,>T AS A ,WEAPON 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T #a 

  

,! ,C,O,N,C,E,P,T ,( C\NT]-CULTURE IS ESS5TIAL TO ANY UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM AS A MOVEM5T ( TOTAL OPPOSITION TO AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY4 ,NOT SIMPLY BECAUSE AN>*I/S REJECT ! CRUD] =MS ( ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE AN>*I/S WANT TO EXT5D ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE 9TO ALL ?OSE >EAS ( LIFE 9 :I* CAPITAL IS DOM9ANT4 ,BY 0C\NT]-CULTURE0 AN>*I/S DO NOT JU/ MEAN AN 0ALT]NATIVE0 CULTURE1 BUT ONE :I* *ALL5GES & CONFRONTS CAPITALISM & AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 A WAY 9 :I* PURELY POLITICAL & ECONOMIC MOVEM5TS >E UNABLE TO DO4 

,>T IS ONE ( ! MANY CULTURAL =MS 9 :I* IT IS POSSIBLE TO ID5TIFY A DI/9CTLY AN>*I/ APPROA*4 ,! WAY 9 :I* PEOPLE SEE SOCIETY1 ! WAY 9 :I* WE EXPRESS IDEAS & G5]ATE NEW MODES ( EXPRESSION >E ESS5TIAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( CRITICAL OPPOSITION4 ,>T1 ?R\< ITS RE-9T]PRETATION ( REALITY HELPS TO FOCUS ?AT OPPOSITION4 

,MANY PROM95T >TI/S HAVE BE5 CLOSELY 9VOLV$ ) ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 CONTRIBUT+ LEAFLETS1 WRIT+ >TICLES = ! AN>*I/ PRESS1 ILLU/RAT+ PAMPHLETS1 BOOKS & PO/]S & !IR >T HAS BE5 M]ELY ONE ASPECT ( !IR 9VOLVEM5T4 ,MANY AN>*I/S HAVE 7! REV]SE SIDE ( ! CO97 BE5 >TI/S1 9 ! =M ( ILLU/RATIONS1 C>TOONS1 MONTAGES & PO/]S :I* HAVE (T5 BE5 ANONYM\S1 BUT NO LESS A P>T ( AN>*I/ >TI/IC CREATION = ?AT4 ,AN>*I/ CONTRIBUTION TO >T !ORY HAS ALSO BE5 IMPORTANT1 RANG+ FROM ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAL V]SION ( SOCIALLY 9TEGRAT$ >T1 & HIS EXHORTATION ( ! >TI/S3  
  

0,N>RATE = US 9 Y\R VIVID /YLE OR 9 Y\R F]V5T PICTURES ! TITANIC /RUGGLE ( ! MASSES AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSORS2 9FLAME Y\NG HE>TS ) ! BEAUTIFUL BREA? ( REVOLUTION40 7,PET] ,KROPOTK93 ,P>OLES D'UN ,REVOLTE7  
  

TO ,H]B]T ,READ'S DEVELOPM5T ( A !ORY ( >T AS AN AG5T = SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,READ ORIG9ALLY SAW A NE$ = AN >TI/IC ELITE BUT SOON DROPP$ ! IDEA 9 FAVOR ( ! CONCEPT ( 0EV]Y P]SON A SPECIAL K9D ( >TI/01 ELABORAT+ HIS VIEWS 9 ,$UCATION ,?R\< ,>T1 9 :I* EV]YBODY'S >TI/IC ABILITIES %\LD BE MATUR$ TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! RI*NESS ( COLLECTIVE LIFE4 ,ATTACK+ ! REPRESSION EMB$D$ 9 CONTEMPOR>Y $UCATION1 ,READ ADVOCAT$ ?AT >T BE PLAC$ AT ! C5T] ( $UCATION TO PROMOTE CREATIVITY1 9DEP5D5CE & /R5G? ( *>ACT]4 

,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM HAS PROVID$ ONE ( ! CLE>E/ PRACTICAL EXPRESSION ( >T'S SOCIAL POT5TIAL4 ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]1 ACTIVI/ & !ORETICIAN ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 BELIEV$ ?AT >TI/S %\LD DIRECTLY JO9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,TO >T HE GAVE ! TASK ( DE/ROY+ ! MY?S ON :I* CAPITALISM RE/$1 & 9SPIR+ REVOLT 9/EAD ( SUBMISSION3  
  

0,?AT :I*1 BETT] ?AN ALL ! 9/9CTIVE EXPLOSIONS ( WRA?1 CAN LEAD TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS ! AWAK5+ ( ! M9D TO SCORN & PREJUDICES & LAWS & ?IS AWAK5+ >T ALONE CAN ACCOMPLI%40 7,F]N& ,PELL\TI]3,L',>T ET LA ,REVOLTE1 #a#h#i#e7  
  

,PELL\TI] PLAC$ CONSID]ABLE EMPHASIS ON ! CULTURAL ROLE ( ! ,B\RSE DU ,TRAVAIL ?AT WAS ! PIVOTAL ORGANIZATIONAL =M ( ,FR5* AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,9 ,SPA9 ! AN>*I/ 0AT5EO0 PROVID$ A SIMIL> SOCIAL FOCUS = REVOLUTION>Y >T4 ,! AN>*I/ PO/] >TI/ ,C>LES ,FONTS]E HAD DESCRIB$ H[ ! AUTONOMY ( A COLLECTIVELY ORGANIZ$ >TI/ /UDIO L9K$ TO ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T 5ABL$ >TI/S TO RESPOND RAPIDLY & SPONTANE\SLY TO ! MILIT>Y REVOLT :I* TRIGG]$ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 SO ?AT3  
  

