ! DRAW+ BRU%1 :I* HE HOLDS & DIRECTS 9 M9UTE/ MOVEM5TS1 TO REPLACE HIS [N ORGAN ( SPEE*4 

,N[ NEW CONNECTIONS MU/ DEVELOP 9 ! C]EBRAL CORTEX TO CORRELATE S\NDS ) VISUAL IMAGES4 ,!SE CONNECTIONS WILL HAVE TO DEVELOP BETWE5 ! AUDITORY & ! SPEE* C5T] ON ! ONE SIDE1 & ! OPTICAL FIELDS ON ! O!R4 ,YET ?IS IS F> FROM BE+ SU* AN IMPORTANT *ANGE 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! BRA9S AS :5 SPEE* ORIG9AT$4 ,! OPTICAL C5T]S 9 ! CORTEX ALREADY HAD A MANY-SID$ FUNCTION1 9H]IT$ FROM ! ANIMAL WORLD1 ( 9T]PRET+ & DIGE/+ ! MANY /IMULI :I* ! EYE AS ! MO/ DELICATE LOCALIZ+ S5SE-ORGAN RECEIV$ FROM ! \TSIDE WORLD1 TO TRANS=M !M 9TO EFFICI5T ACTS4 ,?US SI<T1 HE>+ & SPEE* W]E ALREADY CLOSELY 9T]LAC$ 9 ! ASSOCIATION FIELDS1 & ! APP>ATUS = ! CO-ORD9ATION ( ! VISIBLE WRITT5 SIGNS ) ! WORD-SYMBOLS WAS ALL BUT READY4 ,( C\RSE IT /ILL DEM&$ A SPECIAL EX]CISE ( ! SMALL M9ORITY ( PEOPLE :O HAD SPECIALIZ$ 9 9TELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS2 BUT ?IS WAS COMP>ABLE TO O!R SPECIALIZATIONS 9 ! DIVISION ( WORK 9 CRAFTS1 SU* AS ! TRA9+ ( MOSAIC WORK]S OR LACE MAK]S ON DELICATE %AD+S4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 ! LA/ FEW C5TURIES1 S9CE ! >T ( PR9T+ TOGE!R ) G5]AL 9/RUCTION HAVE MADE READ+ & WRIT+ A G5]AL PR(ICI5CY1 ?AT ! EX]CISE & TRA9+ ( VISIBLE SYMBOLS HAVE COME TO ! =E1 & HAVE BECOME EQUIVAL5T TO ?OSE ( ! SPEE* SYMBOLS4 

,! TRANSITION FROM ANIMAL TO MAN CONSI/$ 9 ! REPLAC+ ( ! NATURAL PHYSICAL ORGANS ( WORK BY >TIFICIAL TOOLS1 :I* >E DEAD OBJECTS & SEP>ATE FROM ! BODY4 ,!REBY1 AP>T FROM ! H& & M\?1 ONE BODILY ORGAN 9 P>TICUL>1 ! BRA91 RECEIV$ A NEW & MORE EXT5SIVE TASK = :I*1 !RE=E1 A BODILY DEVELOPM5T WAS NECESS>Y4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! 9TRODUCTION ( WRIT+ N[ CONSI/S 9 ! V]Y FACT ?AT P>T ( ! FUNCTION ( ?IS NATURAL ?9K+ ORGAN1 ! BRA91 IS ALSO TAK5 OV] BY AN >TIFICIAL TOOL-APP>ATUS4 ,! BRA9 IS NO LONG] NE$$ AS A /ORAGE PLACE = KN[L$GE1 AS ?IS TASK HAS BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ! BOOKS4 ,MANUAL WORK ) IMPLEM5TS TAKES ! PLACE ( BRA9 WORK4 0,ONE CANNOT BUT REFLECT H]E ON ! GR& REVOLUTION :I* TOOK PLACE1 :5 LANGUAGE1 TILL !N LIMIT$ TO ITS PROP] ORGAN1 HAD ITS REPRES5TATION 9 ! WORK ( ! H&0 7,*4 ,BELL1 L4C4 P4 #beg ,NOTE74 ,?IS MEANS A TREM5D\S RELIEF = ! BRA91 ?R\< :I* IT WAS MADE FREE = O!R FUNCTIONS4 ,IT ALSO IMPLIES1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ?AT CIVILIZ$ MAN MU/ HAVE LO/ PR(ICI5CIES ( ! BRA9S1 SPIRITUAL CAPACITIES1 :I* W]E /ILL POSSESS$ BY PREHI/ORIC MAN4 

#d#e4 ,IT IS (T5 BELIEV$1 CONSID]+ ! 9CREASE ( KN[L$GE & SCI5CE1 ( 9SI<T 9 & DOM9ION OV] NATURE1 ?AT ! HUMAN BRA9 HAS BE5 IMPROV$ TO AN EV] HI<] /ATE ( P]FECTION4 ,?IS IS AN ILLUSION2 IT IS QUE/IONABLE :E!R \R BRA9S >E BETT] ?AN ?OSE ( ! ,CRO-,MAGNON PEOPLE 9 ! ,/ONE ,AGE4 ,WE HAVE ONLY LE>N$ TO USE !M MORE EFFICI5TLY 9 CON=MANCE ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NIQUE & SOCIETY4 

,?IS IS ALSO APP>5T FROM A COMP>ISON ) PRIMITIVE PEOPLES4 ,FROM ! /ATEM5TS MADE BY NUM]\S EXPLOR]S LIV+ AMONG WILD TRIBES1 WE LE>N ?AT !SE DISPOSE OV] AN AMAZ+1 ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE MEMORY1 F> SURPASS+ ?AT ( CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES4 ,HAV+ ONCE MADE A J\RNEY D[N A RIV] OR ?R\< A WOOD !Y KN[ ! WAY D[N TO ! SMALLE/ P>TICUL>S = EV]1 )\T ANY MI/AKE AFT]W>DS4 ,!Y HAVE ABSORB$ ! SMALLE/ DETAILS ) ! %>PE/ ATT5TIV5ESS2 AN ,EUROPEAN DOES NOT NOTICE ?OSE ?+S1 BUT MAKES NOTES ON HIS MAP4 ,NATIVES PASS ON ORALLY LONG LETT]-LIKE MESSAGES OV] GREAT DI/ANCES AFT] MANY DAYS ACCURATELY WORD BY WORD4 ,AU/RALIANS RECITE LONG SONG S]IES1 LA/+ = FIVE NI<TS1 9 A LANGUAGE UNKN[N TO !M1 EXACTLY ID5TICAL ) ! V>I\S TRIBES1 :I* MU/ BE !RE=E /AMP$ 9 !IR MEMORY WORD BY WORD4 ,MANY EXAMPLES >E GIV5 BY ,LEVY-,BRUHL 9 HIS BOOK 0,LES FONCTIONS M5TALES DANS LES SOCIETES 9F]IEURES0 7,! M5TAL FUNCTIONS 9 L[] SOCIETIES7 7P4 #a#a#f-#a#b#b74 ,9 ! SAME WAY IT IS KN[N FROM ! TRANSITIONAL P]IODS :I* PREC$$ \R CIVILIZATION1 H[ S+]S /OR$ 9 !IR MEMORY ! SAGAS ( =M] TIMES1 & H[ 9TRICATE EXORCISMS & LEGAL =MULAS W]E PASS$ ON FROM FA!R TO SON ) V]BAL PRECISION4 

,AS AGA9/ ?IS WE F9D ) !SE PEOPLES A LACK ( LOGICAL CAPACITY = AB/RACT ?9K+4 0,! SLI<TE/ AM\NT ( REASON+ NO MATT] H[ LITTLE AB/RACT1 REPELS !M SO GREATLY ?AT !Y IMM$IATELY DECL>E TO BE FATIGU$1 & ?AT !Y GIVE IT UP4 ,ONE MU/ ADMIT !N ?AT ) !M ! MEMORY SUB/ITUTES .<444.> = SU* OP]ATIONS :I* ELSE:]E DEP5D ON ! ME*ANISM ( LOGIC4 ,) US1 ! MEMORY IS R$UC$1 AS TO ITS 9TELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS1 TO ! SUBORD9ATE ROLE ( RETA9+ ! RESULTS ACQUIR$ BY A LOGICAL ELABORATION ( ! CONCEPTIONS4 ,= !'PRE-LOGICAL' M5TALITY1 H[EV]1 ! MEMORIES >E ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY V]Y COMPLEX REPRES5TATIONS SUCCE$+ ONE ANO!R 9 AN 9V>IABLE ORD]40 7,LEVY-,BRUHL1 #b#h1 P4 #a#b#c74 ,?IS IS ! SAME PH5OM5ON AS IS ALSO SE5 9 !IR LANGUAGE2 ! PREVI\SLY M5TION$ GREAT] WEAL? 9 VOCABUL>Y & 9TRICACY ( GRAMM> COMES D[N TO ! R5D]+ ( EV]Y DETAIL1 ( EV]Y DIV]SITY 9 ! SPECIAL RELATION%IPS BY SEP>ATE WORDS & =MS1 :]E WE M]ELY HAVE A FEW G5]AL COMPREH5SIVE EXPRESSIONS4 ,= \R CONCEPT 0WE01 ! ,*]OKESE DI/+UI%ES T5S ( CASES 7,I & Y\2 ,I & A ?IRD2 ,I1 Y\ & A ?IRD1 ETC47 & ! V]B HAS SEV5TY P]SONAL =MS ( CONJUGATION :]E ,LAT9 HAS SIX & WE HAVE /ILL LESS4 ,:5 WE TALK ( A 0TREE0 OR ( 0GO+01 SU* LANGUAGES DO NOT POSSESS !SE G5]AL NAMES1 BUT MANY DIFF]5T NAMES = ! K9DS ( TREES1 ! K9DS ( GO+4 ,!IR SPEE* IS COMPLETELY B\ND UP ) ! CONCRETE ?+S2 ! TOTALITY IS PRODUC$ BY R5D]+ ! DETAIL$ MULTIPLICITY ( ALL ! SEP>ATE CASES4 ,?IS IS LIKEWISE ! CASE ) !IR ?9K+4 ,! F> MORE 9T5SIVE EX]TION ( AB/RACT ?9K+ IS AVOID$ BY PAY+ ! HI< PRICE ( CUMB]SOM5ESS4 ,?IS CONCRETE WEAL? ( DETAIL 9 ?9K+ & SPEAK+ REPRES5TS AN OLD]1 LESS DEVELOP$ /AGE ( ! WORK+ ( ! M9D1 9 :I* ITS AB/RACT+ FACULTY HAS ONLY P>TLY P]=M$ ITS TASK4 

#d#f4 ,) ! CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES ! 9V5TION ( WRIT+ HAS EFFECT$ ?IS *ANGE 9TO A HI<] CAPACITY ( AB/RACTION4 ,AS LONG AS ! WORD AS ! SYMBOL = ! CONCEPTION HAD TO BE PRES]V$ 9 ! M9D ITSELF1 BY MEANS ( ! MEMORY1 IT HAD TO REMA9 RE/RICT$ TO ?AT :I* WAS 9DISP5SABLE = LIFE & WORK4 ,KN[L$GE C\LD NOT BE EXT5D$ 9DEF9ITELY1 BECAUSE ! BRA9S C\LD NOT RETA9 EV]Y?+2 IF ! ONE W]E TO BE =C$ ASIDE BY ! O!R 9 ! M9D1 IT W\LD BE GONE2 ONCE =GOTT51 IT WAS LO/4 ,AS SOON1 H[EV]1 AS WORD & CONCEPTION C\LD BE PHYSICALLY FIX$1 AS REMA9+ TANGIBLE1 I4E4 VISIBLE SIGNS1 H5CE C\LD NO LONG] BE LO/1 ! M5TAL LIFE ACQUIR$ A F> GREAT] FRE$OM4 ,=M]LY ?9K+ REMA9$ 5CLOS$ )9 A GIV5 CIRCLE2 !N1 LAT] ON1 IT C\LD GO W&]+ ?R\< UNLIMIT$ SPACES1 )\T ANY DANG] ( CONT5TS BE+ LO/4 ,! CONTRA/ IS 9DICAT$ BY ,LEVY-,BRUHL 9 ?IS WAY3 0,N[ 9 ALMO/ ALL L[] SOCIETIES WE F9D .<444.> ?IS FIX$ M5TALITY1 RETA9$ & ALMO/ 9V>IABLE NOT ONLY 9 ITS ESS5TIAL TRAITS1 BUT EV5 9 ! CONT5T RI<T UP TO EV]Y DETAIL ( ITS REPRES5TATIONS4 ,! REASON = ?IS IS ?AT ?IS M5TALITY1 AL?\< NOT SUBJECT TO A ME*ANISM ( LOGIC1 OR RA!R PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS NOT SUBJECT$ TO IT1 IS NOT FREE4 ,ITS UNI=MITY IS ! REFLEX ( ! UNI=MITY ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE TO :I* IT CORRESPONDS & :I* IT EXPRESSES40 7#b#h1 P4 #a#a#e74 ,! LATT] S5T5CE DRAWS \R ATT5TION TO ! FACT ?AT ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION TOO /&S 9 CLOSE CORRELATION TO LANGUAGE & ?9K+2 ! RISE ( CIVILIZATION %[S BESIDES ! ORIG9 ( WRIT+1 RADICAL *ANGES 9 ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 :I*1 ( C\RSE1 CANNOT BE TREAT$ H]E4 

