,AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM & ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM 

#aibh 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y 

,AU?OR 3 ,MAX ,NETTLAU 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,J5NIF] ,BOY]1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,PREFACE3 ,MAX ,NETTLAU1 OR ,! ,*OICE ( ,MODE/Y - ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y 

,BLESS$ >E ?OSE :OSE S\LS >E TRANSP>5T1 :OSE LIVES >E HONE/1 & :OSE HE>TS >E PURE2 = !IRS IS ! K+DOM ( ! E>?4 

,BLESS$ >E ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 HUMAN GOODNESS1 ?OSE :O PRES]VE !IR ILLUSIONS 9TACT & N\RI% ! HOPE ?AT = !M ! DOORS ( LIFE WILL OP54 

,BLESS$ >E ?OSE :O (F] ! WORLD !IR FRAT]NAL RI<T H& & FRI5DLY VISAGE1 ?OSE :O GO ) A SMILE ON !IR LIPS & CA/ A LI<T BE=E !M4 

,& BLESS$1 TOO1 >E ?OSE :O CAN LOVE ?OSE :O CAN BELIEVE1 ?OSE :O CAN DISCOV] )9 ! HUMAN WA/EL&1 A TREE UND] :I* !IR ANXIETIES CONC]N+ !IR IDEAL1 & !IR HUMAN DESIRES = TRU/ & AFFECTION1 CAN TAKE %ELT]4 

,)\T GOALS TO AIM = & )\T ANY FIGURES ON ! HORIZON 9 :OM WE CAN CRY/ALLIZE \R LIFE & \R NE$ = 5C\RAGEM5T & = EXAMPLE1 :AT W\LD \R LIVES BE8 

,ICONOCLA/S6 ,WE >E ALL ICONOCLA/S4 ,WE HAVE OV]?R[N ALL ! IDOLS ( CLAY1 ! B>B>\S GODS IMAG9$ BY HUMAN B>B>ISM2 WE HAVE ABOLI%$ ALL FAI?S1 :I* EXALT$ HIDD5 =CES & 9ELUCTABLE DE/9IES4 ,WE HAVE KILL$ ! ?IR/ = SUBMISSION )9 US1 JU/ AS WE HAVE KILL$ ! ?IR/ = DOM9ATION4 ,WE FEEL A P[]FUL URGE TO ?R[ D[N ! P$E/ALS ?AT >E CURR5TLY BE+ BUILT1 TO PREV5T ! RISE ( NEW IDOLS1 ( A NEW K9D & ( A NEW *>ACT]4 

,ICONOCLA/S6 ,YES1 ICONOCLA/S ) REG>D TO ALL ! ICONS1 IRREV]5T T[>DS ALL WOR%IP1 H]ETICS AGA9/ ALL OR?ODOXIES1 DEMOLITION AG5TS1 P]PETUAL REVOLUTION>IES AGA9/ ALL ! BA/IONS ( RECEIV$ IDEAS4 ,:5 WE SEE A MAN :O SPEAKS TO US AS IF WE >E S*OOL*ILDR51 :O ATTEMPTS TO LEAD US1 :O ASSUMES PRIE/LY MANN]ISMS & A PROPHETIC TONE1 WE CRY \T ) ALL ! P[] ( \R VOICES & ALL ! 5]GY ( \R SPIRITS4 

,D[N ) ! S*OOLMA/]S & D[N ) ! PRIE/S1 D[N ) ! R$EEM]S & D[N ) /]ILE ICONS6 ,D[N ) ! ]A ( MESSIAHS & SAVIORS1 ( %EPH]DS PUT AT ! HEAD ( HUMAN H]DS6 ,D[N ) ! ICONS1 ! P]SONIFICATIONS 9 WOOD OR 9 FLE% ( HUMAN IGNORANCE & P[]LESSNESS2 D[N ) ! ICONS :I*1 DEAD OR ALIVE1 ATTEMPT TO ASSUME ! ROLE ( ! DIRECTORS ( \R LIVES1 ! DEPOSITORIES ( ET]NAL V]ITIES1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ABSOLUTE IDEAS1 ! HOLD]S ( RELIGI\S OR MORAL P[] OV] M54 

,BUT ONCE ALL ! IDOLS >E CA/ D[N1 & \R BELIEF 9 \RSELVES1 9 \R WILL & \R CONFID5CE1 HAS BE5 FIRMLY E/ABLI%$1 W\LD IT BE HUMANLY POSSIBLE1 ES!TICALLY & E?ICALLY CORRECT1 TO ALSO UPROOT FROM \RSELVES ?AT NE$ = MORAL DEVOTION1 = A MANIFE/ATION ( :AT IS ADMIRABLE1 A SPUR TO IMPROVEM5T ?AT LEADS US TO ?OSE \T/&+ FIGURES ( HUMAN ?\<T & LABOR1 :O 9/ILL US ) ?AT MIXTURE ( FRAT]NAL AFFECTION1 P]SONAL PRIDE & ELECTIVE AFF9ITY ?AT WE FEEL 9 ! PRES5CE ( ?OSE R>E LIVES ?AT CRY/ALLIZE1 9 FLE% & BLOOD & HE>T & S\L1 ! IDEAL ( HUMAN P]FECTION8 

,A MAN HAS COME AMONG US1 9TO ! CIRCLE ( \R LIVES4 ,A MAN ) GRAY HAIR & ! EXPRESSION ( A *ILD4 ,A MAN ( CLE> S\L & PURE HE>T & BROAD SPIRIT & A LIFE LIV$ WELL4 ,A MAN :O HAS LEFT HIS M>K ON EV]Y ONE ( US1 A MAN :O SEEM$ TO CONC5TRATE :AT IS BE/ 9 US1 :AT WE W]E BE=E & :AT WE WANT TO BECOME4 ,A MAN :O IS FRANK1 YES1 & SIMPLE1 AS WISE AS HE IS MODE/1 AS MODE/ AS A SAGE :O UNCONSCI\SLY & UNPRET5TI\SLY POSSESSES ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( ! WISDOM ( HUMILITY4 

,& ?IS CAPTIVAT+1 PR(\ND & SUPREME MODE/Y IS ! MODE/Y ?AT IS BORN FROM ! IGNORANCE ( HIS [N WOR?4 ,! MODE/Y BAS$ ON ! UNCONSCI\SNESS ( ONESELF1 OP5 LIKE A VIOLET TO ! FACE ( ! WORLD4 

,A HUMAN BE+ BE=E :OM ONE FEELS NO IDOLATR\S S]VILITY1 OR ! MORAL M5DICANCY ( ! DISCIPLE1 OR ! ANNIHILATION ( ! SIMPLE P]SONALITY OV]:ELM$ BY ! DOM9AT+ P]SONALITY1 OR ! IMPULSE ( REPULSION & REBELLION ?AT ! FREE SPIRIT FEELS :5 FAC$ ) ! /]N EXPRESSION ( ! CONCEIT$ 9TELLECTUAL4 ,A MAN :OM ONE MU/ NECESS>ILY ADMIRE1 :OM ONE MU/ CONTEMPLATE AS A MODEL & :OM ONE MU/ CONSID] AS A LIV+ 5C\RAGEM5T1 A MUTE 9VITATION TO IMPROVEM5T1 TO EMULATION1 TO ! GRADUAL ASC5T ON ! PURIFY+ PA? T[>DS ! HUMAN IDEAL4 

,AN IDEAL ?AT SOMETIMES SEEMS TO COME NE>]1 & COMES )9 ! REA* ( \R LIVES1 ( \R SI<T1 ( \R EXI/5CE4 ,AN IDEAL )\T A CATEGORICAL IMP]ATIVE1 )\T SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & PRECISELY = !SE REASONS IDEAL & DESIR$4 

,FAC$ ) ! M5 ( ! ICONS1 ! M5 :O ADDRESS US FROM A PRIE/LY POSITION1 & ! CLASSICAL GE/URE ( ! %EPH]D AMONG ! MOB1 \R P]SONALITY REBELS & WE FEEL ! COMPULSION ( ICONOCLASM4 

,FAC$ ) ! MAN ( C\RAGE1 ! SPIRITUAL MAN1 ! MAN ( LIFE1 ! SIMPLE1 SPONTANE\S1 C&ID1 TRANQUIL MAN1 ! REAL-LIFE ACTUALIZATION ( A HUMAN IDEAL1 AN IDEAL ?AT CAN ONLY BE FELT BY ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 GOODNESS1 ?OSE :O HAVE PRES]V$ !IR ILLUSIONS 9TACT & HAVE KEPT HOPE ALIVE1 AN IDEAL ?AT IS ONLY 5JOY$ BY ?OSE :OSE S\LS >E CLE>1 ?OSE :O LIVE AN UPRI<T LIFE1 ?OSE ( PURE HE>T1 WE FEEL ! NE$ TO LOVE1 & = ATT5TIVE ADMIRATION1 ! PASSIONATE DESIRE TO ATTA9 TO :AT IS SIMPLE/ & BE/ :I* CAN ONLY BE APPROA*$ VIA SIMPLICITY1 A WILL TO SELF-SACRIFICE1 & AN 9CONSPICU\S & UNKN[N LIFE ( WORK & SACRIFICE4 

,WE KN[ ! ,MAX ,NETTLAU :O WAS ONE ( ! REPRES5TATIVE FIGURES ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM4 ,WE KN[ ?AT HE WAS A D$ICAT$ & SIL5T WORK] :O1 )\T CALL+ ATT5TION TO HIMSELF1 & ALMO/ S+LEH&$LY1 )\T ANY SUPPORT1 ASSUM$ ! COLOSSAL TASK ( PROVID+ A HI/ORICAL P]SONALITY TO LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 

,BUT ?IS MAN :O DEVOT$ HIS LIFE TO *RONICL+ ! LIFE ( O!R M5 & ! COLLECTIVE LIFE ( AN IDEA1 )\T EV] CEAS+ TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y & ALWAYS OP5 TO NEW CONTRIBUTIONS1 REMA9$ A /RANG] TO US4 ,DISCREET1 EXTREMELY DISCREET1 HE HAS DISAPPE>$ BEH9D ! 5ORM\S FIGURES :O W]E MAGNIFI$ 9TO GIANTS BY HIS LABORS1 BY HIS 9SATIABLE & TIRELESS LOVE = KN[L$GE & ! IDEAL4 ,EXTREMELY DISCREET1 SO DISCREET ?AT HE ?REW A VEIL OV] HIS [N LIFE1 SO RI* 9 MORAL LESSONS1 SO REPLETE ) E?ICAL & ES!TIC ELEM5TS1 & SO FULL ( EXEMPL>Y ASPECTS WOR?Y ( ADMIRATION & EMULATION4 ,QUIETLY1 VOLUNT>ILY ISOLAT$ & VOLUNT>ILY UNKN[N1 HE HAS SL[LY & SURELY ELABORAT$ HIS LIFE'S =MIDABLE WORK1 A H>D & T$I\S LABOR1 :I* ONLY A GREAT IDEALISM & A /RONG SPIRITUAL CON/ITUTION C\LD EV] BR+ TO A VICTORI\S CONCLUSION4 

,DUR+ ?IS LONG MON? ?AT HE LIV$ AMONG US WE W]E ABLE TO GET TO KN[ HIM BETT]1 TO ACQUIRE A G5U9E APPRECIATION = HIM1 TO E/EEM ! MAGNITUDE ( ! LABORS HE HAS ALREADY COMPLET$ & ?OSE :I* HE HAS YET TO COMPLETE1 TO ! HONOR & GLORY ( \R IDEAS & ( ! CULTURAL H]ITAGE ( HUMANITY4 

,DUR+ ?IS MON?1 :OSE DAYS W]E LONG BUT NOT LONG 5\< 9 \R EYES TO SATISFY \R DESIRES & \R AFFECTIONS1 WE HAVE COME TO UND]/& ,MAX ,NETTLAU1 :AT A RES\RCE = EMULATION WE HAVE 9 HIM1 A MAN :O IS TALL 9 /ATURE & EV5 MORE ELEVAT$ 9 SPIRIT1 :O HID HIMSELF--HE C\LD NOT HIDE HIMSELF BO? BECAUSE WE HAD NEV] SE5 HIM & BECAUSE WE HAD NEV] ?\<T AB\T H[ TALL HE WAS--BEH9D ! FIGURES ( ,BAKUN91 ,PR\DHON1 ,KROPOTK91 ,C\]DUROY1 ,DE,JACQUE1 ,LA ,BOETIE1 ,MACKAY1 ,TUCK]1 ,W>R51 ,MORRIS & ,RECLUS1 & ! :OLE IMPRESSIVE ASSEMBLY ( ! GREAT M5 :O ELABORAT$ & GAVE %APE TO ! ACRATIC IDEAL & ITS FUR!R UN9T]RUPT$ DEVELOPM5T4 

,NETTLAU1 SO SIMPLE & SO DISCREET1 :O CON/ANTLY FL$ FROM ALL =MS ( PRAISE1 TAK+ REFUGE BEH9D HIS PREPOSSESS+ IRONY ) REG>D TO ANY?+ ?AT 9VOLV$ HIM AS A P]SON1 MAY NOT BE PLEAS$ ) ?IS >TICLE4 ,BUT HE CAN & MU/ KN[ H[ S9C]E IT IS1 H[ IT COMES FROM ! HE>T & H[ MU* IT 9EFFABLY EXPRESSES \R AFFECTION = HIM & ! LA/+ IMPRESSION HE MADE ON US4 

,NETTLAU WILL KN[ ALL ( ?IS & \R READ]S %\LD KN[ IT AS WELL4 ,!Y %\LD ALSO KN[ ?AT AN IDEAL ?AT HAS ! SUPPORT ( M5 LIKE ,NETTLAU IS NOT A DEAD OR /ATIC IDEAL2 & ?AT ?IS IDEAL :I* HAS ATTRACT$ ! WORLD'S GREATE/ M9DS & MO/ NOBLE SPIRITS IS A LIV+ IDEAL1 ROOT$ 9 ! V]Y CORE ( HUMANITY1 AN IDEAL ?AT WE MU/ ALWAYS BE READY TO EXPRESS V]BALLY & 9 EV]Y DIRECTION1 AS ! GREATE/ HONOR & ! HI<E/ GLORY4 

,AN IDEAL ?AT MU/ BE L9K$ TO \R LIVES1 ) :I* \R FEEL+S MU/ ID5TIFY1 :I* WE MU/ LOVE ) ALL ! =CE ( \R BE+ & ALL ! 5?USIASM ( \R HEAL?Y S\LS1 S\LS :O HAVE NOT SUCCUMB$ TO PREMATURE S5ILITY4 

,A P]SON :O P]SONIFIES ?IS IDEAL1 :O PUTS IT )9 ! RANGE ( \R P]CEPTION1 ( \R FEEL+S1 ( \R V]Y EXI/5CE1 EMBODIES 9 A SMILE ALL !SE DAZZL+ & LUM9\S LIVES2 9 ?OSE R>E LIVES *OS5 TO REPRES5T ! HUMAN SPECIES TO ! EYES ( HI/ORY2 LIVES ?AT >E DEVOT$1 QUIETLY & SIMPLY1 TO ! S]VICE ( HUMANITY1 ( ITS 9DIVIDUALS :O >E DEVELOP+1 & !IR /RUGGLES4 ,?OSE LIVES ?AT >E NAMELESS BECAUSE WE 9EVITABLY =GOT SOME ( !M1 BUT :I* SOMETIMES COME BACK TO US & TELL US ?AT ONE CAN /ILL BELIEVE 9 HUMAN GOODNESS1 KEEP \R ILLUSIONS 9TACT & KEEP HOPE ALIVE4 

