,AN?ROPOLOGY & ! RISE ( ! PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL CLASS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,AB/RACT 

,MANY ( ! 9T]NAL *ANGES )9 AN?ROPOLOGY AS A DISCIPL9E--P>TICUL>LY ! 0PO/MOD]N TURN0 ( ! #a#i#hS--CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD 9 ! CONTEXT ( BROAD] *ANGES 9 ! CLASS COMPOSITION ( ! SOCIETIES 9 :I* UNIV]SITY DEP>TM5TS EXI/1 &1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! ROLE ( ! UNIV]SITY 9 ! REPRODUCTION ( A PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL CLASS ?AT HAS COME TO DISPLACE ANY WORK+-CLASS ELEM5TS 9 :AT PASS = MA9/REAM 0LEFT0 POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,REFLEXIVITY1 & :AT ,I CALL 0VULG> ,F\CAULDIANISM10 :ILE DRESS$ UP AS ACTIVISM1 SEEM 9/EAD TO REPRES5T ABOVE ALL ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS CLASS4 ,9 ITS PLACE1 ! ESSAY PROPOSES A POLITICS COMB9+ SUPPORT = SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & A PREFIGURATIVE POLITICS 9 ! ACADEMIC SPH]E4 

,:AT FOLL[S >E SOME PRELIM9>Y REFLECTIONS ON ! L>G] POLITICAL-ECONOMIC CONTEXT ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y UNIV]SITY1 & ! PLACE ( AN?ROPOLOGY )9 IT4 ,I WANT TO FOCUS P>TICUL>LY ON ! ROLE ( :AT ,B>B>A & ,JOHN ,EHR5REI* 7#a#i#g#i7 FIR/ DUBB$ ! 0PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL CLASS40.<#a.> ,AS A *ILD ( WORK+-CLASS P>5TS1 !RE'S A LOT ,I C\LD HAVE TO SAY AB\T ! REPRODUCTION ( CLASS /RUCTURES 9 ACADEMIA1 BUT ,I HAVE DECID$1 = REASONS ?AT WILL EV5TUALLY BECOME APP>5T1 NOT TO DWELL ON MY [N EXP]I5CES4 ,9/EAD ,I WILL BE MAK+ SOME MU* BROAD] PO9TS AB\T ! ISSUES AN?ROPOLOGI/S TALK AB\T1 &1 EV5 MORE1 ! ONES !Y DON'T2 AB\T ! WAY \R PRACTICE CAN REPRODUCE /RUCTURES ( 9EQUALITY EV5 AS WE CLAIM TO *ALL5GE !M2 &1 F9ALLY1 ,I WILL PRES5T AT LEA/ ! GLIMM] ( A WAY \T4 

,H]E IS MY BASIC PREMISE 7& ,I RECOGNIZE IT IS 9 SOME WAYS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! ,EHR5REI*S'74 

,! P]IOD FOLL[+ ! #a#i#gS1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 WITNESS$ NOT ONLY ! F9ANCIALIZATION ( CAPITAL1 BUT ALSO A CONCOMITANT PROCESS :]EBY ! PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL CLASS NOT ONLY *ANG$ =M1 BUT ALSO1 AS IT DID SO1 GRADUALLY CAME TO DISPLACE ANY REMA9+ WORK+-CLASS 9/ITUTIONS AS ! MA9 CON/ITU5CY ( :AT W]E CONSID]$ 0LEFT0 POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,9 ! 5D1 P>TIES LIKE ,CL9TON'S 0,NEW ,DEMOCRATS0 OR ,BLAIR'S 0,NEW ,LABOR0 BECAME ! P>TIES ( 9CREAS+LY CORPORATIZ$ PUBLIC & PRIVATE BUREAUCRATS4 7,& 9DE$1 9 ?IS P]IOD1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PUBLIC & PRIVATE BUREAUCRACIES BECAME 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO DI/+UI%47 ,?IS ISN'T REALLY ! PLACE TO MAKE ! SOCIOECONOMIC >GUM5T 9 DETAIL1 BUT ESS5TIALLY ,I AM TAK+ MY 9SPIRATION FROM S*OL>S SU* AS ,LAZONICK 7#a#i#h#h1 #b#i1 #b#a#b7 OR ,DUM5IL & ,LEVY 7#b#d1 #b#a#a7 :O HAVE >GU$ ?AT :AT REALLY M>KS ! BEG9N+ ( :AT WE CALL ! AGE ( 0F9ANCIALIZATION0--OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 NEOLIB]ALISM--IS A K9D ( %IFT ( CLASS ALLIANCES )9 ! /RUCTURE ( L>GE CORPORATIONS4 ,TO PUT IT V]Y SIMPLY1 EV] S9CE ! RISE ( CORPORATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,G]MANY AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! 0TE*NO/RUCTURE0 ( ?OSE CORPORATIONS--AS ,J4 ,K4 ,GALBRAI? 7#a#i#f#g7 FAM\SLY CALL$ IT--9CLUD+ !IR [N 9T]NAL BUREAUCRACIES1 HAD BE5 MA9LY ORI5T$ 9W>D4 ,EV5 TOP EXECUTIVES 9 ! P]FUME BUS9ESS OR ELECTRONIC COMPANIES W]E L>GELY 9T]E/$ 9 PRODUC+ MORE & BETT] P]FUMES OR ELECTRONICS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 LIFETIME JOB SECURITY MADE IT EASI] = ALL EMPLOYES TO ID5TIFY ) ! COMPANY4 ,AS A RESULT1 BO? WORK]S & MANAGEM5T T5D$ TO SEE F9ANCI]S & F9ANCIAL 9T]E/S AS \TSID]S1 EV5 9T]LOP]S4.<#b.> ,9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS1 ALL ?IS BEGAN TO *ANGE1 & ! UPP] E*ELONS ESS5TIALLY %IFT$ !IR ALLEGIANCES & REALIGN$ ) ! F9ANCIAL CLASSES4 ,! NOTORI\S BOOM 9 M]G]S & ACQUISITIONS1 & ASSET-/RIPP+1 & ! LIKE1 SO WIDELY REM>K$ ON AT ! TIME1 ! AB&ONM5T ( =M] GU>ANTEES ( LIFETIME EMPLOYM5T1 ! USE ( /OCK OPTIONS TO PAY EXECUTIVES & 9CREAS+LY EV5 SKILL$ WORK]S1 W]E ALL MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?IS %IFT ( ALLEGIANCES4 ,BUT 9 FACT IT RAN DEEP]4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 F9ANCIAL ELITES & CORPORATE BUREAUCRATS ESS5TIALLY M]G$3 ! TWO CLASSES BEGAN TO 9T]M>RY2 !IR C>E]S T5D$ TO MOVE BACK & =? BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T SECTORS2 !Y CAME TO SPEAK ! SAME LANGUAGE1 %>E ! SAME TA/ES1 & SEE ! WORLD 9 ID5TICAL T]MS4 ,?IS GRADUALLY HAD PR(\ND CULTURAL EFFECTS1 AT FIR/ 9 ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC C\NTRIES1 & !N AMONG WEAL?Y C\NTRIES EV]Y:]E4 ,H]E ,I WILL JU/ S+LE \T TWO4 ,FIR/1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! PR(\ND BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE ?AT HAS M>K$ ! NEOLIB]AL ]A 7,FI%] #b#i2 ,HIB\ #b#a#b2 ,GRAEB] =?COM+7--A BUREAUCRACY 9 :I* IT IS 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO EV5 DI/+UI% PUBLIC & PRIVATE ELEM5TS--REALLY TRACES BACK TO ?IS P]IOD4 ,SECOND1 ! POLITICAL DOM9ANCE ( ?IS NEW F9ANCIAL-BUREAUCRATIC CLASS WAS CEM5T$ BY BR++ ON BO>D L>GE SECTORS ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES 7! PR(ESSIONALS & MANAG]S AGA93 ESS5TIALLY1 BY 5C\RAG+ !M TO SEE ! WORLD FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( 9VE/ORS74 7,?9K1 H]E1 ( H[ 9 ! #a#i#hS1 AT ! V]Y TIME ALMO/ ALL ,AM]ICAN NEWSPAP]S W]E GETT+ RID ( !IR LABOR REPORT]S--SU* ?+S US$ TO EXI/6--,T,V NEWS REPORTS BEGAN RUNN+ CRAWLS ( ! LATE/ /OCK QUOTES ON ! BOTTOM ( ! SCRE51 AS IF ?IS WAS CLE>LY 9=MATION ( G5]AL 9T]E/ TO ANYONE47 

,ALL ?IS IS AN EXTREMELY ABBREVIAT$ V]SION ( A MU* MORE ELABORATE >GUM5T1 BUT ,I AM \TL9+ IT ONLY TO SET ! /AGE4 ,:AT'S IMPORTANT H]E IS ?AT !SE DEVELOPM5TS CREAT$ A PECULI> DILEMMA = ! ACADEMY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 CAMPUSES ?AT 9 ! #a#i#fS HAD BE5 ! FOCUS ( ACTUAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 EV5 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 W]E L>GELY DEPOLITICIZ$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 MU* ( ! LANGUAGE & S5SIBILITIES ( SU* MOVEM5TS W]E MA9TA9$ EV5 AS ?IS P]IOD SAW ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! UNIV]SITY AS ! PLACE = ! REPRODUCTION ( A CLASS ?AT 9 ITS UPP] E*ELONS AT LEA/ HAD BECOME NO LONG] A M]E AUXILI>Y TO P[]1 BUT SOME?+ AT LEA/ V]Y CLOSE TO A BRAN* ( ! RUL+ CLASS 9 ITS [N RI<T1 & EV5 9 ITS MIDDLE RANKS L>GELY ID5TIFI$ ) IT4 

