,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f ,9VISIBLE VALUE ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 ,TEXT 3 #f4 ,9VISIBLE VALUE ,?US ,=TUNATI />TS ) A MI/AKE1 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT LABOR P[] IS 'A COMMODITY LIKE ANY O!R'1 ?AT IT MU/ CONSEQU5TLY C>RY SOME VALUE CREAT$ BY ! H\SEWIFE4 ,/>T+ FROM AN 9ITIAL MI/AKE1 IT IS NO WOND] ?AT A !ORY IS B\ND TO BE CONTRADICT$ BY FACTS3 ,=TUNATI'S !ORY CLA%ES ) ! FACT ?AT ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR P[] DOES NOT REFLECT ANY H\SEWORK-CREAT$ VALUE AT ALL4 ,BUT = ,=TUNATI1 ?IS IS NOT BECAUSE !RE MU/ BE SOME?+ WRONG 9 H] ASSUMPTIONS1 BUT BECAUSE ( A HIDD5 PECULI>ITY ( LABOR P[]1 ?AT IT CAN CONTA9 9VISIBLE VALUE4 ,9 FACT1 = ,=TUNATI1 LABOR P[] IS SU* ?AT ITS VALUE & EX*ANGE VALUE >E RELAT$ TO TOTALLY DIFF]5T ME*ANISMS1 ?IS GIV+ VALUE ! POSSIBILITY ( HAV+ 9VISIBLE CONTRIBUTIONS ?AT >E NOT REFLECT$ 9 EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,:ILE ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR P[] ACC\NTS ONLY = ! VALUE ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE CONSUM$ BY ! WORK] & HIS FAMILY1 ! VALUE ( LABOR P[] CAN HAVE A CONTRIBUTION ON TOP ( ?IS1 :I* REPRES5TS ! AB/RACT LABOR ( H\SEWORK4.<#a#i.> ,?IS EXTRA 'VALUE' ON ! TOP HAS NO MANIFE/ATION AS EX*ANGE VALUE & NO REPRES5TATION 9 T]MS ( MONEY3 IT IS VALUE 9 AN 9VISIBLE /ATE DUR+ ! EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! WORK] & ! CAPITALI/1 I4E4 9VISIBLE ON ! LABOR M>KET4.<#a#a.> ,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT !ORETICAL *ALL5GE1 :I* NE$S TO BE SUPPORT$ BY SOLID >GUM5TS4 ,BUT ! ONLY >GUM5T ,=TUNATI BR+S AB\T IS ?AT ,M>X SAID ?AT EX*ANGE VALUE & VALUE >E DIFF]5T CONCEPTS4 ,H[EV]1 %E SEEMS TO BE OBLIVI\S ?AT 9 ! SAME QUOTE ,M>X SAYS ?AT !SE VALUES >E RELAT$1 EX*ANGE VALUE BE+ ! MANIFE/ATION ( VALUE 7PP4 #h#b-#c74.<#a#a#a.> ,9DE$1 ! QUOTE BY ,M>X SAYS3 ',) ! TRANS=MATION ( ! MAGNITUDE ( VALUE 9TO ! PRICE ?IS NECESS>Y RELATION APPE>S AS ! EX*ANGE-RATIO BETWE5 A S+LE COMMODITY & ! MONEY COMMODITY :I* EXI/S \TSIDE IT444 ,H[EV]444 ! POSSIBILITY444 ( A QUANTITATIVE 9CONGRUITY BETWE5 PRICE & MAGNITUDE ( VALUE444 IS 9H]5T 9 ! PRICE =M ITSELF4 ,?IS IS NOT A DEFECT BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT MAKES ?IS =M ! ADEQUATE ONE = A MODE ( PRODUCTION :OSE LAWS ASS]T !MSELVES AS BL9DLY OP]AT+ AV]AGES BETWE5 CON/ANT IRREGUL>ITIES' 7P4 #h#c74 ,= ,=TUNATI ?IS MEANS ?AT ,M>X W\LD AGREE ) H] !ORY -- ?AT PRICE C\LD DIV]GE FROM VALUE = GIV51 MA!MATICALLY EXPRESSIBLE1 LUMPS ( 9VISIBLE VALUE4 ,BUT ,M>X DID NOT SAY ?IS6 ,M>X SIMPLY MEANS ?AT PRICE1 A REAL EXPRESSION ( VALUE 7I4E4 ITS 'APPE>ANCE'71 IS REALIZ$ ?R\< ! BL9D WORK+ ( ! M>KET1 9 :I* PRICES NECESS>ILY FLUCTUATE >\ND VALUE4 ,!RE IS A TRAGIC MISUND]/&+ H]E4 ,=TUNATI DOES NOT REALIZE ?AT = ,M>X ! WORD 'APPE>ANCE' MEANS 'BE+ A REAL EXPRESSION ( AN ESS5CE'4 ,GROSSLY MISUND]/&+ ?IS1 ,=TUNATI R$EF9ES ?IS WORD 9 H] [N WAY 7& USES ?IS 9T]PRETATION ?R\<\T H] PAMPHLET73 'APPE>ANCE' AS 'BE+ AN ILLUSION TOTALLY UNRELAT$ TO A HIDD5 REALITY'4 ,ONLY ) ?IS MISUND]/&+ CAN %E CLAIM ?AT ,M>X W\LD SUPPORT H] !ORY & AGREE ?AT ! PRICE ( LABOR P[] CAN BE AN ILLUSION :I* HIDES ! REALITY ( AN 9VISIBLE VALUE4 ,:ILE = ,M>X ESS5CE & APPE>ANCE HAVE A RELATION1 APPE>ANCE BE+ P>T ( ! SAME REALITY AS ESS5CE1 9 ,=TUNATI'S CONSPIRATORIAL UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM ! CONCEPT ( APPE>ANCE IS BANALIZ$ 9TO ! CONCEPT ( A SIMPLE LIE1 A CURTA9 ?AT COV]S A TOTALLY DIFF]5T REALITY1 A MY/IFICATION & A DECEPTION BY NA/Y CAPITAL4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! REALITY BEH9D AN APPE>ANCE 7! VALUE ( LABOR P[] BEH9D ITS EX*ANGE VALUE 9 ?IS CASE7 CANNOT BE GRASP$ ?R\< ! /UDY ( ?IS APPE>ANCE4 ,SO H[ CAN WE KN[ ! REALITY ( ! VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 ! REALITY BEH9D ITS PRICE8 ,?IS CAN BE F\ND ONLY BY FEM99E 9TUITION1 :I* CAN NEGLECT ALL ! LIES & 'APPE>ANCES' ( ?IS MAN-MADE CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,! REALITY ( '9VISIBLE VALUE' ,LET US SEE !N H[ ,=TUNATI PROCE$S ) %[+ H[ ! 'REALITY' ( ! 9VISIBLE VALUE ( LABOR P[] MANIFE/S ITSELF4 ,IF ?IS 9VISIBLE VALUE DOES NOT MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 H[ & :]E DOES IT MANIFE/ ITSELF !N8 ,9 ! FUTURE CREATION ( VALUE4 ,9 FACT1 ACCORD+ TO ,=TUNATI1 ! 9VISIBLE VALUE CREAT$ BY ! H\SEWIFE IS A 'VALUE .<:I*.> RAISES ! USE-VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 USE-VALUE BE+ ! ELEM5T :I* CREATES VALUE' 7P4 #e#b74 ,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN8 ,9 ! CASE ( ANY O!R COMMODITY ?AN LABOR P[]1 ONE W\LD NOT MIX ! CONCEPT ( USE VALUE & VALUE ( A PRODUCT 7E4G4 A CAKE AS A LUMP ( FL\R1 BUTT]1 SUG>1 ETC4 & ITS VALUE1 EXPRESS$ BY ITS PRICE74 ,BUT 9 ! CASE ( ! USE VALUE ( LABOR P[] ONE CAN BE TEMPT$ TO MIX VALUE & USE VALUE UP BECAUSE ( ! P>TICUL> NATURE ( LABOR P[]3 ?AT ( BE+ ! CAPACITY TO CREATE VALUE = CAPITAL4 ,! USE VALUE ( LABOR P[] IS ! POT5TIAL CREATION ( VALUE1 ?US1 ! ,=TUNATEAN SYLLOGISM CONCLUDES1 IF SOME?+ HAS ! CAPACITY TO CREATE VALUE1 ?IS SOME?+ MU/ BE VALUE ITSELF4.<#a#a#b.> ,! FACT ?AT LABOR CREATES VALUE BUT IS NOT VALUE ITSELF IS A FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPT TO UND]/& CAPITALISM4 ,) ! SEP>ATION ( PROP]TY FROM LABOR1 LABOR IS POSIT$ AS 'NOT-RAW-MAT]IAL1 NOT-9/RUM5T-( LABOR1 NOT-RAW-PRODUCT444 . LABOR SEP>AT$ FROM ALL MEANS & OBJECTS ( LABOR1 FROM ITS 5TIRE OBJECTIVITY4 ,?IS LIV+ LABOR . AS AN AB/RACTION FROM !SE MOM5TS ( ITS ACTUAL REALITY 7ALSO1 NOT-VALUE72 . COMPLETE D5UDATION444 /RIPP$ ( ALL OBJECTIVITY4 .<,IT IS.> LABOR AS ABSOLUTE POV]TY3 POV]TY NOT AS %ORTAGE1 BUT AS TOTAL EXCLUSION ( OBJECTIVE WEAL?4 ,OR ALSO AS ! EXI/+ NON-VALUE1 & H5CE PURELY OBJECTIVE USE VALUE444 LABOR NOT AS AN OBJECT1 BUT AS AN ACTIVITY2 NOT AS ITSELF VALUE1 BUT AS LIV+ S\RCE ( VALUE444' .<#a#a#c.> ,BUT = ,=TUNATI IF SOME?