0! REVOLUTION ICONOGRAPHY ( ! PO/]S :I* W]E PLA/]$ ) AMAZ+ RAPIDITY OV] ! WALLS ( ! TR\BL$ CITY C\LD BE SE5 BY ALL1 PANICK+ ! B\RGEOIS & REVOLUTION>Y COMBATANT ALIKE1 AS AN UNMI/AKABLE SYMBOL ( A POPUL> DESIRE TO CRU% FASCISM40 7,C>LES ,FONTS]E3 0,CATALAN PO/]S ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>0 9 ,NON ,PAS>AN6 #a#i#h#f7  
  

,FONTS]E GOES ON TO PO9T \T ?AT !SE PO/]S W]E ! 0WORK ( PA9T]S = :OM ! PO/] WAS AN AVANT G>DE >T =M1 ) SOCIAL VALUE AS A MEANS ( MASS COMMUNICATION 9 TUNE ) ! SPIRIT ( ! AGE04 

,CRITICAL ,$GE 

  

,= >T TO RETA9 ITS CRITICAL $GE !RE IS A NE$ TO CONT9UALLY RE-9T]PRET ! WORLD1 9V5T NEW CONCEPTS & WAYS ( SEE+1 & TO *ALL5GE ! EXI/+ B\ND>IES ( E/ABLI%M5T >T4 ,)\T ?IS CAPACITY >T & CULTURE FALL AP>T4 ,A CONT9U+ /RUGGLE EXI/S BETWE5 *ANGE & TRADITION 9 >T1 & IT IS 9 ?IS >EA ?AT NEW IDEAS & VALUES >E G5]AT$4 ,H]E ALSO ! AN>*I/ >TI/S >E USUALLY TO BE F\ND1 !IR SOCIAL RADICALISM & !IR >TI/IC RADICALISM RE9=C+ EA* O!R4 ,>TI/S ID5TIFI$ ) AN>*ISM HAVE USUALLY BE5 9 ! =EFRONT ( REBELLI\S T5D5CIES )9 >T4 ,?IS 9CLUDES >TI/S SU* AS ! ,FR5* AN>*I/1 ,PAUL ,SIGNAC :O WROTE3  
  

0,! AN>*I/ PA9T] IS NOT HE :O DOES AN>*I/ PA9T+S1 BUT HE :O )\T C>+ = MONEY1 )\T DESIRE = RECOMP5SE1 /RUGGLES ) ALL HIS 9DIVIDUALITY AGA9/ B\RGEOIS CONV5TIONS40  
  

,C\RBET1 ! F\ND] ( REALISM1 ,SEURAT & HIS REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( PO9TILLISM1 ,KUPKA1 ! PIONE] ( AB/RACT >T1 ,MUN* :O SYN!SIZ$ SYMBOLISM & EXPRESSIONISM1 ,K&9SKY1 ,CAMILLE ,PISS>RO & EV5 = A P]IOD ,PICASSO1 ,FRANS ,MAS]EEL1 ! ,BELGIUM ,EXPRESSIONI/1 >E JU/ A FEW ( ! MANY >TI/S :O HAVE BE5 9VOLV$ ) ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 & :O HAVE UTILIZ$ AN>*I/ CONCEPTS 9 !IR >T1 !IR REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS 9=M+ & UND]P9N+ !IR >TI/IC RADICALISM4 

,9DE$ SOME WRIT]S SU* AS ,R5ATO ,POGGIOLI HAVE SUGGE/$ A BASIC ID5TITY BETWE5 ! >TI/IC AVANT-G>DE & AN>*ISM3  
  

0,! ONLY OMNIPRES5T OR RECURR+ POLITICAL IDEOLOGY )9 ! AVANT-G>DE IS ! LEA/ POLITICAL OR ! MO/ ANTI-POLITICAL ( ALL3 LIB]T>IANISM & AN>*ISM0 7,R5ATO ,POGGIOLI3 ,! ,!ORY ( ! ,AVANT-,G>DE1 #a#i#f#h7  

,P>T #b 

  

,AL?\< AN>*I/ >TI/S HAVE COME FROM A V>IETY ( C\NTRIES & >TI/IC S*OOLS1 ! AN>*I/ ES!TIC :I* UNITES !M HAS ?REE MAJOR *>ACT]I/ICS1 SUCC9CTLY DESCRIB$ BY ,MI*AEL ,SCRIV5]3  
  

07#a7 AN UNCOMPROMIS+ 9SI/5CE UPON TOTAL FRE$OM = ! >TI/1 & AN AVANT-G>DE CONTEMPT = CONS]VATIVE >T2 7#b7 A CRITIQUE ( ELITI/1 ALI5AT$ >T & A VISION>Y ALT]NATIVE 9 :I* >T BECOMES 9TEGRAT$ ) EV]YDAY LIFE2 7#c7 >T AS SOCIAL *ANGE -- ?AT IS S9CE >T IS AN EXP]I5CE1 IT IS A WAY TO DEF9E & R$EF9E HUMAN NE$S1 ALT]+ SOCIAL-POLITICAL /RUCTURES ACCORD+LY40 7,MI*AEL ,SCRIV5]3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO ,AN>*I/ ,ES!TIC7  
  