,TO UND]/& H[ ALL ?IS HAPP5$1 ,I ?9K ONE NE$S TO UND]/& SOME?+ ELSE AB\T ! PH5OM5ON ( 0F9ANCIALIZATION40 ,H]E ,I AM REF]R+ NOT SO MU* TO ! COMPOSITION ( ?IS NEW F9ANCIAL BUREAUCRATIC CLASS1 OR TO ITS POLITICAL ALLIANCES1 BUT TO ! ACTUAL BASIS ( ITS WEAL?4 0,F9ANCIALIZATION0 IS (T5 REPRES5T$--EV5 BY ITS H>%E/ CRITICS--AS BE+ *>ACT]IZ$ BY A K9D ( 0CAS9O CAPITALISM02 AS A MATT] ( CONJUR+ VALUE \T ( NO?+2 AS AN AB/RACT GAME DETA*$ FROM :AT IS (T5 CALL$ ! 0REAL ECONOMY0 OR 7IF ONE PREF]S ,M>XI/ T]MS7 FROM ACTUAL CLASS RELATIONS4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ! CASE AT ALL4 ,REALLY1 F9ANCIALIZATION--TO PUT IT 9 SOME:AT CRUDE ,M>XI/ T]MS--M>KS A %IFT ( ! C5T] ( GRAVITY ( SURPLUS EXTRACTION FROM WAGES & COMM]CE TO V>I\S =MS ( R5T TAK+1 ?AT IS1 DIRECT EXTRACTION1 ?R\< SEMIFEUDAL RELATIONS ( EXTRACTION :]E F9ANCIAL 9T]E/S WORK CLOSELY ) /ATE P[] 70POLICY10 AS IT'S EUPHEMI/ICALLY T]M$7 TO CREATE CONDITIONS ( MASS 9DEBT$NESS4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* PIONE]$ ?IS V]SION ( CAPITALISM1 UNIV]SITIES ACTUALLY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE--SECOND ONLY TO ! REAL E/ATE SECTOR--BY ! 9T5TIONAL FO/]+ ( MASS /UD5T LOAN DEBT1 :I* ! GOV]NM5T !N PLAYS A V]Y PUNITIVE ROLE 9 COLLECT+4 ,AS A RESULT1 BETWE5 MORTGAGE FEES1 /UD5T LOAN PAYM5TS1 CR$IT C>D & BANK+ FEES & P5ALTIES1 A TYPICAL FAMILY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TODAY MAY WELL 5D UP HAV+ A ?IRD OR EV5 HALF ( ITS 9COME--EXACT NUMB]S >E H>D TO COME BY--DIRECTLY APPROPRIAT$ BY ! ,F,I,R,E SECTOR 7,F9ANCE1 ,9SURANCE1 ,REAL ,E/ATE74 ,! LANGUAGE WE USE TO DISCUSS ALL ?IS IS PR(\NDLY DECEPTIVE4 ,WE HAVE NOT SE5 A 0D]EGULATION0 ( ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR4 ,! SECTOR IS 9T5SELY REGULAT$4 ,IT'S JU/ ?AT MO/ ( ! LEGISLATION ?AT REGULATES ! BANKS IS WRITT5 BY ! BANKS !MSELVES1 ?R\< AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EM ( LEGALIZ$ BRIB]Y REF]R$ TO AS 0LOBBY+0 & 0CAMPAIGN F9ANCE0 ,ONE RESULT ( ?IS IS ?AT ! ROLE ( ! /ATE 9 MAK+ CORPORATE PR(ITS POSSIBLE HAS UND]GONE A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE4 ,IT NO LONG] M]ELY PRES]VES ! 9FRA/RUCTURE & PROP]TY RELATIONS ?AT MAKE 9DIRECT EXTRACTION ?R\< ! WAGE POSSIBLE2 ! CO]CIVE ME*ANISMS ( ! /ATE--! LEGAL SY/EM1 ! ?REAT ( C\RTS1 BAILIFFS1 PRISONS1 & POLICE--PLAY A DIRECT ROLE 9 ! EXTRACTION ITSELF4 ,:ILE IT IS /ILL R>E = PEOPLE TO ACTUALLY BE LOCK$ UP = DEBT 9 ,AM]ICA1 ! APP>ATUS IS AT PLAY 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( ! PROCESS4 ,! FACT ?AT L>G] & L>G] P]C5TAGES ( ! POPULATION >E !MSELVES BE+ DRAFT$ 9TO :AT IS BROADLY *>ACT]IZ$ AS 0GU>D LABOR0--SECURITY GU>DS1 SUP]VISORS1 DEBT COLLECTORS1 ?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 SURVEILLANCE ( OR OV]SEE+ ( O!R LABOR]S--IS AN 9TR9SIC P>T ( ?IS PROCESS 7,JAYADEV & ,B[LES #b#f2 = ! >GUM5T 9 G5]AL1 SEE ,GRAEB] #b#a#c74 

,ALL ( ?IS1 TOO1 HAS HAD PR(\ND EFFECTS 9 TURN ON H[ MO/ PEOPLE IMAG9E !IR [N CLASS POSITIONS4 ,ONE MI<T SAY3 AS ! MIDDLE CLASSES >E 9 ONE S5SE BE+ PULL$ UPW>D TO ID5TIFY ) ! P]SPECTIVES ( ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR1 ! ACTUAL OP]ATIONS ( F9ANCIALIZATION >E PULL+ D[N 9 SU* A WAY AS TO MAKE IT 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT = MANY TO SEE !MSELVES AS MIDDLE CLASS AT ALL4 

,! NEOLIB]AL AGE WAS 9ITIAT$1 9 ! #a#i#hS1 BY AN ATTACK ON ! POLITICAL PLACE ( LABOR--! BREAK+ ( ! M9]'S /RIKE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 ! ,P,A,T,C,O /RIKE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! RAIL /RIKE 9 ,JAPAN--FOLL[$ BY AN EV5TUAL PURG+ ( ANY WORK+-CLASS 9FLU5CE OV] ANY MA9/REAM POLITICAL P>TY4 ,?IS WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY AN IDEA ?AT MASS HOME [N]%IP1 ACCESS TO CONSUM] CR$IT1 #d#aKS1 & ! LIKE1 W\LD ALL[ ! BULK ( ! POPULATION TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES NO LONG] AS WORK+ CLASS BUT AS MIDDLE CLASS4 ,BUT !RE IS1 ,I ?9K1 A CAT* H]E4 0,MIDDLE CLASSNESS0 IS NOT REALLY AN ECONOMIC CATEGORY AT ALL2 IT WAS ALWAYS MORE SOCIAL & POLITICAL4 ,:AT BE+ MIDDLE CLASS MEANS1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 IS A FEEL+ ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT SURR\ND ONE--:E!R POLICE1 S*OOLS1 SOCIAL S]VICE (FICES1 OR F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS--ULTIMATELY EXI/ = Y\R B5EFIT4 ,?AT ! RULES EXI/ = PEOPLE LIKE Y\RSELF1 & IF Y\ PLAY BY !M CORRECTLY1 Y\ %\LD BE ABLE TO REASONABLY PR$ICT ! RESULTS4 ,?IS IS :AT ALL[S MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE TO PLOT C>E]S1 EV5 = !IR *ILDR51 TO FEEL !Y CAN PROJECT !MSELVES =W>D 9 TIME1 ) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! RULES WILL ALWAYS REMA9 ! SAME1 ?AT !RE IS A SOCIAL GR\ND UND] !IR FEET4 7,?IS IS OBVI\SLY MU* LESS TRUE EI!R = ! UPP] CLASSES1 :O SEE !MSELVES AS EXI/+ 9 HI/ORY1 :I* IS ALWAYS *ANG+1 OR ! POOR1 :O R>ELY HAVE MU* CONTROL OV] !IR LIFE SITUATION47 ,AN EASY RULE ( ?UMB IS3 IF Y\ SEE A POLICEMAN ON ! /REET AT NI<T & FEEL MORE SAFE1 RA!R ?AN LESS SAFE1 *ANCES >E Y\'RE MIDDLE CLASS4 ,?IS W\LD ANYWAY EXPLA9 :Y MO/ PEOPLE 91 SAY1 ,PAKI/AN OR ,NIG]IA DO NOT FEEL MIDDLE CLASS1 & MO/ PEOPLE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 TRADITIONALLY1 HAVE DONE4 ,BUT ONE P>ADOXICAL RESULT ( F9ANCIALIZATION IS ?AT ?IS IS REV]S+4 ,ONE REC5T SURVEY REVEAL$ ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME1 MO/ ,AM]ICANS NO LONG] CONSID] !MSELVES MIDDLE CLASS4 ,IT'S NOT H>D TO SEE :Y4 ,IF Y\ F9D Y\RSELF FAC+ EVICTION FROM Y\R H\SE1 [+ TO AN ILLEGAL ROBO-SIGN+ =ECLOSURE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T REFUSES TO PROSECUTE--EV5 ?\< >M$ GOV]NM5T AG5TS >E1 NONE!LESS1 WILL+ TO >RIVE TO ACTUALLY EXPEL Y\ FROM Y\R FAMILY HOME--!N IT DOESN'T REALLY MATT] :AT Y\R 9COME LEVEL IS4 ,Y\ WILL NOT FEEL P>TICUL>LY MIDDLE CLASS4 ,& MILLIONS ( PEOPLE >E N[ F9D+ !MSELVES 9 ?IS OR 9 ANALOG\S SITUATIONS4 

