,>T ,UND] ,PLUTOCRACY
,PEOPLE 3
,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS
,TEXT 3
,Y\ MAY WELL ?9K ,I AM NOT H]E TO CRITICIZE ANY SPECIAL S*OOL ( >T OR >TI/S1
OR TO PLEAD = ANY SPECIAL /YLE1 OR TO GIVE Y\ ANY 9/RUCTIONS1 H[EV]
G5]AL1 AS TO ! PRACTICE ( ! >TS4 ,RA!R ,I WANT TO TAKE C\NSEL ) Y\ AS
TO :AT H9DRANCES MAY LIE 9 ! WAY T[>DS MAK+ >T :AT IT %\LD BE1 A HELP
& SOLACE TO ! DAILY LIFE ( ALL M54 ,SOME ( Y\ H]E MAY ?9K ?AT !
H9DRANCES 9 ! WAY >E NONE1 OR FEW1 & EASY TO BE SWEPT ASIDE4 ,Y\ WILL SAY
?AT !RE IS ON MANY SIDES MU* KN[L$GE ( ! HI/ORY ( >T1 & PL5TY (
TA/E = IT1 AT LEA/ AMONG ! CULTIVAT$ CLASSES2 ?AT MANY M5 ( TAL5T1 &
SOME FEW ( G5IUS1 PRACTICE IT ) NO MEAN SUCCESS2 ?AT )9 ! LA/ FIFTY
YE>S !RE HAS BE5 SOME?+ ALMO/ LIKE A FRE% R5AISSANCE ( >T1 EV5 9
DIRECTIONS :]E SU* A *ANGE WAS LEA/ TO BE HOPE =4 ,ALL ?IS IS TRUE AS F> AS
IT GOES2 & ,I CAN WELL UND]/& ?IS /ATE ( ?+S BE+ A CAUSE (
GRATULATION AMONG ?OSE :O DO NOT KN[ :AT ! SCOPE ( >T REALLY IS1 & H[
CLOSELY IT IS B\ND UP ) ! G5]AL CONDITION ( SOCIETY1 & ESPECIALLY )
! LIVES ( ?OSE :O LIVE BY MANUAL LABOR & :OM WE CALL ! WORK+ CLASSES4
,= MY P>T1 ,I CANNOT HELP NOT+ ?AT UND] ! APP>5T SATISFACTION ) !
PROGRESS ( >T ( LATE YE>S !RE LIES 9 ! M9DS ( MO/ ?9K+ PEOPLE A
FEEL+ ( M]E DESPAIR AS TO ! PROSPECTS ( >T 9 ! FUTURE2 A DESPAIR :I*
SEEMS TO ME FULLY JU/IFI$ IF WE LOOK AT ! PRES5T CONDITION ( >T )\T
CONSID]+ ! CAUSES :I* HAVE L$ TO IT1 OR ! HOPES :I* MAY EXI/ = A
*ANGE 9 ?OSE CAUSES4 ,=1 )\T BEAT+ AB\T ! BU%1 LET US CONSID] :AT
! REAL /ATE ( >T IS4 ,& FIR/ ,I MU/ ASK Y\ TO EXT5D ! WORD >T BEYOND
?OSE MATT]S :I* >E CONSCI\SLY WORKS ( >T1 TO TAKE 9 NOT ONLY PA9T+ &
SCULPTURE1 & >*ITECTURE1 BUT ! %APES & COLORS ( ALL H\SEHOLD GOODS1
NAY1 EV5 ! >RANGEM5T ( ! FIELDS = TILLAGE & PA/URE1 ! MANAGEM5T (
T[NS & ( \R HI<WAYS ( ALL K9DS2 9 A WORD1 TO EXT5D IT TO ! ASPECT (
! EXT]NALS ( \R LIFE4 ,= ,I MU/ ASK Y\ TO BELIEVE ?AT EV]Y ONE ( !
?+S ?AT GOES TO MAKE UP ! SURR\ND+S AMONG :I* WE LIVE MU/ BE EI!R
BEAUTIFUL OR UGLY1 EI!R ELEVAT+ OR DEGRAD+ TO US1 EI!R A TORM5T & BURD5
TO ! MAK] ( IT TO MAKE1 OR A PLEASURE & A SOLACE TO HIM4 ,H[ DOES IT F>E
!RE=E ) \R EXT]NAL SURR\ND+S 9 !SE DAYS8 ,:AT K9D ( AN ACC\NT
%ALL WE BE ABLE TO GIVE TO ?OSE :O COME AFT] US ( \R DEAL+S ) ! E>?1
:I* \R =EFA!RS H&$ D[N TO US /ILL BEAUTIFUL1 9 SPITE ( ALL !
?\S&S ( YE>S ( /RIFE & C>ELESSNESS & SELFI%NESS8
,SURELY ?IS IS NO LI<T QUE/ION TO ASK \RSELVES2 NOR AM ,I AFRAID ?AT Y\ WILL
?9K IT A M]E RHETORICAL FL\RI% IF ,I SAY ?AT IT IS A QUE/ION ?AT MAY WELL
SEEM A SOLEMN ONE :5 IT IS ASK$ H]E 9 ,OX=D1 AMID SI<TS & MEMORIES :I*
WE OLD] M5 AT LEA/ REG>D ) NO?+ %ORT ( LOVE4 ,HE MU/ BE 9DE$ A MAN (
N>R[ 9COMPLETE M9D :O1 AMID ! BUILD+S RAIS$ BY ! HOPES ( \R
=EFA!RS1 AMID ! C\NTRY :I* !Y MADE SO LOVELY1 W\LD V5TURE TO SAY
?AT ! BEAUTY ( ! E>? WAS A MATT] ( LITTLE MOM5T4 ,& YET1 ,I SAY1 H[
HAVE WE ( !SE LATT] DAYS TREAT$ ! BEAUTY ( ! E>?1 OR ?AT :I* WE CALL
>T8
,P]HAPS ,I HAD BE/ BEG9 BY /AT+ :AT WILL SC>CELY BE NEW TO Y\1 ?AT >T MU/
BE BROADLY DIVID$ 9TO TWO K9DS1 ( :I* WE MAY CALL ! FIR/ ,9TELLECTUAL1 &
! SECOND ,DECORATIVE ,>T1 US+ ! WORDS AS M]E =MS ( CONV5I5CE4 ,! FIR/
K9D ADDRESSES ITSELF :OLLY TO \R M5TAL NE$S2 ! ?+S MADE BY IT S]VE NO
O!R PURPOSE BUT TO FE$ ! M9D1 &1 AS F> AS MAT]IAL NE$S GO1 MI<T BE DONE
)\T ALTOGE!R4 ,! SECOND1 ?\< SO MU* ( IT AS IS >T DOES ALSO APPEAL TO
! M9D1 IS ALWAYS BUT A P>T ( ?+S :I* >E 9T5D$ PRIM>ILY = !
S]VICE ( ! BODY4 ,I MU/ FUR!R SAY ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 NATIONS & P]IODS
:I* LACK$ ! PURELY ,9TELLECTUAL >T BUT POSITIVELY NONE :I* LACK$ !
,DECORATIVE 7OR AT LEA/ SOME PRET5SE ( IT72 & FUR!RMORE1 ?AT 9 ALL TIMES
:5 ! >TS W]E 9 A HEAL?Y CONDITION !RE WAS AN 9TIMATE CONNECTION BETWE5
! TWO K9DS ( >T2 A CONNECTION SO CLOSE1 ?AT 9 ! TIMES :5 >T FL\RI%$
MO/1 ! HI<] & L[] K9DS W]E DIVID$ BY NO H>D & FA/ L9ES4 ,!
HI<E/ 9TELLECTUAL >T WAS MEANT TO PLEASE ! EYE1 AS ! PHRASE GOES1 AS WELL
AS TO EXCITE ! EMOTIONS & TRA9 ! 9TELLECT4 ,IT APPEAL$ TO ALL M51 & TO
ALL ! FACULTIES ( A MAN4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! HUMBLE/ ( ! ORNAM5TAL >T
%>$ 9 ! MEAN+ & EMOTION ( ! 9TELLECTUAL2 ONE MELT$ 9TO ! O!R BY
SC>CE P]CEPTIBLE GRADATIONS2 9 %ORT1 ! BE/ >TI/ WAS A WORKMAN /ILL1 !
HUMBLE/ WORKMAN WAS AN >TI/4 ,?IS IS NOT ! CASE N[1 NOR HAS BE5 = TWO OR
?REE C5TURIES 9 CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES4 ,9TELLECTUAL >T IS SEP>AT$ FROM
,DECORATIVE BY ! %>PE/ L9ES ( DEM>CATION1 NOT ONLY AS TO ! K9D ( WORK
PRODUC$ UND] ?OSE NAMES1 BUT EV5 9 ! SOCIAL POSITION ( ! PRODUC]S2 ?OSE
:O FOLL[ ! 9TELLECTUAL >TS BE+ ALL PR(ESSIONAL M5 OR G5TLEM5 BY VIRTUE
( !IR CALL+1 :ILE ?OSE :O FOLL[ ! ,DECORATIVE >E WORKM5 E>N+ WEEKLY
WAGES1 NON-G5TLEM5 9 %ORT4
,N[1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID1 MANY M5 ( TAL5T & SOME FEW ( G5IUS >E 5GAG$
AT PRES5T 9 PRODUC+ WORKS ( ,9TELLECTUAL >T1 PA9T+S & SCULPTURE *IEFLY4
,IT IS N[ISE MY BUS9ESS H]E OR ELSE:]E TO CRITICIZE !IR WORKS2 BUT MY SUBJECT
COMPELS ME TO SAY ?AT ?OSE :O FOLL[ ! ,9TELLECTUAL >TS MU/ BE DIVID$ 9TO
TWO SECTIONS1 ! FIR/ COMPOS$ ( M5 :O W\LD 9 ANY AGE ( ! WORLD HAVE HELD
A HI< PLACE 9 !IR CRAFT2 ! SECOND ( M5 :O HOLD !IR POSITION (
G5TLEMAN->TI/ EI!R BY ! ACCID5T ( !IR BIR?1 OR BY !IR POSSESS+
9DU/RY1 BUS9ESS HABITS1 OR SU*-LIKE QUALITIES1 \T ( ALL PROPORTION TO !IR
>TI/IC GIFTS4 ,! WORK :I* !SE LATT] PRODUCE SEEMS TO ME ( LITTLE VALUE TO
! WORLD1 ?\< !RE IS A ?RIV+ M>KET = IT1 & !IR POSITION IS NEI!R
DIGNIFI$ NOR :OLESOME2 YET !Y >E MO/LY NOT TO BE BLAM$ = IT P]SONALLY1
S9CE (T5 !Y HAVE GIFTS = >T1 ?\< NOT GREAT ONES1 & W\LD PROBABLY NOT
HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 ANY O!R C>E]4 ,!Y >E1 9 FACT1 GOOD DECORATIVE WORKM5
SPOIL$ BY A SY/EM :I* COMPELS !M TO AMBITI\S 9DIVIDUALI/ EF=T1 BY
CUTT+ (F FROM !M ANY OPPORTUNITY = COOP]ATION ) O!R ( GREAT] OR
LESS CAPACITY = ! PRODUCTION ( POPUL> >T4
,AS TO ! FIR/ SECTION ( >TI/S1 :O WOR?ILY FILL !IR PLACES & MAKE !
