,>T3 ,PLAY & ITS ,P]V]SIONS 

#aidg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,HOLLEY ,CANT9E 

,TEXT 3 

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,NE>LY ALL ( ! HI<] ANIMALS1 ESPECIALLY :5 !Y >E Y\NG1 PREF] TO OCCUPY !MSELVES A GOOD P>T ( ! TIME ) ACTIVITY ?AT HAS NO DIRECT PRACTICAL VALUE4 ,9 ALL SAVE MAN1 ?IS ACTIVITY IS ( A PURELY PHYSICAL NATURE -- JUMP+1 RAC+1 FRISK+ AB\T1 OR PRET5D+ TO FI<T ) ONE ANO!R4 ,MAN1 AS A RESULT ( HIS MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ 9TELLECT1 & ! ACCUMULAT$ CULTURE PRODUC$ BY IT1 HAS BUILT UP A COMPLEX RANGE ( PLAY4 ,9 SOME ( ITS =MS1 HUMAN PLAY RESEMBLES ?AT ( ! O!R ANIMALS TO A L>GE EXT5T1 BUT O!R =MS HAVE BECOME SO REF9$ & ALT]$ ?AT IT IS FREQU5TLY DIFFICULT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT !Y BELONG 9 ! SAME CATEGORY4 

,PROBABLY ! MO/ WIDELY MISUND]/OOD ( ! =MS ( HUMAN PLAY >E ?OSE FIELDS ( ACTIVITY :I* >E CLASSIFI$ AS ! F9E >TS -- MUSIC1 POETRY1 PA9T+ & SO =?4 ,SO MU* HAS BE5 WRITT5 ATTEMPT+ TO PROVE ?AT >T POSSESSES SOME 'HI<]' OR AT LEA/ FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE1 ?AT IT IS ONLY BY OBS]V+ ! BEHAVIOR ( SMALL *ILDR51 :O HAVE NOT YET BECOME FULLY CONSCI\S ( !IR SOCIAL ROLE1 & :O SPONTANE\SLY ALT]NATE S++1 DANC+ & PLA/IC >T ) ! PLAYFUL ACTIONS ( O!R SPECIES1 ?AT ONE CAN SEE IT 9 ITS PROP] P]SPECTIVE4 

,IT IS G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT PLAY IS NATURAL & NECESS>Y = SMALL *ILDR51 BUT IT IS WIDELY HELD ?AT IT IS SOMEH[ 9APPROPRIATE & B5EA? ! DIGNITY ( ADULTS4 ,9 MANY SOCIETIES1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ?AT >E BAS$ ON CLASS OR /ATUS /RATIFICATION1 ADULT PLAY IS ACTIVELY DISC\RAG$4 ,AT A C]TA9 AGE1 :I* V>IES SOME:AT DEP5D+ ON CULTURE1 CLASS & HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 BUT :I* R\<LY CO9CIDES ) PUB]TY1 ! 9DIVIDUAL'S DESIRE = PLAY IS RA!R ABRUPTLY SUBJECT$ TO A CONC]T$ CAMPAIGN ( RIDICULE & REPRESSION4 ,HE IS N[ NO LONG] A *ILD & %\LD CEASE TO BEHAVE LIKE ONE4 ,! TIME HAS COME :5 HE MU/ ASSUME ! RESPONSIBILITIES & DIGNITY ( ADULT /ATUS4 

,IT IS ! PURPOSE ( ?IS >TICLE TO ATTEMPT TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! REPRESSION ( ! PLAY IMPULSE 9 ADULTS IS AN >BITR>Y & L>GELY H>MFUL PROCESS1 :I* RESULTS FROM ! COMPULSIONS IMPOS$ BY CLASS /RATIFICATION4 ,! PLAY IMPULSE %\LD BE RECOGNIZ$ AS AN IMPORTANT P>T ( MAN'S FUNDAM5TAL NATURE1 & PROVID$ ) ADEQUATE \TLETS1 FREE FROM GUILT & %AME4 ,MOREOV]1 ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 *ILDHOOD & MATURITY IS NOT IMPOS$ BY NATURE AS A %>P BREAK4 ,! PROCESS ( HUMAN MATURATION IS NATURALLY SMOO? & GRADUAL1 & ! NATURALLY MATUR$ 9DIVIDUAL DIFF]S FROM A *ILD ONLY 9 ! EXT5T ( HIS KN[L$GE1 ! SUBTLETY ( HIS P]CEPTIONS1 & HIS GREAT] PHYSICAL /R5G?1 COORD9ATION & PATI5CE4 