+ IS ABLE TO CREATE VALUE1 IT IS VALUE ITSELF4 ,IT IS AN EXTRA VALUE1 :OSE EXI/5CE IS MY/IFI$ AS NON-VALUE BY CAPITALISM1 & :I* IS CREAT$ BY ! H\SEWIFE4 ,?IS EXTRA VALUE IS REAL & ALREADY EXI/+1 9 AN 9VISIBLE /ATE1 BUT IT NE$S ! WORK ( ! HUSB& WORK] 9 HIS WORKPLACE TO 'RE-TRANS=M ITSELF' 9TO VISIBLE VALUE 7PP4 #i#e-#f74 ,BUT IF VALUE IS ! EXPRESSION ( \R SOCIAL RELATIONS M$IAT$ BY ?+S1 I4E41 M$IAT$ BY A SOCIAL RELATION BETWE5 \R COMMODITIES ON ! M>KET1 H[ CAN ! VALUE ( LABOR P[] EXI/ & AT ! SAME TIME BE 9VISIBLE ON ! LABOR M>KET8 ,& H[ CAN ! 9VISIBLE 'AB/RACT' LABOR TIME ( H\SEWORK BE A REALITY8 ,=TUNATI ANSW]S3 ! VALUE ( LABOR P[] 'IS DET]M9$ BY ! TIME NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE & REPRODUCE IT'1 BECAUSE ?IS IS 'LIKE ?AT ( ANY O!R COMMODITY' 7P4#c#e7 ,IS IT8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,! FACT ?AT AB/RACT LABOR TIME IS 'MEASUR$' BY CONSID]+ LABOR TIME IS NOT TRUE = 'ANY COMMODITY' AT ALL6 ,AB/RACT LABOR TIME IS NOT 9 FACT ! SAME ?+ AS ! ACTUAL LABOR TIME1 ?AT IS ! TIME ACTUALLY SP5T DO+ ! WORK4 ,WE CAN ONLY SPEAK AB\T AB/RACT LABOR ONLY )9 A PRODUCTION PROCESS :I* IS AIM$ AT EX*ANGE1 I4E4 AT ! M>KET4.<#a#a#d.> ,SO1 H[ CAN AB/RACT H\SEWORK BE ONLY DEF9$ BY ! QUANTITY ( WORK PRODUC$ BY ! H\SEWORK] 9 ! PRIVACY ( \R HOMES1 AS %E SAYS ON PAGE #c#e8 ,H[ CAN WE 'MEASURE' ! AB/RACT LABOR TIME ( TIDY+ UP ! H\SE1 VACUUM CLEAN+1 HAV+ SEX1 TOTALLY DIFF]5T CONCRETE WORKS1 )\T A PROCESS ( AB/RACTION & COMP>ISON ?AT CAN OCCUR ONLY ?R\< ! M>KET8 ,NO M>KET1 NO PRODUCTION = A M>KET1 NO AB/RACT VALUE4 ,=TUNATI'S IDEA ?AT AB/RACT H\SEWORK TIME CAN BE MEASUR$ BY TIM+ H\SEWORK IS A MISCONCEPTION ( :AT AB/RACT LABOR TIME IS4 ,BUT AT ! V]Y ROOT ( ALL !SE !ORETICAL PROBLEMS !RE IS SOME?+ WRONG 9 ,=TUNATI'S BASIC UND]/&+ ( ! SAME CONCEPT ( VALUE4 ,ON P4 #a#f1 9 ORD] TO DEMON/RATE ?AT REPRODUCTION WORK IS VALUE-PRODUC+ WORK1 %E SAYS ?AT 'DESPITE BE+ 9DIVIDUAL LABOR1 . IS WORK 9 ITS IMM$IATE SOCIAL =M1 LIKE ! WORK ?AT PRODUCES COMMODITIES4' ,WRONG4 ,:Y IS ?IS WRONG8 ,VALUE IS ! MANIFE/ATION ( ! WAY SOCIETY REW>DS MY WORK DONE = O!RS1 I4E4 MY CONTRIBUTION TO ! TOTAL LABOR ( SOCIETY4 ,IMPORTANTLY1 ?IS 'REW>D' IS 9DIRECT4 ,PRODUCTION 9 CAPITALISM1 UNLIKE ?AT 9 ! PA/1 IS A PRIVATE & NOT IMM$IATELY SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 & ! SOCIAL RELATION AMONG PRODUC]S IS M$IAT$ BY EX*ANGE ( ! ?+S !Y PRODUCE4 ,\R PRODUCTS1 !N1 5GAG$ 9 A SOCIAL RELATION ON ! M>KET1 ACQUIRE ! PROP]TY ( POSSESS+ VALUE1 AS SOME?+ '/AMP$ UPON !M'4 ,?US ! SAME EXI/5CE ( VALUE IS FUNDAM5TALLY RELAT$ TO ! FACT ?AT \R WORK1 :I* PRODUCES COMMODITIES1 IS ,N,O,T IMM$IATELY SOCIAL4 ,IF ,=TUNATI HAS NO CLUE ( ! ME*ANISM ?AT PRODUCES VALUE1 :AT CR$IT CAN WE GIVE TO H] WEIRDE/ /ATEM5TS AB\T 9VISIBLE VALUE8 ,! REAL ISSUE HIDD5 BY ! !ORY ( 9VISIBLE VALUE ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION REPRODUCES ! >CANE ( H\SEWORK BY ANALYZ+ IT 9 A /YLE ?AT ALL[S MORE ?AN ONE 9T]PRETATION4 ,A FIR/ SUP]FICIAL READ+ IS B\ND TO APPEAL TO ! LIB]AL FEM9I/ READ]4 ,IT SPEAKS EXPLICITLY AB\T ! 