,>M5IAN ,HI/ORY3 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,P]SPECTIVE 
,! ,HI/ORY ( ,>M5IAN ,PEOPLE & ,!IR ,/RUGGLE = ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,>M5IAN ,LIB]T>IAN-,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T 

,TEXT 3 

,AS IS ! CASE ) ANY /ATE-CONTROLL$ HI/ORICAL N>RATIVIZATIONS1 ! HI/ORY IS (T5 DE-CONTEXTUALIZ$ & RE-CONTEXTUALIZ$1 DE-COD$ & RE-COD$ SO AS TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( A P>TICUL> CLASS4 ,:AT ,I HAVE TRI$ TO DO 9 ?IS >TICLE IS TO SUBV]T ?AT PROCESS &1 9 EFFECT1 TO DECON/RUCT ?AT :I* HAS BE5 CON/RUCT$ AS 0,>M5IAN ,HI/ORY04 

,?IS >TICLE WORKS ITS WAY FROM ANCI5T MOVEM5TS SU* AS ,PAVLIKIANS1 ,TONDRAKIYTS1 ,MESSALIANS & ,BORBORITS1 ON TO MORE REC5T AN>*I/ FRADM5TS ( ,>M5IAN HI/ORY SU* AS ,%AAMIRIAN1 ,NALB&IAN1 ,JHEON1 ,ATABEKIAN & ESPECIALLY ! ,AN>*I/ ORIG9S ( E>LY ,DA%NAKS 7,>,F74 .<,?IS >TICLE C\LD BE ( P>TICUL> 9T]E/ TO ANYONE 9T]E/$ 9 ,>M5IAN HI/ORY AS WELL AS TO ACADEMICS RESE>*+ ON ,AN>*I/ HI/ORY 9 ! REGION ( ,CAUCASUS.> 

0,:O CONTROLS ! PA/ CONTROLS ! FUTURE1 & :O CONTROLS ! PRES5T CONTROLS ! PA/04 -- ,GEORGE ,ORWELL 

,?R\<\T ALL ( ITS HI/ORY SPANN+ OV] MANY C5TURIES ! ,>M5IAN PEOPLE HAVE L$ AN UN9T]RUPT$ /RUGGLE = BO? FRE$OM 7AGA9/ !IR CONQU]OR3 ,P]SIA1 ,>ABIAN CALIPHATE1 ,BYZANTIUM1 ,SELJUK & ,OTTOMAN ,TURKS ETC7 AS WELL AS = SOCIAL JU/ICE 7AGA9/ LOCAL EXPLOIT]S74 

,! GEOPOLITICAL LOCATION DID NOT LEAVE ANY PROSPECTS ( DEVELOP+ /ATEHOOD ON ! T]RITORY ( ,>M5IA4 ,= ?IS REASON ,>M5IAN PEOPLE F\ND !MSELVES 9 A CON/ANT /RUGGLE AGA9/ CONQU]ORS1 (T5 ) !IR [N EF=TS S9CE !Y DID NOT HAVE REGUL> >MIES4 

,LIFE WASN'T ANY LESS DIFFICULT UND] ! EXPLOITATION ( !IR [N K+S1 FEUDALS & CL]GYM54 

,?US1 9 ,I,V-,V C5TURIES FEUDALS 7NAKH>>7 & ! PATRI>*AL ?RONE CONC5TRAT$ 9 !IR H&S VA/ T]RITORIES ( L& 7F]TILE FIELDS & RIV] VALLEYS1 WAT] S\RCES & L& RES\RCES74 ,L>GE MONA/]IES ALSO BECAME [N]S ( VA/ L&S4 ,! ECONOMIC & CIVIC CONDITIONS W]E BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY UNBE>ABLE = ! PEASANTRY4 ,! PEASANTRY WAS GRADUALLY FALL+ 9TO FEUDAL DEP5D5CY3 ! T>IFFS W]E RIS+ :ILE ! MAJORITY ( PEASANTS W]E TI$ TO ! L& & W]E NOT ALL[$ TO LEAVE4 