,!RE IS A C]TA9 ANALOGY H]E ) ! CASE ( ! ORIG9 ( MAN4 ,=M]LY1 ) ! ANIMAL1 ! LIMITATION ( ITS BODILY ORGANS KEPT ! ACTIONS 5CLOS$ )9 A GIV5 CIRCLE4 ,:5 ?IS LIMITATION WAS REMOV$ BECAUSE !Y W]E REPLAC$ BY TOOLS :I* CAN BE REPRODUC$ & IMPROV$ 9DEF9ITELY1 A NEW WORLD ( POSSIBILITIES ( DEVELOPM5T WAS OP5$ UP4 ,AS IT !N WAS ) PHYSICAL LABOR1 SO IT IS N[1 AT ! ORIG9 ( CIVILIZATION1 ) BRA9-WORK4 ,!N ?9K+ CAME AB\T - ! P]CEPTION ( P]CEPTIONS -2 N[ ?9K+ AB\T ?\<TS COMES AB\T1 N[ !ORY1 SCI5CE IS COM+ =?4 ,N[ ?AT ! CONT5T ( ?\<T HAS BECOME A FIX$ TANGIBLE ?+1 IT CAN ITSELF BECOME A SUBJECT = ?\<T4 ,!N1 AT ! ORIG9 ( MAN1 ! VAGUE1 NEBUL\S MASS ( EXP]I5CES1 A =MLESS COMPLEX1 TOOK ON =M 9 ! WORD2 IT BECAME A SOME?+1 IT GOT DEF9IT5ESS AS A CONCEPT1 IT C\LD BE 9DICAT$1 IMP>T$ AS A WORD SYMBOL4 ,?US IT 5ABL$ HUMAN ?9K+ TO SET (F ON ITS C\RSE4 ,BUT IT DID NOT REA* FUR!R ?AN ?IS AIM ( PRACTICAL LIFE4 ,! FLEET+ S\ND DISAPPE>$ ! MOM5T IT WAS PRON\NC$ & HAD A*IEV$ ITS OBJECT4 ,N[1 H[EV]1 ! CONCEPTION IS FIX$ 9 A WRITT5 IMAGE2 FROM BE+ A SOME?+ ONLY1 A S\ND ?AT WAS LO/1 IT BECOMES A SOLID1 A ?+ ?AT REMA9S1 A SUBJECT ( 9VE/IGATION4 ,N[ ?AT ! CONCEPTIONS & /ATEM5TS1 :I* EMBODY \R KN[L$GE - OR P]HAPS \R LACK ( KN[L$GE - CAN BE SE5 BY \R BODILY EYES 9 WRITT51 OR LAT] 9 PR9T$ WORDS1 WE CAN /UDY !M1 COMP>E !M1 REFLECT UPON !M1 & H&LE !M 9 V>I\S WAYS4 ,BESIDES ?9K+ AB\T ACTIONS COMES ?9K+ AB\T WORDS1 CONCEPTS1 /ATEM5TS4 ,?9K+ IS NO LONG] SIMPLY 9QUIR+3 :AT %ALL ,I DO8 ,IT N[ FACES ! QUE/ION3 :AT IS TRU?8 ,N[ KN[L$GE BECOMES !ORY4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( WRIT+1 NEI!R PHILOLOGY NOR LOGIC NOR EPI/EMOLOGY C\LD HAVE DEVELOP$4 ,SIMIL>LY ! KN[L$GE ( NATURE W\LD NOT HAVE RIS5 BEYOND ! LEVEL ( A FEW EMPIRICAL RULES1 & C\LD NOT HAVE DEVELOP$ 9TO A TRUE SCI5CE ( NATURE4 

,?IS !ORETICAL SCI5CE 9 TIME BECOMES AN AID 9 PRACTICAL LIFE4 ,! FIR/ ORD]$ KN[L$GE ( NATURE >OSE ?R\< TE*NICAL REQUIREM5TS1 OR TO PUT IT MORE G5]ALLY1 ?R\< LABOR4 ,9 CASES :]E ?IS LABOR DID NOT DIRECTLY CONC]N TE*NIQUE1 ! KN[L$GE ( NATURE 9VOLV$ WAS ORI5TATION 9 ! P>TICUL> NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,?US = 9/ANCE ! NE$ = TRANSPORT & TRAVEL1 = ! KN[+ ( ! TIME = HUNT+ & AGRICULTURE GAVE RISE TO ! FIR/ KN[L$GE ( A/RONOMY4 ,?US ALSO BIOLOGICAL & CLIMATOLOGICAL KN[L$GE W]E OBTA9$ FROM PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE 9 AGRICULTURE & CATTLE-BRE$+2 & PHYSICAL & *EMICAL KN[L$GE FROM ! TREATM5T ( ! PRODUCTS1 FROM SP9N+1 WEAV+1 & PREP>+ FOODS1 FROM ! POTT]Y TE*NIQUE & ! TREATM5T ( METALS4 ,) CIVILIZATION AS ! DOM9ION ( ! WRITT5 LANGUAGE1 LOGICAL ?9K+ ACQUIRES ! P[] TO =MULATE ALL ?IS KN[L$GE 9TO SCI5CE CONSI/+ ( AB/RACT CONCEPTIONS & LAWS ( NATURE1 & MOREOV] TO FIX ! ME?OD ( SCI5CE 9 G5]AL =MS4 

,! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION WAS NOT ONE SMOO? CURVE ( PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T4 ,SEV]AL TIMES A FRE% />T HAD TO BE MADE1 FIR/ 9 ! E>LY ,ORI5TAL ,ANTIQUITY1 !N 9 ! ANCI5T ,GRECO-,ROMAN CIVILIZATION1 & AGA9 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 BE=E A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION WAS F\ND :I* POSSESS$ 9N] /R5G?1 EXT5T1 & POSSIBILITIES ( DEVELOPM5T TO A SUFFICI5T DEGREE4 ,ONCE !SE OBTA9$1 A GRADUAL UPW>D MOVEM5T />T$1 9TRODUC+ ! ,NEW ,AGE1 :]E ! NE$ = A GREAT] PRODUCT ( LABOR BECAME ! DRIV+ =CE = TE*NICAL & SCI5TIFIC PROGRESS4 ,! REQUIREM5TS ( TE*NIQUE /RA9 ! +5UITY ( POND]+ M9DS1 & ! EXP]IM5TAL 9VE/IGATION ( NATURE CREATES 9 ! #a#g? & #a#h? C5TURIES ME*ANICS & ! !ORY ( HEAT AS A BASIS = ! RISE ( 9DU/RY4 ,UND] ! SOCIAL =MS ( FRE$OM ( 5T]PRISE & CAPITALISM 9DU/RIAL COMPETITION BECOMES A BATTLE ( TOOLS1 9 :I* ! BETT] MA*9E W9S & REPLACES & DE/ROYS ! LESS PRODUCTIVE SMALL TOOL4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! MA*9E TE*NIQUE ( MOD]N BIG 9DU/RY GREW RAPIDLY 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY1 BORNE BY AN 9T5SIVE 9VE/IGATION ( NATURE :I* WAS !REBY /IMULAT$1 & CONQU]$ ! :OLE WORLD - ! SECOND CONQUE/ AFT] ! FIR/ MADE BY ,E>LY ,MAN ) ! E>LY TOOL - & IS N[ AT WORK ORGANIZ+ ! :OLE ( HUMANITY 9TO ONE SOCIAL COMMUNITY4 

#d#g4 ,NATURAL SCI5CE1 :I* 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T RUNS P>ALLEL ) ! RIS+ EXPON5TIAL CURVE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D1 IS A LIV+ PRO( ( ! CLOSE CONNECTION EXI/+ BETWE5 TOOLS & ?9K+4 ,NATURAL SCI5CE IS RI<TLY CONSID]$ TO BE ! FIELD 9 :I* HUMAN ?9K+1 9 A CONT9U\S S]IES ( TRIUMPHS1 HAS DEVELOP$ ITS LOGICAL =MS ( CONCEPTION MO/ P[]FULLY1 & HAS APPLI$ ITS CAPACITY = AB/RACTION MO/ PURELY4 ,?US IT PROCE$$ ) A FIRM TREAD T[>DS AN 9CREAS+ C]TA9TY ( KN[L$GE1 & BECAME A GUIDE 9 ! ME?OD ( ?9K+ = O!R FIELDS ( ?\<T4 ,FUR!R1 IT IS CLE> TO ANYONE ?AT NATURAL SCI5CE HAS DEVELOP$ TO ?IS HEI<T DUE TO ITS CONT9UAL MUTUAL REACTIONS ) TE*NICAL REQUIREM5TS1 I4E4 ) LABOR & TRADE4 ,ON ! REV]SE1 AS A C\NT] PRO(1 AT ! O!R EXTREME /&S ! L>GE FIELD ( HUMAN ACTIONS & RELATION%IPS 9 :I* ! USE ( TOOLS DOES NOT PLAY AN IMM$IATE ROLE1 & WORKS ONLY 9 ! DIM DI/ANCE AS ! DEEPE/ UNKN[N & 9VISIBLE F\NDATION - ! FIELD ( ! SOCIAL PH5OM5A4 ,!RE ?\<T & ACTION >E DET]M9$ MO/LY BY PASSION & IMPULSE1 BY >BITR>9ESS & IMPROVID5CE1 BY TRADITION & BELIEF2 !RE NO ME?ODICAL LOGIC LEADS TO A C]TA9TY ( KN[L$GE2 !RE IS LACK+ ! FIRM TREAD ( RECOGNIZ$ UNANIM\S PROGRESS2 !RE WE SEE OPPOS+ OP9IONS & SY/EMS RETURN+ AGA9 & AGA9 TO ! SAME PROBLEMS4 

,AMONG ! MANY :O HAVE GIV5 EXPRESSION TO ?IS CONTRA/ BETWE5 !SE TWO REALMS ( SPIRITUAL LIFE1 WE MAY QUOTE H]E FROM ! ,AM]ICAN HI/ORIAN ,LYNN ,?ORNDIKE'S WORK ON M$IEVAL MAGIC & SCI5CE4 0,>E !RE O!R SIDES ( \R LIFE & ?\<T TO-DAY :]E MAGIC /ILL L+]S & NO SU* M>* AS ?AT ( MOD]N NATURAL & EXP]IM5TAL SCI5CE HAS BEGUN OR PROGRESS$ SO F>8 ,WE FE> ?AT !RE >E4 ,ONE CAN WELL IMAG9E ?AT A FUTURE AGE MAY REG>D MU* ( ! LE>N+ EV5 ( \R TIME AS ALMO/ AS FUTILE1 SUP]/ITI\S1 FANTA/IC 9 ME?OD1 & IRRELEVANT TO ! 5DS S\<T1 AS W]E PRIMITIVE MAN'S ME?ODS ( PRODUC+ RA91 ,EGYPTIAN AMULETS TO CURE DISEASE1 OR M$IEVAL BLOOD-LETT+ ACCORD+ TO ! PHASES ( ! MOON4 .<444.> ,WE MI<T C>RY \R COMP>ISON FROM ! WORLD ( S*OL>%IP1 :I* AT LEA/ DISPLAYS 9DU/RY & +5UITY 9 ITS SUP]/ITIONS1 TO ! CRUD] & LAZI] CONCEPTIONS & ASSUMPTIONS ( SOCIAL & CIVIL LIFE4 ,(T5 5\< HAS ! CONNECTION ( RELIGION ) MAGIC BE5 PO9T$ \T1 BUT :AT SIDE ( LIFE IS !RE ?AT IS FREE FROM IT8 .<444.> ,OR :O CAN M>VEL AT PA/ BELIEF 9 ! MAGIC P[] ( WORDS1 :O HE>S /ATESM5 SPEAK & MILLIONS %\T ( ,MILIT>ISM1 ,NATIONALITY1 ,DEMOCRACY1 ,PROHIBITION1 ,SOCIALISM & ,BOL%EVIKI8 ,:AT FE>S1 :AT HOPES1 :AT PASSIONS1 :AT PREJUDICES1 :AT SACRIFICES !SE WORDS ELICIT6 ,& H[ LITTLE AGREEM5T !RE IS AS TO !IR MEAN+6 .<444.> LET US MEASURE ! AM\NT ( MAGIC 9 PRES5T CIVILIZATION BY ,PLOT9US' /&>D ,MEASUR+ \R AGE BY SU* A /&>D1 WE %ALL BE TEMPT$ TO CRY \T2 MAGIC ( MAGICS1 ALL IS MAGIC6 ,:AT ELSE IS !RE TO WRITE AB\T8 ,AT LEA/ ONE ?+1 & ?AT IS EXP]IM5TAL SCI5CE4 ,IT ALWAYS IS MAK+ ACQUISITIONS & NEV] GR[S LESS2 IT EV] ELEVATES & NEV] DEG5]ATES2 IT IS ALWAYS CLE> & NEV] CONCEALS ITSELF40 7,I,I1 PP4 #i#g#i-#i#h#b74 

,! WORLD ( CONSCI\S LOGICAL ?\<T ONLY OCCUPIES A C]TA9 SECTION ( MOD]N SPIRITUAL LIFE2 BESIDES IT !RE IS A L>G]1 ?\< DECREAS+ SECTION :]E ! IMPULSES & 9/9CTS 9H]IT$ FROM ! ANIMAL WORLD & ! =M] P]IODS ( HUMAN CULTURE DOM9ATE SPIRIT & LIFE4 ,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO P]CEIVE ?AT H]E TOO1 9 MOD]N TIMES1 ! SAME CONTRA/ OP]ATES AS UND] PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS3 ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS FILL ! CONSCI\SNESS & LEAVE ONLY P>T ( ! FIELD = ! TE*NICAL 9FLU5CES4 ,!Y F9D !IR EXPRESSION ALSO 9 !ORY & SCI5CE4 ,?US1 OV] & AGA9/ ! ME?OD ( =MATION ( AB/RACT CONCEPTIONS & !IR CAUSAL CONNECTION1 RECOGNIZ$ 9 NATURAL SCI5CE1 A TOTALLY DIFF]5T & [N ME?OD IS CLAIM$ = & PROCLAIM$ BY ! SPIRITUAL SCI5CES4 ,?IS APPE>S 9 ! DOCTR9E ?AT = ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D ! COMB9+ ( ! MULTIPLICITY ( PH5OM5A 9TO AB/RACT1 G5]AL RULES & CAUSAL LAWS IS IMPOSSIBLE1 S9CE IT CONSI/S ( EV5TS :I* HAVE TAK5 PLACE ONLY ONCE4 ,9 ! WORLD ( MAN IT IS NOT ! CAUSE BUT ! AIM :I* DET]M9ES ! EV5T4 ,IT IS NOT CAUSALITY :I* RULES1 BUT TELEOLOGY2 IF WE SPEAK ( A G5]AL LAW H]E1 IT IS NOT ! LAW ( 0IT MU/0 BUT ! LAW ( 0?\ %ALT01 ! MORAL LAW4 ,?IS DOCTR9E =MULAT$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! #b? C5TURY *IEFLY BY ,DIL!Y1 ,RICK]T & ,W9DELB&1 HAS S9CE F\ND1 UND] ! NAME ( 0HI/ORISM01 A WIDE ADH]5CE4 0,! K]NEL ( HI/ORISM CONSI/S 9 ! REPLAC+ ( A G5]ALIZ+ CONSID]ATION ( HI/ORICAL-HUMAN =CES BY AN 9DIVIDUALIZ+ CONSID]ATION40 7,ME9ECKE1 P4 #b74 ,?US IT APPE>S ?AT :]E TOOLS >E NOT US$ = LABOR OR EXP]IM5T1 OR SIMPLY >E NOT SE51 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( CAUSAL CONNECTIONS AS A =M ( ?9K+ REMA9S FEEBLE2 ?AT :]E MAN IS SE5 ACT+ AS AN APP>5TLY FREE-WILL$ BE+ 9 SOCIETY1 B\ND ONLY BY ! WEAK5$ TIES ( E?ICS TO ! COMMUNITY1 ?9K+ & 9F]5CE ALSO FOLL[ O!R PA?S4 ,?IS IMPLIES1 H[EV]1 ?AT ONCE ! SOCIAL FABRIC WILL BE L9K$1 DIRECTLY & VISIBLY TO ALL1 ) TE*NIQUE & LABOR1 ?IS DIFF]5CE LOOSES ITS BASIS & ! ME?OD ( NATURAL SCI5CE WILL BE EXT5D$ OV] ! SPIRITUAL SCI5CES4 