,! CATALY/ = ! CONT9U+ ALLIANCE BETWE5 >T & AN>*ISM HAS FREQU5TLY BE5 PROVID$ BY ! AN>*I/ P]IODICALS4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 MAGAZ9ES SU* AS ,LA ,REVOLTE & ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 BO? $IT$ BY ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/ ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 ,P]E ,PE9>D1 AN AN>*I/ WEEKLY WRITT5 5TIRELY 9 SLANG1 & $IT$ BY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,EMILE ,P\GET1 & ,LA ,FEUILLE1 $IT$ BY ! FLAMBOYANT 9DIVIDUAL ,ZO D',AXA1 ALL SUCCE$ 9 ATTRACT+ ! MO/ 9NOVATIVE & CLASS CONSCI\S >TI/S1 9CLUD+ ,MAXIMILI5 ,LUCE1 ,PAUL ,SIGNAC1 ,GR&J\AN1 ,KUPKA & O!RS4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANZ ,PFEMF]T'S ,DIE ,AKTION COMB9$ ! REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( EXPRESSIONI/ >T & LIT]ATURE ) ! REVOLUTION>Y WRIT+S ( ,MUHSAM & ,BAKUN91 & A /RONG ANTI-MILIT>I/ S5TIM5T1 TO PRODUCE ONE ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL & POLITICAL >T MAGAZ9ES ( ! #b? ,C5TURY4 ,AMONG MANY >TI/S :O ILLU/RAT$ ,DIE ,AKTION WAS ,FRANZ ,SEIW>T1 :O PROVID$ GRAPHICS TO ,]T ,M>UT = USE 9 ! CL&E/9E ,ZIEGELBR5N]4 ,M>UT $IT$ ,DIE ,ZIEGELBR5N] :ILE HID+ FROM ! ,FREIEKORPS1 HAV+ N>R[LY ESCAP$ EXECUTION = HIS ROLE 9 ! ,MUNI* ,REPUBLIC ( ,C\NCILS1 #a#i#a#i1 & IS BETT] KN[N = ! MANY NOVELS HE WROTE AS ,B4 ,TRAV54 

,9 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,BAKUN9'S BIOGRAPH] ,>?UR ,MULL] ,LEHN+ $IT$ A SEM9AL ,I-#a ,9T]NAZIONALE ,REVUE1 :I* TREAT$ >T1 SCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY AS KEY FACTORS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ALL POLITICAL 5D ECONOMIC SITUATIONS4 ,9=M$ BY ,LEHN+'S AN>*I/ BACKGR\ND ,I-#a PROVID$ ! >TI/IC AVANT-G>DE ( ! LATE #a#i#b'S ) A VEHICLE = 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ATTRACT+ CONTRIBUTORS SU* AS ,WALT] ,B5JAM91 ,PIET ,MONDRIAN1 ,KA! ,KOLLWITZ1 ,K&9SKY1 ,KURT ,S*WITT]S1 ,EL ,LISSITSKY & ,MALEVI*4 ,O!R MEMB]S ( ! $ITORIAL COLLECTIVE 9CLUD$ ! >*ITECT ,J4,J4,P4 ,\D1 & ! ,HUNG>IAN >TI/ ,LASZLO ,MOHOLY-,NAGY4 ,LEHN+ SUMM>IZ$ ! POLICY ( ! REVIEW3  
  

0,! *>T] & MEAN+ ( ?IS MAGAZ9E >E NOT SET =? BY ANY DOGMA /AT+ :AT A NEW CULTURE %ALL OR WILL BE1 BUT RA!R A ILLU/RATION ( H[ EA* EXPRESSION ( CONTEMPOR>Y LIFE BECOMES AW>E ( ITS [N *OICES0 7,I-#a1 ISSUE NO #a#c1 #a#i#b#h7  

,WORK+ ,ALLIANCE 

  

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ,MALEVI*'S CONT9UALLY CONNECTION ) ! AN>*I/ PRESS1 AS DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HE HAD ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 AB\T HIS >TI/IC !ORIES = ! AN>*I/ PRESS1 UNTIL ! ,BOL%EVIKS CLOS$ D[N ! AN>*I/ PAP]S4 

,9 ,LONDON1 ! AN>*I/ MAGAZ9E ,LIB]TY1 $IT$ BY ! TAILOR1 ,JAMES ,TO*ATTI1 & ITS CONTEMPOR>Y ,! ,TOR*1 $IT$ BY ! Y\NG ,ROSSETTI SI/]1 ,OLIVIA & ,HEL51 BRIEFLY =G$ A WORK+ ALLIANCE ) SOME ( ! MORE SOCIALLY AW>E >TI/S ( ,VICTORIAN ,5GL&4 ,WALT] ,CRANE DESIGN$ ! ,LIB]TY ,PRESS LOGO & CONTRIBUT$ A PO/] DESIGN DEPICT+ ! ,HAYM>KET M>TYRS TO ,LIB]TY4 ,G4,F4 ,WATTS ALSO CONTRIBUT$ ILLU/RATIONS TO ,LIB]TY1 :ILE ! Y\NG ,LUCI5 ,PISS>RO PROVID$ A S]IES ( GRAPHICS TO ! ,TOR*4 