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,9 MO/ SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE DEVELOP$ BEYOND ! LEVEL ( SIMPLE HUNT+ OR AGRICULTURE1 !RE EXI/S A DIFF]5TIATION ( ! /ATUS ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 T]MS ( SOCIAL P[]1 PRE/IGE1 & CONSEQU5TLY1 9 MANY 9/ANCES1 ( ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE4 ,! CONCEPT ( /ATUS DIFF]5TIATION CAN >ISE 9 A SOCIETY 9 A NUMB] ( WAYS3 FROM RELIGION1 AS 9 ,POLYNESIA & C]TA9 ,AFRICAN K+DOMS2 AS A RESULT ( ! CONQUE/ & SUBJUGATION ( ONE GR\P BY ANO!R2 OR SIMPLY FROM ! GR[? ( DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 DIFF]5T OCCUPATIONAL GR\PS )9 A SOCIETY4 ,EV5 )9 A SIMPLE EQUALIT>IAN SOCIETY1 LIKE ! ,&AMAN ,ISL&]S OR ! ,PLA9S ,9DIANS1 /ATUS DIFF]5TIATION1 ON ! BASIS ( AGE & A*IEVEM5T MAY OCCUR4 ,ONCE A SY/EM ( /ATUS HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$1 9 :ATEV] MANN]1 IT DEVELOPS A LIFE ( ITS [N1 & P]SI/S ) EXTRAORD9>Y T5ACITY FROM ONE G5]ATION TO ! NEXT4 

,! ASCRIPTION ( HI<] /ATUS TO ADULTS ?AN TO *ILDR5 POSSESSES A C]TA9 ELEM5T>Y LOGIC ESPECIALLY )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( PRIMITIVE ECONOMICS1 :]E SUCCESS 9 ! QUE/ = FOOD DEP5DS ON A FAIRLY HI< DEGREE ( COORD9ATION & EXP]I5CE4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 ?IS NATURAL BASIS = DIFF]5TIATION T5DS TO PRODUCE UN=TUNATE PSY*OLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,IT GIVES RISE TO A CONT9UAL PRESSURE ON ! Y\NG] MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY TO GR[ \T ( !IR 9F]IOR /ATUS AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE & TO REG>D EV]Y?+ ASSOCIAT$ ) ?AT /ATUS AS CONTEMPTIBLE & UNWOR?Y4 ,:]E ! RISE 9 /ATUS IS DIRECTLY L9K$ ) PHYSICAL MATURATION1 & ! A*IEVEM5T ( HI<] /ATUS IS VIRTUALLY AUTOMATIC ONCE ONE REA*ES A C]TA9 LEVEL ( PHYSICAL PR[ESS1 ?IS EMPHASIS IS NOT 5TIRELY H>MFUL1 AL?\< ! EMPHASIS ON /ATUS A*IEVEM5T FREQU5TLY T5DS TO SPE$ UP ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL MATURATION UNTIL IT IS \T ( H>MONY ) ITS PHYSICAL BASIS1 & RU% ! 9DIVIDUAL 9TO ADULT /ATUS BE=E HE IS REALLY READY = IT -- ?US GIV+ RISE TO UNNECESS>Y ANXIETIES & T5SIONS4 ,BUT :5 ADVANCEM5T 9 /ATUS IS NOT DIRECTLY A CONSEQU5CE ( MATURATION1 & :]E1 AS 9 MO/ CLASS SOCIETIES1 ! A*IEVEM5T ( ADULT /ATUS DOES NOT PRES5T ! 9DIVIDUAL ) A WID] RANGE ( POSSIBLE ACTIVITY1 BUT ! REV]SE1 ITS PSY*OLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES1 >E ?OR\<LY DEPLORABLE4 

,= ! L[] LEVELS ( /ATUS 9 A CLASS SOCIETY1 ! AM\NT ( ADVANCEM5T POSSIBLE IS USUALLY V]Y LITTLE -- PRACTICALLY SPEAK+1 ! ONLY C]TA9 WAY ! UNPRIVILEG$ 9DIVIDUAL CAN ADVANCE HIMSELF 9 /ATUS IS BY GR[+ UP4 ,9 A CLASS SOCIETY1 ADVANCEM5T 9 /ATUS IS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY ONE ( ! MAJOR PREOCCUPATIONS ( ! PEOPLE1 SO ! PRESSURE ON *ILDR51 BO? 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL1 TO REL9QUI% !IR '9F]IOR' *ILDLIKE WAYS & BECOME ADULTS IS 5ORM\S1 EV5 :5 !RE IS NO IMM$IATE ECONOMIC NE$ = IT4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 H[EV]1 ADULT /ATUS 9 A CLASS SOCIETY P]MITS GREAT] SCOPE = ! 9DIVIDUAL'S POT5TIALITIES ONLY 9 ! REALM ( SEXUAL ADV5TURES4 ,9 VIRTUALLY EV]Y O!R RESPECT1 HE IS MU* MORE CIRCUMSCRIB$ ?AN HE WAS AS A *ILD1 BO? BY ! PRESSURE ( ECONOMIC NECESSITY & ?AT ( SOCIAL TABOOS4 ,ESPECIALLY ON ! L[] LEVELS ( /ATUS1 ADUL?OOD IS DEF9$ 9 L>GELY NEGATIVE T]MS -- ! ?+S ONE CAN NO LONG] DO )\T LOS+ FACE >E MANY1 :ILE ! NUMB] ( ?+S HE CAN N[ DO ?AT HE WAS PREV5T$ FROM DO+ AS A *ILD IS FAIRLY NEGLIGIBLE4 ,HE IS FREE TO TAKE A JOB -- 9 FACT COMPELL$ TO -- BUT ! POSSIBILITY ( EX]CIS+ HIS FACULTIES 9 HIS WORK IS 9F9ITESIMAL 9 COMP>ISON ) ! CREATIVE \TLETS ?AT EV5 A SLUM-*ILD POSSESSES1 & HE IS /RONGLY DISC\RAG$ FROM DO+ ANY?+ CREATIVE :5 HE IS NOT WORK+1 BY ! FE> ( BE+ CONSID]$ *ILDI%4 