WORLD WEAL?I] BY !IR WORK1 IT MU/ BE SAID ( !M ?AT !Y >E V]Y FEW4
,!SE M5 HAVE WON !IR MA/]Y OV] !IR CRAFT BY D9T ( 9CR$IBLE TOIL1
PA9S1 & ANXIETY1 BY QUALITIES ( M9D & /R5G? ( WILL :I* >E B\ND TO
PRODUCE SOME?+ ( VALUE4 ,NEV]!LESS !Y >E 9JUR$ ALSO BY ! SY/EM :I*
9SI/S ON 9DIVIDUALISM & =BIDS COOP]ATION4 ,= FIR/1 !Y >E CUT (F FROM
TRADITION1 ?AT WOND]FUL1 ALMO/ MIRACUL\S ACCUMULATION ( ! SKILL ( AGES1
:I* M5 F9D !MSELVES P>TAK]S 9 )\T EF=T ON !IR P>T4 ,! KN[L$GE
( ! PA/ & ! SYMPA?Y ) IT :I* ! >TI/S ( TO-DAY HAVE1 !Y HAVE
ACQUIR$1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BY !IR [N MO/ /R5U\S 9DIVIDUAL EF=T2 & AS
?AT TRADITION NO LONG] EXI/S TO HELP !M 9 !IR PRACTICE ( ! >T1 & !Y
>E HEAVILY WEI<T$ 9 ! RACE BY HAV+ TO LE>N EV]Y?+ FROM ! BEG9N+1
EA* MAN = HIMSELF1 SO ALSO1 & ?AT IS WORSE1 ! LACK ( IT DEPRIVES !M ( A
SYMPA!TIC & APPRECIATIVE AUDI5CE4 ,AP>T FROM ! >TI/S !MSELVES & A FEW
P]SONS :O W\LD BE ALSO >TI/S BUT = WANT ( OPPORTUNITY & = 9SUFFICI5T
GIFTS ( H& & EYE1 !RE IS 9 ! PUBLIC ( TO-DAY NO REAL KN[L$GE ( >T1
& LITTLE LOVE = IT4 ,NO?+1 SAVE AT ! BE/ C]TA9 VAGUE PREPOSSESSIONS1
:I* >E BUT ! PHANTOM ( ?AT TRADITION :I* ONCE B\ND >TI/ & PUBLIC
TOGE!R4 ,!RE=E ! >TI/S >E OBLIG$ TO EXPRESS !MSELVES1 AS IT W]E1 9 A
LANGUAGE NOT UND]/&$ ( ! PEOPLE4 ,NOR IS ?IS !IR FAULT4 ,IF !Y W]E TO
TRY1 AS SOME ?9K !Y %\LD1 TO MEET ! PUBLIC HALF-WAY & WORK 9 SU* A
MANN] AS TO SATISFY AT ANY CO/ ?OSE VAGUE PREPOSSESSIONS ( M5 IGNORANT ( >T1
!Y W\LD BE CA/+ ASIDE !IR SPECIAL GIFTS1 !Y W\LD BE TRAITORS TO !
CAUSE ( >T1 :I* IT IS !IR DUTY & GLORY TO S]VE4 ,!Y HAVE NO *OICE SAVE
TO DO !IR [N P]SONAL 9DIVIDUAL WORK UNHELP$ BY ! PRES5T1 /IMULAT$ BY !
PA/1 BUT %AM$ BY IT1 & EV5 9 A WAY HAMP]$ BY IT2 !Y MU/ /& AP>T AS
POSSESSORS ( SOME SACR$ MY/]Y :I*1 :ATEV] HAPP5S1 !Y MU/ AT LEA/ DO
!IR BE/ TO GU>D4 ,IT IS NOT TO BE D\BT$ ?AT BO? !IR [N LIVES & !IR
WORKS >E 9JUR$ BY ?IS ISOLATION4 ,BUT ! LOSS ( ! PEOPLE2 H[ >E WE TO
MEASURE ?AT8 ,?AT !Y %\LD HAVE GREAT M5 LIV+ & WORK+ AMONG !M1 &
BE IGNORANT ( ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( !IR WORK1 & 9CAPABLE ( KN[+ :AT IT
MEANS IF !Y C\LD SEE IT6
,9 ! TIMES :5 >T WAS ABUNDANT & HEAL?Y1 ALL M5 W]E MORE OR LESS >TI/S2
?AT IS TO SAY1 ! 9/9CT = BEAUTY :I* IS 9BORN 9 EV]Y COMPLETE MAN HAD
SU* =CE ?AT ! :OLE BODY ( CRAFTSM5 HABITUALLY & )\T CONSCI\S EF=T
MADE BEAUTIFUL ?+S1 & ! AUDI5CE = ! AU?ORS ( 9TELLECTUAL >T WAS
NO?+ %ORT ( ! :OLE PEOPLE4 ,& SO !Y HAD EA* AN ASSUR$ HOPE ( GA9+
?AT G5U9E PRAISE & SYMPA?Y :I* ALL M5 :O EX]CISE !IR IMAG9ATION 9
EXPRESSION MO/ C]TA9LY & NATURALLY CRAVE1 & ! LACK ( :I* DOES C]TA9LY
9JURE !M 9 SOME WAY2 MAKES !M %Y1 OV]-S5SITIVE1 & N>R[1 OR ELSE
CYNICAL & MOCK+1 & 9 ?AT CASE WELL-NI< USELESS4 ,BUT 9 !SE DAYS1 ,I HAVE
SAID & REPEAT1 ! :OLE PEOPLE IS C>ELESS & IGNORANT ( >T2 ! 9BORN
9/9CT = BEAUTY IS *ECK$ & ?W>T$ AT EV]Y TURN2 & ! RESULT ON !
LESS 9TELLECTUAL OR DECORATIVE >T IS ?AT AS A SPONTANE\S & POPUL> EXPRESSION
( ! 9/9CT = BEAUTY IT DOES NOT EXI/ AT ALL4 ,IT IS A MATT] ( C\RSE ?AT
EV]Y?+ MADE BY MAN'S H& IS N[ OBVI\SLY UGLY1 UNLESS IT IS MADE BEAUTIFUL BY
CONSCI\S EF=T2 NOR DOES IT M5D ! MATT] ?AT M5 HAVE NOT LO/ ! HABIT
D$UC$ FROM ! TIMES ( >T1 ( PR(ESS+ TO ORNAM5T H\SEHOLD GOODS & !
LIKE2 = ?IS %AM ORNAM5T1 :I* HAS NO LEA/ 9T5TION ( GIV+ ANY ONE
PLEASURE1 IS SO BASE & FOOLI% ?AT ! WORDS UPHOL/]Y & UPHOL/]] HAVE
COME TO HAVE A K9D ( SECOND>Y MEAN+ 9DICATIVE ( ! PR(\ND CONTEMPT :I*
ALL S5SIBLE M5 HAVE = SU* TWADDLE4
,?IS1 SO F>1 IS :AT DECORATIVE >T HAS COME TO1 & ,I MU/ BREAK (F A :ILE H]E
& ASK Y\ TO CONSID] :AT IT ONCE WAS1 LE/ Y\ ?9K OV] HA/ILY ?AT ITS
DEGRADATION IS A MATT] ( LITTLE MOM5T4 ,?9K1 ,I BEG Y\1 TO GO NO FUR!R BACK
9 HI/ORY1 ( ! /ATELY & C>EFUL BEAUTY ( ,S4 ,SOPHIA AT ,CON/ANT9OPLE1 (
! GOLD5 TWILI<T ( ,S4 ,M>K'S AT ,V5ICE2 ( ! SCULPTUR$ CLIFFS ( ! GREAT
,FR5* CA!DRALS1 ( ! QUA9T & FAMILI> BEAUTY ( \R [N M9/]S2 NAY1 GO
?R\< ,OX=D /REETS & POND] ON :AT IS LEFT US !RE UNSCA!D BY ! FURY (
! ?RIV+ %OP & ! PROGRESSIVE COLLEGE2 OR W&] SOME DAY ?R\< SOME (
! \T-(-!-WAY VILLAGES & LITTLE T[NS ?AT LIE SCATT]$ AB\T !
C\NTRY-SIDE )9 TW5TY MILES ( ,OX=D2 & Y\ WILL SURELY SEE ?AT ! LOSS
( DECORATIVE >T IS A GRIEV\S LOSS TO ! WORLD4
,?US !N 9 CONSID]+ ! /ATE ( >T AMONG US ,I HAVE BE5 DRIV5 TO !
CONCLUSION ?AT 9 ITS COOP]ATIVE =M IT IS EXT9CT1 & ONLY EXI/S 9 !
CONSCI\S EF=TS ( M5 ( G5IUS & TAL5T1 :O !MSELVES >E 9JUR$1 &
?W>T$1 & DEPRIV$ ( DUE SYMPA?Y BY ! LACK ( COOP]ATIVE >T4
,BUT FUR!RMORE1 ! REPRESSION ( ! 9/9CT = BEAUTY :I* HAS DE/ROY$ !
,DECORATIVE & 9JUR$ ! ,9TELLECTUAL >TS HAS NOT /OPP$ !RE 9 ! 9JURY IT
HAS DONE US4 ,I CAN MYSELF SYMPA?IZE ) A FEEL+ :I* ,I SUPPOSE IS /ILL NOT
R>E1 A CRAV+ TO ESCAPE SOMETIMES TO M]E ,NATURE1 NOT ONLY FROM UGL9ESS &
SQUALOR1 NOT ONLY FROM A CONDITION ( SUP]ABUNDANCE ( >T1 BUT EV5 FROM A
CONDITION ( >T SEV]E & WELL ORD]$1 EV51 SAY1 FROM SU* SURR\ND+S AS !
LOVELY SIMPLICITY ( ,P]ICLEAN ,A!NS4 ,I CAN DEEPLY SYMPA?IZE ) A WE>Y MAN
F9D+ HIS ACC\NT 9 9T]E/ 9 M]E LIFE & COMMUNION ) EXT]NAL NATURE1
! FACE ( ! C\NTRY1 ! W9D & WEA!R1 & ! C\RSE ( ! DAY1 & !
LIVES ( ANIMALS1 WILD & DOME/IC2 & MAN'S DAILY DEAL+S ) ALL ?IS = HIS
DAILY BREAD1 & RE/1 & 9NOC5T BEA/-LIKE PLEASURE4 ,BUT ! 9T]E/ 9 !
M]E ANIMAL LIFE ( MAN HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE TO BE 9DULG$ 9 9 ITS FULLNESS BY
MO/ CIVILIZ$ PEOPLE4 ,YET CIVILIZATION1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 [ES US SOME COMP5SATION
= ! LOSS ( ?IS ROMANCE1 :I* N[ ONLY HANGS LIKE A DREAM AB\T ! C\NTRY
LIFE ( BUSY L&S4 ,TO KEEP ! AIR PURE & ! RIV]S CLEAN1 TO TAKE SOME PA9S
TO KEEP ! MEAD[S & TILLAGE AS PLEASANT AS REASONABLE USE WILL ALL[ !M TO
BE2 TO ALL[ PEACEABLE CITIZ5S FRE$OM TO W&] :]E !Y WILL1 SO !Y DO NO
HURT TO G>D5 OR CORNFIELD2 NAY1 EV5 TO LEAVE H]E & !RE SOME PIECE ( WA/E
OR M\NTA9 SACR$LY FREE FROM F5CE OR TILLAGE AS A MEMORY ( MAN'S RUD]
/RUGGLES ) NATURE 9 HIS E>LI] DAYS3 IS IT TOO MU* TO ASK CIVILIZATION TO BE
SO F> ?\<TFUL ( MAN'S PLEASURE & RE/1 & TO HELP SO F> AS ?IS H]
*ILDR5 TO :OM %E HAS MO/ (T5 SET SU* HEAVY TASKS ( GR9D+ LABOR8 ,SURELY
NOT AN UNREASONABLE ASK+4 ,BUT NOT A :IT ( IT %ALL WE GET UND] ! PRES5T
SY/EM ( SOCIETY4 ,?AT LOSS ( ! 9/9CT = BEAUTY :I* HAS 9VOLV$ US 9
! LOSS ( POPUL> >T IS ALSO BUSY 9 DEPRIV+ US ( ! ONLY COMP5SATION
POSSIBLE = ?AT LOSS1 BY SURELY & NOT SL[LY DE/ROY+ ! BEAUTY ( ! V]Y
FACE ( ! E>?4 ,NOT ONLY >E ,LONDON & \R O!R GREAT COMM]CIAL CITIES M]E
MASSES ( SORDIDNESS1 FIL?1 & SQUALOR1 EMBROID]$ ) PAT*ES ( POMP\S &
VULG> HIDE\SNESS1 NO LESS REVOLT+ TO ! EYE & ! M9D :5 ONE KN[S :AT
IT MEANS3 NOT ONLY HAVE :OLE C\NTIES ( ,5GL&1 & ! HEAV5S ?AT HANG OV]
!M1 DISAPPE>$ B5EA? A CRU/ ( UNUTT]ABLE GRIME1 BUT ! DISEASE1 :I*1 TO
A VISITOR COM+ FROM ! TIMES ( >T1 REASON1 & ORD]1 W\LD SEEM TO BE A LOVE
( DIRT & UGL9ESS = ITS [N SAKE1 SPREADS ALL OV] ! C\NTRY1 & EV]Y
LITTLE M>KET-T[N SEIZES ! OPPORTUNITY TO IMITATE1 AS F> AS IT CAN1 ! MAJE/Y
( ! HELL ( ,LONDON & ,MAN*E/]4 ,NE$ ,I SPEAK TO Y\ ( ! WRET*$ SUBURBS
?AT SPRAWL ALL R\ND \R FAIRE/ & MO/ ANCI5T CITIES8 ,MU/ ,I SPEAK TO Y\ (
! DEGRADATION ?AT HAS SO SPE$ILY BEFALL5 ?IS CITY1 /ILL ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL
( !M ALL2 A CITY :I*1 ) ITS SURR\ND+S1 W\LD1 IT WE HAD HAD A GRA9 (
COMMON S5SE1 HAVE BE5 TREAT$ LIKE A MO/ PRECI\S JEWEL1 :OSE BEAUTY WAS TO BE
PRES]V$ AT ANY CO/8 ,I SAY AT ANY CO/1 = IT WAS A POSSESSION :I* DID NOT
BELONG TO US1 BUT :I* WE W]E TRU/EES ( = ALL PO/]ITY4 ,I AM OLD 5\< TO
KN[ H[ WE HAVE TREAT$ ?AT JEWEL2 AS IF IT W]E ANY COMMON /ONE KICK+ AB\T
ON ! HI<WAY1 GOOD 5\< TO ?R[ AT A DOG4 ,:5 ,I REMEMB] ! CONTRA/ BETWE5
! ,OX=D ( TO-DAY & ! ,OX=D :I* ,I FIR/ SAW ?IRTY YE>S AGO1 ,I WOND] ,I
CAN FACE ! MIS]Y 7!RE IS NO O!R WORD = IT7 ( VISIT+ IT1 EV5 TO HAVE
! HONOR ( ADDRESS+ Y\ TO-NI<T4 ,BUT FUR!RMORE1 NOT ONLY >E ! CITIES A
DISGRACE TO US1 & ! SMALL] T[NS A LAU<+-/OCK2 NOT ONLY >E ! DWELL+S
( MAN GR[N 9EXPRESSIBLY BASE & UGLY1 BUT ! V]Y C[%$S & C>T-/ABLES1
NAY1 ! M]E/ PIECE ( NECESS>Y F>M-5G9E]+1 >E T>R$ ) ! SAME
BRU%4 ,EV5 IF A TREE IS CUT D[N OR BL[N D[N1 A WORSE ONE1 IF ANY1 IS PLANT$ 9
ITS /EAD1 &1 9 %ORT1 \R CIVILIZATION IS PASS+ LIKE A BLI<T1 DAILY GR[+
HEAVI] & MORE POISON\S1 OV] ! :OLE FACE ( ! C\NTRY1 SO ?AT EV]Y
*ANGE IS SURE TO BE A *ANGE = ! WORSE 9 ITS \TW>D ASPECT4 ,SO !N IT COMES
TO ?IS1 ?AT NOT ONLY >E ! M9DS ( GREAT >TI/S N>R[$ & !IR SYMPA?IES
FROZ5 BY !IR ISOLATION1 NOT ONLY HAS COOP]ATIVE >T COME TO A /&/ILL1 BUT
! V]Y FOOD ON :I* BO? ! GREAT] & ! LESS] >T SUBSI/S IS BE+
DE/ROY$2 ! WELL ( >T IS POISON$ AT ITS SPR+4
,N[ ,I DO NOT WOND] ?AT ?OSE :O ?9K ?AT !SE EVILS >E FROM H5CE=? =
EV] NECESS>Y TO ! PROGRESS ( CIVILIZATION %\LD TRY TO MAKE ! BE/ (
?+S1 %\LD %UT !IR EYES TO ALL !Y CAN1 & PRAISE ! GALVANIZ$ LIFE (
! >T ( ! PRES5T DAY2 BUT1 = MY P>T1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E NOT NECESS>Y
TO CIVILIZATION1 BUT ONLY ACCOMPANIM5TS TO ONE PHASE ( IT1 :I* WILL *ANGE &
PASS 9TO SOME?+ ELSE1 LIKE ALL PRIOR PHASES HAVE DONE4 ,I BELIEVE ALSO ?AT !
ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ! PRES5T /ATE ( SOCIETY IS ?AT :I* HAS SO
RU9$ >T1 OR ! PLEASURE ( LIFE2 & ?AT ?IS HAV+ DI$ \T1 ! 9BORN LOVE
( MAN = BEAUTY & ! DESIRE = EXPRESS+ IT WILL NO LONG] BE REPRESS$1 &
>T WILL BE FREE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,I NOT ONLY ADMIT1 BUT DECL>E1 & ?9K IT MO/
IMPORTANT TO DECL>E1 ?AT SO LONG AS ! SY/EM ( COMPETITION 9 ! PRODUCTION
& EX*ANGE ( ! MEANS ( LIFE GOES ON1 ! DEGRADATION ( ! >TS WILL GO ON2
& IF ?AT SY/EM IS TO LA/ = EV]1 !N >T IS DOOM$1 & WILL SURELY DIE2
?AT IS TO SAY1 CIVILIZATION WILL DIE4 ,I KN[ IT IS AT PRES5T ! RECEIV$ OP9ION
?AT ! COMPETITIVE OR 0,DEVIL TAKE ! H9DMO/0 SY/EM IS ! LA/ SY/EM (
ECONOMY :I* ! WORLD WILL SEE2 ?AT IT IS P]FECTION1 & !RE=E F9ALITY HAS
BE5 REA*$ 9 IT2 & IT IS D\BTLESS A BOLD ?+ TO FLY 9 ! FACE ( ?IS
OP9ION1 :I* ,I AM TOLD IS HELD BY ! MO/ LE>N$ M54 ,BUT ?\< ,I AM NOT
LE>N$1 ,I HAVE BE5 TAU<T ?AT ! PATRI>*AL SY/EM DI$ 9TO ?AT ( !
CITIZ5 & *ATTEL SLAVE1 :I* 9 ITS TURN GAVE PLACE TO ?AT ( ! FEUDAL LORD
& ! S]F1 :I*1 PASS+ ?R\< A MODIFI$ =M1 9 :I* ! BUR<]1 !
GILD-CRAFTSMAN & HIS J\RNEYMAN PLAY$ !IR P>TS1 WAS SUPPLANT$ BY ! SY/EM
( SO-CALL$ FREE CONTRACT N[ EXI/+4 ,?AT ALL ?+S S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( !
WORLD HAVE BE5 T5D+ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS SY/EM ,I WILL+LY ADMIT1 S9CE
IT EXI/S2 ?AT ALL ! EV5TS ( HI/ORY HAVE TAK5 PLACE = ! PURPOSE (
MAK+ IT ET]NAL1 ! V]Y EVOLUTION ( ?OSE EV5TS =BIDS ME TO BELIEVE4
,= ,I AM 0ONE ( ! PEOPLE CALL$ ,SOCIALI/S02 !RE=E ,I AM C]TA9 ?AT
EVOLUTION 9 ! ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE WILL GO ON1 :ATEV] %AD[Y
B>RI]S MAY BE DRAWN ACROSS ITS PA? BY M5 :OSE APP>5T SELF-9T]E/ B9DS
!M1 CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 TO ! PRES5T1 & :O >E !RE=E HOPELESS
= ! FUTURE4 ,I HOLD ?AT ! CONDITION ( COMPETITION BETWE5 MAN & MAN IS
BE/IAL ONLY1 & ?AT ( ASSOCIATION HUMAN2 ,I ?9K ?AT ! *ANGE FROM !
UNDEVELOP$ COMPETITION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 TRAMMEL$ AS IT WAS BY ! P]SONAL
RELATIONS ( FEUDALITY1 & ! ATTEMPTS AT ASSOCIATION ( ! GILD-CRAFTSM5 9TO
! FULL-BL[N LAISSEZ-FAIRE COMPETITION ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IS
BR++ TO BIR? \T ( ITS [N AN>*Y1 & BY ! V]Y MEANS BY :I* IT SEEKS
TO P]PETUATE ?AT AN>*Y1 A SPIRIT ( ASSOCIATION F\ND$ ON ?AT ANTAGONISM
:I* HAS PRODUC$ ALL =M] *ANGES 9 ! CONDITION ( M51 & :I* WILL ONE
DAY ABOLI% ALL CLASSES & TAKE DEF9ITE & PRACTICAL =M1 & SUB/ITUTE
ASSOCIATION = COMPETITION 9 ALL ?AT RELATES TO ! PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE (
! MEANS ( LIFE4 ,I FUR!R BELIEVE ?AT AS ?AT *ANGE WILL BE B5EFIC5T 9 MANY
WAYS1 SO ESPECIALLY WILL IT GIVE AN OPPORTUNITY = ! NEW BIR? ( >T1 :I* IS
N[ BE+ CRU%$ TO DEA? BY ! MONEY-BAGS ( COMPETITIVE COMM]CE4
,MY REASON = ?IS HOPE = >T IS F\ND$ ON :AT ,I FEEL QUITE SURE IS A TRU?1
& AN IMPORTANT ONE1 NAMELY ?AT ALL >T1 EV5 ! HI<E/1 IS 9FLU5C$ BY !
CONDITIONS ( LABOR ( ! MASS ( MANK9D1 & ?AT ANY PRET5SIONS :I* MAY BE
MADE = EV5 ! HI<E/ 9TELLECTUAL >T TO BE 9DEP5D5T ( !SE G5]AL
CONDITIONS >E FUTILE & VA92 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?AT ANY >T :I* PR(ESSES TO BE
F\ND$ ON ! SPECIAL $UCATION OR REF9EM5T ( A LIMIT$ BODY OR CLASS MU/ (
NECESSITY BE UNREAL & %ORT-LIV$4 ,>,T ,I,S ,M,A,N',S ,E,X,P,R,E,S,S,I,O,N ,( ,H,I,S ,J,O,Y ,9 ,L,A,B,O,R4
,IF ?OSE >E NOT ,PR(ESSOR ,RUSK9'S WORDS !Y EMBODY AT LEA/ HIS TEA*+ ON ?IS
SUBJECT4 ,NOR HAS ANY TRU? MORE IMPORTANT EV] BE5 /AT$2 = IF PLEASURE 9
LABOR BE G5]ALLY POSSIBLE1 :AT A /RANGE FOLLY IT MU/ BE = M5 TO CONS5T TO
LABOR )\T PLEASURE2 & :AT A HIDE\S 9JU/ICE IT MU/ BE = SOCIETY TO
COMPEL MO/ M5 TO LABOR )\T PLEASURE6 ,= S9CE ALL M5 NOT DI%ONE/ MU/
LABOR1 IT BECOMES A QUE/ION EI!R ( =C+ !M TO LEAD UNHAPPY LIVES OR
ALL[+ !M TO LIVE UNHAPPILY4 ,N[ ! *IEF ACCUSATION ,I HAVE TO BR+ AGA9/
! MOD]N /ATE ( SOCIETY IS ?AT IT IS F\ND$ ON ! >T-LACK+ OR UNHAPPY
LABOR ( ! GREAT] P>T ( M52 & ALL ?AT EXT]NAL DEGRADATION ( ! FACE (
! C\NTRY ( :I* ,I HAVE SPOK5 IS HATEFUL TO ME NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT IS A CAUSE
( UNHAPP9ESS TO SOME FEW ( US :O /ILL LOVE >T1 BUT ALSO & *IEFLY BECAUSE
IT IS A TOK5 ( ! UNHAPPY LIFE =C$ ON ! GREAT MASS ( ! POPULATION BY !
SY/EM ( COMPETITIVE COMM]CE4
,! PLEASURE :I* \<T TO GO ) ! MAK+ ( EV]Y PIECE ( H&ICRAFT HAS =
ITS BASIS ! KE5 9T]E/ :I* EV]Y HEAL?Y MAN TAKES 9 HEAL?Y LIFE1 & IS
COMP\ND$1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 *IEFLY ( ?REE ELEM5TS2 V>IETY1 HOPE ( CREATION1
& ! SELF-RESPECT :I* COMES ( A S5SE ( USEFULNESS2 TO :I* MU/ BE ADD$
?AT MY/]I\S BODILY PLEASURE :I* GOES ) ! DEFT EX]CISE ( ! BODILY
P[]S4 ,I DO NOT ?9K ,I NE$ SP5D MANY WORDS 9 TRY+ TO PROVE ?AT !SE
?+S1 IF !Y REALLY & FULLY ACCOMPANI$ LABOR1 W\LD DO MU* TO MAKE IT
PLEASANT4 ,AS TO ! PLEASURES ( V>IETY1 ANY ( Y\ :O HAVE EV] MADE ANY?+1 ,I
DON'T C>E :AT1 WILL WELL REMEMB] ! PLEASURE ?AT W5T ) ! TURN+ \T (
! FIR/ SPECIM54 ,:AT W\LD HAVE BECOME ( ?AT PLEASURE IF Y\ HAD BE5
COMPELL$ TO GO ON MAK+ IT EXACTLY ! SAME = EV]8 ,AS TO ! HOPE ( CREATION1
! HOPE ( PRODUC+ SOME WOR?Y OR EV5 EXCELL5T WORK :I* )\T Y\1 !
CRAFTSM51 W\LD NOT HAVE EXI/$ AT ALL1 A ?+ :I* NE$S Y\ & CAN HAVE NO
SUB/ITUTE = Y\ 9 ! MAK+ ( IT - CAN WE ANY ( US FAIL TO UND]/& !