,9 SU* SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS BREWS A MOVEM5T ( WORK]S AGA9/ ! FEUDALS ( NOBILITY & CL]GY4 ,PEASANT UPRIS+S1 SOMETIMES ADOPT+ ! =M ( H]ETICAL MOVEM5TS1 W]E DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! FEUDAL ORD] & ITS UPHOLD] - ! ,*RI/IAN *UR*4 ,AT ! TIMES ( ITS HUMBLE ORIG9S 9 ! ,I-,I,V C5TURIES ,*RI/IANITY 9 ,>M5IA WAS ! EMBODIM5T ( SOCIAL VALUES & CULTURAL CODES ?AT TODAY APPROXIMATE TO ?OSE ( AN>*O-COMMUNISM3 COMPASSION1 NONVIOL5CE1 %>+1 MUTUAL AID1 COOP]ATIVE MODE ( PRODUCTION1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY & COMMUNAL [N]%IP4 ,UNTIL ! PAN-NATIONAL ADOPTION ( ,*RI/IANITY1 ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS W]E P]SECUT$ & !RE=E =M$ !IR [N ISOLAT$ COMMUNES 7SU* AS ,GE<>D7 9 ! M\NTA9S :]E !Y C\LD NOT BE F\ND4 ,TODAY WE >E V]Y PR\D ( ! FACT ?AT ,>M5IANS W]E ! FIR/ NATION TO ADOPT ,*RI/IANITY AS A /ATE RELIGION 9 #c#a,A,D1 YET R>ELY DO WE QUE/ION ! EFFECTS ( ! /ATE RELIGION EV] S9CE ?OSE ANCI5T TIMES TILL N[4 ,& SO 9 ,V-,X,I C5TURIES WE SEE ! UPRIS+S ( ,BORBORIT & ,MESSALIAN1 ,PAVLIKIAN & ,TONDRAKIYTS MOVEM5TS4 ,?\< DIFF]5T 9 =M & IDEOLOGY1 ALL ( !M C>RI$ A SIMIL> ANTI-FEUDAL *>ACT]4 ,ESPECIALLY POPUL> W]E ! MOVEM5TS ( ,PAVLIKIANS & ,TONDRAKITS4 

,! ,PAVLIKIAN MOVEM5T 7,V,I,I-,I,X C5TURIES1 NAM$ AFT] ONE ( ITS LEAD]S71 LIKE O!R PEASANT MOVEM5TS WAS ( A RELIGI\SLY-H]ETICAL *>ACT]4 ,PAVLIKIANS REJECT$ FEUDAL L&-[N]%IP1 SOCIAL 9EQUALITY1 ! *UR* & ITS RITUALS1 & ! NOTION ( 0AFT]LIFE04 ,9 ESS5CE !Y PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! FEUDAL EXPLOITATION1 & BELIEV$ ?AT ALL PEOPLE %\LD BE EQUAL 9 LIFE AS !Y >E EQUAL AT BIR? & DEA? 7A PR9CIPLE ?AT MU/ HAVE BE5 UNHE>D ( & ABSURD AT ! TIME74 ,!IR RANKS W]E RAPIDLY GR[+ ) WORK]S & LABOR]S FROM T[NS & VILLAGES - ! OPPRESS$ /RATA ( ! SOCIETY4 ,AMONG M5TION$ P>TICIPANTS WE ALSO F9D SOME CL]GYM5 & SMALL L&[N]S4 ,AP>T FROM ,>M5IANS ! ,PAVLIKIAN MOVEM5T 9CLUD$ ,GREEKS1 ,>ABS & ,SYRIANS2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! ,PAVLIKIAN MOVEM5T WAS NOT RE/RICT$ BY NATIONAL B\ND>IES & WAS 9 MANY WAYS A TRULY ,9T]NATIONALI/ 9 ITS *>ACT]4 ,! ,PAVLIKIANS HAD !IR [N PREA*]S :O W\LD TRAVEL FROM ONE REGION TO ANO!R1 ?US DISSEM9AT+ !IR IDEAS4 ,!Y CREAT$ !IR [N COMMUNITIES & F\<T AGA9/ REGUL> >MIES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! MILIT>Y MA*9]Y MANAG$ TO CRU% ?IS MOVEM5T1 ?\< ! ,PAVLIKIAN IDEOLOGY C\LD NOT BE ]ADICAT$4 ,9 ! ,X-? C5TURY ,PAVLIKIANS MOV$ TO ,FRAKIA 7,?RAKI71 :]E !Y CONT9U$ !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,!IR IDEAS W]E !N SPREAD ACROSS ,BALKANS & LAT] ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES :]E !Y F\ND A MORE F]TILE GR\ND4 