,IT'S 9CREAS+LY MEMB]S ( ! PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL CLASSES !MSELVES-- :O TYPICALLY 9HABIT ! TOP FIF? ON ! 9COME SCALE--:O MO/ CONSI/5TLY ID5TIFY !MSELVES AS MIDDLE CLASS1 & SEE !MSELVES AS EMBODY+ MIDDLE-CLASS VALUES & S5SIBILITIES4 ,!SE >E PEOPLE = :OM ! RULES1 BO? TACIT & EXPLICIT1 >E BASICALLY EV]Y?+4 ,!Y >E ALSO ! TRADITIONAL 5EMIES ( ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,AS RADICAL !ORI/S LIKE ,MI*AEL ,ALB]T W]E ALREADY PO9T+ \T 9 ! #a#i#gS1 ?IS IS ! KEY FLAW ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALISM3 ACTUAL MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASSES HAVE NO IMM$IATE HATR$ = CAPITALI/S BECAUSE !Y NEV] MEET !M2 9 MO/ CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! IMM$IATE FACE ( OPPRESSION COMES 9 ! =M ( MANAG]S1 SUP]VISORS1 BUREAUCRATS1 & $UCAT$ PR(ESSIONALS ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R--?AT IS1 PRECISELY ! PEOPLE TO :OM A /ATE SOCIALI/ REGIME W\LD GIVE MORE P[]1 RA!R ?AN LESS 7,ALB]T & ,HAHNEL #a#i#g#i2 ,ALB]T #b#c74 ,! DECISIVE VICTORY ( CAPITALISM 9 ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS1 IRONICALLY1 HAS HAD PRECISELY ! SAME EFFECT4 ,IT HAS L$ TO BO? A CONT9UAL 9FLATION ( :AT >E (T5 PURELY MAKE-WORK MANAG]IAL & ADM9I/RATIVE POSITIONS--0BULL%IT JOBS0--& AN 5DLESS BUREAUCRATIZATION ( DAILY LIFE1 DRIV51 9 L>GE P>T1 BY ! ,9T]NET4 ,?IS 9 TURN HAS ALL[$ A *ANGE 9 DOM9ANT CONCEPTIONS ( ! V]Y MEAN+ ( WORDS LIKE 0DEMOCRACY40 ,! OBSESSION ) =M OV] CONT5T1 ) RULES & PROC$URES1 HAS L$ TO A CONCEPTION ( DEMOCRACY ITSELF AS A SY/EM ( RULES1 A CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM1 RA!R ?AN A HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T T[>D POPUL> SELF-RULE & SELF-ORGANIZATION1 DRIV5 BY SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 OR EV51 9CREAS+LY1 AN EXPRESSION ( POPUL> WILL4 

,! POLITICS ( ,BLAIR & ,CL9TON W]E ! 9EVITABLE \TCOME ( SU* DEVELOPM5TS3 A 0PRAGMATIC LEFT0 EMBRACE ( BO? ! M>KET & BUREAUCRACY SIMULTANE\SLY1 9 A WAY ?AT C\LD NOT POSSIBLY MAKE S5SE TO ANYONE :O WAS NOT FULLY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! S5SIBILITIES ( ?OSE NEWLY CORPORATIZ$ PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL CLASSES1 & :I* WAS V]ITABLY DESIGN$ TO COMPLETELY ALI5ATE ANY REMA9+ WORK+-CLASS CON/ITU5TS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! 5D ( AN OLD] ,KEYNESIAN CLASS COMPROMISE HAS MEANT ?AT ACCESS TO ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS BY WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS OR 9DIVIDUALS HAS BE5 VIRTUALLY D5I$1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ACTUAL MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS 7OR1 9 ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE AT LEA/1 ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS7 HAVE BECOME 9CREAS+LY PRONE TO ID5TIFY1 \T ( %E] REJECTION ( ! VALUES ( ! PR(ESSIONALS & ADM9I/RATORS1 ) ! POPULI/ RI<T4 

,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS IS A CLASS :OSE S5SIBILITIES >E L>GELY PRODUC$ BY UNIV]SITIES1 :I* HAVE1 9 TURN1 !MSELVES BE5 TRANS=M$ BY ! RISE ( ?IS CLASS1 COM+ TO BE SE5 AS ESS5TIALLY TRA9+ GR\NDS = PR(ESSIONALS & MANAG]S ( V>I\S SORTS RA!R ?AN AS AUTONOM\S 9/ITUTIONS 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,?IS IS ACTUALLY WOR? EMPHASIZ+4 ,UNIV]SITIES >E--OR1 BETT] SAID1 UNTIL REC5TLY HAVE BE5-- AMONG ! ONLY 9/ITUTIONS ?AT SURVIV$ MORE OR LESS 9TACT FROM ! ,HI< ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,AS A RESULT1 UNIV]SITIES /ILL REFLECT$ AN ESS5TIALLY M$IEVAL CONCEPTION ( SELF-ORGANIZATION & SELF-GOV]NANCE2 ?IS WAS AN 9/ITUTION MANAG$ BY S*OL>S = ! PURSUIT ( S*OL>%IP1 ( =MS ( KN[L$GE ?AT W]E SE5 AS VALUABLE 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,?IS DID NOT FUNDAM5TALLY *ANGE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 UNIV]SITY SY/EMS 5T]$ 9TO AN (T5 SOME:AT UNEASY ALLIANCE ) C5TRALIZ+ /ATES1 PROVID+ TRA9+ = ! CIVIL S]VICE 9 EX*ANGE = KEEP+ ! BASIC PR9CIPLE ( AUTONOMY 9TACT4 ,OBVI\SLY ?IS AUTONOMY WAS COMPROMIS$ 9 5DLESS WAYS 9 PRACTICE4 ,BUT IT EXI/$ AS AN IDEAL4 ,& IT WAS IMPORTANT4 ,IT MADE A DIFF]5CE BO? 9 LEGITIMIZ+ ! BASIC IDEA ( A DOMA9 ( AUTONOM\S PRODUCTION DRIV5 BY VALUES O!R ?AN ?OSE ( ! M>KET1 BUT 9 ANY NUMB] ( V]Y PRACTICAL WAYS AS WELL3 = 9/ANCE1 UNIV]SITIES W]E1 TRADITIONALLY1 SPACES 9 CITIES NOT DIRECTLY UND] ! JURISDICTION ( ! POLICE4 

,9 ?IS S5SE :AT'S HAPP5$ TO UNIV]SITIES S9CE ! #a#i#gS--V]Y UNEV5LY1 BUT PRETTY MU* EV]Y:]E--HAS REPRES5T$ A FUNDAM5TAL BREAK ( A K9D WE HAVE NOT SE5 9 EI<T HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,AS ,GAYATRI ,SPIVAK REM>K$ 9 A TALK %E GAVE TO ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET1 EV5 TW5TY YE>S AGO1 :5 PEOPLE SPOKE ( 0! UNIV]SITY10 9 ! AB/RACT1 !Y W]E REF]R+ TO ! FACULTY2 N[ADAYS1 :5 !Y SPEAK ( 0! UNIV]SITY10 !Y >E REF]R+ TO ! ADM9I/RATION4 ,UNIV]SITIES >E NO LONG] CORPORATIONS 9 ! M$IEVAL S5SE2 !Y >E CORPORATIONS 9 ! CAPITALI/ S5SE1 BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! PURSUIT ( PR(IT1 EV5 ?\< ! 0PR(IT0 9 QUE/ION IS1 N[ADAYS1 SLI<TLY MORE BROADLY CONCEIV$4 ,!Y >E MO/ C]TA9LY NOT 9/ITUTIONS D$ICAT$ TO ! PURSUIT ( KN[L$GE & UND]/&+ AS A VALUE 9 ITSELF4 ,9 ?AT S5SE1 ,I REALLY ?9K IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ! UNIV]SITY1 9 ! ORIG9AL CONCEPTION ( ! T]M1 IS DEAD4.<#c.> 

,BUT ! DEA? ( ! UNIV]SITY HAD ALSO BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY A CURI\S D\BLE MOVEM5T4 ,S*OL>S >E EXPECT$ TO SP5D LESS & LESS ( !IR TIME ON S*OL>%IP1 & MORE & MORE ON V>I\S =MS ( ADM9I/RATION--EV5 AS !IR ADM9I/RATIVE AUTONOMY IS ITSELF /RIPP$ AWAY4 ,H]E TOO WE F9D A K9D ( NI<TM>E FUSION ( ! WOR/ ELEM5TS ( /ATE BUREAUCRACY & M>KET LOGIC4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 JU/ AB\T EV]YONE 9VOLV$ 9 SOME =M ( AUTONOM\S CULTURAL PRODUCTION :I* HAS TRADITIONALLY OP]AT$ AT LEA/ SOME:AT \TSIDE ! LOGIC ( CAPITALISM IS EXPECT$ TO BECOME P>T ( ?IS SY/EM3 NOT JU/ 9DEP5D5T 9TELLECTUALS1 :O EFFECTIVELY NO LONG] EXI/1 BUT PA9T]S1 SCULPTORS1 POETS1 EV5 9VE/IGATIVE J\RNALI/S4 ,F9ALLY1 ! M>KETIZATION HAS BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( POLICIES ( OV]T VIOL5CE AGA9/ DISS5T1 AS--H]E AGA91 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS L$ ! WAY 9 REC5T YE>S1 BUT ITS MODEL HAS BE5 BROADLY IMITAT$--POLICE >M$ ) WEAPONIZ$ TORTURE DEVICES LIKE ,TAS]S & PEPP] SPRAY1 & EV5 ,S,W,A,T TEAMS TRA9$ 9 MILIT>I/IC C\NT]T]RORISM TACTICS1 >E DEPLOY$ AT ! SLI<TE/ SIGN ( OPPOSITION4 