,! CONTRA/ APPE>+ H]E1 ) P]FECTION ON ! ONE H& & IMP]FECTION ON ! O!R1 MEANS ?AT MAN CONTROLS ! =CES ( NATURE1 OR IS GO+ TO DO SO 9 EV] GREAT] MEASURE1 BUT ?AT HE DOES NOT YET CONTROL ! =CES ( WILL & PASSION :I* >E 9 HIMSELF4 0,:]E HE HAS /OOD /ILL1 P]HAPS EV5 FALL5 BEH9D1 IS 9 ! MANIFE/ LACK ( CONTROL OV] HIS [N'NATURE'0 7,TILNEY1 L4C4 P4 #i#c#b74 ,?IS IS1 CLE>LY1 :Y SOCIETY IS /ILL SO MU* BEH9D SCI5CE4 ,POT5TIALLY MAN HAS MA/]Y OV] NATURE4 ,BUT HE DOES NOT YET POSSESS MA/]Y OV] HIS [N NATURE4 ,H[ IS HE TO ACQUIRE ?IS8 

#d#h4 ,IT W\LD NOT BE A/ONI%+ IF IT %\LD APPE> TO NEUROLOGI/S1 - BECAUSE !Y CONSID] ! GR[? ( ! BRA9S TO BE ! MA9 CAUSE = ! ORIG9 ( MAN1 & BECAUSE !Y >E FAMILI> ) ! SUDD5 9CREASES ( CEPHALIZATION AS A FACTOR 9 DEVELOPM5T1 - ?AT SALVATION \T ( ?IS CONTRADICTION CAN BE EXPECT$ ONLY ?R\< A FUR!R GR[? 9 ! SAME DIRECTION4 ,A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T & 9CREASE ( ! BRA9S1 :I* W\LD MEAN ! NEXT /EP TO A HI<]1 DEGREE ( CEPHALIZATION1 ) A CORRESPOND+ 9CREASE ( ! M5TAL CAPACITIES1 WILL !N HAVE TO DISC>D ! IMP]FECTION :I* IS H>ASS+ HUMANITY4 ,A CAUTI\S 9DICATION ( ?IS MAY BE SE5 9 ! F9AL CONSID]ATION 9 ,TILNEY'S ALREADY QUOT$ WORK4 0,P]CEIV$ 9 ?IS WAY1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO S5SE ! FULL =CE ( ! IMPETUS 9 ?AT IRRESI/IBLE MOM5TUM :I* HAS C>RI$ ! GREAT V]TEBRATE PHYLLUM UPW>D & ONW>D ?R\< ! AGES & MAY /ILL C>RY US ONW>D .<444.> ,IS !RE /ILL A POSSIBILITY ( FUR!R EVOLV+ 9 ! DEVELOPM5TAL PROCESS SO CLE>LY SE5 9 ! BRA9 ( ! PRIMATES1 SO OBVI\SLY REA*+ ITS PRES5T CULM9ATION 9 ! BRA9 ( MAN - IS !RE /ILL A LAT5T P[] 9 ! HUMAN BRA9 = ! EXPRESSION ( YET UNSUSPECT$ POT5TIALITIES & B5EFICIAL PROGRESS8 ,?IS IS A QUE/ION :I* MAY NOT BE QUICKLY READ OR SOON =GOTT54 ,!RE IS AN UND5IABLE 9SI/5CY AB\T IT AS IT CALLS ATT5TION TO ! PALPABLE IMP]FECTIONS 9 HUMAN ORGANIZATION4 ,ANSW]$ 9 ! NEGATIVE1 TO :AT CONT9U+ DISC\RAGEM5T DOES IT NOT COMMIT ! RACE2 ANSW]$ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 ) :AT 9SPIR+ EXPECTATIONS MAY WE NOT LOOK TO ! FUTURE ( MANK9D60 7L4C4 #a#d#d-#d#e74 

,AGA9/ ?IS OP9ION IT %\LD BE REM>K$ ?AT MAN AS AN ANIMAL SPECIES1 ,HOMO SAPI5S1 HAS ONLY EXI/$ = SOME T5S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S1 ?AT HIS CIVILIZATION 9 ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE 9 RE/RICT$ REGIONS DATES BACK SOME ?\S&S ( YE>S ONLY1 ?AT ! RAPID RISE ( 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUE & NATURAL SCI5CE IS M]ELY ONE OR TWO C5TURIES OLD1 & ?AT H5CE HE IS /ILL 9 ! FIR/ BEG9N+S ( HIS C\RSE4 ,CONSID]$ FROM ! PO9T ( MORPHOLOGY1 9 BODILY /RUCTURE1 9 CEPHALIZATION1 HE HAS NOT *ANG$ !REBY2 9 ACTUAL P[] HE HAS RIS5 MORE & MORE QUICKLY TO A MORE & MORE COMPLETE COMM& OV] HIS CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,WILL ?IS N[ ALL AT ONCE COME TO A HALT8 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE IS JU/ BEG9N+4 ,!RE IS EV]Y REASON TO REG>D :AT UP TILL N[ HE HAS EXP]I5C$ & DONE M]ELY AS AN 9TRODUCTION TO HIS FUTURE ACTUAL HI/ORY4 ,! POSSIBILITIES ( HIS SPIRITUAL APP>ATUS1 HIS BRA9 ORGAN1 HAVE NOT YET BY F> BE5 EXHAU/$2 ! NECESSITY = A HI<] DEGREE ( CEPHALIZATION HAS NOT YET EXHAU/$ AT ALL4 ,!E CRISIS ?R\< :I* WE >E PASS+1 H[EV] IT MAY HAVE COME AB\T1 %[S ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( BE+ ONE ( ! LA/ CONVULSIONS 9 ! PROCESS ( MANK9D GR[+ TOGE!R 9TO ONE SELF-CONTROLL+ WORLD COMMUNITY4 ,LACK ( CAPABILITY AS YET TO ORGANIZE1 MA/] & REGULATE HIS [N =CES 9 SOCIAL COOP]ATION1 :I* IS RECOGNIZ$ AS ! S\RCE ( MAN'S %ORTCOM+1 LIES 9 ! DOMA9 ( SOCIETY4 ,IT CANNOT BE DONE AWAY ) BY NATURAL SCI5CE & TE*NIQUE1 BUT ONLY BY =CES EMANAT+ FROM SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,!IR TREATM5T LIES \TSIDE ! SCOPE ( ?IS /UDY1 AS IT W\LD LEAD US TOO F> BEYOND ! FIELD ( NATURAL SCI5CE4 

,NOTES 

#a4 ,?IS IS A PR9CIPLE ( ME?ODOLOGY :I* ALSO APPLIES TO O!R FIELDS ( SCI5CE :]E 9T]CONNECTION IS S\<T1 NOT)/&+ FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CES OR EV5 CONTRA/S ( *>ACT]4 ,?US IT IS ) REG>D TO ! PROBLEM ( UNITY & CONNECTION BETWE5 LIFE & NON-LIFE OR BETWE5 CONSCI\SNESS & ! UNCONSCI\S LIFE ( ! L[] ORGANISMS4 ,%\LD ONE 9 ?IS CASE - AS (T5 IS DONE - PLACE 9 JUXTAPOSITION ! MO/ EXTREME /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T & OPPOSE ! HI<E/ =M ( HUMAN ?9K+ TO ! AUTOMATIC REACTIONS ( ,9FUSORIA1 OR A HI<] ANIMAL TO ! SIMPLE ATOMIC /RUCTURE ( A M9]AL CRY/AL1 ?IS W\LD ONLY LEAD TO A /ATE ( P]PLEX$ DISMAY 9 :I* ! CLEFT W\LD BE SE5 AS UNFA?OMABLE1 AS AN UNBRIDGEABLE CONTRA/1 AS AN ABSOLUTE DIFF]5CE ( QUALITY1 :]E IT IS HOPELESS TO SE>* = SCI5TIFIC EXPLANATIONS4 ,! WAY ( SCI5CE :I* LOOKS = UNITY ( ! WORLD1 TRY+ TO F9D CONNECTION & CONT9UITY1 CONSI/S ( ! JUXTAPOSITION ( DIFF]5T K9DS ( PH5OM5A :]E !Y APPROA* EA* O!R MO/ NE>LY2 9 ?IS CASE PLAC+ ! DUBI\S TRACES ( LIFE 9 VIRUS MATT] ) ! *EMI/RY ( ! HI<LY COMPLICAT$ PROTE9 MOLECULES4 ,H]E ONLY !RE IS A POSSIBILITY ( BUILD+ A BRIDGE BY SCI5TIFIC RESE>*1 OR ( E/ABLI%+ A CONNECTION BETWE5 LIFE & NON-LIFE4 

#b4 ,PAVLOV USES ?IS NAME AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO 0CONDITION$ REFLEXES0 7P4 #b#e74 

#c4 ,9 ,G]MAN3 ,BEWUS/SE9 "7 BEWUS/ES ,SE94 

#d4 ,PAVLOV M5TIONS AS ,SE*5OV'S1 ! ,RUSSIAN PHYSIOLOGI/'S1 OP9ION3 0,?\<TS HE REG>D$ AS REFLEXES 9 :I* ! EFFECTOR WAS 9HIBIT$0 7,PAVLOV1 P4 #e74 

#e4 ,9 ! ORIG9AL IT SAYS3 0,! F\ND] ( NEUROLOGY1 ,RAMON Y ,CAJAL1 EXPRESS$ ?IS AS FOLL[S3 .<QUOTE.>0 .<,$4.> 

#f4 0,?\<TS W]E NOT ! FIR/ ?+S TO PRESS =W>D & CRAVE = EXPRESSION2 EMOTIONS & 9/9CTS W]E MORE PRIMITIVE & F> MORE P[]FUL4 ,BUT :AT EMOTIONS W]E MO/ P[]FUL 9 PRODUC+ G]MS ( SPEE*8 ,TO BE SURE NOT HUNG] & ?AT :I* IS CONNECT$ ) HUNG]3 M]E 9DIVIDUAL SELF-ASS]TION & ! /RUGGLE = MAT]IAL EXI/5CE4 ,?IS PROSAIC SIDE ( LIFE WAS ONLY CAPABLE ( CALL+ =? %ORT MONOSYLLABIC 9T]JECTIONS1 H[LS ( PA9 & GRUNTS ( SATISFACTION & DISSATISFACTION .<444.> ! S\RCE ( SPEE* IS NOT GLOOMY S]I\SNESS BUT M]RY PLAY & Y\?FUL HIL>ITY40 7,JESP]S51 L4C41 P4 #d#c#c74 ,DOES NOT ?IS OP9ION *>ACT]IZE ! MOD]N S*OL> AS BE+ SO =EIGN TO ! SOCIAL PROCESS ( LABOR ?AT HE CONSID]S IT ONLY AN 9F]IOR PROSAIC MATT]8 ,BUT IT BETRAYS AT ! SAME TIME :AT A HEAVY BURD51 EV5 9 MOD]N C5TURIES .<9 ! ORIG9AL IS SAYS 09 ! #a#i? C5TURY02 PA/ S5SE1 ,$4.>1 LABOR PUTS UPON MAN'S %\LD]S4 

#g4 ,9 ,G]MAN3 ,BEGRIFF "7 WAS ]GIFF5 WIRD4 

#h4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION READS3 0,EV5 ?\< ! ANIMAL LE>NS ALL K9DS ( 9DIVIDUAL ?+ WAS JU/ ! SL[ *ANGE ( ! SPECIES ITSELF1 ! DEVELOP-LE>N ALL K9DS ( ?+S ?R\< TRA9+1 !RE IS ( C\RSE NO QUE/ION ( A DEVELOPM5T ( ! SPECIES TO NEW PROP]TIES 9 !SE %ORT1 OR EV5 MU* LONG]1 YE>S402 CORRECT$ ACCORD+ TO ! ORIG9AL .<,$4.>4 

#i4 .<,! TRANSLATION GIVES3 0?IS DIGG+ & SCRAT*+ 7KRABB51 S*>R5702 ! ORIG9AL3 0DIT GRAV5 5 KRABB5 7S*>R5702 0GRAV50 "7 DIGG+2 0KRABB50 "7 SCAT*+1 SCRAP+1 0S*>R50 "7 SCRAP+1 GRUBB+ ,$4.>4 

#a4 ,?IS WAS COMMONLY HELD :5 ,PANNEKOEK WROTE2 YET IT WAS NOT CONFIRM$ BY /ATI/ICAL DATA3 A LEFT-H& PREF]5CE IS1 ?\< (T51 NOT NECESS>ILY ACCOMPANI$ BY A SPEE*-C5T] 9 ! RI<T HALF ( ! BRA91 & /UTT]+ HAS NO DIRECT RELATION :ATSOEV] TO =C+ *ILDR5 ) A LEFT-H& PREF]5CE 9TO RI<T-H&$NESS .<,$4.>4 

#a#a4 ,AL?\< ,BOLK GIVES HIS 0FETALISATION !ORY0 AS M]ELY ONTOG5ETIC1 & NOT PHYLOG5ETIC1 ! VIEW IS IMPLI$ ?AT EV5 AMONG ! ,PRIMATES MAN HAS KEPT ! PRIMITIVE *>ACT] MORE ?AN ! O!RS1 AS ! C5TRAL BRAN* 9 ! FAMILY TREE1 & ?US HAS PRES]V$ POSSIBILITIES ( DEVELOPM5T :I* ! MORE SPECIALIZ$ =MS ( APES HAVE LO/4 

#a#b4 ,ON ! RECAPITULATION- & FETALISATION-!ORIES1 & ON ! >GUM5TATION AB\T SPECIALIZATION1 SEE3 ,ONTOG5Y & ,PHYLOG5Y _/ ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD4 - ,CAMBRIDGE ,MASSA*USETTS1 ,LONDON 3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#g4 - #ea P4 .<,$4.>4 

#a#c4 ,9 HIS /UDY 0,D] ,AN!IL D] ,>BEIT AN D] ,M5S*W]DUNG DES ,AFF50 7,! ROLE ( LABOR 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( APE 9TO MAN71 A SKET* WRITT5 PROBABLY AB\T #a#h#g#h1 F\ND AMONG HIS PAP]S AFT] HIS DEA? & PUBLI%$ #ahif 9 0,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT01 ,X,I,V1 #b1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS PO9TS \T ! IMPORTANCE ( LABOR = ! =MATION ( ! HUMAN H&4 0,SO ! H& IS NOT ONLY ! ORGAN ( LABOR BUT ALSO ITS PRODUCT4 ,ONLY ?R\< LABOR1 ?R\< ADAPTATION TO EV] NEW ACTIVITIES1 ?R\< 9H]ITANCE ( ! ?US ACQUIR$ SPECIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! MUSCLES1 T5DONS & ALSO1 OV] LONG] P]IODS1 ( ! BONES1 & ?R\< EV] NEW APPLICATION ( ! 9H]IT$ REF9EM5T UPON EV] NEW ACTIVITIES1 ! HUMAN H& ACQUIR$ ?AT HI< DEGREE ( P]FECTION BY :I* IT C\LD PRODUCE ,RAFAEL PICTURES1 ,?ORWALDS5 /ATUES & ,PAGAN9I MUSIC40 7L4C41 P4 #e#d#g74 