,! L[] ONE GOES 9 ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y1 ! E>LI] ! AGE ( SOCIAL MATURITY MANIFE/S ITSELF4 ,ON ! BOTTOM1 :]E ! ,O,N,L,Y SOCIAL ADVANCE IS FROM *ILDHOOD TO 'MATURITY'1 BOYS 9 !IR E>LY TE5S >E ALREADY SCORNFUL ( *ILDI%NESS & >BITR>ILY LIMIT !IR PLAY TO SU* 'ADULT' PA/IMES AS SMOK+1 DR9K+1 GAMBL+ & =NICAT+4 

,9 ! HI<] LEVELS ( ! HI]>*Y1 ! PRESSURE ON *ILDR5 TO GR[ UP IS SOME:AT LESS 9T5SE4 ,*ILDHOOD LA/S SOME:AT LONG]1 & ! TRANSITION IS MORE GRADUAL1 BUT ! PROCESS IS NOT REM>KABLY DIFF]5T & ! 5D-RESULT IS ALMO/ AS LIMIT$ & CIRCUMSCRIB$4 

,! DESIRE = PLAY IS CONSID]ABLY /RONG] ?AN ANY EF=TS ?AT CAN BE MADE TO DE/ROY IT BY SOCIAL PRESSURE1 BUT :5 IT IS PREV5T$ FROM MANIFE/+ ITSELF NATURALLY & SPONTANE\SLY IT T5DS TO BECOME FURTIVE & TWI/$4 ,ADULT PLAY1 9 A CLASS SOCIETY1 EXCEPT = ! FEW FIELDS :I* >E D5I$ TO *ILDR5 -- *IEFLY SEX & ! 9DULG5CE 9 /RONG DR9K -- MU/ DISGUISE ITSELF AS USEFUL WORK 9 ORD] TO BE SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE4 ,9 MO/ PRE-CAPITALI/ CLASS SOCIETIES1 ! >TS >E ID5TIFI$ ) RELIGION2 DANC+1 ! PLA/IC >T1 MUSIC & POETRY ALL T5D TO BECOME 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! RELIGI\S RITUALS ( ! SOCIETY1 & ?US BECOME WOR?Y OCCUPATION = ADULTS4 

,9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 S9CE RELIGION HAS DECL9$ 9 IMPORTANCE1 O!R JU/IFICATIONS MU/ BE F\ND4 ,= ! MAJORITY ( ADULTS1 VIRTUALLY ! ONLY SOCIALLY SANCTION$ =M ( PLAY IS ATT5D+ SPECTACLES4 ,!SE >E USUALLY DISGUIS$ AS BUS9ESS TRANSACTIONS BY *>G+ ADMISSION2 ! P]=M]S1 S9CE !Y >E PAID = PRACTIC+ !IR >T1 >E1 ACCORD+ TO ! PECULI> LOGIC ( CAPITALISM1 WORK]S1 & !RE=E RESPONSIBLE MEMB]S ( SOCIETY -- BASEBALL PLAY]S1 B& LEAD]S & MUSICIANS1 MOVIE ACTORS >E ALL WORK]S4 ,C>D-PLAY+1 :I* IS ONE ( ! FEW O!R K9DS ( PLAY ?AT A 'RESPONSIBLE' ADULT MAY 9DULGE 91 MU/ ALSO BE DONE = MONEY1 ?US CONVEY+ ! ILLUSION ?AT IT IS A =M ( BUS9ESS 5T]PRISE4 

,UND] CAPITALISM1 WORK IS BROADLY DEF9$ AS ANY ACTIVITY ?AT CAN COMM& A PRICE ON ! M>KET4 ,IT CAN BE NO MORE ?AN TIME SP5T SITT+ >\ND & DO+ NO?+ AT ALL -- NOT EV5 WAT*+ OR WAIT+ = SOME?+ TO HAPP5 ?AT REQUIRES ATT5TION4 ,?US1 DUR+ ! LATE W> IT WAS A NOT UNCOMMON PRACTICE = FACTORIES WORK+ ON GOV]NM5T CONTRACTS TO HIRE MORE M5 ?AN !Y C\LD USE & PAY ! EXTRA ONES WAGES )\T GIV+ !M ANY?+ TO DO1 S9CE !Y W]E PAID = !IR S]VICES TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 PROPORTION TO ! NUMB] ( M5 !Y EMPLOY$4 ,!SE M51 AL?\< CONSPICU\SLY IDLE1 W]E CONSID]$ WORK]S4 ,!Y HAD TO REPORT = 'WORK' EV]Y DAY & REMA9 ON ! PREMISES UNTIL QUITT+ TIME1 JU/ AS IF !RE WAS SOME?+ = !M TO DO4 ,?IS IS A RA!R EXTREME EXAMPLE1 BUT ! SAME BASIC IDEA IS PRES5T 9 ALL JOBS UND] CAPITALISM4 ,! ACTIVITY CAN BE 5TIRELY MEAN+LESS1 BUT IT IS WORK IF IT IS PAID =4 