,:5 ,NETTLAU LEFT US1 HE MADE A COMMITM5T ?AT HE WI%$ W\LD BE PUBLICLY ANN\NC$3 HE PROMIS$ TO COME BACK TO ,SPA9 NEXT YE>4 ,HE LEFT BEH9D HIM H]E 9 ,SPA9 MAT]IAL = /UDY & MANY CLOSE FRI5DS4 ,& = HIS P>T1 HE LEFT ) ! POSITIVE IMPRESSION ?AT ,SPA91 OR AT LEA/ ! REGION ?AT HE GOT TO KN[ A LITTLE1 ,CATALONIA1 IS A Y\?FUL PEOPLE1 FULL ( VITALITY1 & ?AT1 DESPITE ! CURR5T /AGNATION1 GREAT ?+S CAN BE EXPECT$ ( US4 ,WE HAVE TO DO EV]Y?+ 9 \R P[] TO DO HONOR TO ?IS V]Y K9D ASSESSM5T ON ! P>T ( ,NETTLAU4 

,MANY O!R 9CID5TS ?AT TOOK PLACE DUR+ ,NETTLAU'S VISIT & CLE>LY REFLECT$ HIS P]SONALITY COME TO M9D N[4 ,BUT ,I AM AFRAID ,I W\LD BE DEF9ITIVELY LO/1 ,I W\LD E>N ! ET]NAL DISPLEASURE ( ,NETTLAU IF ,I FOLL[ ?IS ROAD4 ,I PUT HIM ?R\< 5\< TR\BLE & 5\< BITT]NESS1 IF HE W]E CAPABLE ( SU* A FEEL+1 HE W\LD REM9D ME1 ) REF]5CE TO ! DELICACIES ,I MADE HIM CONSUME6 ,TO HIM IT WAS A =M ( 0TYRANNY0 EX]CIS$ AS A 0B5EVOL5T DESPOTISM0 OV] HIS P]SON1 :I* WAS ONLY 5DURABLE BECAUSE IT WAS WELL 9T5TION$4 

,= US Y\NG PEOPLE1 :O >E SO MU* 9 NE$ ( P]SPECTIVE1 & MO/ 9 NE$ ( ! EXPRESSION ( MORAL DEVOTION = A FIGURE :O EXPRESSLY SYN!SIZES & WOR?ILY REPRES5TS ! IDEAL1 ,NETTLAU'S VISIT TO ,SPA9 HAS BE5 USEFUL & SALUT>Y4 ,)\T WORDS1 M]ELY BY ! MUTE EXAMPLE ( HIS P]SONALITY & HIS LIFE1 HE HAS GIV5 US ! MO/ PR(\ND & G5]\S ( LESSONS3 HE HAS TAU<T US TO BE GOOD1 TO BE MODE/1 TO BE SIMPLE1 TO BE DISCREET1 TO LABOR 9 SIL5CE & ) ASSIDU\SNESS BUT ALSO DYNAMICALLY1 & HE BR\<T US CLOS]1 9 ! LIV+ IDEA & 9 ! IMAG9ATION1 TO ! NEV] ATTA9$ & ALWAYS DI/ANT IDEAL4 

,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y 

#aibh 

,*APT] #a 

,! ATTEMPT TO ADDRESS ! 0ORIG9 & DEVELOPM5T ( ! TWO COMMUNISMS1 LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN1 BY CALL+ ATT5TION TO ! FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CES ?AT DI/+UI% !M01 IS C]TA9LY AN 9T]E/+ !ME ?AT HAS BE5 SUGGE/$ TO ME & :I* ,I %ALL GLADLY UND]TAKE1 )\T BURD5+ MYSELF TOO MU* ON ?IS OCCASION ) QUOTATIONS & DOCUM5TATION ?AT 9EVITABLY TRANS=M >TICLES 9TO ESSAYS & ESSAYS 9TO BOOKS4 

,! TWO T]MS1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM1 EXPRESS = US LIB]T>IANS TWO CURR5TS1 ONE /ATIC & ONE AN>*I/1 BUT ?IS MANN] ( EXPRESSION IS PURELY CONV5TIONAL1 ?AT IS1 IT M]ELY CORRESPONDS TO \R PRECONCEPTIONS4 ,IF BY COMMUNISM ONE UND]/&S ! COMMUNITY ( GOODS1 ?IS IMPLIES ITS ACCESSIBILITY TO EV]YONE1 & ANY AU?ORITY :ATSOEV] CAN ONLY RE/RICT OR PREV5T ?IS COMMON ACCESS4 ,IF BY COMMUNISM ONE UND]/&S3 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S01 ?IS ALSO REQUIRES ! MAXIMUM ( FRE$OM 9 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 & AU?ORITY CAN ONLY DE/ROY ?IS FRE$OM4 ,AS A RESULT1 AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM IS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS & LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM IS A TAUTOLOGY4 ,! TWO T]MS ALSO POSSESS AN ACUTELY POLEMICAL *>ACT]1 :I* IS ACCEPTABLE ONLY = ! SUPPORT]S ( ! LATT]2 IT IS AS IF Y\ W]E TO SAY3 ! TRUE & ! FALSE COMMUNISM1 OR ! GOOD & ! BAD COMMUNISM1 S9CE NOBODY--AP>T FROM ! FANATICS ( AU?ORITY1 BO? ! OLD & ! NEW V>IETIES1 :O 9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+1 HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 BR++ AB\T ANY K9D ( COMMUNISM--WILL ADMIT ?AT !IR [N COMMUNISM IS NOT 0FREE0 9 SOME WAY OR ANO!R4 

,REG>DLESS ( ! LOGICAL CONSI/5CY ( !SE TWO T]MS1 !Y ADMIRABLY SUMM>IZE ! UNC]TA9TY ?AT IS HANG+ OV] ALL ( US1 REG>D+ ! FUTURE ( ! WORLD1 9 :I* EV]YONE--) ! EXCEPTION ( ?OSE FANATICS M5TION$ ABOVE :O >E 9TELLECTUAL TROGLODYTES1 PURELY PA?OLOGICAL SPECIM5S ( A DEGRAD$ & BACKW>D HUMANITY--BELIEVES !Y CAN SEE A PROCESS LEAD+ T[>DS GREAT] FRE$OM & A MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ SOCIALITY1 BUT A SOCIALITY :]E RESPONSIBILITY1 WILL1 DESIRE1 A BROAD-M9D$ OP5NESS TO NEW IDEAS1 ETC41 >E SO DIV]SELY DI/RIBUT$ AMONG M51 :O >E ALSO DI/+UI%$ FROM EA* O!R BY O!R CONCEPTS1 ?AT A REAL UNI=MITY ( ?\<T & ACTION = HUMANITY CAN NEV] >ISE4 ,M9ORITY FACTIONS W]E ABLE TO =M )9 P>TIES & TO 9FLU5CE ! MAJORITY VIA DIV]SE MEANS ?AT1 9 EV]Y P]IOD ( HI/ORY1 HAVE CREAT$ ?AT SO-CALL$ G5]AL CONS5SUS1 OR PUBLIC OP9ION1 BUT WE KN[ ?AT ?IS 9TELLECTUAL ISOLATION ON ! P>T ( 9DIVIDUALS WAS NOT REALLY CAPABLE ( A S]I\S & PR(\ND OV]COM+ ( !IR DIFF]5T P]SONAL \TLOOKS4 ,?IS IS :Y WE HAVE CON/ANTLY SE5 ! SO-CALL$ COLLECTIVE WILL PRODUCE ONLY DECORATIVE1 %ALL[ & P>TIAL *ANGES1 :E!R ?IS COLLECTIVE WILL TAKES ! =M ( P>LIAM5TS1 ORGANIZATIONS OR REVOLUTIONS4 ,R>ELY HAS A P[]FUL G5]AL WILL CAPABLE ( A HI<]1 RADICAL & 5DUR+ GOAL >IS51 & H[EV] MU* Y\ PORE OV] ! HI/ORICAL RECORD Y\ WILL H>DLY F9D ANY?+ BESIDES TEMPOR>Y IMPULSES1 BRIEF MOM5TS ( 5?USIASM1 APPE>+ AS SO MANY \TBUR/S ?AT SUDD5LY DEFLATE1 AS ! MO/ NOBLE CAUSE ONCE AGA9 FALLS 9TO ! GRASP ( A H&FUL ( PEOPLE :O W]E LOYAL CONS]VATIVES YE/]DAY1 JU/ AS REVOLUTIONS FALL 9TO ! P[] ( ?OSE /EADFA/ M51 DEVOT$ FROM ! FIR/ H\R1 :O1 ISOLAT$ & DECIMAT$1 >E SOON R$UC$ TO ! /ATUS ( VICTIMS1 OR LIKE ?OSE REVOLUTIONS ?AT BECOME ! PRISON]S ( NEW MA/]S :O TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! R5UNCIATION & ! TIRELESS DEVOTION ( ! MASSES 9 ORD] TO CONT9UE TO OPPRESS & EXPLOIT !M4 

,?IS DIFF]5TIATION AMONG M5 9 ITSELF REPRES5TS A /EP =W>D T[>DS FRE$OM1 AS IT LIB]ATES !M FROM ! H]D /ATUS ( LESS HI<LY DEVELOP$ ANIMALS4 ,= ?IS SAME REASON DELIB]ATIVE COLLECTIVE ACTION1 TRULY DESIR$ & FULLY UND]/OOD1 CAN ONLY >ISE AT ! CONCLUSION ( A NEW FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( ! SPONTANE\S ASSOCIATION ( H>MONIZ$ WILLS1 :]EAS CURR5TLY1 IT IS ALMO/ ALWAYS ! CASE ?AT ! MORE COLLECTIVE AN ACTION IS1 ! LESS ADVANC$1 PROGRESSIVE & 9TELLIG5T IT IS1 EXCEPT = C]TA9 MOM5TS ( G5]ALIZ$ RUPTURE & UNSELFI%NESS4 ,:AT O!R RESULT C\LD ONE EXPECT FROM SU* DIFF]5T COMPON5T P>TS1 ?AN ?AT !Y %\LD GIVE DIFF]5T RESULTS8 ,FROM !IR COOP]ATION LIKE KEYS ON A PIANO1 A H>MONI\S ACCORD C\LD RESULT1 A COMMON IMPULSE1 BUT ONE M9UTE LAT] ! KEYS ( ! PIANO ONLY LOOK AFT] !IR [N S\ND1 ! ACCORD NO LONG] RESONATES 9 !M1 & ! SAME ?+ HAPP5S ) M5 :5 ! TORPOR ( ! 9DIVIDUAL GIVES WAY TO ! MO/ COLLECTIVE \TBUR/4 ,IT IS !RE=E ! COLLECTIVE PROGRESS ?AT IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO IMPROVEM5T--& IT IS ALWAYS NECESS>Y TO WORK = ?IS GOAL--& 9DIVIDUAL1 9DIVIDUALIZ$ PROGRESS1 :I* MU/ BE ! CONC]N ( & ! BUS9ESS ( ?OSE :O1 RIS+ ABOVE ! R\T9E 9DIFF]5CE & FATALISM ( ! MAJORITY ( M51 WANT TO WORK = ! B5EFIT ( HUMANITY4 

,BUT JU/ AS ! M9DS ( M5 >E MORE OR LESS SIMPLE OR MORE OR LESS COMPLICAT$ & !IR KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE >E DIFF]5T1 !Y LIVE 9 DIV]SE ]AS1 C\NTRIES & 5VIRONM5TS1 !IR FEEL+S & PASSIONS ALSO DIFF]2 !Y >E Y\NG1 OR MATURE OR ELD]LY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( !IR V>IABLE MORAL QUALITIES1 ETC41 & IT IS 9 !SE CONDITIONS ?AT1 BY WAY ( HI/ORY1 IDEAS AB\T A FREE & HAPPY LIFE HAVE BE5 & CONT9UE TO BE =MULAT$4 ,H[ C\LD ONE !N EXPECT CLE>1 PRECISE & DEF9ITIVE RESULTS FROM SU* M51 :Y BE SURPRIS$ BY !IR DIFF]5CES1 H[ CAN ONE NOT BE 9DULG5T T[>DS !IR DEFECTS :I* SO MANY PREEXI/+ CAUSES HAVE MADE 9EVITABLE & H[ CAN ONE BL9DLY PLUNGE 9TO ONE ( !IR SY/EMS1 ONLY TO QUICKLY DESPISE EV]YONE ELSE & LAUN* POLEMICS1 IF NOT 9CESSANT W>1 AGA9/ !M8 

,SU*1 H[EV]1 >E ! HABITS ( ! MAJORITY ( M5 & ?IS IS NOT )\T ITS NATURAL CAUSE2 FROM LOVE !Y PASS TO P>TIZAN%IP1 TO PROTECTION1 TO DEF5SE1 TO ATTACK1 & ! MORE !Y LOVE ! MORE !Y HATE & SO !RE >E ONLY R>ELY FEEL+S ( PEACE & TOL]ANCE AMONG ?OSE :O WANT TO BR+ AB\T PEACE & UNIV]SAL H>MONY4 ,COOP]ATION = ! COMMON GOOD--SU* AS SCI5TI/S 5GAGE 91 :O1 SAVE = R>E EXCEPTIONS1 HAVE AB&ON$ ALL CONTEMPTU\S & BITT] ATTITUDES :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ! M5 ( KN[L$GE ( PA/ C5TURIES--IS SOME?+ ?AT ! SOCIALI/S ( ! V>I\S T5D5CIES HAVE YET TO ADOPT1 & \R LIT]ATURE PRES5TS A FATAL SIMIL>ITY TO ! CONTROV]SIES ( ! ]UDITE !OLOGIANS1 PHILOSOPH]S & P$AGOGUES ( ! #a#f? & #a#h? C5TURIES4 ,IT IS MO/ ANNOY+ TO WITNESS ?AT ?IS ATAVI/IC PSY*OLOGICAL PH5OM5ON CO9CIDES ) AN ]A LIKE !SE LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S :5 M5 HAVE TRIUMPH$ 9 ! ATTA9M5T ( GREAT ?+S 9 PURE & APPLI$ SCI5CE1 9 TE*NOLOGY & LABOR1 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( TE*NICAL COOP]ATION1 9 FREE ?\<T1 9 >T1 9 MORALITY1 ETC4 ,!SE LA/ ONE HUNDR$ YE>S HAVE ALSO SE5 ! APPE>ANCE ( ! MAGNIFIC5T SOCIAL IDEAS ( ,F\RI] & ,[51 ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ,RECLUS & ,KROPOTK9 & SO MANY O!RS4 ,BUT ! M5 :O CONCEIV$ & EMBRAC$ !SE IDEAS1 9CLUD+ ,M>X1 W]E R>ELY CAPABLE ( LIB]AT+ !M FROM ! PASSIONS & ! LACK ( H>MONY & BALANCE ?AT DET]M9ES & (T5 FOLL[S 9 ! WAKE ( A TOO-P[]FUL SPECIALIZATION1 AL?\< ?IS IMPLIES A DAZZL+ IMPROVEM5T 9 ONE FIELD1 A SUP]ABUNDANCE ?AT ALMO/ ALWAYS LEAVES EMPTY SPACES 9 O!R FIELDS4 ,& ! DISCIPLES1 FOLL[]S & MORE OR LESS /RICT SECT>IANS1 HAVE BE5 EV5 LESS 9T]E/$ 9 F9D+ ?IS BALANCE & ?IS OP5$ UP A GREAT *ASM BETWE5 !M & ! MASS ( M5 :O SAW !M AS F]V5T BELIEV]S ?AT ! COMMON RUN ( MORTALS CAN RESPECT1 BUT1 NOT BE+ CAPABLE ( ATTA9+ SU* A PIT* ( SPIRIT1 DO NOT TRY TO IMITATE & DO NOT EMBRACE !IR BELIEFS4 