,WALT] ,CRANE'S CONNECTIONS ) ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T >E USUALLY IGNOR$ BY HIS BIOGRAPH]S1 BUT W]E 9 FACT C5TRAL TO HIS CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM4 ,NOT ONLY DID HE CONTRIBUTE TO ,LIB]TY1 BUT ALSO TO ,FRE$OM1 & TO ! AN>*I/ 9FLU5C$ ,COMMONWEAL1 ! NEWSPAP] ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,9 #ahif HE MADE AN UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO HAVE ! AN>*I/ ACCEPT$ BY ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,HAYM>KET 9CID5T1 HE WROTE A POEM ON ! 0,SUPPRESSION ( ,FREE ,SPEE* 9 ,*ICAGO04 ,CRANE WROTE ANO!R POEM 0,FRE$OM 9 ,AM]ICA0 EXPRESS+ HIS DISGU/ AT ! TRAVE/Y ( JU/ICE 9 ! ,HAYM>KET TRIAL1 & ATT5D$ ! PROTE/ ON ,BLOODY ,SUNDAY :I* WAS ATTACK$ BY ! POLICE4 ,HE N>R[LY ESCAP$ 9JURY & >RE/4 ,ON A SUBSEQU5T TRIP TO ,AM]ICA ,CRANE WAS A SPEAK] AT A COMMEMORATION MEET+ 9 HONOR ( ! ,*ICAGO AN>*I/S1 APPE>+ ON ! PLAT=M ) ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK]4 ,ATTACK$ BY ! PRESS = HIS /& HE WROTE 9 HIS [N DEF5SE 9 ! ,BO/ON ,H]ALD3  
  

0,AN>*ISM SIMPLY MEANS A PLEA = A LIFE ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 ( FREE 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T -- ! FRE$OM ONLY B\ND$ BY RESPECT = ! FRE$OM ( O!RS40  
  

,>TI/ICALLY HIS MO/ 9T]E/+ CONTRIBUTION TO ! AN>*I/ CAUSE WAS ! COV] HE PRODUC$ = ! PROSPECTUS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,S*OOL RUN BY ,L\ISE ,MI*EL :ILE %E WAS 9 ,LONDON4 ,! GUID+ COMMITTEE ( ?IS S*OOL 9CLUD$ ,KROPOTK91 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS & ,MALATE/A4 

,MANY ( ! >TI/S :O W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TOOK !IR 9VOLVEM5T WELL PA/ ! PO9T ( CONTRIBUT+ ! OCCASIONAL ILLU/RATION1 (T5 AT CONSID]ABLE P]SONAL RISK4 ,MAXIMILI5 ,LUCE1 = EXAMPLE WAS PLAC$ ON TRIAL = HIS AN>*I/ BELIEFS & ACTIVITY1 9 ! ,TRIAL ( ,?IRTY1 :I* TOOK PLACE 9 #ahid 9 ! WAKE ( SEV]AL BOMB+S BY ,P>ISIAN AN>*I/S4 ,LUCE & MO/ ( ! O!RS W]E ACQUITT$1 BUT ! 9CID5T IS RECORD$ 9 ,MAZAS1 AN ALBUM ( LI?OGRAPHS DEPICT+ LIFE = ! IMPRISON$ AN>*I/S AWAIT+ TRIAL 9 ! 9FAM\S ,MAZAS JAIL4 ,9 ! SAME YE>1 ! ,ITALIAN DIVISIONI/ PA9T] ,PL9O ,NOMELL9I WAS PLAC$ ON TRIAL 9 ,G5OA1 ) SEV]AL O!R ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S 9CLUD+ ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI1 = CONSPIR+ TO OV]?R[ ! /ATE4 

,PRISON 

  

,ANO!R >TI/ ,>I/IDE ,DELANNOY1 WAS IMPRISON$ = HIS AN>*I/ >T4 ,DELANNOY WAS A PROLIFIC CONTRIBUTOR TO AN>*I/ P]IODICALS1 RANG+ FROM ! SATIRICAL ,L',ASSIETTE AU ,BEURRE1 TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX4 ,TOGE!R ) ! J\RNALI/ ,VICTOR ,M]IC1 ,DELANNOY PRODUC$ ! MAGAZ9E CALL$ ,LES ,HOMMES DU ,JOR1 & 9 ! ISSUE ( ,OCTOB] #cRD #a#i#h1 HE PORTRAY$ ,G5]AL D',AMADE1 ! OCCUPI] ( ,MOROCCO1 AS A BLOOD /A9$ BUT*] /&+ AMID HIS COLONIAL VICTIMS4 ,?IS ILLU/RATION CO/ ,DELANNOY A #c1 FRANC F9E & A ONE YE> PRISON S5T5CE4 ,PUBLIC PRESSURE1 9CLUD+ MASS PROTE/ MEET+S ADDRESS$ BY ,ANATOLE ,FRANCE1 EV5TUALLY =C$ A P>DON4 ,ON HIS RELEASE HE WAS SOON 9 TR\BLE ) ! AU?ORITIES AGA91 ?IS TIME = A S]IES ( ANTI-MILIT>I/ DRAW+S1 BUT ! MON?S 9 ,LA ,SANTE PRISON HAD AGGRAVAT$ A H]$IT>Y LUNG CONDITION1 & HE DI$ ON ,APRIL #e?1 #a#i#a#a1 AG$ JU/ #c#g4 

,! BASIS ( 9VOLVEM5T BY >TI/S 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS BE5 SUMM]IZE BY ! ,ITALIAN >TI/ ,5RICO ,BAJ1 9 AN 9T]VIEW ( ,A-,RIVI/A ,AN>*ICA3  
  

0,!RE IS ONE DRIV+ =CE ( AN >TI/ ?AT ALWAYS HAS A BASIS 9 AN>*ISM2 ?AT IS1 ! DESIRE = FRE$OM & ! REBELLION AGA9/ ! DICTATES ( CON=MITY 9 >T4 ,WE CAN SAY ?AT EV]Y >TI/ HAS A C]TA9 DEGREE ( ! AN>*I/ SPIRIT &1 9 ME1 IT IS P]HAPS ! GREAT] BECAUSE ,I HAVE CONSID]$ BY IDEAS DEEPLY & ,I HAVE CULTIVAT$ ?IS S5SATION :I*1 = O!R PA9T]S1 IS ONLY SUP]FICIAL4 ,9 ORD] TO 9V5T ONE MU/ BREAK ! BONDS ?AT B9D US TO PRE-DET]M9$ =MULAS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ IS NOT TO PASSIVELY SUBMIT BUT TO UND]/& :AT IS HAPP5+ >\ND US4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT AN >TI/ MU/ BUILD & SIGNIFY HIS [N FRE$OM40  
  