,WE MI<T WELL ASK \RSELVES H[ ACADEMICS HAVE COME TO ACCEPT SU* ?+S AS SIMPLE1 9EVITABLE REALITIES4 ,JU/ A FEW MON?S AGO1.<#d.> A REVIVAL ( ! /UD5T MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! M>KETIZATION ( HI<] $UCATION 9 ,LONDON WAS GREET$ BY IMM$IATE & VIOL5T REPRESSION2 ,I P]SONALLY WITNESS$ Y\NG S*OL>S HAV+ TEE? KNOCK$ \T1 BE+ KICK$ & BEAT51 BLOOD SPLATT]$ ON ! /REETS 9 FRONT ( ,S5ATE ,H\SE1 ALL 9 RESPONSE TO A NONVIOL5T SIT-9--& ?IS FOLL[+ SU* \TRAGE\S MEASURES AS ! ELECT$ PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,LONDON ,/UD5T ,UNION BE+ BANN$ FROM POLITICAL ACTIVITIES ON CAMPUS = FAILURE TO ASK POLICE P]MISSION = AN ON-CAMPUS M>*--ALL )\T A MAJORITY ( 0RADICAL0 LECTUR]S SO MU* AS KN[+ IT HAPP5$1 LET ALONE RAIS+ ANY SIGNIFICANT PROTE/4 ,ONE C\LD SEE A SIMIL> 9DIFF]5CE 9 ! RESPONSE ( ! LIB]AL CLASSES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO ! VIOL5T SUPPRESSION ( ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T 9 LATE #b#a#a4 ,!RE IS A REASON = ?IS 9DIFF]5CE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! PREVAIL+ E?OS ( PROC$URALISM1 IT'S ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE = ANY LEGALLY AU?ORIZ$ ACT1 EV5 IF IT DOES 9VOLVE KNOCK+ \T ! TEE? ( PEACEFUL PROTE/]S1 TO BE CONSID]$ VIOL5T1 & EQUALLY DIFFICULT = ANY EXTRALEGAL PROC$URE1 EV5 IF IT IS CONDUCT$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT C\LD NOT POSSIBLY H>M ANYONE1 TO BE CONSID]$ ANY?+ ELSE4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! MILIT>IZATION ( \R SOCIETIES COMES TO 9FILTRATE ! S5SIBILITIES EV5 ( ?OSE :O CONSID] !MSELVES ,G&HIANS--9 FACT1 ONE MI<T EV5 SAY1 = ! ,G&HIANS MO/ ( ALL4 

,I DON'T WANT TO S\ND TOO PESSIMI/IC4 ,CONSID]+ ! LEVEL ( REPRESSION & 9DIFF]5CE1 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! /UD5T MOVEM5T IS 9SPIR+4 ,& SU* MOVEM5TS >E 9 A BETT] POSITION TO %APE ! FUTURE DIRECTION ( EV5TS ?AN WE MI<T IMAG9E4 ,AFT] ALL1 !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT NEOLIB]ALISM1 AS AN ECONOMIC MODEL1 IS 9 T]M9AL CRISIS4 ,! FACT ?AT ONE ( ! FIR/ POLITICAL MOVES ( ! ,U,K ELITE1 9 ! WAKE ( ! ECONOMIC COLLAPSE ( #b#h1 & ! CONCOMITANT DELEGITIMATION ( M>KET OR?ODOXIES1 WAS A FULL-SCALE ATTACK ON ! AUTONOMY ( ! UNIV]SITY SY/EM1 & AN ATTEMPT TO SUBMIT IT EV5 MORE ?OR\<LY TO M>KET LOGIC1 %[S ?AT ! POLITICAL CLASS1 AT LEA/1 IS WELL AW>E :]E POT5TIAL IDEOLOGICAL ?REATS MI<T COME FROM4 ,IT WILL TAKE SOME TIME1 NO D\BT1 BECAUSE NEOLIB]ALS HAVE PLAC$ SU* AN EXTRAORD9>Y EMPHASIS ON W9N+ ! IDEOLOGICAL GAME-- >GUABLY1 AT ! EXP5SE ( UND]M9+ CAPITALISM'S [N LONG-T]M ECONOMIC VIABILITY.<#e.>--BUT IT'S CLE> ?AT ! DEGREE TO :I* ! ACADEMY DOES REMA9 ! GU>DIAN ( PRETTY MU* ANY POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVE CONCEPTION ( SOCIAL VALUE GIVES IT A UNIQUE POT5TIAL ROLE 9 DEVELOP+ :ATEV] COMES NEXT4 

,!SE LA/ WORDS >E QUITE 9T5TIONAL4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?IS F9AL1 F9ANCIALIZ$ /AGE ( CAPITALISM IS A T]M9AL ONE4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL GAME IS ! ONLY ONE ?AT CAPITALISM HAS REALLY WON4 ,! SY/EM SEEMS TO HAVE RUN \T ( /EAM & TO BE RAPIDLY APPROA*+ A DEAD 5D BY ALMO/ ANY MEASURE3 :E!R 9 GR[?1 SU/A9ABILITY1 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 OR POLITICAL IMAG9ATION--& ?IS EV5 AP>T FROM ! POSSIBILITY ( IMMAN5T ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,N[ Y\ MI<T >GUE ?AT ! PHRASE 0CAPITALISM0 ITSELF IS DECEPTIVE--AS MANY AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O W\LD O!RWISE BE SE5 AS PROCAPITALI/1 SU* AS ! CULTURAL ECONOMI/S :OM ,*RIS ,GREGORY HAS DESCRIB$ 7?IS VOLUME71 >E WONT TO DO1 OR MANY WORK+ 9 ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION :O PREF] TO SPEAK ( ! DOM9ANCE ( CAPITAL )9 A WORLD ECONOMY ORGANIZ$ >\ND MULTIPLE COMPET+ SY/EMS ( VALUE4 ,!RE IS A LOT TO BE SAID = ! LATT] POSITION4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE UNWISE1 AT ?IS HI/ORICAL JUNCTURE1 TO DEPLOY SU* >GUM5TS TO MAKE A TACIT >GUM5T = ! ET]NITY ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM4 ,= ME AT LEA/ IT IS LESS A QUE/ION ( :E!R CAPITALISM--AT LEA/1 9 ANY HI/ORICALLY RECOGNIZABLE =M--IS GO+ TO BE H]E FIFTY YE>S FROM N[1 & MORE ONE ( :E!R ! NEXT ?+ WILL BE EV5 WORSE4 ,?IS SEEMS A DISA/R\S TIME TO PLACE A TABOO ON EV5 ?9K+ AB\T :AT MI<T BE BETT]4 

,AN?ROPOLOGY & ! FAILURE ( ! #a#i#hS CRITIQUE 

,= ! FIR/ TWO DECADES ( NEOLIB]ALISM1 ! T]M WAS ALMO/ NEV] US$ 9 ! ACADEMY2 9/EAD1 ! NEW DISP5SATION WAS DISCUSS$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY AS ! ADV5T ( A GIDDY NEW AGE ( 0PO/MOD]NISM0--JU/ ONE ?AT1 9 RETROSPECT1 ALMO/ PRECISELY REPRODUC$ ! LANGUAGE & SPIRIT ( NEOLIB]AL 0GLOBALIZATION0 BE+ PRES5T$ 9 ! M$IA AT ! TIME4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! EM]G+ !ORETICAL FOCI ( ! TIME--ID5TITY1 CREATIVE CONSUMPTION1 FL[S & SCAPES1 & SO ON--TURN$ \T TO 5CODE A K9D ( NEOLIB]AL COSMOLOGY 9 M9IATURE4.<#f.> ,EV5 MORE1 PO//RUCTURAL !ORY--P>TICUL>LY AS 5%R9$ 9 :AT MI<T BE T]M$ ! 0VULG> ,F\CAULDIANISM0 ?AT CAME TO DOM9ATE SO MANY O/5SIBLY OPPOSITIONAL ACADEMIC DISCIPL9ES AT ! TIME--CAME TO 5%R9E ! P>TICUL> CLASS EXP]I5CES ( ! PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL CLASS AS UNIV]SAL TRU?S3 ?AT IS1 A WORLD ( NETWORKS & NETWORK+1 :]E GAMES ( P[] CREATE SOCIAL REALITY ITSELF1 ALL TRU?-CLAIMS >E M]ELY /RATAGEMS1 & :]E ME*ANISMS ( PHYSICAL CO]CION >E MADE TO SEEM IRRELEVANT 7EV5 AS !Y BECAME EV] MORE OMNIPRES5T7 BECAUSE ALL ! REAL ACTION IS ASSUM$ TO TAKE PLACE )9 TE*NIQUES ( SELF-DISCIPL9E1 =MS ( P]=MANCE1 & AN 5DLESS V>IETY ( DISP]S$ & DEC5T]$ FL[S ( 9FLU5CE4 ,AS A DESCRIPTION ( ACADEMIC LIFE1 OR = ?AT MATT] PR(ESSIONAL LIFE 9 G5]AL1 SU* DESCRIPTIONS >E (T5 SPOT ON4 ,BUT IT'S NOT :AT LIFE IS LIKE = MO/ PEOPLE ON E>? & NEV] HAS BE54 ,9DE$1 ! V]Y FACT ?AT IT WAS BE+ POS$ NOT AS A TYPE ( CLASS EXP]I5CE BUT AS A UNIV]SAL TRU? 79 FACT ! ONLY UNIV]SAL TRU?1 S9CE ALL O!RS >E D5I$7 DEMON/RATES JU/ H[ WRONG-HEAD$ ! T5D5CY1 AT ?IS TIME1 TO DISMISS OLD] =MS ( IDEOLOGY REALLY WAS4.<#g.> 