,UND] CAPITALISM1 !RE=E1 >T IS CONSID]$ WORK :5 IT IS SALABLE1 EI!R AS A COMMODITY -- A PA9T+1 = 9/ANCE -- OR AS A SKILL4 ,AN >TI/ :O CANNOT SELL HIS >T IS NOT CONSID]$ A FULL ADULT1 UNLESS1 AS SOMETIMES HAPP5S1 HE IS RETROACTIVELY CONV]T$ 9TO A WORK] BY F9D+ A M>KET = HIS HI!RTO WOR?LESS PRODUCTS4 ,?IS PH5OM5ON IS FREQU5TLY TO BE OBS]V$ 9 ! FATE ( ! PA9T+S ( A SO-CALL$ PRIMITIVE PA9T]1 :O PA9TS AS A HOBBY1 ) NO ?\<T ( ! M>KET -- & IS G5]ALLY CONSID]$ A CRAZY ECC5TRIC BY HIS NEI<BORS -- !N !Y *ANCE TO FALL 9TO ! H&S ( A PR(ESSIONAL >T DEAL] & >E SOLD BY HIM = FABUL\S PRICES4 

,?OSE >TI/S :OSE >T IS NOT SALABLE1 BUT :O = ONE REASON OR ANO!R P]SI/ 9 IT -- REFUS+ TO ACQUIESCE 9 ! SOCIALLY ACCEPT$ DEF9ITION ( WORK] -- >E 9 A DIFFICULT POSITION 9 ! MATT] ( /ATUS4 ,!Y >E1 9 ! MA91 JE]$ AT AS *ILDI%1 & S9CE ONLY A V]Y /RONG P]SON CAN )/& ?IS K9D ( PRESSURE )\T BE+ AFFECT$ BY IT 9 SOME WAY1 MO/ ( !M T5D TO WORK \T V>I\S RATIONALIZATIONS = !IR >T1 :I*1 :ILE !Y R>ELY SATISFY ! MORE 'RESPONSIBLE' MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 AT LEA/ AF=D ! >TI/S !MSELVES A P>TIAL RELIEF FROM FEEL+S ( GUILT4 

,!SE RATIONALIZATIONS FALL 9TO TWO BROAD CATEGORIES4 ,BO? ( !M >E CLE>LY D]IV$ FROM ! ASSOCIATION ( >T ) RELIGION 9 MO/ PRE-CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 BUT !Y HAVE BO? BE5 SOME:AT SECUL>IZ$1 & !Y >E BITT]LY ANTAGONI/IC TO EA* O!R4 

,! FIR/ CATEGORY DEF9ES >T 9 RA!R MY/ICAL T]MS1 AS AN EXALT$ PR(ESSION1 & CONSID]S ! >TI/ TO BE A SORT ( CONSECRAT$ P]SON1 :OSE VALUES & ACCOMPLI%M5TS >E TOO REF9$ TO BE APPRECIAT$ BY ! VULG>1 PHILI/9E MAJORITY4 ,?IS GR\P LOOKS ON COMM]CIAL SUCCESS AS UNWOR?Y ( ! 'TRUE' VALUES ( ! >TI/1 & TO DISP>AGE ?OSE >TI/S :OSE >T IS SALABLE -- AL?\< !Y SELDOM REFUSE TO SELL !IR [N1 IF & :5 AN OPPORTUNITY PRES5TS ITSELF4 

,! O!R CATEGORY CONSID]S ! >TI/ A SORT ( EVANGELI/ 9 ! CAUSE ( ! OPPRESS$1 :OSE FUNCTION IS TO CREATE PROPAG&A = ! REVOLUTION4 ,=M]LY CONF9$ TO A H&FUL ( RADICAL PHILOSOPH]S1 ?IS VIEW HAS BE5 COM+ 9TO ITS [N DUR+ ! PA/ TW5TY YE>S1 & HAS BECOME ! (FICIAL ,/ATE DOCTR9E 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,:ILE IT IS AS EMPHATIC 9 ITS REPUDIATION ( COMM]CIAL SUCCESS AS IS ! FIR/ CATEGORY1 IT REJECTS IT NOT FROM AN ELEVAT$ ES!TIC EVALUATION1 BUT BECAUSE IT IS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y2 9 FACT1 IT T5DS TO LUMP ! >TI/S ( ! FIR/ CATEGORY ) ?OSE :O WORK = ! M>KET1 S9CE !Y >E NOT P>TICUL>LY CONC]N$ AB\T ! FATE ( ! MASSES4 

,?OSE >TI/S :OSE RATIONALIZATION FALLS 9 ! FIR/ CATEGORY >E AT LEA/ NOT NECESS>ILY PREV5T$ BY IT FROM FOLL[+ !IR [N 9CL9ATIONS -- AL?\< ! V]Y ESOT]IC *>ACT] ( !IR APPROA* T5DS TO PROMOTE CLIQUISM -- & 9 SOME CASES >E ABLE TO CREATE 9 ALMO/ COMPLETE FRE$OM FROM PRESSURE ( AN ES!TIC NATURE4 ,! SECOND CATEGORY1 H[EV]1 NATURALLY T5DS TO DOGMATISM & RIGIDITY -- FREQU5TLY EXCE$+ ! COMM]CIAL /&>DS 9 9FLEXIBILITY & CO]CIV5ESS4 