9EQUALITY ( M5 & WOM5 '9 ! EYES ( ! LAW'1 OR AB\T QUE/IONS ( SOCIAL P[] BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAN MAN & WOMAN 7P4 #c#i74 ,H[EV]1 O!R P>TS 9SI/ ?AT ! ISSUE IS 'EXPLOITATION'1 ?AT IT IS A ,M>XIAN ISSUE4 ,BUT LET US CONSID] ,=TUNATI'S ',M>XIAN' >GUM5TS AB\T ! H\SEWIFE'S 'EXPLOITATION'4.<#a#a#e.> ,= ,=TUNATI1 ?IS 'EXPLOITATION' CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME ( ! H\SEWIFE 'IS CALCULAT$ ONLY ) RESPECT TO ! MALE WORK]'S WORK+ DAY' 7P4 #i#a74 ,?IS IS A BIT AMBIGU\S4 ,:AT DOES IT MEAN8 ,9 ,=TUNATI'S WORDS3 '! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME SUPPLI$ BY ! MALE WORK] ALREADY CONTA9S ! .444 ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ( ! FEMALE H\SEWIFE TOO444 . MU/1 ) H] WORK1 RE-E>N .' 7P4 #i#c74 ,?AT IS1 IF ! HUSB&'S WAGE 9CLUDES ! MEANS ( ! WIFE'S REPRODUCTION1 ?IS IMPLIES ?AT ) H] H\SEWORK ! WIFE WORKS AGA9 ON TOP ( :AT HAS ALREADY BE5 E>N$ BY H] HUSB& DUR+ HIS DAY ( WORK4 ,! FACT ?AT ! H\SEWIFE MU/ RE-E>N SOME MONEY ) H] WORK1 IS NOT ! EXPLOITATION BAS$ ON EQUAL & FAIR EX*ANGE ( WAGE = WORK ?AT ,M>X DISCOV]$4 ,IT IS RA!R AN 'EXPLOITATION' DUE TO ! FACT ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ LEFT UNPAID1 AGA9/ ! SACR$ B\RGEOIS RULES ( FAIR & EQUAL EX*ANGE4 ,EXPLOITATION BY MAK+ PEOPLE RE-E>N SOME?+1 I4E4 NOT PAY+ A FULL HONE/ WAGE1 NOT EX*ANG+ EQUIVAL5TS1 IS ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( EXPLOITATION ?AT ONE HE>S :5 ,NIKE'S SWEAT%OPS >E UND] LEFT LIB]AL CRITICISM4 ,H[EV]1 IF IT IS TRUE ?AT ,=TUNATI'S !ORY REVEALS ?AT ! H\SEWIFE HAS TO DO A SECOND BAT* ( WORK = NO?+ AFT] ?AT DONE BY H] HUSB&1 ?IS W\LD BE AN 9T]E/+ DISCOV]Y ANYWAY4 ,NOBODY HAS EV] NOTIC$ ?IS BE=E1 & WE %\LD N[ WOND] :E!R ,=TUNATI'S !ORY ( 9VISIBLE VALUE IS REALLY FIT TO EXPOSE ?IS BAD ACC\NTANCY ( CAPITALI/ REW>D ( WAGES = WORK4 ,LET US !N =CE \RSELVES TEMPOR>ILY TO ADOPT ,=TUNATI'S !ORY & *ECK H] [N CLAIM1 BY EVALUAT+ ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME 9VOLV$ 9 ! HUSB&'S WAGE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY1 ! H\SEWIFE DOES SOME AB/RACT LABOR1 :I* MAT]IALIZES 9 H] CONTRIBUTION ( VALUE LH 7VALUE FROM H\SEWORK72 & ! HUSB& WORK] DOES SOME AB/RACT LABOR1 :I* RESULTS 9 HIS CONTRIBUTION ( VALUE LW 7VALUE FROM WORK74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,=TUNATI'S 9/RUCTIONS1 '! TWO VALORIZATION PROCESSES MU/ ADD UP' 7P4#h#i74 ,?IS MEANS ?AT1 IF 9VISIBLE VALUE LH IS NOT B\ND TO BE 9VISIBLE =EV]1 IT MU/ EV5TUALLY MANIFE/ AS A CONTRIBUTION 9 ! TOTAL VALUE LTOT 7TOTAL VALUE7 ( ! PRODUCT2 OR1 BETT]1 9 ,=TUNATI'S WORDS1 'RE-TRANS=MS ITSELF'1 9 ! F9AL VALUE CREAT$ = ! CAPITALI/4 ,?US TOTAL VALUE IS ! SUM ( ! VALUE CREAT$ BY H\SEWORK & ?AT CREAT$ BY WORK3 LTOT "7 LH "4 LW4 ,! CAPITALI/1 :O HAS NEV] HE>D ( ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI1 DOES NOT KN[ ANY?