,B>RICADES 9 ,B>CELONA 
,! ,C,N,T FROM ! VICTORY ( ,JULY #aicf TO ! NECESS>Y DEFEAT ( ,MAY #aicg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,A4,G4 ,S*W>Z 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,D$ICATIONS 

      #eh ,WORDS2 #dgf ,*>ACT]S     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #fad ,WORDS2 #d1 ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a 3 ,! ,VICTORI\S ,9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #aicf 

      #a#f1#g#i#d ,WORDS2 #a#e1#e#e#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b 3 ,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALUNA 

      #a#f1#a#i#h ,WORDS2 #a#d1#i#e#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c 3 ,! ,DEA? & ,FUN]AL ( ,DURRUTI 

      #c1#c#d#i ,WORDS2 #b#a1#a#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #d 3 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY #aicg & ITS PROGRAM 

      #a#g1#h#h#f ,WORDS2 #a#a#e1#b#e#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #e 3 ,EPILOGUE 

      #c1#i#b#i ,WORDS2 #b#f1#c#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #f 3 ,BIBLIOGRAPHY ( BASIC WORKS UTILIZ$ 9 ?IS TEXT 

      #efa ,WORDS2 #d1#c#h#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,NOTES 

      #i1#e#g ,WORDS2 #f#a1#c#g#g ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,D$ICATIONS 
,D$ICATIONS 

,TO ,PASCUAL ,GUILLAMON1 W\ND$ & DISABL$ 9 ! CONFRONTATIONS ( ,JULY #ai 9 ,B>CELONA2 %OT BY ! FASCI/S :5 !Y OCCUPI$ ,T>RASA4 

,TO MY GR&FA!R ,ELISEO1 & HIS NUM]\S BRO!RS3 EMIGRANTS1 C5ETI/AS1 ANONYM\S FI<T]S & EXILES2 ALWAYS PROLET>IANS CONSCI\S ( BE+ PROLET>IANS4 

,TO MY FA!R1 :O AT ! AGE ( TWELVE LO/ A W>4 

,9 MEMORIAM4 

O ,9TRODUCTION 
,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N 

,?IS IS A BOOK AB\T ! B>RICADES ]ECT$ BY ! WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA 9 ,JULY #aicf & ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ONLY T5 MON?S AP>T4 ,IT IS A /UDY ( ! REASONS :Y !Y W]E BUILT1 AS WELL AS !IR SIMIL>ITIES & DIFF]5CES4 ,IT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLA9 ! 0(F5SIVE0 *>ACT] ( ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY1 & ! 0DEF5SIVE0 *>ACT] ( ! ,MAY 9SURRECTION4 ,H[ DID ! PRACTICALLY UN>M$ WORK]S MANAGE TO DEFEAT ! REBELLI\S >MY & ! FASCI/S 9 ,JULY8 ,& H[ WAS IT POSSIBLE ?AT1 9 ,MAY1 A PROLET>IAT >M$ TO ! TEE? C\LD BE POLITICALLY DEFEAT$ AFT] HAV+ DEMON/RAT$ ITS MILIT>Y SUP]IORITY 9 ! /REETS8 ,:Y W]E ! B>RICADES ( ,JULY /ILL /&+ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 :ILE ! B>RICADES BUILT 9 ,MAY W]E IMM$IATELY DISMANTL$8 

,! MY? ( ! B>RICADES1 :I* APPE>$ 9 ,B>CELONA ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS DUR+ ! #a#i? C5TURY1 9 ! G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#i#b1 DUR+ ! ,TRAGIC ,WEEK ( #aii & ! G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#i#a#g1 WAS NOT PROPAGAT$ 9 VA94 ,AS HI/ORY TEA*ES US1 B>RICADES >E /RUCTURES = DEF5SIVE PURPOSES1 & ALMO/ ALWAYS PRESAGE ! DEFEAT ( ! WORK]S AT ! H&S ( ! >MY OR ! POLICE4 ,9 ,JULY #aicf ! FIR/ VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAT OV] ! >MY TOOK PLACE AT ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 AGA9/ SOME SOLDI]S 5TR5*$ BEH9D ! B>RICADES4 ,?IS BOOK CONSID]S ! B>RICADES AS ONE 9/RUM5T1 AMONG O!RS1 ( ! IRREVOCABLE DECISION ( ! PROLET>IAT TO CONFRONT ! CLASS 5EMY2 NOT AS A MY? ?AT *A9S IT TO ! PA/4 ,IT CONTEMPLATES ! B>RICADES AS A CLASS FRONTI]1 ) ! PROLET>IAT ON ONE SIDE1 & ! 5EMY ON ! O!R4 ,TODAY'S CLASS FRONTI]S W\LD 9CLUDE ON ! 5EMY SIDE ?OSE :O D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 CONFUSE ! ,/AL9I/ DICTATOR%IPS ) COMMUNISM1 PROPOSE ! CONQUE/ ( ! /ATE 9/EAD ( ITS DE/RUCTION1 OR PROCLAIM ?AT CAPITALISM IS ET]NAL4 

,9 ! EPILOGUE1 ! COMMITTEES ?AT >OSE DUR+ ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( #aicf >E CONSID]$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! 9T]NATIONAL EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS & ! ,G]MAN C\NCILS1 9 ORD] TO RECOGNIZE !M AS A =M ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,JULY #aicf WAS A VICTORI\S 9SURRECTION2 BUT WAS ! 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY #aicg A VICTORY OR A DEFEAT8 ,?IS BOOK ASPIRES TO UND]/& :Y1 & ABOVE ALL H[1 SOME ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S ( ,JULY #aicf BECAME ! MO/ DISA/R\S & 9FLU5TIAL C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 ,TO PUT IT ANO!R WAY1 IT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLA9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T & TO DISC>D ! RIDICUL\S COMIC /RIPS ( SUP]M5 & TRAITORS1 AS WELL AS ! B\RGEOIS OR ,/AL9I/ BIAS$ >BITR>Y 9T]PRETATIONS ?AT >E *>ACT]I/IC ( UNIV]SITY ACADEMIC /UDIES4 

,! BOOK ALSO TRIES TO RESPOND TO ! QUE/IONS POS$ BY ! ,FR5* SURREALI/ POET ,B5JAM9 ,PE]T1 :O WAS 9 ,B>CELONA BETWE5 ,AUGU/ #aicf & ,APRIL #a#i#c#g3 0,:AT IS ! NATURE ( ! REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f3 B\RGEOIS1 ANTI-FASCI/1 PROLET>IAN8 ,WAS !RE A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] ON ,JULY #b1 #a#i#c#f8 ,IF SO1 TO :OSE B5EFIT DID IT EVOLVE8 ,:AT =CES PRESID$ OV] ITS LIQUIDATION8 ,HAVE ! WORK]S SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ! APP>ATUS ( PRODUCTION8 ,HAS ! NATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION L$ TO OR CREAT$ ! MAT]IAL BASIS = A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM8 ,DID ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 7P>TIES1 TRADE UNIONS1 ETC47 ATTEMPT TO ORGANIZE A WORK]S P[]8 ,:]E & UND] :AT CONDITIONS8 ,:Y WAS B\RGEOIS P[] NOT LIQUIDAT$8 ,:Y DID ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION 5D UP 9 DISA/]80 

,! TASK ( ! POET IS TO ASK ! QUE/IONS1 ! JOB ( ! HI/ORIAN IS TO TRY TO ANSW] !M1 & ! PRIVILEGE ( ! READ] IS TO JUDGE :E!R ! RESPONSES GIV5 >E CORRECT & CONV9C+4 

,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON 

,B>CELONA1 ,DECEMB] #bf 

O ,P>T #a 3 ,! ,VICTORI\S ,9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #aicf 
,P>T #a -- ,! ,VICTORI\S ,9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #aicf 

,VIV]E MILIT>E E/4 7,TO LIVE IS TO FI<T47 

,S5ECA1 ,EPI/ULAE ,MORALES 


,T,O ,>,M,S1 ,T,O ,>,M,S6 

,AT SIXTE5 HUNDR$ H\RS ON ! SIXTE5?1 ! >MY ROSE UP 9 REVOLT 9 ,MELILLA4 ,! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA1 :5 ASK$ BY SOME J\RNALI/S AB\T :AT HE WAS GO+ TO DO AB\T ! UPRIS+1 RESPOND$ ) A LITTLE JOKE3 0,!Y HAVE >IS58 ,GOOD4 ,I AM GO+ TO B$40 ,ON ,JULY #a#h1 #aicf ! MILIT>Y REBELLION HAD SPREAD TO ALL ( ,MOROCCO1 ! ,CAN>Y ,ISL&S & ,SEVILLE4 

,! MILIT>Y G>RISON ( ,B>CELONA HAD APPROXIMATELY SIX ?\S& M51 AGA9/ ALMO/ TWO ?\S& ASSAULT GU>DS & TWO HUNDR$ 0MOSSOS D'ESQUADRA0 .<A SPECIAL DEF5SE CORPS ( ! ,G5]ALITAT.>4 ,! CIVIL GU>DS1 :OSE LOYALTIES W]E UNC]TA91 HAD AB\T ?REE ?\S& M54 ,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I HAD AB\T TW5TY ?\S& MILITANTS ORGANIZ$ 9 NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 READY TO TAKE UP >MS4 ,! ,C,N,T AGRE$1 9 ! LIAISON COMMISSION ?AT 9CLUD$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,G5]ALITAT & LOYAL MILIT>Y (FIC]S1 TO CONFRONT ! REBELS ) ONLY ONE ?\S& >M$ MILITANTS4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,C,N,T'S NEGOTIATIONS ) ,ESC(ET1 ! POLICE COMMISSION]1 & ) ,ESPANA1 ! REGIONAL M9I/] = ! ,GOV]NM5T1 W]E UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,JULY #ag ! C5ETI/A .<MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T.> ,JUAN ,YAGUE1 ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,M>ITIME ,TRANSPORT ,TRADE ,UNION1 ORGANIZ$ ! ASSAULT ON ! WEAPONS LOCK]S ( ! %IPS DOCK$ AT ! PORT1 OBTA9+ AB\T #ae RIFLES2 !SE W]E TO BE ADD$ TO ! GUNS TAK5 ON ! #a#h? FROM ! GUN %OPS1 SECURITY GU>DS & NI<T WAT*M5 ( ! CITY4 ,?IS SMALL >S5AL1 /OR$ AT ! ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION HEADQU>T]S ON ! ,RAMBLAS1 L$ TO A CONFRONTATION ) ! POLICE COMMISSION]1 :O DEM&$ ?AT ! WEAPONS BE H&$ OV] TO HIM4 ,!RE WAS SOME RISK ( AN >M$ CONFRONTATION ) ! ASSAULT GU>DS1 & ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS !MSELVES HURL$ ABUSE AT ?OSE :O W]E1 9 !IR OP9ION1 MU* TOO CONCILIATORY3 ,DURRUTI & ,G>CIA ,OLIV]4 ,! 9CID5T WAS DEFUZ$ ) ! SURR5D] TO ,GU>N]1 ,ESC(ET'S SECOND 9 COMM&1 ( SOME OLD 9OP]ATIVE RIFLES1 :I* PREV5T$ A BREAK BETWE5 ! REPUBLICANS & ! AN>*I/S ON ! EVE ( ! MILIT>Y C\P4 

,/>T+ AT ?REE 9 ! MORN+ ON ,JULY #a#i?1 A GR[+ CR[D DEM&$ >MS FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T ,*ANCELLORY1 AT ! ,PLAZA ,PALACIO4 ,!RE W]E NO >MS = ! PEOPLE1 BECAUSE ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT WAS MORE AFRAID ( A WORK]S REVOLUTION ?AN IT WAS ( ! MILIT>Y REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 FROM ! BALCONY ( ! ,*ANCELLORY1 ORD]$ ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS TO KEEP 9 T\* ) ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ( !IR RESPECTIVE NEI<BORHOODS1 OR TO ADVANCE ON ! B>RACKS ( ,SAN ,&RES TO AWAIT AN OPPORTUNITY TO SEIZE ! >MS /OR$ !RE4 ,A LITTLE LAT]1 :5 ! UPRIS+ WAS ANN\NC$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! MILITANTS BEGAN FRAT]NIZ+ ) ! ASSAULT GU>DS AT ,SAN ,&RES :5 ! LATT]1 EQUIPP$ ) EV]Y V>IETY ( SMALL >MS1 SURR5D]$ !IR GUNS TO ! CIVILIAN VOLUNTE]S :O ASK$ = !M4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,DEPUTY ,DIRECTOR ( ! ,AVIATION ,S]VICES1 ,S]V&O ,MEANA1.<#a.> A ,C,N,T SYMPA?IZ]1 :O WAS ACT+ AS A LIAISON BETWE5 ! ,PRAT ,AIRFIELD & ,JOSE ,M>IA ,ESPANA1 DELIV]$ ! >MS /OR$ 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T ,BUILD+S TO ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S.<#b.> ON HIS [N RESPONSIBILITY & AT HIS [N RISK1 )\T ! KN[L$GE ( HIS SUP]IORS4 ,! C5ETI/AS ( ! ,*EMICAL ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION BEGAN TO MANUFACTURE H& GR5ADES4 