,9 ,X-,X,I C5TURIES A NEW WAVE ( PEASANT UPRIS+S IGNITES ACROSS ,>M5IA4 ,ACCORD+ TO A HI/ORIAN-CONTEMPOR>Y1 ,OHANESS ,DRASKHANAK]TSI1 ! PEASANTS ( ,>>AT REGION W]E FI<T+ ) >MS AGA9/ MAJOR FEUDALS & MANORS1 ?US DE/ROY+ !IR CA/LES & PROP]TY4 ,ANO!R PEASANT UPRIS+ />T$ ALSO 9 ,SYUNIK4 ,AFT] ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ,TATEV MONA/]Y 7#i#f,A,D7 ! SURR\ND+ VILLAGES & COMMUNITIES BECAME ! PROP]TY ( MONKS4 ,9 PROTE/ TO ?IS1 ! PEASANTS L$ A CONT9U\S /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CL]GYM51 :I* SOMETIMES TOOK =MS ( AN OP5 9SURRECTION4 ,! MO/ BLOODY ( !SE WAS ! BATTLE 9 ,TSURAB]T4 ,H]E ! PEASANTS ATTACK$ ! MONA/]Y & TOOK BACK ITS L&S & PROP]TIES4 ,SOON1 H[EV]1 ?IS UPRIS+ WAS CRU%$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,TSURAB]T POPULATION ROSE AGA94 ,?IS /RUGGLE CONT9U$ = MANY YE>S UNTIL 9 #ii ,A,D ! K+ ( ,SYUNIK1 ,VASAK1 LEVEL$ ,TSURAB]T TO ! GR\ND & SIL5C$ :ATEV] POPULATION REMA9$4 

,9 ,X-,X,I C5TURIES ANO!R MOVEM5T KN[N AS ,TONDRAKIYTS 7AFT] ! NAME ( ,TONDRAK VILLAGE7 GA9$ A POPUL> SUPPORT4 ,! F\ND] ( ! MOVEM5T WAS ,SMBAT ,Z>EKHAVANTSI - REPORT$LY A WELL $UCAT$ & WISE MAN4 ,TONDRAKIYTS PEOPLE REJECT$ ! NOTIONS ( S\L'S IMMORTALITY1 AFT]LIFE AS WELL AS ! 9/ITUTION ( ! *UR*1 & W]E SUPPORT]S ( AN EGALIT>IAN SELF-DET]M9ATION1 :I* ALSO 9CORPORAT$ ! NOTION ( SOCIAL EQUALITY BETWE5 M5 & WOM54 ,TO REALIZE !IR IDEALS ,TONDRAKIYTS PEOPLE =M$ !IR [N COMMUNES 9 LATE-#i? - E>LY #a? C5TURY1 & TOOK P>T 9 ! UPRIS+S 9 ,>>AT & ,SYUNIK REGIONS4 ,! ,TONDRAKIYTS MOVEM5T HAD MANY SIMIL>ITIES ) ! ,PAVLIKIAN MOVEM5T & 9 ESS5CE WAS ITS CONT9UATION4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE ! ,PAVLIKIAN MOVEM5T WAS PLAC+ ITS EMPHASIS ON ! SOCIAL & NATIONAL LIB]ATION 7FROM ,>AB & ,BYZANTIAN OCCUPATION71 ! ,TONDRAKIYTS MOVEM5T HAD A %>P] AG5DA P]TA9+ TO SOCIAL JU/ICE & CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! HI/ORY TEA*ES US ?AT ! ,>M5IAN WORK+ PEOPLE NEV] SUCCUMB$ NEI!R TO ! EXT]NAL CONQU]ORS1 NOR TO ! 9T]NAL EXPLOIT]S4 ,IT %[S ?AT ! ,>M5IAN PEOPLE HAVE ALWAYS & CONT9U\SLY ASPIR$ TO ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY & NEV] B[$ TO POLITICAL1 E?NICAL OR G5D] HI]>*IES & 9EQUALITIES4 ,!SE IDEAS >E AS OLD AS ! WORLD1 BUT TO ?IS DAY !Y REMA9 PROGRESSIVE & APPLICABLE4 