,JU/ AS1 9 ! PRES5CE ( A MONK1 ! MAJORITY ( BELIEV]S %RUG !IR %\LD]S & TAKE C>E NOT TO IMITATE HIM1 ! SELF-SACRIFIC+ SOCIALI/ & ! M>TYR$ AN>*I/ >E ECC5TRIC ODDITIES TO ?OSE M5 :O ADMIT ?AT !Y DO NOT HAVE ! SPIRIT ( M>TYRS & DO NOT FEEL CAPABLE ( AN EXTRAORD9>Y PASSION4 

,!SE CAUSES & O!RS ( A SIMIL> NATURE HAVE ALWAYS DRIV5 A W$GE BETWE5 ! TRUE SOCIALI/S & ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 & JU/ AS ! MONA/]IES HAVE FILL$ UP ) NOVICES 9 EV]Y ]A1 SO HAVE Y\?FUL ADH]5TS FLOCK$1 AW>E ( !IR ISOLATION & ) A S5SE ( MISSION1 TO SOCIALISM1 BUT ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE HAVE REMA9$ UNMOV$ BY ITS APPEAL1 :I* IS :AT HAPP5$ DUR+ ?OSE LONG C5TURIES :5 RELIGION WAS A REAL & TANGIBLE TRU? = ! IGNORANT IMAG9ATION ( ALMO/ ALL M51 & ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( !M NONE!LESS FAIL$ TO FOLL[ ! /RAI<T & N>R[ ROAD T[>DS P>ADISE :I*1 ACCORD+ TO POPUL> BELIEF1 WAS GU>ANTE$ TO ?OSE :O L$ ! PI\S LIFE ( H]MITS & MONKS4 ,?IS LEAVES ! E>?LY P>ADISE ( ! FUTURE TO ! SOCIALI/S1 JU/ AS ! HEAV5LY P>ADISE WAS PREVI\SLY RES]V$ = ! SPECIALI/S ( ! LIFE ( PIETY4 ,WE HAVE TO TAKE !SE PSY*OLOGICAL DISPOSITIONS 9TO CONSID]ATION RA!R ?AN BELITTL+ OR IGNOR+ !M1 :I* GETS US NO:]E4 ,SOCIALI/S ( ALL /RIPES HAVE FAIL$ TO DISCOV] ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAY TO ADDRESS ! PEOPLE1 !Y HAVE BE5 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ !IR [N ATTITUDES RESONATE ) ?OSE ( ! MASSES1 9 :OM DISCONT5T & REBELLION1 9]TIA1 9SECURITY & MI/RU/ HAVE CREAT$ A COMPLICAT$ SPIRITUAL CONDITION1 A GREAT SEA ?AT NO CREATIVE REVOLUTION>Y HAS YET BE5 ABLE TO AGITATE 9TO A DECISIVE1 PRECISE & LONG-LA/+ /ATE ( P]TURBATION2 !Y HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO BR+ !SE TWO ATTITUDES1 !IR [N & ?OSE ( ! MASSES1 9TO A P[]FUL & H>MONI\S AGREEM5T ?AT1 ONCE ITS TIME HAS COME1 WILL S\ND ! REQUIEM = ! SY/EM ( OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 A FEW MOM5TS1 A FEW H\RS1 DAYS & WEEKS DUR+ :I* ! REV]B]ATIONS ( ?IS GREAT CONCORDANCE C\LD BE HE>D1 9 ,FEBRU>Y & ,JUNE ( #a#h#d#h1 9 ,M>* #ahga & ON V>I\S DATES 9 #aiag 9 ,RUSSIA & ALSO 9 O!R PLACES1 9 LOCAL EPISODES ( %ORT DURATION1 BUT ?IS HAS BE5 ALL UNTIL N[4 ,9/EAD !RE IS DISSONANT NOISE1 FALSE TONES LACK+ ANY H>MONY1 9 AN 9CREAS+LY MORE OV]:ELM+ P&EMONIUM4 

,?IS SEP>ATION ( ! MASSES FROM M5 ( A P>TICUL> SPECIALIZATION IS A /RIK+ FEATURE ( ! C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,SU* A ?+ W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE 9 PRIMITIVE ]AS1 :5 !RE W]E NO SPECIALI/S4 ,IT BECAME ESPECIALLY ACC5TUAT$ ON ! 9TELLECTUAL T]RA9 ONCE ! PRIE/LY & GOV]N+ CA/ES E/ABLI%$ !IR MONOPOLY1 & WAS CONSOLIDAT$ ON ! FATAL F\NDATION ( ! BUREAUCRATIC MILIT>Y CA/ES4 ,IT DEVELOP$ MORE SL[LY ON ! T]RA9 ( ! >TS & TRADES1 BUT !RE TOO IT WAS EV5TUALLY E/ABLI%$ BY ! LUXURY ( ! [N+ CLASSES4 ,?IS SY/EM WAS BAS$ ON ! FRUGALITY & ! IGNORANCE ( ! EXPLOIT$ & DOM9AT$ MASSES & :]EAS SCI5CE1 H[EV]1 WAS CAPABLE ( FUR!R DEVELOPM5T--DUE TO ITS USEFULNESS 9 APPLICATIONS = ! B5EFIT ( ! [N+ CLASSES--! MASSES W]E NECESS>ILY R5D]$ 9CAPABLE ( TAK+ DIRECT ADVANTAGE ( ITS ADVANCEM5TS & REMA9$ SEP>AT$ FROM IT1 JU/ AS1 = !IR P>T1 ! $UCAT$ P]SONS W]E !MSELVES HABITUALLY IMPRISON$ )9 A S+LE BRAN* ( KN[L$GE 7TO ! B5EFIT ( SOME & ! DISADVANTAGE ( O!RS7 & (T5 REMA9$ UNAW>E ( ALL ! EXP]I5CES ?AT ! PEOPLE ACQUIRE 9 !IR WORK & MORE G5]ALLY 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! H>D%IPS ( LIFE4 ,9 ! FUTURE1 A NEW HI/ORICAL TR5D WILL BR+ ! PEOPLE & ! 9TELLECTUALS CLOS] TOGE!R1 & WILL MAKE A CLEAN SLATE ( ! SPECIALI/S 9 OBSOLETE IDEAS1 MILIT>Y MASSACRES1 BUREAUCRATIC 5TANGLEM5TS1 9SIPID LUXURY1 ETC4 

,?US1 9 \R ]A1 :AT IS OLD1 9F9ITELY OLD1 :AT HAS NO KN[L$GE ( ! FUTURE1 NO P]SPECTIVE1 NO CLUE1 & IS TAK5 = GRANT$ BY A DIV]SE >RAY ( 9TELLECTUAL TOOLS1 NECESS>ILY SE5 UND] A ?\S& DIFF]5T =MS1 CLA%ES ) A TE*NOLOGICAL SCI5TIFIC P]FECTION ?AT IS 9CREAS+ DAILY1 :I* PLACES ABSOLUTELY ALL ! RES\RCES & WEAL? ( ! GLOBE AT ! S]VICE ( ! [N]S & MANAG]S ( AN 9CREAS+LY MORE P]FECT PRODUCTIVE & DI/RIBUTIVE APP>ATUS4 ,?IS /IMULATES & ACC5TUATES 9 ! P[]FUL ! DESIRE TO 5JOY !IR CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ P[] & WEAL? & CEM5TS !IR ALLIANCE ) ! S9I/] P[]S ( ! PA/1 CAUS+ A SUDD5 & DIZZY+ RESURG5CE ( ! MEANS ( DOM9ATION *>ACT]I/IC ( ! D>K AGES1 SUP]/ITION & TYRANNY1 POGROMS & DIABOLICAL BRUTALITY4 ,! MASSES1 OPPRESS$ & T]RORIZ$ LIKE NEV] BE=E1 UND\BT$LY DISCONT5T$1 BUT ALWAYS = ! MO/ P>T 9]T1 ACCESSIBLE TO /IMULANTS & FLATT]Y 7SPORTS1 PATRIOTISM71 W]E NEV] AS MI/RU/FUL AS !Y >E N[ ( ! DIFF]5T SOCIALISMS1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN & ! LIB]T>IAN1 :I* ONLY T\* !M 9DIRECTLY1 ATTRACT+ A FEW & LEAV+ ALMO/ ALL ! O!RS UNMOV$4 ,EV5 SYNDICALISM IS ONLY WELL UND]/OOD AS A ME?OD & A GOAL BY A FEW1 & = ! MASSES--:]E !RE >E NO MORE MOD]ATE RIVALS :I* !N ATTRACT ! MAJORITY--IT IS AN ORGANIZATIONAL MEANS LIKE ANY O!R :I* !Y DO NOT KN[ H[ TO DIRECT T[>DS S]I\S /RUGGLES & A*IEVEM5TS4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 RAPIDLY & 9COMPLETELY SKET*$ H]E & ALONGSIDE SO MANY O!R TR5DS & T5D5CIES ?AT HAVE OCCUPI$ & (T5 ABSORB$ ! ATT5TION ( ! PEOPLE1 ! DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( SOCIALISM W]E ELABORAT$ OV] A P]IOD EXT5D+ = A C5TURY & A HALF1 SOME ( :I* SPREAD & O!RS W]E EXT+UI%$ OR MODIFI$4 ,I SAID A C5TURY & A HALF BECAUSE--DESPITE ! OCCURR5CE ( SIMIL> EV5TS 9 SOME PREVI\S C5TURIES--S9CE ! DECL>ATION ( 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #a#g#g#f1 ! WORLD SAW ?AT ! WILL ( MAN1 IF IT REALLY WANT$ TO DO SO1 WAS CAPABLE ( TRANS=M+ AN E/ABLI%$ /ATE ( AFFAIRS ?AT HAD BE5 DECL>$ TO BE 9EFFABLE1 SACR$ & P]MAN5T4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS ]A ?IS WILL SET TO WORK & ?OSE :O PROCLAIM$ ANCI5T IDEALS1 BECAUSE !Y W]E ANCI5T1 W]E OP5LY CALL$ UTOPIANS ( IMMORALITY1 A C]TA9 K9D ( P[]FUL & UBIQUIT\S P]SON1 BUT CONSID]$ AS A S]IES ( GOOD FOSSILS TO BE SET UP AS BOGEYM51 BALLOONS ?AT W]E 9FLAT$ ONLY TO BE DEFLAT$ & ! HI/ORY ( !SE ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S IS1 MORE OR LESS1 ?AT ( ?IS T]RORIZ+ & DEFLAT+1 A V]Y CO>SE WORK AT TIMES :I* LEFT NEI!R ! TIME NOR ! 5]GY TO COMPLETELY CLEANSE ! T]RA9 & LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( A NEW SOCIETY4 ,MANY ?ICK LAY]S ?AT HAD ACCUMULAT$ OV] ! C5TURIES !RE=E HAD TO BE ELIM9AT$ SO ?AT A CREATIVE LABOR C\LD BEG9 AGA9 & LOOK$ AT FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( \R TIME ONE CAN /ATE--OR AT LEA/ ,I CAN DO SO--?AT ?IS LABOR ( SIMPLE LIB]ATION1 DEMOCRATIZATION1 SECUL>IZATION1 $UCATION1 ETC41 HAS NOT ABSORB$ A GREAT DEAL ( 5]GY1 ?AT ITS PROPON5TS FAIL$ TO PROCE$ TO SOCIALISM & ?AT !Y C\LD HAVE GIV5 IT A MORE EXP]I5C$ LEAD]%IP1 A MORE PRACTICAL ONE ?AN ?AT ( ! !ORETICIANS1 ECONOMI/S1 PHILOSOPH]S1 MORALI/S1 PASSIONATE REBELS & M5 ( ! PEOPLE & O!RS :O HAVE OCCUPI$ !MSELVES ) !SE TASKS1 !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO CONF] UPON IT SOME?+ ELSE BESIDES !IR WRIT+S1 !IR SPEE*ES1 !IR VOTES1 & (T5 !IR [N LIVES & !IR P]SONAL SACRIFICES4 

,!SE M51 LIB]ALS & RADICALS ( ALL /RIPES1 W]E !RE=E NOT JU/ ! TOOLS ?AT ! CAPITALI/S US$ TO CREATE B\RGEOIS POLITICAL P[]4 ,!Y W]E1 AT FIR/1 FI<T]S :O F\<T TO OV]?R[ ! FEUDAL & ECCLESIA/ICAL P[]S & POT5TATES ?AT ORIG9AT$ 9 ANTIQUITY & ! MIDDLE AGES & ?AT CON/ITUT$ AN EXT5SION ( ORI5TAL & EV5 PRE-HI/ORICAL DESPOTISM4 ,IF1 DUR+ ?AT ]A1 ?AT ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! PEOPLE1 ! WORK]S & ! PEASANTS1 W]E AS CAPABLE ( FI<T+ AS RESOLUTELY = !IR [N RI<TS AS ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS F\<T = !IR LIB]ATION1 ! SURFACE ( ! WORLD W\LD BE DIFF]5T TODAY1 ! FACTORY SY/EM1 !N 9 ITS 9CEPTION1 W\LD NOT HAVE SPREAD PHYSICAL DE/RUCTION AMONG ! WORK]S :O1 9CAPABLE ( FI<T+ = ! FUTURE1 W]E R$UC$ DUR+ ?AT P]IOD TO A DEF5SIVE /RUGGLE = ! PRES5T 9 ORD] TO AT LEA/ PRES]VE !IR B>E PHYSICAL EXI/5CE4 ,BUT ! PEOPLE W]E /ILL ASLEEP EV5 DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ITS AWAK5$ ELEM5TS M]ELY BECAME ! FOOT-SOLDI]S ( ! B\RGEOIS POLITICAL REVOLUTION :ILE ! PEASANTS S\<T NO O!R WAY TO SAVE !MSELVES & TO EMANCIPATE !MSELVES FROM S]FDOM ?AN TO BREAK UP ! L>GE E/ATES 9TO 9DIVIDUAL SMALL-HOLD+S1 & TO 5GAGE 9 AN 9T5SIVE =M ( 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP RA!R ?AN ASSOCIATION1 SOLID>ITY & ! COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL ! L&4 

,?US1 9 ?AT DECISIVE ]A :5 ! OLD REGIME WAS OV]?R[N & :5 IT WAS POSSIBLE ?AT NOT ONLY POLITICS1 BUT ALSO SOCIAL ECONOMY C\LD HAVE REALLY CREAT$ A NEW REGIME BAS$ ON EQUALITY & SOLID>ITY1 ?IS DID NOT TAKE PLACE ?ANKS TO ! ABSOLUTE LACK ( A CONSCI\S SOCIALI/ =CE4 ,IF AT ?AT TIME1 SOME VOICES MADE !MSELVES HE>D 9 ,FRANCE1 :5 COMP>$ TO ! IMM5SE NUMB] ( POLITICAL & RE=MI/ VOICES !Y W]E R$UC$ TO NE> 9SIGNIFICANCE1 & ! WORKS PUBLI%$ BY ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW MON?S ( #agic :5 HE WAS 9 ,LONDON1 :I* PROCLAIM$ ! SOCIALI/ & EV5 ! AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE ( ITS TIME1 W]E NOT READ 9 ,FRANCE4 