,! ,S,I,R,5,S ,( ,! ,F,A,C,T,O,R,I,E,S ,( ,P,U,E,B,L,O ,N,U,E,V,O ,S,\,N,D ,! ,C,A,L,L ,T,O ,B,A,T,T,L,E 

,AT F\R-FIFTE5 ON ! MORN+ ( ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 ! TROOPS ( ! ,BRUC B>RACKS1 9 ,P$RALBES1 M>*$ 9TO ! /REETS1 HEAD+ = ,APRIL #ad ,AV5UE 7N[ KN[N AS ,DIAGONAL7 T[>DS ! C5T] ( ! CITY4 ,! WORK]S1 PO/$ 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! B>RACKS1 HAD ORD]S TO S\ND ! AL>M BUT NOT TO 5GAGE ! SOLDI]S UNTIL !Y CAME V]Y CLOSE TO ! CITY C5T]4 ,! PREVI\SLY-DET]M9$ TACTIC ( ! ,CONF$]AL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE =ESAW ?AT IT W\LD BE EASI] TO FI<T ! TROOPS 9 ! /REETS ?AN IF !Y REMA9$ 5TR5*$ 9 !IR B>RACKS4 

,! ,JUPIT] FOOTBALL FIELD ON ,LOPE DE ,VEGA ,/REET WAS US$ AS A /AG+ >EA FROM :I* TO 9ITIATE ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+1 DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! HOMES ( ! MAJORITY ( ! AN>*I/ MEMB]S ( ! 0,NOSOTROS0 GR\P W]E LOCAT$ 9 ! VIC9ITY1 AS WELL AS ! L>GE NUMB]S ( ,C,N,T MILITANTS :O ALSO LIV$ 9 ?AT NEI<BORHOOD4 ,! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO HAD REQUISITION$ TWO TRUCKS FROM A NE>BY TEXTILE FACTORY1 :I* W]E !N P>K$ NE> ! ,JUPIT] FOOTBALL FIELD1 & :I* W]E PROBABLY US$ AS CL&E/9E >S5ALS BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,GREGORIO ,JOV] LIV$ AT NUMB] #bgf ,PUJADES ,/REET4 ,?R\<\T ! NI<T ( ! #a#h? TO ! #a#i? ( ,JULY1 ! :OLE SECOND FLOOR ( ?AT BUILD+ WAS CONV]T$ 9TO ! MEET+ PLACE ( ! MEMB]S ( ! 0,NOSOTROS0 GR\P1 AWAIT+ ! NEWS ( ! REBELS TAK+ TO ! /REETS4 ,JOV] WAS JO9$ BY3 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 :O LIV$ NE>BY1 AT NUMB] #gb ( ,ESPRONC$A ,/REET1 ALMO/ AT ! CORN] ( ,LLULL2 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI1 :O LIV$ LESS ?AN A KILOMET] AWAY1 9 ! ,CLOT NEI<BORHOOD2 ,ANTONIO ,ORTIZ1 BORN 9 ! ,LA ,PLATA NEI<BORHOOD ( ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,9DEP5D5CIA & ,WAD ,RAS ,/REETS 7N[ ,BADAJOZ_/,DOCTOR ,TRUETA72 ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO1 :O ALSO LIV$ NE>BY ON ,SAN ,JUAN DE ,MALTA ,/REET2 ,RIC>DO ,SANZ1 ALSO A RESID5T ( ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO2 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ & 0! ,VAL5CIAN0 ,JOSE ,P]EZ ,IBANEZ4 ,FROM ,JOV]'S W9D[ ONE C\LD SEE ! F5CE ( ! ,JUPIT] FOOTBALL FIELD1 NEXT TO :I* ! TWO TRUCKS W]E P>K$4 ,AT FIVE 9 ! MORN+ A MESSAGE >RIV$ 9=M+ ,JOV] & HIS COMRADES ?AT ! TROOPS HAD BEGUN TO LEAVE ! B>RACKS4 ,LOPE DE ,VEGA1 ,ESPRONC$A1 ,LLULL & ,PUJADES ,/REETS1 :I* BORD]$ ON ! ,JUPIT] FOOTBALL FIELD1 W]E FULL ( >M$ ,C,N,T MILITANTS4 ,AB\T TW5TY OR SO ( ! MO/ EXP]I5C$ MILITANTS1 TEMP]$ 9 A ?\S& /REET BATTLES1 BO>D$ ! TRUCKS4 ,ANTONIO ,ORTIZ & ,RIC>DO ,SANZ MANN$ A MA*9E GUN BEH9D ! CAB ( ! LEAD+ TRUCK4 ,! SIR5S ( ! TEXTILE FACTORIES ( ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO BEGAN TO S\ND1 PROCLAIM+ ! G5]AL /RIKE & ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION1 & C\LD BE HE>D 9 NE>BY NEI<BORHOODS & AT ! PORT4 ,?IS WAS ! AGRE$-UPON SIGNAL = ! CALL TO BATTLE4 ,& ?IS TIME ! AL>M ( ! SIR5S LIT]ALLY MEANT ?AT >MS MU/ BE TAK5 UP = DEF5SE AGA9/ ! 5EMY3 0TO >MS04 ,! TWO TRUCKS1 FLY+ ! BLACK & R$ FLAG1 FOLL[$ BY A COLUMN ( >M$ M5 S++ 0,SONS ( ! ,PEOPLE0 & 0,TO ! ,B>RICADES01 5C\RAG$ BY ! NEI<BORS CR[D+ ! BALCONIES1 M>*$ D[N ,PUJADES ,/REET TO ! ,RAMBLA ( ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 TO WALK UP TO ,P$RO ,I,V ,/REET1 & FROM !RE TO ! ,CON/RUCTION ,TRADE ,UNION (FICES ON ,M]CAD]S ,/REET1 & !N TO ! ,METAL ,WORK]S & ,TRANSPORT ,TRADE ,UNION HEADQU>T]S ON ! ,RAMBLAS4 ,NEV] BE=E HAD ! V]SES ( !SE SONGS CONVEY$ SU* MEAN+3 0AL?\< WE EXPECT PA9 & DEA? AGA9/ ! 5EMY1 DUTY CALLS US1 ! MO/ PRECI\S GOOD IS LIB]TY1 IT MU/ BE DEF5D$ ) FAI? & ) VALOR02 0) \R BODIES WE %ALL SUBDUE ! FASCI/ HY5A1 & ! 5TIRE PEOPLE ) ! AN>*I/S WILL MAKE LIB]TY TRIUMPH04 

,! 0,NOSOTROS0 GR\P1 N[ TRANS=M$ 9TO A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE1 DIRECT$ ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION 9 ,B>CELONA AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ FROM ONE ( !SE TRUCKS P>K$ ON ! ,PLAZA DEL ,TEATRO4 ,BY COMM&+ ! ,RAMBLAS ! REVOLUTION>IES PREV5T$ ! L9K-UP ( ! REBELS :O W]E PROCE$+ FROM ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA & ,AT>AZANAS-,CAPITANIA1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT ALL[$ = ! RAPID DISPAT*1 BY WAY ( ! SIDE /REETS & ALLEYS ( ! ,*9O & ,RIB]A NEI<BORHOODS1 ( RE9=CEM5TS TO HELP ! COMBATANTS AT ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO & ,IC>IA ,AV5UE4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PREV5T ! TROOPS :O HAD LEFT !IR B>RACKS 9 ! \T] P>TS ( ! CITY FROM REA*+ ! C5T] ( ! CITY & L9K+ UP ) ,CAPITANIA-,AT>AZANAS1 OR SEIZ+ ! N]VE C5T]S ( ! TELEPHONE1 TELEGRAPH1 PO/AL & RADIO TRANSMITT] 9/ALLATIONS4 

,! 9VALUABLE COLLABORATION ( ! >TILL]Y S]GEANTS ,VAL]IANO ,GORDO & ,M>T9 ,T]R] FROM ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS1.<#c.> :O OP5$ ! DOOR ?AT FAC$ ON ,SANTA ,MADRONA ,/REET1 ALL[$ ! 5TRY ( ! >M$ AN>*I/ GR\PS & ! >RE/ ( ALMO/ ! 5TIRE (FIC] CORPS :O W]E CONDUCT$ UND] >RE/ ?R\< ?AT SAME DOOR TO ,SANTA ,MADRONA ,/REET4 ,BUT A BUR/ ( MA*9E GUN FIRE FROM ! NE>BY BUILD+ H\S+ ! ,(FIC]S' ,QU>T]S P]MITT$ ! ESCAPE ( ,LIEUT5ANT ,COLUBI1 :O !N TOOK COMM& ( ! RESI/ANCE4 ,! HEAVY B>R$ DOORS ( ! WIDE PLAZAS ?AT CONNECT$ ! OLD M$IEVAL ,AT>AZANAS ) ! BUILD+ ( ! ,MAE/RANZA 7N[ DEMOLI%$71 :I* FAC$ DIRECTLY ON ! ,RAMBLAS1 :]E ! (FICES ( ! ,>TILL]Y ,BRIGADE & ! QU>T]S ( SOME (FIC]S1 MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! SOLDI]S :O W]E 5TR5*$ !RE TO RESI/ ! ATTACK4 ,! REBELS REGA9$ CONTROL ( ! B>RACKS1 BUT ! AN>*I/S HAD SEIZ$ F\R MA*9E GUNS1 SEV]AL HUNDR$ RIFLES & SEV]AL CRATES ( AMMUNITION4 ,! CROSSFIRE ?AT WAS SET UP BETWE5 ! (FICE BUILD+S & ?AT P>T ( ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS ?AT FAC$ ! ,RAMBLA DE ,SANTA ,MONICA1 TO :I* WAS ADD$ ! FIRE FROM ! MA*9E GUNS 9/ALL$ AT ! BASE ( ! ,COLUMBUS MONUM5T1 MADE !IR POSITION IMPREGNABLE4 ,S9CE ! MILITANTS FROM ! ,METAL ,WORK]S & ,TRANSPORT ,TRADE ,UNIONS HAD LEFT = ,B>CELONETA1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ =CES ?AT REMA9$ 9 ! ,PLAZA DEL ,TEATRO DECID$ TO PO/PONE ! ASSAULT 9 ORD] TO TRANSF] !IR =CES TO ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 ) ! >MS TAK5 FROM ,AT>AZANAS1 LEAV+ ! SECTOR UND] ! ,RAMBLAS1 ) ! BUILD+S ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,(FICES & ! ,MAE/RANZA ( ,AT>AZANAS SURR\ND$ BY A GR\P UND] ! COMM& ( ,DURRUTI1 ) AN >TILL]Y PIECE MANAG$ BY ,S]GEANT ,GORDO4 

,! ,R,E,B,E,L ,M,I,L,I,T,>,Y ,=,C,E,S ,O,C,C,U,P,Y ,! ,P,L,A,Z,A ,D,E ,E,S,P,A,N,A ,& ,! ,P,L,A,Z,A ,D,E ,L,A ,U,N,I,V,],S,I,D,A,D 