PLEASURE ( ?IS8 ,NO LESS EASY1 SURELY1 IS IT TO SEE H[ MU* ! SELF-RESPECT BORN
( ! CONSCI\SNESS ( USEFULNESS MU/ SWEET5 LABOR4 ,TO FEEL ?AT Y\ HAVE TO DO
A ?+ NOT TO SATISFY ! :IM ( A FOOL OR A SET ( FOOLS1 BUT BECAUSE IT IS
REALLY GOOD 9 ITSELF1 ?AT IS USEFUL1 W\LD SURELY BE A GOOD HELP TO GETT+
?R\< ! DAY'S WORK4 ,AS TO ! UNREASON+1 S5SU\S PLEASURE 9 H&IWORK1 ,I
BELIEVE 9 GOOD SOO? ?AT IT HAS MORE P[] ( GETT+ R\< & /R5U\S WORK
\T ( M51 EV5 AS ?+S GO1 ?AN MO/ PEOPLE IMAG9E4 ,AT ANY RATE IT LIES AT !
BOTTOM ( ! PRODUCTION ( ALL >T1 :I* CANNOT EXI/ )\T IT EV5 9 ITS
FEEBLE/ & RUDE/ =M4
,N[ ?IS COMP\ND PLEASURE 9 H&IWORK ,I CLAIM AS ! BIR?RI<T ( ALL WORKM54 ,I
SAY ?AT IF !Y LACK ANY P>T ( IT !Y WILL BE SO F> DEGRAD$1 BUT ?AT IF !Y
LACK IT ALTOGE!R !Y >E1 AS F> AS !IR WORK GOES1 ,I WILL NOT SAY SLAVES1 !
WORD W\LD NOT BE /RONG 5\<1 BUT MA*9ES MORE OR LESS CONSCI\S ( !IR [N
UNHAPP9ESS4
,I HAVE APPEAL$ ALREADY TO HI/ORY 9 AID ( MY HOPES = A *ANGE 9 ! SY/EM (
! CONDITIONS ( LABOR4 ,I WI% TO BR+ =W>D N[ ! WITNESS ( HI/ORY ?AT
?IS CLAIM ( LABOR = PLEASURE RE/S ON A F\NDATION /RONG] ?AN A M]E
FANTA/IC DREAM2 :AT IS LEFT ( ! >T ( ALL K9DS PRODUC$ 9 ALL P]IODS &
C\NTRIES :]E HOPE ( PROGRESS WAS ALIVE BE=E ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! COMM]CIAL
SY/EM %[S PLA9LY 5\< TO ?OSE :O HAVE EYES & UND]/&+ ?AT PLEASURE
DID ALWAYS 9 SOME DEGREE ACCOMPANY ITS PRODUCTION4 ,?IS FACT1 H[EV] DIFFICULT IT
MAY BE TO DEMON/RATE 9 A P$ANTIC WAY1 IS ABUNDANTLY ADMITT$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE
/UDI$ ! >TS WIDELY2 ! V]Y PHRASES SO COMMON 9 CRITICISM ?AT SU* & SU*
A PIECE ( W\LD-BE >T IS DONE ME*ANICALLY1 OR DONE )\T FEEL+1 EXPRESS
ACCURATELY 5\< ! G5]AL S5SE ( >TI/S ( A /&>D D$UC$ FROM TIMES (
HEAL?Y >T2 = ?IS ME*ANICAL & FEEL+LESS H&IWORK DID NOT EXI/ TILL DAYS
COMP>ATIVELY NE> \R [N1 & IT IS ! CONDITION ( LABOR UND] PLUTOCRATIC
RULE :I* HAS ALL[$ IT ANY PLACE AT ALL4
,! CRAFTSMAN ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES NO D\BT (T5 SUFF]$ GRIEV\S MAT]IAL
OPPRESSION1 YET 9 SPITE ( ! RIGID L9E ( SEP>ATION DRAWN BY ! HI]>*ICAL
SY/EM UND] :I* HE LIV$ BETWE5 HIM & HIS FEUDAL SUP]IOR1 ! DIFF]5CE
BETWE5 !M WAS >BITR>Y RA!R ?AN REAL2 !RE WAS NO SU* GULF 9 LANGUAGE1
MANN]S1 & IDEAS AS DIVIDES A CULTIVAT$ MIDDLE-CLASS P]SON ( TO-DAY1 A
0G5TLEMAN10 FROM EV5 A RESPECTABLE L[]-CLASS MAN2 ! M5TAL QUALITIES
NECESS>Y TO AN >TI/1 9TELLIG5CE1 FANCY1 IMAG9ATION1 HAD NOT !N TO GO
?R\< ! MILL ( ! COMPETITIVE M>KET1 NOR HAD ! RI* 7OR SUCCESSFUL
COMPETITORS7 MADE GOOD !IR CLAIM TO BE ! SOLE POSSESSORS ( M5TAL REF9EM5T4
,AS TO ! CONDITIONS ( H&IWORK 9 ?OSE DAYS1 ! CRAFTS W]E DRAWN TOGE!R
9TO GILDS :I* 9DE$ DIVID$ ! OCCUPATIONS ( M5 RIGIDLY 5\<1 & GU>D$
! DOOR TO ?OSE OCCUPATIONS JEAL\SLY2 BUT AS \TSIDE AMONG ! GILDS !RE WAS
LITTLE COMPETITION 9 ! M>KETS1 W>ES BE+ MADE 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE =
DOME/IC CONSUMPTION1 & ONLY ! OV]PLUS ( :AT WAS WANT$ AT HOME CLOSE TO !
PLACE ( PRODUCTION EV] COM+ 9TO ! M>KET OR REQUIR+ ANY ONE TO COME & GO
BETWE5 ! PRODUC] & CONSUM]1 SO 9SIDE ! GILDS !RE WAS BUT LITTLE
DIVISION ( LABOR2 A MAN OR Y\? ONCE ACCEPT$ AS AN APPR5TICE TO A CRAFT
LE>N$ IT FROM 5D TO 5D1 & BECAME AS A MATT] ( C\RSE ! MA/] ( IT2 &
9 ! E>LI] DAYS ( ! GILDS1 :5 ! MA/]S W]E SC>CELY EV5 SMALL
CAPITALI/S1 !RE WAS NO GRADE 9 ! CRAFT SAVE ?IS TEMPOR>Y ONE4 ,LAT] ON1
:5 ! MA/]S BECAME CAPITALI/S 9 A SORT1 & ! APPR5TICES W]E1 LIKE !
MA/]S1 PRIVILEG$1 ! CLASS ( J\RNEYM5-CRAFTSM5 CAME 9TO EXI/5CE2 BUT IT
DOES NOT SEEM ?AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M & ! >I/OCRACY ( ! GILD WAS
ANY?+ MORE ?AN AN >BITR>Y ONE4 ,9 %ORT1 DUR+ ALL ?IS P]IOD ! UNIT (
LABOR WAS AN 9TELLIG5T MAN4 ,UND] ?IS SY/EM ( H&IWORK NO GREAT PRESSURE (
SPE$ WAS PUT ON A MAN'S WORK1 BUT HE WAS ALL[$ TO C>RY IT ?R\< LEISURELY &
?\<TFULLY2 IT US$ ! :OLE ( A MAN = ! PRODUCTION ( A PIECE ( GOODS1
& NOT SMALL PORTIONS ( MANY M52 IT DEVELOP$ ! WORKMAN'S :OLE 9TELLIG5CE
ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY1 9/EAD ( CONC5TRAT+ HIS 5]GY ON ONE-SID$ DEAL+
) A TRIFL+ PIECE ( WORK2 9 %ORT1 IT DID NOT SUBMIT ! H& & S\L ( !
WORKMAN TO ! NECESSITIES ( ! COMPETITIVE M>KET1 BUT ALL[$ !M FRE$OM =
DUE HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT WAS ?IS SY/EM1 :I* HAD NOT LE>N$ ! LESSON ?AT
MAN WAS MADE = COMM]CE1 BUT SUPPOS$ 9 ITS SIMPLICITY ?AT COMM]CE WAS MADE
= MAN1 :I* PRODUC$ ! >T ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :]E9 ! H>MONI\S
COOP]ATION ( FREE 9TELLIG5CE WAS C>RI$ TO ! FUR!/ PO9T :I* HAS YET
BE5 ATTA9$1 & :I* ALONE ( ALL >T CAN CLAIM TO BE CALL$ ,FREE4 ,! EFFECT
( ?IS FRE$OM1 & ! WIDESPREAD OR RA!R UNIV]SAL S5SE ( BEAUTY TO :I* IT
GAVE BIR?1 BECAME OBVI\S 5\< 9 ! \TBUR/ ( ! EXPRESSION ( SPL5DID &
COPI\S G5IUS :I* M>KS ! ,ITALIAN ,R5AISSANCE4 ,NOR CAN IT BE D\BT$ ?AT ?IS
GLORI\S >T WAS ! FRUIT ( ! FIVE C5TURIES ( FREE POPUL> >T :I* PREC$$
IT1 & NOT ( ! RISE ( COMM]CIALISM :I* WAS CONTEMPORANE\S ) IT2 = !
GLORY ( ! ,R5AISSANCE FAD$ \T ) /RANGE RAPIDITY AS COMM]CIAL COMPETITION
DEVELOP$1 SO ?AT AB\T ! 5D ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 BO? 9 !
9TELLECTUAL & ! DECORATIVE >TS1 ! COMMONPLACE OR BODY /ILL EXI/$1 BUT
! ROMANCE OR S\L ( !M WAS GONE4 ,/EP BY /EP !Y HAD FAD$ & SICK5$
BE=E ! ADVANCE ( COMM]CIALISM1 N[ SPE$ILY GA!R+ =CE ?R\<\T
CIVILIZATION4 ,! DOME/IC OR >*ITECTURAL >TS W]E BECOM+ 7OR BECOME7 M]E
TOYS = ! COMPETITIVE M>KET ?R\< :I* ALL MAT]IAL W>ES US$ BY CIVILIZ$
M5 N[ HAD TO PASS4 ,COMM]CIALISM HAD BY ?IS TIME WELL-NI< DE/ROY$ !
CRAFT-SY/EM ( LABOR1 9 :I*1 AS A=ESAID1 ! UNIT ( LABOR IS A FULLY
9/RUCT$ CRAFTSMAN1 & HAD SUPPLANT$ IT BY :AT ,I WILL ASK LEAVE TO CALL !
WORK%OP-SY/EM1 :]E91 :5 COMPLETE1 DIVISION ( LABOR 9 H&IWORK IS C>RI$
TO ! HI<E/ PO9T POSSIBLE1 & ! UNIT ( MANUFACTURE IS NO LONG] A MAN1 BUT
A GR\P ( M51 EA* MEMB] ( :I* IS DEP5D5T ON HIS FELL[S1 & IS UTT]LY
USELESS BY HIMSELF4 ,?IS SY/EM ( ! WORK%OP DIVISION ( LABOR WAS P]FECT$
DUR+ ! EI<TE5? C5TURY BY ! EF=TS ( ! MANUFACTUR+ CLASSES1
/IMULAT$ BY ! DEM&S ( ! EV]-WID5+ M>KETS2 IT IS /ILL ! SY/EM 9
SOME ( ! SMALL] & MORE DOME/IC K9DS ( MANUFACTURE1 HOLD+ MU* ! SAME
PLACE AMONG US AS ! REMA9S ( ! CRAFT-SY/EM DID 9 ! DAYS :5 ?AT (
! WORK%OP WAS /ILL Y\NG4 ,UND] ?IS SY/EM1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 ALL ! ROMANCE (
! >TS DI$ \T1 BUT ! COMMONPLACE ( !M FL\RI%$ /ILL2 = ! IDEA ?AT
! ESS5TIAL AIM ( MANUFACTURE IS ! MAK+ ( GOODS /ILL /RUGGL$ ) A
NEW] IDEA :I* HAS S9CE OBTA9$ COMPLETE VICTORY1 NAMELY1 ?AT IT IS C>RI$ ON
= ! SAKE ( MAK+ A PR(IT = ! MANUFACTUR] ON ! ONE H&1 & ON !
O!R = ! EMPLOYM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASSES4
,?IS IDEA ( COMM]CE BE+ AN 5D 9 ITSELF & NOT A MEANS M]ELY1 BE+ BUT HALF
DEVELOP$ 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ! SPECIAL P]IOD ( ! WORK%OP-SY/EM1
SOME 9T]E/ C\LD /ILL BE TAK5 9 ?OSE DAYS 9 ! MAK+ ( W>ES4 ,!
