,P>T #c1 ,9TRODUCTION 
,A ,COLORFUL ,NECKLACE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,KEEP ON ,SMIL+ -- ,QUE/IONS ON ,IMMAT]IAL ,LABOR 

,9TRODUCTION3 A COLORFUL NECKLACE 

,TONI ,NEGRI & ,MI*AEL ,H>DT'S REC5T WORKS1 ,EMPIRE.<#a#b#i.> & ,MULTITUDE1.<#a#c.> HAVE E>N$ !SE AU?ORS GREAT POPUL>ITY 9 ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON WORLD4 ,NEGRI IS KN[N 9 ,ITALY = BELONG+ TO AUTONOMIA OP]AIA 9 ! '#gS & = BE+ ON ! RECEIV+ 5D ( POLITICAL P]SECUTION BY ! ,ITALIAN /ATE AT ! 5D ( ?AT DECADE4 ,HIS E>LI] WORK 7ABOVE ALL ,M>X ,BEYOND ,M>X7.<#a#c#a.> WAS A VALID CONTRIBUTION TO ! UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( CAPITALISM & 9FLU5C$ MANY AMONG US :O S\<T AN ANSW] TO ,M>XI/ OBJECTIVISM & A !ORY ( HI/ORY BAS$ ON CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,H[EV]1 ,NEGRI'S E>LI] WORK CIRCULAT$ AMONG A RE/RICT$ PUBLIC1 VIA OBSCURE PUBLI%]S4 ,! NEW ,TONI ,NEGRI = ! 'NEW' ]A EM]GES 9 #b ) ,EMPIRE4 ,A TOME WRITT5 ) LIT]ATURE PR(ESSOR ,MI*AEL'S ,H>DT1 ,EMPIRE WAS W>MLY WELCOM$ EV5 BY ! B\RGEOIS PRESS4.<#a#c#b.> 

,NEGRI'S POPUL>ITY IS TO BE F\ND ABOVE ALL 9 ! FACT ?AT HIS NEW WORK ADDRESSES IMPORTANT QUE/IONS1 OP5$ BY ! 5D ( ! CYCLE ( /RUGGLES ( ! '#gS4 ,9 P>TICUL>3 CAN WE /ILL SPEAK AB\T COMMUNISM1 ! REVOLUTION1 CLASSES1 9 A WORLD :]E ! CONDITIONS = WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE SEEM TO HAVE BE5 DISMANTL$8 

,! NEW ,NEGRI PROCLAIMS ! ADV5T ( A NEW1 PO/MOD]N1 PHASE ( CAPITALISM1 9 :I* OR?ODOX ,M>XISM NO LONG] APPLIES2 & :I* NE$S A NEW !ORY3 !IRS4 ,AS ,NEGRI & ,H>DT SAY3 

,SOCIAL REALITY *ANGES444 !N ! OLD !ORIES >E NO LONG] ADEQUATE4 ,WE NE$ NEW !ORIES = ! NEW REALITY444 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAS *ANG$444 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#d7 

,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S WORK TO F9D A NEW !ORY = ! 'NEW' WORLD PROCE$S ALONGSIDE O!R ACADEMICS1 SU* AS ,PAOLO ,VIRNO OR ,MAURIZIO ,LAZZ>ATO4 ,!IR EF=T CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW CONCEPTS SU* AS ?AT ( 'IMMAT]IAL LABOR' & ! 'MULTITUDE'4 

,AN IMPORTANT REASON = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S POPUL>ITY IS ?AT !IR WORK SEEMS TO 9TEGRATE ! MO/ FA%IONABLE !ORIES ( ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S3 PO/MOD]NISM1 !ORIES ( PO/-,=DISM1 WEI<TLESS ECONOMY1 ETC4 -- BUT IT IS ALSO A !ORY ?AT PRES5TS ITSELF AS REVOLUTION>Y & ANTI-CAPITALI/4 