,BAJ'S ANTI MILIT>I/ COLLAGES HAVE BE5 BO? CONTRIV]SIAL & 9T]NATIONALLY ACCLAIM$1 BUT HE IS BE/ KN[N = ! LONG S]IES ( WORKS >\ND ! !ME ( ! POLICE MURD] ( ,GUISEPPE ,P9ELLI1 ,BAJ'S MAJOR WORK ON ! !ME 0,! ,FUN]AL ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,P9ELLI0 WAS ! SUBJECT ( C5SOR%IP 9 #a#i#g#b4 ,E>LI] WORKS W]E ALSO ! SUBJECT ( C5SOR%IP & RI<T W+ ATTACKS 9 BO? ,ITALY & ,BRAZIL4 ,AMONG ,BAJ'S REC5T WORK WAS ! VIVID DEPICTION ( LIB]TY & AU?ORITY = ! PO/] ADV]TIS+ ! AN>*I/ GA!R+ 9 ,V5ICE 9 #a#i#h#d4 

,ONE TIME M]*ANT SAILOR ,FLAVIO ,CON/ANT9I HAS1 LIKE FELL[ ,ITALIAN ,BAJ1 DEPICT$ ! MURD] ( ,P9ELLI4 ,! />K SIMPLICITY ( ! IMAGE ( ,P9ELLI'S BROK5 BODY CONTRA/+ %>PLY ) ! >TI/S MORE ORNATE & BRI<TLY COLOR$ DEPICTIONS ( O!R SC5ES FROM AN>*I/ HI/ORY4 ,CON/ANT9I'S WORK HAS APPE>$ 9 NUM]\S AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS 9 MANY DIFF]5T C\NTRIES & A SECOND $ITION ( A COLLECTION ( ! ILLU/RATIONS1 ,! ,>T ( ,AN>*Y1 HAS BE5 PUBLI%$ BY ,BLACK ,FLAG TO RAISE FUNDS = ! ,AN>*I/ ,BLACK ,CROSS4 ,9 A %ORT AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL >TICLE PUBLI%$ 9 ! N[ DEFUNCT ,WILDCAT 7NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! CURR5T MAGAZ9E ) ! SAME NAME71 ,CON/ANT9I WRITES ( 0AN ISOLAT$ BUT 9SI/ANT VOICE1 AN ANCI5T ,UTOPIA0 :I* PRES5TS AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM & COMMUNI/ AU?ORIT>IANISM4 0,I HAVE TRI$0 HE WRITES1 0)9 ! SCOPE ( MY [N POSSIBILITIES1 TO PUBLICIZE ?IS UNCOMPROMIS+ ALT]NATIVE04 

,9NOVATIVE 

  

,9 ,FRANCE SEV]AL 9NOVATIVE >TI/S >E ASSOCIAT$ ) ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 9CLUD+ C>TOONI/_/ILLU/RATORS ,CABU & ,T>DI4 ,! EXCIT+ GRAPHIC >TI/ ,LUCIANO ,LOICONO HAS BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION = MANY YE>S CONTRIBUT+ TO MANY ( !IR PUBLICATIONS 9CLUD+ ,LE ,MONDE ,LIB]TAIRE & ,MAGAZ9E ,LIB]TAIRE4 ,LUCIANO'S S+LE MO/ P[]FUL WORK1 WAS A PO/] HE DESIGN$ 9 ! IMM$IATE AFT]MA? ( A POLICE RAID ON ,RADIO ,LIB]TAIRE4 ,! POLICE SMA%$ ! TRANSMISSION EQUIPM5T1 HOP+ TO PUT ! RADIO (F AIR4 ,)9 #bd H\RS MORE ?AT #e1 TOOK TO ! ,P>IS /REETS 9 PROTE/1 MANY ( !M C>RY+ ,LUCIANO'S PO/]S :I* ALSO COV]$ ! ,P>IS WALLS1 DEPICT+ A Y\NG WOMAN ) A PADLOCK ?R\<T H] LIPS1 SYMBOLIZ+ ! BRUTAL D5IAL ( SPEE*4 

,AMONG ! MANY CONTEMPORY >TI/S :O L9K !IR >T ) ! NE$ = REVOLUTION IS ! ,AM]ICAN AVANT-G>DE >TI/ ,C>LOS ,CORTES4 ,CORTES HAS PRODUC$ EXCIT+ PO/]S ( AN>*I/ H]OES LIKE ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON & ,JOE ,HILL1 BUT IS ALSO 9VOLV$ 9 COMMUNITY /RUGGLES ?R\<T ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 & ?R\< ,*ICANO GR\PS4,HIS PO/]S & GRAPHICS >E FLY PO/$ AT NI<T PROTE/+ AB\T POLICE BRUTALITY1 RACISM & SOCIAL 9JU/ICE1 & >TICULATE ! FE> & ANG] ( ! REPRESS$4 