CAPITALI/-MANUFACTUR] ( ! P]IOD HAD SOME PRIDE 9 TURN+ \T GOODS :I*
W\LD DO HIM CR$IT1 AS ! PHRASE W5T2 HE WAS NOT WILL+ :OLLY TO SACRIFICE HIS
PLEASURE 9 ?IS K9D TO ! IMP]I\S DEM&S ( COMM]CE2 EV5 HIS WORKMAN1
?\< NO LONG] AN >TI/1 ?AT IS A FREE WORKMAN1 WAS B\ND TO HAVE SKILL 9 HIS
CRAFT1 LIMIT$ ?\< IT WAS TO ! SMALL FRAGM5T ( IT :I* HE HAD TO TOIL AT
DAY BY DAY = HIS :OLE LIFE4
,BUT COMM]CE W5T ON GR[+1 /IMULAT$ /ILL MORE BY ! OP5+ UP ( NEW
M>KETS1 & PU%$ ON ! 9V5TION ( M51 TILL !IR +5UITY PRODUC$ !
MA*9ES :I* WE HAVE N[ GOT TO LOOK UPON AS NECESSITIES ( MANUFACTURE1 &
:I* HAVE BR\<T AB\T A SY/EM ! V]Y OPPOSITE TO ! ANCI5T CRAFT-SY/EM2
?AT SY/EM WAS FIX$ & CONS]VATIVE ( ME?ODS2 !RE WAS NO REAL DIFF]5CE 9
! ME?OD ( MAK+ A PIECE ( GOODS BETWE5 ! TIME ( ,PL9Y & ! TIME ( ,SIR
,?OMAS ,MORE2 ! ME?OD ( MANUFACTURE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ! PRES5T TIME1
ALT]S NOT M]ELY FROM DECADE TO DECADE1 BUT FROM YE> TO YE>2 ?IS FACT HAS
NATURALLY HELP$ ! VICTORY ( ?IS MA*9E-SY/EM1 ! SY/EM ( ! ,FACTORY1
:]E ! MA*9E-LIKE WORKM5 ( ! WORK%OP P]IOD >E SUPPLANT$ BY ACTUAL
MA*9ES1 ( :I* ! OP]ATIVES 7AS !Y >E N[ CALL$7 >E BUT A PORTION1 & A
PORTION GRADUALLY DIM9I%+ BO? 9 IMPORTANCE & NUMB]S4 ,?IS SY/EM IS /ILL
%ORT ( ITS FULL DEVELOPM5T1 !RE=E TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ! WORK%OP-SY/EM IS
BE+ C>RI$ ON SIDE BY SIDE ) IT1 BUT IT IS BE+ SPE$ILY & /EADILY
CRU%$ \T BY IT2 & :5 ! PROCESS IS COMPLETE1 ! SKILL$ WORKMAN WILL NO
LONG] EXI/1 & HIS PLACE WILL BE FILL$ BY MA*9ES DIRECT$ BY A FEW HI<LY
TRA9$ & V]Y 9TELLIG5T EXP]TS1 & T5D$ BY A MULTITUDE ( PEOPLE1 M51
WOM51 & *ILDR51 ( :OM NEI!R SKILL NOR 9TELLIG5CE IS REQUIR$4
,?IS SY/EM1 ,I REPEAT1 IS AS NE> AS MAY BE ! OPPOSITE ( ?AT :I* PRODUC$ !
POPUL> >T :I* L$ UP TO ?AT SPL5DID \TBUR/ ( >T 9 ! DAYS ( !
,ITALIAN ,R5AISSANCE :I* EV5 CULTIVAT$ M5 WILL SOMETIMES DEIGN TO NOTICE
N[ADAYS2 IT HAS !RE=E PRODUC$ ! OPPOSITE ( :AT ! OLD CRAFT-SY/EM
PRODUC$1 ! DEA? ( >T & NOT ITS BIR?2 9 O!R WORDS ! DEGRADATION ( !
EXT]NAL SURR\ND+S ( LIFE1 OR SIMPLY & PLA9LY UNHAPP9ESS4 ,?R\< ALL
SOCIETY SPREADS ?AT CURSE ( UNHAPP9ESS3 FROM ! POOR WRET*ES1 ! NEWS ( :OM
WE MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE >E JU/ N[ RECEIV+ ) SU* NAIF WOND] & HORROR3
FROM ?OSE POOR PEOPLE :OM NATURE =CES TO /RIVE AGA9/ HOPE1 & TO EXP5D ALL
! DIV9E 5]GY ( MAN 9 COMPET+ = SOME?+ LESS ?AN A DOG'S LODG+ & A
DOG'S FOOD1 FROM !M UP TO ! CULTIVAT$ & REF9$ P]SON1 WELL LODG$1 WELL
F$1 WELL CLO!D1 EXP5SIVELY $UCAT$1 BUT LACK+ ALL 9T]E/ 9 LIFE EXCEPT1
IT MAY BE1 ! CULTIVATION ( UNHAPP9ESS AS A F9E >T4
,SOME?+ MU/ BE WRONG !N 9 >T1 OR ! HAPP9ESS ( LIFE IS SICK5+ 9 !
H\SE ( CIVILIZATION4 ,:AT HAS CAUS$ ! SICKNESS8 ,MA*9E-LABOR WILL Y\ SAY8
,WELL1 ,I HAVE SE5 QUOT$ A PASSAGE FROM ONE ( ! ANCI5T ,SICILIAN POETS REJOIC+
9 ! FA%ION+ ( A WAT]-MILL1 & EXULT+ 9 LABOR BE+ SET FREE FROM !
TOIL ( ! H&-QU]N 9 CONSEQU5CE2 & ?AT SURELY W\LD BE A TYPE ( MAN'S
NATURAL HOPE :5 =ESEE+ ! 9V5TION ( LABOR-SAV+ MA*9]Y AS 'TIS
CALL$2 NATURAL SURELY1 S9CE ?\< ,I HAVE SAID ?AT ! LABOR ( :I* >T CAN
=M A P>T %\LD BE ACCOMPANI$ BY PLEASURE1 SO ONE C\LD D5Y ?AT !RE IS SOME
NECESS>Y LABOR EV5 :I* IS NOT PLEASANT 9 ITSELF1 & PL5TY ( UNNECESS>Y
LABOR :I* IS M]ELY PA9FUL4 ,IF MA*9]Y HAD BE5 US$ = M9IMIZ+ SU*
LABOR1 ! UTMO/ +5UITY W\LD SC>CELY HAVE BE5 WA/$ ON IT2 BUT IS ?AT !
CASE 9 ANY WAY8 ,LOOK R\ND ! WORLD1 & Y\ MU/ AGREE ) ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL 9
HIS D\BT :E!R ALL ! MA*9]Y ( MOD]N TIMES HAS LI<T5$ ! DAILY WORK (
ONE LABOR]4 ,& :Y HAVE \R NATURAL HOPES BE5 SO DISAPPO9T$8 ,SURELY BECAUSE
9 !SE LATT] DAYS1 9 :I* AS A MATT] ( FACT MA*9]Y HAS BE5 9V5T$1 IT
WAS BY NO MEANS 9V5T$ ) ! AIM ( SAV+ ! PA9 ( LABOR4 ,! PHRASE
LABOR-SAV+ MA*9]Y IS ELLIPTICAL1 & MEANS MA*9]Y :I* SAVES ! CO/ (
LABOR1 NOT ! LABOR ITSELF1 :I* WILL BE EXP5D$ :5 SAV$ ON T5D+ O!R
MA*9ES4 ,= A DOCTR9E :I*1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 BEGAN TO BE ACCEPT$ UND] !
WORK%OP-SY/EM1 IS N[ UNIV]SALLY RECEIV$1 EV5 ?\< WE >E YET %ORT ( !
COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( ! SY/EM ( ! ,FACTORY4 ,BRIEFLY1 ! DOCTR9E IS ?IS1
?AT ! ESS5TIAL AIM ( MANUFACTURE IS MAK+ A PR(IT2 ?AT IT IS FRIVOL\S TO
CONSID] :E!R ! W>ES :5 MADE WILL BE ( MORE OR LESS USE TO ! WORLD SO
LONG AS ANY ONE CAN BE F\ND TO BUY !M AT A PRICE :I*1 :5 ! WORKMAN 5GAG$
9 MAK+ !M HAS RECEIV$ ( NECESS>IES & COM=TS AS LITTLE AS HE CAN BE GOT
TO TAKE1 WILL LEAVE SOME?+ OV] AS A REW>D TO ! CAPITALI/ :O HAS EMPLOY$
HIM4 ,?IS DOCTR9E ( ! SOLE AIM ( MANUFACTURE 7OR 9DE$ ( LIFE7 BE+ !
PR(IT ( ! CAPITALI/ & ! OCCUPATION ( ! WORKMAN1 IS HELD1 ,I SAY1 BY
ALMO/ EV]Y ONE2 ITS COROLL>Y IS1 ?AT LABOR IS NECESS>ILY UNLIMIT$1 & ?AT
TO ATTEMPT TO LIMIT IT IS NOT SO MU* FOOLI% AS WICK$1 :ATEV] MIS]Y MAY BE
CAUS$ TO ! COMMUNITY BY ! MANUFACTURE & SALE ( ! W>ES MADE4
,IT IS ?IS SUP]/ITION ( COMM]CE BE+ AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 ( MAN MADE =
COMM]CE1 NOT COMM]CE = MAN1 ( :I* >T HAS SICK5$2 NOT ( ! ACCID5TAL
APPLIANCES :I* ?AT SUP]/ITION :5 PUT 9 PRACTICE HAS BR\<T TO ITS AID2
MA*9ES & RAILWAYS & ! LIKE1 :I* DO N[ V]ILY CONTROL US ALL1 MI<T HAVE
BE5 CONTROLL$ BY US1 IF WE HAD NOT BE5 RESOLUTE TO SEEK PR(IT & OCCUPATION AT
! CO/ ( E/ABLI%+ = A TIME ?AT CORRUPT & DEGRAD+ AN>*Y :I* HAS
USURP$ ! NAME ( ,SOCIETY4 ,IT IS MY BUS9ESS H]E TO-NI<T & EV]Y:]E TO
FO/] Y\R DISCONT5T ) ?AT AN>*Y & ITS VISIBLE RESULTS2 = 9DE$ ,I
?9K IT W\LD BE AN 9SULT TO Y\ TO SUPPOSE ?AT Y\ >E CONT5T$ ) ! /ATE
( ?+S AS !Y >E2 CONT5T$ TO SEE ALL BEAUTY VANI% FROM \R BEAUTIFUL CITY1
= 9/ANCE2 CONT5T$ ) ! SQUALOR ( ! BLACK C\NTRY1 ) ! HIDE\SNESS
( ,LONDON1 ! W5 ( ALL W5S1 AS ,COBBETT CALL$ IT2 CONT5T$ ) ! UGL9ESS
& BAS5ESS :I* EV]Y:]E SURR\ND ! LIFE ( CIVILIZ$ MAN2 CONT5T$1
LA/LY1 TO BE LIV+ ABOVE ?AT UNUTT]ABLE & SICK5+ MIS]Y ( :I* A FEW
DETAILS >E ONCE AGA9 REA*+ US AS IF FROM SOME DI/ANT UNHAPPY C\NTRY1 (
:I* WE C\LD SC>CELY EXPECT TO HE>1 BUT :I* ,I TELL Y\ IS ! NECESS>Y
F\NDATION ON :I* \R SOCIETY1 \R AN>*Y1 RE/S4
,NEI!R CAN ,I D\BT ?AT EV]Y ONE H]E HAS =M$ SOME IDEA ( REM$IES = !SE
DEFECTS 9 \R CIVILIZATION1 AS WE EUPHEMI/ICALLY CALL !M1 EV5 ?\< ! IDEAS
BE VAGUE2 ALSO ,I KN[ ?AT Y\ >E FAMILI> ) ! PRECEPTS ( ! SY/EM (
ECONOMY1 ?AT RELIGION1 ,I MAY SAY1 :I* HAS SUPPLANT$ ! PRECEPTS ( ! OLD
RELIGIONS ON ! DUTY & BLESS+ ( GIV+ TO ! NE$Y2 Y\ UND]/& ( C\RSE
?AT ?\< A FRI5D MAY GIVE TO A FRI5D & BO? GIV] & RECEIV] BE BETT] =
! GIFT1 YET A RI* MAN CANNOT GIVE TO A POOR ONE )\T BO? BE+ ! WORSE =
IT2 ,I SUPPOSE BECAUSE !Y >E NOT FRI5DS4 ,& AMID ALL ?IS ,I FEEL SURE1 ,I SAY1
?AT Y\ ALL ( Y\ HAVE SOME IDEAL ( A /ATE ( ?+S BETT] ?AN ?AT AMID
:I* WE LIVE1 SOME?+1 ,I MEAN TO SAY1 MORE ?AN ! APPLICATION ( TEMPOR>Y
PALLIATIVES TO ! 5DUR+ DEFECTS ( \R CIVILIZATION4
,N[ IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! IDEAL ( BETT] TIMES :I* ! MORE ADVANC$ 9
OP9ION ( \R [N CLASS HAVE =M$ AS POSSIBLE & HOPEFUL IS SOME?+ LIKE
?IS4 ,!RE IS TO BE A L>GE CLASS ( 9DU/RI\S PEOPLE NOT TOO MU* REF9$ 7OR
!Y C\LD NOT DO ! R\< WORK WANT$ ( !M71 :O >E TO LIVE 9 COM=T 7NOT1
H[EV]1 MEAN+ \R MIDDLE-CLASS COM=T71 & RECEIVE A K9D ( $UCATION 7IF
!Y CAN71 & NOT BE OV]WORK$2 ?AT IS1 NOT OV]WORK$ = A WORK+ MAN2 HIS
LI<T DAY'S WORK W\LD BE RA!R HEAVY = ! REF9$ CLASSES4 ,?IS CLASS IS TO BE
! BASIS ( SOCIETY1 & ITS EXI/5CE WILL LEAVE ! CONSCI5CES ( ! REF9$
CLASS QUITE FREE & AT RE/4 ,FROM ?IS REF9$ CLASS WILL COME ! DIRECTORS OR
CAPTA9S ( LABOR 79 O!R WORDS ! USUR]S71 ! DIRECTORS ( PEOPLE'S
CONSCI5CES RELIGI\S & LIT]>Y 7CL]GY1 PHILOSOPH]S1 NEWSPAP]-WRIT]S71 &
LA/LY1 IF ?AT BE ?\<T ( AT ALL1 ! DIRECTORS ( >T2 !SE TWO CLASSES )
OR )\T A ?IRD1 ! FUNCTIONS ( :I* >E 9DEF9ITE1 WILL LIVE TOGE!R )
! GREATE/ GOODWILL1 ! UPP] HELP+ ! L[] )\T S5SE ( CONDESC5SION
ON ONE SIDE OR HUMILIATION ON ! O!R2 ! L[] >E TO BE P]FECTLY CONT5T )
!IR POSITION1 & !RE IS TO BE NO GRA9 ( ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! CLASSES3
AL?\< 7EV5 ,UTOPIANISM ( ?IS K9D BE+ UNABLE TO %AKE (F ! IDEA ( !