,ANO!R IMPORTANT REASON = ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S SUCCESS IS ?AT !IR !ORY IS ABLE TO COV] AN 5ORM\S NUMB] ( POPUL> & URG5T ISSUES3 GLOBALIZATION1 ! RETREAT ( TRADITIONAL CLASS /RUGGLE1 ASPECTS ( CAPITALI/ RE/RUCTUR+1 ! EM]G5CE ( NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS OR ! ANTI-,G,M PEASANT /RUGGLES 9 ,9DIA4 

,WE MAY P]HAPS BE SURPRIS$ ?AT ONE BOOK 7OR TWO3 ,MULTITUDE APPE>S MA9LY TO CL>IFY ,EMPIRE'S >GUM5TS.<#a#c#c.>7 CAN CONTA9 ALL ?IS4 ,BUT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT HAVE A SECRET3 !Y EMPLOY A NEW1 PO/MOD]N /YLE SUITABLE1 AS ,M>IA ,TUR*ETTO COMM5TS1 '= ZAPP+' RA!R ?AN = A SY/EMATIC READ+4.<#a#c#d.> ,?ANKS TO ?IS /YLE ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CAN SWIFTLY T\* UPON A BROAD RANGE ( LOOSELY 9T]RELAT$ ISSUES1 (T5 9 PASS+1 (T5 ADDRESS+ ! IMM$IATELY OBVI\S & ! IMM$IATELY AGREEABLE4 ,& 9DE$1 = EXAMPLE1 ,AUTONOMY @& ,SOLID>ITY NOTICES ?AT ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S ATTRACTIV5ESS IS 9 ! UNQUE/IONABLE POSITIVITY ( !IR 'DEM&S = TRUE DEMOCRACY1 FRE$OM FROM POV]TY & AN 5D TO ! W>'4.<#a#c#e.> 

,AL?\< IT HAS G5]AT$ 9NUM]ABLE CRITICISMS & COMM5TS1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY ( EV]Y?+ ESCAPES A COMPREH5SIVE CRITIQUE SIMPLY BECAUSE ( ?IS FRACTALIC NATURE4.<#a#c#f.> ,WE1 TOO1 >E OBLIG$ TO FOCUS1 ( C\RSE4 ,BUT WE *OOSE AN ISSUE ?AT SEEMS TO BE ! BACKBONE ( !IR :OLE CON/RUCTION3 ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR_/PRODUCTION4 

,9 ,EMPIRE ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CLAIM !Y CONTRIBUT$ TO AN 9T]NATIONAL !ORETICAL EF=T ( DEF9ITION & UND]/&+ ( ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 ! NEW LABOR = ! 'NEW' ]A4.<#a#c#g.> ,9ITIALLY CONCEIV$ AS LABOR BAS$ ON ! USE ( ?\<T & KN[L$GE1 IMMAT]IAL LABOR WAS LAT] 5RI*$ BY ,NEGRI & ,H>DT ) ! ASPECT ( 'MANIPULATION ( AFFECTS'4 ,& IT WAS R$EF9$ 9 T]MS ( ITS AIMS RA!R ?AN ! NATURE ( ITS MAT]IAL ACTIVITY 9 ORD] TO DODGE OBVI\S OBJECTIONS 7ANY LABOR1 LET ALONE 'AFFECTIVE' LABOR LIKE C>E1 ALWAYS 9VOLVES PHYSICAL ACTIVITY1 ETC474 

,BY ,EMPIRE !N1 ! NEWE/ DEF9ITION ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR WAS3 LABOR :OSE AIM IS TO PRODUCE IMMAT]IAL GOODS 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #c#c#d74 ,AS ,NEGRI & ,H>DT EXPLA9 9 ,MULTITUDE3 

,! LABOR 9VOLV$ 9 ALL IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 WE %\LD EMPHASIZE1 REMA9S MAT]IAL444 :AT IS IMMAT]IAL IS ITS PRODUCT4 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#a#a7 