,AS AN>*I/S \R CONC]N CANNOT JU/ BE ) ! PA/ OR ! PRES5T1 BUT MU/ ALSO BE ) ! IMM$IATE FUTURE4 ,SPEAK+ P]SONALLY IT SEEMS ?AT \R C5TRAL CONC]N MU/ BE TO DEMOCRATIZE >TI/IC CREATION4 ,PO/]S1 COMICS1 PO/C>DS1 MAGAZ9E ILLU/RATIONS1 & O!R =MS ( >T HAVE HELP$ TO SPREAD & DEMOCRATIZE ! CONSUMPTION ( >T1 BUT AS A MOVEM5T WE HVE YET TO PUT ,H]B]T ,READ'S IDEA ( 0EV]Y P]SON A SPECIAL K9D ( >TI/0 9TO PRACTICE4 ,WE %\LD ATTEMPT TO ORGANIZE WORK%OPS TO EXPLA9 TE*NIQUES & ME?ODS & E/ABLI% COLLECTIVELY-RUN RES\RCE C5T]S 9 EA* COMMUNITY4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 !SE >E TO AVOID ! DEG5]ATION EXPR]I5C$ BY ! >TS LAB MOVEM5T !Y MU/ HAVE CLOS] L9KS ) ! SOCIAL NE$S ( ! COMMUNITY & ) ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,WE MU/ ALSO BEG9 TO R$EF9E :AT WE MEAN BY ! T]M >TI/1 SO ?AT ! >TI/ CEASES TO BE A P]SON AP>T4,WE ALL NE$ TO DEVELOP ! >TI/'S SKILLS & VISION4 

,P>T #c3 ,W> ,>TI/S ( ! ,CLASS ,W> 

  

,! ROLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y >TI/ IS TO REVEAL ! REAL NATURE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 TO ATTACK ! SY/EM ?AT CAUSES POV]TY1 HUNG] & DEA?2 TO RIP ASIDE ! MASK ?AT CONCEALS SY/EMATIC CORRUPTION1 HE>TLESS BUREAUCRACY & BIAS$ LAWS2 TO REM9D PEOPLE ?AT !Y >E NOT ALONE1 ?AT !IR 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( RESI/ANCE CAN BE MORE EFFECTIVE AS COLLECTIVE ACTION TAK5 ) O!R PEOPLE4 

,ONE SU* >TI/ IS #fi YE>-OLD ,C>LOS ,CORTEZ4 ,HIS L9O-CUT PO/]S ATTACK ! EVILS & HYPOCRISY ( CAPITALISM4 ,!Y >E FLY-PO/$ >\ND ! ,*ICAGO /REETS AT NI<T & PROVIDE ILLU/RATIONS TO ACCOMPANY >TICLES 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PRESS4 ,TAK+ ! H]OES ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM & ! QUIET DAILY H]OISM ( ! OPPRESS$ AS HIS !MES1 HIS >T IS POPUL> & POPULI/4 

,! SON ( A ,MEXICAN ,9DIAN1 :O WAS AN ORGANIZ] = ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7! ,I4,W4,W4 ALSO KN[N AS 0WOBBLIES071 & A ,G]MAN SOCIALI/ MO!R1 ,CORTEZ HAS BE5 A 0H>VE/ H&1 CON/RUCTION WORK]1 LOAF]1 JAILBIRD444 VAGABOND FACTORY /IFF04 ,HE JO9$ ! ,I4,W4,W4 AFT] ,WORLD ,W> #b & HIS >TICLES1 POEMS & ILLU/RATIONS HAVE APPE>$ 9 ITS PAP]1 ',9DU/RIAL ,WORK]' EV] S9CE4 

',LA ,LU*A ,CONT9UA' 

  

,CORTEZ DRAWS ON HIS ,MEXICAN ,9DIAN ORIG9S & HIS 9VOLVEM5T ) ! WOBBLIES = HIS VISUAL IMAGES4 ,TYPICALLY !SE IDEAS CAME TOGE!R 9 A WOODCUT 5TITL$ ',LA LU*A CONT9UA' 7'! /RUGGLE CONT9UES'74 ,BAS$ ON PHOTOGRAPHS ( A PEASANT DEMON/RATION 9 ,BOLIVIA1 ,C>LOS ADD$ TWO SKELETONS & A PREGNANT WOMAN1 9DICAT+ ?AT ! /RUGGLE IS SOME?+ ?AT TAKES 9 ! PA/1 PRES5T & FUTURE4 

,ONE /RIK+ WOODBLOCK PO/] DEPICTS A ,MEZTIZO FAMILY1 /&+ 9 FRONT ( A PYRAMID AT ! SIDE ( A /ALK ( MAIZE1 ) ! WORD+ 0,SOMOS DE LA ,TI]RA -- ,NO SOMOS ILLEGALES0 70WE >E ( ! L& -- WE >E NOT ILLEGAL074 ,PRODUC$ TO PROTECT AGA9/ ! H>ASSM5T ( UNDOCUM5T$ IMMIGRANTS FROM ,MEXICO BY ! ,U4,S4 IMMIGRATION AU?ORITIES4 

0,IMAG9E ?OSE :OSE ANCE/ORS CAME FROM ANO!R CONT95T TELL+ ! NATIVES ( ?IS CONT95T ?AT !Y DO NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO MOVE >\ND 9 !IR [N L&4 ,MIGRAT+ TO BETT] !IR ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IS PRECISELY :AT BR\<T ! ,EUROPEANS OV] TO ?IS HEMISPH]E01 ,C>LOS EXPLA9S4 ,A SIMIL> PO9T WAS MADE ON A SMALL C>D ADV]TIS+ AN EXHIBITION CELEBRAT+ 0#e YE>S ( ,RESI/ANCE0 :I* PORTRAYS A GR\P ( ,AM]ICAN ,9DIANS LAU<+ AT A PORTRAIT ( ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS4 

,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA 

  