,! PLI<T ( ! >TI/ 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS ?US F> FROM 5VIABLE4 ,IF HE IS TO PRACTICE HIS PR(ESSION AT ALL1 HE IS FAC$ BY ?REE ALMO/ EQUALLY UN5TIC+ ALT]NATIVES3 ,HE CAN ACCEPT ! VALUES ( ! SY/EM & WORK ) AN EYE TO ! M>KET -- :I* MEANS ?AT HE MU/ TURN \T ! SORT ( WORK ?AT IS M>KETABLE1 REG>DLESS ( HIS P]SONAL TA/E OR 9CL9ATION4 ,?IS K9D ( >T IS SELDOM MORE SATISFY+ ?AN ANY O!R JOB 9 A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,SECONDLY1 HE CAN JO9 ! SELF-CONSCI\S ES!TES1 :]E HE WILL AT LEA/ BE P]MITT$ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( FRE$OM TO FOLL[ HIS [N B5T1 BUT AT ! PRICE ( BE+ DESPIS$ BY ! MAJORITY1 ECONOMICALLY 9SECURE1 &1 TO SOME EXT5T SUBJECT TO ! DICTA ( CULTS4 ,9 ! ?IRD PLACE1 HE CAN PUT HIMSELF 9TO ! H&S ( ! SELF-APPO9T$ >T-COMMISS>S1 & D$ICATE HIS >T TO ! CAUSE ( ! OPPRESS$4 ,?IS MEANS1 9 PRACTICE1 ?AT HE MU/ CON=M TO ! JUDGM5TS ( ! COMMISS>S & CURB HIS IMPULSES ALMO/ AS IF HE W]E WORK+ = ! M>KET4 

,9 NONE ( !SE ?REE CATEGORIES IS ! >TI/ REALLY FREE4 ,:5 HE REPUDIATES ! SOCIALLY ACCEPT$ CONCEPT ( HIS ROLE1 HE IS /ILL 9FLU5C$ BY IT TO ! EXT5T ?AT HE ACCEPTS ! PREMISE ?AT HIS >T IS A =M ( USEFUL WORK & AS SU* MU/ BE MEASUR$ BY A MORE OR LESS FIX$ /&>D ( ACCEPTABILITY1 & IS TORM5T$ BY ! FE> ?AT HIS >T WILL BE F\ND WANT+ BY :ATEV] CRITICS :OSE JUDGM5T HE RESPECTS4 ,ONLY A RELATIVE H&FUL ( SPONTANE\S >TI/S1 :O GIVE NO ?\<T TO ANY /&>DS BUT !IR [N SATISFACTION1 CAN BE SAID TO FUNCTION 9 ! REALM ( PURE >T4 ,!Y PURSUE !IR M$IUM ) ! SAME LACK ( CONC]N = EXT]NAL PRESSURE ?AT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( SMALL *ILDR54 ,9 %ORT1 BE=E ! >TS CAN BECOME FREE1 !Y MU/ FIR/ BE LIB]AT$ FROM ! IDEA ?AT !Y >E 'USEFUL' 9 ! S5SE ?AT1 SAY1 C>P5TRY IS USEFUL1 & BE CONSID]$ FROM ! /&PO9T ( PSY*OLOGICAL CRIT]IA ?AT >E APPROPRIATE TO !IR FUNCTION4 

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,IT IS NECESS>Y1 BE=E WE CAN DRAW ANY CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! RELATIVE VALUE ( PLAY & USEFUL WORK1 TO DEF9E PRECISELY :AT WE MEAN BY USEFUL WORK4 ,CLE>LY ! CAPITALI/IC DEF9ITION IS ( NO VALUE TO US1 S9CE IT NOT ONLY TAKES 9 F> TOO MU* T]RITORY1 BUT IS BAS$ ON A CRIT]ION ?AT IS ONLY V]Y REMOTELY CONNECT$ ) G5U9E UTILITY4 ,! M]E FACT ?AT SOME?+ CAN BE SOLD TELLS NO?+ ( ITS ACTUAL VALUE1 AS IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT !RE >E PL5TY ( PEOPLE 9 EXI/+ SOCIETY :O CAN BE 9DUC$ TO BUY ANY?+ AT ALL1 OR TO P>T ) !IR MONEY = NO?+4 