NECESSITY ( COMPETITION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS7 ! L[] CLASS1 BLESS$ &
RESPECT$ AS IT IS TO BE1 WILL HAVE MOREOV] ! ADDITIONAL BLESS+ ( HOPE HELD
\T TO IT2 ! HOPE ( EA* MAN RIS+ 9TO ! UPP] CLASS1 & LEAV+ !
*RYSALIS ( LABOR BEH9D HIM2 NOR1 IF ?AT MATT]S1 IS ! L[] CLASS TO LACK
DUE POLITICAL OR P>LIAM5T>Y P[]2 ALL M5 7OR NE>LY ALL7 BE+ EQUAL BE=E
! BALLOT-BOX1 EXCEPT SO F> AS !Y MAY BE B\<T LIKE O!R ?+S4 ,?AT SEEMS
TO ME TO BE ! MIDDLE-CLASS LIB]AL IDEAL ( RE=M$ SOCIETY2 ALL ! WORLD
TURN$ B\RGEOIS1 BIG & LITTLE1 PEACE UND] ! RULE ( COMPETITIVE COMM]CE1
EASE ( M9D & A GOOD CONSCI5CE TO ALL & SEV]AL UND] ! RULE ( ! DEVIL
TAKE ! H9DMO/4
,WELL1 = MY P>T ,I HAVE NO?+1 POSITIVELY NO?+1 TO SAY AGA9/ IT IF IT CAN
BE BR\<T AB\T4 ,RELIGION1 MORALITY1 >T1 LIT]ATURE1 SCI5CE1 MI<T = ALL ,I
KN[ FL\RI% UND] IT & MAKE ! WORLD A HEAV54 ,BUT HAVE WE NOT TRI$ ITS
SOME:AT ALREADY8 ,>E NOT MANY PEOPLE JUBILANT :5EV] !Y /& ON A PUBLIC
PLAT=M OV] ! SPE$Y ADV5T ( ?IS GOOD TIME8 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !
CONT9U$ & ADVANC+ PROSP]ITY ( ! WORK+ CLASSES IS ALMO/ ALWAYS NOT$
:5 A POLITICAL MAN ADDRESSES AN AUDI5CE ON G5]AL SUBJECTS1 :5 HE =GETS
P>TY POLITICS2 NOR SELDOM :5 HE REMEMB]S !M MO/4 ,NOR DO ,I WI% TO TAKE AWAY
HONOR :]E HONOR IS DUE2 ,I BELIEVE !RE >E MANY PEOPLE :O DEEPLY BELIEVE 9
! REALIZATION ( ?IS IDEAL1 :ILE !Y >E NOT IGNORANT ( H[ LAM5TABLY F>
?+S >E FROM IT AT PRES5T2 ,I KN[ ?AT !RE >E M5 :O SACRIFICE TIME1 MONEY1
PLEASURE1 !IR [N PREJUDICES EV51 TO BR+ IT AB\T2 M5 :O HATE /RIFE &
LOVE PEACE1 M5 H>D WORK+1 K9DLY1 UNAMBITI\S4 ,:AT HAVE !Y DONE8 ,H[ MU*
NE>] >E !Y TO ! IDEAL ( ! B\RGEOIS COMMONWEAL? ?AN !Y W]E AT !
TIME ( ! ,RE=M ,BILL1 OR ! TIME ( ! REPEAL ( ! ,CORN ,LAWS8 ,WELL1 ?US
MU* NE>] TO A GREAT *ANGE P]HAPS1 ?AT !RE IS A *9K 9 ! >MOR (
SELF-SATISFACTION2 A SUSPICION ?AT P]HAPS IT IS NOT ! ACCID5TS ( ! SY/EM
( COMPETITIVE COMM]CE :I* HAVE TO BE ABOLI%$1 BUT ! SY/EM ITSELF2 BUT AS
TO APPROA*+ ! IDEAL ( ?AT SY/EM RE=M$ 9TO HUMANITY & DEC5CY1 !Y
>E AB\T SO MU* NE>] TO IT AS A MAN IS NE>] TO ! MOON :5 HE /&S ON A
HAYRICK4 ,I DON'T WANT TO MAKE TOO MU* ( ! MATT] ( MONEY-WAGES AP>T FROM !
<A/LY CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR :I* IS ! ESS5CE ( \R SY/EM2
YET REMEMB] ?AT POV]TY DRIV5 BEL[ A C]TA9 LIMIT MEANS DEGRADATION &
SLAV]Y PURE & SIMPLE4 ,N[ ,I HAVE SE5 A /ATEM5T MADE BY ONE ( ! HOPEFUL M5
( ! RI* MIDDLE CLASS ?AT ! AV]AGE YE>LY 9COME ( AN ,5GLI% WORK+ MAN'S
H\SEHOLD IS ONE HUNDR$ P\NDS4 ,I DON'T BELIEVE ! FIGURES BECAUSE ,I AM SURE !Y
>E SWOLL5 BY WAGES PAID 9 TIMES ( 9FLATION1 & IGNORE ! PREC>I\S POSITION
( MO/ WORK+ M52 BUT QUITE AP>T FROM ?AT1 DO NOT1 ,I BEG Y\1 TAKE REFUGE
BEH9D AV]AGES2 = AT LEA/ !Y >E SWELL$ BY ! HI< WAGES PAID TO SPECIAL
CLASSES ( WORKM5 9 SPECIAL PLACES1 & 9 ! MANUFACTUR+ DI/RICTS BY !
MO!RS ( FAMILIES WORK+ 9 FACTORIES1 TO MY M9D A MO/ ABOM9ABLE CU/OM1 &
BY O!R MATT]S ( ! LIKE K9D1 :I* ! AV]AGE-MAK]S LEAVE Y\ TO F9D \T
= Y\RSELVES4 ,BUT EV5 ?AT IS NOT ! PO9T ( ! MATT]4 ,= MY P>T !
5ORM\S AV]AGE ( ONE HUNDR$ P\NDS A YE> TO SO MANY MILLIONS ( TOIL+
PEOPLE1 :ILE MANY ?\S&S :O DO NOT TOIL ?9K !MSELVES POOR ) T5 TIMES
! 9COME1 DOES NOT COM=T ME = ! FACT ( A ?\S& /RONG M5 WAIT+ AT
! DOCK GATES D[N AT ,POPL>1 ! GREAT] P>T ( A WORK+-DAY1 ON ! *ANCE (
SOME ( !M BE+ TAK5 ON AT WRET*$ WAGES1 OR = ! ORD9>Y WAGE ( A F>M
LABOR] OV] A GREAT P>T ( ,5GL& BE+ T5 %ILL+S P] WEEK1 & ?AT
CONSID]$ RU9\S BY ! F>M]S ALSO3 IF AV]AGES WILL CONT5T US :ILE SU*
?+S AS ?IS GO ON1 :Y /OP AT ! WORK+ CLASSES8 ,:Y NOT TAKE 9 EV]YBODY1
FROM ! ,DUKE ( ,WE/M9/] D[NW>D1 & !N RAISE A HYMN ( REJOIC+ OV] !
9COME ( ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE8
,I SAY LET US BE DONE ) AV]AGES & LOOK AT LIVES & !IR SUFF]+S1 & TRY
TO REALIZE !M3 = 9DE$ :AT ,I WANT Y\ TO NOTE IS ?IS2 ?AT ?\< Y\ MAY
REALIZE A P>T ( ! B\RGEOIS OR RADICAL IDEAL1 !RE IS & = EV] WILL BE
UND] ! COMPETITIVE SY/EM A SKELETON 9 ! CUPBO>D4 ,WE MAY1 NAY1 WE HAVE
MANAG$ TO CREATE A GREAT MASS ( MIDDL+ WELL-TO-DO PEOPLE1 HOV]+ ON ! V]GE
( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 PROSP]\S >TISANS1 SMALL TRADESM51 & ! LIKE2 & ,I
MU/ SAY P>5!TICALLY ?AT 9 SPITE ( ALL !IR 9NATE GOOD QUALITIES ! CLASS
DOES LITTLE CR$IT TO \R CIVILIZATION2 = ?\< !Y LIVE 9 A K9D ( SW9I%
COM=T AS F> AS FOOD IS CONC]N$1 !Y >E ILL H\S$1 ILL $UCAT$1 CRU%$ BY
GROVEL+ SUP]/ITIONS1 LACK+ REASONABLE PLEASURES1 UTT]LY DEVOID ( ANY S5SE
( BEAUTY4 ,BUT LET ?AT PASS4 ,= AU<T ,I KN[ WE MAY V]Y MU* 9CREASE !
PROPORTIONATE NUMB]S ( ?IS CLASS )\T MAK+ ANY S]I\S *ANGE 9 \R
SY/EM1 BUT UND] ALL ?AT /ILL LIES & WILL LIE ANO!R CLASS :I* WE %ALL
NEV] GET RID ( AS LONG AS WE >E UND] ! TYRANNY ( ! DEVIL TAKE !