,SOCIALISM WAS ABS5T FROM ! C\NCILS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 AL?\< EV]YONE 9 ! ,NEW ,WORLD HAD ALREADY READ ,MORELLY & ,MABLY1 & AL?\< ! P[] ( MONEY1 SPECULATION & ! MONOPOLIZATION ( L&1 H\S+1 GOLD1 PUBLIC PROVISIONS1 ETC41 WAS A CON/ANTLY SUPPURAT+ OP5 W\ND1 D5\NC$ & VA9LY COMBAT$ ) 9EFFECTIVE /OPGAP MEASURES4 ,:5 ! IMPULSE ( ! REVOLUTION WAS ALREADY AFLAME & ! MO/ >D5T SPIRITS HAD BE5 SACRIFIC$ OR FELL BY ! WAYSIDE EXHAU/$ OR DISC\RAG$1 SOCIALISM RAIS$ ITS VOICE ?R\< ! M\?S ( ,BABEUF & ,BUON>ROTTI1 :O W]E SUPPORT$ ONLY BY A SMALL NUMB] ( RADICALS1 :ILE !Y W]E CONFRONT$ BY A NEW B\RGEOIS /ATE ?AT CRU%$ !M & :I*1 9 TURN1 WAS CAPTUR$ BY ! FASCI/ C\P D'ETAT ( #a#h? ,BRUMAIRE & ! FIR/ ,MUSSOL9I S9CE ! TIMES ( ! ,BORGIAS4 ,:]EAS ! ,MUSSOL9I ( \R TIME HAS NOT YET MANAG$ TO E/ABLI% HIS 0,?IRD ,ROME01 ,NAPOLEON CREAT$ AN ]SATZ ,NEW ,ROME1 A TRULY IMM5SE CONT95TAL P[] ?AT DEMON/RAT$1 EV5 MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN ! ,AM]ICAN W> ( 9DEP5D5CE C\LD EV] HAVE DONE1 TO :AT EXT5T ! MO/ ANCI5T MON>*IES & EMPIRES >E (T5 UN/ABLE4 ,5GL&1 ?IS TIME FAVOR$ BY ITS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION--:I*1 DUE TO ITS GREAT DI/ANCE FROM ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 HAD CAUS$ IT TO LOSE ITS COLONIES !RE--WAS ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION1 DEVELOP+ ITS FACTORY SY/EM1 SURPASS+ ! CONT95T1 F\ND+ MAJOR MONOPOLIES1 AMASS+ IMM5SE =TUNES & ALSO KEEP+ ! MASSES ( WORK]S 9 *ECK :O1 DESPITE !IR DISCONT5T & !IR AGITATION1 W]E SUPPRESS$ BY ! PHYSICAL SUFF]+ IMPOS$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 LONG H\RS ( WORK1 POV]TY1 EXHAU/ION & ! FE> ( LOCK\TS4 

,SO IT WAS ?AT1 FROM ?IS GREAT AWAK5+ ( HUMANITY 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY1 PREP>$ BY PHILOSOPHY1 G5]\S & HUMANIT>IAN FREE?9K]S & ! GOOD WILL ( SO MANY GOOD M5--FOLL[+ A BRIEF P]IOD ( DEMOCRATIC & EGALIT>IAN HOPES--GREAT /ATES & MILIT>ISM EM]G$ VICTORI\S ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T1 & ! EXPLOITATIVE FACTORY SY/EM1 A FL\RI%+ COMM]CIAL & COLONIAL IMP]IALISM1 & AN >I/OCRACY ?AT HAD EX]CIS$ ITS RULE S9CE ! ,NORMAN 9VASION ( #a#f#f1 EM]G$ VICTORI\S 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,LIB]ALISM SURVIV$ ON ! CONT95T1 =C$ 9TO A DEF5SIVE POSITION1 & F\<T CON/ANTLY1 BRILLIANTLY 9 #ahc & 9 #a#h#d#h4444 ,BUT IT C\LD NOT CONQU] A LONG LA/+ SECURE OR /ABLE POSITION1 BECAUSE ITS B\RGEOIS SUPPORT]S (T5 BECAME CONS]VATIVES & >E N[ L>GELY FASCI/S1 :ILE ITS WORK+ CLASS SUPPORT]S HAVE BECOME SOCIALI/S OR AT LEA/ SOCIAL DEMOCRATS4 ,9 ,5GL& ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS F\ND ITSELF ON ! DEF5SIVE1 S9CE IT WAS PU%$ AGA9/ ! WALL BY ! /IFL+ 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 A SITUATION ?AT WAS ALSO FAC$ BY ! WORK]S ( ?OSE CONT95TAL C\NTRIES :]E ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM WAS E/ABLI%$1 SU* AS ,BELGIUM & P>TS ( ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY4 ,! PEASANTS W]E =C$ TO FI<T T5ACI\SLY AGA9/ ! REMNANTS ( FEUDALISM &1 AS 9 ,FRANCE1 ! DEF5SE ( SMALL-SCALE PROP]TY1 A PR(\NDLY ANTI-SOCIALI/ SY/EM1 RA!R ?AN ASSOCIATION1 BECAME ITS RALLY+ CRY4 

,IT WAS 9 SU* A SITUATION1 ONE ?AT WAS NATURALLY ONLY PROPITI\S = ! AMASS+ ( GREAT B\RGEOIS =TUNES1 = ! P]PETUATION ( ! AGR>IAN MONOPOLY ( ! >I/OCRACY & = CONDEMN+ ! PEOPLE TO 5DLESS LABOR & LIMITLESS POV]TY1 9 ?IS CRUEL & UN5DURABLE SITUATION1 :I* HAD TO BE RADICALLY TRANS=M$ = ! GOOD ( HUMANITY1 ?9K]S1 BROAD-M9D$ & HUMANIT>IAN ?9K]S1 WELL $UCAT$ BUT NECESS>ILY ! (FSPR+ ( !IR TIME1 TURN$ TO ! SOCIALI/ IDEAS ( ! #a#h? C5TURY4 ,!Y DID :AT EV]Y ]A MU/ DO = ITS SOCIALISM1 !Y MOD]NIZ$ ITS IDEAS TO FIT !IR M5TALITY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( !IR [N EXP]I5CE4 ,?IS WAS ! RI<T WAY1 = EV]Y ]A HAS ITS [N =M ( SOCIALISM2 !RE IS NO?+ P]MAN5T 9 SCI5CE1 AS EV]YONE KN[S3 :Y %\LD !RE BE ANY?+ P]MAN5T AB\T SOME?+ ?AT1 AT ALL TIMES1 MU/ BE ! SUM ( ! BE/ SOCIAL P]CEPTION 9 ! CONCEPTION ( A FREE & HAPPY HUMAN LIFE ON ?IS LITTLE WORLD1 :I* IS TO SAY SOCIALISM8 ,I 9SI/ ON ?IS ASPECT BECAUSE1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 IT IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT IT IS SO (T5 =GOTT5 ?AT MU* EVIL HAS BE5 DONE TO SOCIALISM1 & NOT EV5 AN>*ISM IS EXEMPT FROM IT & ITS CONSEQU5CES4 

,*APT] #b 

,PRIOR TO ?IS GREAT P]IOD ?AT LA/$ FROM #agge TO #a#h#a#e--=TY YE>S ( W>S & REVOLUTIONS1 ( IMM5SE POLITICAL1 T]RITORIAL & SOCIAL *ANGES & ( GR[? ) RESPECT TO ! SCALE & 9T5SITY ( 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL & F9ANCIAL LIFE--SOCIALISM ONLY 5JOY$ A NOM9AL1 P>TIAL & SPASMODIC EXI/5CE1 S9CE ! OLD REGIME1 :I* HAD =M$ A SOLID AU?ORIT>IAN BLOC OV] ! C5TURIES1 AL?\< MO?-EAT5 & DULL$ BY ITS 9CREAS+ 9EFFECTIV5ESS1 & AL?\< UND]M9$ BY CRITICISM & SCI5CE :I* LAID ! F\NDATIONS = A LESS S]VILE WAY ( LIFE1 WAS NONE!LESS BECAUSE ( ITS V]Y 9]TIA KEPT ON ITS FEET DESPITE HAV+ BE5 ASSAULT$ 9 VA9 ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS BY REVOLTS ?AT W]E PLANN$ OR PROVOK$ BY DESP]ATION4 ,JU/ AS 9 \R TIME1 :]EAS PRIOR TO #aiag ! SOCIALI/ WORLD HAD BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO CONSID] ! OV]?R[ ( A MOD]N /ATE AS SOME?+ ?AT WAS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE1 & WAS LEFT BEWILD]$ BY ! RELATIVELY EASY1 ALMO/ AUTOMATIC OV]?R[ ( ,CZ>ISM AFT] ! FIR/ FEW BL[S ( ! AX1 SO ALSO1 PRIOR TO #a#g#g#e1 AT ! TIME ( ! />T ( ! ,AM]ICAN W> ( 9DEP5D5CE1 NO ONE EXPECT$ SU* A RAPID & TOTAL COLLAPSE ( ! OLD SY/EM2 & IT WAS JU/ AS DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( A SOCIALISM ?AT W\LD BE ! RESULT ( ! CONSCI\S WILL ( A L>GE P>T ( ! POPULATION4 

,!RE W]E1 AT ?AT TIME1 ONLY DISP]S$ FRAGM5TS ( SOCIALISM 9 ! HOPE & ! IMAG9ATION L9K$ TO ! IDEA ( A COMP5SATORY JU/ICE ( LIFE BEYOND ! GRAVE3 P>ADISE1 ! ,ELYSIAN ,FIELDS1 ! HEAV5 ( ! ,H\RIS ( ! ,MOHAMM$ANS1 ! HEAV5 ( ! ,VALKYRIES ( ! ,G]MANIC PEOPLES ( ! ,NOR?1 JU/ AS !RE WAS ALSO ! RESIGN$ MEMORY ( ! GOLD5 AGE ( A DI/ANT PA/1 ! LEG5D ( ! HAPPY PEOPLES )\T PROP]TY OR LAWS 9 SOME MY?ICAL ,SCY?IA1 AN ,EL ,DORADO OR A FLOAT+ ISL&4 ,S9CE !RE W]E REALLY SO FEW SOCIAL REVOLTS1 & S9CE EV]Y?+ DEP5D$ 9 ! WORLD ( ?AT TIME ON ! WILL ( ! RUL]S & S9CE1 9 ADDITION1 !RE WAS SO MU* RESPECT = :AT LITTLE SCI5CE & $UCATION !RE WAS1 ! IDEA >OSE--EXPRESS$ 9 NUM]\S UTOPIAS--?AT SOCIALISM1 OR ANY O!R SIMIL> K9D ( EQUITABLE SY/EM1 HAD TO BE ! PRODUCT ( ! WISDOM & GOODNESS ( A LEGISLATOR1 A MAGNANIM\S K+ OR AN ASSEMBLY ( WISE & B5EVOL5T ELD]S :O W\LD >RANGE EV]Y?+4 ,IF A /ATE ( ABSOLUTE LIB]TY WAS SOMETIMES IMAG9$1 IT WAS SITUAT$ 9 A C\NTRY 9 :I* NATURE OR SOME 5TIRELY FANTA/IC PROCESS WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE CREAT$ AN EQUALLY ABSOLUTE ABUNDANCE & R5D]$ ANY WORK OR O!R EF=TS TO ORGANIZE SOCIETY UTT]LY SUP]FLU\S4 ,! EXP]IM5TS ?AT W]E C>RI$ \T UND\BT$LY DID NOT FAIL TO PRODUCE A COOP]ATIVE SOCIALISM ?AT 9VOLV$ F>-SI<T$ & NECESS>Y MEASURES AGA9/ PAUP]ISM--,I AM REF]R+ TO ! 9DU/RIAL COLLEGE ( ,BELL]S 9 ! #a#g? C5TURY1 ETC4--BUT RE=MI/ PROJECTS & LONG-T]M SOCIALI/ ASPIRATIONS SELDOM MIX$1 SO ?AT SU* RE=M MEASURES CON/ITUT$1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! ,PROTE/ANT C\NT]P>T ( ! *>ITY = ! POOR PRACTIC$ BY MONA/]IES 9 ! ,CA?OLIC C\NTRIES4 

,S9CE IT WAS ! CASE ?AT1 ALONGSIDE LONG-T]M SOCIALI/ ASPIRATIONS1 :I* W]E SELDOM EXPRESS$ CLE>LY & :I* G5]ALLY ONLY 9SPIR$ A %RUG ( ! %\LD]S1 VAGUE & 9CONSI/5T ATTEMPTS TO PURSUE !M OR AN 9SIPID JOKE1 ! SOCIAL PROBLEM WAS A P]MAN5T FIXTURE ( ! WORLD1 DISCONT5T WAS MANIFE/$ BY :AT ONE C\LD CALL ALL ! MEANS ( ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE & SOMETIMES 9 L>GE-SCALE REVOLTS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 BUT AU?ORITY ALWAYS WAS RE/OR$ BY MEANS ( ! MO/ CRUEL & BLOODY REPRESSION1 BY A SUFFOCAT+ (FICIALDOM ( ! M&ATORY E/ATES & ! B&-AIDS ( PRIMITIVE *>ITY ADM9I/]$ ON A %OE/R+ BY MONA/]IES OR WORK-H\SES2 OR ELSE RESI/ANCE1 /ILL 9 ITS 9FANCY1 WAS B>ELY REPRES5T$ H]E & !RE BY FELL[%IPS & WAS NON-EXI/5T BETWE5 PEASANTS & CRAFT WORK]S4 ,! RELATIVE ABS5CE ( 9T]NATIONAL COMPLICATIONS = TRADE1 LOCALIZ$ PRODUCTION1 A SIMPLE LIFE1 HI< MORTALITY 7POOR HYGI5E7 :I* KEPT POPULATION GR[? AT A L[ LEVEL1 ALL ( !SE ?+S MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! OLD REGIME TO DIVIDE M5 9TO ! PRIVILEG$ & ! COMMON PEOPLE1 TO KEEP ORD] BY WAY ( ! GALL[S1 TORTURE & ! LA%1 & TO FILL /OMA*S ?AT W]E TOO EMPTY AT ! DOORS ( ! MONA/]IES OR WORK-H\SES1 :]E ! ABS5CE ( HEAL? C>E WORK]S OR DOCTORS ELIM9AT$ ! LEA/ H>DY4 ,AGA9/ SU* A SY/EM1 :I* CLAIM$ TO BE & BELIEV$ IT WAS ET]NAL1 :AT EM]G$ MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE WAS A DE/RUCTIVE REBELLION & ! MO/ 5]GETIC SPIRITS CONTRIBUT$ TO ?IS TR5D2 TO DREAM ( SOCIALISM 9 SU* A HELL WAS !N TRULY ! UND]TAK+ ( A FEW G5]\S DREAM]S :O W\LD CONT9UE TO DREAM = SEV]AL MORE C5TURIES1 BUT IT WAS NOT !SE 9DIVIDUALS :O W\LD BE ! FIR/ TO PUT ! TOR* TO OLD REGIME1 BUT 9/EAD BECAME ITS FIR/ VICTIMS1 AW>E ( ! MAT]IAL SLAV]Y1 ! 9TELLECTUAL OPPRESSION & ! 9CREAS+ 9EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! OLD AU?ORIT>IAN ME*ANISM :5 FAC$ ) MOD]N LIFE & ITS REQUIREM5TS4 

,!RE WAS1 !N1 A L>GE NUMB] ( M5 :O S\<T MORE OR LESS ADVANC$ IMM$IATE POLITICAL & SOCIAL RE=MS1 & A SMALL NUMB] ( M5 ) SOCIALI/ ASPIRATIONS1 :O HAD NOT YET E/ABLI%$ ANY S]I\S L9K BETWE5 ! DI/ANT DREAM & ! IMM$IATE ACTION UPON :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRATS PLAC$ ! HI<E/ PRIORITY4 ,!RE W]E UND\BT$LY MANY MORE SOCIALI/S AT ?AT TIME ?AN WE >E AW>E ( N[1 S9CE WE HAVE TO 9CLUDE NOT JU/ ! AU?ORS ( ! SOCIALI/ BOOKS ( ! TIME1 BUT ALSO !IR READ]S1 AL?\< 9 PRACTICE MO/ ( !M ASSOCIAT$ ) ! DEMOCRATS & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! IMM$IATE /RUGGLE4 