,AT AB\T F\R-FIFTE5 9 ! MORN+ ?REE SQUADRONS BELONG+ TO ! ,CAVALRY ,REGIM5T ( ,MONTESA BEGAN TO MAKE !IR WAY ON FOOT FROM ! B>RACKS ON ,T>RAGONA ,/REET4 ,! FIR/ SQUADRON1 AFT] AN 9ITIAL EX*ANGE ( FIRE ) ASSAULT GU>DS ?AT LA/$ AB\T TW5TY M9UTES1 OCCUPI$ ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 ) A MA*9E GUN UNIT1 & !N BEGAN FRAT]NIZ+ ) ! ASSAULT GU>DS FROM ! B>RACKS LOCAT$ AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ! ,GRAN ,VIA-,P>ALELO1 NEXT TO ! ,HOTEL ,OLIMPICO 7TODAY ! ,CATALONIA ,PLAZA ,HOTEL74 ,! ASSAULT GU>DS & ! CAVALRY SQUADRON REA*$ A CURI\S NON-AGGRESSION PACT1 & OV] ! C\RSE ( ! MORN+ RE9=CEM5TS1 :I* W]E NOT MOLE/$1 LEFT ! B>RACKS ( ! ASSAULT GU>DS = ,C9CO DE ,OROS & ,B>CELONETA1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT !SE ASSAULT GU>DS W]E ALL[+ ! REBELS TO HOLD ! VANTAGE PO9T ( ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 & LAT] ALL[$ ! PASSAGE ( A COMPANY ( SAPP]S FROM ! 5G9E]S B>RACKS ( ,LEPANTO1 :I* PROCE$$ ALONG ! ,P>ALELO UNTIL IT >RIV$ AT ,AT>AZANAS & ! ,MILIT>Y ,(FICE ,BUILD+4 

,ON ,CRUZ ,CUBI]TA ,/REET1 9 FRONT ( ! ,HO/AFRANCS ,MUNICIPAL ,BUILD+1 ! DEF5SE COMMITTEE ]ECT$ A B>RICADE ?AT BLOCK$ ! ROAD4 ,! REBEL TROOPS HAD TWO >TILL]Y PIECES1 LOCAT$ NEXT TO ! F\NTA9 9 ! C5T] ( ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 :I* HAD BE5 BR\<T 9 TRUCKS FROM ! B>RACKS AT ! ,DOCKS4 ,! MILIT>Y FIR$ AN >TILL]Y SALVO AT ! B>RICADE AT ,HO/AFRANCS1 BUT AIM$ TOO HI<1 & ! %ELLS EXPLOD$ 9 A SMALL B>RICADE ON ! SIDE /REET ( ,RIEGO1 KILL+ EI<T PEOPLE & W\ND+ ELEV54 ,IT WAS A ,DANTEESQUE SC5E1 ) >MS1 LEGS & *UNKS ( HUMAN FLE% HANG+ FROM ! TREES1 LAMPPO/S & TROLLEY CABLES4 ,! DECAPITAT$ HEAD ( A WOMAN WAS F\ND SEV5TY MET]S FROM H] TORSO4 ,! REBELS CONTROLL$ ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA UNTIL ?REE 9 ! AFT]NOON4 

,! SECOND SQUADRON1 ) A MA*9E GUN UNIT1 :I* WAS JO9$ BY A GR\P ( RI<TI/S1 WAS 5GAG$ 9 BATTLE ON ,VAL5CIA ,/REET1 BUT GA9$ !IR OBJECTIVE1 :I* WAS TO DOM9ATE ! ,PLAZA DE LA ,UNIV]SIDAD & TO OCCUPY ! UNIV]SITY BUILD+1 9 :OSE T[]S !Y PLAC$ MA*9E GUNS4 ,!Y *ECK$ ! ID5TIFICATION PAP]S ( ALL ! P$E/RIANS1 DETA9+ ?OSE :O W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T OR ! P>TIES ( ! LEFT1 AMONG :OM WAS ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA4 ,9 ! C\RTY>D ( ! ,UNIV]SITY !Y EX*ANG$ FIRE ) AN >M$ GR\P FROM ! ,P,\,M4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ! MORN+ ! REBELS W]E =C$ TO )DRAW TO ! ,UNIV]SITY ,BUILD+1 PURSU$ BY A GR\P ( ASSAULT GU>DS AT :OM !Y HAD BE5 %OOT+1 & ! MEMB]S ( ! ,P,\,M :O HAD OCCUPI$ ! ,SEM9>Y1 FROM :I* !Y SWEPT ! ,UNIV]SITY G>D5S ) GUNFIRE4 ,COMPLETELY SURR\ND$1 & AFT] LOS+ A L>GE NUMB] ( !IR M5 TO DES]TION1 ! REBELS SURR5D]$ AT TWO-?IRTY 9 ! AFT]NOON TO A DETA*M5T ( ! CIVIL GU>D1 & CAME \T 9TO ! /REET BEH9D ! %IELD ( ! CIVILIAN PRISON]S !Y HAD CAPTUR$4 

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,FROM ! ,LEPANTO 5G9E]S' B>RACKS1 LOCAT$ ON ! ,GRAN ,VIA1 ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,B>CELONA1 9 ,HOSPITALET DE ,LLOBREGAT 7AT :AT IS N[ ! ,PLAZA ,C]DA1 ON ! SITE :]E !Y >E BUILD+ ! 0,JUDICIAL ,C5T]071 A COMPANY ( SAPP]S HAD EM]G$ AT AB\T F\R-?IRTY & HEAD$ T[>DS ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 :]E !Y FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! CAVALRY SQUADRON1 :I* DOM9AT$ ! VIC9ITY ) MA*9E GUNS & LI<T >TILL]Y1 & ) ! ASSAULT GU>DS PO/$ !RE1 EV5 ?\< ! LATT] HAD DISPLAY$ ON ! DOOR ( !IR B>RACKS ! PROCLAMATION ( ! DECL>ATION ( A /ATE ( W>4 ,GIV5 ! CALM SITUATION ?AT PREVAIL$ !RE1 !Y W]E ORD]$ TO PROCE$ TO ! ,MILIT>Y ,(FICES 7! CURR5T ,MILIT>Y ,BUILD+1 ACROSS FROM ! ,COLUMBUS MONUM5T74 ,!Y M>*$ D[N ! ,P>ALELO1 & ,VILA Y ,VILA ,/REET1 UNTIL !Y REA*$ ! ,BALE>ES DOCK1 :]E !Y W]E CONFRONT$ BY A COMPANY ( ASSAULT GU>DS ?AT HAD >RIV$ FROM ,B>CELONETA1 :I* WAS DEFEAT$.<#d.> BECAUSE IT WAS CAU<T 9 ! CROSSFIRE FROM ,AT>AZANAS & ! SAPP]S4 ,AFT] LEAV+ A SMALL GR\P 9 ,AT>AZANAS ! MAJORITY TOOK UP POSITIONS 9 ! ,MILIT>Y ,(FICE ,BUILD+ 9 ORD] TO DEF5D IT4 ,! REBELS HAD A*IEV$ !IR FIR/ VICTORY & ,ESC(ET LO/ CONTROL ( ! ,P>ALELO4 ,! REBELS CONSOLIDAT$ !IR HOLD ON ! M$IEVAL %IPY>DS1 ! ,ADUANA & ! ELECTRIC P[] PLANT ( ! ?REE SMOKE/ACKS1 & !RE=E CONTROLL$ ! PLAZA >\ND ! ,COLUMBUS MONUM5T & ! L[] P>T ( ! ,P>ALELO4 ,9 ORD] TO BREAK !IR HOLD & TO ISOLATE ! REBELS AT ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA FROM ?OSE AT ,AT>AZANAS1 ! WORK]S ( ! ,WOODWORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION & ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUEBLO ,SECO RAPIDLY CON/RUCT$ AN 5ORM\S B>RICADE AT ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 BETWE5 ,EL ,MOL9O & ! ,*ICAGO ,B>4 

,! ,P,E,O,P,L,E ,D,E,F,E,A,T ,! ,>,M,Y ,O,N ,! ,P,>,A,L,E,L,O 

,! ?IRD SQUADRON :I* HAD LEFT ! CAVALRY B>RACKS ON ,T>RAGONA ,/REET WAS ORD]$ TO CONSOLIDATE REBEL CONTROL ( ! ,P>ALELO1 ) ! OBJECTIVE ( L9K+ UP !IR B>RACKS ) ! ,CAPITANIA4 ,N[1 H[EV]1 :5 !Y REA*$ ! VIC9ITY ( ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( GETT+ PA/ A MONUM5TAL B>RICADE BUILT ( COBBLE/ONES & S&BAGS1 :I* =M$ A D\BLE RECTANGLE ACROSS HALF ! AV5UE1 BECAUSE AN 9T5SE HAIL ( GUNFIRE PREV5T$ !M FROM PROCE$+4 ,! SOLDI]S W]E ONLY ABLE TO OCCUPY ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,WOODWORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION ( ! ,C,N,T ON ,ROSAL ,/REET & ! B>RICADE 9 FRONT ( ! BUILD+1 AB&ON$ BY ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS :51 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,MOLA ,PLAN1.<#e.> ! REBEL SOLDI]S ADVANC$ BEH9D A HUMAN %IELD ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 FROM ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,!N ! SOLDI]S 9/ALL$ ?REE MA*9E GUNS1 ONE 9 FRONT ( ,LA ,TRANQUILIDAD ,B> 7#f#i ,P>ALELO1 NEXT TO ! ,VICTORIA !AT]71 ANO!R ON ! RO( ( ! BUILD+ NEXT TO ,EL ,MOL9O1 & ! ?IRD ON ! B>RICADE ( ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 :I* W]E EMPLOY$ TO FULL EFFECT4 ,IT WAS N[ EI<T 9 ! MORN+4 ,IT TOOK ! ?IRD SQUADRON TWO H\RS TO TAKE ! B>RICADE1 :I* WAS DEF5D$ BY ! DEF5SE COMMITTEE ( ,PUEBLO ,SECO & MILITANTS ( ! WOODWORK]S TRADE UNION4 ,BUT ! WORK]S CONT9U$ TO H>ASS ! TROOPS FROM ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,BRE*A1 FROM ! T]RACES ( NE>BY BUILD+S & FROM ALL ! ADJO9+ SIDE /REETS & ALLEYS4 ,AT ELEV5 9 ! MORN+ ! ?IRD SQUADRON HAD SUCCESSFULLY A*IEV$ FULL CONTROL ( ! 5TIRETY ( ! ,BRE*A1 AFT] FIVE H\RS ( COMBAT4 ,H[EV]1 ! ATTEMPT MADE BY ! TROOPS LOCAT$ AT ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA TO RE9=CE !IR COMRADES AT ! ,BRE*A WAS ?W>T$ :5 !Y REA*$ ! ,AV5IDA ,!AT] 7AT #ahb ,P>ALELO7 & W]E SUBJECT$ TO GUNFIRE FROM ! WALLS ( ! FAIRGR\ND 5CLOSURE ?AT FAC$ ! ,P>ALELO1 & FROM ,TAM>IT4 ,! C5ETI/AS DECID$ TO M\NT A C\NT]ATTACK AGA9/ ! ,BRE*A1 9DIRECTLY FROM ,CONDE DEL ,ASALTO 7N[ ,N\ DE LA ,RAMBLA7 & O!R PO9TS1 )\T SUCCESS4 ,! LOCAL RESID5TS BUILT B>RICADES ON ! SIDE /REETS ( ! ,P>ALELO NEXT TO ,POETA ,CABANYES & ,TAPIOLES4 ,AB\T A DOZ5 ASSAULT GU>DS1 :O HAD BE5 ORD]$ TO GO !RE BY ! (FIC] ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS :O WAS FI<T+ ON ! SIDE ( ! REBEL MILIT>Y =CES1 DECID$ TO JO9 ! POPUL> =CES4 ,%ORTLY !REAFT]1 ! ,C,N,T RE9=CEM5TS ?AT CAME FROM ! ,PLAZA DEL ,TEATRO1 AFT] /ORM+ ! ,HOTEL ,FALCON1 FROM :I* !Y HAD BE5 SUBJECT$ TO SNIP] FIRE1 !N PROCE$$ FROM ! ,RAMBLAS BY WAY ( ,SAN ,PABLO ,/REET1 & AFT] SECUR+ ! NEUTRALITY ( ! B>RACKS ( ! CU/OMS POLICE & AFT] FREE+ ! PRISON]S AT ! WOM5'S PRISON ( ,SANTA ,AMALIA1 !Y >RIV$ AT ! ,RONDA DE ,SAN ,PABLO BY WAY ( ,FLORES ,/REET1 UND] A HAIL ( GUNFIRE FROM ! REBEL TROOPS4 ,ORTIZ1 ALONG ) A SMALL GR\P ( M5 :O HAD BR\<T ! MA*9E GUNS SEIZ$ AT ,AT>AZANAS1 MANAG$ TO CROSS TO ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,RONDA1 & RAPIDLY CON/RUCT$ A SMALL B>RICADE ?AT GAVE !M SOME %ELT] FROM ! BULLETS ( ! ?REE 5EMY MA*9E GUNS 9/ALL$ 9 ! ,BRE*A4 ,! AN>*I/S CLIMB$ ONTO ! RO(TOPS1 & PLAC$ !IR MA*9E GUNS ON ! RO( ( ! ,*ICAGO ,B> 7! SAME BUILD+ ?AT IS TODAY ! (FICE ( ! ,CAIXA DE ,CATALUNYA7 :I* PROVID$ COV]+ FIRE = ! MASS FRONTAL ASSAULT ON ! ,BRE*A1 DIRECT$ SIMULTANE\SLY FROM ,FLORES ,/REET1 FROM BO? 5DS ( ,ALDANA ,/REET1 FROM ,TAPIAS ,/REET & FROM ! CAFE ,PAY-,PAY ON ,SAN ,PABLO ,/REET1 LOCAT$ ACROSS FROM ! ,ROMANESQUE *UR* ( ,SANT ,PAU DEL ,CAMP1 :I* !Y HAD 5T]$ BY WAY ( ! BACK DOOR4.<#f.> ,! CAPTA9 :O COMM&$ ! TROOPS NEXT TO ! MA*9E GUN 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! ,BRE*A WAS FELL$ BY %OTS FIR$ BY ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO1 :O HAD GONE ON AHEAD ( ! O!R ATTACK]S & TAK5 UP AN ADVANTAGE\S POSITION1 :ILE ! O!RS ADVANC$ )\T ANY COV]1 9 ! OP54 ,A LIEUT5ANT TRI$ TO TAKE COMM& ( ! UNIT FROM HIS FALL5 CAPTA91 9 ORD] TO CONT9UE TO RESI/1 BUT HE WAS %OT BY A CORPORAL FROM AMONG HIS [N TROOPS4 ,?IS WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D ( ! BATTLE4 ,BETWE5 ELEV5 & NOON ! ?IRD SQUADRON WAS DEFEAT$1 & ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO WAS RECOV]$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,:ILE ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO WAS JUMP+ = JOY & WAV+ HIS RIFLE OV] HIS HEAD1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS %\T+ OV] & OV]1 0,LOOK :AT WE DID TO ! >MY60 ,9 ?IS CRUCIAL DI/RICT ( ! CITY ! AN>*I/S1 AMONG :OM W]E ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO1 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,ANTONIO ,ORTIZ1 ,GREGORIO ,JOV] & ,RIC>DO ,SANZ1.<#g.> HAD DEFEAT$ ! >MY AFT] MORE ?AN SIX H\RS ( BATTLE4 ,A SMALL NUMB] ( SOLDI]S CONT9U$ TO PUT UP SOME RESI/ANCE1 AFT] HAV+ TAK5 REFUGE )9 ,EL ,MOL9O1 :]E1 AFT] RUNN+ \T ( AMMUNITION1 !Y F9ALLY SURR5D]$ AT AB\T TWO 9 ! AFT]NOON4 