#a#d4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! N[ G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ COMPUTATIONS ( ,M4 ,MILANK[ITZ 7,MA!MATIS*E ,KLIMALEHRE7 ! FIR/ ICE-P]IOD 7,GUNZ7 EXI/$ #f-#e#e1 YE>S AGO1 ! SECOND 7,M9DEL7 #a#h-#a#c1 YE>S1 ! ?IRD OR P5ULTIMATE 7,RISS7 #b#c-#a#h1 YE>S1 EA* ) TWO SEP>ATE M9IMA ( TEMP]ATURE3 :]EAS ! LA/ ,WURM7 EXI/$ FROM #a#b1 UNTIL #b1 YE>S AGO ) ?REE COLDE/ P]IODS SEP>AT$ BY W>M] P]IODS4 ,! NEXT ICE-P]IOD W\LD !N HAVE TO BE EXPECT$ 9 AB\T #e1 YE>S TO COME4 

#a#e4 ,VAN D5 ,BROEK SEES 9 ! *9 ESPECIALLY ! PLACE :]E ! MIMIC FACIAL MUSCLES >E ATTA*$1 :I* ALSO PLAY A ROLE 9 ! =M+ ( ! WORDS\NDS 7,A4,J4,P4 VAN D5 ,BROEK1 ,OV] HET ONT/AAN VAN SPRAAK 5 S*RIFT 7,ON ! ORIG9 ( SPEE* & WRIT+71 ,G5EESKUNDIGE ,BLAD5 #cb ,REEKS1 ,X1 P4 #b#h#i1 #a#i#c#d74 

,SUMM>Y 

,!RE >E ?REE *>ACT]I/ICS1 :I*1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 DI/+UI% MAN FROM ! ANIMALS2 AB/RACT ?9K+ BY MEANS ( CONCEPTIONS1 SPEE*1 & ! USE ( TOOLS FA%ION$ BY HIMSELF4 ,! PROBLEM ( AN?ROPOG5ESIS IS TO F9D \T H[1 FROM ! SMALL TRACES ( ANALOG\S PROP]TIES 9 ANIMALS1 !SE QUALITATIVELY 5TIRELY DIFF]5T HUMAN *>ACT]I/ICS C\LD DEVELOP4 

,ANIMALS TOO MAKE USE ( DEAD OBJECTS TO SUIT !IR [N PURPOSES1 BUT ONLY MAN %APES !M 9TO TOOLS ACCORD+ TO A CONSCI\S PLAN4 ,! TOOL 9 ! HUMAN H& P]=MS ! SAME FUNCTION AS ! BODILY ORGAN ( ! ANIMAL4 ,! GRASP+ H& WAS A NECESS>Y CONDITION = ! MANIPULAT+ ( TOOLS & ?IS WAS 9H]IT$ FROM ! >BOREAL LIFE ( MAN'S ANCE/ORS4 ,SOCIAL LIFE WAS ANO!R CONDITION = ! USE ( TOOLS1 BECAUSE ONLY 9 COMMUNITIES C\LD IT BE PRES]V$ & KN[L$GE AB\T IT ?US BE TRANSF]R$ TO ! NEXT G5]ATION4 ,BECAUSE ! TOOL IS A SEP>ATE & DEAD OBJECT IT CAN EASILY BE REPLAC$ :5 DAMAG$1 9T]*ANG$ = A BETT] ONE1 & DIFF]5TIAT$ 9TO A MULTIPLICITY ( =MS = V>I\S USES4 ,IT CAN BE IMPROV$ UPON CONT9UALLY BY NEW 9V5TIONS1 ?US RAIS+ MAN 9TO 9CREAS+ SUP]IORITY ABOVE ! ANIMALS4 

,ANIMALS TOO HAVE CONSCI\SNESS & A C]TA9 9TELLIG5CE4 ,! /IMULUS ( BODILY NE$S & S5SE IMPRESSIONS 9DUCE DIRECT ACTION AS A RESPONSE4 ,9 MAN ?IS DIRECT CONNECTION IS BROK52 ! IMPRESSIONS >E COLLECT$ 9 ! M9D1 & AFT]W>DS ACTION COMES SPONTANE\SLY4 ,?9K+ FOLL[S A DET\R1 OR RA!R MANY DET\RS :I* MU/ BE COMP>$2 NUMB]S ( IMAGES 9T]POSE BETWE5 IMPRESSIONS & ACTIONS1 =M+ *A9S ( IDEAS ?AT >E OBJECTS ( OBS]VATION BY \R [N CONSCI\SNESS1 & TAKE ! *>ACT] ( AB/RACT CONCEPTS4 ,9 ! BRA9 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 MAN & ANIMAL APPE>S ONLY AS A QUANTITATIVE DIFF]5CE2 ! BRA9WEI<T ( MAN 7= ! SAME BODY SIZE7 IS F\R TIMES L>G] ?AN ) ! AN?ROPOIDS1 & SO IS ! SURFACE ( ! CORTEX4 ,:E!R ! FRONTAL LOBES1 USUALLY CONSID]$ AS ! ORGAN ( AB/RACT REASON+1 >E RELATIVELY L>G] 9 MAN IS UNC]TA94 

,ANIMALS UTT] S\NDS ( EMOTION1 :I* 9 SOCIAL GR\PS S]VE AS SIGNALS ( W>N+ & COMMUNICATION4 ,9 MAN !SE S\NDS >E WORDS1 AUDITORY SYMBOLS CONV5TIONALLY DESIGNAT+ QUITE DIFF]5T ?+S1 NAMES = OBJECTS & ACTIONS4 ,!Y CON/ITUTE A LANGUAGE1 A P]FECT & COMPLICAT$ APP>ATUS ( 9T]C\RSE S]V+ = CO-ORD9ATION ( ACTION4 ,SPEE* IS AN ORGAN ( COMMUNITY ?AT CAN ONLY ORIG9ATE & EXI/ 9 A COMMUNITY1 AS A CONDITION ( COLLABORATE ACTIVITY & FI<T2 IT EMBODIES & PRES]VES ! EV] 9CREAS+ MASS ( KN[L$GE4 ,IT CAN ONLY EXI/ ) A C]TA9 FACULTY = ?9K+2 ON ! O!R H& HUMAN ?9K+ W\LD NOT BE POSSIBLE )\T SPEE*4 ,CONCEPTS CAN BE =M$ & RETA9$ ONLY BY EXPRESS+ !M 9 NAMES & WORDS2 CONSCI\S ?9K+ IS ALWAYS SPEAK+ ) ONE SELF BY MEANS ( WORDS4 

,! USE ( TOOLS WAS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! ORIG9 ( HUMAN ?9K+4 ,! TOOL 9T]POSES ITSELF BETWE5 ORGANISM & \T] WORLD1 BETWE5 /IMULUS & ACTION4 ,IT COMPELS ACTION1 & H5CE ?9K+1 TO MAKE A DET\R1 FROM ! S5SE IMPRESSION VIA ! TOOL TO ! OBJECT4 ,BECAUSE !RE >E MANY TOOLS !RE >E MANY DET\RS1 & A *OICE MU/ BE MADE AFT] FOLL[+ \T ALL ( !M 9 ! M9D BE=E ACT+4 ,! SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! TOOL BE=EH& & ITS USE AFT]W>DS PRODUCES A SEP>ATION 9 ! M5TAL PROCESSES & MAKES !ORETICAL ?9K+ A DI/9CTIVE ACTIVITY4 ,! TOOL OBJECTIVATES ! PREVI\SLY 9/9CTIVE ACTION1 & BY ! VISIBLE RESULTS ( ITS WORK+ AWAK5S CONSCI\SNESS ( ! CONCEPT ( CAUSALITY4 ,SPEE* TOO WAS GREATLY 9DUC$ BY ! USE ( TOOLS4 ,S9CE A TOOL WAS ALT]NATELY OBJECT & P>T ( ! SUBJECT IT /RUCK ! ATT5TION FIR/ ( ALL AS A SEP>ATE OBJECT2 & BY ITS IMPORTANCE = LABOR & LIFE SOME S\ND1 ACCOMPANY+ ACTION :I* 9VOLV$ ITS USE1 BECAME ATTA*$ TO IT4 ,!SE DEP5D5CIES >E %[N BY ! ANATOMICAL FACT ?AT 9 ! CORTEX ! SPEE* C5T] IS =M$ ONLY 9 ?AT HEMISPH]E :I* 9N]VATES & DIRECTS ! H& HOLD+ ! TOOLS4 ,= MO/ PEOPLE ?IS IS ! LEFT HEMISPH]E1 :]EAS = LEFT-H&$ PEOPLE IT IS ! RI<T HEMISPH]E4 

,BECAUSE !SE ?REE SPECIAL HUMAN *>ACT]I/ICS >E ALL DEP5D5T ON ONE ANO!R !Y C\LD DEVELOP ONLY TOGE!R4 ,?IS !Y DID FROM M]E TRACES1 EA* 9 COMMON GR[? MUTUALLY /R5G!N+ ! O!RS1 & EA* BY ITS SMALL 9CREM5T 9DUC+ 9CREASES 9 ! O!RS1 ! :OLE ( ?IS PROCESS BE+ SUPPORT$ BY ! PREVI\S GR[? ( ! BRA94 ,! FIR/ IMPULSE CAME FROM A *ANGE ( LIFE CONDITIONS ?AT MADE MAN'S ANCE/ORS 9HABITANTS ( ! PLA9S ) AN ]ECT PO/URE4 ,!N1 9 SOME HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S1 ) EXTREME SL[NESS AT FIR/1 & AFT]W>DS MORE & MORE RAPIDLY1 ! USE ( TOOLS1 ! FACULTY ( SPEE*1 & AB/RACT ?9K+ DEVELOP$4 ,! PREVI\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! ANIMALS1 BECAUSE ! *ANGES 9 BODILY ORGANS DEP5D ON BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES1 TOOK PLACE EXTREMELY SL[LY1 & ALWAYS BY ! =MATION ( NEW SPECIES4 ,! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS ONE SPECIES ,HOMO ,SAPI5S WAS POSSIBLE BECAUSE ! EASILY 9T]*ANGEABLE & >TIFICIAL TOOLS HAD REPLAC$ ! BODILY ORGANS & C\LD BE IMPROV$ 9CREAS+LY RAPIDLY BY ! /RUGGLE = LIFE4 ,?US MAN BECAME MA/] ( ! E>?1 & HIS RIS+ PUT AN 5D TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ANIMAL K+DOM4 ,9 ! LA/ P>T ( HIS RISE1 SOME ?\S&S ( YE>S AGO1 ! 9V5TION ( WRIT+1 ADD+ VISIBLE & LA/+ SYMBOLS TO ! PASS+ S\NDS ( SPOK5 LANGUAGE1 M>KS ! BEG9N+ ( CIVILIZATION4 ,IT PRODUC$ !ORETICAL SCI5CE AS A BASIS = A CONT9U\S TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 :I* IS N[ NE>LY AB\T TO UNITE ALL MANK9D 9TO ONE SELF-CONTROLL+ COMMUNITY4 

,RESUME 

,L'HOMME SE DI/+UE DES ANIMAUX P> TROIS C>ACT]I/IQUES PR9CIPALES3 LA P5SEE AB/RAITE AU MOY5 DE CONCEPTS1 LE LANGAGE ET L'USAGE D'\TILS QU'IL A LUI-MEME CONFECTIONNES4 ,LE PROBLEME QUE POSE L'AN?ROPOG5ESE1 C'E/ DE SAVOIR COMM5T LES TRACES DE QUALITES ANALOGS QU'ON R5C\NT] *EZ LES ANIMAUX SE SONT DEVELOPPEES DE FACON A DEV5IR DES FACULTES QUI DIFF]5T QUALITATIVEM5T4 

,LES ANIMAUX1 EUX AUSSI1 SE S]V5T D'OBJETS 9ANIMES NATURELS P\R LEUR DESSE9S2 L'HOMME SEUL LES TRANS=ME 5 \TILS1 A LA SUITE D'UNE PREP>ATION CONCUE D'APRES UN PLAN PROJETE4 ,L'\TIL QU'ON TI5T A LA MA9 REMPLIT LES MEMES FONCTIONS QUE L'ORGANE CORPOREL DE L'ANIMAL4 ,P\R P\VOIR SAISIR ET GUID] L'\TIL1 L'HOMME DOIT DONC DISPOS] D'UN ORGANE DE PREH5SION1 LA MA91 QUI E/ P\R LUI UN LEGS DE SES ANCETRES SIMI5S HABITANT LES >BRES4 ,LA VIE 5 COMMUNAUTE E/ UNE AUTRE CONDITION NECESSAIRE1 P>CE QUE LA CONNAISSANCE DE L'USAGE E/ TRANSMISE A9SI A LA G5]ATION SUIVANTE ET QU'ELLE S]A CONS]VEE P> LA4 ,COMME L'\TIL E/ UN OBJET 9ANIME1 SEP>E DU CORPS1 IL PEUT ETRE REMPLACE S'IL E/ DET]IORE1 ET IL PEUT SE TRANS=M] S\S DES =MES MULTIPLES 5 VUE DE BUTS DIFF]5TS2 A9SI ON P\RRAIT DIRE QUE L'HOMME E/ UN ANIMAL QUI DISPOSE D'ORGANES 9T]*ANGEABLES4 ,L'\TIL PEUT SE P]FECTIONN] CONT9UELLEM5T GRACE A DES 9V5TIONS ET DEPASSE A LA LONGUE 5 P]FECTION T\T ORGANE ANIMAL2 C'E/ CE QUI ASSURE A L'HOMME SA SUP]IORITE SUR LES ANIMAUX4 

,LES BETES SONT EGALEM5T CONSCI5TES1 POSS$5T DES FACULTES M5TALES ET UNE C]TA9E =ME DE P5SEE4 ,*EZ ELLES LES S5SATIONS DE BESO9S PHYSIQUES ET LES IMPRESSIONS S5SORIELLES =M5T UNE UNITE 9SEP>ABLE AVEC L'ACTION QUI LES SUIT4 ,*EZ L'HOMME CETTE UNITE A ETE ROMPUE2 LES IMPRESSIONS S'ACCUMUL5T DANS L'ESPRIT SANS QU'ELLES SOI5T IMM$IATEM5T SUIVIES DE L'ACTION2 L'ACTE VI5T APRES COMME UN FAIT SPONTANE4 ,LA P5SEE FAIT UN DET\R 5 PASSANT DE L'IMPRESSION S5SORIELLE A L'ACTION1 \ PLUTOT1 ELLE FAIT BI5 DES DET\RS1 P>MI LESQUELS IL FAUT FAIRE UN *OIX4 ,UN C]TA9 NOMBRE D'IDEES S'9S]5T 5TRE L'IMPRESSION ET L'ACTION COMME DES *A9ES DONT ON PEUT RELI] LES *A9ONS DE DIV]SES FACONS COMME DES PIECES DE RE*ANGE 9DEP5DANTES1 QUI DEVI5N5T DES OBJETS DE LA P]CEPTION DE LA CONSCI5CE ET QU'ON PEUT DI/+U] COMME DES IDEES AB/RAITES4 ,LA DIFF]5CE 5TRE L'HOMME ET L'ANIMAL SE MANIFE/E SEULEM5T QUANTITATIVEM5T DANS LE C]VEAU3 *EZ L'HOMME LE POIDS DU C]VEAU E/ QUATRE FOIS PLUS GR& QUE *EZ LES AN?ROPOMORPHES DE LA MEME TAILLE ET IL 5 E/ DE MEME DE LA SUP]FICIE DE LA SUB/ANCE CORTICALE4 ,IL E/ D\TEUX QUE LES CIRCONVOLUTIONS FRONTALES1 CONSID]EES LE PLUS S\V5T COMME L'ORGANE DE LA P5SEE AB/RAITE1 SOI5T RELATIVEM5T PLUS VOLUM9EUSES *EZ L'HOMME4 