,MO/ CONCEPTS ( UTILITY ?AT GO BEYOND ! SIMPLE CAPITALI/ DEF9ITION /ILL T5D TO BE 9FLU5C$ BY IT TO SOME EXT5T4 ,!Y USUALLY DEF9E ANY?+ ?AT GOES TO MAKE UP ! /&>D ( LIV+ ( A MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILY AS USEFUL -- AN 5TIRELY >BITR>Y PROC$URE4 ,FROM A /RICTLY BIOLOGICAL /&PO9T1 ! ONLY WORK ?AT CAN PROP]LY BE CONSID]$ USEFUL IS ?AT :I* PROVIDES = ACTUAL BODILY REQUIREM5TS -- FOOD1 %ELT]4 ,S9CE IT IS POSSIBLE = MAN TO REMA9 HEAL?Y ON A LEVEL NOT APPRECIABLY HI<] ?AN ! G5]AL LIV+ /&>D ( O!R DOME/IC ANIMALS1 G5U9ELY USEFUL WORK CLE>LY REQUIRES BUT A V]Y SMALL AM\NT ( TIME -- EV5 ) QUITE PRIMITIVE ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,ALL ELSE1 BIOLOGICALLY SPEAK+1 IS LUXURY -- 9CLUD+ PRIVACY1 MORE ?AN A SIMPLE BALANC$ DIET1 >TIFICIAL LI<T & PRACTICALLY EV]Y?+ ELSE ?AT IS P>T ( 'CIVILIZ$ LIV+'4 

,! DESIRE = MORE ?AN A B>E SUBSI/5CE IS VIRTUALLY A UNIV]SAL PH5OM5ON 9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 ( C\RSE1 BUT SO IS ! DESIRE = PLAY4 ,IT IS ABSURD TO CONSID] ?AT LUXURY IS ANY MORE IMPORTANT ?AN PLAY1 OR ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( ITEMS ( LUXURY IS ANY MORE MEAN+FUL ?AN PLAY+4 ,IT IS EV5 HI<LY PROBABLE ?AT ! DESIRE = MORE ?AN A FEW MODE/ LUXURIES IS A =M ( COMP5SATION = ! FRU/RATION ( ! PLAY IMPULSE OR SOME O!R 9/9CT :5 IT IS NOT SIMPLY A PRODUCT ( ! REQUIREM5TS ( /ATUS A*IEVEM5T -- HI<] /ATUS BE+ FREQU5TLY 9DICAT$ BY AN 9CREASE 9 MAT]IAL POSSESSIONS4 

,9 A SOCIETY :]E !RE IS NO /ATUS /RATIFICATION & ?US NO PRESSURE ON ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ATTEMPT TO RISE 9 ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y1 ! %>P DI/9CTION BETWE5 *ILDR5 & ADULTS ?AT EXI/S 9 /ATUS SOCIETIES -- & CONSEQU5TLY ! DEPRECAT+ ( PLAY 9 FAVOR ( 'USEFUL' ACTIVITY -- IS NOT DRAWN4 ,!RE MAY BE1 ESPECIALLY 9 DIFFICULT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 SU* AS PREVAIL AMONG ! ,ESKIMOS1 = EXAMPLE1 A PURELY ECONOMIC PRESSURE ON EV]YONE TO CONTRIBUTE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE TO ! FOOD SUPPLY BUT ?IS DOES NOT MAKE = CONDESC5SION T[>D *ILDR5 OR A RIGID DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! ROLES ( *ILDR5 & ADULTS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! TWO ROLES T5D TO M]GE IMP]CEPTIBLY 9TO ONE ANO!R4 ,*ILDR5 >E TREAT$ ) RESPECT1 AS RESPONSIBLE MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 AS SOON AS !Y CAN WALK2 !IR WI%ES & OP9IONS >E CONSID]$ AS S]I\SLY AS ?OSE ( ANYONE ELSE4 ,LIKEWISE1 9 SU* A SOCIETY1 PLAY IS REG>D$ AS NATURAL = EV]YONE1 :5EV] ! IMM$IATE PRESSURE ( ! 5VIRONM5T P]MITS4 ,9 NON-/ATUS SOCIETIES1 LIKE ! ,PUEBLO ,9DIANS1 :]E ! DEM&S ( ! FOOD QUE/ >E SOME:AT LESS SEV]E1 ! AM\NT ( TIME DEVOT$ TO NON-UTILIT>IAN PURSUITS -- DECORAT+ POTS1 /ORY-TELL+ -- IS AT LEA/ AS GREAT AS ?AT CONSUM$ BY PRACTICAL WORK2 & S9CE EV5 V]Y SMALL *ILDR5 P]=M SOME K9D ( USEFUL FUNCTION1 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 *ILDR5 & ADULTS CAN H>DLY BE SAID TO EXI/4 ,EV]YONE WORKS1 ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY1 :5 !RE IS WORK TO DO1 & EV]YONE PLAYS ! RE/ ( ! TIME4 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ANY REALLY FREE SOCIETY W\LD BE LIKE ?IS4 ,*ILDR5 W\LD BE 5C\RAG$ TO 5T] ! WORK%OPS & P>TICIPATE 9 :ATEV] WORK WAS GO+ ON1 ACCORD+ TO !IR CAPACITY4 ,H[EV]1 S9CE ! MAJOR EMPHASIS ( ! SOCIETY W\LD NOT BE ON PRODUCTION = ITS [N SAKE1 EV]YONE W\LD BE FREE TO DEVOTE A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( !IR TIME TO PLAYFUL PURSUITS4 