,! ,9,F,A,N,T,R,Y ,>,R,I,V,E,S ,A,T ,! ,P,L,A,Z,A ,D,E ,L,A ,U,N,I,V,],S,I,D,A,D ,& ,! ,E,S,C,O,L,A,P,I,O,S ,D,E ,S,A,N ,A,N,T,O,N,I,O 

,! 9FANTRY REGIM5T ( ,BADAJOZ 7FROM ! ,P$RALBES B>RACKS7 HAD BE5 ORD]$ TO GO TO ! ,CAPITANIA BY ,G5]AL ,LLANO FROM ! G5]AL /AFF1 & ?AT IS :]E IT W5T1 BUT ) ! 9T5TION ( PLAC+ ITSELF UND] ! ORD]S ( ,G5]AL ,GOD$1 :O HAD FL[N FROM ,PALMA DE ,MALLORCA TO ,B>CELONA TO ASSUME COMM& OV] ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+4 ,ONCE IT REA*$ ! ,GRAN ,VIA1 ! COMPANY UND] ! COMM& ( ,CAPTA9 ,LOPEZ ,BELDA CONT9U$ TO M>* D[N ,URGELL ,/REET T[>DS ! ,P>ALELO1 :]E !Y CAME UND] FIRE1 & FROM !RE !Y W5T TO ,AT>AZANAS1 & ! ,COLUMBUS & ,CAPITANIA MONUM5T1 :]E !Y RE9=C$ ! REMA9+ TROOPS AT ?IS LOCATION4 ,LOPEZ ,BELDA & ! SAPP]S W]E ! ONLY REBEL TROOPS ?AT REA*$ !IR PROPOS$ OBJECTIVES1 :I* 9 !IR CASE WAS TO RE9=CE ,AT>AZANAS & ! ,CAPITANIA4 

,! RE/ ( ! COLUMN1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,MAJOR ,LOPEZ ,AMOR1 PROCE$$ D[N ! ,GRAN ,VIA T[>DS ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA1 & EX*ANG$ FIRE ) ! SQUADRON ( ! ,MONTESA REGIM5T1 :I* HAD ALREADY OCCUPI$ ! ,PLAZA DE LA ,UNIV]SIDAD4 ,ONCE ?IS ]ROR WAS DISCOV]$1 A COMPANY W5T D[N BY ! ,RONDA DE ,SAN ,ANTONIO1 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,CAPITANIA1 BUT ONCE IT REA*$ ! VIC9ITY ( ! ,M>KET ( ,SAN ,ANTONIO1 IT WAS ATTACK$ BY ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 :I* W\LD NOT ALL[ IT TO RE9=CE ! TROOPS FI<T+ 9 ! ,BRE*A1 SO ! COMPANY HAD TO TAKE REFUGE 9 ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS1 :]E !Y SURR5D]$ ONE H\R LAT]1 AFT] PUTT+ UP /IFF RESI/ANCE4 

,! ,B,A,T,T,L,E ,A,T ,! ,P,L,A,Z,A ,C,A,T,A,L,U,N,A 

,AFT] LEAV+ A SMALL G>RISON BEH9D 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY1 ! RE/ ( ! TROOPS1 UND] ! ORD]S ( ,LOPEZ ,AMOR1 5T]$ ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA BY WAY ( ,PELAYO & ! ,RONDA ,UNIV]SIDAD1 :]E !Y W]E SURR\ND$ BY A CURI\S & APPREH5SIVE CR[D1 %\T+ 0,VIVA LA ,REPUBLICA01 :OSE MEMB]S DID NOT KN[ IF !SE W]E LOYAL OR REBEL TROOPS4 ,AFT] AN EX*ANGE ( FIRE BETWE5 ! REBEL TROOPS & ! ASSAULT GU>DS1 :ITE H&K]*IEFS APPE>$1 ! %OOT+ /OPP$1 & ASSAULT GU>DS & SOLDI]S EMBRAC$ & FRAT]NIZ$4 ,! CR[D ( >M$ CIVILIANS >RIV$ & BROKE UP ! TROOP =MATION BY MIX+ ) ! SOLDI]S4 ,! CONFUSION1 ! CUNN+ TACTICS ( SOME1 ! 9DECISION ( ! ASSAULT GU>DS1 ! MI/RU/ ( ! WORK]S1 & ! EXCESSIVE PHYSICAL PROXIMITY CREAT$ AN 9CR$IBLE & DANG]\S DISORD]4 ,! ,PLAZA WAS OCCUPI$ BY UNITS ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & BY NUM]\S MILITANT >M$ WORK]S ON ! SIDE ( ! ,RAMBLAS1 ! ,TELEFONICA & ! ,PU]TA DEL ,ANGEL4 ,MAJOR ,LOPEZ ,AMOR GAVE ! ORD] TO *ECK ! ID5TIFICATION PAP]S ( ! CIVILIANS1 MO/ ( :OM W]E C5ETI/AS1 BUT FAC$ ) ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( >RE/+ ALL ( !M HE DECID$ TO EVICT !M FROM ! ,PLAZA1 & 9/ALL$ MA*9E GUNS AT ! F\R CORN]S ( ! ,PLAZA3 ON ! RO( ( ! ,MAISON ,DOREE 7AT ! CORN] ( ,RIVAD5EIRA1 ON P>T ( ! SITE ?AT IS N[ OCCUPI$ BY ,SF]A71 ON ! RO( ( ! ,CATALUNA ,!AT] 7APPROXIMATELY ! SITE ( ! CURR5T ,HABITAT71 AT ! ,HOTEL ,COLON 7N[ ,BANE/O7 & AT ! ,CAS9O ,MILIT> 7TODAY ABSORB$ BY ,EL ,CORTE ,+LES71 & HE PLAC$ TWO LI<T #g4#e CM >TILL]Y PIECES 9 ! C5T] ( ! ,PLAZA ,CATALUNA4 ,LOPEZ ,AMOR !N W5T TO ! ,TELEFONICA ) ! 9T5TION ( OCCUPY+ IT & CONTROLL+ COMMUNICATIONS4 ,! 9ITIAL COLLABORATION ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 OBTA9$ BY ! TREASON ( !IR COMM&+ (FIC]1 ,LIEUT5ANT ,LLOP1 WAS TRANS=M$1 AFT] A V]Y UNCOM=TABLE P]IOD ( AB\T T5 M9UTES1 9TO OP5 OPPOSITION4 ,LOPEZ ,AMOR ORD]$ ! TWO >TILL]Y PIECES SITUAT$ 9 ! C5T] ( ! ,PLAZA TO OP5 FIRE ON ! ,TELEFONICA4 ,AFT] ?REE VOLLEYS COMMUNICATIONS W]E ALMO/ TOTALLY CUT (F4 ,GUNFIRE ]UPT$ BO? )9 & \TSIDE ( ! BUILD+4 ,DUR+ ! CONFUSION A GR\P ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS CAPTUR$ ,LOPEZ ,AMOR 9 FRONT ( ! ,CAS9O ,MILIT>4 ,! COMPANIES ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 TOGE!R ) ! >M$ WORK]S1 B>RICAD$ !MSELVES 9 ,FONTANELLA1 ! UPP] FLOORS ( ! ,TELEFONICA1 ! ,PU]TA DEL ,ANGEL & ! ,RAMBLAS4 ,PELAYO1 ,V]G>A & ,RONDA ,UNIV]SIDAD ,/REETS HAD ALREADY BE5 SECUR$ BY MILITANT WORK]S1 ?US ISOLAT+ ! >MY TROOPS1 :O F9ALLY HAD NO O!R REC\RSE ?AN TO TAKE REFUGE 9 ! ,HOTEL ,COLON1 ! ,MAISON ,DOREE1 ! ,CAS9O ,MILIT> & ! L[] FLOORS ( ! ,TELEFONICA1 FROM :I* PO9TS !Y RESI/$ ! ATTACKS ( ! WORK]S & ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS4 ,! C5T] ( ! ,PLAZA WAS A NO-MAN'S L&4 ,! TROOPS HAD BE5 PREV5T$ FROM MAK+ !IR WAY ALONG ! ,RAMBLAS T[>DS ,AT>AZANAS & ,CAPITANIA1 OR BY WAY ( ,FONTANELLA & ,PU]TA DEL ,ANGEL TO ! ,POLICE ,/ATION AT ,VIA ,LAYETANA OR ! ,PALACE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! EQUIPM5T ( ! ,TELEFONICA & ! NE>BY RADIO TRANSMITT]S HAD ALSO BE5 PREV5T$ FROM FALL+ 9TO ! H&S ( ! REBELS4 ,! ,TELEPHONE WORK]S CUT (F COMMUNICATIONS ( ! ,CAPITANIA ) ! REBEL B>RACKS4 ,! POPUL> =CES QUICKLY /ORM$ ! ,CAS9O ,MILIT> & ! ,MAISON ,DOREE1 ?ANKS TO ! COMB9$ EF=TS ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ! WORK]S1 :O HAD SECUR$ !IR POSITIONS BY US+ ! TUNNELS ( ! SUBWAY4 ,! RESI/ANCE ( ! REBELS1 :O N[ ONLY CONTROLL$ ! %ELL$ ,HOTEL ,COLON & ! L[] FLOORS ( ! ,TELEFONICA1 CAME TO AN 5D AT F\R 9 ! AFT]NOON1 :5 !Y SURR5D]$ TO ! LATE BUT DECISIVE ATTACK ( ! CIVIL GU>DS1 SUPPORT$ BY ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ! 5?USIASM ( ! PEOPLE1 :O DID NOT TRU/ ! CIVIL GU>DS4 ,AN 5ORM\S CR[D FILL$ ! OP5+S ( ! NE>BY /REETS1 ! SUBWAY 5TRANCES & ! ADJAC5T ALLEYS4 ,:ITE FLAGS APPE>$ 9 ! ,HOTEL ,COLON & !N ! POPUL> FURY SWEPT AWAY ALL 9 ITS PA?4 ,! CANNON ?AT ,LE*A HAD BR\<T FROM ,CL>IS ?UND]$ ONCE AGA94 ,DURRUTI & ,OBREGON 7:O DI$ 9 ! ATTACK71 9 A MASSIVE ASSAULT FROM ! ,RAMBLAS BY ! AN>*I/ MILITANTS1 *>G+ RI<T 9 ! OP5 )\T COV]1 RETOOK ! L[] FLOORS ( ! ,TELEFONICA4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 CIVIL GU>DS & WORK]S1 ,JOSEP ,ROVIRA ( ! ,P,\,M 9 ! =EFRONT1 5T]$ ! ,HOTEL ,COLON & TOOK ! (FIC]S PRISON]4 ,! ,PLAZA WAS LITT]$ ) CORPSES4 ,H]E1 TOO1 ! >MY HAD BE5 DEFEAT$4 