,QUANT AUX ANIMAUX1 DES SONS EMOTIONELS FONCTIONN5T COMME MOY5S D'AV]TISSEM5T ET DE COMMUNICATION *EZ LES ANIMAUX QUI VIV5T 5 COMMUN4 ,*EZ L'HOMME SEUL CES SONS SONT DEV5US DES MOTS1 DES SYMBOLES SONORES >BITRAIRES AYANT UNE T\T AUTRE SIGNIFICATION4 ,ILS =M5T UNE LANGUE QUI E/ UN MECANISME DE COMMUNICATION P>FAIT ET COMPLIQUE QUI S]T A COORDONN] T\TES LES ACTIONS4 ,LE LANGAGE E/ UN ORGANE DE LA COMMUNAUTE ET PEUT NAITRE ET SUBSI/] UNIQUEM5T DANS UNE COLLECTIVITE2 ELLE E/ LA CONDITION MEME DU TRAVAIL ET DE LA LUTTE 5 COMMUN1 ET ELLE 9C>NE ET CONS]VE LE SAVOIR QUI VA 5 AUGM5TANT T\J\RS4 ,IL FAUT UN C]TA9 DEGRE DE DEVELOPPEM5T 9TELLECTUEL P\R P]METTRE LA CON/RUCTION ET L'USAGE DE LA LANGUE4 ,9V]SEM5T LA P5SEE HUMA9E N'A PU NAITRE QUE P> LE LANGAGE2 CE N'E/ QU'5 EXPRIMANT LES IDEES AU MOY5 DES NOMS ET DES MOTS QU'ELLES P\VAI5T SE =M] ET SE FIX]2 P5S] D'UNE FACON CONSCI5TE1 C'E/ SE P>L] A SOI-MEME4 

,L'USAGE D'\TILS A EX]CE UNE GR&E 9FLU5CE SUR LA NAISSANCE DE LA P5SEE HUMA9E4 ,L'\TIL S'9S]E 5TRE L'ORGANISME ET LE MONDE EXT]IEUR1 5TRE L'IMPRESSION S5SORIELLE ET L'ACTION1 ET OBLIGE L'ACTION A FAIRE UN DET\R2 C'E/ P\RQUOI NOT] P5SEE E/ EGALEM5T OBLIGEE A FAIRE UN DET\R1 ALLANT DE LA S5SATION A L'OBJET 5 PASSANT P> L'\TIL4 ,LA MULTIPLICITE DES \TILS1 QUI IMPLIQUE LA MULTIPLICITE DES DET\RS1 OBLIGE LA P5SEE A FAIRE UN *OIX ET A COMP>] PREABLEM5T4 ,LA DI/ANCE 5TRE LA CONFECTION PREP>ATOIRE ET L'USAGE PO/]IEUR DE L'\TIL 5TRA9E EGALEM5T UNE SEP>ATION 5TRE LES PROCESSUS 9TELLECTUELS ET ELEVE LA P5SEE !ORIQUE AU RANG D'UNE ACTIVITE 9DEP5DANTE4 ,L'\TIL OBJECTIVE L'ACTION QUI JUSQUE-LA ETAIT 9/9CTIVE1 ET GRACE A SES EFFETS VISIBLES IL FAIT NAITRE LE CONCEPT CONSCI5T DE CAUSALITE4 ,L'\TIL A EX]CE UNE GR&E 9FLU5CE SUR LA PREMI]E =MATION DU LANGAGE2 PUISQU'IL ETAIT TANTOT OBJET EXT]IEUR1 P>TIE 9ANIMEE DE LA NATURE1 TANTOT ORGANE CORPOREL1 P>TIE DU SUJET1 IL SE DIFF]5CIE DE T\S LES DEUX ET SE TR\VE ETRE UN OBJET A P>T2 ET P> SUITE DE SON IMPORTANCE DANS LA LUTTE P\R LA VIE UN SON ACCOMPAGNANT L'ACTION S'Y ATTA*E ET DEVI5T UN NOM4 ,CET EFFET DE L'\TIL SE MONTRE AUSSI DANS LE FAIT QUE DANS LE CORTEX C]EBRAL LE C5T] DU LANGAGE NE S'ETABLIT QUE DANS L'UNE DE SES MOITIES1 DANS CELLE QUI 9N]VE LA MA9 QUI MANIE ET GUIDE LES \TILS1 A SAVOIR *EZ LA PLUP>T DES HOMMES DANS LA MOITIE GAU*E1 *EZ LES GAU*]S DANS LA P>TIE DROITE4 

,COMME CES TROIS C>ACT]I/IQUES DE L'HOMME SE CONDITIONN5T MUTUELLEM5T1 ELLES N'ONT PU SE DEVELOPP] A P>TIR DES PREMI]ES TRACES QU'5 =MANT UN T\T1 S'ACTIVANT L'UNE L'AUTRE P> LEUR PROGRES GRADUEL 5 CROISSANCE COMMUNE2 T\T CE PROCESSUS S'APPUYE SUR LA CROISSANCE PREALABLE DU C]VEAU4 ,LA PREMI]E IMPULSION A ETE DONNEE P> UN *ANGEM5T DANS LES CONDITIONS DE LA VIE1 *ANGEM5T QUI A FAIT DES LO9TA9S ANCETRES >BORICOLES DES ETRES QUI M>*5T DEB\T DANS LA PLA9E4 ,5 UNE P]IODE DE QUELQUES MILLI]S DE SIECLES L'USAGE DES \TILS1 LE LANGAGE ET LA P5SEE 9TELLECTUELLE SE SONT DEVELOPPES1 D'ABORD L5TEM5T1 D'UNE FACON IMP]CEPTIBLE1 5SUITE T\J\RS PLUS RAPIDEM5T4 ,LE DEVELOPPEM5T PREALABLE DANS LE REGNE ANIMAL NE P\VAIT SE FAIRE QU'AVEC UNE L5TEUR EXTREME1 CREANT DE N\VELLES ESPECES1 P>CE QUE L'EVOLUTION DES ORGANES CORPORELS DEP5D DE LOIS BIOLOGIQUES4 ,LE DEVELOPPEM5T RAPIDE D'UNE SEULE ESPECE1 L',HOMO SAPI5S1 S'E/ EFFECTUE P>CE QUE L'\TIL EXT]IEUR ET RAPIDEM5T REMPLACABLE A PRIS LA PLACE DE L'ORGANE DE L'ANIMAL1 ET QUE CET \TIL S'E/ P]FECTIONNE DE PLUS 5 PLUS DANS LA LUTTE P\R LA VIE4 ,C'E/ CE QUI A FAIT DE L'HOMME LE MAITRE DU MONDE ET C'E/ P\RQUOI SON AV5EM5T A CLOS LE DEVELOPPEM5T ORGANIQUE DU REGNE ANIMAL4 ,I,I FAUT AJ\T] L'9V5TION DE L'ECRITURE DANS LA D]NI]E PHASE DE CE DEVELOPPEM5T1 IL Y A QUELQUES MILLI]S D'ANNEES1 CE QUI A AJ\TE DES SYMBOLES VISIBLES1 P]MAN5TS1 AUX SONS EPHEM]ES DU LANGAGE P>LE4 ,CECI M>QUE LES DEBUTS DE L']E DE LA CIVILIZATION1 LES ORIG9ES DE LA SCI5CE !ORIQUE COMME BASE D'UN PROGRES TE*NIQUE 99T]ROMPU QUI E/ A LA VEILLE DE CONSOLID] L'HUMANITE 5 UNE UNITE ORGANISEE1 MAITRESSE DE SA VIE4 

,ZUSAMM5FASSUNG 

,D] ,M5S* UNT]S*EIDET SI* VON D5 ,TI]5 DUR* DREI WES5TLI*E ,UNT]S*EIDUNGSM]KMALE3 DAS AB/RAKTE ,D5K5 MITTELS ,BEGRIFFE1 DIE ,SPRA*E1 UND D5 ,GEBRAU* VON ,W]KZEUG51 DIE ] SELB/ V]F]TIGT4 ,DAS ,PROBLEM D] ,M5S*W]DUNG1 D] ,AN?ROPOG5ESE I/1 WIE DIE ,ANLAG5 ANALOG] ,EIG5S*AFT5 BEI D5 ,TI]5 SO AUSGEWA*S5 S9D1 DASS SIE ZU QUALITATIV V]S*I$55 ,FAHIGKEIT5 GEWORD5 S9D4 

,AU* ,TI]E V]W5D5 TOTE ,NATURGEG5/&E FUR IHRE ,ZWECKE2 D] ,M5S* ALLE9 BILDET DIESE 9 PLANMASSIG] ,VORB]EITUNG ZU ,W]KZEUG5 UM4 ,DAS 9 DIE ,H& G5OMM5E ,W]KZEUG SPIELT DIESELBE ,ROLLE WIE DAS ,KORP]ORGAN BEIM ,TI]4 ,D] ,M5S* MUS/E1 UM DAS ,W]KZEUG FE/ZUHALT5 UND ZU LEIT51 UB] E9E ,H& ALS ,GREI=GAN V]FUG52 DIESE I/ ALS ,]BS*AFT AFF5>TIG] BAUMBEWOHN5D] ,AHN5 MITGEBRA*T WORD54 ,VORB$+UNG I/ AU* DAS ,LEB5 9 ,GEME9S*AFT1 WODUR* DIE ,K5NTNIS DES ,GEBRAU*ES D] JUNG]5 ,G5]ATION UB]MITTELT1 UND SO BEWAHRT WIRD4 ,DUR* D5 ,UM/&1 DASS DAS ,W]KZEUG E9 TOT] ,GEG5/& I/1 LOS VOM ,KORP]1 I/ ES BEI ,BES*ADIGUNG ]SETZB>1 UND KANN ES SI* ZU VIEL]LEI ,=M5 UND ,ZWECK5 DIFF]5ZI]52 D] ,M5S* I/ E9 ,TI] MIT AUSWE*SELB>5 ,ORGAN54 ,DAS ,W]KZEUG KANN DUR* ,]F9DUNG5 &AU]ND V]BESS]T W]D51 UND WA*/ AN ,VOLLKOMM5HEIT UB] J$ES TI]IS*E ,ORGAN H9AUS2 DIES V]LEIHT CLEM ,M5S*5 SE9E ,OB]LEG5HEIT ,UB] DIE ,TI]E4 

,AU* DIE ,TI]E HAB5 ,BEWUS/SE91 GEI/IGE ,FAHIGKEIT51 UND E9E GEWISSE ,=M VON ,D5K54 ,BEI IHN5 BILD5 DIE ,EMPF9DUNG5 D] KORP]LI*5 ,B$URFNISSE UND D] ,S9NESE9DRUCKE MIT DEM D>AUFFOLG5D5 ,H&ELN E9 ,GANZES4 ,BEI DEM ,M5S*5 I/ DIESE ,E9HEIT V]S*NITT52 DIE ,E9DRUCKE SAMMELN SI* IM ,GEI/ AN1 OHNE DASS S(ORTIGES ,H&ELN D>AUF FOLGT1 UND DAS ,H&ELN ]FOLGT SPAT] ALS SPONTANE ,TAT4 ,VON DEM ,S9NESE9DRUCK ZUR ,H&LUNG FOLGT DAS ,D5K5 E9EM ,UMWEGE1 OD] LIEB] VIEL5 ,UMWEG51 ZWIS*5 D55 GEWAHLT W]D5 MUSS4 ,E9E ,ANZAHL ,VOR/ELLUNG5 S*IEBT SI* ZWIS*5 ,E9DRUCK UND ,H&LUNG1 ALS ,KETT51 D]5 ,GLI$] ALS FREIE ,WE*SEL/UCKE SI* V]S*I$5 ZUSAMM5ZUFUG5 LASS51 ,GEG5/& EIG5] ,WAHRNEHMUNG DES ,SELB/BEWUS/SE9S W]D5 UND ALS AB/RAKTE ,BEGRIFFE UNT]S*I$5 W]D54 ,IM ,GEHIRN TRITT D] ,UNT]S*I$ ZWIS*5 ,M5S* UND ,TI] ALLE9 ALS E9 QUANTITATIV] ,UNT]S*I$ AUF3 BEIM ,M5S*5 I/ DAS ,GEHIRNGEWI*T 7FUR GLEI*E ,KORP]GROSSE7 VI]MAL SO GROSS WIE BEI D5 ,M5S*AFF51 UND EB5SO DIE ,OB]FLA*E D] ,HIRNR9DE4 ,OB DIE HAUFIG ALS ,ORGAN DES AB/RAKT5 ,D5K5S BETRA*TET5 ,/IRNW9DUNG5 BEIM ,M5S*5 V]HALTNISMASSIG UMFANGREI*] S9D1 I/ ZWEIFELHAFT4 

,BEI D5 ,TI]5 TRET5 ,LAUTE ALS ,AUSS]UNG5 D] ,]REGUNG AUF1 DIE BEI 9 ,GEME9S*AFT LEB5D5 ,TI]5 ZU ,W>NUNG UND ,MITTEILUNG DI554 ,BEIM ,M5S*5 ALLE9 S9D DIESE ,LAUTE ZU ,WORT5 GEWORD51 ZU WILLKURLI*5 ,KLANGSYMBOL51 DIE ETWAS GANZ &]ES B$EUT51 ZU ,NAM5 VON ,D+5 UND ,H&LUNG54 ,SIE BILD5 E9E ,SPRA*E1 DIE ALS KOMPLIZI]T] UND VOLL5DET] ,MITTEILUNGSME*ANISMUS ZU ,KOORD9ATION ALL] ,AKTION DI5T4 ,DIE ,SPRA*E I/ E9 ,ORGAN D] ,GEME9S*AFT UND KANN NUR 9 E9] ,GEME9S*AFT 5T/EH5 UND BE/EH5 BLEIB52 SIE I/ DIE ,VORB$+UNG GEME9S*AFTLI*] ,>BEIT UND GEME9S*AFTLI*5 ,KAMPFES1 UND V]KORP]T UND BEWAHRT DIE /ETIG WA*S5DE ,MASSE D] ,K5NTNISSE4 ,FUR DIE ,BILDUNG UND D5 ,GEBRAU* E9] ,SPRA*E I/ E9E GEWISSE GEI/IGE ,5TWICKLUNG ]=D]LI*4 ,UMGEKEHRT KONNTE NUR DUR* DIE ,SPRA*E DAS M5S*LI*E ,D5K5 5T/EH52 ,BEGRIFFE KONNT5 SI* NUR DADUR* BILD5 UND FE/GEHALT5 W]D51 DASS SIE ALS ,NAM5 UND ,WORTE AUSG$RUCKT W]D52 BEWUS/ES ,D5K5 I/ ,MIT-SI*-SELB/-SPRE*5 9 ,WORT54 