H9DMO/2 ?AT CLASS IS ! ,CLASS ( ,VICTIMS4 ,N[ ABOVE ALL ?+S ,I WANT US NOT TO
=GET !M 7AS 9DE$ WE >E NOT LIKELY TO = SOME WEEKS TO COME71 OR TO CONSOLE
\RSELVES BY AV]AGES = ! FACT ?AT ! RI*ES ( ! RI* & ! COM=T (
! WELL-TO-DO >E F\ND$ ON ?AT T]RIBLE MASS ( UNDIGNIFI$1 UNREW>D$1
USELESS MIS]Y1 CONC]N+ :I* WE HAVE ( LATE BE5 HE>+ A LITTLE1 A V]Y
LITTLE2 AFT] ALL WE DO KN[ ?AT IS A FACT1 & WE CAN ONLY CONSOLE \RSELVES BY
HOP+ ?AT WE MAY1 IF WE >E WAT*FUL & DILIG5T 7:I* WE V]Y SELDOM >E71 WE
MAY GREATLY DIM9I% ! AM\NT ( IT4 ,I ASK Y\1 IS SU* A HOPE AS ?AT WOR?Y (
\R BOA/$ CIVILIZATION ) ITS P]FECT$ CRE$S1 ITS HI< MORALITY1 ITS S\ND+
POLITICAL MAXIMS8 ,WILL Y\ ?9K IT MON/R\S ?AT SOME PEOPLE HAVE CONCEIV$
ANO!R HOPE1 & SEE BE=E !M ! IDEAL ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* !RE %\LD BE
NO CLASSES P]MAN5TLY DEGRAD$ = ! B5EFIT ( ! COMMONWEAL8 ,= ONE ?+ ,I
W\LD HAVE Y\ REMEMB]1 ?AT ?IS L[E/ CLASS ( UTT] POV]TY LIES LIKE A GULF
BE=E ! :OLE ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 :O 9 SPITE ( ALL AV]AGES LIVE A
PREC>I\S LIFE2 ! FAILURE 9 ! GAME ( LIFE :I* 5TAILS ON A RI* MAN AN
UNAMBITI\S RETIREM5T1 & ON A WELL-TO-DO MAN A LIFE ( DEP5D5CE & LABORI\S
%IFTS1 DRAGS A WORK+ MAN D[N 9TO ?AT HELL ( IRR$EEMABLE DEGRADATION4 ,I HOPE
!RE >E BUT FEW1 AT LEA/ H]E1 :O CAN COM=T !IR CONSCI5CES BY SAY+ ?AT
! WORK+ CLASSES BR+ ?IS DEGRADATION ON !MSELVES BY !IR [N UN?RIFT &
RECKLESSNESS4 ,SOME DO1 NO D\BT1 /OIC PHILOSOPH]S ( ! HI<] TYPE NOT BE+
MU* COMMON] AMONG DAY-LABOR]S ?AN AMONG ! WELL-TO-DO & RI*2 BUT WE KN[
V]Y WELL H[ SORELY ! MASS ( ! POOR /RIVE1 PRACTIC+ SU* ?RIFT AS IS 9
ITSELF A DEGRADATION TO MAN1 9 :OSE V]Y NATURE IT IS TO LOVE MIR? & PLEASURE1
& H[ 9 SPITE ( ALL ?AT !Y FALL 9TO ! GULF4 ,:AT6 >E WE GO+ TO D5Y
?AT :5 WE SEE ALL R\ND US 9 \R [N CLASS CASES ( M5 FAIL+ 9 LIFE BY NO
FAULT ( !IR [N2 NAY1 MANY ( ! FAILURES WOR?I] & MORE USEFUL ?AN ?OSE
?AT SUCCE$3 AS MI<T 9DE$ BE LOOK$ = 9 ! /ATE ( W> :I* WE CALL !
SY/EM ( UNLIMIT$ COMPETITION1 :]E ! BE/ CAMPAIGN+-LUGGAGE A MAN CAN C>RY
IS A H>D HE>T & NO SCRUPLES8 ,= 9DE$ ! FULFILLM5T ( ?AT LIB]AL IDEAL (
! RE=M ( \R PRES5T SY/EM 9TO A /ATE ( MOD]ATE CLASS SUPREMACY IS
IMPOSSIBLE1 BECAUSE ?AT SY/EM IS AFT] ALL NO?+ BUT A CONT9U\S IMPLACABLE
W>2 ! W> ONCE 5D$1 COMM]CE1 AS WE N[ UND]/& ! WORD1 COMES TO AN 5D1
& ! M\NTA9S ( W>ES :I* >E EI!R USELESS 9 !MSELVES OR ONLY USEFUL TO
SLAVES & SLAVE-[N]S >E NO LONG] MADE1 & ONCE AGA9 >T WILL BE US$ TO
DET]M9E :AT ?+S >E USEFUL & :AT USELESS TO BE MADE2 S9CE NO?+ %\LD
BE MADE :I* DOES NOT GIVE PLEASURE TO ! MAK] & ! US]1 & ?AT PLEASURE
( MAK+ MU/ PRODUCE >T 9 ! H&S ( ! WORKMAN4 ,SO WILL >T BE US$ TO
DISCRIM9ATE BETWE5 ! WA/E & ! USEFULNESS ( LABOR2 :]EAS AT PRES5T !
WA/E ( LABOR IS1 AS ,I HAVE SAID ABOVE1 A MATT] NEV] CONSID]$ AT ALL2 SO LONG
AS A MAN TOILS HE IS SUPPOS$ TO BE USEFUL1 NO MATT] :AT HE TOILS AT4
,I TELL Y\ ! V]Y ESS5CE ( COMPETITIVE COMM]CE IS WA/E2 ! WA/E ?AT COMES
( ! AN>*Y ( W>4 ,DO NOT BE DECEIV$ BY ! \TSIDE APPE>ANCE ( ORD] 9 \R
PLUTOCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,IT F>ES ) IT AS IT DOES ) ! OLD] =MS ( W>1 ?AT
!RE IS AN \TSIDE LOOK ( QUIET WOND]FUL ORD] AB\T IT2 H[ NEAT & COM=T+
! /EADY M>* ( ! REGIM5T2 H[ QUIET & RESPECTABLE ! S]GEANTS LOOK2 H[
CLEAN ! POLI%$ CANNON2 NEAT AS A NEW P9 >E ! /OREH\SES ( MURD]2 !
BOOKS ( ADJUTANT & S]GEANT AS 9NOC5T-LOOK+ AS MAY BE2 NAY1 ! V]Y ORD]S
= DE/RUCTION & PLUND] >E GIV5 ) A QUIET PRECISION :I* SEEMS ! V]Y
TOK5 ( A GOOD CONSCI5CE2 ?IS IS ! MASK ?AT LIES BE=E ! RU9$ CORNFIELD
& ! BURN+ COTTAGE1 ! MANGL$ BODIES1 ! UNTIMELY DEA? ( WOR?Y M51 !
DESOLAT$ HOME4 ,ALL ?IS1 ! RESULTS ( ! ORD] & SOBRIETY :I* IS ! FACE
:I* CIVILIZ$ SOLDI]+ TURNS T[>DS US /AY-AT-HOMES1 WE HAVE BE5 TOLD (T5
& ELOQU5TLY 5\< TO CONSID]2 (T5 5\< WE HAVE BE5 %[N ! WRONG SIDE
( ! GLORIES ( W>1 NOR CAN WE BE %[N IT TOO (T5 OR TOO ELOQU5TLY4 ,YET ,I
SAY EV5 SU* A MASK IS WORN BY COMPETITIVE COMM]CE1 ) ITS RESPECTABLE PRIM
ORD]1 ITS TALK ( PEACE & ! BLESS+S ( 9T]COMMUNICATION ( C\NTRIES &
! LIKE2 & ALL ! :ILE ITS :OLE 5]GY1 ITS :OLE ORGANIZ$ PRECISION IS
EMPLOY$ 9 ONE ?+1 ! WR5*+ ! MEANS ( LIV+ FROM O!RS2 :ILE \TSIDE
?AT EV]Y?+ MU/ DO AS IT MAY1 :OEV] IS ! WORSE OR ! BETT] = IT2 AS 9
! W> ( FIRE & /EEL1 ALL O!R AIMS MU/ BE CRU%$ \T BE=E ?AT ONE
OBJECT4 ,IT IS WORSE ?AN ! OLD] W> 9 ONE RESPECT AT LEA/1 ?AT :]EAS ?AT
WAS 9T]MITT5T1 ?IS IS CONT9U\S & UNRE/+1 & ITS LEAD]S & CAPTA9S
>E NEV] TIR$ ( DECL>+ ?AT IT MU/ LA/ AS LONG AS ! WORLD1 & IS !
5D-ALL & BE-ALL ( ! CREATION ( MAN ( HIS HOME4 ,( SU* ! WORDS >E SAID3
,= !M ALONE DO SEE!
,A ?\S& M5 9 TR\BLES WIDE & D>K2
,HALF IGNORANT !Y TURN AN EASY :EEL
,?AT SETS %>P RACKS AT WORK TO P9* & PEEL4
,:AT CAN OV]?R[ ?IS T]RIBLE ORGANIZATION SO /RONG 9 ITSELF1 SO ROOT$ 9 !
SELF-9T]E/1 /UPIDITY1 & C[>DICE ( /R5U\S N>R[-M9D$ M52 SO /RONG
9 ITSELF & SO MU* =TIFI$ AGA9/ ATTACK BY ! SURR\ND+ AN>*Y :I* IT
HAS BR$8 ,NO?+ BUT DISCONT5T ) ?AT AN>*Y1 & AN ORD] :I* 9 ITS TURN
WILL >ISE FROM IT1 NAY1 IS >IS+ FROM IT2 AN ORD] ONCE A P>T ( ! 9T]NAL
ORGANIZATION ( ?AT :I* IT IS DOOM$ TO DE/ROY4 ,= ! FULL] DEVELOPM5T (
9DU/RIALISM FROM ! ANCI5T CRAFTS ?R\< ! WORK%OP-SY/EM 9TO ! SY/EM
( ! FACTORY & MA*9E1 :ILE IT HAS TAK5 FROM ! WORKM5 ALL PLEASURE 9
!IR LABOR1 OR HOPE ( DI/9CTION & EXCELL5CE 9 IT1 HAS WELD$ !M 9TO A
GREAT CLASS1 & HAS BY ITS V]Y OPPRESSION & COMPULSION ( ! MONOTONY ( LIFE
DRIV5 !M 9TO FEEL+ ! SOLID>ITY ( !IR 9T]E/S & ! ANTAGONISM (
?OSE 9T]E/S TO ?OSE ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS2 !Y >E ALL ?R\< CIVILIZATION
FEEL+ ! NECESSITY ( !IR RIS+ AS A CLASS4 ,AS ,I HAVE SAID1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE
= !M TO COALESCE ) ! MIDDLE CLASSES TO PRODUCE ! UNIV]SAL REIGN (
MOD]ATE B\RGEOIS SOCIETY :I* SOME HAVE DREAM$ (2 BECAUSE H[EV] MANY ( !M
MAY RISE \T ( !IR CLASS1 !SE BECOME AT ONCE P>T ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 [N]S
( CAPITAL1 EV5 ?\< IT BE 9 A SMALL WAY1 & EXPLOIT]S ( LABOR2 & !RE
IS /ILL LEFT BEH9D A L[] CLASS :I* 9 ITS [N TURN DRAGS D[N TO IT !
UNSUCCESSFUL 9 ! /RUGGLE2 A PROCESS :I* IS BE+ ACCEL]AT$ 9 !SE LATT]
DAYS BY ! RAPID GR[? ( ! GREAT FACTORIES & /ORES1 :I* >E EXT+UI%+
! REMA9S ( ! SMALL WORK%OPS S]V$ BY M5 :O MAY HOPE TO BECOME SMALL
MA/]S1 & ALSO ! SMALL] ( ! TRADESMAN CLASS4 ,?US !N1 FEEL+ ?AT IT IS
IMPOSSIBLE = !M TO RISE AS A CLASS1 :ILE COMPETITION NATURALLY1 & AS A
NECESSITY = ITS EXI/5CE1 KEEPS !M D[N1 !Y HAVE BEGUN TO LOOK TO
ASSOCIATION AS !IR NATURAL T5D5CY1 JU/ AS COMPETITION IS LOOK$ TO BY !
CAPITALI/S2 9 !M ! HOPE HAS >IS51 IF NO:]E ELSE1 ( F9ALLY MAK+ AN 5D
( CLASS DEGRADATION4
,IT IS 9 ! BELIEF ?AT ?IS HOPE IS SPREAD+ TO ! MIDDLE CLASSES ?AT ,I /&
BE=E Y\ N[1 PLEAD+ = ITS ACCEPTANCE BY Y\1 9 ! C]TA9TY ?AT 9 ITS
FULFILLM5T ALONE LIES ! O!R HOPE = ! NEW BIR? ( ,>T & ! ATTA9M5T BY
! MIDDLE CLASSES ( TRUE REF9EM5T1 ! LACK ( :I* AT PRES5T IS SO
GRIEV\SLY BETOK5$ BY ! SORDIDNESS & BAS5ESS ( ALL ! EXT]NAL
SURR\ND+S ( \R LIVES1 EV5 ?OSE ( US :O >E RI*4 ,I KN[ !RE >E SOME TO
:OM ?IS POSSIBILITY ( ! GETT+ RID ( CLASS DEGRADATION MAY COME1 NOT AS A
HOPE1 BUT AS A FE>4 ,!SE MAY COM=T !MSELVES BY ?9K+ ?AT ?IS ,SOCIALI/
MATT] IS A HOLL[ SC>E1 9 ,5GL& AT LEA/2 ?AT ! PROLET>IAT HAVE NO HOPE1
& !RE=E WILL LIE QUIET 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 :]E ! RAPID & NE>LY COMPLETE
DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CIALISM HAS CRU%$ ! P[] ( COMB9ATION \T ( ! L[]
CLASSES2 :]E ! V]Y COMB9ATIONS1 ! ,TRADES ,UNIONS1 F\ND$ = !