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,FROM ! ,G]ONA ,B>RACKS1 OR FROM ! ,SANTIAGO ,CAVALRY B>RACKS1 AT ! CORN] ( ,LEPANTO & ,TRAVES]A DE ,GRACIA ,/REETS1 NE> ! ,HOSPITAL ( ,SAN ,PABLO1 >\ND FIVE 9 ! MORN+ ?REE SQUADRONS ( AB\T FIFTY M5 EA* PROCE$$ ON FOOT1 ) MA*9E GUNS 9/ALL$ ON C>S4 ,!IR OBJECTIVE WAS TO TAKE CONTROL ( ! ,C9CO DE ,OROS 7TODAY ! ,PLAZA ,JUAN ,C>LOS ,I71 AT ! CORN] ( ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA & ,DIAGONAL ,/REET1 9 ORD] TO PROCE$ FROM !RE TO ,PLAZA ,URQU9AONA & ! ,>CO DEL ,TRIUNFO4 ,!Y W]E SUBJECT$ TO M9OR H>ASSM5T DUR+ !IR 5TIRE PASSAGE ?R\< ,LEPANTO1 ,9DU/RIA1 & ,CORCEGA ,/REETS1 AS WELL AS ! ,PASEO DE ,SAN ,JUAN 7!N KN[N AS ,G>CIA ,H]N&EZ74 ,AT ! ,C9CO DE ,OROS1 H[EV]1 !Y F\ND SEV]AL COMPANIES ( ASSAULT GU>DS AWAIT+ !M1 ) A SQUADRON ( CAVALRY & A MA*9E GUN UNIT1 ACCOMPANI$ BY A CR[D ( MILITANT WORK]S1 POSITION$ ON RO(TOPS & BALCONIES1 9 TREES & DOORWAYS1 >M$ ) AUTOMATIC WEAPONS & H& GR5ADES4 ,UNEXPECT$LY = ! REBELS1 :O HAD ADVANC$ )\T TAK+ ! PRECAUTION ( S5D+ \T ANY SC\TS1 A /EADY B>RAGE ( FIRE SWEPT ! LEAD+ RANKS ( ! TROOPS1 CAUS+ A L>GE NUMB] ( CASUALTIES AMONG BO? SOLDI]S & (FIC]S4 ,COLONEL ,LACASA1 :O COMM&$ ! REGIM5T FROM ,SANTIAGO1 TOOK REFUGE ) ! SURVIV+ (FIC]S & SOME SOLDI]S 9 ! ,C>MELITE ,MONA/]Y1 SITUAT$ ON ! ,DIAGONAL AT ! CORN] ( ,LAURIA ,/REET1 :]E1 ) ! ACTIVE ASSI/ANCE ( ! MONKS1 !Y B>RICAD$ !MSELVES 9 IMPREGNABLE POSITIONS ?ANKS TO ! MA*9E GUNS 9/ALL$ ON ! L[] FLOORS & ON ! RO(4.<#h.> ,! DETA*M5T ( CIVIL GU>DS ?AT HAD BE5 S5T TO FI<T !M JO9$ !M 9/EAD4 ,! ,COLONEL /ATION$ ADVANCE \TPO/S 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! MONA/]Y AT ! CORN]S ( ,CORCEGA_/,SANTA ,TECLA ,/REETS1 ,CL>IS_/,DIAGONAL ,/REETS & ,M55DEZ ,PELAYO 7N[ ,TORR5T DE L',OLLA7_/,LAURIA ,/REETS1 :I*1 AFT] SUFF]+ MANY CASUALTIES1 W]E =C$ TO )DRAW BE=E NI<TFALL4 ,?AT NI<T1 ! REBELS 5TR5*$ 9 ! MONA/]Y AGRE$ TO SURR5D] TO ! CIVIL GU>DS AT DAWN ON ! FOLL[+ DAY4 

,A %ORT DI/ANCE AWAY1 AT ! CORN] ( ,BALMES & ,DIAGONAL ,/REETS1 A HALF H\R AFT] ! BEG9N+ ( ! BATTLE AT ,C9CO DE ,OROS1 F\R TRUCKS COM+ FROM ! ,SAN ,&RES ,>TILL]Y ,DEPOT1 TRANSPORT+ AB\T FIFTY >TILL]Y GUNN]S TO ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA1 W]E AMBU%$1 /OPP$ & DE/ROY$ BY ! FUSILLADES ( FIRE FROM WORK]S & ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS4 ,RIFLES & >TILL]Y PIECES W]E SEIZ$ BY ! WORK]S4 

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,! ,M\NTA9 ,>TILL]Y ,REGIM5T1 AT ! B>RACKS ( ! ,DOCKS ON ,IC>IA ,AV5UE1 WAS ! PR9CIPAL FOCAL PO9T ( ! PLOT ( ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+4 ,TWO TRUCKS HAD MANAG$ TO LEAVE ! B>RACKS1 EA* ) >TILL]Y PIECES1 & BO? SUCCESSFULLY >RIV$ AT !IR DE/9Y AT ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA4 ,ONE ( !SE GUNS1 9/ALL$ AT ! C5T] ( ! SQU>E1 ANN\NC$ ) ITS RO> ?AT ! >TILL]Y HAD COME TO ! /REETS4 ,AT SIX A COLUMN WAS ORGANIZ$1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,MAJOR ,F]N&EZ ,UNZUE1 :OSE OBJECTIVE WAS FIR/ TO TAKE ! ,PALACE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T & !N ! ,PALACE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 ?IS SAME ,MAJOR1 AT ! COMM& ( JU/ ONE BATT]Y ( >TILL]Y1 ONLY NE$$ TO FIRE ONCE ON ! ,PALACE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & IMM$IATELY SAW ! :ITE FLAG ?AT PUT AN 5D TO ! ,CATALANI/ REBELLION ( ,COMPANYS4 ,AN AIRPLANE HAD BOMB$ ! B>RACKS BE=E ! TRUCKS LEFT1 CAUS+ SOME CASUALTIES & A C]TA9 DEGREE ( DEMORALIZATION4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! ?REE BATT]IES DROVE 9TO ! /REETS1 )\T WAIT+ = ! >RIVAL ( ! TWO COMPANIES ( ! NE>BY ,ALCANT>A ,9FANTRY ,REGIM5T1 :I* W]E SUPPOS$ TO PROVIDE COV] = !M4 ,?AT >TILL]Y BATT]IES MU/ BE PROTECT$ BY 9FANTRY WAS A FUNDAM5TAL 9 ! MILIT>Y MANUALS1 S9CE ! >TILL]Y PIECES HAD TO ADVANCE SL[LY ?R\< ! MIDDLE ( ! /REET1 9 ! OP51 DRAGG$ BY ANIMALS2 BUT ! (FIC]S W]E CONV9C$ ?AT ! 0MOB0 W\LD RUN AWAY ONCE !Y HE>D ! FIR/ SALVO ( CANNON FIRE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 9 ,B>CELONETA1 ! CELEBRATION ( ! LOCAL RESID5TS & ! LONG%OREM5 WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A UNANIM\S \TCRY DEM&+ >MS4 ,5RIQUE ,GOMEZ ,G>CIA1 ! COMM&+ (FIC] ( ! ,B>CELONETA B>RACKS ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 FAC$ ) AN IMM95T CONFRONTATION1 DECID$ TO DI/RIBUTE WEAPONS TO ?OSE :O H&$ OV] TO HIM1 AS A GU>ANTEE ?AT !Y W\LD RETURN ! WEAPONS1 !IR TRADE UNION OR POLITICAL P>TY MEMB]%IP C>DS4 ,! FIR/ BATT]Y1 COMM&$ BY ,CAPTA9 ,LOPEZ ,V>ELA1 MANAG$ TO PROCE$ )\T 9CID5T UNTIL HE CAME TO ! BRIDGE ( ,SAN ,C>LOS 7:I* NO LONG] EXI/S71 :I* CROSS$ ,IC>IA ,AV5UE & ! RAILROAD TRACKS1 :5 HE UNEXPECT$LY 5C\NT]$ GUNFIRE FROM A GR\P ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 ALONG ) WORK]S :O HAD BE5 >M$ BY ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>D B>RACKS1 PO/$ 9 ! 5VIRONS ( ! ,PLAZA DE ,TOROS ( ,B>CELONETA 7:I* NO LONG] EXI/S71 ! BRIDGE ITSELF1 ON ! BOXC>S & WALLS ( ! RAIL Y>DS1 & ON ! NE>E/ BALCONIES & RO(TOPS4 ,!Y W]E RAPIDLY JO9$ BY A CR[D ( MILITANT WORK]S FROM ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 ,B>CELONETA & FROM ! ,TRANSPORT & ,METAL ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNIONS ( ! ,RAMBLAS4 ,! ?REE BATT]IES F\ND !MSELVES SQUEEZ$ BETWE5 TWO SIDES1 & EA* PREV5T$ ! O!RS FROM ADVANC+4 ,LOPEZ ,V>ELA MANAG$ TO SET UP ! MA*9E GUNS & ! F\R CANNONS ( HIS BATT]Y1 & OP5$ FIRE1 )\T PAUS+ 9 HIS ADVANCE T[>DS ,B>CELONETA4 ,AFT] TWO H\RS ( FI<T+ ON ! DEF5SIVE1 ! TWO BATT]IES ( ! RE>GU>D1 IMMOBILIZ$ & CON/ANTLY H>ASS$ BY WELL-5TR5*$ ATTACK]S1 MANAG$ TO )DRAW TO !IR B>RACKS ) NUM]\S CASUALTIES1 9 A *AOTIC RETREAT1 M>K$ BY ! T]RIFI$ /AMP$E ( ! ANIMALS ?AT W]E TRANSPORT+ SOME MUNITIONS ?AT HAD EXPLOD$ :5 !Y W]E HIT BY GUNFIRE4 ,AT ! 5TRANCE TO ! B>RACKS !Y SUFF]$ F\RTE5 CASUALTIES1 CAUS$ BY ! MA*9E GUNS ( TWO AIRPLANES1 :I* %ORTLY AFT]W>DS BOMB$ ! B>RACKS !MSELVES ) LITTLE EFFECT4 ,! BATT]Y ( ,LOPEZ ,V>ELA1 :I* WAS N[ 9CAPABLE ( RETREAT+1 C\LD NOT PASS ! 9T]SECTION ( ,IC>IA ,AV5UE & ! ,PASEO ,NACIONAL1 :I* WAS BLOCK$ BY AN 5ORM\S B>RICADE ?AT WAS SIX FEET HI<1 :I* ! LONG%OREM5 HAD BUILT ) ! USUAL COBBLE/ONES & ! NOT SO COMMON S&BAGS FULL ( C>OB BEANS1 ALONG ) PIECES ( WOOD & FIVE HUNDR$ TONS ( SPOOL$ PAP] UNLOAD$ 9 A HALF H\R BY ELECTRIC =KLIFTS FROM ! %IP1 0,CIUDAD DE ,B>CELONA01 MOOR$ AT ! NE>BY 0MOLL DE LES G>R(ES01 ! USUAL LOCATION = ! UNLOAD+ ( C>OB BEANS FROM ! SAILBOATS ?AT TRANSPORT$ !M FROM ! COA/AL T[NS ( ,CA/ELLON & ,T>RAGONA4 ,! BATT]Y WAS !N SUBJECT$ TO ATTACK BY MORT> FIRE FROM ! RO( ( ! ,GOV]NM5T BUILD+1 AS WELL AS BY A /EADY B>RAGE ( FIRE FROM RIFLES & MA*9E GUNS COM+ FROM ! ,ESCUELA ,NAUTICA & ! ,DEPOSITO ,FRANCO4 ,! SOLDI]S FIR$ !IR CANNONS AT ! B>RICADES & ! CR[DS1 PRODUC+ T]RIBLE DAMAGE TO BO?2 BUT ! B>RICADES W]E REBUILT & ! CR[DS RETURN$ TO 9T5SIFY !IR DET]M9$ ATTACK4 ,! POSITION ( ! REBELS BECAME UNT5ABLE4 ,AT T5 !Y RECEIV$ ! ORD] TO RETREAT1 BUT ?IS RETREAT TURN$ 9TO A HELLI% ORDEAL1 BECAUSE AS ! SOLDI]S ATTEMPT$ TO )DRAW1 ! SPOOLS ( PAP]1 N[ TRANS=M$ 9TO MOBILE B>RICADES1 W]E PU%$ =W>D BY UN>M$ WORK]S1 :ILE O!R WORK]S WELL PROTECT$ BEH9D ! SPOOLS ?REW H& GR5ADES & MA9TA9$ A /EADY RATE ( RIFLE FIRE4 ,! F9AL ASSAULT WAS MADE AGA9/ AB\T ?IRTY M51 B>RICAD$ BEH9D !IR >TILL]Y PIECES & DEAD ANIMALS1 FI<T+ ELB[ TO ELB[4 ,LOPEZ ,V>ELA1 W\ND$1 WAS TAK5 TO ! ,GOB]NACION1 & ! RE/ ( ! (FIC]S W]E TAK5 PRISON]1 :ILE ! SOLDI]S FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! PEOPLE4 ,SEV]AL CANNONS & V>I\S SMALL >MS W]E TAK53 & IT WAS ONLY T5-?IRTY 9 ! MORN+4 