,IT IS >GU$ BY SOME ?AT 9 A SOCIETY :]E MAN IS FREE TO PICK HIS OCCUPATION )\T COMPULSION & TO DET]M9E HIS [N H\RS & WORK+ CONDITIONS1 USEFUL WORK W\LD BE SUFFICI5TLY SATISFY+ & 5JOYABLE TO TAKE C>E ( ALL CREATIVE NE$S4 ,?IS >GUM5T1 H[EV]1 SEEMS TO ME SELF-DEFEAT+1 S9CE IF EV]YONE W]E TO DEVOTE HIS SP>E TIME TO 'USEFUL' WORK1 SO MU* /UFF W\LD BE PRODUC$ ?AT IT C\LD NO LONG] BE CONSID]$ USEFUL4 ,I CAN'T IMAG9E :Y AN OV]SUPPLY ( CLO!S1 FOOD1 H\SES & ! LIKE W\LD PROVIDE GREAT] SATISFACTION ?AN IF ! SURPLUS TIME WAS DEVOT$ TO PLAYFUL PURSUITS LIKE >T4 

,MOREOV]1 !RE SEEMS TO BE SOME FACTOR 9 ! MAKEUP ( HUMANITY1 TO SAY NO?+ ( O!R ANIMALS1 :I* REBELS AGA9/ AN EXCESSIVE CONC5TRATION ( 'PRACTICAL' ACTIVITIES1 P]HAPS BECAUSE !SE ACTIVITIES >E1 ( NECESSITY1 TOO /]EOTYP$ TO P]MIT SUFFICI5T SCOPE TO 9DIVIDUAL +5UITY & CAPRICE4 ,! WAYS ( P]=M+ PRACTICAL TASKS >E RIGIDLY LIMIT$ BY ! 5D TO BE A*IEV$1 :]EAS 9 ! >TS IT DOES NOT REALLY MATT] :AT ONE DOES -- ! ! WORK IS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 & NE$ MEET NO TE/S ( DURABILITY1 BALANCE OR =M1 UNLESS ITS CREATOR >BITR>ILY SO DECIDES4 ,EA* PRACTIC+ >TI/ DET]M9ES = HIMSELF ! RULES HE 9T5DS TO FOLL[ & ! EFFECTS HE WANTS TO A*IEVE1 & ! SUCCESS OR FAILURE ( HIS A*IEVEM5T IS ULTIMATELY A MATT] = HIM ALONE TO DECIDE4 

,9DIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTIONS NATURALLY V>Y CONSID]ABLY1 DEP5D+ ON ! AM\NT ( TIME1 EMOTIONAL 9T5SITY & 5]GY EA* 9DIVIDUAL DEVOTES TO HIS P>TICUL> >T =M4 ,H[EV]1 :E!R OR NOT C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS POSSESS A NATURAL SUP]IORITY 9 !IR SPECIAL FIELD IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DET]M9E1 S9CE ! CRIT]IA ?AT CAN BE US$ TO JUDGE SU* SUP]IORITY >E 9V>IABLY TOO VAGUE & SUBJECTIVE4 ,IT IS FAIRLY SIMPLE TO SET UP /&>DS TO GRADE ! SKILL ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 PRACTICAL WORK1 S9CE !RE IS G5]AL AGREEM5T AB\T ! 5DS TO BE A*IEV$ 9 SU* WORK4 ,BUT 9 ! >TS1 EV]YONE CAN LEGITIMATELY CLAIM ?AT HE IS ATTEMPT+ SOME?+ 5TIRELY UNIQUE1 & !RE=E HIS WORK CANNOT BE MEASUR$ BY EXI/+ /&>DS4 ,! ADVANTAGE ( ?IS FROM ! /&PO9T ( EGO SECURITY IS 5ORM\S4 

,! RULES ( >T CAN BE/ BE VIEW$ AS ! RULES ( A GAME -- A GAME ?AT IS PLAY$ BY EA* >TI/ ALONE -- :I* >E CAPABLE ( 9F9ITE V>IATION4 ,A GR\P ( >TI/S 9 A P>TICUL> FIELD MAY AGREE AMONG !MSELVES TO FOLL[ ! SAME SET ( RULES1 BUT ANY ONE ( !M IS ALWAYS FREE TO BREAK ) !M IF HE WANTS TO1 & SET UP NEW RULES = HIMSELF4 ,:Y !N1 %\LD !RE BE ANY RULES AT ALL8 ,:Y NOT ADOPT ! SIMPLE PR9CIPLE ?AT >T IS ! FREE EXPRESSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & DISREG>D TE*NICAL QUE/IONS8 

,= ?OSE :OSE M9DS >E SUFFICI5TLY SIMPLE TO BE SATISFI$ ) %E] SELF-EXPRESSION1 OBVI\SLY ?IS PR9CIPLE IS ADEQUATE2 !RE >E PL5TY ( PRACTIC+ >TI/S :O C\LD BE CIT$ AS EXAMPLES -- >TI/S TO :OM TE*NIQUE IS ( NO IMPORTANCE1 :O APPROA* >T ALMO/ AS SMALL *ILDR5 DO4 ,BUT 9 MO/ CASES ! HUMAN M9D IS TOO COMPLEX AN ORGAN TO BE CONT5T ) SU* SIMPLE RULES ( ! GAME -- A FACT :I* CAN BE OBS]V$ EV5 9 ! >T ( *ILDR5 :O HAVE PASS$ ! AGE ( FIVE OR SIX4 