+ AB\T ! 9VISIBLE VALUE LH4 ,:AT HE ?9KS IS ?AT HE HAS ACQUIR$ A QUANTITY ( VALUE LTOT DUR+ ! DAY4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! WORK+ DAY1 ! CAPITALI/ GIVES ! WAGE TO HIS WORK]4 ,?IS WAGE IS ! MONEY NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 ! WORK] AS WORK] & HIS WIFE AS H\SEWIFE4 ,! CAPITALI/ IS AW>E ( ?IS NECESSITY1 & HAS TO GIVE UP P>T ( ! VALUE ?AT HE GA9$ DUR+ ! DAY -- LET US SAY = EXAMPLE1 ONE QU>T] ( IT4 ,SO1 ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME CO9CIDES ) A QU>T] ( ! WORK+ DAY1 ?AT IS A QU>T] ( LTOT4 ,BUT1 S9CE WE >E TEMPOR>ILY ,=TUNATI1 WE KN[ ?AT '9 REALITY' LTOT IS ! SUM ( ! TWO CONTRIBUTIONS ( AB/RACT LABOR 7LH "4 LW74 ,?US1 EV5 IF ! CAPITALI/ DOES NOT SEE IT1 WE SEE ?AT ! WAGE ACTUALLY PAID CORRESPONDS TO NECESS>Y LABOR TIME1 :I* IS ONE QU>T] ( ! AB/RACT LABORS ( BO? WORK & H\SEWORK3 ,WAGE PAID "7 7#a_/#d7 ' 7 LH "4 LW 7 "7 NECESS>Y LABOR TIME4 ,N[1 BE+ ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI1 ,I W\LD CONCLUDE3 ',! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME ?AT CORRESPONDS TO ! WAGE PAID TO ! WORK] 9CLUDES ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME EXP5D$ BY ! H\SEWIFE AT HOME4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ,LEOPOLD9A ,=TUNATI 7?AT IS1 ME7 IS WRONG 9 CLAIM+ ?AT ! H\SEWIFE'S WORK CON/ITUTES A RE-E>N+4 ,9DE$1 IT IS CLE> FROM ! =MULAS ?AT ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME SUPPLI$ BY ! H\SEWIFE DOES CONTRIBUTE P>T ( ! WAGE1 ?US H] WORK AT HOME IS NECESS>Y = ?IS E>N+ & DOES NOT AM\NT TO A RE-E>N+4 ,IT IS WOR? /RESS+ ?AT WE HAVE JU/ DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ,=TUNATI'S [N !ORY CONTRADICTS H] [N CLAIMS4 ,AFT] HAV+ 5JOY$ ! ABOVE EX]CISE1 :I* %[$ ! 9CONSI/5CY BETWE5 ,=TUNATI'S !ORY & H] [N CLAIMS1 LET US REMEMB] ?AT IT WAS ONLY AN EX]CISE1 & ?AT WE HAVE ALREADY >GU$ ?AT H\SEWORK DOES NOT PRODUCE VALUE4 ,IS ! H\SEWIFE REW>D$ OR NOT BY CAPITAL = H] WORK1 !N1 & IF %E IS 9 :AT S5SE IS %E8 ,ASSUM+ ?AT ! MAN'S WAGE COV]S ! REPRODUCTION ( HIS :OLE FAMILY1 ! MALE WORK] IS PAID 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! EXI/5CE & REPRODUCTION ( HIMSELF AS WORK]1 HIS WIFE AS H\SEWIFE1 & HIS *ILDR5 AS *ILDR54 ,9 ! 'G5]OSITY' ( ! CAPITALI/ TO PAY A FAMILY WAGE TO ! M>RI$ & FA!R WORK]1 ! CONCRETE EXI/5CE & ACTIVITY ( ! H\SEWIFE IS TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION1 AS WELL AS ! CONCRETE EXI/5CE ( ! *ILDR5 & !IR ACTIVITY4 ,WE DO NOT NE$ ! ELABORATION ( ,=TUNATI TO SEE ?AT H\SEWORK IS FUNCTIONAL TO CAPITALISM1 & ?AT %E1 AS WELL AS H] HUSB&1 IS PAID ONLY = H] MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE :ILE CAPITAL ?RIVES ON !IR LIVES4 ,AL?\< ! WOMAN IS 'REW>D$' ?R\< H] HUSB&'S WAGE & %E IS NOT A WAG$ WORK]1 ?IS 'REW>D' HAS SOME?+ 9 COMMON ) ! 