,SO DEF9$1 IMMAT]IAL LABOR HAS TWO MA9 ASPECTS3 

A7 IT IS 'MANIPULATION ( SYMBOLS' 7I4E4 ,I,T WORK1 PRODUCTION ( KN[L$GE1 PROBLEM-SOLV+1 ETC47 

&_/OR 

B7 IT IS 'MANIPULATION ( AFFECTS' 7PRODUCTION ( EMOTIONS1 WELL-BE+1 SMILES1 ETC474.<#a#c#h.> 

,DESPITE ?IS /RESS1 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR WORK ,NEGRI & ,H>DT FREELY USE BO? ! DEF9ITIONS CONSID]$ ABOVE3 IMMAT]IAL LABOR AS ! CREATION ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTS & AS ANY LABOR IMPLY+ 'IMMAT]IAL' PRACTICES 7E4G4 PO/-,=DISM & COMPUT]IZATION74 

,IF ?IS CONCEPTUAL FRE$OM MAY CONFUSE US1 IT IS ONLY BECAUSE WE /ILL ?9K ( PRODUCTION 9 A TRADITIONAL WAY3 AS PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES4 ,A MORE OP5 M9D LIKE !IRS1 :I* SEES PRODUCTION AS ANY?+ DONE 9 SOCIETY1 CAN EASILY CONCEIVE ! COMMUNICATION BETWE5 /AFF 9 A C> FACTORY AS A PRODUCT 9 ITS [N RI<TS4 ,?US PO/-,=DI/ PRODUCTION CAN BE SE5 AS IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ALONGSIDE S]VICES & ,I,T4 

,9 FACT1 UND] ! 'HEGEMONY' ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 ALL PRODUCTION1 9CLUD+ MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 T5DS TO BECOME MORE IMMAT]IAL -- LIV+ 9 A WORLD :]E IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS C5TRAL1 WE 9CREAS+LY T5D TO PRODUCE ALL GOODS = !IR IMAGES & MEAN+S RA!R ?AN !IR MAT]IAL FUNCTIONALITY4 

,NOT ONLY ALL PRODUCTION1 BUT1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT REPEAT MANY TIMES1 SOCIETY AS A :OLE IS %AP$ BY IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION DEF9ES ! WAY WE SEE ! WORLD & ! WAY WE ACT 9 ! WORLD -- 9 ,H>DT'S WORDS1 IT HAS 'AN?ROPOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS'4.<#a#c#i.> ,AS WE READ 9 ,MULTITUDE1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION %APES SOCIETY 9 ITS IMAGE4 ,IT MAKES SOCIETY MORE 9=MATIONALIS$1 9TELLIG5T1 AFFECTIVE3 

,\R CLAIM444 IS ?AT IMMAT]IAL LABOR HAS BECOME HEGEMONIC 9 QUALITATIVE T]MS & HAS IMPOS$ A T5D5CY ON O!R =MS ( LABOR & SOCIETY ITSELF444 ,JU/ AS 9 .<! TIMES ( ! 'HEGEMONY' ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION.> SOCIETY ITSELF HAD TO 9DU/RIALIZE ITSELF1 TODAY 'SOCIETY HAS TO 9=MATIONALISE1 BECOME 9TELLIG5T1 BECOME AFFECTIVE4 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#i7 

,D>+ MORE1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT >GUE ?AT NOT ONLY DOES IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION 9FLU5CE SOCIETY1 BUT IT ACTUALLY PRODUCES IT4 ,?IS IS TRUE1 !Y SAY1 BECAUSE ?IS NEW PRODUCTION MA9LY AIMS AT ! PRODUCTION ( COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS4 ,DAILY1 TONS ( COMMUNICATION & AFFECTS >E CREAT$ BY S]VICES1 BY SELL+ ') A SMILE'1 BY ! ADV]TIS+ 9DU/RY1 & VIA ! ,9T]NET -- NOT TO SPEAK AB\T ALL ! COMMUNICATION 5C\RAG$ BY ,TOYOTISM4 ,TAK+ ?IS PRODUCTION ( COMMUNICATIONS & AFFECTS AS A PRODUCTION ( 'SOCIAL RELATIONS & SOCIAL LIFE' 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT CALL IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION A 'BIOPOLITICAL PRODUCTION'1 I4E4 A PRODUCTION ( LIFE3.<#a#d.> 