ADVANCEM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A CLASS1 HAVE ALREADY BECOME CONS]VATIVE &
OB/RUCTIVE BODIES1 WIELD$ BY ! MIDDLE-CLASS POLITICIANS = P>TY PURPOSES2
:]E ! PROPORTION ( ! T[N & MANUFACTUR+ DI/RICTS TO ! C\NTRY IS SO
GREAT ?AT ! 9HABITANTS1 NO LONG] RECRUIT$ BY ! PEASANTRY BUT BECOME
T[NSM5 BR$ ( T[NSM51 >E YE>LY DET]IORAT+ 9 PHYSIQUE2 :]E LA/LY
$UCATION IS SO BACKW>D4
,IT MAY BE ?AT 9 ,5GL& ! MASS ( ! WORK+ CLASSES HAS NO HOPE2 ?AT IT WILL
NOT BE H>D TO KEEP !M D[N = A :ILE1 POSSIBLY A LONG :ILE4 ,! HOPE ?AT
?IS MAY BE SO ,I WILL SAY PLA9LY IS A DA/>D'S HOPE1 = IT IS F\ND$ ON !
*ANCE ( !IR DEGRADATION4 ,I SAY SU* AN EXPECTATION IS ?AT ( SLAVE-HOLD]S OR
! HANG]S-ON ( SLAVE-HOLD]S4 ,I BELIEVE1 H[EV]1 ?AT HOPE IS GR[+ AMONG !
WORK+ CLASSES EV5 9 ,5GL&2 AT ANY RATE Y\ MAY BE SURE ( ONE ?+1 ?AT
!RE IS AT LEA/ DISCONT5T4 ,CAN ANY ( US D\BT ?AT1 S9CE !RE IS UNJU/
SUFF]+8 ,OR :I* ( US W\LD BE CONT5T$ ) T5 %ILL+S A WEEK TO KEEP \R
H\SEHOLDS )1 OR TO DWELL 9 UNUTT]ABLE FIL? & HAVE TO PAY ! PRICE ( GOOD
LODG+ = IT8 ,DO Y\ D\BT ?AT IF WE HAD ANY TIME = IT AMID \R /RUGGLE TO
LIVE WE %\LD LOOK 9TO ! TITLE ( ?OSE :O KEPT US !RE1 !MSELVES RI* &
COM=TABLE1 UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO SOCIETY8 ,I TELL Y\ !RE
IS PL5TY ( DISCONT5T1 & ,I CALL ON ALL ?OSE :O ?9K !RE IS SOME?+
BETT] ?AN MAK+ MONEY = ! SAKE ( MAK+ IT TO HELP 9 $UCAT+ ?AT
DISCONT5T 9TO HOPE1 ?AT IS 9TO ! DEM& = ! NEW BIR? ( SOCIETY2 & ,I
DO ?IS NOT BECAUSE ,I AM AFRAID ( IT1 BUT BECAUSE ,I MYSELF AM DISCONT5T$ &
LONG = JU/ICE4
,YET1 IF ANY ( Y\ >E AFRAID ( ! DISCONT5T :I* IS ABROAD1 9 ITS PRES5T
%APE1 ,I CANNOT SAY ?AT Y\ HAVE NO REASON TO BE4 ,I AM REPRES5T+ RECON/RUCTIVE
,SOCIALISM BE=E Y\2 BUT !RE >E O!R PEOPLE :O CALL !MSELVES ,SOCIALI/S
:OSE AIM 9 NOT RECON/RUCTION1 BUT DE/RUCTION2 PEOPLE :O ?9K ?AT ! PRES5T
/ATE ( ?+S IS HORRIBLE & UNBE>ABLE 7AS 9 V]Y TRU? IT IS71 & ?AT !RE
IS NO?+ = IT BUT TO %AKE SOCIETY BY CON/ANT BL[S GIV5 AT ANY SACRIFICE1 SO
?AT IT MAY AT LA/ TOTT] & FALL4 ,MAY IT NOT BE WOR? :ILE1 ?9K Y\1 TO
COMBAT SU* A DOCTR9E BY SUPPLY+ DISCONT5T ) HOPE ( *ANGE ?AT 9VOLVES
RECON/RUCTION8 ,MEAN:ILE1 BE SURE ?AT1 ?\< ! DAY ( *ANGE MAY BE LONG
DELAY$1 IT WILL COME AT LA/4 ,! MIDDLE CLASSES WILL ONE DAY BECOME CONSCI\S (
! DISCONT5T ( ! PROLET>IAT2 BE=E ?AT SOME WILL HAVE R5\NC$ !IR CLASS
& CA/ 9 !IR LOT ) ! WORK+ M51 9FLU5C$ BY LOVE ( JU/ICE OR
9SI<T 9TO FACTS4 ,= ! RE/1 !Y WILL1 :5 !IR CONSCI5CE IS AWAK5$1
HAVE TWO *OICES BE=E !M2 !Y MU/ EI!R CA/ ASIDE !IR MORALITY1 ( :I*
?\< ?REE P>TS >E CANT1 ! O!R IS S9C]E1 OR !Y MU/ GIVE WAY4 ,9 EI!R
CASE ,I DO BELIEVE ?AT ! *ANGE WILL COME1 & ?AT NO?+ WILL S]I\SLY RET>D
?AT NEW BIR?2 YET ,I WELL KN[ ?AT ! MIDDLE CLASS MAY DO MU* TO GIVE A
PEACEABLE OR A VIOL5T *>ACT] TO ! $UCATION ( DISCONT5T :I* MU/ PREC$E
IT4 ,H9D] IT1 & :O KN[S :AT VIOL5CE Y\ MAY BE DRIV5 9TO1 EV5 TO !
R5UNCIATION ( ! MORALITY ( :I* WE MIDDLE-CLASS M5 >E SO PR\D2 ADVANCE IT1
/RIVE S+LE-HE>T$LY ?AT TRU? MAY PREVAIL1 & :AT NE$ Y\ FE>8 ,AT ANY RATE
NOT Y\R [N VIOL5CE1 NOT Y\R [N TYRANNY8
,AGA9 ,I SAY ?+S HAVE GONE TOO F>1 & ! PRET5SE AT LEA/ ( A LOVE (
JU/ICE IS TOO COMMON AMONG US1 = ! MIDDLE CLASSES TO ATTEMPT TO KEEP !
PROLET>IAT 9 ITS CONDITION ( SLAV]Y TO CAPITAL1 AS SOON AS !Y /IR S]I\SLY
9 ! MATT]1 EXCEPT AT ! CO/ ( COMPLETE DEGRADATION TO !MSELVES1 ! MIDDLE
CLASS1 :ATEV] ELSE MAY HAPP54 ,I CANNOT HELP HOP+ ?AT !RE >E SOME H]E :O
>E ALREADY 9 DREAD ( ! %AD[ ( ?AT DEGRADATION ( CONSCI\SLY SU/A9+ AN
9JU/ICE1 & >E EAG] TO ESCAPE FROM ?AT HALF-IGNORANT TYRANNY ( :I* ,KEATS
TELLS1 & :I* IS1 SOO? TO SAY1 ! COMMON CONDITION ( RI* PEOPLE4 ,TO ?OSE ,I
HAVE A LA/ WORD OR TWO TO SAY 9 BEGG+ !M TO R5\NCE !IR CLASS PRET5SIONS
& CA/ 9 !IR LOT ) ! WORK+ M54 ,IT MAY BE ?AT SOME ( !M >E KEPT
FROM ACTIVELY FUR!R+ ! CAUSE :I* !Y BELIEVE 9 BY ?AT DREAD (
ORGANIZATION1 BY ?AT UNPRACTICALITY 9 A WORD1 :I*1 AS IT IS V]Y COMMON 9
,5GL& G5]ALLY1 IS MORE COMMON AMONG HI<LY CULTIVAT$ PEOPLE1 &1 IF Y\ WILL
=GIVE ! WORD1 MO/ COMMON 9 \R ANCI5T UNIV]SITIES4 ,S9CE ,I AM A MEMB] ( A
,SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A ,I E>NE/LY BEG ?OSE ( Y\ :O AGREE ) ME TO HELP US
ACTIVELY1 ) Y\R TIME & Y\R TAL5TS IF Y\ CAN1 BUT IF NOT1 AT LEA/ )
Y\R MONEY1 AS Y\ CAN4 ,DO NOT HOLD ALO( FROM US1 S9CE Y\ AGREE ) US1 BECAUSE
WE HAVE NOT ATTA9$ ?AT DELICACY ( MANN]S1 ?AT REF9EM5T ( LANGUAGE1 NAY1
EV5 ?AT PRUD5T & C>EFUL WISDOM ( ACTION :I* ! LONG OPPRESSION (
COMPETITIVE COMM]CE HAS CRU%$ \T ( US4
,>T IS LONG & LIFE IS %ORT2 LET US AT LEA/ DO SOME?+ BE=E WE DIE4 ,WE SEEK
P]FECTION1 BUT CAN F9D NO P]FECT MEANS TO BR+ IT AB\T2 LET IT BE 5\< =
US IF WE CAN UNITE ) ?OSE :OSE AIMS >E RI<T1 & !IR MEANS HONE/ &
FEASIBLE4 ,I TELL Y\ IF WE WAIT = P]FECTION 9 ASSOCIATION 9 !SE DAYS (
COMBAT WE %ALL DIE BE=E WE CAN DO ANY?+4 ,HELP US N[1 Y\ :OM ! =TUNE (
Y\R BIR? HAS HELP$ TO MAKE WISE & REF9$2 & AS Y\ HELP US 9 \R
WORK-A-DAY BUS9ESS T[>D ! SUCCESS ( ! CAUSE1 9/ILL 9TO US Y\R SUP]IOR
WISDOM1 Y\R SUP]IOR REF9EM5T1 & Y\ 9 Y\R TURN MAY BE HELP$ BY ! C\RAGE
& HOPE ( ?OSE :O >E NOT SO COMPLETELY WISE & REF9$4 ,REMEMB] WE HAVE BUT
ONE WEAPON AGA9/ ?AT T]RIBLE ORGANIZATION ( SELFI%NESS :I* WE ATTACK1 &
?AT WEAPON IS ,UNION4 ,YES1 & IT %\LD BE OBVI\S UNION1 :I* WE CAN BE
CONSCI\S ( AS WE MIX ) O!RS :O >E HO/ILE OR 9DIFF]5T TO ! CAUSE2
ORGANIZ$ BRO!RHOOD IS ?AT :I* MU/ BREAK ! SPELL ( AN>*ICAL ,PLUTOCRACY4
,ONE MAN ) AN IDEA 9 HIS HEAD IS 9 DANG] ( BE+ CONSID]$ A MADMAN2 TWO M5
) ! SAME IDEA 9 COMMON MAY BE FOOLI%1 BUT CAN H>DLY BE MAD2 T5 M5 %>+
AN IDEA BEG9 TO ACT1 A HUNDR$ DRAW ATT5TION AS FANATICS1 A ?\S& & SOCIETY
BEG9S TO TREMBLE1 A HUNDR$ ?\S& & !RE IS W> ABROAD1 & ! CAUSE HAS
VICTORIES TANGIBLE & REAL2 & :Y ONLY A HUNDR$ ?\S&8 ,Y\ & ,I :O AGREE
TOGE!R1 IT IS WE :O HAVE TO ANSW] ?AT QUE/ION4
,BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ,NOTE
,TITLE
,>T UND] ,PLUTOCRACY
,DELIV]IES
#g? ,NOVEMB] #ahhc AT ! ,RUSSELL ,CLUB AT ,UNIV]SITY ,COLLEGE ,HALL1 ,OX=D
#a#f? ,NOVEMB] #ahhc UND] ! TITLE ,>T UND] ! ,RULE ( ,COMM]CE AT ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION'S LECTURE ,HALL 9 ,WIMBL$ON
#d? ,DECEMB] #ahhc BE=E ! ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNION ,SOCIETY AT ! ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNION
#b#bND ,JANU>Y #ahhd AT A MEET+ SPONSOR$ BY ! ,ANCOATS ,RECREATION ,COMMITTE AT ! MEMORIAL
,PUBLICATION
,PUBLI%$ 9 ,TODAY1 #a#h#h#d8
REPR9T$ 9 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 7#a#i#a-#a#i#a#e71 ,VOLUME #bc 7,M4 ,MORRIS1 ,$474 ,LONDON3 ,LONGMANS1 ,GRE5 @& ,CO4
,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4
,*RONOLOGY 3
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,>T ,UND] ,PLUTOCRACY -- ,ADD$4
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