,IT IS A WELL-E/ABLI%$ FACT ?AT DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ! CU/OM (T5 PREVAIL$--BY PROCLAMATION ( ! ASSEMBLIES OR ! COMMITTEES 7:I* ASSUM$ ! RE9S ( ! REAL SECUL> AU?ORITY7--:]EBY AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO REGULATE ECONOMIC LIFE FROM ABOVE1 SOMETIMES ) A REAL DESIRE = SOCIAL JU/ICE1 SOMETIMES = ! B5EFIT ( A RIS+ & AMBITI\S B\RGEOISIE1 BUT MORE (T5 = ! PURPOSE ( E/ABLI%+ A /RONG TAX-BAS$ ,/ATE1 BUT ) REG>D TO SOCIALISM !RE WAS NOT A TRACE \TSIDE ( ! EQUALLY AU?ORIT>IAN IDEAS ( ,BABEUF & ,B\N>OTTI :O WANT$ TO DRAFT A S]IES ( DECREES 9 ADVANCE ?AT W\LD IMPOSE COMMUNISM BY =CE & TO CONSPIRE1 ) A H&FUL ( DISGRUNTL$ DEMOCRATS1 TO IMPOSE ) !IR HELP A DICTATOR%IP ?AT W\LD PROCLAIM ?IS NEW REGIME1 A S*EME ?AT WAS NIPP$ 9 ! BUD BY BETRAYAL & REPRESS$ ) A CYNICAL DISPLAY ( =CE & F]OCI\S CRUELTY1 )\T SO MU* AS ONE F+] OR ONE VOICE BE+ RAIS$ BY ! PEOPLE ON BEHALF ( ! VICTIMS ( ?IS REPRESSION4 

,SO :5 ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,F\RI] W]E ACTIVE >\ND #a#h#d-#a#h#e 9 ,FRANCE & ,ROB]T ,[5 WAS FULM9AT+ 9 #ahae AGA9/ ! EFFECTS ( ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 !RE WAS NO SOCIALI/ PUBLIC 9 ,EUROPE2 AT MO/ !RE W]E A FEW SUPPORT]S ( ,BABEUF 9 SECRET SOCIETIES ON ! CONT95T1 A FEW FOLL[]S ( ,GODW9 9 ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ REGIONS1 & ONLY TWO M5 SPOKE OP5LY ( ADVANC$ SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 ,?OMAS ,SP5CE1 ! FIR/ POPUL> PROPAG&I/ :OSE SECT>IANISM & DECID$LY N>R[ & EXTRAVAGANT MANN]ISMS NONE!LESS ISOLAT$ HIM1 & ,P]CY ,BYS%E ,%ELLEY1 ! Y\NG SOCIALI/ & A!I/ POET :O WAS FASC9AT$ BY ,GODW9 & :OSE POEMS W]E SATURAT$ ) SO MU* ( HIS SOCIALI/ PASSION1 BUT :OSE REAL POETIC G5IUS WAS 9EVITABLY ISOLAT$ FROM ANY PRACTICAL PROPAG&A4 

,NONE!LESS1 !SE FEW M51 EV5 LESS NUM]\S ?AN ! MANY DILETTANTES ( UTOPIAN SOCIALISM DUR+ ! #a#h? C5TURY1 BUT RI* 9 EXP]I5CE DUE TO !IR HAV+ BE5 EYEWITNESSES OR CONTEMPOR>Y OBS]V]S ( ! EV5TS ( #a#g#g#e-#a#h#a#e--REVOLUTION>Y W>S1 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION & ! COLLAPSE ( ! 5TIRE OLD WORLD--CONCEIV$ ( SOCIALI/ SY/EMS ON AN AMBITI\S SCALE OR PROPAGAT$ !IR IDEAS ) 5?USIASM & 5]GY 9 ! PUBLIC >5A1 :I* WAS N[ EXP&+1 AL?\< RE/RICT$ & 5CLOS$ )9 ! SALONS & LIT]>Y CAFES4 ,WORLD F$]ATIONS1 WIDE-RANG+ EXP]IM5TS1 9T5SIVE COLLECTIVE $UCATION1 VA/ ORGANIZATIONS & !IR MUTUAL RELATIONS SPANN+ ! GLOBE1 EV]Y?+ SEEM$ TO BE POSSIBLE & REALIZABLE = !SE FIR/ GREAT SOCIALI/S1 & IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! TRANSC5D5T EV5TS ( ?OSE =TY YE>S IMPR9T$ !IR RHY?M1 !IR SPIRIT$ ME?ODS & !IR PROPORTIONS ON !IR IDEAS4 ,9 %ORT1 ! SOCIALISM ( ! PA/1 :I* WAS1 TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R1 $UCATIONAL1 REGULATORY1 MANAG]IAL & P>TAK+ ( ! CLE>LY ULTRA-AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT] ( ! EV5TS ( #a#g#g#e-#a#h#a#e1 GAVE BIR? TO SOCIALI/ IDEAS ?AT W]E TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R AU?ORIT>IAN-P$AGOGICAL1 :I* NEI!R SCORN$ NOR IGNOR$ FRE$OM1 BUT RELEGAT$ IT TO A HI<] /AGE ( P]FECTION1 9/EAD FOCUS+ ON1 TO />T )1 ! C\NSELS ( ! WISE1 ! AU?ORITY ( TEA*+1 & FAI?FULNESS TO ! DOCTR9ES ELABORAT$ BY ! GREAT MA/]S4 

,?IS SOCIALISM WAS VOLUNT>I/ & ASSOCIATIONI/1 & ITS PROPON5TS PUT !IR FAI? 9 ! SPONTANE\S COOP]ATION ( PROGRESSIVE M5 :O W\LD GRADUALLY RECOGNIZE ! GOOD S5SE & ! UTILITY ( !IR PLANS SO !Y C\LD OBTA9 ! NECESS>Y SUPPORT TO REALIZE !M GRADUALLY4 ,! FACT ?AT !Y DID NOT SUCCE$ WAS MORE DUE TO ! G5]AL 9]TIA ?AN TO DIRECT OB/ACLES4 ,9 MY VIEW !Y COMMITT$ ! T]RIBLE BLUND] ( NOT EXPRESS+ !IR SOLID>ITY FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ) ALL SOCIALI/ EF=TS ( EV]Y K9D1 & 9/EAD PUT ALL !IR /ORE BY !IR BELIEF 9 ! 9FALLIBILITY ( !IR [N SY/EMS & ! ABSURDITY ( ALL ! O!RS3 ?US1 ! MULTITUDE ( SOCIALISMS ?AT C\LD HAVE & %\LD HAVE BE5 A GLORI\S ADVANTAGE WAS1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 ITS GREATE/ CURSE2 !Y C\LD ALL C\NT B>ELY A FEW DOZ5 OR A FEW HUNDR$ FOLL[]S1 & ALREADY ! GOOD ,F\RI] C\LD CRY \T AGA9/ 0! DECEPTIONS & ! *>LATANISM0 ( 0! TWO SECTS ( ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,[50 9 #a#h#c#a1 ETC4 

,EV5 BE=E HAV+ BE5 DIVID$ 9TO AU?ORIT>IANS & LIB]T>IANS1 ! SOCIALI/S W]E ALREADY 5TR5*$ 9 9TOL]ANT S*OOLS1 PROCLAIM+ ! TRUE & ! FALSE1 ! :ITE & ! BLACK1 ! GOOD & ! EVIL1 ! REASONABLE & ! ABSURD1 ACCORD+ TO ! DICTATES ( EA* S*OOL4 ,IT WAS ?IS UN=TUNATE M5TAL HABIT 9H]IT$ FROM RELIGI\S SECT>IANISM1 FROM ! P$ANTIC MANN]ISMS ( ! S*OOLMA/]S1 FROM ! MEGALOMANIA ( 9SPIR$ PROPHETS1 :I* POISON$ SOCIALISM2 ?IS IS ! EFFECTIVE EQUIVAL5T ( NATIONALISM AS OPPOS$ TO 9T]NATIONALISM1 EGOISM AGA9/ ALTRUISM1 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP V]SUS COLLECTIVISM1 ! EMBODIM5T ( N>R[NESS & PETT9ESS AS OPPOS$ TO G5]OSITY & OP5-M9D$NESS2 IT IS1 TO SUMM>IZE1 ! DOG 9 ! MANG] AMONG ! NOBLE ASPIRATIONS ( ! FUTURE--G5]AL SOLID>ITY1 9TEGRAL HUMANISM1 COMPLETE FRE$OM--& ! MONOPOLI/1 PROPRIET>IAN1 & DOM9AT+ QUALITIES ?AT M5 HAVE DRAGG$ ALONG ) !M AS AN ACCURS$ LEGACY ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 FANATICAL1 IGNORANT1 N>R[-M9D$ & CRUEL PA/4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT A SOCIALISM ?AT HAS NOT BE5 C>EFULLY ELABORAT$ CANNOT BE VICTORI\S1 BUT IT W\LD HAVE RECEIV$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ A MORE SOLID F\NDATION IF ! SOCIALI/S ( EV]Y V>IETY HAD TRI$ TO HELP EA* O!R 9/EAD ( SEEK+ TO REFUTE ONE ANO!R & 5GAG+ 9 A FREE-= ALL ( MUTUAL DE/RUCTION4 ,ALONGSIDE ! AGE-OLD 9]TIA !RE WAS ALSO ! REC5TLY EM]G+ EAG]NESS ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO 5JOY ! B5EFITS ( ! NEW 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! NEW MEANS ( TRANSPORT ?AT EXT5D$ ! SCOPE ( !IR TRADE ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 RE/RICT$ TO C]TA9 LOCALITIES4 

,BUT ?IS EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION & TRADE C\LD ONLY BE C>RI$ \T AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORK]S ( ?AT ]A1 :O SUFF]$ T]RIBLY1 :I* L$ !M TO ?9K EXCLUSIVELY ( !IR P]SONAL DEF5SE AGA9/ ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM ?AT WAS CRU%+ !M & AS A RESULT !Y DID NOT ?9K AB\T A F>-(F SOCIALISM1 BUT ( !IR IMM$IATE AFFAIRS1 :I* !Y DEF5D$ BY DIRECTLY VIOL5T MEANS 7DE/RUCTION ( MA*9ES7--A MOVEM5T ?AT WAS QUICKLY SUPPRESS$--OR ELSE BY WAY ( TRADE UNIONISM--:I* WAS =C$ TO OP]ATE 9 A CL&E/9E MANN] 9 ITS E>LY DAYS1 & :I* (T5 PRACTIC$ SABOTAGE = DEF5SIVE PURPOSES--OR ELSE !Y WANT$ TO CONQU] POLITICAL P[] 9 ! EXI/+ ,/ATE 7ELECTORAL SUFFRAGE MOVEM5TS2 ,*>TISM74 ,?IS TOOK PLACE = ! MO/ P>T 9 ,5GL&1 & 9 ,CATALONIA A TRADE UNIONISM EM]G$ ?AT WAS V]Y MU* 9FLU5C$ BY ,5GLI% SOCIALISM4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! WORK]S W]E ABSORB$ BY REPUBLICANISM1 & ONLY TO A MU* LESS] DEGREE BY ! ,BABEUVISM ?AT ,BUON>OTTI PUBLICIZ$ ) HIS GREAT BOOK 9 #a#h#b#h1 :I* WAS WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ 9 ,FRANCE AFT] #a#h#c4 ,FROM ,BABEUVISM1 ?REE GREAT DI/9CT CURR5TS EM]G$3 ,BLANQUISM1 ! DIRECT HEIR ( ! C\P D'ETAT & ! COMMUNI/ DICTATOR%IP ( ,BABEUF2 ! SY/EM ( ,L\IS ,BLANC1 A COMMUNISM ORGANIZ$ & IMPOS$ BY A ,/ATE1 ?R\< ! AG5CY ( ! WORK]S & ) ! WORK]S AT ! HELM ( ! ,/ATE 7= EXAMPLE1 AS A RESULT ( ELECTIONS HELD AFT] A REVOLUTION73 ?IS IS !RE=E A LEGALI/IC ,BLANQUISM1 ! ,/ATE DICTATOR%IP2 & ! SY/EM ( ,CABET1 :O1 TO BEG9 )1 PROPOS$ ! F\NDATION ( A COMMUNI/ ,IC>IA 9 ,AM]ICA1 BUT :O W\LD HAVE ALSO1 HAD HE BE5 ABLE TO DO SO1 IMPOS$ HIS SY/EM ?R\<\T ,FRANCE BY AU?ORIT>IAN MEANS4 

,!RE >E1 !N1 !SE F\R V>IATIONS--,BABEUF-,BUON>OTTI1 ,BLANQUI1 ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,CABET--:O REPRES5T$ ! COMMUNISM ?AT DEM&S ! SEIZURE ( SUPREME P[] 9 ORD] TO IMPOSE ITS EGALIT>IAN SY/EM ON ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY4 ,& 9 ?IS RESPECT ! QUE/ION ( ANY UNDESIR$ AU?ORIT>IAN QUALITIES ( !SE SY/EMS H>DLY >ISES3 EA* BELIEVES 9 GOOD FAI? ?AT HIS SY/EM REPRES5TS ! MAXIMUM DEGREE ( LIB]TY ?AT CAN BE PRUD5TLY GRANT$ TO A SOCIETY1 :E!R A L>GE ONE LIKE ?AT ( ,L\IS ,BLANC1 OR A SMALL ONE LIKE ,CABET'S EXP]IM5TAL ,IC>IA4 ,BUT EV]Y ONE ( !M CLAIMS ! ABSOLUTE RI<T TO EMPLOY VIOL5T =CE EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 ?R\< LEGAL MEANS1 & EV]Y ONE ( !M PROCLAIMS ! DICTATOR%IP ( HIS WILL TO IMPOSE HIS SY/EM ON SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,& !Y HELD !SE VIEWS AT A TIME :51 BETWE5 #ahbh & #a#h#d#h--NOT TO M5TION ! EXTREMELY R>E AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ?AT WAS (F]$ BY A MAN ( ! /ATURE ( ,PR\DHON--!Y HAD BE=E !IR EYES ! EXAMPLES ( ,CONSID]ANT'S ,LA ,DE/9EE ,SOCIALE & ! WORKS ( ,CON/ANT9 ,PECQUEUR 7TRUE CLASSICS ( A F$]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONISM & ! 9TEGRAL COMMUNE1 :I* C\LD HAVE S]V$ TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( A L>GE SCALE AUTONOM\S F$]AT$ COOP]ATIVE SOCIALISM1 :OSE C\NT]P>TS 9 ,5GL& W]E ! SIMIL> PLANS ( ,WILLIAM ,?OMPSON & ,ROB]T ,[57 AS WELL AS ,F\RI]I/ ASSOCIATIONISM & ,5GLI% 9DIVIDUALI/ MUTUALISM1 ALL ( :I* COMPRIS$ ! 9CIPI5T NUCLEI ( AN 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 IF !Y C>$ TO READ !SE WORKS4 ,DUR+ !SE SAME YE>S1 BETWE5 #ahc & #a#h#d#h1 COOP]ATIVES FIR/ BEGAN TO TAKE %APE1 ! PRODUCTS ( V]Y MODE/ 9ITIAL EXP]IM5TS--& SEE :AT !Y HAVE BECOME TODAY6 ,DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD RAILROADS1 /EAM%IPS1 ! TELEGRAPH1 & AN 5ORM\S NUMB] ( FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS1 & CR$IT 9/ITUTIONS1 ETC41 ALL ( :I* ORIG9AT$ FROM V]Y MODE/ BEG9N+S1 HAVE MULTIPLI$1 & BEHOLD H[ F> !Y HAVE COME TODAY4 ,IT SEEMS 9CR$IBLE TO ME ?AT1 DUR+ ?OSE DAYS & RI<T UP TO \R TIME1 NOT EV5 A LITTLE REAL SOCIALISM HAS BE5 A*IEV$2 IT IS TRUE ?AT S9CE !N MILLIONS ( SOCIALI/S HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$ & MILLIONS ( VOT]S HAVE BE5 TRA9$1 BUT :AT HAVE !Y A*IEV$8 ,!IR P[]LESSNESS P]SI/S FROM ONE YE> TO ! NEXT1 REG>DLESS ( ! 9CREASE 9 !IR %E] NUMB]S4 ,I WILL BE TOLD ?AT !Y HAVE SEIZ$ P[] 9 ,RUSSIA & 9 ,SIB]IA1 :I* IS EV5 L>G] ?AN ,RUSSIA3 ?AT MAY BE TRUE1 BUT RI<T N[ ?\S&S ( !IR FOLL[]S >E BE+ MASSACR$ 9 ,CANTON4 ,I WILL BE TOLD ?AT !Y >E GOV]NM5T M9I/]S & ?AT !Y HAVE =M$ CAB9ETS 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES1 OR ?AT !Y CONTROL L>GE CITIES3 ?IS MAY ALSO BE TRUE1 BUT !SE M9I/]S1 LIKE ALL ! O!R M9I/]S1 PREP>E = & 9ITIATE W>S & POV]TY PREVAILS 9 MANY CITIES1 :E!R OR NOT !Y HAVE SOCIALI/ ADM9I/RATIONS4 ,! =CES ( WORK+ CLASS SOCIALISM1 :I* W]E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 F\ND+ A CREATIVE SOCIALISM DUR+ AN ]A :5 ! WORLD WAS UND]GO+ A HI/ORICAL TURN+ PO9T 7MOD]N CAPITALISM WAS !N 9 ITS BEG9N+S71 HAVE FOCUS$ ON ACTIVITIES ORI5T$ T[>DS ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] & >E /ILL MESM]IZ$ BY ?IS 5DLESS1 DEAD 5D PROJECT3 ?US1 :ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT !Y HAVE GR[N OV] ! LA/ C5TURY1 ! =CES ( CAPITALISM HAVE GR[N L>G] /ILL4 ,IT SUFFICES TO COMP>E ! QUANTITY ( ELEM5TS ?AT W]E AT ! DISPOSAL ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,5GL& & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,5GLI% CAPITALISM DUR+ ! #a#i? C5TURY ) ! 5ORM\S PROPORTIONS ( CAPITALISM & ! T5U\S HOLD ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TODAY4 