,! ,DOCKS B>RACKS WAS BESIEG$1 ) A B>RICADE BUILT A HUNDR$ MET]S FROM ! MA9 GATE4 ,! 9FANTRY FROM ! ,ALCANT>A REGIM5T WAS EASILY REPULS$ TWICE1 AL?\< SOME SOLDI]S MANAG$ TO SNEAK 9TO ! B>RACKS1 )\T AT ALL ALT]+ ! DESP]ATE SITUATION ( ! BESIEG$1 :O1 >\ND EI<T 9 ! EV5+1 SURR5D]$ TO SEV]AL (FIC]S ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 :O TOOK *>GE ( ! PRISON]S4 ,?AT NI<T ! B>RACKS WAS TAK5 OV] BY ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ( ,B>CELONETA & ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 )\T MEET+ ANY RESI/ANCE4 

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,NEXT TO ! ,P>QUE DE LA ,CIUDADELA !RE W]E TWO B>RACKS3 ?AT ( ! ,9T5D5CIA1 LOYAL TO ! REPUBLIC1 SO LOYAL 9 FACT ?AT IT WAS 5TRU/$ ) ! MISSION ( SEP>AT+ & KEEP+ WAT* OV] TWO ?IRDS ( ! CIVIL GU>D UNITS1 :I* AT ! ORD]S ( ,COLONEL ,ESCOB> HAD LEFT ,LAYETANA TO SEIZE CONTROL ( ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA1 & ! B>RACKS ( ! ,ALCANT>A 9FANTRY REGIM5T1 :OSE (FIC]S W]E DIVID$ BETWE5 ?OSE :O SYMPA?IZ$ ) & ?OSE :O W]E OPPOS$ TO ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+1 :I* MA9TA9$ A CURI\S NEUTRALITY & A TYPICAL 0SOLDI]'S CAUTION0 ?AT CAUS$ ! TROOPS TO SET (F QUITE LATE1 AFT] N9E 9 ! MORN+1 AT ! ORD] ( ,G5]AL ,F]N&EZ ,BURRIEL4 ,ONE COMPANY WAS ORD]$ TO COME TO ! RELIEF ( ! BESIEG$ >TILL]Y B>RACKS AT ! ,DOCKS2 !IR MISSION WAS ?W>T$ BY ! OPPOSITION ( AN >M$ CR[D ?AT MADE !M RETURN PROMPTLY TO !IR B>RACKS4 ,! SECOND COMPANY WAS ORD]$ TO OCCUPY ! BROADCA/ /UDIOS ( ,RADIO ,B>CELONA AT ,NUMB] #ab ,CASPE ,/REET4 ,COM+ UND] FIRE 9 ! ,URQU9AONA ,PLAZA1 ! SOLDI]S MADE A DESP]ATE ATTEMPT TO MAKE !IR WAY D[N ,LAURIA ,/REET T[>DS ,CASPE1 BUT AFT] AN H\R ( HEAVY FI<T+ ! COMPANY WAS PRACTICALLY DE/ROY$1 & ONLY A SMALL GR\P MANAG$ TO TAKE %ELT] 9 ! ,HOTEL ,RITZ1 :]E !Y SURR5D]$ AFT] BE+ SUBJECT$ TO >TILL]Y FIRE4 

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,! B>RACKS ( ! ,SEV5? ,LI<T ,>TILL]Y REGIM5T & ! ,P>QUE DE ,>TILL]IA W]E TWO BUILD+S LOCAT$ AT ! 5D ( ,SAN ,&RES DEL ,PALOM> ,/REET4 ,! REBELS ORGANIZ$ A JO9T DEF5SE ( ! TWO BUILD+S1 RELY+ ON ! COLLABORATION ( CIVILIAN ELEM5TS1 MO/ ( :OM W]E MON>*I/S :O HAD REACT$ UNFAVORABLY TO ! SPEE* MADE TO !M BY ,CAPTA9 ,RE9L51 :O CONCLUD$ HIS SPEE* ) F9AL CRIES ( 0,VIVA ,ESPANA0 & 0,VIVA LA ,REPUBLICA04 ,APPROXIMATELY ?IRTY ?\S& RIFLES W]E /OR$ AT ! ,P>QUE DE ,>TILL]IA4 ,AFT] ! FIR/ DEP>TURE ( ! F\R TRUCKS1 :I* AS WE HAVE SE5 W]E DE/ROY$ AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,DIAGONAL_/,BALMES1 A SECOND CONVOY WAS ORGANIZ$1 :OSE ORD]S W]E TO SUPPORT ! 9FANTRY ( ! ,BADAJOZ REGIM5T 7:I* HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9 V>I\S BUILD+S ON ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA1 )\T BE+ ABLE TO PROCE$ ANY F>!R74 ,?IS SECOND CONVOY CONSI/$ ( ONE BATT]Y 7F\R CANNONS74 ,IT >RIV$ AT ,BRUC ,/REET1 NE> ,DIPUTACION ,/REET1 AT SEV5 9 ! MORN+1 AFT] A LONG TRIP ( SIX KILOMET]S ALMO/ )\T 9CID5T4 ,AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,BRUC & ,DIPUTACION !Y W]E AMBU%$ BY A GR\P ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & >M$ WORK]S4 ,! \TBREAK ( GUNFIRE RAIS$ ! AL>M AMONG ! NE>BY ,ASSAULT ,GU>D UNITS ?AT W]E GU>D+ ! ,POLICE ,/ATION AT ,VIA ,LAYETANA1 & WAS ALSO HE>D BY ?OSE :O HAD BE5 DISPAT*$ FROM ,C9CO DE ,OROS TO ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA1 AS WELL AS BY ! POPUL> =CES ?AT W]E BESIEG+ ! ,HOTEL ,COLON & ! ,TELEFONICA4 ,! BATT]Y ADVANC$ D[N ,DIPUTACION ,/REET T[>DS ,CL>IS ,/REET1 BUT :5 IT ATTEMPT$ TO TURN D[N ?IS /REET & CROSS ! ,GRAN ,VIA1 IT WAS SUBJECT$ TO /EADY RIFLE & MA*9E GUN FIRE1 :I* CAUS$ NUM]\S CASUALTIES AMONG ! TROOPS & ! DRAFT ANIMALS4 ,ONCE !Y SET UP !IR CANNONS & MA*9E GUNS 9 ! SQU>E =M$ BY ,DIPUTACION1 ,CL>IS1 & ,LAURIA ,/REETS & ! ,GRAN ,VIA1 !Y OP5$ FIRE ON ! CR[DS ?AT NEV] CEAS$ TO REGR\P & C\NT]ATTACK4 ,! SEV5TY SOLDI]S :O MANN$ ! BATT]Y W]E CONFRONT$ BY MU* MORE NUM]\S ATTACK]S1 WELL CONCEAL$ ON RO(TOPS1 9 W9D[S & ON BALCONIES1 :OSE RESOLVE NEV] FLAGG$ DESPITE ! >TILL]Y FIRE4 ,! RE9=CEM5TS ?AT CAME TO ! AID ( ! POPUL> =CES W]E COMPOS$ ( TWO COMPANIES ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 S9CE A ?IRD COMPANY HAD REFUS$ TO FI<T & RETURN$ TO ! COM=T ( ITS B>RACKS ON ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 & BY HUNDR$S ( WORK]S :O W]E CON/ANTLY JO9+ ! BATTLE4 ,! SITUATION ( ! REBEL BATT]Y BECAME 9CREAS+LY MORE DIFFICULT4 ,AFT] TWO H\RS ( FI<T+1 H[EV]1 A %OCK+ NUMB] ( FATALITIES HAD BE5 CAUS$ BY ! REBEL >TILL]Y4 ,! CANNONS W]E DEF5D$ BY A SCRE5 ( MA*9E GUNS1 :I* MADE !M 9ACCESSIBLE TO EV]Y *>GE4 ,! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS BECAME DISC\RAG$1 & ?\<T ?AT !Y LACK$ ! MEANS NECESS>Y TO CONFRONT ! >TILL]Y4 ,! ORIG9AL & V]Y RISKY TACTIC UTILIZ$ BY A GR\P ( ,C,N,T MILITANTS TO SUCCESSFULLY C>RY \T ! F9AL ATTACK CONSI/$ 9 BO>D+ ! FLATB$S ( ?REE TRUCKS1 & AFT] DRIV+ !M AT FULL SPE$ T[>DS ! SCRE5 ( MA*9E GUNS1 LEAP+ FROM ! VEHICLES ?R[+ H& GR5ADES4 ,?IS UNEXPECT$ TACTIC L$ TO ! DISRUPTION ( ! DEF5SIVE SCRE5 ( ! MA*9E GUNS & !IR SEIZURE BY ! WORK]S1 :O FIR$ !M AT ! >TILL]Y BATT]Y4 ,AT ELEV5 9 ! MORN+ ! BATTLE WAS OV]4 ,:ILE ! REBEL (FIC]S SURR5D]$ TO ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S IMM$IATELY SEIZ$ ! MA*9E GUNS & ONE CANNON1 :I* !Y DRAGG$ BY H& T[>DS ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA4 