,N[1 H[ DOES AN?ROPOLOGY FIT 9TO ALL ( ?IS8 ,WELL1 9 ! #a#i#hS1 IT DID AT FIR/ APPE> TO BE MOV+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO MO/ DISCIPL9ES1 :]E 0PO/MOD]NISM0 HOV]$ SOME:]E BETWE5 TOO?LESS MOCK RADICALISM1 AT WOR/1 & A K9D ( PRET5TI\S & AGGRESSIVELY DEPOLITICIZ+ F9-DE-SIECLE DESPAIR4 ,9 ,U,S AN?ROPOLOGY1 :]E ! T]M REALLY TOOK (F1 0PO/MOD]NISM0 SEEM$ ANY?+ BUT DEPOLITICIZ+4 ,EXPON5TS ( ! REFLEXIVE MOM5T PROPOS$ TO DISSECT & *ALL5GE ! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( E?NOGRAPHIC PRACTICE ON EV]Y LEVEL1 NOT EV5 RUL+ \T ! POSSIBILITY ( REJECT+ ! 5TIRE 5T]PRISE ( AN?ROPOLOGY AS IRR$EEMABLY COMPROMIS$ BY ITS HI/ORY AS H&MAID5 TO COLONIALISM4 

,! PO/MOD]N *ALL5GE TRANS=M$ AN?ROPOLOGY--MO/ ( ALL1 9 TEA*+1 :]E ALL 9TRODUCTORY C\RSES1 OR HI/ORIES ( ! DISCIPL9E1 NECESS>ILY BEG9 ) A K9D ( RITUAL CONDEMNATION ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY & PRACTICE FROM ! ,VICTORIAN ]A ?R\< TO AT LEA/ ! #a#i#eS1 & (T5 WELL BEYOND4 ,IT CAME ) ALL ! TRAPP+S ( RADICALISM4 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! DISCIPL9E WAS CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION4 ,YET ! CRITIQUE WAS NEV] QUITE AS RADICAL AS IT SEEM$4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ONE ( ! MA9 PRACTICAL EFFECTS IT HAD WAS TO BLUNT ! POLITICAL POT5TIAL ( AN?ROPOLOGY--AS ! BE>] ( ANY K9D ( >*IVE ( SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES--BY PROVID+ ANYONE \TSIDE ! DISCIPL9E1 DAUNT$ BY ! V]Y KALEIDOSCOPIC MULTIPLICITY IT HAD DOCUM5T$ ( POSSIBLE >RANGEM5TS ( POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 OR DOME/IC LIFE1 ) A H&Y TWO- OR ?REE-L9E S]IES ( CAT*PHRASES ALL[+ !M TO DISMISS ALL =MS ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL KN[L$GE AS 9H]5TLY ILLEGITIMATE4 ,?IS WAS NO D\BT HI<LY CONV5I5T = ?OSE :O DID NOT WI% TO CONSID] !MSELVES ,EUROC5TRIC1 BUT ALSO DID NOT WI% TO HAVE TO TR\BLE !MSELVES ) LE>N+ MU* ( ANY?+ AB\T NON-,EUROPEAN P]SPECTIVES ON ! WORLD1 BUT IT HAD DEVA/AT+ EFFECTS ON ! ABILITY ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S TO TAKE P>T 9 A PLANET>Y CONV]SATION ON HUMAN POSSIBILITIES AT PRECISELY ! MOM5T1 ONE MI<T >GUE1 ?AT WE W]E NE$$ MO/4 

,SECONDLY1 ! CRITIQUE ( =MS ( P[] DIRECT$ ITSELF OV]:ELM+LY AT COLONIALISM & ITS LEGACY1 & MU* LESS--IF AT ALL--AT ECONOMIC /RUCTURES ( DOM9ATION1 CORPORATE & F9ANCIAL P[]1 BUREAUCRACY1 OR /RUCTURES ( /ATE CO]CION ?AT W]E NOT DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO IT4 ,REMEMB] ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS W]E ! P]IOD :5 REGIMES ( ,I,M,F-IMPOS$ /RUCTURAL ADJU/M5T W]E BE+ PUT 9 PLACE ACROSS ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?--SOME?+ ONE W\LD NOT BE AW>E ( AT ALL IF READ+ MU* ( ! 0RADICAL0 AN?ROPOLOGY BE+ WRITT5 AT ! TIME4 ,BUT1 ONE MI<T OBJECT1 SURELY RETELL+ ! HI/ORY ( ! DISCIPL9E AS ONE ( COLONIAL 5TANGLEM5T HAS AT LEA/ MADE AN?ROPOLOGI/S MORE COGNIZANT ( SU* DANG]S ?AN ! RELATIVELY COMPLAC5T AN?ROPOLOGI/S ( ! #a#i#fS8 ,ACTUALLY1 ,I ?9K EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE HAS BE5 ! CASE4 ,:5 \TRI<T COLONIAL V5TURES W]E REVIV$ ) ! 9VASION & OCCUPATIONS ( ,IRAQ & ,AF<ANI/AN 9 #ba & #b#c1 & AN?ROPOLOGI/S W]E RECRUIT$ TO TAKE P>T1 ! ,AM]ICAN ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,ASSOCIATION = MO/ ( A DECADE C\LD NOT EV5 BR+ ITSELF TO COME UP TO ! LEVEL ( PR9CIPLE IT HAD DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! #a#i#fS1 & MAKE A CLE> /ATEM5T OPPOS+ AN?ROPOLOGICAL COLLABORATION ) ! MILIT>Y OR ,C,I,A 7,ZEHFUSS #b#a#b74.<#h.> 

,AS A RESULT1 ,I FEEL IT'S FAIR TO SAY ?AT1 JUDG$ EV5 BY ITS [N T]MS1 ! PO/MOD]N MOM5T PROV$ AN UTT]1 SPECTACUL> POLITICAL FAILURE4 ,IT'S ALMO/ AS IF ! ULTIMATE EFFECT ( ! RITUAL D5UNCIATION ( AN?ROPOLOGY AS AN 9TR9SICALLY RACI/1 COLONIALI/ 5T]PRISE WAS TO CONV9CE ITS PRACTITION]S ?AT IT C\LDN'T POSSIBLY BE ANY?+ ELSE4 ,9 FACT ,I'D GO FUR!R4 ,ON A DEEP] LEVEL ,I ?9K !SE ACTS ( SELF-CONDEMNATION CAN BE SE5 AS A SUBTLE K9D ( TAK+ POSSESSION2 AFT] ALL1 TREAT+ A BODY ( ACCUMULAT$ KN[L$GE AS FUNDAM5TALLY TA9T$1 AS Y\R DIRTY LITTLE SECRET1 IS /ILL TREAT+ IT AS Y\R DIRTY LITTLE SECRET4 ,COMB9$ ) A REJECTION ( 0HI< !ORY0 AS SOMEH[ ITSELF 9TR9SICALLY IMP]IALI/IC1 IT BECOMES ! P]FECT GE/URE = A DISCIPL9E CLOS+ 9 ON ITSELF1 ONE 9 :I* ALL FACTIONS COME TO BE 9T]E/$ PRIM>ILY 9 GRABB+ HOLD ( A SMALL PIECE ( 9TELLECTUAL T]RITORY 7USUALLY DEF9$ GEOGRAPHICALLY7 AS ! BASIS = DEVELOP+ 9CREAS+LY ADM9I/RATIVE-ORI5T$ PR(ESSIONAL C>E]S4.<#i.> ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! REFLEXIVE IMPULSE1 TAK5 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 CAN ONLY BECOME A PR(\NDLY B\RGEOIS =M ( LIT]>Y SELF-CON/ITUTION :I* WAS AT ! V]Y LEA/ CONT9U\S ) ! HYP]PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( ! DISCIPL9E ?AT BEGAN TO TAKE PLACE AT ! TIME4 

,H]E LET ME DRAW = A MOM5T ON SOME ( ! CRITICAL WORK ON REFLEXIVITY1 P>TICUL>LY FROM ! FEM9I/ TRADITION EXEMPLIFI$ BY ,BEV]LEY ,SKEGGS 7#b#b71 :O H]SELF DRAWS ON ,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN'S 7#a#i#h#g1 #a#i#i#a7 OBS]VATIONS AB\T REFLEXIVITY AS A =M ( P]=MANCE4 ,I ?9K ,SKEGGS HITS ! NAIL PRETTY MU* ON ! HEAD H]E4 ,! CONFESSIONAL MODE ( MORAL SELF-N>RATION HAS1 AS WE ALL KN[1 A V]Y LONG ,*RI/IAN HI/ORY1 BUT 9 MORE REC5T C5TURIES1 %E OBS]VES1 ! :OLE TRADITION ( TELL+ /ORIES AB\T ONESELF MI<T BE SAID TO HAVE BIFURCAT$ ALONG CLASS L9ES4 