,9TELLECTUALS1 >TI/S1 ?9K]S & ACTIVI/S HAVE PLAY$ A SUB/ANTIAL ROLE 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,>M5IAN PEOPLE4 ,9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#h? C5TURY ! ,SECOND ,>M5IAN ,5LI<T5M5T />T$ EM]G+ & EVOLV+1 :I* ADOPT$ ANTI-FEUDAL1 DEMOCRATIC1 REVOLUTION>Y & DEEPLY PATRIOTIC IDEOLOGY4 ,ONE ( ! VIVID FIGURES ( ?IS MOVEM5T WAS ,%AAMIR ,%AAMIRIAN4 ,9 HIS FAM\S BOOK 0,! ,TRAP ( ,AMBITION0 HE WROTE ?AT 9DIVIDUALS >E BORN FREE & EQUAL1 & ?AT NO O!R 9DIVIDUAL HAS ! RI<T TO USE VIOL5CE & EX]CISE AU?ORITY OV] HIM4 

0,EV5 AMONG ANIMALS !RE ISN'T ONE C5TRAL FIGURE ?AT W\LD DOM9ATE & CONTROL ! RE/3 !RE=E1 IT IS AN 9SULT TO \R 9TELLIG5CE TO BE OB$I5T TO ONE P]SON :O RETA9S SAME APPE>ANCE & QUALITIES AS US1 ?\< BECOMES \R ALMI<TY RUL]04 

,9 A DECISIVE REJECTION ( MON>*ICAL ORD]1 ,%AAMIRIAN BELIEV$ ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO CREATE 0JHO<OV>UTYUN0 7! RULE BY ! PEOPLE73 ! C\NTRY MU/ BE RUL$ BY A P>LIAM5T - 0,! ,H\SE ( ,>M5IANS0 - :]E ALL CLASSES ( SOCIETY W\LD BE REPRES5T$4 ,! ELECTIONS %\LD BE EQUAL & G5]AL2 A P]SON MU/ BE GU>ANTE$ ) MAXIMUM 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & ! ELITI/ PRIVILEGES MU/ BE ABOLI%$4 ,ALL PO/S1 9CLUD+ ! JUDGES1 MU/ BE ELECT$ - AN IDEA ?AT P>ALLEL$ ?AT ( ,BAKUN94 ,! *UR* MU/ BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,/ATE4 

,ANO!R PROM95T ?9K] & ACTIVI/ LAT] 9 #a#i? C5TURY WAS ,MIKAEL ,NALB&IAN 7#a#h#b#i-#a#h#f#f7 - A POET1 A WRIT] & A PUBLI%]4 ,9 HIS TIME ?IS REVOLUTION>Y OP5LY DECL>$3 

0,FRE$OM60 - ,I EXCLAIM4 

,%\LD ! ?UND] RO> ABOVE MY HEAD 

,NEI!R FIRE1 NOR IRON W\LD SC>E ME1 

,%\LD ! ADV]S>Y FATALLY W\ND ME1 

,%\LD ,I BE ?REAT5$ ) EXECUTION OR HANG+ 

,OR %\LD ,I 5D MY DAYS BE+ %AM$ 

,I W\LD /ILL NOT /OP S++1 EXCLAIM+ 

,& REPEAT+3 0,FRE$OM60 

,NALB&IAN'S PURSUIT WAS TO UNIFY ! SOCIAL & NATIONAL-LIB]ATION /RUGGLE ) ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,TO ?IS 5D HE =G$ CLOSE L9KS ) PROM95T ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES1 SU* AS ,BAKUN91 ,OG>YEV & ,H]TZ51 :O ?\<T QUITE HI<LY ( HIM4 ,AS ,OG>YEV WROTE AB\T HIM1 ',NALB&IAN IS A GOLD5 S\L1 HIS D$ICATION IS UNSELFI%1 HIS D$ICATION IS NAIVE TO EXT5T ( HOL9ESS'4 