'REW>D' RECEIV$ BY H] HUSB& = HIS WORK3 9DE$1 BO? HUSB& & WIFE RECEIVE MONEY = ! VALUE ( !IR SURVIVAL4 ,! CONDITION ( ! WOMAN MAY !N BE DISCUSS$ 9 RELATION TO A S\ND CRITICISM ( ! WAGE =M4 ,BUT ALSO 9 ?IS RESPECT ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION IS DISAPPO9T+4 ,:5 ! QUE/ION ( ! WAGE =M IS CONSID]$1 ,=TUNATI DEPLOYS ALL H] SKILLS ( COMPLEXIFICATION & R5D]S ! >GUM5T 7DELIB]ATELY87 OBSCURE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE READ ?AT3 ,9 PRODUCTION1 ! ELEM5TS1 :I* >E COMMODITIES1 APPE> AS SU*1 & ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION IS ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION2 WORK]S >E LABOR P[]1 !RE=E COMMODITIES1 BUT !Y >E ALSO ! WORK+ CLASS2 WORK IS WAG$ WORK2 ! EX*ANGE IS AN EX*ANGE ORGANIZ$ CAPITALI/ICALLY2 ! RELATION ( PRODUCTION IS ! WAG$ WORK RELATION4 ,?US IT IS NOT AT ?IS LEVEL ?AT CAPITAL HIDES ITS VORACITY 9 ! APPROPRIATION ( VALUE OR ! VIOL5CE ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT AT ! LEVEL ( ! CAPITAL WORK] RELATION%IP1 :I* IS 9 REALITY A RELATION%IP BAS$ ON ! EXPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 TAK+ PLACE 9 AN EX*ANGE :I*1 :ILE APPE>+ TO BE ONE BETWE5 EQUALS1 IS 9 FACT AN EX*ANGE ( NON-EQUIVAL5TS BETWE5 NON EQUALS 7PP4 #b-#b#a74 ,9 ?IS 'COMPLEX' P>AGRAPH WE LE>N ?AT IT IS NOT AT ! LEVEL ( PRODUCTION ?AT CAPITAL HIDES ITS VORACITY = VALUE & NOT 9 ! FACT ?AT 'WORK IS WAG$ WORK'68 ,BUT 9 AN 'EX*ANGE ( NON-EQUIVAL5TS'1 9 'UNFAIR EX*ANGE'4 ,! WOMAN IS EXPLOIT$ BECAUSE H] HUSB&'S LABOR P[] IS EX*ANG$ )\T REG>D = ITS 9VISIBLE VALUE SO ?AT '! CAPITALI/ BUYS . BEL[ CO/' 7P4 #h#d74 ,DESPITE ,=TUNATI'S ,M>XIAN MAKE-UP1 AT ! 5D ( ! DAY H] >GUM5TS PIVOT >\ND ! CRITICISM ( A MALE-C5T]$ SOCIETY :]E ! CAPITALI/ & ! WORK]1 I4E4 ! MASCUL9E CROSS-CLASS SIDE ( SOCIETY1 %>E ! TACIT ASSUMPTION ?AT ! WAGE IS JU/ ! M]IT ( ! MALE WORK]'S DAY WORK4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT IT IS ! HUSB& :O CA%ES ! *ECK1 & ! WOMAN IS NOT 'EQUAL TO HIM 9 FRONT ( ! LAW' & CANNOT 'HOLD MONEY H]SELF'4 ,TALKS ( '/RUGGLE' >E ECLIPS$ BEH9D COMPLA9S AB\T ECONOMIC & LEGAL 9EQUALITY4 ,=TUNATI'S LIB]AL 'REALITY' BEH9D H] ,M>XIAN 'APPE>ANCE' SEEMS TO BE CONNECT$ ) ! MA9 PROBLEM ( ! BOOK1 HI ,LEOPOLD9A'S ,MA!MATICAL SKILLS 7NOTE SCANN$ PICTURES ( =MULAS FROM ! BOOK >E CURR5TLY MISS+ FROM ?IS ONL9E V]SION7 ,TO F9I%1 LET US CONSID] PAGE #ih ( ,! ,>CANE ( ,REPRODUCTION1 :I* MU/ HAVE UND\BT$LY 9SPIR$ ! DEEPE/ AWE 9 ITS READ]S4 ,?IS PAGE CONTA9S ! 'CALCULATION' (444 SOME?+4 ,BUT :AT8 ,?IS IS A GOOD QUE/ION 9DE$4 ,=TUNATI 9TRODUCES !SE =MULAS BY DEF9+ A QUANTITY P' AS '! AM\NT ( ! SURPLUS VALUE SUPPLI$ 9 ! PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION' & A QUANTITY ,P AS '! AV]AGE SURPLUS VALUE SUPPLI$ BY ! S+LE LABOR P[]' 7P4 #i#h7 BUT !N %E PRES5TS A '=MULA' = A MY/]I\S QUANTITY ,P' ?AT HAS NEV] BE5 9TRODUC$ AT ALL4 ,! 'COMPLEXITY' ( ?IS =MULA IS ALREADY BREW+ 9 ?IS MY/]I\S 9TRODUCTION4 ,BUT LET US LOOK AT H[ %E PROCE$S 7SEE P4 #i#h7 ,BESIDES ! CLUMSY 9TRODUCTION 7IS ,P' EQUAL TO P'87 & ! CONFUS+ USE ( UNNECESS>Y LABEL+ 7:Y N' 9/EAD ( N8 ETC471 9 !SE '=MULAS' !RE IS SOME?