,! HUMAN 9TELLECT IS SO CON/RUCT$ ?AT IT LIKES TO SOLVE PROBLEMS1 & :5 IT IS NOT CONFRONT$ ) 5\< PROBLEMS 9 ITS DAILY EXP]I5CE1 IT T5DS TO SET UP >BITR>Y ONES & SOLVE ,!,M4 ,?IS T5D5CY IS NOT 9FREQU5TLY DEPLOR$ AS DECAD5T & PRECI\S BY ?OSE SIMPLE S\LS :O >E CONT5T ) ! RAW \TP\R+S ( !IR PSY*ES1 BUT ?IS SEEMS TO ME AN UNW>RANT$ ASSUMPTION4 ,MAN1 ?R\<\T ! PA/ SEV]AL HUNDR$ ?\S& YE>S1 & HIS SIMIAN ANCE/ORS = C\NTLESS MILL5NIA BE=E ?AT1 HAVE BE5 CON/ANTLY CONFRONT$ BY PROBLEMS :I* !Y HAD TO SOLVE 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,!RE=E1 IT SEEMS NATURAL 5\< ?AT ! ABILITY & DESIRE TO SOLVE PROBLEMS %\LD HAVE BECOME P>T ( ! PSY*OLOGICAL H]ITAGE ( HUMANITY -- A FACULTY :I* MAY ULTIMATELY BE NO LONG] P>TICUL>LY NECESS>Y = SURVIVAL BUT :I* IS /ILL C]TA9LY ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE4 ,S9CE ?IS FACULTY EXI/S1 IT IS ALSO NATURAL ?AT IT %\LD BE US$1 & IF ! DAILY 5VIRONM5T DOES NOT PRES5T 5\< DIFFICULTIES TO EX]CISE IT PROP]LY1 AS ,I PASSIONATELY HOPE WILL SOM$AY BE ! CASE = EV]YONE1 IT MU/ BE EX]CIS$ 9 SOME >BITR>Y WAY1 JU/ AS 9DIVIDUALS :O LEAD A S$5T>Y EXI/5CE REQUIRE MORE OR LESS >BITR>Y PHYSICAL EX]CISE 9 ORD] TO BE HEAL?Y4 

,IT IS ONE ( ! PRIM>Y ]RORS ( ! NATURE-FETI%]S TO ASSUME ?AT ! M9D & ITS FACULTIES >E NOT P>T ( NATURE1 BUT A PECULI> EXCRESC5CE GRAFT$ ONTO MAN BY CIVILIZATION1 :I* WILL WI!R AWAY ONCE ! ,GOOD ,LIFE HAS BE5 A*IEV$4 ,MAN IS AN ANIMAL1 ( C\RSE1 BUT HE DIFF]S FROM ALL O!R SPECIES PRIM>ILY 9 ! SIZE & COMPLEXITY ( HIS BRA91 :I* IS JU/ AS MU* A P>T ( HIS NATURAL 5D[M5T AS ! P[]FUL LEGS ( ! HORSE OR ! S5SITIVE NOSE ( A DOG >E P>T ( !IRS4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY A S]I\S MISUND]/&+ ( ! ,D>W9IAN HYPO!SIS TO ASSUME ?AT IF & :5 A NATURAL FACULTY IS NO LONG] ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = SURVIVAL 7A CONDITION :I* IS CLE>LY A LONG WAY FROM BE+ FULFILL$ 9 ! CASE ( ! HUMAN M9D7 IT T5DS TO DISAPPE>4 ,! !ORY ( SURVIVAL SIMPLY 9DICATES ?AT ?OSE :O POSSESS ! QUALITIES NECESS>Y = SURVIVAL WILL SURVIVE2 !RE IS NO NATURAL ME*ANISM = ELIM9AT+ UNNECESS>Y QUALITIES UNLESS !Y >E ACTUALLY DETRIM5TAL TO SURVIVAL4 

,IT MI<T BE CONSID]$ ?AT ID5TIFY+ ! >TS AS PLAY ROBS !M ( ALL DIGNITY & SIGNIFICANCE4 ,9 MY OP9ION1 ! EXACT OPPOSITE IS ! CASE4 ,! =C$ ATTEMPT TO MAKE >T 9TO A SPECIES ( USEFUL WORK HAS ONLY SUBORD9AT$ IT TO EI!R *UR*1 ! /ATE1 OR BUS9ESS1 UNLESS IT WAS PREP>$ TO LIVE A HOLE-9-CORN] EXI/5CE1 DESPIS$ BY ! MAJORITY -- :O 9/9CTIVELY RECOGNIZE ITS PLAYFUL *>ACT]1 BUT >E PREV5T$ FROM ACCEPT+ IT = REASONS ( /ATUS4 ,IF ! PLAY IMPULSE IS RECOGNIZ$ = :AT IT IS -- ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL NE$S ( MANK9D -- >T IS NOT DEPRECIAT$ BUT TRULY LIB]AT$ :5 IT IS UND]/OOD AS A MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS IMPULSE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidf 3 ,>T3 ,PLAY & ITS ,P]V]SIONS -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#a1 #bb 3 ,>T3 ,PLAY & ITS ,P]V]SIONS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,>T3 ,PLAY & ITS ,P]V]SIONS -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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