,NALB&IAN WAS GREATLY ADMIR$ = HIS EF=TS 9 ! MOVEM5T T[>DS CREAT+ A NATIONAL LIT]ATURE ?AT W\LD REALI/ICALLY REFLECT ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,>M5IAN PEOPLE4 ,9 #ahfa ,NALB&IAN WROTE1 

',WE DELIB]ATELY D$ICAT$ \RSELVES TO DEF5D+ ! RI<TS ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE4 ,WE WILL NOT D$ICATE \R QUILLS & \R SELVES TO ! RI*1 :O FEEL 9V9CIBLE BEH9D PILES ( GOLD1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! P[] IS 9 ! H&S ( TYRANTS4 ,BUT ?AT UN=TUNATE ,>M5IAN1 ?AT D[NTRODD51 PITIABLE1 POOR1 NAK$ & HUNGRY ,>M5IAN1 :O IS OPPRESS$ NOT ONLY BY \TSID]S & B>B>IANS1 BUT ALSO BY HIS [N MA/]S1 HIS [N *UR* & IGNORANT SEMI-$UCAT$ P]SONS444 ?IS ,>M5IAN JU/LY ATTRACTS \R ATT5TION1 & IT IS P>TICUL>LY TO HIM1 )\T ANY D\BT1 ?AT WE D$ICATE ALL \R EF=TS & /R5G?S4 ,DEF5D+ ! M]CILESSLY VIOLAT$ RI<TS ( ?IS ,>M5IAN IS ! TRUE MEAN+ & AIM ( \R EXI/5CE4 ,& TO REA* ?AT AIM WE WILL NOT /OP NEI!R AT PRISON1 NOR AT EXILE1 & WE WILL S]VE ?AT AIM NOT ONLY ) \R QUILLS1 BUT ALSO ) >MS1 IF WE EV] GET ! HONOR ( TAK+ UP >MS 9 ?IS /RUGGLE & BRI<T5 ! *]I%$ IDEAL ( FRE$OM ) \R [N BLOOD444' 

,9 0,A ,REF]5CE ,GUIDE TO ,MOD]N ,>M5IAN ,LIT]ATURE01 ,KEVORK ,B4 ,B>D>KJIAN WRITES1 

,NALB&IAN ATTRACT$ ATT5TION AS AN \TSPOK5 PUBLICI/444 :OSE LIVELY & BOLD /YLE1 AT TIMES CRUDE & >ROGANT1 WAS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY LAC$ ) IRONY 444 ,9 BO? HIS LIT]>Y & J\RNALI/IC PIECES1 ,NALB&IAN EM]GES AS AN UNREL5T+ *AMPION ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY2 A FE>LESS OPPON5T ( DESPOTISM1 IMP]IALISM1 & S]FDOM2 AN 9T]PRET] ( HUMAN LIFE FROM MAT]IALI/IC POSITIONS2 A TIRELESS PROPAG&I/ ( 5LI<T5M5T1 SCI5CE2 & SCI5TIFIC APPROA*2 A BELIEV] 9 AGRICULTURE AS ! KEY TO PROSP]ITY & 9DEP5D5CE2444 

,NALB&IAN />T$ COLLABORAT+ ) ,/EPANOS ,NAZ>YAN 7#a#h#a#b-#a#h#g#i1 A BRI<T 9TELLECTUAL7 9 F\ND+ AN 9FLU5TIAL P]IODICAL1 0,! ,NOR!RN ,LI<TS0 7,HIWSISAPAYL74 ,HE TRAVEL$ WIDELY ?R\<\T ,EUROPEAN CITIES3 ,W>SAW1 ,B]L91 ,P>IS1 ,LONDON & ,CON/ANT9OPLE 7HE ALSO J\REY$ TO ,9DIA71 MEET+ & COLLABORAT+ ) FELL[ AN>*I/S & ACTIVI/S4 ,HIS PASSIONATE ACTIVITIES L$ TO HIS >RE/ & IMPRISONM5T 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG BY ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T 9 #a#h#f#b4 ,HAV+ BE5 ACCUS$ ( 9CIT+ ANTI-,CZ>I/ S5TIM5TS ) ! DI/RIBUTION ( 'PROPAG&I/' LIT]ATURE1 HE WAS EV5TUALLY EXIL$ 79 #a#h#h#e7 TO ,KAMY%51 A REMOTE >EA OV] #e MILES S\!A/ ( ,MOSC[ ON ! WE/ BANK ( ! ,VOLGA 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,S>ATOV4 ,HE DI$ ( TUB]CULOSIS 9 PRISON A YE> LAT]4 