,AS SOCIAL HI/ORIANS HAVE LONG NOT$1 PEOPLE ( WORK+-CLASS BACKGR\ND R>ELY WRITE AUTOBIOGRAPHIES4 ,SELF-CREATION ?R\< LIT]>Y TE*NIQUE IS V]Y MU* A GAME PLAY$ BY ELITES4 ,?IS SEEMS ALWAYS TO HAVE BE5 SO4 ,BUT OV] ! LA/ TWO HUNDR$ YE>S1 ! WORK+ CLASSES HAVE 9CREAS+LY F\ND !MSELVES SUBJECT TO =MS ( 0CO]C$ SELF-N>RATION10 :]E !Y W]E OBLIG$ TO TELL /ORIES ( !IR [N S9S1 SUFF]+1 CRIM9ALITY1 R$EMPTION1 & RE=M1 ALL SO AS TO E/ABLI% !MSELVES 9 ! EYES ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE CLASSES AS MEMB]S ( ! 0DES]V+ POOR40 ,ELITES GET TO TELL /ORIES AB\T !MSELVES ?AT >E ULTIMATELY BO? MANIFE/ATIONS (1 & REFLECTIONS ON1 !IR [N P[]2 EV]YONE ELSE IS =C$ TO TELL /ORIES AB\T !IR MIS]Y & P]SEV]ANCE4 ,= AN AN?ROPOLOGI/1 IT'S H>D TO CONTEMPLATE ?IS HI/ORY )\T IMM$IATELY CALL+ TO M9D ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 7A7 ! K9D ( P]=MANCE ( REFLEXIVITY ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ! HYP]PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( ! ACADEMY 9 ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS1 & 7B7 ! SIMULTANE\S EM]G5CE ( SUBG5RES ON ! /UDY ( BO? POPUL> 0RESI/ANCE0 & 0SOCIAL SUFF]+0--:I* BEGAN SLI<TLY LAT]1 BUT L>GELY OV]LAP 9 TIME4 ,IT'S AN ALMO/ UNCANNY P>ALLEL4 ,JOEL ,ROBB9S 7#b#a#c7 HAS REC5TLY >GU$ ?AT ! 0SUFF]+ SUBJECT0 HAS COME TO REPLACE ! SAVAGE AS ! PRIM>Y OBJECT ( AN?ROPOLOGY--P]HAPS A TALL CLAIM1 BUT ONE :]E !RE IS SURELY SOME TRU?--& MAKES ! V]Y COG5T PO9T 7EQUALLY TRUE1 ,I ?9K1 = MO/ ( ! RESI/ANCE LIT]ATURE7 ?AT :AT'S SPECIFICALLY ECLIPS$ 9 MO/ SU* ACC\NTS IS ANY S5SE ( :AT ?OSE WE >E ASK$ TO EMPA?IZE ) FEEL IS ULTIMATELY IMPORTANT OR VALUABLE 9 LIFE4 

,/ILL1 ?IS P>AGRAPH RA!R /RUCK ME3 

,AS READ]S ( ,BIEHL1 ,DANIEL1 & O!R AN?ROPOLOGI/S ( SUFF]+1 WE COME TO REALIZE ! %>$ HUMANITY ?AT L9KS US TO O!RS :O SUFF]4 ,WE ALSO REALIZE H[ PR(\NDLY HUMAN BE+S CAN FAIL ONE ANO!R1 & SOMETIMES WE GA9 9SI<T 9TO WAYS WE MI<T BE COMPLICIT 9 ?IS FAILURE4 ,IT IS CLE>LY A HOPE ( SUFF]+ SLOT AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT !SE LESSONS MI<T BECOME A MOTIVE = *ANGE4444 ,?IS K9D ( AN?ROPOLOGY SURELY HAS IMPORTANT WORK TO DO 9 ADDRESS+ ! GREAT CULTURAL PROBLEMS ( \R AGE4 7,ROBB9S #b#a#c3 #d#e#f7 

,ROBB9S IS CLE>LY B5D+ OV] BACKW>D TO BE G5]\S H]E2 ?IS IS NOT MEANT AS A CRITIQUE ( HIS COMM5TS AT ALL 7,I AGREE ) MO/ ( !M71 BUT /ILL1 ON READ+ IT1 ,I C\LDN'T HELP TO ASK1 0,YES1 BUT 'IMPORTANT WORK' = :OM8 ,:O'S ACTUALLY READ+ !SE BOOKS8 ,:O IS ! 'WE' H]E80 ,GRANT$1 !RE >E SOME R>E WORKS 9 ?IS G5RE--,NANCY ,S*EP]-,HU<ES' ,DEA? )\T WEEP+7#a#i#i#b7 IS AN EXAMPLE ( A BOOK ?AT ACTUALLY HAS BE5 READ BY NON-AN?ROPOLOGI/S--?AT HAVE WON SOME K9D ( BROAD] READ]%IP1 BUT = ! MO/ P>T1 WE >E TALK+ AB\T A LIT]ATURE ?AT IS ASSIGN$ TO /UD5TS AS P>T ( !IR PR(ESSIONAL TRA9+ TO 5T] MO/LY ACADEMIC OR ADM9I/RATIVE C>E]S4 7,& ?IS MAKES S5SE4 ,AFT] ALL1 PEOPLE :O ACTUALLY LIVE LIVES M>K$ BY DRAMATIC SUFF]+ & RESI/ANCE R>ELY NE$ TO BE REM9D$ ?AT SUFF]+ & RESI/ANCE >E REAL & :AT IT IS LIKE47 ,ONE CAN ONLY ASK3 ,IF ?IS IS 0A MOTIVE = *ANGE10 :AT SORT ( *ANGE >E WE TALK+ AB\T1 & :O WE >E EXPECT+ TO BR+ ?IS *ANGE AB\T8 

,ON ! O!R H&1 SELF-CREATION ?R\< ACTS ( WRIT+--NOT TO M5TION A PROCLIVITY = M$ITATION ON ! M9UTIAE ( ONE'S [N P[] & PRIVILEGE--IS TYPICAL ( ! K9D ( CLASS MILIEU FROM )9 :I* PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL ELITES EM]GE4 ,& ?IS IS H>DLY LESS TRUE IF ?AT REFLECTION TAKES ! TYPICALLY ,AM]ICAN PURITANICAL =M1 9 :I* MEMB]S ( SAID ELITE COMPETE ) ONE ANO!R = MORAL SUP]IORITY BAS$ ON CLAIMS ( GREAT] COGNIZANCE ( !IR [N COMPROMIS$ NATURE4 ,AS ,SKEGGS 7#b#b7 EMPHASIZES1 ! REAL ISSUE H]E IS ONE ( PRACTICE3.<#a.> :E!R ONE IS ACTUALLY DO+ REFLEXIVITY1 BY CON/ANTLY REEXAM9+ ! P[] DYNAMICS IMPLICIT 9 \R RESE>* PROCESS AS P>T ( ?AT PROCESS ITSELF1 9 ACTIVE 5GAGEM5T ) & ) A S5SE ( ACC\NTABILITY TO ?OSE ) :OM WE WORK1 OR SIMPLY BE+ REFLEXIVE1 :I* IS P]FECTLY CONGRU5T ) ! K9D ( P]=MANCE ( SELF REQUIR$ BY ! HYP]PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( ! DISCIPL9E4 ,& AS ,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN P]IODICALLY REM9DS US 7#a#i#i#a ETC471 !RE'S A REAL CONT9UITY H]E BETWE5 ?IS DEM& = CON/ANT 9DIVIDUAL SELF-EXAM9ATION1 & ! 0AUDIT CULTURE0 ( CON/ANT COLLECTIVE SELF-ASSESSM5T ?AT BEGAN TO BE PUT 9 PLACE 9 UNIV]SITIES 9 ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS AS WELL4 ,I'D GO FUR!R4 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT ! REFLEXIVE MOM5T OP]AT$ ABOVE ALL AS A PO9T ( TRANSITION BETWE5 DOM9ANT =MS ( ACADEMIC AU?ORITY4 ,AT ! RISK ( BE+ SLI<TLY C>TOONI%1 LET ME EVOKE A SKET* ( TWO DIFF]5T P>ADIGMS ( ACADEMIC AU?ORITY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 WE HAVE ! PATRI>*AL PR(ESSOR1 A FIGURE DOM9ANT = MO/ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,A FIGURE ( ABSOLUTE SELF-ASSURANCE1 :E!R P$ANTIC OR PLAYFUL1 HE IS ON A DAY-TO-DAY LEVEL AT LEA/ L>GELY OBLIVI\S TO ! =MS ( PRIVILEGE & EXPLOITATION ?AT MAKE HIS LIFE POSSIBLE1 & AS A RESULT 5TIRELY AT PEACE ) HIMSELF [+ TO ! EXI/5CE ( AN 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE ?AT GU>ANTEES HIM NE>-P]FECT LIFE SECURITY4 ,?IS IS A C>ICATURE BUT1 /ILL1 ANYONE :O HAS SP5T MU* TIME 9 ACADEMIA HAS 5C\NT]$ SOMEONE :O FITS ! DESCRIPTION1 & !RE >E /ILL A H&FUL1 IF RAPIDLY DECREAS+ 9 NUMB]1 ALIVE & 9 POSITIONS ( AU?ORITY EV5 TODAY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 SU* *>ACT]S >E NO LONG] BE+ PRODUC$4 ,AFT] ALL1 ?IS IS PRECISELY ! FIGURE :OSE PRIVILEGE WAS SO DRAMATICALLY *ALL5G$ 9 ! CAMPUS TURMOIL ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,9 ! NEOLIB]AL UNIV]SITY1 ?IS *ALL5GE1 COMB9$ ) ! DRAMATIC M>KETIZATION ( ACADEMIC LIFE ?AT BEGAN 9 ! #a#i#hS1 HAS ULTIMATELY PRODUC$ A V]Y DIFF]5T SORT ( FIGURE ( AU?ORITY4 ,LET US IMAG9E HIM TOO AS A :ITE MALE1 S9CE :ITE MALES >E1 /ILL1 MO/ LIKELY TO W9 ! ACADEMIC GAME--BUT ONE :O1 9 ! PLACE ( ! SELF-ASSURANCE ( ! OLD PATRI>*AL PR(ESSOR1 COMB9ES A K9D ( CON/ANT N]V\S SELF-EXAM9ATION ( HIS [N PRIVILEGE ) A DET]M9ATION TO NONE!LESS DEPLOY ALL ADVANTAGES--9CLUD+ ?AT V]Y PRIVILEGE--9 ANY WAY HE CAN TO PREVAIL 9 AN 9CREAS+LY PREC>I\S ACADEMIC 5VIRONM5T2 AN 5VIRONM5T DEM&+ NE>-CONT9UAL ACTS ( RE9V5TION & SELF-M>KET+4 ,IT'S EASY TO SEE H[1 9 ! SPECIFIC CASE ( AN?ROPOLOGY1 LONG A PREF]R$ REFUGE = ! IMPRACTICAL & ECC5TRIC1 ! REFLEXIVE MOM5T PLAY$ A CRITICAL ROLE 9 CREAT+ ! SOIL FROM :I* SU* MON/R\S FIGURES C\LD EM]GE4.<#a#a.> 