,D] ,W]KZEUGGEBRAU* HAT E95 B$EUT5D5 ,E9FLUSS AUF DAS ,5T/EH5 DES M5S*LI*5 ,D5K5S AUSGEUBT4 ,DAS ,W]KZEUG S*IEBT SI* ZWIS*5 D5 ,ORGANISMUS UND DIE ,AUSS5WELT1 ZWIS*5 D5 ,S9NESE9DRUCK UND DIE ,H&LUNG1 UND ZW+T DAS ,H&ELN1 E95 ,UMWEG ZU NEHM52 DAH] MUSS AU* DAS ,D5K5 E95 ,UMWEG NEHM51 VON D] ,WAHRNEHMUNG UB] DAS ,W]KZEUG ZU DEM ,OBJEKT4 ,DIE ,VIELHEIT VON ,W]KZEUG51 ALSO ,VIELHEIT VON ,UMWEG51 ZW+T ZU ,WAHL UND ,V]GLEI*UNG IM VORH]IG5 ,D5K54 ,DIE ,TR5NUNG ZWIS*5 D] VORB]EIT5D5 ,ANF]TIGUNG UND DEM SPAT]5 ,GEBRAU* DES ,W]KZEUGES BR+T AU* E9E ,TR5NUNG 9 D5 GEI/IG5 ,PROZESS5 ZU/&E UND MA*T DAS !ORETIS*E ,D5K5 ZU E9] SELB/&IG5 ,TATIGKEIT4 ,DAS ,W]KZEUG OBJEKTIVI]T DAS VORH] 9/9KTIVE ,H&ELN1 UND DUR* SE9E SI*TB>5 ,WIRKUNG5 BR+T ES D5 ,BEGRIFF KAUSAL5 ,ZUSAMM5HANGES ZUM ,BEWUS/SE94 ,DAS ,W]KZEUG W> AU* VON GROSSEM ,E9FLUSS AUF DIE ]/E ,BILDUNG D] ,SPRA*E2 DADUR*1 DASS ES ABWE*SELND ,OBJEKT UND ,TEIL DES ,SUBJEKTS I/1 EIG5ES ,KORP]ORGAN UND TOT] ,TEIL D] ,NATUR1 FALLT ES AUS BEID5 H]AUS1 WIRD ES ALS BESOND]] ,GEG5/& BEM]KT2 UND WEG5 SE9] ,WI*TIGKEIT FUR D5 ,LEB5SKAMPF HEFTET SI* D>AN E9 ,KLANG1 D] DIE ,H&LUNG BEGLEITET UND ZUM ,NAM5 WIRD4 ,DIESE ,E9WIRKUNG5 ]HELL5 AU* D>AUS1 DASS DAS ,SPRA*Z5TRUM 9 D] ,HIRNR9DE SI* NUR 9 D] E95 ,HALFTE BILDET1 D] ,HALFTE1 WEL*E DIE DIE ,W]KZEUGE HANTI]5DE ,H& 9N]VI]T UND L5KT1 BEI D5 MEI/5 ,P]SON 5 9 D] L9K51 UND BEI D5 ,L9K%&IG5 9 D] RE*T5 ,HALFTE4 

,DUR* D5 ,UM/&1 DASS DIESE DREI ,M]KMALE DES ,M5S*5 E9&] ALS ,VORB$+UNG B5OTIG51 KONNT5 SIE SI* NUR GEME9S*AFTLI* AUS D5 ]/5 ,ANLAG5 5TWICKELN1 9 GEME9S*AFTLI*EM ,WA*/UM J$ES DUR* SE9E KLE9E S*RITTWEISE ,ZUNAHME DIE &]5 WEIT]S*IEB5D2 DIES ALLES WIRD ZUGLEI* DUR* DAS VORANGEH5DE ,WA*/UM DES ,GEHIRNS UNT]/UTZT4 ,D] ]/E ,AN/OSS I/ DABEI VON E9] ,UM&]UNG D] ,LEB5SWEISE AUSGEGANG51 D] DIE ,AHN5 DES ,M5S*5 VON BAUMBEWOHN5D5 ZU AUFRE*TGEH5D51 DIE ,EB5E BEWOHN5D5 ,WES5 MA*TE4 ,9 E9EM ,ZEITRAUM VON HUND]TTAUS5D5 ,JAHR5 - ]/ UNM]KB> LANGSAM1 DANA* IMM] S*NELL] - HAB5 SI* ,W]KZEUGGEBRAU*1 ,SPRA*E1 UND ,D5K5 MITTELS ,BEGRIFFE1 5TWICKELT4 ,DIE VORH]GEH5DE ,5TWICKLUNG IM ,TI]REI* KONNTE DADUR*1 DASS DIE &]UNG D] ,KORP]ORGANE VON BIOLOGIS*5 ,GESETZ5 ABHANGT1 NUR AUSS]/ LANGSAM1 DUR* ,BILDUNG NEU] ,>T51 /ATTF9D54 ,DIE S*NELLE ,5TWICKLUNG D] E95 ,TI]>T ,HOMO SAPI5S I/ DADUR* BEWIRKT1 DASS BEI GLEI*BLEIB5DEM ,KORP] DAS RAS* ]SETZB>E ,M5S*5W]KZEUG AN DIE ,/ELLE DES TI]IS*5 ,ORGANS TRAT1 UND 9 DEM ,KAMPF UMS ,DASE9 IMM] MEHR V]VOLLKOMMNET WURDE4 ,DADUR* I/ D] ,M5S* ,H]R UB] DIE ,]DE GEWORD5 UND S*LIES/ SE9 ,]S*E95 DIE ORGANIS*E ,5TWICKLUNG D] ,TI]WELT AB4 ,9 D] LETZT5 ,PHASE DIES] ,5TWICKLUNG KAM1 VOR E9IG5 TAUS5D5 ,JAHR51 DIE ,]F9DUNG D] ,S*RIFT1 WODUR* DAU]NDE SI*TB>E ,WORTSYMBOLE NEB5 DIE V]GANGLI*5 ,LAUTE D] GESPRO*55 ,SPRA*E TRAT54 ,DIES M>KI]T D5 ,ANFANG DES ,ZEITALT]S D] ,ZIVILISATION1 DAS ,5T/EH5 !ORETIS*] ,WISS5S*AFT ALS ,BASIS E9ES UNAUFHORLI*5 TE*NIS*5 ,=TS*RITTES1 D] NUNMEHR D>AN GEH5 WIRD1 DIE ,M5S*HEIT ZU E9] SI* SELB/ BEH]RS*5D5 ,E9HEIT ZU ORGANISI]54 

,LITT]ATURE QUOT$ 
,H4 ,AMMANN1 ,VOM ,URSPRUNG D] ,SPRA*E 7#a#i#b#i74 
,C4,U4 ,>I5S ,KAPP]S1 ,! EVOLUTION ( ! N]V\S SY/EM 9 9V]TEBRATES1 V]TEBRATES & MAN 7#a#i#b#i74 
,*>LES ,BELL1 ,! H&1 ITS ME*ANISM & VITAL 5D[M5TS AS EV9C+ DESIGN 7#a#h#c#g74 
,L4 ,BIAN*I1 ,! ME*ANICS ( ! BRA9 & ?C FUNCTION ( ! FRONTAL LOBES 7#a#i#b#b74 
,GEORGES ,BOHN1 ,LA NAISSANCE DE L'9TELLIG5CE 7#a#i#i74 
,R4 ,BRUMMELKAMP1 ,BRA9WEI<T & ,BODYSIZE 7#a#i#d7 7,V]H4 ,K4 ,N4 ,AK4 V4 ,W4 ,AM/]DAM1 #c#i1 ,NR #e74 
-1 ,DE V]DEEL+ D] NEOCORTICALE K]NMASSA4 7,PSY*OPA?4 5 ,NEUROL4 ,BLAD5 #a#i#d#b74 
,K>L ,BUHL]1 ,SPRA*!ORIE 7#a#i#c#d74 
,J4 ,CLAY1 ,DE ONTWIKKEL+ VAN HET D5K5 7#a#i#b74 
,DAVIDSON ,BLACK1 ,ON ! DISCOV]Y1 MORPHOLOGY & 5VIRONM5T ( ,S9AN?ROPUS PEK95SIS 7#a#i#c#d7 7,PHILOS4 ,TRANSACTIONS ,B4 #b#b#c74 
-1 ,TEILH>D DE ,*>D91 ,C4,C4 ,Y\NG & ,W4,C4 ,PEI1 ,FOSSIL ,MAN 9 ,*9A 7#a#i#c#c7 7,GEOLOGICAL ,MEMOIRS ,A ,NR #a#a74 
,H5RI ,DELACROIX1 ,LA LANGUE ET #aA P5SEE 7#a#i#c74 
,J4 ,DEWEY1 ,H[ WE ?9K 7#a#i#i74 
-1 ,EXP]I5CE & ,NATURE 7#a#i#b#f74 
,G4 ,ELLIOT ,SMI?1 ,! EVOLUTION ( MAN 7#a#i#b#g74 
,P4 ,FLE*SIG1 ,DIE ,LOKALISATION D] GEI/IG5 ,VORGANGE 7#a#h#i#f74 
,LAZ> ,GEIG]1 ,URSPRUNG UND ,5TWICKLUNG D] M5S*LI*5 ,SPRA*E UND ,V]NUNFT1 ,I 7#a#h#f#h74 
,J4 ,VAN ,G9NIK51 ,LA RECON/RUCTION TYPOLOGIQUE DES LANGUES >*AIQUES DE L'HUMANITE 7#a#i#c#i7 7,V]H4 ,K4 ,N4 ,AK1 V4 ,W4 ,AM/]DAM4 ,AFD4 ,LETT]K4 #d#d74 
,]N/ ,GROSSE1 ,DIE ,=M5 D] ,FAMILIE UND DIE ,=M5 D] ,WIRTS*AFT 7#a#h#i#f74 
,G4,W4,F4 ,HEGEL1 ,5CYCLOPADIE 7#a#h#d#g74 
,H4 ,VON ,HELMHOLTZ1 ,VORTRAGE UND ,R$51 ,I,I 7#dTE ,AUFL1 #a#h#i#f74 
,O4 ,JESP]S51 ,LANGUAGE1 ITS NATURE1 DEVELOPM5T & ORIG9 7#a#i#b#b74 
,C4 ,JUDSON ,H]RICK1 ,BRA9S ( RATS & M5 7#a#i#b#f74 
-1 ,! ?9K+ MA*9E 7#a#i#b#i74 
,H4 ,KLAATS*1 ,D] ,W]DEGANG D] ,M5S*HEIT UND DIE ,5T/EHUNG D] ,KULTUR 7#a#i#b74 
,WOLFGANG ,KOHL]1 ,9TELLIG5ZPRUFUNG5 AN ,M5S*5AFF5 7#a#i#b#a74 
,GRACE ,A4 ,DE ,LAGUNA1 ,SPEE*1 ITS FUNCTION & DEVELOPM5T 7#a#i#b#g74 
,H4 ,LEVY-,BRUHL1 ,LES FONCTIONS M5TALES DANS LES SOCIETES 9F]IEURES 7#a#i#b#b74 
-1 ,LA M5TALITE PRIMITIVE 7,! ,H]B]T ,SP5C] ,LECTURE1 #a#i#c#a74 
,FR4 ,ME9ECKE1 ,DIE ,5T/EHUNG DES ,HI/ORISMUS 7#a#i#c#f74 
,M4 ,MILANKOVIT*1 ,MA!MATIS*E ,KLIMALEHRE 7,KOPP5-,GEIG]1 ,H&BU* D] ,KLIMATOLOGIE1 ,BD4 ,I74 
,H4,A4 ,MILL]1 ,RACES1 NATIONS & CLASSES 7#a#i#b#d74 
,LEWIS ,H4 ,MORGAN1 ,ANCI5T ,SOCIETY1 OR RESE>*ES 9 ! L9E ( HUMAN PROGRESS FROM SLAV]Y ?R\< B>B>ISM TO CIVILIZATION 7#a#h#g#g74 
,RI*>D ,MULL]-,FREI5FELS1 ,DAS ,D5K5 UND DIE ,PHANTASIE 7#bE ,AUFL4 #a#i#b#e74 
,LUDWIG ,NOIRE1 ,DAS ,W]KZEUG1 UND SE9E ,B$EUTUNG FUR DIE ,5TWICKLUNGSGES*I*TE D] ,M5S*HEIT 7#a#h#h74 
,C4,K4 ,OGD5 & ,I4,A4 ,RI*>DS1 ,! MEAN+ ( MEAN+ 7#a#i#b#c74 
,H4,F4 ,OSBORN1 ,M5 ( ! OLD /ONE AGE 7#a#i#a#f74 
,J4,P4 ,PAVLOV1 ,CONDITION$ ,REFLEXES 7#a#i#b#g74 
,H4 ,PI]ON1 ,LE C]VEAU ET LA P5SEE 7#a#i#b#c74 
,J4,H4 ,PO/1 ,DE WIEG D] M5S*HEID 7)\T YE>74 
,S4 ,RAMON ,Y ,CAJAL1 ,HI/OLOGIE DU SY/EME N]VEUX ,I,I 7#a#i#a#a74 
,H4 ,ROHRA*]1 ,DIE ,VORGANGE IM ,GEHIRN UND DAS GEI/IGE ,LEB5 7#a#i#c#i74 
,B]TR& ,RUSSELL1 ,! ANALYSIS ( M9D 7#a#i#b#d74 
,E4 ,SAPIR1 ,LANGUAGE 7#a#i#b#a74 
,C4 ,%]R+TON1 ,! BRA9 & ITS ME*ANISM 7#a#i#c#c74 
,N4 ,HANNA ,?OMSON1 ,BRA9 & ,P]SONALITY 7#a#i#b#c74 
,LYNN ,?ORNDYKE1 ,A HI/ORY ( MAGIC & EXP]IM5TAL SCI5CE DUR+ ! FIR/ #ac C5TURIES ( \R ]A 7#a#i#b#i74 
,F4 ,TILNEY1 ,! BRA9 FROM APE TO MAN1 ,I,I 7#a#i#b#h74 
,HANS ,WE9]T1 ,DIE ,RASS5 D] ,M5S*HEIT 7#a#i#c#i74 
-1 ,D] GEI/IGE ,AUF/IEG D] ,M5S*HEIT 7#a#i#d74 
,R4,M4 ,Y]KES & ,B4,W4 ,LE>N$1 ,*IMPANZEE ,9TELLIG5CE & ITS VOCAL EXPRESSIONS 7#a#i#b#e74 
- & ,ADA ,W4 ,Y]KES1 ,! GREAT APES1 A /UDY ( AN?ROPOID LIFE 7#a#i#b#i74 