,! ,>,F - ,>M5IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,F$]ATION1 ALSO KN[N AS 0,DA%NAKTSUTYUN0 WAS ! FIR/ POLITICAL P>TY ?AT ,>M5IANS HAD4 ,BUT IT WASN'T JU/ A POLITICAL P>TY AS WE KN[ P>TIES TO BE TODAY4 ,9/EAD1 IT WAS A F$]ATION ( 9TELLECTUAL CIRCLES SPR++ \T ( ! WIDESPREAD AN>*I/ MOVEM5T &1 9ITIALLY1 A G5U9E ATTEMPT TO SY/EMIZE ! POLITICAL LIFE 9 ,>M5IAN COMMUNITIES 9 A WAY ?AT W\LD PUT US ON A CONFID5T PA? TO ,SOCIALISM4 ,TODAY ,DA%NAKS1 ?\< BE+ MEMB]S ( ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 P>ADE !MSELVES UND] ,NATIONALI/ SLOGANS1 YET WE =GET ! TRUE ORIG9S ( ,DA%NAKTSUTYUN4 ,DA%NAKS TODAY W\LD PROBABLY BE NOT SO PR\D ( ! FACT ?AT ! FIR/ ,DASNAKS W]E PR$OM9ANTLY AN>*I/S4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT ,KHRI/APHOR ,MIKAELYAN1 ONE ( ! F\ND]S1 WAS ONCE A SUPPORT] ( ,BAKUN9 & WAS ALWAYS A DEF5D] ( DIRECT ACTION & SELF-GOV]NM5T 7,M9ASSIAN74 ,MIKAELYAN WAS AN ICON ( FRE$OM 9 ,>M5IAN LIT]ATURE = HIS MILITANCY & AU?OR%IP ( ESSAYS4 ,9 ?OSE DAYS !Y M>*$ UND] ! FLAG ?AT READ 0,LIB]TY OR ,DEA?0 & 9DE$ ONE ( ! FIR/ PO9TS ( ! FIR/ V]SION ( ! ,DA%NAK ,MANIFE/O SET \T ! GOALS ( ! F$]ATION TO BE ! 0E/ABLI%M5T ( A FREE AN>*I/ REPUBLIC ON ! T]RITORY ( HI/ORICAL ,>M5IA01 :ILE ! E>LIE/ ISSUES ( 0,DRO%AK0 CONTA9 WORKS BY ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 

,ANO!R PROM95T FIGURE1 :O 9FLU5C$ ,>M5IAN POLITICS AMONG ,DA%NAKS & ,H5D*AKS1 AS WELL AS ! SPREAD ( ,AN>*I/ IDEAS & LIT]ATURE ACROSS ,EUROPE1 WAS ,ALEX&] ,ATABEKIAN4 