,IT MI<T BE BETT] TO UND]/& .<IMMAT]IAL LABOR.> AS 'BIOPOLITICAL LABOR'1 ?AT IS LABOR :I* CREATES NOT ONLY MAT]IAL GOODS BUT ALSO RELATION%IPS & ULTIMATELY SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF4 7,MULTITUDE1 P4 #a#a#a7 

,AS WE WILL SEE LAT] 9 DETAIL1 IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION DEF9ES A 'NEW' =M ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION BY ! NEW GLOBAL CAPITALI/ REGIME1 ,EMPIRE4 ,BUT IT ALSO MAKES A REVOLUTION AGA9/ ?IS REGIME POSSIBLE4 ,H[8 ,IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 BE+ BAS$ ON ! P[]S ( \R ?\<TS & HE>TS1 IS ALREADY POT5TIALLY AUTONOM\S FROM ! CAPITALI/ !Y SAY4 ,ONLY A LITTLE /EP !N SEP>ATES US FROM TAK+ ?IS PRODUCTION OV] FROM ! P>ASITIC CAPITALI/ & SELF-MANAGE IT4 

,WE CAN APPRECIATE !N H[ IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION SU/A9S ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S >GUM5TS & !IR POLITICAL PROJECT4 ,&1 AS WE %ALL SEE BEL[1 IT ALL[S ,NEGRI & ,H>DT TO CON/RUCT A BROAD1 UNIV]SAL !ORY ?AT CAN PRES5T ITSELF AS RADICAL4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y WE WILL FOCUS ON IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION 9 ?IS >TICLE4 ,IF WE WANT TO CRITIQUE A MULTICOLOR$ NECKLACE IT IS NOT GOOD 5\< TO SPEAK AB\T ! NECKLACE AS A :OLE & MISS ! BEADS -- BUT IT IS NOT GOOD 5\< TOO1 TO FOCUS ON ONE BEAD4 ,:AT WE TRY TO DO IS TO HAVE A GO AT ! /R+4 

,9 ?IS >TICLE WE WILL >GUE ?AT UND] ! APPE>ANCE ( A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S WORK HIDES A SUBTLE APOLOGY = CAPITAL & CON/ITUTES AN 9V]T$ V]SION ( ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM ?AT IT WAS SET TO OPPOSE4 

,9 ,SECTION #a WE SEE H[ ! CONCEPT ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR SUB/ANTIATES ALL ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ASPECTS ( ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S !ORY & KEEPS APP>5TLY CONTRADICTORY OR 9COMPATIBLE ELEM5TS ( IT TOGE!R 9 AN ELEGANT UNITY4 

,9 ,SECTION #b WE EXPLORE ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S IDEA ( HI/ORY AS CLASS /RUGGLE1 SPECIFICALLY1 ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 

,9 ,SECTION #c WE COMM5T ON ,NEGRI & ,H>DT'S >GUM5T ?AT IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS 9H]5TLY AUTONOM\S FROM ! CONTROL ( ! CAPITALI/1 ?US POT5TIALLY FREE FROM CAPITAL & AM5ABLE TO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,9 ,SECTION #d WE CONSID] ! ORIG9 ( CLASS ANTAGONISM 9 ! CASE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ( IDEAS & KN[L$GE4 

,9 ,SECTION #e WE CONSID] ! ISSUE ( CLASS ANTAGONISM 9 ! CASE ( IMMAT]IAL PRODUCTION ( AFFECTIONS & COMMUNICATION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #c1 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #c1 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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