,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM 9 ,C5TRAL & ,S\? ,AM]ICA HAS BE5 A FAVORITE T>GET = ,CORTEZ4 ,ONE PO/] DEPICTS A NURS+ MO!R & *ILD1 HOLD+ ! SLOGAN3 0,MIRUCOMO TRABAJAN TUO IMPUE/OS1 ,C,A,B,R,O,N60 70LOOK H[ Y\R TAXES WORK1 CUCKOLD074 ,BEH9D ! MO!R & *ILD T[] SKELETONS 9 HELMETS M>K$ 0,POLICIA04 ,?IS PO/] WAS DESIGN$ TO DRAW ATT5TION TO ! WAY ! TAXES ( ,U4,S4 WORK]S >E US$ AGA9/ WORK]S 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 9 ,GUATEMALA1 ,EL ,SALVADOR & ,NIC>AGUA4 ,A SMALL] PO/] DEPICTS P>5TS GRIEV+ OV] A FLAG-DRAP$ C(F9 & LI/S ! NUMB] ( ,U4,S4 SOLDI]S KILL$ 9 W>S ( 9T]V5TION4 ,PR9T$ D[N ! SIDE IS ! SLOGAN3 0,DRAFTEES ( ! WORLD1 UNITE4 ,Y\ HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE BUT Y\R ,G5]ALS60 

,ONE WOODCUT HAS BE5 BAS$ ON ! COLLECTIVE EXP]I5CE ( ,GUATEMALAN WOM5 :OSE HUSB&S HAD 'DISAPPE>$'1 AFT] BE+ TAK5 FROM !IR H\SES BY >M$ GANGS4 ,CORTEZ GA!R$ !IR /ORIES TOGE!R1 & SYN!SIZ$ IT 9TO ! DEPICTION ( A FAMILY H\SE 9VAD$ BY A DEA? SQUAD1 A MASK$ 9=M] PO9TS ! WOMAN'S HUSB& \T TO ! KILL]S4 

,LIV+ 9 ,*ICAGO1 ,C>LOS IS ACTIVE ) ! ,MOVIM5TO ,>TI/ICO ,*ICANO 7,M,>,*74 ,ONE PO/] PR9T$ = ,M,>,* IS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY ,MEXICAN 5GRAV] ,JOSE ,GUADALUPE ,POSADA1 EMBRAC$ BY ONE ( ! CALAV]AS 7ANIMAT$ SKELETONS7 = :I* HE WAS FAM\S4 ,MEXICAN >TI/IC 9FLU5CES %APE ,CORTEZ'S WORK & ! /RIK+ BLACK & :ITE IMAGES RECALL ?OSE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,MEXICAN >TI/S GR\P$ >\ND ! PAP] ,EL ,MA*ETE4 

,RESI/ANCE & ,COMMUNITY 

  

,! DEPICTION ( ,POSADA IS ONE ( MANY PORTRAIT PO/]S1 :I* 9CLUDE ! LEG5D>Y SONG-WRIT] & WOBBLY AGITATOR ,JOE ,HILL1 ! ,MEXICAN AN>*I/-COMMUNI/1 ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON1 & ,LUCY ,P>SONS1 A =M] SLAVE1 :O D$ICAT$ H] :OLE LIFE TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,9 ALL !SE PORTRAITS ,CORTEZ COMB9ES IMAGE & TEXT1 & ! SUBJECT GAZES \T ) A DIRECT HONE/Y :I* CONFRONTS ! VIEW]4 

,9 ,BRITA9 ! >TI/ MO/ CLOSELY ID5TIFI$ ) AN>*ISM IS ,CLIF=D ,H>P]4 ,AN ILLU/RATOR :OSE WORK FREQU5TLY APPE>S 9 ! NATIONAL PRESS1 ,H>P]'S GRAPHICS HAVE CELEBRAT$ RESI/ANCE & COMMUNITY1 PROVID+ A CRITIQUE ( ALL ?AT IS WRONG ) CAPITALISM1 ATTACK+ ALL =MS ( AU?ORIT>IANISM & PROJECT+ A UTOPIAN VISION ( POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVES4 ,BORN 9TO A WE/ ,LONDON WORK+-CLASS FAMILY1 HIS S*OOLBOY REBELLI\SNESS -- TRUANCY1 EXPULSION & PETTY CRIME -- GREW 9TO 9VOLVEM5T ) ! SIXTIES C\NT]-CULTURE & 9CREAS+ POLITICAL AW>5ESS4 ,?IS 9CLUD$ A P]IOD ( LIV+ 9 A COMMUNE :I* PROVID$ GLIMPSES ( LIFE'S POT5TIAL -- A POT5TIAL DESCRIB$ 9 ONE ( HIS FIR/ MAJOR WORKS ',CLASS ,W> ,COMIX' & A FREQU5TLY REPR9T$ S]IES ( ILLU/RATIONS COMMISSION$ = ',RADICAL ,TE*NOLOGY'1 :I* PRES5T$ UTOPIAN IDEAS 9 A PRACTICAL E>LY OBTA9ABLE MANN] -- T]RAC$ H\SES ) COLLECTIVIZ$ G>D5S1 COMMUNITY WORK%OPS & M$ICAL C5T]S 9 :I* ! SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR HAD BE5 TRANS=M$4 ,!SE VISIONS W]E CONTRA/$ ) ! REALITY ( CAPITALISM PORTRAY$ 9 ,PATRI>* ,/REET ,SC5E4 

,/IRR+ ,DEPICTION 

  