+ MORE SUB/ANTIAL ?AN JU/ A QUE/ION ( SLOPP9ESS4 ,:AT IS WRITT5 ON ! RIE JU/ PIL$ UP ONE ON ! TOP ( ! O!R8 ,:AT IS ! RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO '=MULAS' ON ! BOTTOM RI CONNECTION8 ,MA!MATICS IS SOME?+ 'SCI5TIFICALLY TRUE'1 BLACK & :ITE1 ONLY BECAUSE1 BY ITS [N DEF9ITION & NATURE1 IT TALKS A LANGUAGE ?AT DOES NOT LEAVE ! READ] ANY?+ TO GUESS4 ,BUT LET US ALSO LOOK AT ! RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO '=MULAS' AT ! BOTTOM RIE SEP>AT$ BY A MY/]I\S EMPTY SPACE4 ,AGA91 WE >E OBLIG$ TO MAKE A GUESS1 :ILE ! F\ND+ FA!RS ( MA!MATICS TURN 9 !IR GRAVE4.<#a#a#g.> ,>E P]HAPS !SE TWO =MULAS MULTIPLI$ BY EA* O!R -- I4E41 IS !RE A MISS+ 'X' SIGN BETWE5 !M8 ,BUT ?IS W\LD MEAN ?AT ! MY/]I\S QUANTITY ,P' W\LD BE PROPORTIONAL TO ! SQU>ES ( A RATE ( SURPLUS & ! NUMB] ( WORK]S -- :I* IS RA!R UNLIKELY :ATEV] ,P' IS1 & ABOVE ALL IF WE HAVE GUESS$ RIE PURE NUMB]S3 SO ! FIR/ '=MULA' IS VALUE4 ,! SECOND '=MULA' CONTA9S ONLY 7A0_/A'7 & N'1 SO IT IS A PURE NUMB]4 ,VALUE CANNOT BE ADD$1 SUBTRACT$ OR EQUAT$ TO A NUMB]4.<#a#a#h.> ,SO :AT IS ?IS RELATION BETWE5 ?OSE TWO '=MULAS'8 ,! ONLY SOLUTION ( ?IS RIDDLE IS3 IT IS AN UNBELIEVABLY BAD TYPO4 ,PROBABLY A :OLE *UNK ( =MULA 7"7 F' X7 HAS BE5 UNWITT+LY MISS$ BETWE5 ! TWO '=MULAS'4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT JU/ A TYPO2 IT IS ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( A :OLE *UNK ( LOGICAL CONNECTIONS4 ,IT TURNS ! :OLE LOT 9TO AN EVID5T NONS5SE1 & IT %\LD HAVE BE5 SPOTT$ BY ! AU?OR4 ,IF ,=TUNATI HAD AVOID$ '=MULAS'1 NOT ONLY W\LD %E HAVE AVOID$ EMB>RASSM5T = !IR MISMANAGEM5T1 BUT %E W\LD ALSO HAVE MISS$ NO?+ 9 H] >GUM5TS4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS USE ( MA!MATICS IS ONLY A RHETORICAL EX]CISE4 ,LET US CONSID] ! LOGIC ( ?IS =MULAIC MESS3 %E CLAIMS %E WANTS TO 'CALCULATE' ! TOTAL SURPLUS VALUE SUPPLI$ TO ! CAPITALI/S BY BO? WORK]S & H\SEWIVES4 ,9 ORD] TO DO ?IS1 %E JU/ TAKES ! KN[N EXPRESSION = ! RATE ( SURPLUS VALUE & FE$S H] 9VISIBLE LABOR QUANTITIES 9TO IT4 ,?IS IS LIKE CLAIM+ TO BE ABLE TO CONTROL A MAGIC =CE ,M1 & !N1 9 ORD] TO CONV9CE PEOPLE TO BELIEVE 9 ITS EXI/5CE1 %[ !M ! LAW ( ,NEWTON 7,F "7 MA2 ! =CE APPLI$ TO A BODY ( MASS M IS EQUAL TO ITS ACCEL]ATION MULTIPLI$ BY ITS MASS7 AS3 7,F "4 ,M7 "7 MA ,! USE ( A =MULA H]E DOES NOT ADD ANY?+ TO MY CLAIM ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! MAGICAL =CE ,M1 & DOES NOT TELL ! READ]S H[ TO MEASURE IT4 ,IT ALSO DOES NOT AFFECT ! ACCEL]ATION A1 IF WE DEF9E ,F TO BE SU* TO GIVE ! CORRECT ACCEL]ATION IF ADD$ TO ,M4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ?IS '=MULA' HAS ! ONLY AIM ( GIV+ MY /ATEM5TS SOME RESPECTFUL 'MA!MATICAL' DECORATION4 ,( MAK+ MY READ]S SAY3 ',IF IT IS 9 A =MULA1 IT MU/ BE TRUE6' ,H[EV]1 =MULA #a LOOKS /ILL TOO READABLE & IT IS NOT 9TIMIDAT+ 5\<4 ,9 ORD] TO SORT ?IS \T1 ,I CAN DO A BIT ( CUT-&-PA/E & H]E Y\ GO3 7,F"4,M7 7,F"4,M'7 X MA "7 7#b7 "4,F ,F' X7,F"4,M7 ,?IS IS MU* MORE COMPLEX1 ?US MORE AU?ORITATIVE1 & SC>Y 5\< TO DET] ANY CRITICISM ( MY MAGIC =CE4.