,IS IT SO H>D TO UND]/& H[ A C5TURY ( ! /UBBORN PURSUIT ( POLITICAL P[] HAS SEP>AT$ ! WORK] FROM SOCIALISM8 ,= ! COMMUNI/ ( A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO SOCIALISM WAS LABOR ( DIRECT SOLID>ITY 9 H>MONY & FRE$OM ) HIS COMRADES2 = TODAY'S COMMUNI/1 SU* LABOR DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ,RUSSIA3 BETWE5 HIM & LABOR !RE IS AN IMM5SE HI]>*Y1 BUREAUCRACY & R$ TAPE1 & HE IS A NULLITY COMPELL$ TO PASSIVE OB$I5CE ALONGSIDE HIS EQUALLY P[]LESS COMRADES 9 ! VA/ WORK%OPS ?AT O/5SIBLY BELONG TO ! NATION1 :I* AS F> AS HE IS CONC]N$ IS NO DIFF]5T ?AN IF !Y BELONG$ TO A CORPORATION [N$ BY ANY P]SON :ATSOEV] OR SOME 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/4 ,SU* A SITUATION CANNOT LEAD TO ADVANCES 9 EFFICI5T PRODUCTION & CONSCI5TI\S WORK1 & TO ! ABUNDANCE ( PRODUCTS ?AT WE EXPECT FROM A REAL SOCIALISM & ?AT W\LD MAKE A COMMUNISM WOR?Y ( ! NAME POSSIBLE & 5DUR+1 :I* IMPLIES FREE LABOR & FREE PRODUCTS4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 SU* A /ATE COMMUNISM RESULTS 9 9DIFF]5CE & SC>CITY1 :I* IS :Y IT IS CON/ANTLY NECESS>Y TO %ORE IT UP ) EXP$I5TS UNTIL ONE DAY IT WILL COLLAPSE & GIVE WAY1 P]HAPS1 TO A F]OCI\S 9DIVIDUALI/ REACTION4 ,A PEOPLE ?AT HAS TO 5DURE ?IS SOCIALISM IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE1 IS !RE=E NOT N\RI%$ BY ! PLEASURE ( A SOCIAL IDEAL ?AT IT IS REALIZ+ & IS MAK+ 9CREAS+LY MORE TANGIBLE1 BUT FEELS UPROOT$1 SEP>AT$ FROM ?IS IDEAL &1 AS A RESULT1 FROM ANY O!R IDEAL OR HOPE3 IT FALLS FROM ! ,SCYLLA ( CAPITALISM 9TO ! ,*>YBDIS ( /ATISM AT ANY PRICE1 IT REMA9S SUFFUS$ ) A SIL5T MI/RU/1 IT SUFF]S AT ! H&S ( AN 9ELUCTABLE FATE & SELDOM ATTEMPTS TO SEEK PROTECTION 9 REVOLT & ! SE>* = TRUE LIB]TY BUT1 G5]ALLY1 SUCCUMBS TO ! 9DIVIDUALI/ & EGOTI/ICAL IDEA ( 'EV]Y MAN = HIMSELF6'1 :I* IS :AT WE HAVE SE5 HAPP5 TO ! 5ORM\S MASSES ( ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS1 :ILE ! WORK]S SIL5TLY GRIT !IR TEE? & DEVELOP A MUTE & PASSIVE SKEPTICISM ?AT WILL ONE DAY HAVE TO P>ALYZE ! ECONOMIC ORGANISM TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ! 5TIRE COMMUNI/ BUREAUCRACY1 H[EV] NUM]\S & P[]FUL IT MAY BE1 WILL BE UNABLE TO MAKE IT OP]ATE ) A M9IMUM ( EFFECTIV5ESS3 !N ! 5D WILL COME4 

,:AT AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM HAS BE5 ABLE TO A*IEVE IS1 !RE=E1 A /ATE ( AFFAIRS ?AT IS 5TIRELY UNSATISFACTORY &1 WE BELIEVE1 ONE ?AT IS NOT VIABLE OV] ! LONG T]M3 IT IS NECESS>Y TO ADMIT ?AT IF ALL ( ?IS W]E TO BE REPRODUC$ ON A V]Y L>GE SCALE1 IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT IT W\LD A*IEVE ITS GOALS3 AS OPPOS$ TO SU* AN EXT5SIVE CATA/ROPHE EV]YONE W\LD PREF] A LESS EXTREME CATA/ROPHE1 OR ABSOLUTELY NO CATA/ROPHE AT ALL4 ,H[ DID ! SMALL GR\PS 9SPIR$ BY ,BUON>OTTI1 ,BLANQUI1 ,CABET & ,L\IS ,BLANC ( #a#h#c-#a#h#d1 DEVELOP 9TO ! MILLIONS ( PEOPLE :O >E TODAY MOBILIZ$ BY SU* IDEAS8 ,BUON>OTTI ALWAYS /AY$ 9 ! %AD[S1 ,BLANQUI SP5T HIS TIME HAT*+ CONSPIRACIES & CAME \T 9TO ! /REETS F\R OR FIVE TIMES TO 5GAGE 9 OP5 /RUGGLE1 ,CABET WAS A ZEAL\S PROPAG&I/1 A BITT] POLEMICI/ & ! F\ND] ( A T9Y & SC>CELY VIABLE COMMUNITY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ,L\IS ,BLANC WAS A J\RNALI/ & HI/ORIAN1 & 9 #ahdh !Y W]E ALL POLITICIANS ( ! LEA/ SUCCESSFUL V>IETY1 QUICKLY DEFEAT$ BY O!R POLITICIANS :O W]E MORE CLEV]1 & !Y AFT]W>DS BECAME RESPECT$ FIGUREHEADS TO ! PEOPLE :O1 AS !Y BECAME MORE MOD]ATE1 FAIL$ TO SUPPORT !SE M5 :OM !Y SAW 9 ACTION & OCCASIONALLY APPLAUD$1 BUT :OM !Y AB&ON$ TO !IR P]SECUTORS1 ALL[+ ,BUON>OTTI TO DIE 9 OBSCURITY1 LETT+ ,BLANQUI SP5D MORE ?AN ?IRTY YE>S 9 PRISON1 LEAV+ ,CABET TO WA/E HIS LA/ RES\RCES 9 ! 9T]NEC9E SQUABBLES & POV]TY ( HIS DI/ANT LITTLE ,IC>IA1 & WAT*+ ,L\IS ,BLANC GO 9TO EXILE 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#h#d#h1 EV5 BE=E ,JUNE1 & !N TO SP5D ! RE/ ( HIS DAYS 9 ,LONDON AS A REPUBLICAN & SOCIALI/ CELEBRITY4 ,?IS COMMUNISM1 DESPITE ! SELFLESS EF=TS ( SO MANY ( ITS SUPPORT]S1 NEV] TOOK ROOT 9 ! PEOPLE4 

,:AT DID ! PEOPLE DO DUR+ !SE YE>S8 

,?ANKS TO ! POPUL> WAVE ( #agge TO #ahae REF]R$ TO ABOVE1 !RE WAS NEI!R A RELAPSE NOR /AGNATION 9 ,EUROPE1 H[EV] P[]FUL ! REACTION>IES ?AT REMA9$ 9 P[] OR :O RETURN$ TO P[] 9 #a#h#a#d-#a#h#a#e W]E4 ,5GLI% 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T DROVE ! WORK]S TO DEF5D !MSELVES1 9 A WAY ?AT WAS HALF POLITICAL & HALF ECONOMIC1 CONC]N+ :I* ,I HAVE SPOK51 & ! REACTION ON ! CONT95T ONLY 5C\RAG$ ! SPREAD ( LIB]ALISM1 DEMOCRACY & REPUBLICANISM 7,I %ALL LEAVE ASIDE ! EM]G5CE ( NATIONALISM1 :I* ,I HAVE DISCUSS$ 9 O!R >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ! PA/74 ,L>GE P>TIES D$ICAT$ TO POLITICAL RE=M & VA/ ORGANIZATIONS & MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL RE=M !RE=E >OSE1 ALL ( :I* W]E DEVOT$ TO ! DEF5SIVE & (F5SIVE MEANS TO A*IEVE IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5TS1 TO ! PROTECTION ( ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL LIB]TIES1 TO ! DEF5SE ( ! WORK]S' /&>D ( LIV+ & TO SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,*>TISM WAS A MOVEM5T ( ?IS K9D1 & SO W]E TRADE UNIONISM1 ! /RUGGLE = FREE TRADE 7AGA9/ T>IFFS ON IMPORT$ :EAT71 ! MOVEM5TS TO R$UCE ! L5G? ( ! WORK+ DAY & TO IMPROVE HEAL? & SAFETY 9 ! WORKPLACE1 ETC41 9 ,5GL&2 & SO W]E ! /RUGGLES = UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 = CON/ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5T1 = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PEASANTRY1 & AGA9/ FEUDALISM1 ETC41 9 CONT95TAL ,EUROPE4 ,ALL !SE MOVEM5TS HAD ALREADY SET HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S1 IF NOT MILLIONS ( WORK+ PEOPLE 9 MOTION >\ND ! MIDPO9T ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ALONG ) ! PROGRESSIVE ELEM5TS ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,?US1 9 ,5GL&1 ?AT GREAT BODY ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR CAME TO BE =M$1 ! ,TRADES ,UNION ,CONGRESS1 A BODY ( V]Y MOD]ATE SPIRIT1 /RICTLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT :I* DEF5DS ?IS RE/RICT$ & LIMIT$ CAUSE ) AN 9COMP>ABLE T5ACITY4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE GRANT$ 9 #ahdh L$ TO ! =MATION ( ! P>TY ( ! DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC1 COMPOS$ ( NON-SOCIALI/ B\RGEOISIE & WORK]S :O NONE!LESS S\<T TO E/ABLI% A RADICAL SECUL> REGIME DEVOT$ TO SOCIAL RE=M2 ?IS P>TY WAS PRACTICALLY PULL$ 9 TWO DIRECTIONS1 ON ! ONE H& BY ITS NON-SOCIALI/ & ANTI-SOCIALI/ MEMB]S1 & ON ! O!R BY ITS SOCIALI/ SUPPORT]S1 NONSECT>IAN & NON-EXCLUSIVE SOCIALI/S1 :O !REBY S\<T TO COOP]ATE ) ! PROGRESSIVE ELEM5TS AGA9/ ! REACTION>Y TR5D ?AT ?REAT5$ ! ,REPUBLIC ( #ahdh FROM ITS V]Y ORIG9S--9SATIABLE & UNMITIGAT$ B\RGEOISISM SU* AS ?AT ( ,?I]S & ,CAVAIGNAC1 ,BONAP>TISM1 CL]ICALISM1 ETC4--& ALL !SE ELEM5TS W]E ALSO HO/ILE T[>DS OR SKEPTICAL ( ! DICTATORIAL AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S 7LIKE ,BLANQUI7 & ( ?OSE :O APPE>$ TO BE IMPRACTICAL 7LIKE ,CABET74 ,9 ANY EV5T1 IT IS WELL-E/ABLI%$ ?AT ?IS TR5D BEGAN TO GA9 GR\ND AS SOON AS ! EV5TS ( ,JUNE #ahdh HAD ALREADY CLOS$ (F ! HE>TS ( ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ALL !SE P>TIES1 AS WAS PROV5 BY !IR AB/5TION ON ,JUNE #a#c1 #ahdh & EV5 MORE SO 9 ,P>IS FOLL[+ ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,DECEMB] #a#h#e#a4 ,LIKEWISE1 9 O!R C\NTRIES 9 ,EUROPE1 ! PEOPLE1 DISC\RAG$ BY ! 9EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( #ahdh ) REG>D TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( !IR SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 ALL[$ ?OSE MOVEM5TS TO DISAPPE> )\T L5D+ !M ANY REAL SUPPORT 9 ! SECOND HALF ( #ahdh & 9 #a#h#d#i4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1 H[EV]1 TO EXCEPT FROM ?IS JUDGM5T ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES ( ?OSE YE>S1 :I* SOMETIMES F\ND AN E*O & 5JOY$ MU* MORE POPUL> SUPPORT ?AN ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 

,!RE W]E1 !RE=E1 DUR+ ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY3 #a7 SOCIALI/S ( V>I\S TYPES1 ISOLAT$ !ORETICIANS & CRITICS :O W]E NOT FI<T]S2 #b7 ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S DESCRIB$ ABOVE--MORE OR LESS P]SECUT$1 IMPRISON$1 UPROOT$1 )\T ANY RELATIONS \TSIDE !IR [N SMALL CIRCLES ( FOLL[]S2 &1 #c7 WORK]S ORGANIZ$ = ! EV]YDAY /RUGGLE 7LABOR DISPUTES7 & POLITICAL DEMOCRATS ) SOCIAL CONC]NS1 BUT LACK+ BO? SOCIALI/ CONVICTION & SOCIALI/ FAI?4 

,AS ,I UND]/& IT1 ! HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ,K>L ,M>X CONSI/$ 9 HAV+ /RIV5 TO BR+ AB\T ! COOP]ATION ( ! SECOND & ?IRD ( !SE CATEGORIES & TO ELIM9ATE ! FIR/4 ,HIS TACTICS W]E ABOVE ALL PROTEAN & ELA/IC1 & CON/ANTLY EV9C$ A T5D5CY TO OBTA9 CONTROL ( ! ?IRD CATEGORY--! MASS ( ORGANIZ$ WORK]S & ! MASS ( DEMOCRATS CONC]N$ AB\T SOCIAL ISSUES--9 ORD] TO SEIZE P[] ) ! AID ( !SE MASSES ( WORK]S & VOT]S1 :E!R 9 ! S5SE ( ,BLANQUI1 BY DIRECT SEIZURE--:I* IS :AT ,L59 DID LAT]--OR ELSE BY MEANS ( ! ME?ODS ( ,L\IS ,BLANC1 VIA AN 9DIRECT SEIZURE ( ! ,/ATE BY MEANS ( P>LIAM5T 7:I* IS :AT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AIMS TO DO & IS PRES5TLY TRY+ TO A*IEVE :]EV] IT CAN74 