,! IDEA ?AT AN>*ISM IS REALI/IC1 IS ATTA9ABLE1 ?AT ITS MANY /R&S MAKE A VIBRANT ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM WAS RE9=C$ BY ! COV] ( A #aigf CATALOG = ,COMP5DIUM ,BOOK%OP1 :I* FEATUR$ PICTURES ( W9DMILLS1 WAT]FALLS WORK+ & DEMON/RAT+ WOM5 ALONGSIDE SOME ( ! HI/ORICAL FIGURES ( AN>*ISM4 

,IT IS ALSO ! !ME :I* RUNS ?R\< ',AN>*Y2 A ,GRAPHIC ,GUIDE'1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#h#g4 ,?IS WAS WRITT5 & ILLU/RAT$ BY ,H>P]1 & PROVIDES ONE ( ! BE/ 9TRODUCTIONS TO ! IDEAS ( AN>*ISM4 ,ALL ! V>IANTS ( AN>*ISM >E EXPLOR$1 & REPRES5T$ AS VALID ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM4 ,! ILLU/RATIONS DRAW ON ! V>I\S /YLES & >TI/S CONNECT$ ) AN>*ISM 9 ! PA/1 ,F>NS ,MAS]EEL BE+ ONE OBVI\S EXAMPLE4 ,HE ALSO USES ! TRADITIONAL ICONOGRAPHY ( AN>*ISM3 ,LI<T1 *A9S1 HAMM]S1 PRISON B>S1 FLAGS1 CR[DS & B>RICADES ALL RE9=CE ! IDEAS EXPLA9$ 9 ! TEXT4 ,9 *APT] #d AN EXPLANATION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE IS ACCOMPANI$ BY A /IRR+ DEPICTION ( WOM5 9 ASS]TIVE & REVOLUTION>Y ROLES4 

,MU* ( ,H>P]'S GRAPHIC WORK CELEBRATES RESI/ANCE4 ,ON ( HIS MO/ EFFECTIVE WORKS WAS ! BLACK & :ITE C>TOON-/RIP TRIBUTE TO ,JIM ,HEA!R-,HAYES1 ! Y\NG AN>*I/ POET :O COMMITT$ SUICIDE 9 ,A%=D PRISON AFT] S]V+ F\R MON?S 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T = FIRE-BOMB+ A ,LONDON POLICE /ATION 9 #a#i#h#b4 ,! C>TOON-/RIP IS A =MAT HE FREQU5TLY USES1 SOMETIMES TO ILLU/RATE POEMS1 SU* AS ,SEIGFRI$ ,SASSOON'S ANTI-W> POEM ',FI<T TO A ,F9I%'1 9 :I* ! RETURN+ SOLDI]S TURN ON ! PRESS BE=E DRIV+ ! 0BUT*]S \T ( ,P>LIAM5T04 

,REBELLI\S ,SPIRIT 

  

,H>P]'S REC5T WORK 9CLUDES ! ILLU/RATION & DESIGN ( ',VISIONS ( ,POETRY' AN AN?OLOGY ( #b? C5TURY AN>*I/ POETRY1 :I* HE ALSO HELP$ $IT4 ,?IS & A SLIMM] VOLUME PUBLI%$ AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ',PROLEGOM5A TO A /UDY ( ! ,RETURN ( ! ,REPRESS$ 9 ,HI/ORY' >E SKILLFULLY DESIGN$ & CRAFT$1 ) TEXT & ILLU/RATION WORK+ TOGE!R 9 H>MONY4 ,! ILLU/RATIONS ( ! ',PROLEGOM5A' /& 9 ! $GE ( AB/RACTION1 YET PROVIDE ! P]FECT FOIL = ! BITT] D5UNCIATIONS ( AU?ORITY F\ND 9 ! TEXT4 

,9 />K CONTRA/ TO ?IS MOVE T[>DS ! SEMI-AB/RACT >E HIS S]IES ( PICTURE-C>D PORTRAITS ( #cf AN>*I/S1 M5 & WOM5 :O HAVE DREAM$ ( A DIFF]5T WAY ( LIFE1 9CLUD+ ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA1 ! ,*9ESE WRIT] ,BA ,J9 & ,JOHN ,CAGE1 ! MUSICIAN4 ,H>P]'S WORK HAS BE5 DIV]SE1 & HE HAS ILLU/RAT$ BOOK JACKETS1 ,L,P COV]S1 MAGAZ9E >TICLES1 BUT HIS BE/ WORK HAS (T5 BE5 ?AT :I* HAS RELAT$ TO A P>TICUL> /RUGGLE1 SU* AS ! POLL-TAX REBELLION4 ,HIS IMAGE ( ANGRY PEASANTS CAPTUR$ ! REBELLI\S SPIRIT ( ! MASS ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE1 & L9K$ IT TO SIMIL> REVOLTS ( ! PA/4 ,LITTLE WOND] ?AT HIS P>TICUL> IMAGE WAS REPR9T$ AGA9 & AGA94 ,CORTEZ & ,H>P] LIVE ON SEP>ATE CONT95TS1 YET BO? >E UNIT$ 9 !IR OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM BY A DET]M9ATION TO DOCUM5T ! CLASS W> AS IT HAPP5S -- 9 DO+ SO !Y HAVE CREAT$ >T ) GREAT] MEAN+1 RELEVANCE & 5GAGEM5T ?AN ALL ! >ID PORTRAITS & L&SCAPES ?AT FILL ! GALL]Y WALLS4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON ,MAY #a#c1 #bac FROM WEB4>*IVE4ORG & WEB4>*IVE4ORG & WEB4>*IVE4ORG47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,>T AS A ,WEAPON -- ,ADD$4 

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