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,AT ! ,CAPITANIA BUILD+1 ON ! ,PASEO DE ,COLON1 :]E ! COMM&+ (FIC]S ( ! ,CATALUNA ,DIVISION W]E LOCAT$1 ! G5]ALS & /AFF (FIC]S GAVE ! APPE>ANCE ( ACT+ 9 AN ,OP]A ,BUFFA4 ,NO ONE OBEY$ ! ORD]S ( ,G5]AL ,LLANO DE LA ,5COMI5DA1 ! SUPREME COMM&] ( ! ,DIVISION1 :O REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! ,REPUBLIC1 BUT NO ONE D>$ EI!R TO DEPOSE HIM & TAKE COMM&4 ,! REBEL ,G5]AL ,F]N&EZ ,BURRIEL ALL[$ ,LLANO TO CONT9UE TO ISSUE ORD]S & TAKE TELEPHONE CALLS 9 HIS (FICE4 ,! :OLE ATMOSPH]E WAS R$OL5T ( ACCUSATIONS ( WEAKNESS1 B>RACKS BOA/FULNESS & 9VOCATIONS ( HONOR4 ,:5 ,G5]AL ,GOD$1 AFT] DECL>+ A /ATE ( W> 9 ,MALLORCA & EASILY DOM9AT+ ! ISL&1 CAME TO ,B>CELONA AT AB\T TWELVE-?IRTY 9 ONE ( SEV]AL SEAPLANES TO TAKE CONTROL ( ! UPRIS+ 9 ,CATALUNA1 HE C\LD NOT UND]/& :Y ,LLANO DE ,5COMI5DA REMA9$ AT L>GE & :Y ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF HAD NOT YET C5TRALIZ$ ! COMM& OV] ! OP]ATIONS ( ! REBELS4 ,GOD$'S J\RNEY FROM ! ,NAVAL ,AIR ,/ATION TO ,CAPITANIA WAS SURR\ND$ BY ! S\NDS ( 9T5SE EX*ANGES ( GUNFIRE & ! DI/ANT RO> ( >TILL]Y4 ,AFT] A S]IES ( CURSES & MUTUAL ?REATS ( DEA? EX*ANG$ ) ,G5]AL ,LLANO1 ,GOD$ CONFRONT$ ! MILIT>Y SITUATION ( ! MOM5T4 ,HE MADE A FUTILE PHONE CALL TO ,G5]AL ,>ANGUR5 ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO GIVE HIM ORD]S4 ,>ANGUR51 :O WAS AT ! ,PALACIO DE ,GOB]NACION1 ACCOMPANI$ & DISCREETLY KEPT UND] OBS]VATION BY ,ESPANA1 ,P]EZ ,F>RAS & ,GU>N]1 REFUS$ TO JO9 ! REBELS4 ,GOD$ ORD]$ ! 9FANTRY ( ! ,ALCANT>A REGIM5T TO MAKE ANO!R ATTEMPT TO RELIEVE ! >TILL]Y TROOPS AT ! ,DOCKS4 ,HE C\LD NOT UND]/& :Y ! LATT] HAD BE5 LEFT )\T 9FANTRY PROTECTION4 ,FAC$ ) ! DEMORALIZATION PRODUC$ AMONG ! REBELS BY ! CON/ANT BOMB>DM5T & /RAF+ BY ! REPUBLICAN AIRPLANES1 ,GOD$ ORD]$1 ?R\< A GO-BETWE51 ! SEAPLANES :I* HAD ESCORT$ HIM TO ,B>CELONA TO BOMB ! AIRPORT AT ,EL ,PRAT4 ,BUT :5 HIS MESS5G] CAME TO ! ,NAVY ,AIR ,/ATION ) HIS WRITT5 ORD]S1 ! SEAPLANES HAD ALREADY LEFT = !IR BASE AT ,MAHON1 AFT] CONFRONT+ ! MANIFE/ HO/ILITY ( ! NAVAL P]SONNEL & ! ,AIR ,/ATION /AFF4 ,IT WAS TWO-?IRTY & ! DEFEAT ( ! REBELS ALREADY APPE>$ TO BE A =GONE CONCLUSION4 ,GOD$ !N TRI$ TO SUMMON RE9=CEM5TS FROM ,MALLORCA1 ,Z>AGOZA1 ,MAT>O & ,GIRONA4 ,HE C\LD NOT GET A TELEPHONE CONNECTION ) ,MAT>O OR ,GIRONA1 NOR C\LD HE S5D A MESS5G]1 BECAUSE ! >MOR$ C>'S TIRES HAD BE5 PUNCTUR$ BY BULLETS4 ,Z>AGOZA & ,PALMA W]E TOO F> AWAY TO (F] ANY EFFECTIVE SUPPORT4 ,NOR C\LD ! 9FANTRY ( ! ,ALCANT>A REGIM5T SECURE ITS OBJECTIVES1 S9CE IT WAS EASILY REPULS$ 9 ITS SECOND ATTEMPT TO APPROA* ! B>RACKS ( ! ,DOCKS1 & ! SOLDI]S :O MANAG$ TO SNEAK 9TO ! B>RACKS W]E NOT NUM]\S 5\< TO RAISE ! SIEGE4 

,A HET]OG5E\S CR[D1 =M$ ( MILITANT WORK]S BR&I%+ RIFLES & WE>+ HELMETS & C>TRIDGE BELTS TAK5 FROM ! 5EMY1 & ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS ) !IR DRESS COATS UNBUTTON$1 OR 9 !IR %IRTS1 DRAGG$ ! CANNONS TAK5 AT ,DIPUTACION-,CL>IS1 PROCE$+ VIA ,LAYETANA ,/REET ) ! 9T5TION ( ASSAULT+ ! ,DIVISION4 ,! LONG%OREMAN ,MANUEL ,LE*A1 A =M] >TILL]YMAN1.<#i.> 9/ALL$ ! GUNS 9 ! ,PLAZA ,ANTONIO ,LOPEZ 9 ORD] TO GET A DIRECT L9E ( SI<T TO FIRE ON ! ,CAPITANIA BUILD+1 :ILE ! BATT]IES TAK5 ON ,IC>IA ,AV5UE W]E FIR+ ON AN 9DIRECT L9E FROM ,B>CELONETA4 ,IT WAS FIVE 9 ! AFT]NOON4 ,GOD$1 SEE+ !SE >RANGEM5TS1 TELEPHON$ ,ESPANA1 ! ,*ANCELLOR ( ! ,GOB]NACION1 9 ORD] TO BOA/FULLY DEM& HIS SURR5D]1 RECEIV+ 9 RESPONSE ! (F] ( A HALF H\R TO SURR5D]1 ) ! GU>ANTEE ?AT HIS LIFE W\LD BE SP>$1 & ONCE ?IS HALF H\R HAD EXPIR$ ! >TILL]Y W\LD OP5 FIRE4 ,AT FIVE-?IRTY ! >TILL]Y SALVOS BEGAN4 ,=TY SALVOS & A B>RAGE ( RIFLE FIRE ?AT WAS GETT+ CLOS] & CLOS] ALL[$ NO D\BTS TO BE 5T]TA9$ AB\T ! IMM95CE ( ! F9AL ASSAULT4 ,A :ITE FLAG APPE>$ & BO? SIDES OBS]V$ A CEASEFIRE1 BUT :5 A LOYAL (FIC] APPROA*$ ! BUILD+ TO ACCEPT ITS SURR5D]1 ! MA*9E GUNS ( ,CAPITANIA OP5$ FIRE4 ,! BATTLE RESUM$ & :5 ! DOORS ( ! BUILD+ W]E AB\T TO BE =C$ A :ITE FLAG ONCE AGA9 APPE>$1 BUT N[ ! ATTACK]S DID NOT CEASE FIR+1 & F9ALLY BROKE D[N ! DOORS & 5T]$ 9 =CE 9TO ! ,CAPITANIA4 ,IT WAS N[ SIX 9 ! EV5+4 ,MAJOR ,P]EZ ,F>RAS1.<#a.> RISK+ HIS [N LIFE1 MANAG$ TO PROTECT ,G5]AL ,GOD$ FROM C]TA9 LYN*+1 :I* WAS ! FATE ( V>I\S (FIC]S 9 CIVILIAN CLO?+1 & BR\<T HIM TO ! ,PALACIO DE LA ,G5]ALITAT1 :]E HE WAS CONV9C$ BY ,COMPANYS TO BROADCA/ OV] ! RADIO TRANSMITT] ?AT WAS 9/ALL$ !RE AN ORD] TO CEASE FIRE3 0,FATE HAS BE5 UNK9D TO ME & ,I HAVE BE5 TAK5 PRISON]4 ,!RE=E1 IF Y\ WANT TO AVOID A BLOODBA?1 ! SOLDI]S :O WILL JO9 ME MAY DO SO FREE ( ANY RESPONSIBILITY40 ,IT WAS SEV5 9 ! EV5+4 ,! MESSAGE WAS RECORD$ & BROADCA/ BY ! RADIO TRANSMITT]S EV]Y HALF H\R1 ) A SIGNIFICANT PROPAG&A IMPACT ALL OV] ,SPA94 

,! ,F,R,U,I,T ,I,S ,R,I,P,E ,= ,! ,P,I,C,K,+ 

,! POPUL> VICTORY WAS SO OV]:ELM+ ?AT SOME BUILD+S FELL BY !MSELVES1 )\T ANY VIOL5CE AT ALL1 AS RIPE FRUIT FALLS FROM ! TREE4 ,! W>D5 ( ! ,MODELO ,PRISON OP5$ ! DOORS ( ! PRISON]S' CELLS1 ANTICIPAT+ ! 9EVITABLE RIOT & ASSAULT ON ! PRISON4 ,AT ,NUMB] #bf ,M]CAD]S ,/REET ! ,CON/RUCTION ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION AS WELL AS ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,LOCAL ,TRADE ,UNION ,F$]ATION HAD !IR HEADQU>T]S4 ,RI<T BEH9D !SE BUILD+S WAS ! ,B>CELONA ,EMPLOY]S ,F$]ATION HEADQU>T]S1 A BUILD+ ?AT IS N[ ,NUMB] #cd ,VIA ,LAYETANA4 ,9 ! ADJAC5T BUILD+1 CURR5TLY ,NUMB] #c#b1 WAS ! ,CASA ,CAMBO4 ,BO? BUILD+S W]E OCCUPI$ BY ! C5ETI/AS1 )\T ANY RESI/ANCE1 S9CE !Y HAD BE5 COMPLETELY AB&ON$1 ) ! FURNITURE & ! >*IVES LEFT BEH9D4 ,BO? BUILD+S TOGE!R W]E KN[N AS ! 0,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I0 & S]V$ RI<T UP UNTIL ! 5D ( ! W> AS ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES1 ! ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES1 &1 AMONG MANY O!R GR\PS1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION & ,9=MATION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 DIRECT$ BY ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 :O1 FROM ! ATTIC ( ! ,CASA ,CAMBO1 MADE EXT5SIVE USE1 OV] ! FOLL[+ MON?S1 ( ! 9=MATION CONTA9$ 9 ! >*IVES CAPTUR$ FROM ! ,EMPLOY]S ,ASSOCIATION & ! ,LLIGA4 

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,! SMALL =CE ?AT GU>D$ ! B>RACKS & >TILL]Y DEPOT ( ,SAN ,&RES1 MO/ ( :I* WAS COMPOS$ ( RI<T W+ & MON>*I/ PEASANTS1 SAW H[ ! CR[DS ?AT W]E ATTACK+ ! B>RACKS KEPT GR[+ L>G]4 ,DUR+ ! AFT]NOON ! REPUBLICAN AIR =CE /RAF$ & BOMB$ ! B>RACKS & ! ,MAE/RANZA1 TAK+ C>E NOT TO BL[ UP ! >S5AL1 CAUS+ SOME CASUALTIES1 BO? AMONG ! SOLDI]S AS WELL AS AMONG !IR ATTACK]S4 ,! PLANES REPEAT$ !IR ATTACKS ?REE OR F\R MORE TIMES1 KILL+ & W\ND+ SEV]AL MORE SOLDI]S1 CAUS+ AN 5ORM\S DEMORALIZATION TO SPREAD AMONG ! DEF5D]S1 :I* WAS FUR!R MAGNIFI$ BY NEWS ( ! DISA/] ?AT HAD OV]TAK5 ! MILIT>Y REBELLION 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,BY NI<TFALL ! DEF5D]S1 BO? MILIT>Y AS WELL AS CIVILIAN1 W]E GRADUALLY AB&ON+ ! B>RACKS1 & ATTEMPT+ TO ESCAPE4 ,)\T ANY RESI/ANCE ! CONF$]AL DEF5SE COMMITTEES ( ,SAN ,&RES1 ,HORTA1 ,SANTA ,COLOMA1 ,SAN ,ADRIAN & ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO /ORM$ ! B>RACKS & ! ,MAE/RANZA1 BE=E DAWN1 SEIZ+ ! 5TIRE >S5AL /OR$ !RE4 ,!RE W]E ?IRTY ?\S& RIFLES4 ,! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT WAS N[ >M$4 ,! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 S5T BY ,ESC(ET TO PREV5T ?IS FROM HAPP5+1 REFUS$ TO 5GAGE 9 AN >M$ CONFLICT ) ! WORK]S4 

,! B>RICADES BUILT 9 FRONT ( ! B>RACKS TO PREV5T ! ESCAPE ( ! BESIEG$ REBELS1 N[ PREV5T$ ! 5TRANCE ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS4 ,IT WAS N[ TOO LATE TO IMPOSE B\RGEOIS ORD]3 ! SITUATION WAS DI/9CTLY REVOLUTION>Y4 ,IF !SE ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS HAD OP5$ FIRE ON ! PEOPLE !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 IMM$IATELY TRANS=M$ 9TO SUICIDAL REBELS4 