,?IS ME?OD IS *>ACT]IZ$--9 MY OP9ION--BY ITS ATTEMPT TO BR+ AB\T SOCIALISM BY MEANS ( NON-SOCIALI/S OR ) M5 B>ELY IMBU$ ) ! SOCIALI/ SPIRIT4 ,M>X REPLAC$ ! REAL SOCIALI/S ) ! MASSES1 :OSE LIV+ CONDITIONS AS WORK]S & :OSE NE$ = EV]YDAY DEF5SIVE /RUGGLES CAUS$ !M TO JO9 ! TRADE UNIONS1 & ) ! VOT]S = :OM ! CONTEMPOR>Y /ATE ( POLITICAL OPPRESSION L$ TO DISCONT5TM5T2 HE ?US ATTRACT$ A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE TO HIS SIDE1 BUT 9 ?IS VA/ AGGREGATION ! ONLY SOCIALI/S W]E HIM & ! H&FUL ( REAL AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S4 ,!SE CIRCUM/ANCES CAUS$ !M TO SEEK TO RULE !SE MASSES1 IF !Y W]E NOT ALREADY AU?ORIT>IANS4 ,?IS 9TELLECTUAL & ORGANIZATIONAL DICTATOR%IP !RE=E ALWAYS EXI/S1 & :5 IT OBTA9S P[] ?IS DICTATOR%IP BECOMES GOV]NM5TAL & HI]>*ICAL1 LIKE ?AT ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY OV] ! MANY MILLIONS ( PEOPLE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS LEADS TO A FICTITI\S1 CONV5TIONAL1 EXECUTIVE SOCIALISM1 ! %AD[1 ! <O/1 ! FACADE ( SOCIALISM1 BUT NEV] ITS REALITY3 ?US1 TOO1 ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT ) ?IS ME?OD ( COMPULSION ! PEOPLE WILL GRADUALLY COME TO UND]/& & TO LOVE SOCIALISM1 SUFF] FROM A GROSS ]ROR4 ,NO1 ?IS IS JU/ AS UNLIKELY & AS IMPOSSIBLE AS $UCAT+ A *ILD ) SLAPS & BEAT+S SO AS TO P]SUADE HIM ( ! NECESSITY ( LE>N+ HIS LESSONS & TO MAKE HIM LOVE DO+ HIS HOMEWORK2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 HE WILL DETE/ !M4 ,?IS ME?OD DOES NOT PRODUCE 5DUR+ RESULTS1 BUT IT CAN LEAD TO USURPATIONS1 SU* AS ?OSE C>RI$ \T BY ! ,BONAP>TES & ,MUSSOL9I 7AS LONG AS !Y LA/44471 BUT SOCIALISM CAN NEV] BE ?R[N TOGE!R ?IS WAY3 IT WILL BE AN ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T OR IT WILL NOT EXI/4 

,?IS ZEAL\S TACTIC1 SO DEVOT$ TO OBTA9+ ! REGIM5TATION ( ! MASSES1 WAS COMPLEM5T$ BY ! SY/EMATIC REJECTION ( ALL O!R TYPES ( SOCIALISM4 ,IF ,CABET 0REFUT$0 !M BY HIS N>R[-M9D$ OB/9ACY1 ,M>X REJECT$ !M ON PR9CIPLE1 & ?US MANAG$ TO MAKE A CLEAN BREAK = HIS FOLL[]S ) ! CONT9UITY & MUTUAL CONNECTIONS ( SOCIALISM2 >M$ 9 ADVANCE AGA9/ ALL O!R V>IETIES ( SOCIALISM BY ,M>X'S POLEMICS & V]BIAGE1 HIS FOLL[]S SOON CAME TO IGNORE ! O!R V>IETIES ( SOCIALISM1 & FELT NO?+ BUT PITY OR SCORN = !M & IF !Y W]E /ILL ACTIVE1 HATR$4 ,:AT ,M>X S\<T TO A*IEVE ) HIS DIATRIBES AGA9/ ,PR\DHON & HIS 9TRIGUES AGA9/ ,BAKUN91 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS MANAG$ TO DO BY MEANS ( MORE DIRECT P]SECUTION1 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE C>RI$ \T BY ALL ! MEANS ( A REPRESSION WORSE ?AN ?AT WIELD$ BY ! ,CZ>S4 ,! USURPATION ?AT WAS !ORETICAL 7,M>X7 & QUITE PRACTICAL 7,BOL%EVISM71 ULTIMATELY LEADS TO A BAD CONSCI5CE1 & ! USURP] 9/9CTIVELY BELIEVES IT IS NECESS>Y TO SUPPRESS ! WITNESSES & CRITICS ( HIS CRIME4 ,:AT AN ILLUSION IT IS TO BELIEVE 9 ! TOTAL VICTORY ( ?IS USURPATION1 & TO IMAG9E ?AT ! TR5D T[>DS ! REAL SOCIALI/ IDEAL WILL COME TO AN 5D BECAUSE C]TA9 FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES ALL[$ = ! USURPATION ( ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#g4 

,WE %ALL NOT SPEAK ( ,M>X'S IDEAS AB\T ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM & ITS F9AL COLLAPSE 9 FAVOR ( SOCIALISM4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT HE >RIV$ AT !SE CONCLUSIONS AFT] =TY YE>S ( EXT5SIVE /UDY1 :I* 5D$ ) HIS DEA? 9 #a#h#h#c2 IT IS ABOVE ALL NECESS>Y TO UND]/& :AT ! NEW HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 :I* OP5$ UP PRECISELY :5 HE DI$ 7! CAPITALI/ SEIZURE ( ,AFRICA3 ,EGYPT 9 #a#h#h#a1 ! 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CE ON ! ,CONGO 9 #a#h#h#c1 ETC47 & :I* HAS L$1 BY WAY ( COLONIAL IMP]IALISM1 ! REBIR? ( ,EUROPEAN NATIONALISM1 ! GREAT W>S1 ! RISE ( CAPITALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ETC41 TO A *RONIC OR ACUTE UNIV]SAL CRISIS--:O KN[S :I*6--IT IS NECESS>Y1 ,I REPEAT1 TO UND]/& :AT ?IS P]IOD W\LD HAVE TAU<T AN OBS]V] LIKE ,M>X4 ,9 ANY EV5T ,I ?9K ?AT IF ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALISM IS DEP5D5T ON ?IS VA/ IMP]IALI/ WAVE ?AT WILL CULM9ATE 9 ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM1 ITS ALLEG$ E/ABLI%M5T 9 ,RUSSIA BY WAY ( A S]IES ( CIRCUM/ANCES 9 #aiag DOES NOT CON=M TO ?IS PR$ICTION1 BUT IS 9/EAD A PH5OM5ON ( ANO!R K9D1 AN 9CID5T RA!R ?AN AN 9EVITABLE NATURAL FACT1 A PREMATURE BIR? OR AN ABORTION RA!R ?AN A HEAL?Y & PROPITI\S NORMAL BIR?4 ,IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TO HA/5 ! ONSET ( SOCIALISM ) A BOLD C\P D'ETAT 9 ! /YLE ( ,BLANQUI & ,L591 NATURAL DEVELOPM5T 7,M>X7 & LEGAL REVOLUTION 7SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T>ISM7 W\LD BE USELESS4 ,9 REALITY1 ,M>XISM PR(ESSES ?REE ME?ODS3 ! HOPE ?AT ! RIPE FRUIT WILL FALL 9TO ITS H&S1 ! LEGAL P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY1 & ! C\P D'ETAT >E !RE=E ALWAYS JU/IFI$ 9 ITS EYES4 ,BUT IT W\LD 9DE$ BE UN=TUNATE IF ! GOOD SOCIALI/ SE$1 S[N TO PRODUCE ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL FL[]S & ! SWEETE/ FRUITS1 IS *OK$ BY ?IS BAD 9VASIVE & USURP] WE$ ( ,M>XISM1 ! 9C>NATION ( MOD]N AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM1 :I* PROCLAIMS ! AU?ORITY ( A H&FUL ( COMMUNI/S OV] ! PEOPLE & OV] ALL O!R =MS ( SOCIALISM1 AN ODI\S USURPATION IF !RE EV] WAS ONE4 

,*APT] #c 

,I WILL NOT SP5D ANY TIME H]E DESCRIB+ ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM :OSE MO/ BEAUTIFUL EXPRESSION1 9TEGRAL AN>*Y1 IS KN[N UND] SO MANY =MS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT IT IS LESS IMPORTANT TO REVIEW !SE EXPRESSIONS ONCE MORE RA!R ?AN TO EXAM9E ! WAYS ?AT ALL !SE CONCEPTIONS RELATE TO ! WORLD >\ND US4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ! DI/RESS+ N>R[NESS & 9TOL]ANCE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ITS ,BOL%EVIK MANIFE/ATION & 9 ITS SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC OR LEGALI/IC SOCIALI/ ASPIRATIONS ?AT LEAD TO ! SAME RESULT3 ! IMPOSITION ( A S+LE SY/EM BY AU?ORIT>IAN MEANS & WOE TO ! VANQUI%$1 WOE TO ?OSE SOCIALI/S ( O!R K9DS :O DO NOT B[ D[N BE=E ! NEW DISP5SATION6 ,WE %ALL NOT IMITATE !M OR1 ON ! O!R H&1 FALL BEL[ !IR LEVEL4 ,WE %ALL NOT OPPOSE !M 9 TURN ) SOME S+LE SY/EM1 PROGRAM OR PLAT=M ( \R [N1 UNLESS WE EMBRACE 9 WIDESPREAD SOLID>ITY1 OP5 TO ALL1 EV]Y?+ ?AT IS VOLUNT>Y1 LIB]T>IAN & BAS$ ON SOLID>ITY1 UNLESS WE SET \RSELVES ! TASK ( E/ABLI%+ MEANS TO 5SURE ! EXT5SION1 ! SCOPE & ! DEP? ( \R 9/ITUTIONS OR LIB]T>IANISM4 

,IT IS TRULY UN=TUNATE ?AT ! OLD] SOCIAL IDEAS W]E ALL[$ TO P]I% & !IR LIT]ATURE TO DISAPPE>1 )\T SUBJECT+ !M TO ! TE/ ( EXP]I5CE & MAK+ A SELECTION AMONG !M ON ?AT BASIS4 ,IT IS ALSO MO/ UN=TUNATE ?AT IDEAS AS WIDELY PROPAGAT$ AS ! AN>*I/ COLLECTIVISM ( ! 9T]NATIONAL W]E CONDEMN$ & AB&ON$ AT A C]TA9 PO9T 9 HI/ORY1 & ?AT EV5 ! IDEA ( ,MELLA & O!RS1 :O SAID ?AT WE %\LD NOT HAVE PRECONCEIV$ IDEAS AB\T !SE QUE/IONS )\T PUTT+ !M TO ! TE/ & ?AT WE %\LD ADMIT ! PLURALITY ( ECONOMIC HYPO!SES1 HAS BE5 A DEAD LETT] = A LONG TIME4 ,MORE REC5T /ILL1 ! SPLIT BETWE5 COMMUNI/S & 9DIVIDUALI/S 9 ,FRANCE1 9/EAD ( DIM9I%+ 9 VIRUL5CE1 HAS BECOME EV5 MORE IRRECONCILABLE1 AL?\< NOT 5TIRELY )\T SOME DISS5T4 ,S9CE 9 ALL !SE 9/ANCES WE >E DEAL+ ) ISSUES ?AT WILL NOT BE RESOLV$ ANY TIME SOON--! WAY ?+S >E PROCE$+ N[--BUT ONLY 9 G5]AL & SPECIFIC CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT WE CANNOT =ESEE1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT \R LIB]T>IAN IDEAL IS CON/ANTLY DIM9I%+1 & BECOM+--9 WORDS & WRIT+S--A M>VEL\SLY CUT JEWEL1 BUT ALSO A MU* SMALL] ONE1 MORE CONC5TRAT$1 LESS VISIBLE & COMPREH5SIBLE TO 5\< M5 :O1 NOT TO SPEAK ( !IR REALIZ+ IT 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 WILL AT LEA/ TOL]ATE ITS REALIZATION 9 A MORE OR LESS LOCALIZ$ 5VIRONM5T4 

,TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! GR& L9EAM5TS ( \R IDEAS MU/ BE 5GRAV$ 9 ! HEAV5S 9 FLAM+ LETT]S1 BUT ?AT ! DETAILS MU/ BE LEFT TO EXP]I5CE & TO ! =ESI<T ( ?OSE :O CAN ACTUALLY DEVOTE !MSELVES TO !M4 ,EXP]I5CE WILL BE NECESS>Y BECAUSE WE ALWAYS HAVE TO BUILD ) ! MAT]IALS AT H& AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T1 & =ESI<T WILL GIVE ! IMPULSE1 BR+ TOGE!R H>MONI\S ELEM5TS & 9T5SIFY ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( !IR DE$S4 

,9 ! PA/1 ,PR\DHON WAS MAJE/IC 9 HIS CRITICISM1 BUT TOO N>R[1 UNILAT]AL1 & SPECIALIZ$ 9 HIS ECONOMIC PROPOSITIONS1 & MAGNIFIC5T AS WELL ) REG>D TO HIS PROPOSALS CONC]N+ F$]ALISM4 ,BAKUN9 UND]/OOD QUITE WELL ?AT :AT WAS CALL$ = WAS A G5]AL DEMOLITION & ?AT ! NEXT /EP W\LD BE ! CREATION ( AN EXT5SIVE DOMA91 FIRMLY GU>ANTE$ AGA9/ RELAPSES & REACTION--F$]AT$ ASSOCIATIONS--& ?AT !N LIFE ITSELF1 NEW EXP]I5CES1 NEW POSSIBILITIES1 SUBJECTIVE WILL+NESS & NE$S W\LD FILL ?IS DOMA94 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 = :OM COMMUNISM 7ALL = ALL7 WAS 9SEP>ABLE FROM AN>*Y1 WAS V]Y C>EFUL 9 !ORY AS WELL AS 9 HIS TACTICS1 TO REFRA9 FROM PROPOS+ ANY PROGRAM1 KN[+ AS A RESULT ( HIS /UDIES ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( M5 & ?+S4 ,HE CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ) ! ADV5T ( ABUNDANCE ! PRACTICAL OP]ATION ( ALL ! V>IETIES ( COMMUNISM & ! ALL-EMBRAC+ & G5]\S PRACTICE ( SOLID>ITY W\LD BE EASILY REALIZABLE1 AN IMPORTANT PO9T CONC]N+ :I* WE >E SO MU* LESS C]TA9 9 \R H>D TIMES4 ,KROPOTK9 CAUTI\SLY EXAM9$ ?IS S]I\S PROBLEM1 BUT HIS CONCLUSIONS SEEM TO ME TO BE TOO P]SONAL1 TOO P>TICUL>LY APPLICABLE TO C]TA9 CASES1 TO BE CONSID]$ AS G5]AL RESULTS3 = ME1 HE HAS BECOME ONE ( ?OSE AU?ORS :OM ONE FOLL[S ) PLEASURE :5 HIS WORK IS VIEW$ AS A PURELY P]SONAL EF=T1 A HYPO!SIS1 AN +5I\S & DELI<TFUL UTOPIA 9 & ( ITSELF1 BUT :OM ONE FEELS IMPELL$ TO CONTRADICT FREQU5TLY IF HIS WRIT+S >E CONCEIV$ AS G5]AL 9/RUCTION4 ,MALATE/A1 AGA9 = ME P]SONALLY1 PROVOKES MU* LESS DISAGREEM5T1 & 9 HIS WRIT+S AFT] #aiai IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT HE IS LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS ( A S]I\S CRITIQUE & REVISION ( CONV5TIONAL AN>*ISM1 ( ?AT AN>*ISM ?AT SEES NO MAJOR OB/ACLES1 ?AT DOES NOT GIVE PR(\ND CONSID]ATION TO ANY PROBLEMS1 ?AT ALWAYS SAYS ! SAME ?+S & ?AT LIVES ON ! HOPE ?AT ONE F9E DAY ALL ( HUMANITY WILL KNOCK ON ITS DOOR = SALVATION1 & ?AT !N1 ACCORD+ TO :AT HAS BE5 WRITT5 9 SOME PROGRAMS1 >TICLES & PAMPHLETS1 WILL REMOVE HUMANITY'S *E/NUTS FROM ! FIRE2 NO?+ WILL EV] BE SO SIMPLE4 ,RIC>DO ,MELLA1 ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE & ,GU/AV ,L&AU] >E1 9 MY VIEW1 ! AU?ORS :O1 ALONG ) ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 HAVE HAD A BETT] UND]/&+ ( ! SCOPE & V>IETY ?AT MU/ BE PROVID$ TO AN>*I/ IDEAS SO ?AT1 IF !Y >E TO BE WOR? ANY?+1 !Y WILL LIVE !IR [N LIFE1 IMPOSSIBLE TO =ESEE1 & :I* IT IS ABSURD TO WANT TO COND5SE 9TO =MULAS & TO BE CLOI/]$ AWAY 9 A WALL$ COMP\ND4 