,ORIG9AL QUOTATIONS 

8 #f4 0.<444.> DIE AUSS]/E ,NOT MA*T ES NIEMALS ]F9D]IS*0 7,GEIG]74 

8 #i4 0,DE NATURA ,RATIONIS NON E/1 RES UT CONT+5TES1 S$ UT NECESS>IAS CONTEMPL>I0 7,SP9OZA74 

8 #i4 0,D5K5 I/ DIE BEWUS/E ,V]GLEI*UNG D] S*ON GEWONN55 ,VOR/ELLUNG5 UNT] ,ZUSAMM5FASSUNG DES ,GLEI*>TIG5 ZU ,BEGRIFF50 7,HELMHOLTZ74 

8 #a#b4 0,LA P5SEE E/ DYNAMISME1 LA P5SEE E/ ASSOCIATION0 7,PI]ON74 

8 #a#c4 0,DADUR* DASS WIR DIE ,D+E D5K51 MA*5 WIR SIE ZU ETWAS ,ALLGEME9EM0 7,HEGEL74 

8 #a#f1 0,ES S*E9T SPEZIELLE ,]9N]UNGSZELL5 ZU GEB50 7,ROHRA*]74 

8 #a#f4 0,C'E/ UNE IDEE PU]ILE QUE DE S'IMAG9] QUE LE C]VEAU CON/ITUE UNE MAGAS9 \ SE DEPOS5T DE PETITS CLI*ES1 IMAGES PHOTOGRAPHIQUES DES EV5EM5TS QUI ONT AFFECTEES LES S5S .<444.>0 7,PI]ON74 

8 #a#g4 0,CET ORGANE E/ UNE APP>EIL 5REGI/REUR M]VEILLEUX4 ,S\V5T UNE SEULE /IMULATION SUFFIT P\R PRODUIRE UNE EMPRE9TE DURABLE40 7,G4 ,BOHN74 

8 #a#g4 0,L'EXT5SION1 LA CROISSANCE ET LA MULTIPLICATION DES APP5DICES DES NEURONS NE S'>RET5T PAS D'AILLEURS A LA NAISSANCE2 ILS SE CONT9U5T AU DELA .<444.> ,L'EX]CISE E/ SANS D\TE PAS ETRANG] A CES MODIFICATIONS VRAISEMBLABLEM5T PLUS M>QUEES DANS C]TA9ES SPH]ES1 *EZ L'HOMME CULTIVE4 ,LE MANQUE D'EX]CISE DOIT PROVOQU]1 AU CONTRAIRE1 DURANT LA CROISSANCE ET MEME A L'AGE ADULTE1 DANS LES SPH]ES 9ACTIVES DE L'HOMME CULTIVE COMME DANS LE C]VEAU DE L'HOMME 9CULTE CES PH5OM5ES DE RESORPTION .<444.> QUI SE TRADUIS5T ICI P> L'\BLI40 7,RAMON Y ,CAJAL74 

8 #a#g4 0,LES EXPANSIONS CELLULAIRES DE N\VELLE CREATION N'AVANC5T PAS AU HAS>D2 ELLES DOIV5T S'ORI5T] D'APRES LES C\RANTS N]VEUX DOM9ANTS \ 5CORE DANS LE S5S DE L'ASSOCIATION 9T]CELLULAIRE QUI E/ L'OBJET DES SOLLICITATIONS REIT]EES DE LA VOLONTE40 7,RAMON Y ,CAJAL74 

8 #a#h4 0,ES GIBT .<444.> AUSG$EHNTE ,R9D5BEZIRKE1 D]5 ,?ATIGKEIT IM ,WES5TLI*5 D>9 BE/EHT1 DIE ,]REGUNGSZU/&E V]S*I$5>TIG] ,S9NESSPHA]N ZU ASSOCIIR540 7,FLE*SIG74 

8 #a#h4 0,DIE ,BILDUNG UND DAS ,SAMMELN VON ,VOR/ELLUNG5 AUSS]] ,OBJECTE UND VON ,WORTKLANGBILD]N1 DIE ,V]KNUPFUNG D]SELB5 UNT] E9&]1 MI?9 DAS EIG5TLI*E POSITIVE ,WISS51 NI*T M9D] DIE PHANTA/IS*E ,VOR/ELLUNG/HATIGKEIT .<444.> KURZ DIE WES5TLI*5 ,BE/&TEILE DESS51 WAS DIE ,SPRA*E ALS ,GEI/ BEZEI*NET40 7,FLE*SIG74 

8 #a#h4 0,?ATSA*E S*E9T1 DASS DAS POSITIVE ,WISS5 NI*T UNMITTELB> LEIDET1 W5N DAS ,/IRNGEHIRN Z]/ORT WIRD - WAHL AB] DIE ZWECKMASSIGE ,V]W]?UNG DESSELB51 9DEM EV5TUELL E9E VOLL/&IGE ,9T]ESSELOSIGKEIT .<444.> SI* GELT5D MA*T0 7,FLE*SIG74 

8 #a#h4 0,BEWU/ZIJN IS ACTIEVE OPM]KZAAMHEID OV] PASSIEF GEWA>WORD+SV]LOOP10 7,CLAY74 

8 #b4 0,AB] S9D ,SIGNALE DASSELBE WIE ,WORTE8 ,NE91 D5N AUS ,WORT5 KANN MAN E95 ,SATZ AUFBAU51 D] ETWAS &]ES BESAGT ALS E9E BLOSSE ,SUMMI]UNG D] ,WORTE1 AUS ,SIGNAL5 IMM] NUR E9E ,FOLGE VON ,SIGNAL5 .<444.> ,KE9 ,TI] SPRI*T 9 ,WORT51 UND KE9 ,TI] BILDET ,SATZE1 DAS I/ D] 5TS*EID5DE ,PUNKT40 7,AMMANN74 

8 #b#c4 0,NI*T DIE ,V]NUNFT HAT DIE ,SPRA*E V]URSA*T1 SOND]N UMGEKEHRT40 7,GEIG]74 

8 #b#c4 0,WIE (T TRITT NI*T AUF D5 V]S*I$5/5 ,GEBIET5 E9E GROSS]E ,KL>HEIT DES ,D5K5S PLOTZLI* MIT E9EM GLUCKLI* GESPRO*55 ,WORTE E96 ,JA1 ES B$>F NUR E9] G]+5 ,BEOBA*TUNG UNS]] SELB/1 UM UNS ZU UB]ZEUG51 DASS NI*T NUR JE BE/IMMT]1 SOND]N AU* JE LEBHAFT] WIR D5K51 UM SO MEHR WIR NUR DUR* ,WORTE D5K5 .<444.> SO DASS UNS] HEUTIGES ,D5K5 NI*TS ALS LEISES ,SPRE*51 E9 ,SPRE*5 MIT OD] 9 UNS SELB/ I/4 ,DIE ,SPRA*E HAT ALSO J$5FALLS DAS ,D5K5 SO SEHR DUR*DRUNG5 UND E9E SO 9NIGE ,V]B9DUNG ALL] IHR] ,TEILE MIT IHM E+EGANG51 DASS E9 AUS DIES] ,V]B9DUNG GELO/ES ,D5K51 E9 ,D5K5 VOR D] ,SPRA*E UND OHNE SIE1 WES5TLI* VON UNS]EM GEG5W>TIG5 V]S*I$5 SE9 MUS/E2 UND D>UM KANN1 WAHR5D WIR ,B$5K5 TRAG51 E9] ,?ATIGKEIT D] ,V]NUNFT BEI D] ,H]/ELLUNG D] ,SPRA*E E95 BE/IMM5D5 ,E9FLUSS ZUZUS*REIB51 DO* E9E ,WE*SELBEZIEHUNG ZWIS*5 BEID5 NI*T GELEUGNET W]D51 DA DIE ,V]NUNFT OHNE DIE ,SPRA*E NI*T VOLL/&IG UND FUR DIE ,H]/ELLUNG D] ,V]NUNFT DIE ,SPRA*E NI*T GLEI*GULTIG I/40 7,GEIG]74 

8 #b#c4 0,ES GIBT KE9 BEGRIFFLI*ES ,D5K5 OHNE ,SPRE*51 UND AU* BEIM LAUTLOS5 ,D5K5 PFLEG5 WIR W5IG/5S &EUT5D ,SPRE*BEWEGUNG5 AUFZUFUHR51 DIE DEM ZUWEIL5 GE/ALTLOS FLUT5D5 ,BEWUS/SE9S/ROM FE/E ,/UTZ5 ZU GEB5 V]MOG540 7,RI*>D ,MULL]-,FREI5FELS74 

8 #b#e1 0,SPRA*E UND ,V]NUNFT 5TWICKELN SI* .<444.> NUR 9 DEM ,MUTT]S*OSSE D] ,GEME9S*AFT4 ,WIE DAS ,WORT .<444.> NUR ,S9N UND ,B$EUTUNG HAT FUR DIE BE/IMMTE ,G5OSS5S*AFT 7D5N DUR* SE95 BLOSS5 ,KLANG SAGT ES G> NI*TS1 ES GEW9NT ]/ SE95 ,9HALT DUR* ALLE GEME9SAM5 ,]LEBNISSE1 DIE SI* D>AN KNUPFT571 SO MUSS DASSELBE DEM JUNG5 ,9DIVIDUUM AN5TWICKELT1 D4H4 GELEHRT W]D5 DUR* DIE ,G5OSS5S*AFT4 ,DIESES TRITT DUR* ,AUFNAHME D] ,SPRA*E 9 D5 ,KREIS DES ,V]NUNFTLEB5S .<444.> ,DAS ,ORGAN D] ,V]/&IGUNG WIRD ZUM ,ORGAN D] ,V]/&NISSES4 ,DIE ,GESAMM!IT BESITZT DAS ,V]/&NIS1 SIE FUHLT D5 ,DRANG ES AU* D] NA*WA*S5D5 ,G5]ATION MITZU!IL5 .<444.> ,DIE ,SPRA*E I/ ,/IMME D] ,GEME9S*AFT1 IHRE ,G$ANK5 S9D NO?W5DIG ,G$ANK5 D] ,GEME9S*AFT1 IHR ALTE/] ,9HALT ,?ATIGKEIT D] ,GEME9S*AFT1 IHRE ALTE/5 ,OBJECTE ,W]KE D] ,GEME9S*AFT4 ,AUS D] ,5TWICKLUNG D] ,GEME9S*AFT MUSS DIE HOH]E GEI/IGE ,5TWICKLUNG D] ,9DIVIDU5 H]GELEITET W]D51 NI*T UMGEKEHRT4 ,WEIL DIE ,GEME9S*AFT DUR* ,LAUTE SI* V]/&IG5 L]NTE ZUM GEME9SAM5 ,ZIELE1 D>UM ]W>B DAS ,9DIVIDUUM ,WORTE1 BEI D55 ES AUF SPAT]5 ,/UF5 AU* SE9E 9DIVIDUELLE ,?ATIGKEIT D5K51 SIE MI?9 B55N5 KONNTE4 ,AB] AUS DEM ,BORNE DES ,GEME+EI/ES 5T/ROMT5 SIE ALLE40 7,NOIRE74 

8 #b#i4 0,KE9 &]ES ,MOM5T W> VON SO HOH] UNB]E*5B>] ,WI*TIGKEIT FUR DIE ,5TWICKLUNG UND ,FE/IGUNG DES ,D5K5S1 ALS D] ,UM/&1 DASS DIE SEEL5LOSE ,MAT]IE E9E BE/IMMTE ,GE/ALT ANNAHM UND VON D] ,H& DES ,M5S*5 GE=MT UND UMGE=MT ,ZWECK5 DI5TE UND ,>BEIT5 V]RI*TETE1 DIE ALLE UBRIG5 ,WES5 NUR V]MITTEL/ IHR] ANGEBOR55 ,ORGANE AUSZUFUHR5 IM ,/AUDE S9D4 ,DIE HOHE ,WI*TIGKEIT LIEGT HAUPTSA*LI* 9 ZWEI ,D+53 ]/5S 9 D] ,LOSUNG OD] ,AUSSOND]UNG DES ,CAUSALV]HALTNISSES1 WODUR* DAS LETZT]E E9E GROSSE1 /ETS ZUNEHM5DE ,KL>HEIT 9 DEM M5S*LI*5 ,BEWUS/SE9 ]HALT1 UND ZWEIT5S 9 D] ,OBJECTIVATION OD] ,PROJICIRUNG D] EIG551 BI%] NUR 9 DEM DUNKL]5 ,BEWUS/SE9 9/9CTIV] ,FUNKTION ?ATIG5 ,ORGANE40 7,NOIRE74 

8 #b#i4 0,GANZ &]S WIRD DAS ,V]HALTNIS1 W5N DAS ,W]KZEUG ALS ,MITTELGLI$ ZWIS*5 D5 ,WILL5 UND DIE BEABSI*TIGTE ,WIRKUNG TRITT .<444.> ,D5N HI] I/ D] ,CAUSALBEGRIFF AUG5S*E9LI* UND SI* GLEI*SAM VON SELB/ AUFDRANG5D4 ,DAS ,WIRK5DE I/ ]/ ZU S*AFF5 OD] DO* H]BEIZUS*AFF52 DAS ,V]HALTNIS DES ZWECKMASSIG5 ,MITTELS ZU D] BEABSI*TIGD5 ,WIRKUNG I/ EB5 DAS ,CAUSALV]HALTNIS SELB/1 ES TRITT HI] D] BEOBA*T5D5 ,BETRA*TUNG 9 SE9] E9FA*/51 H&GREIFLI*/5 ,V]KORP]UNG 5TGEG540 7,NOIRE74 

8 #b#i4 0,NUR AUS D] OBJECTIV5 ,WELT 5TZUNDET UND ]LEU*TET SI* DAS ,SELB/BEWUS/SE93 AB] NI*T AUS D] OBJEKTIV5 ,WELT ALS SOL*]1 WIE SIE UNS R+S UMGIBT UND 5TGEG5/>RT UND JA WOHL AU* VON D] ,?I]E ANGE/>RT D4H4 V]/&NISLOS GESEH5 WIRD1 SOND]N 9S(]N SIE VON DEM M5S*LI*5 ,WILL51 D] M5S*LI*5 ,?ATIGKEIT1 D4H4 DEM SUBJEKTIV5 ,FACTOR V]&]T1 MODIFICI]T1 UMGE/ALTET WIRD40 7,NOIRE74 

8 #c4 0,DIE HOHE ,WI*TIGKEIT D] ,H& ALS ,V]NUNFT-,ORGAN LIEGT 9 IHR] VORWIEG5D5 ,ACTIVITAT1 J5EM DUR*AUS NO?W5DIG5 ,FAKTOR1 OHNE WEL*5 UB]HAUPT KE9E ,]K5NTNIS ZU ,/&E KOMM5 KANN40 7,NOIRE74 

8 #c#a4 07DA7 BEGEHT ,SULTAN E95 0S*LE*T5 ,FEHL]01 OD]1 DEUTLI*] GESPRO*51 E9E KRAFTIGE ,DUMMHEIT .<444.> ,GLEI* DANA* SETZT E9 .<444.> UNT] DIE'GUT5 ,FEHL]' ZU RE*N5DES ,V]FAHR5 E940 7,KOHL]74 