,! BEG9N+ ( #b? C5TURY 7#a#i#c-#a#i#e71 :5 ,RUSSIA BECAME ! C5T] ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 WAS M>K$ BY ! PROLIF]ATION ( AN>*O-COMMUNI/ IDEAS 9 ,CAUCASUS1 :I* AT ?AT TIME WAS P>T ( ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE4 ,MAJOR 9DU/RIAL CITIES SU* AS ,KUTAISI1 ,TBILISI & ,BAKU BECAME C5T]S ( ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,SOME ( ! MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS AS WELL AS EXPROPRIATION ( L&S & PROP]TIES W]E P>TICUL>LY SUCCESSFUL4 ,AN>*I/S ( ,CAUCASUS W]E ESPECIALLY ACTIVE 9 !SE OP]ATIONS4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ >M$ PROLET>IAN BRIGADES - 0,R$ ,HUNDR$S01 AGRICULTURAL COMMUNES1 WORK]S SELF-GOV]N$ COLLECTIVES & SO =?1 :ILE V>I\S POLITICAL P>TIES TRI$ TO USE ! MOVEM5T = !IR [N POLITICAL T>GETS & DIRECT IT 9 !IR [N TRAIL4 ,NOVEMB] #aie WAS M>K$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE ( ,ALAV]DIAN WORK]S1 :I* WAS ! L>GE/ 9 ITS TIME 9 ,CAUCASUS4 ,BECAUSE ( GOOD ORGANIZATION1 /UBBORNNESS & DET]M9ATION ! 9T]NATIONAL COLLECTIVE MANAG$ TO =CE ! 5TREPR5EURS TO SATISFY !IR DEM&S4 ,! REVOLUTION ( #aie FUR!R FUEL$ ! UNRE/S FROM ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,>M$ CLA%ES BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! POLICE TOOK PLACE 9 ,BAKU & ,TBILISI4 ,DUR+ ! UNRE/S 9 ,TBILISI ! WORK]S W]E EV5 CONFRONT$ ) REGUL> >MIES >M$ ) MA*9E GUNS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME WE SEE A /RIKE BY ! RAIL WORK]S 9 ,>M5IA4 ,! RAIL NETWORK VIRTUALLY W5T UND] CONTROL ( ! RAIL WORK]S :O />T$ =M+ >M$ BATTALIONS = SELF DEF5SE4 ,SOON ! AU?ORITIES S5T >MIES TO CRU% ! UPRIS+4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 AFT] ! ,DECEMB] REVOLUTION 9 ,MOSC[ WAS CRU%$1 ! MOVEM5T 9 ,CAUCASUS />T$ TO COLLAPSE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 BOYCOTTS & /RIKES CONT9U$ 9 ,>M5IA & ?R\<\T ,CAUCASUS EV5 !REAFT]444 

,?IS MAT]IAL IS PRES5T$ 9 A =M ( COND5S$ HI/ORICAL EXCURSION 9 ORD] TO REM9D ! READ] :O \R ANCE/ORS W]E1 :AT !Y REALLY F\<T = ?R\<\T ,>M5IAN HI/ORY4 ,>M5IANS RESPECT & >E ALWAYS PR\D ( !IR HI/ORY1 ( !IR HI/ORICAL FIGURES1 TO :OM !Y CON/RUCT MEMORIAL /ATUES4 ,BUT >E WE /UDY+ \R [N HI/ORY CORRECTLY8 ,>E WE DRAW+ ! RI<T CONCLUSIONS8 ,>E WE GA9+ ! IMPORTANT LESSON & EXP]I5CE FROM /UDY+ \R HI/ORY8 ,I DON'T ?9K SO4 ,! HI/ORY KEEPS REPEAT+ ITSELF & WE KEEP F9D+ \RSELVES 9 SIMIL> CONDITIONS1 :ILE ! WORK]S KEEP F9D+ !MSELVES 9 ! MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS4 ,IS IT NOT ! TIME WE LOOK BACK 9 A NEW WAY1 & ?US />T LOOK+ =W>D 9 A NEW WAY AS WELL8 

,\R MOVEM5T MI<T BE NEW TO ,>M5IAN POLITICS1 YET \R /RUGGLES >E AS OLD AS ! HI/ORY ( ,>M5IAN PEOPLE ITSELF4 ,= AS LONG AS !RE IS TYRANNY1 OPPRESSION & 9JU/ICE1 ! PEOPLE HAVE RESI/$ & WILL CONT9UE TO RESI/ UNTIL EI!R !Y BECOME ! MA/]S ( !IR [N POLITICAL /RUCTURES1 OR UNTIL ! TOR* ( ,FRE$OM IS P]MAN5TLY EXT+UI%$4 ,! HI/ORY IS NOT ALL C]TA91 BUT GIV5 ! 9T5SITY ( ?IS C5TURIES & MILL5NIA-OLD CLASS /RUGGLE1 !RE CAN BE ONLY #b \TCOMES3 ,SOCIALISM OR ,B>B>ISM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c#a1 #bba 3 ,>M5IAN ,HI/ORY3 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,P]SPECTIVE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,>M5IAN ,HI/ORY3 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,P]SPECTIVE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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