<#a#a#i.> ,:5 IT COMES TO 'MA!MATICAL' DEMON/RATIONS1 GO+ FUZZY SEEMS TO BE A G5]AL FEATURE ( ! ,AUTONOMI/ TRADITION4 ,CLEAV] 9 ,READ+ ,CAPITAL ,POLITICALLY1 PAGE #a#b#c1 (F]S US A BRILLIANT EXAMPLE ( ! USE ( MA!MATICS 9 ORD] TO COMPLICATE & EV5 CONTRADICT1 :AT HE SAYS 9 PLA9 WORDS4 ,DISCUSS+ ! CONTRIBUTION ( ! H\SEWIFE TO CAPITAL'S PR(ITS1 ,CLEAV] CORRECTLY >GUES ?AT H\SEWORK S]VES TO L[] ! VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 ?US 9CREAS+ ! VALUE POCKET$ BY ! CAPITALI/ AS SURPLUS4 ,?IS IS CLE>1 & AN 9T]E/+ PO9T4 ,BUT !N HE TRIES TO EXPRESS ?IS PO9T ) ! FOLL[+ UN=TUNATE '=MULA'3 ,H[ DO WE READ ?IS '=MULA'8 ,! CYCLE ( PRODUCTION ( CAPITAL1 :I* IS ! SECOND L9E1 SAYS ?AT AT ! BEG9N+ ( A CYCLE ! CAPITALI/ 9VE/S MONEY 7,M7 TO BUY SOME LABOR P[] 7,L,P7 & SOME MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7,M,P72 !N ! WORK] PRODUCES 7,P71 & ! \TCOME ( PRODUCTION IS A NEW COMMODITY ,C'1 :I* IS WOR? MORE VALUE & IS EX*ANG$ = A HI<] SUM ( MONEY 7,M'7 ?AN ! ONE 9ITIALLY 9VE/$4 ,?IS CYCLE REPEATS4 ,! EXTRA MONEY1 CYCLE BY CYCLE1 IS POCKET$ BY ! CAPITALI/ AS SURPLUS VALUE4 ,9 CORRESPOND5CE TO ! CYCLE ( PRODUCTION1 !RE IS A CYCLE ( REPRODUCTION 7FIR/ L9E74 ,LET US READ IT /EP BY /EP4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! CYCLE 7DAY #a ( WORK71 ! WORK] SELLS TO ! CAPITALI/ ! LABOR P[] ,L,P = A QUANTITY ( MONEY ,M4 ,) ?IS MONEY1 ! FAMILY BUYS !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ,C7,M,S74 ,!N ! WORK]'S WIFE DOES SOME H\SEWORK 7,P74 ,AFT] ! H\SEWORK IS DONE1 ! WORK] F9DS HIMSELF TO BE 9 POSSESSION ( ! LABOR P[] ,L,P"94 ,CLEAV] /ATES3 ,L,P"9 IS DIFF]5T FROM ,L,P & IT IS WOR? LESS4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! LABOR P[] ?AT ! WORK] HAS AFT] HIS WIFE'S WORK IS WOR? LESS ?AN ! LABOR P[] HE SOLD TO ! CAPITALI/ ! DAY BE=E4 ,=TUNATELY ?IS IS NOT V]Y BAD = HIM BECAUSE 9 ! NEXT CYCLE 7DAY #b ( WORK71 HE IS ABLE TO RIP (F ! CAPITALI/1 & APP>5TLY SELL ,L,P"9 = ! SAME AM\NT ( MONEY ,M HE HAD RECEIV$ ! DAY BE=E :5 HE SOLD ,L,P1 AL?\< ,L,P"9 IS WOR? LESS444 ,( C\RSE1 ALL ?IS IS JU/ LUDICR\S & IF ,CLEAV] HAD LEFT ?IS '=MULA' \T HIS >GUM5TS AB\T H\SEWORK W\LD HAVE BE5 CLE>]4 ,CLEAV]'S '=MULA' ALSO CONFIRMS ! G5]AL & UNAVOIDABLE CURSE ( H\SEWORK3 ?AT ( HAV+ ALWAYS TO CONTRIBUTE TO CAPITAL VALORIZATION 9 AN 9VISIBLE WAY -- NO MATT] H[ MU* ONE TWI/S MA!MATICS1 ?IS VALUE SEEMS TO BE JU/ UNABLE TO APPE> 9 NUMB]S1 BLACK & :ITE6 ,! SECOND L9E 9 ! =MULA1 I4E4 ! CYCLE ( PRODUCTION1 CONFIRMS ?AT = ! CAPITALI/ NO?+ HAS *ANG$ FROM DAY #a3 ON DAY #b1 HE BUYS ! SAME LABOR P[] ,L,P AS ! DAY BE=E1 :ATEV] ! AM\NT ( WORK DONE BY ! H\SEWIFE1 & HE IS APP>5TLY UNAW>E ( ,L,P"91 :I* DOES NOT PLAY ANY ROLE 9 ! CYCLE ( PRODUCTION4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/