8 #c#a4 0,DABEI KOMMT ES ZUFALLIG DAZU1 DASS ] VOR SI* 9 J$] ,H& E9 ,ROHR HALT1 UND ZW> SO1 DASS SIE 9 E9] ,L9IE LIEG52 ] /ECKT DAS DUNN]E E9 W5IG 9 DIE ,OEFFNUNG DES DICK]51 SPR+T AU* S*ON AUF ANS ,GITT]1 DEM ] BI%] HALB D5 ,RUCK5 ZUKEHRTE UND BEG9NT E9E ,BANANE MIT DEM ,DOPPELROHR H]ANZUZIEH540 7,KOHL]74 

8 #c#b4 0,W]KZEUG UND ,SPRA*E GEHO]N NA* ALT] ,E9SI*T ZUM ,M5S*LI*/5 AM ,M5S*50 - 0,SE9EM GANZ5 ,KORP]BAU NA* SEI D] ,M5S* AUF ,W]KZEUG UND ,SPRA*E ANGEWIES51 AUF ,W]KZEUG UND ,SPRA*E H9 ORGANISI]T40 
0,DIE ,SPRA*E I/ DEM ,W]KZEUG V]W&T2 AU* SIE GEHORT ZU D5 ,G]AT5 DES ,LEB5S1 I/ E9 ,ORGANON WIE DAS D+LI*E ,G]AT .<444.>0 7,K>L ,BUHL]74 

8 #c#b4 0,DIE GEG5SEITIGE1 9 UNUNT]BRO*5] ,WE*SELWIRKUNG /EH5DE ,B$+!IT VON ,SPRA*E UND ,W]KZEUG1 D4H4 VON ,D5K5 UND ,?ATIGKEIT1 BILDET D5 LEIT5D5 ,FAD5 DIES] ,UNT]SU*UNG540 7,NOIRE74 

8 #c#c4 0,DIE ,EIG5?UMLI*KEIT UND GANZ UNGEHEURE ,WI*TIGKEIT DES ,W]KZEUGS LIEGT D>91 DASS ES ZUGLEI* ,!IL DES ,SUBJECTS UND D5NO* ,OBJECT I/40 7,NOIRE74 

8 #c#c4 0.<444.> DIE ,SPRA*=S*UNG 7HAT7 D5 VOLLKOMM55 ,BEWEIS DAFUR ]BRA*T1 DASS D] ,M5S* S*ON ,SPRA*E BESASS1 EHE ] IM ,BESITZ DES ,W]KZEUGS W> .<444.> ,9 D5 UNT]/5 ,S*I*T5 DES ,SPRA*LEB5S TRITT UNS D] ,M5S*1 9 DIES] ,H9SI*T VON DEM ,?I]E NO* NI*T UNT]S*I$51 NUR AUF DIE ,TATIGKEIT SE9] NATURLI*5 ,ORGANE ANGEWIES51 5TGEG540 7,NOIRE74 

8 #c#c4 0,WIE DIE ,SPRA*E1 SO BILDET AU* DAS ,W]KZEUG E9 ,*>ACT]I/ICUM DES ,M5S*54 ,AUSNAHMSLOS /EH5 SI* 9 DIES] ,H9SI*T ,M5S*5WELT UND ,?I]WELT GEG5UB]40 7,NOIRE74 

8 #c#f4 0,DASS D] ,M5S* 9DIFF]5T BLIEB1 SI* SE9E ,VIELSEITIGKEIT BEWAHRTE - D>9 LIEGT EB5 E9 GROSS] ,TEIL DES ,GEHEIMNISSES SE9ES AUSS]ORD5TLI*5 ,]FOLGS .<444.> SE9 ,SIEG B]UHT D>9 .<444.> DASS ] SE9E ,H& BEHIELT .<444.> ,NI*T D] ,BESITZ D] ,H& ALS SOL*] I/ ES - ES W> JA ALL5 ,TI]5 E9MAL EIG5 - SOND]N D] ,UM/&1 DASS DIES ,GEBILDE 9 SE9] ,URSPRUNGLI*KEIT BEIBEHALT5 WURDE1 UND DASS ES SI* 9 D5 ,DI5/ E9] GEWALTIG5 ,GEHIRN5TFALTUNG /ELL5 KONNTE - DAS I/ DAS ,M]KWURDIGE40 7,KLAATS*74 

8 #c#f4 0,SO I/ DIE ,H& NI*T NUR DAS ,ORGAN D] ,>BEIT1 SIE I/ AU* IHR ,PRODUKT4 ,NUR DUR* ,>BEIT1 DUR* ,ANPASSUNG AN IMM] NEUE ,V]RI*TUNG51 DUR* ,V]]BUNG D] DADUR* ]WORB55 BESOND]5 ,AUSBILDUNG D] ,MUSKEL1 ,B&]1 UND 9 LANG]5 ,ZEITRAUM5 AU* D] ,KNO*51 UND DUR* IMM] ]NEU]TE ,ANW5DUNG DIES] V]]BT5 ,V]FE9]UNG AUF NEUE1 /ETS V]WICKELT]E ,V]RI*TUNG5 HAT DIE ,M5S*5H& J55 HOH5 ,GRAD VON ,VOLLKOMM5HEIT ]HALT51 AUF DEM SIE ,RAFAELS*E ,GEMALDE1 ,?ORWALDS5S*E ,/ATU51 ,PAGAN9IS*E ,MUSIK H]VORZAUB]N KONNTE40 7,FR4 ,5GELS74 

8 #c#g4 0,UNE D]NI]E REVOLUTION PSY*IQUE .<444.> E/ CELLE QUI E/ M>QUEE P> L'APP>ITION DE L'HOMME A LA SURFACE DE LA ,T]RE4 ,CETTE APP>ITION E/ 5T\REE DE BI5 DES MY/]ES .<444.> ,VOICI SIMPLEM5T UNE DES OP9IONS REC5TES3 LA ,T]RE ETAIT PEUPLEE D'UNE MULTITUDE DE MAMMIF]ES QU& L'HOMME E/ APP>U1 P> MUTATION BRUSQUE1 AVEC UN C]VEAU HYP]TROPHIE1 - SORTE DE MON/RE DONT LA P5SEE ALLAIT DOM9] L .<444.> IL A DEC\V]T LE FEU1 IL A FABRIQUE DES \TILS1 IL A PRATIQUE LE LANGAGE .<444.> ,I,I Y A UN HIATUS 5TRE L'9TELLIG5CE DES ANIMAUX ET L'9TELLIG5CE HUMA9E2 JE NE CROIS PAS QUE N\S SOYIONS PRETS A COMBL] CET HIATUS40 7,GEORGES ,BOHN74 

8 #c#g4 0,ALLE DIESE NI$]5 ,SAUGETI]E S9D 9 ,SACKGASS5 G]AT51 AUS D55 ES E9 ,ZURUCK NI*T MEHR GIBT - UND AU* KE9 ,VORW>TS40 7,KLAATS*74 

8 #c#h4 0,DAS ,FEU] W>MTE UND S*UTZTE VOR ,FE9D50 .<444.> 0,AB] DAS ,FEU] V]LANGTE AU* ,W>TUNG UND ,PFLEGE .<444.> ,ES BRA*TE JA ZUM ]/5 ,MALE D5 VORH] NIE GEKANNT5 ,BEGRIFF D] ,>BEIT .<444.> ,>BEIT1 DAS HEIS/ AB] AU* ,TATIGKEIT MIT DEM ,BEWUS/SE91 W(UR MAN S*AFFT40 7,WE9]T74 

8 #c#h4 0,D] ,]TRAG DES ,JAG5S UND ,SAMMELNS I/ IM ,GANZ5 SO DURFTIG UND UNSI*]1 DASS ] HAUFIG NI*T E9MAL GEG5 D5 BITT]/5 ,MANGEL S*UTZT40 7,GROSSE74 

8 #c#h4 0,AB] VIELLEI*T W> D] ,PROME!US-,G$ANKE ALS WIRKLI*E ,]F9DUNG DO* NUR E9MAL G$A*T1 SODASS ] BE/EH5 BLEIB5 KONNTE1 SELB/ W5N DAS ]/E ,FEU] 9 D] ,H& DES ,M5S*5 LANG/ WI$] V]LOS*5 W>0 .<444.> 0ES BLEIBT EB5FALLS ALS GROSSE ,TR5NUNGSL9IE ZWIS*5 ,TI] UND ,M5S* DIE BEWUS/E >TIKULI]TE ,SPRA*E1 ,UND W5N WIR DANN UNS VOR/ELL51 WIE E9 S*IMPANS5HAFT] ,HORD5FUHR]1 D] D5 ,S9N DES ,FEU]GEBRAU*ES ]DA*T OD] W5IG/5S ]FAS/ HAT1 SI* WEIT]H9 BEMUH5 MUSS1 D5 ,W]T D] ,5TWICKLUNG D5 &]5 ,MITGLI$]N D] ,SIPPE V]/&LI* ZU MA*51 DANN LAS/ SI* DIES NI*T MEHR MIT ,H&BEWEGUNG5 UND ,GRIMASS5S*NEID5 AUSFUHR54 ,E9 ,WES51 DAS AN SI* S*ON GEWOHNT I/1 VON SE9] ,/IMME GELEG5TLI* ,GEBRAU* ZU MA*51 MUSS NUN DAZU KOMM51 AB/RAKTE ,D+E1 WIE SIE D] ,UMGANG MIT DEM ,FEU] DO* D>/ELLT1 AU* DUR* ,WORTE &]5 BEGREIFLI* ZU MA*540 7,WE9]T74 

8 #d4 0,LE L+UI/E N'A JAMAIS AFFAIRE QU'A DES LANGUES TRES EVOLUEES1 QUI ONT D]RI]E ELLES UN PASSE CONSID]ABLE DONT N\S NE SAVONS RI540 0,ON A R5ONCE A RI5 DEM&] AUX SAUVAGES4 ,LEURS LANGUES ONT UNE HI/OIRE4 ,ILS NE SONT PAS DES PRIMITIFS1 ELLES NE SONT PAS PRIMITIVES40 7,DELACROIX74 

8 #d1 0,LE LANGAGE P> GE/ES E/ .<444.> LE PREMI] LANGAGE NATUREL DE L'HUMANITE40 7,VAN ,G9NIK574 

8 #d4 05CORE T\T PRES1 \ DU MO9S BEAUC\P PLUS PRES QUE N\S1 DE LA CONDITION ORIG9ELLE DES SOCIETES HUMA9ES1 ET QUE1 DANS LE MONDE ACTUEL1 ILS REPRES5T5T CE QUE FUR5T NOS ANCETRES LES PLUS ELOIGNES40 .<444.> 0N\S L'IGNORONS1 ET N\S AVONS PEU DE *ANCES DE L'APPR5DRE JAMAIS40 0.<444.> DES HOMMES QUI1 5 FAIT1 NE SONT PAS PLUS'PRIMITIFS' QUE N\S1 MAIS QUI APP>TI5N5T A DES SOCIETES DITES 9F]IEURES \ PEU CIVILISEES40 7,LEVY-,BRUHL74 

8 #d4 0,JUSQU'ICI DANS T\S LES C>ACT]ES *9OIS IL N'Y A PAS OMB] D'UNE LANGUE ORALE \ DE SIGNES AC\/IQUES .<444.> S'IL Y AVAIT EU UNE LANGUE ORALE1 \ DES MOTS-CLICS1 N\S 5 AVIONS TR\VE QUELQUE VE/IGE .<444.>0 7,VAN ,G9NIK574 

8 #a4 0,NOT] REVUE A DONC DONNE LE RESULTAT ASSEZ REM>QUABLE1 QUE T\S LES SY/EMES D'ECRITURE1 QUE N\S CONNAISSONS DES LEUR COMM5CEM5T1 SUIV5T DANS LEURS TROIS PREMI]ES P]IODES 5TI]EM5T LE MODELE D'UN LANGAGE P> GE/ES1 LEQUEL E/ DONC ANT]IEUR AUX HI]OGLYPHES4 ,ET CE N'E/ EVIDEM5T QU'AVEC L'AIDE1 ET P> LE S\TI5 DES LANGUES HI]OGLYPHIQUES QUI POSS$AI5T DEJA UN LEXIQUE1 UNE GRAMMAIRE ET UNE SYNTAXE1 QUE DANS LES CIVILIZATIONS AVANCEES MOY5NANT LES CLICS 9T]JECTIONELLES LES LANGUES ORALES ONT APP>U .<444.>0 0,OR NOT] REVUE VI5T DE MONTR] QUE LES LANGUES ORALES N'APP>AISS5T DANS L'HI/OIRE DE L'HUMANITE QU'5VIRON L'AN #ce AV4 ,J4 ,*R4 .<444.> AU PLUS TOT40 7,VAN ,G9NIK574 

8 #d#e4 0,LE MO9DRE RAISONNEM5T TANT SOIT PEU AB/RAIT LEUR REPUGNE TELLEM5T QU'ILS SE DECL>5T T\T DE SUITE FATIGUES1 ET QU'ILS Y R5ONC5T4 ,I,I FAUT DONC ADMETTRE .<444.> QUE LA MEMOIRE SUPPLEE *EZ EUX .<444.> A DES OP]ATIONS QUI DEP5D5T AILLEURS DU MECANISME LOGIQUE4 ,*EZ N\S1 LA MEMOIRE E/ R$UITE1 5 CE QUI CONC]NE LES FONCTIONS 9TELLECTUELLES1 AU ROLE SUBORDONNE DE CONS]V] LES RESULTATS ACQUIS P> UNE ELABORATION LOGIQUE DES CONCEPTS4 ,MAIS1 P\R LA M5TALITE PRELOGIQUE1 LES S\V5IRS SONT PRESQUE EXCLUSIVEM5T DES REPRES5TATIONS TRES COMPLEXES1 QUI SE SUCC$5T DANS UN ORDRE 9V>IABLE40 7,LEVY-,BRUHL74 

8 #d#f4 0,OR1 DANS PRESQUE T\TES LES SOCIETES 9F]IEURES1 N\S TR\VONS .<444.> CETTE M5TALITE FIXE1 >RETEE ET A PEU TRES 9V>IABLE1 NON SEULEM5T DANS SES TRAITS ESS5TIELS1 MAIS DANS LE CONT5U MEME ET JUSQUE DANS LE DETAIL DE SES REPRES5TATIONS4 ,LA CAUSE 5 E/ QUE CETTE M5TALITE1 QUOIQUE NON S\MISE A UN MECANISME LOGIQUE1 \ PLUTOT PRECISEM5T P>CE QU'ELLE N'Y E/ PAS S\MISE1 N'E/ PAS LIBRE4 ,SON UNI=MITE E/ LE REFLET DE L'UNI=MITE DE LA /RUCTURE SOCIALE1 A LAQUELLE ELLE CORRESPOND ET QU'ELLE EXPRIME40 7,LEVY-,BRUHL74 

8 #d#g4 0,D] ,K]N DES ,HI/ORISMUS BE/EHT 9 D] ,]SETZUNG E9] G5]ALISI]5D5 ,BETRA*TUNG GES*I*TLI*-M5S*LI*] ,KRAFTE DUR* E9E 9DIVIDUALISI]5DE ,BETRA*TUNG40 7,ME9ECKE74 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,AN?ROPOG5ESIS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,AN?ROPOG5ESIS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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