,I WILL CONCLUDE ?IS %ORT LI/ :OSE ONLY PURPOSE IS TO PO9T \T--BESIDES A LITTLE ( \R ABUNDANCE ( ?9K]S ( NO COMMON /&>D--?AT AN>*Y IS ALWAYS F\ND FULLY 9 MOTION & ?AT IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO CONSID] ALL ITS PROPOSITIONS AS DEF9ITIVE & TO RE/ ON ! LAURELS ( ! PA/4 ,=TUNATELY1 IF SOME HAVE NOT TAK5 ?IS FACT 9TO ACC\NT1 MANY O!RS HAVE & IDEAS1 A LITTLE CRY/ALLIZ$ AFT] SO MANY YE>S1 >E ONCE AGA9 BE+ ?R[N 9TO ! CRUCIBLE4 

,OBVI\SLY1 :AT WE >E ALL SEEK+ IS TO CONNECT !SE IDEAS & ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,TO GET ! PEOPLE TO BE DIRECTLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS1 AS ,JOSIAH ,W>RANT & ,PR\DHON ATTEMPT$ TO DO1 (F]S LITTLE SECURITY TO ?OSE EV]YDAY FOLK :O SEEK ABOVE ALL ! SAFETY ( R\T9E1 ! ABS5CE ( DANG]4 ,EXP]IM5TALISM1 AS USEFUL AS IT IS1 HAS NEV] GONE BEYOND V]Y RE/RICT$ LIMITS2 ,GU/AV ,L&AU]'S MO/ AMBITI\S PLANS DI$ ) HIM4 ,! 9/9CT ( REVOLT ?AT ,BAKUN9 HOP$ TO BE ABLE TO AWAK5 9 ! PEOPLE1 AMONG :OM1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 IT WAS ONLY DORMANT1 IS V]Y RECALCITRANT3 ?IS 9/9CT1 COMB9$ ) SO MU* PRUD5CE & DI/RU/1 ONLY APPE>S :5 ! NORMAL R\T9E HAS BE5 COMPLETELY %ATT]$1 :5 IT HAS ! SUPPORT ( L>GE NUMB]S & :5 ! DIM5SION ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY IS SEV]ELY RE/RICT$4 ,BUT IF ,BAKUN9 ?\<T !N ?AT ! 9/9CTS ( ! PEOPLE W]E BASICALLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & ANTI-/ATI/1 IT MAY HAVE BE5 SO DUR+ HIS TIME2 TODAY1 !SE 9/9CTS1 9 MY VIEW1 SEEM TO HAVE BE5 QUITE COMPROMIS$ BY ! SPASMS ( ! AU?ORITY ?AT IS ! FIR/ 9/9CT TO DISPLAY ITSELF1 S9CE HUMANITY1 S9CE ! TIME ( ,BAKUN91 HAS PASS$ ?R\< EV]Y =M ( AU?ORITY & UN=TUNATELY--IF WE EXCEPT ! SCI5CES & ! >TS--HAS PASS$ ?R\< NO =M ( LIB]TY4 ,KROPOTK91 TOO1 ESPECIALLY BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b1 BELIEV$ 9 ! POPUL> REVOLT ?AT WAS SO IMM95T1 BUT /ILL SO DI/ANT 444 & T5 YE>S LAT] MANY SACRIFICES W]E AGA9 MADE TO FAN ! FLAMES ( ! P[D] KEG ( POPUL> REBELLION1 BUT ! FIRE NEV] SPREAD4 

,!N1 >\ND #a#h#i#h1 ! MOM5T >RIV$ = ! GREAT APPROA* ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE TO SYNDICALISM4 ,:I* WAS QUITE USEFUL BECAUSE IT R5D]$ VIABLE ! AN>*I/S' PROPAG&A1 ADVICE1 & DIRECT PRACTICAL ACTION 9 AN 5VIRONM5T ( WORK]S :O W]E UNIT$ ) !M 9 COMMON 9T]E/S & AN IDEAL & PRACTICAL SOLID>ITY4 ,BUT SU* CASES W]E PROBABLY R>E & ONLY LA/$ = A %ORT TIME1 & IT USUALLY HAPP5$ ?AT ?IS AMALGAMATION MORE (T5 ASSIMILAT$ ! AN>*I/S TO ! SYNDICATES RA!R ?AN ! SYNDICATES TO ! AN>*I/S4 ,! RESULTS W]E NECESS>ILY DIFF]5T :]E SYNDICALISM HAD A PR(\ND AN>*I/ & 9T]NATIONALI/ P$IGREE AS 9 ,SPA91 BUT 9 ,FRANCE & ! O!R C\NTRIES ! SYNDICATES HAD A NON-AN>*I/ PA/2 9 ADDITION1 ! 9T]NAL LIFE ( ! SYNDICATES1 !IR POLITICS & ! CON/ANT CONFRONTATION BETWE5 V>I\S SYNDICALI/ T5D5CIES1 ALL !SE ?+S ULTIMATELY PRODUC$ A HI/ORY FULL ( ALT]CATIONS & POLEMICS1 ( FI]CE HATR$S & GREAT PASSIONS--LIKE ! HI/ORY ( ! V>I\S FA!RL&S--RA!R ?AN EFFECTIVE COOP]ATION AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 OR MU* LESS A FULL UNFOLD+ ( ! AN>*I/ IDEA4 ,9/EAD1 ONE SOON HE>D ! SUBLIME MOTTO1 0SYNDICALISM IS 5\< 9 ITSELF01 & !N ! 9FILTRAT$ IDEAS1 CONSID]$ AS TOTALLY USELESS1 W]E ?R[N OV]BO>D4 

,WE /ILL HAVE TO M5TION ! SUPPORT ?AT A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S GAVE 9 GOOD FAI? TO ,BOL%EVISM 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#a#h1 ONLY TO BE RUDELY DIS5*ANT$ AFT] ! SPR+ ( #aiah & TO RECEIVE ! F9AL BL[S 9 #a#i#b#a1 & ! FASC9ATION DISPLAY$ BY SOME AN>*I/S1 ALSO 9 GOOD FAI?1 = ! SAME P>TY 9 O!R C\NTRIES \TSIDE ( ,RUSSIA1 AS A RESULT ( A LACK ( RELIABLE FIR/-H& 9=MATION :I* HAS BE5 REM$I$ OV] ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 SO ?AT TODAY ONLY A SMALL NUMB] ( AN>*I/S HAVE JO9$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS & HAVE BE5 COMPLETELY LO/ TO \R CAUSE1 :ILE ALL ! RE/ >E QUITE CLE> ) REG>D TO ?IS QUE/ION4 

,WE MU/ ALSO RECALL ! W>1 9 :I* SU* VACILLATIONS W]E WITNESS$1 & FASCISM1 :I* POS$ ! PROBLEM ( COOP]ATION OR NON-COOP]ATION ) ! O!R ANTI-FASCI/ P>TIES1 SOCIALI/S1 COMMUNI/S1 RADICALS1 ETC4 ,& F9ALLY1 WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT A QUE/ION ( PURE HUMANITY UNITES ! L>GE NUMB] ( VOICES ( HUMANIT>IANS1 SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S RAIS$ 9 PROTE/ ) ! VOICES ( ! AN>*I/S1 :ILE ?AT O!R QUE/ION ( HUMANITY1 ! FATE ( ! POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 ,RUSSIA1 CAUSES !M TO CRY \T L\D]1 BUT !Y LACK ! K9D ( WIDESPREAD SUPPORT ?AT ! RUL]S ( ,RUSSIA 5JOY4 

,SU* IS1 MORE OR LESS1 ! FRAMEWORK 9 :I* AN>*I/ ACTION & PROPAG&A HAVE BE5 C>RI$ \T1 & AL?\< MU* HAS BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ & IS /ILL BE+ A*IEV$1 IT IS NOT 5\<4 ,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ IDEA MU/ BE SPREAD ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 :I*--:ILE A MAJOR TASK--DOES NOT POSE ! TASK ( ELABORAT+ PROGRAMS ?AT >E REALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE1 BUT RA!R ?AT ( DISCOV]+ ! BE/ WAY TO LEAD LIFE ITSELF1 ! APPEAL TO ! PRACTICE ( FRE$OM & ! RETURN ( ?AT HUMAN DIGNITY ?AT IS CON/ANTLY BE+ SACRIFIC$ ON ! ALT> ( AU?ORITY1 PROCLAIM+1 F9ALLY1 HAPP9ESS & H>MONY1 PEACE & FRE$OM4 

,ON ITS [N1 AS IT IS !ORIZ$ 9 PROGRAMS & PLAT=MS1 AN>*Y CANNOT OV]COME ! 9]TIA CREAT$ BY AU?ORITY & ITS ACCOMPLICE1 R\T9E1 9 ! M9DS ( ALMO/ EV]YONE1 EV5 ?OSE PEOPLE :O >E SAID TO BE ! MO/ OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ & :O1 = ?IS V]Y REASON1 >E ASSUM$ TO BE UNCONSCI\S REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! MORAL COLLABORATION1 OR AT LEA/ ! SIL5T APPROVAL1 REQUIR$ ( ALL ?OSE :O 9 ANY P>TICUL> CIRCLE1 WILL PRACTICE SPONTANEITY & ASSOCIATION1 WILL BE NECESS>Y1 & IT WILL ALSO BE NECESS>Y ?AT NO ONE ATTEMPTS TO SET HIMSELF UP AS MA/] ( ! O!RS4 ,WE LIKE TO ?9K ?AT GOOD IS1 AFT] ALL1 /RONG] 9 ! WORLD ?AN EVIL4 ,9 ?AT CASE WE HAVE TO UNITE \RSELVES ) EV]Y?+ ?AT IS GOOD & TRY TO CREATE A VACUUM >\ND IT )\T EVIL1 UNTIL WE MANAGE TO TOTALLY ELIM9ATE EVIL4 ,AGA9/ ! GREAT EVIL ( AU?ORITY WE HAVE TO OPPOSE ! GREAT SOLID>ITY ( ! GOOD4 ,AS MU* AS ,I LOVE AN>*Y1 ,I AM ALWAYS PLEAS$ BY ANY ADVANCES :ATSOEV] 9 ANY SPH]E1 BECAUSE IT IS PROGRESS1 BECAUSE IT WILL BE COMB9$ ) ! SUM ( :AT IS PROGRESSIVE AGA9/ ! SUM1 ?AT T]RIBLE WEI<T1 ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN & ! R\T9E4 

,I DO NOT %>E ?AT WAY ( VIEW+ ! WORLD AS A MASS ( CORRUPTION ?AT %\LD BE DE/ROY$ & :I* IS NOT WOR? ! TR\BLE TO BO!R AB\T1 NOR DO ,I FEEL ?AT ! AN>*I/S >E ! ONLY JU/ M5 :O CAN REG5]ATE ! WORLD4 ,?IS W\LD BE TRUE IF !RE WAS A GOOD ,GOD :O WILL SOM$AY PUT US ONBO>D AN ,>K LIKE ,NOAH1 DR[N ! O!R 9HABITANTS ( ! E>? & LEAVE US ! WORLD FREE TO E/ABLI% ! NEW SOCIETY & TO CONT9UE \R DEBATES AB\T ! PLAT=M4 ,IT IS H>DLY LIKELY ?AT ?+S WILL WORK \T ?AT WAY4 ,IF ?IS WORLD IS ROTT51 SO >E WE1 9 A C]TA9 WAY1 & ! MORE IT ROTS1 ! MORE RISK ?AT WE WILL BE CONTAM9AT$ ) ! CORRUPTION4 ,! MORE HEAL?Y IT BECOMES 9 EV]Y DOMA91 GREAT OR SMALL1 ! EASI] \R TASK WILL BE1 :I* IS NOT ?AT ( P]SUAD+ ! :OLE WORLD TO ACCEPT A PLAT=M OR A C\NT]-PLAT=M OR TO IMPOSE \R IDEA ( FRE$OM ON O!RS 7CAN ?IS BE DONE )\T AU?ORITY871 BUT ?AT ( CONQU]+1 GRADUALLY OR ALL AT ONCE1 ! FRE$OM TO LIVE \R [N LIVES1 :I* IS AN>*Y 7BETT] )\T A PLAT=M1 = MY P>T1 & LET O!RS LIVE !IR [N LIVES AS LONG AS !Y DO NOT 9T]F]E ) \R WAY ( LIFE1 & NOT TO COMMIT ACTS ( CRUELTY 9 ! HEAT ( REVOLT OR ( DE/RUCTION ( ! SOCIAL WEAL? BELONG+ TO O!RS1 OR MONOPOLIZ+ !SE OBJECTS1 ETC4674 

,! :OLE WORLD1 :I* WILL CONS5T TO LIVE TOGE!R H>MONI\SLY & WILL BE REASONABLE 5\< TO PRACTICE SOME 9TELLIG5T VOLUNT>ISM & SOLID>ITY1 WILL =M ONE BIG FAMILY :I* ONE WILL BE ABLE TO CALL1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! IDEAS ( ! TRAILBLAZ]S1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 & ! LIB]T>IAN 9DIVIDUALI/S :O >E NOT VULG>LY EGOTI/ICAL & ANTISOCIAL1 WILL ALWAYS BE WELCOME AMONG ! FREE PRACTITION]S ( SOLID>ITY4 

,! WORLD ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM WILL DO :AT IT WANTS & ! EGOTI/ICAL 9DIVIDUALI/S WILL REJOICE 9 ITS DE$S 7! ,N,E,P ALREADY HAS F\ND SOME SUPPORT]S ( ?IS TYPE71 & IF IT 9VADES ! FREE WORLD1 ! LATT] WILL DEF5D ITSELF2 O!RWISE1 WE WILL HAVE TO ADMIT ?AT !RE >E PEOPLE :O ?9K DIFF]5TLY JU/ AS !RE >E ?OSE ( DIFF]5T RACES & COLORS1 & EA* WILL LIVE 9 HIS [N WAY4 

,ON SU* A BASIS ( P>ALLEL =CES1 IF !Y HAVE NOT YET JO9$ =CES1 ! OLD & ! NEW AU?ORITY1 A =MIDABLE MASS1 MAY YET BE DEFEAT$ BY A GREAT UNION ( ALL M5 ( GOOD WILL4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME UNLIKELY ?AT ?IS CAN BE A*IEV$ BY MEANS ( DOCTR9AIRE RIGIDITY4 

,MAX ,NETTLAU 

#aibh 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibg 3 ,AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM & ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a#g1 #bai 3 ,AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM & ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM & ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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