,PREFIGURATIVE AN?ROPOLOGY 

,ONE C\LD WELL >GUE ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( ?IS FIGURE WAS 9EVITABLE GIV5 O!R *ANGES TAK+ PLACE 9 ! ACADEMY AT ! TIME3 :E!R DEMOGRAPHIC *ANGES 9 ! ORIG9 ( /UD5TS1 *ANGES 9 FUND+1 JOB OPPORTUNITIES \TSIDE ! ACADEMY1 ! CASUALIZATION ( ACADEMIC LABOR1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 *ANGES 9 ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ( ACADEMIC PRESSES1 :I* 5SURE ?AT EV5 IF ANY?+ LIKE ! WORKS ( ,BOAS1 ,MAL9[SKI1 OR ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D W]E WRITT5 TODAY1 !Y W\LD NEV] F9D A PUBLI%]--EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 \TSIDE ! ACADEMY4 

,I DON'T WANT TO DWELL ON ANY ( ?IS H]E4 ,BUT ,I DO ?9K IT'S IMPORTANT TO AT LEA/ PO9T \T1 BECAUSE WE T5D TO WRITE AS IF !ORY IS CONCOCT$ 9 A K9D ( AUTONOM\S BUBBLE4 ,9 FACT1 ALMO/ ALL ! DOM9ANT !ORETICAL TR5DS )9 AN?ROPOLOGY CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( ! V]Y CONTEXT !Y !MSELVES T5D TO EFFACE4 ,I HAVE ALREADY GIV5 ! EXAMPLE ( :AT ,I'VE CALL$ VULG> ,F\CAULDIANISM1 :I* SIMULTANE\SLY DEVELOP$ ! SUBJECTIVE EXP]I5CE ( PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL WORK >RANGEM5TS AS ! BASIS = A UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLE ( HUMAN SOCIALITY1 & D5I$ ! C5TRAL IMPORTANCE ( EI!R CAPITALISM1 OR ! ?REAT ( DIRECT PHYSICAL VIOL5CE1 AT EXACTLY ! MOM5T ! ?REAT ( DIRECT PHYSICAL VIOL5CE WAS BECOM+ C5TRAL TO ! OP]ATION ( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT ! SAME EFFACEM5T CAN BE OBS]V$ EV5 9 ?OSE APPROA*ES ?AT MO/ L\DLY CLAIM$ TO BE DO+ ! OPPOSITE4 ,PROPON5TS ( ACTOR-NETWORK !ORY1 = 9/ANCE1 9SI/ ?AT !Y W]E 0DO+ ! WORK0 ( UNE>?+ ! CONNECTIONS ?AT W]E SIMPLY PRESUM$ BY !ORI/S ( 0! SOCIAL40 ,BUT 9 REALITY :AT ,A,N,T MA9LY DOES IS TRANSLATE POLITICS--& NOT JU/ POLITICS1 ACADEMIC POLITICS--9TO ! V]Y CON/ITUTIVE PR9CIPLE ( REALITY4 ,OR CONSID] ! 0ONTOLOGICAL TURN10 :I* MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO EV5 TALK AB\T :AT PHILOSOPH]S US$ TO CALL ONTOLOGY 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT AN OLD] RELATIVI/ AN?ROPOLOGY MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO EV5 TALK AB\T :AT PHILOSOPH]S US$ TO CALL AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,H[ DOES ONE BREAK \T8 ,IF ! PROBLEM IS ?AT TALK+ EXCLUSIVELY TO C]TA9 TYPES ( PEOPLE )9 C]TA9 9/ITUTIONAL CONTEXTS WILL 9EVITABLY REPRODUCE ! S5SIBILITIES & HABITS ( ?\<T TYPICAL ( SU* PEOPLE & CONTEXTS1 9 AB/RACT & HYPO/ASIZ$ =MS1 ! OBVI\S ?+ IS TO TALK TO SOMEONE ELSE 9 A DIFF]5T CONTEXT--& NOT 9 ! =M ( CONTA9$ MOM5TS ( FIELDWORK :OSE SIGNIFICANCE CAN ONLY BE APPRECIAT$ ELSE:]E4 ,MY [N APPROA* HAS BE5 TO 5GAGE ) SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,?IS HAS (T5 BE5 MISUND]/OOD4 ,I (T5 F9D MYSELF CRITICIZ$ AS AN 0ANGRY0 MAN 9SI/+ ?AT O!R AN?ROPOLOGI/S GET \T ( !IR IVORY T[]S & ALL BECOME ACTIVI/S1 EV5 AS FAIL+ TO RECOGNIZE ! VALUE ( KN[L$GE & UND]/&+ AS 5DS 9 !MSELVES4 ,9 FACT1 ,I BELIEVE EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE IS ! CASE4 ,GRANT$1 ,I DO ?9K IT MI<T BEHOOVE ?OSE ACADEMICS :O BASE MU* ( !IR 9TELLECTUAL P]SONA ON ID5TIFICATION ) SOCIAL MOVEM5TS TO AT LEA/ TAKE SOME NOTICE :5 /UD5TS >E HAV+ !IR TEE? KNOCK$ \T A FEW BLOCKS AWAY = P>TICIPAT+ 9 !M1 BUT1 ACTUALLY1 ! LA/ ?+ ,I'D WANT W\LD BE = EV]YONE ) AN ACADEMIC JOB TO DECL>E !MSELVES AN ACTIVI/4 

,PROBABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ ,I'VE LE>N$ FROM RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ?AT HAVE EM]G$ FROM ! 5GAGEM5T ( AN>*ISM1 & O!R ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN TRADITIONS1 & RADICAL FEM9ISM1 IS ! NOTION ( PREFIGURATION4 ,?IS IS A V]Y OLD IDEA--Y\ ALREADY SEE IT >\ND #ai 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD'S CALL TO 0BUILD A NEW SOCIETY 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD0--BUT IT HAS TAK5 ON A R5EW$ P[] ) ! COLLAPSE ( CLASSICAL VANGU>DISM3 ! WIDESPREAD REJECTION ( ! IDEA ( ! /OIC1 HUMORLESS REVOLUTION>Y :OSE PURITY CAN BE JUDG$ BY ! DEGREE TO :I* !Y SACRIFICE ALL P]SONAL 9DULG5CES 9 ! NAME ( AN ABSOLUTE D$ICATION TO ! CAUSE1 SE5 AS A RATIONAL1 CALCULAT$ PURSUIT ( P[]4 ,!RE HAS BE5 A G5]AL RECOGNITION ?AT SU* A FIGURE WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO PRODUCE A SOCIAL ORD] ANYONE W\LD ACTUALLY WANT TO LIVE 94 ,RA!R1 PREFIGURATIVE POLITICS MEANS MAK+ ONE'S MEANS AS F> AS POSSIBLE ID5TICAL ) ONE'S 5DS1 CREAT+ SOCIAL RELATIONS & DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES ?AT AT LEA/ APPROXIMATE ?OSE ?AT MI<T EXI/ 9 ! K9D ( SOCIETY WE'D LIKE TO BR+ AB\T4 ,IT IS1 AS ,I'VE PUT IT ELSE:]E1 ! DEFIANT 9SI/5CE ON ACT+ AS IF ONE IS ALREADY FREE 7,GRAEB] #b#d1 #b#a#c74 ,9CREAS+LY1 ?IS K9D ( DEFIANT UTOPIANISM--AN ATT5DANT REFUSAL TO OP]ATE ?R\< ?OSE 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES DOM9AT$ BY PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL ELITES & !IR PROC$URALI/ E?IC--HAS BECOME ! GR\ND PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 :E!R 9 ,TUNISIA OR ,EGYPT1 ,GREECE1 ,SPA91 ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET1 ! ,IDLE ,NO ,MORE MOVEM5T 9 ,CANADA1 OR MORE REC5T \TBREAKS 9 ,TURKEY1 ,BOSNIA1 OR ,BRAZIL4 ,9 FACT1 IT'S EV]Y:]E4 ,?IS IS IMPORTANT1 BECAUSE IT M>KS A REAL TRANS=MATION 9 ! IDEA ( :AT A DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T W\LD EV5 MEAN4 

,:AT W\LD IT MEAN TO APPLY ?IS PREFIGURATIVE PR9CIPLE TO ACADEMIC PRACTICE8 ,OBVI\SLY IT W\LD NOT MEAN SUBORD9AT+ \R PASSION = KN[L$GE & UND]/&+ TO ! IMP]ATIVES ( ACTIVI/ /RATEGY4 ,IT W\LD *ALL5GE ! V]Y IDEA ?AT !RE IS1 ULTIMATELY1 ANY DIVISION H]E4 ,IT'S SIGNIFICANT ?AT JU/ AB\T EV]Y /UD5T OCCUPATION DUR+ ! MOVEM5T ( #ba BEGAN ) A DECL>ATION ?AT $UCATION IS NOT AN ECONOMIC GOOD1 BUT A VALUE 9 ITSELF4 ,BUT NEI!R IS IT JU/ A POLITICAL GOOD4 ,A PREFIGURATIVE APPROA*1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 W\LD MO/ ( ALL MEAN AB&ON+ ! N]V\S DEF5SIV5ESS ( ! HYP]PR(ESSIONALIZ$ ACADEMIC 5TREPR5EUR1 & ADMITT+ TO \RSELVES ?AT :AT DREW US TO ?IS L9E ( WORK WAS MA9LY A S5SE ( FUN1 ?AT PLAY+ ) IDEAS IS A =M ( PLEASURE 9 ITSELF1 & ?AT ! DEAL WE >E TACITLY BE+ (F]$ 9 ! PROCESS ( PR(ESSIONALIZATION1 ?AT WE MU/ MAKE A RITUAL SACRIFICE ( EV]Y?+ ?AT MO/ GAVE US JOY AB\T ! PROSPECT ( UND]TAK+ AN 9TELLECTUAL LIFE 9 ORD] TO HAVE A *ANCE ( A*IEV+ EV5 A MODICUM ( LIFE SECURITY1 IS ITSELF VIOL5T & UNNECESS>Y4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 IT'S H>D NOT TO SEE SOME?+ DEEPLY APPEAL+ AB\T ! EASY SELF-CONFID5CE ( ?AT OLD PATRI>*AL PR(ESSOR--& ?IS1 ,I NOTE1 COM+ FROM SOMEONE ( NONELITE CLASS BACKGR\ND :O NEV] HAD ANY *ANCE ( BECOM+ ?AT P]SON UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,AFT] ALL1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 ! PROBLEM ) 5TITLEM5T & PRIVILEGE IS NOT ?AT SOME PEOPLE HAVE IT1 IT'S ?AT O!R PEOPLE DON'T4 ,AS ANY AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O HAS HAD DIRECT EXP]I5CE ( AN EV5 MOD]ATELY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY CAN ATTE/1 !SE >E NOT1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 SOCIETIES :]E EV]YONE BEHAVES LIKE WE EXPECT A WORK] OR A PEASANT TO BEHAVE1 BUT ONES :]E EV]YONE ACTS LIKE AN >I/OCRAT4 ,CALL ?IS1 IF Y\ LIKE1 ! UTOPIAN MOM5T 9 9TELLECTUAL PRACTICE4 ,:ATEV] ONE *OOSE TO CALL IT1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ANY G5U9ELY EFFECTIVE TRANS=MATIVE PRACTICE W\LD HAVE TO EMBRACE ?AT S5SE ( CONFID5CE & PLEASURE 9 A =M ?AT W\LD LEAD TO A WORLD :]E IT W\LD BE AVAILABLE TO ABSOLUTELY EV]YONE4 

.<#a.> ,MI*AEL ,ALB]T & ,ROB9 ,HAHNEL 7#a#i#g#i71 9 ! SAME VOLUME1 SUGGE/ ! ALT]NATE T]M 0COORD9ATOR CLASS10 & ,ALB]T HAS US$ ! T]M 9 HIS SUBSEQU5T WORK1 BUT O!RWISE IT'S ! ,EHR5REI*S' USAGE ?AT REALLY CAU<T ON4 ,S9CE ,I WILL BE FOCUS+ ON UNIV]SITIES1 ,I WAS TEMPT$ TO CALL !M ! 0PR(ESSIONAL-ADM9I/RATIVE CLASSES10 AFT] PR(ESSORS & ADM9I/RATORS1 BUT DECID$ IT W\LD PROBABLY BE BETT] NOT TO 9V5T /ILL ANO!R USAGE4 ,AT ANY RATE1 MY [N ADAPTATION ( ! T]M IS IDIOSYNCRATIC3 ,I AM NOT US+ IT 9 PRECISELY ! WAY ANY ( !SE AU?ORS USES IT1 BUT RA!R1 AS A K9D ( /&-9 T]M = A PROCESS ( CLASS COMPOSITION M>K$ FIR/ BY A CONV]G5CE ( ! S5SIBILITIES ( ! L[] E*ELONS ( ! CORPORATE BUREAUCRACIES & UPP] E*ELONS ( ! PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES ?AT WAS ONLY BEG9N+ TO GET FULLY UND] WAY >\ND ! TIME ! BOOK APPE>$4 ,I WILL BE DESCRIB+ ! PROCESS1 & ITS L>G] IMPLICATIONS1 9 A =?COM+ BOOK ON BUREAUCRACY4 

.<#b.> ,?IS IS ( C\RSE ! IDEAL ( CORPORATISM3 ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( WORK]S & MANAGEM5T W]E ULTIMATELY ! SAME1 & CONV]G$ >\ND :AT ,KEYNES 7#a#i#c#f3 #c#d#e7 ONCE CALL$ 0! EU?ANASIA ( ! R5TI]40 ,ONE %\LDN'T ROMANTICIZE IT4 ,IT MI<T HAVE BE5 ! CONDITION ( POSSIBILITY = ! PO/W> WELF>E /ATE1 BUT IT'S MO/ EXTREME HI/ORICAL MANIFE/ATION WAS FASCISM4 

.<#c.> ,SEE ,G9SBURG 7#b#a#a7 = AN 9CISIVE1 IF ULTIMATELY CONS]VATIVE1 TAKE ON ! PH5OM5ON2 ON PR(ESSIONALIZATION 9 G5]AL1 ! BE/ CRITIQUE WILL ALWAYS BE ,S*MIDT 7#b#a74 

.<#d.> ,! TALK ON :I* ?IS PAP] IS BAS$ WAS DELIV]$ 9 ,JANU>Y #b#a#d2 ! EV5TS OCCURR$ 9 ,OCTOB] #b#a#c4 

.<#e.> ,AGA91 AS ,I'VE >GU$ AT GREAT L5G? ELSE:]E3 SEE ,GRAEB] 7#b#a#c7 = A RELATIVELY CONCISE V]SION ( ! >GUM5T4 

.<#f.> ,= A MORE ELABORATE V]SION ( ?IS >GUM5T1 SEE ! ,CURR5T ,AN?ROPOLOGY SPECIAL ISSUE 0,! NEW KEYWORDS0 ) >TICLES BY ,LEVE1 ,G]%ON1 ,ROCKEFELL]1 & MYSELF3 ,CURR5T ,AN?ROPOLOGY #eb 7#d7 7,AUGU/ #b#a#a74 

.<#g.> ,F]D ,PFEIL 7#a#i#i7 WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO MAKE A CASE ?AT PO/MOD]NISM1 9CLUD+ :AT ,I'VE CALL$ 0VULG> ,F\CAULDIANISM10 IS 9 FACT ! CLASS S5SIBILITY ( ! PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL CLASSES 9 ?IS S5SE2 BUT1 9 A MOVE ?AT A QU>T]-C5TURY LAT] SEEMS ALMO/ *>M+LY NAIVE1 HE >GU$ ?AT ?IS PUT ?AT CLASS 9 A POSITION TO LAUN* A UNIV]SALIZ+ *ALL5GE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ HEGEMONY4 ,WE CAN N[ SEE H[ WELL ?AT WORK$ \T4 

.<#h.> ,!Y F9ALLY DID SO 9 #b#g1 SIX YE>S AFT] ! 9ITIAL ,U,S 9VASION ( ,AF<ANI/AN4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! ,AM]ICAN ,PSY*OLOGICAL ,ASSOCIATION BANN$ MEMB]S FROM WORK+ ) ! MILIT>Y OR 9TELLIG5CE ALMO/ IMM$IATELY4 

.<#i.> ,IT IS A MATT] ( NO LITTLE IRONY ?AT 0RADICALISM10 REFRAM$ AS L[]+ ONE'S AMBITIONS1 ?US (T5 HAS ! RESULT ( R$UC+ AN?ROPOLOGY TO SOME?+ MU* LIKE >EA /UDIES1 :I* IS HI/ORICALLY EXACTLY ! SORT ( AN?ROPOLOGY 5C\RAG$ BY GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T OR ! 9TELLIG5CE E/ABLI%M5T4 

.<#a.> ,ALL ?IS MI<T SEEM A BIT ( A C>ICATURE1 & ( C\RSE 9 MANY WAYS IT IS4 ,BUT WE MU/ REMEMB] TOO ?AT 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY T5DS TO WA% AWAY ! MORE RIDICUL\S EXCESSES ( ANY HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 S9CE SU* EXCESSES R>ELY SEE PR9T4 ,! ACTUAL WRIT+S ( ,M>CUS1 ,CLIF=D1 ,TYL]1 & ! RE/1 W]E NEV] NE>LY AS CRUDE AS !IR COMMON ACADEMIC APPROPRIATIONS AT ! TIME4 7,TO TAKE A /RIK+ EXAMPLE1 ! NOTORI\S QUE/ION 0,H[ CAN ,I KN[ ! ,O!R810 SO 5DLESSLY BRUIT$ AB\T 9 SEM9>S & /UD5T L\NGE DISCUSSIONS1 NEV] TO MY KN[L$GE APPE>$ 9 PR9T 9 ANY AN?ROPOLOGICAL ESSAY ( ! TIME AT ALL47 ,BUT ( C\RSE AS E?NOGRAPH]S WE KN[ ?AT SU* BUZZWORDS & CAT*PHRASES C\LD NOT BE MORE IMPORTANT4 ,AS ) VULG> ,F\CAULDIANISM1 !Y CREAT$ AN 9TELLECTUAL 5VIRONM5T :]E ! HYP]PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( ! DISCIPL9E C\LD NOT JU/ RAISE FEW HACKLES1 BUT EV5 SEEM A POLITICAL ADVANCE OV] :AT HAD COME BE=E4 

.<#a#a.> ,OBVI\SLY IT HAPP5$ QUITE DIFF]5TLY 9 O!R DISCIPL9ES1 ?\< USUALLY ) SIMIL> ULTIMATE EFFECTS4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ! RISE ( ! PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL CLASS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ! RISE ( ! PR(ESSIONAL-MANAG]IAL CLASS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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