,9 REALITY1 AS ( SIX 9 ! EV5+1 ) ! F9AL CAPTURE ( ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA & ! SURR5D] ( ,GOD$ AT ! ,CAPITANIA1 ! UPRIS+ C\LD BE CONSID]$ TO HAVE BE5 DEFEAT$4 ,ALL ?AT REMA9$ WAS A CLEANUP OP]ATION TO F9I% (F ! LA/ HOLD\TS4 ,! V>I\S B>RACKS1 N[ ) H>DLY ANY TROOPS1 W]E TOTALLY DEMORALIZ$1 & FUR!R DISC\RAG$ BY CON/ANT DES]TIONS1 !Y SURR5D]$ OR W]E /ORM$ OV] ! C\RSE ( ! EV5+ & NI<T4 ,SU* WAS ! CASE1 = EXAMPLE1 AT ! B>RACKS ( ,BRUC1 9 ,P$RALBES1 HELD BY A SMALL SQUAD ( REBELS4 ,9 ! EV5+ A PLANE DROPP$ LEAFLETS1 EXPLA9+ ?AT ! SOLDI]S W]E DIS*>G$ & ! REBEL (FIC]S DEPOS$1 :I* PROVOK$ ! DES]TION ( ALMO/ ALL ! SOLDI]S4 ,! FEW REMA9+ (FIC]S DECID$ TO SURR5D] ! B>RACKS TO ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 AL?\< IT WAS ONLY %ORTLY !REAFT] /ORM$ BY ! C5ETI/A WORK]S )\T MEET+ ANY RESI/ANCE4 ,!Y R5AM$ IT ! 0,BAKUN90 B>RACKS4 

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,ON ! #b? ONLY TWO REBEL /RON<OLDS REMA9$3 ! MONA/]Y ( ! ,C>MELITES & ! CORE POSITIONS ( ,AT>AZANAS & ! ,MILIT>Y ,(FICES4 

,S9CE DAWN AN 5ORM\S CR[D HAD JO9$ ! SIEGE ( ! MONA/]Y ( ! ,C>MELITES1 IMPATI5TLY BREAK+ ?R\< ! CORDON ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS4 ,! BESIEG$ HAD ALREADY ANN\NC$ !IR SURR5D] ON ! PREVI\S NI<T1 )\T1 H[EV]1 CEAS+ TO %OOT AT ANY ( ! BESIEG]S :O TRI$ TO APPROA* ! MONA/]Y4 ,! ACTIVE COMPLICITY ( ! MONKS ) ! REBELS1 TO :OM !Y HAD GIV5 REFUGE1 M$ICAL AID & FOOD1 WAS 9T]PRET$ BY ! MASSES SURR\ND+ ! MONA/]Y 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !Y IMAG9$ ?AT ! MONKS HAD ALSO MANN$ ! MA*9E GUNS1 :I* HAD CAUS$ SO MANY CASUALTIES4 ,T[>DS NOON ,COLONEL ,ESCOB> >RIV$ ON ! SC5E1 9 ! COMM& ( A COMPANY ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 :O NEGOTIAT$ ) ! REBELS = !IR IMM$IATE SURR5D]4 ,! GATES W]E OP5$ & FROM ! \TSIDE ONE C\LD SEE ! (FIC]S1 MIX+ FRAT]NALLY ) ! HAT$ MONKS4 ,AN 5RAG$ MOB1 BREAK+ ?R\< ! CORDON ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 9VAD$ ! MONA/]Y1 KILL+ ! MONKS & (FIC]S ) CLUBS & KNIVES OR %OOT+ !M PO9T-BLANK1 & DID NOT EV5 SP>E ! CORPSES ( !IR 5EMIES4 ,! BODY ( ,COLONEL ,LACASA WAS DECAPITAT$1 ?AT ( ,CAPTA9 ,DOM+O WAS DECAPITAT$1 MUTILAT$ & IMPAL$ ON A POLE & ! BODY ( ,MAJOR ,REBOLL$O WAS CA/RAT$4.<#a#a.> ,ANONYM\S MILITIAM5 DISP]S$ AN IMPROMPTU M>* ?AT CELEBRAT$ ! VICTORY BY DISPLAY+ ! IMPAL$ HEAD ( ! ,COLONEL4 ,! CUT-UP REMA9S ( ,CAPTA9 ,DOM+O W]E BR\<T 9 A TAXI TO ! ZOO TO BE F$ TO ! BEA/S4.<#a#b.> 

,AT ! 5D ( ! ,RAMBLAS1 9 FRONT ( ! ,COLUMBUS MONUM5T1 ON ! LEFT WAS ! BUILD+ CONTA9+ ! ,MILIT>Y ,(FICES1 & ON ! RI<T1 JU/ 9 FRONT1 ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS1 DIVID$ 9TO TWO ZONES1 SEP>AT$ BY BROAD PLAZAS DIVID$ BY WALLS & B>R$ DOORS3 ! ,MAE/RANZA 7A BUILD+ ?AT ONCE FAC$ ON ! ,RAMBLA DE ,SANTA ,MONICA1 :I* NO LONG] EXI/S71 :OSE DEF5D]S W]E /ILL HOLD+ \T1 & ! OLD M$IEVAL %IPY>DS1 :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 CONQU]$4 ,! ,PALACIO DE ,DEP5D5CIAS 7! CURR5T ,GOBI]NO ,MILIT>1 :]E ,SALVADOR ,PUIG ,ANTI* WAS TRI$ 9 #a#i#g#c71 H\S$ ALL ! AUXILI>Y S]VICES ( ! ,DIVISION3 ,JUDGE ,ADVOCATES1 AUDITORS1 ACC\NTANTS1 PROSECUTORS1 MOBILIZATION C5T]1 ETC4 ,! CROSSFIRE BETWE5 ! BUILD+S ( ! ,DEP5D5CIAS1 ! ,COLUMBUS MONUM5T & ,AT>AZANAS1 MADE !M IMPREGNABLE4 ,GUNS COMM&$ A WIDE EXPANSE FROM ! BALCONY ( ,AT>AZANAS1 :I* OP5$ UP ON ! ,RAMBLA1 & CAUS$ MANY FATALITIES AMONG ! ATTACK]S4 ,! SIEGE HAD BEGUN ON ! #a#i?4 ,AT DAWN ON ! #b?1 :5 ! UPRIS+ HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ 9 ! 5TIRE CITY1 ALL AVAILABLE =CES W]E DEPLOY$ ON ! ,RAMBLA DE ,SANTA ,MONICA 9 EXPECTATION ( ! F9AL ASSAULT4 ,A #g4#e CM GUN1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,S]GEANT ,GORDO1 MA9TA9$ A /EADY B>RAGE ON ! OLD MASONRY ( ,AT>AZANAS1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! TRUCK ?AT HAD LEFT FROM ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 ) A MA*9E GUN 9/ALL$ ON ! BACK ( ! VEHICLE1 PROTECT$ ) MATTRESSES1 APPROA*$ FROM ! O!R SIDE ( ,AT>AZANAS1 MA9TA9+ A /EADY FIRE FROM ! MA*9E GUN4 ,! SITUATION BECAME UNT5ABLE = ! BESIEG$3 SOME ONE HUNDR$ FIFTY M51 ONE HUNDR$ T5 9 ! ,DEP5D5CIAS & AB\T =TY 9 ,AT>AZANAS4 ,TWO MORE CANNONS & TWO MORT>S 9/ALL$ ON ! PI] JO9$ ! SIEGE4 ,AIRPLANES CONT9U\SLY BOMB$ & /RAF$ ! REBEL POSITIONS4 ,FROM NE>BY T]RACES M5 ?REW H& GR5ADES4 ,AFT] !Y RAN \T ( AMMUNITION ! SOLDI]S 9 ! ,DEP5D5CIAS ,MILIT>ES DECID$ TO SURR5D]1 &1 AFT] NEGOTIAT+ ) ! ,GOB]NACION CONC]N+ GU>ANTEES ( SAFETY = ! DEP>TURE ( ! (FIC]S' RELATIVES :O W]E 9 ! BUILD+1 FLEW ! :ITE FLAG %ORTLY AFT] NOON1 ALL[+ ! 5TRANCE ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS4 ,! AN>*I/S :O BESIEG$ ! LA/ R$\BT ( ! REBELS1 9 ,AT>AZANAS1 REJECT$ ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D & ! MILITANTS ( ! ,P,\,M 9 ! F9AL ASSAULT4 ,! ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE1 9CLUD+ ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! 0,NOSOTROS0 GR\P1 WAS PRES5T AT ,AT>AZANAS1 & DECID$ TO /ORM IT4 ,! AN>*I/ ATTACK]S APPROA*$ ! B>RACKS1 SOME TAK+ COV] BY RUNN+ FROM TREE TO TREE1 O!RS TAK+ COV] 0BEH9D ! ROLL+ NEWSPAP] SPOOLS04.<#a#c.> ,9 AN IMPRUD5T ADVANCE ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO WAS KILL$ BY A %OT 9 ! HEAD4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS ! SOLDI]S 9 ,AT>AZANAS SURR5D]$1 FLY+ ! :ITE FLAG1 AT ! SI<T ( :I* ! LIB]T>IANS CLIMB$ OV] ! WALLS & 5T]$ AMID A /ORM ( GUNFIRE DIRECT$ AT ! (FIC]S1 :ILE !Y FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! COMMON SOLDI]S4 ,IT WAS A LITTLE BE=E ONE 9 ! AFT]NOON4 

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,! MA9 B>RACKS W]E ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CITY & !IR PR$ICTABLE /RATEGY1.<#a#d.> CONFIRM$ BY ! DOCUM5TS ( ! CONSPIRATORS 9 ! UPRIS+1 :I* HAD FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( ,MAJOR ,FELIP ,DIAZ ,S&9O1 CONSI/$ 9 CONV]G+ 9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY TO OCCUPY ! GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 ESPECIALLY ! ,PALACIO DE LA ,G5]ALITAT & ?AT ( ! ,GOB]NACION1 ! COMMUNICATIONS C5T]S SU* AS ! ,TELEPHONE1 ,PO/ ,(FICE & ,TELEGRAPH FACILITIES1 & ! RADIO TRANSMITT]S & TO MAKE CONTACT ) ! ,DIVISION HEADQU>T]S 7! ,CAPITANIA BUILD+74 

,! =CES LOYAL TO ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT HAD A BICEPHAL\S LEAD]%IP1 DIVID$ BETWE5 ! ,POLICE ,/ATION ON ,VIA ,LAYETANA1.<#a#e.> UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,CAPTA9 ,ESC(ET & ,MAJOR ,ALB]TO ,>R&O1 :O EX]CIS$ PROVISIONAL COMM& OV] ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 & :]E ,COMPANYS HAD TAK5 REFUGE2 :ILE 9 ! ,PALACIO DE ,GOB]NACION ! *ANCELLOR ,JOSE ,M>IA ,ESPANA DIRECT$ OP]ATIONS1 :O HAD ORD]$ ! MOBILIZATION ( TWO-?IRDS ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D =CES BEH9D ! ,PALACE S9CE ELEV5 9 ! MORN+ ( ! #a#i?4 

,! PLAN ( ! CONF$]AL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE1 DRAFT$ BY ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 CONSI/$ 9 KEEP+ ACTIVITIES 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! B>RACKS UND] OBS]VATION1 & ALL[+ ! REBEL TROOPS TO LEAVE ! B>RACKS )\T 5GAG+ !M 9 BATTLE1 BECAUSE IT W\LD BE EASI] TO DEFEAT !M 9 ! /REETS4 ,! CLOSE P]SONAL RELATIONS BETWE5 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T & V>I\S REPUBLICAN (FICIALS1 ESPECIALLY FROM ,AT>AZANAS & ! ,EL ,PRAT AIRFIELD1 PROV$ TO BE ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE ON ,JULY #a#i?1.<#a#f.> ) ! SEIZURE ( ! IMPORTANT >S5AL AT ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS & ! WEAPONS /OR$ AT ! ,GOB]NACION1 TOGE!R ) ! CONT9U\S AIR BOMB>DM5TS ( ! B>RACKS HELD BY ! REBELS4 ,! COLLABORATION ( ! ,C,N,T ) ! AIR =CE HAD ALREADY MAT]IALIZ$ SEV]AL DAYS BE=E ! REBEL UPRIS+1 9 ! =M ( 9TREPID RECONNAISSANCE FLI<TS OV] ,B>CELONA C>RI$ \T BY V>I\S MEMB]S ( ! 0,NOSOTROS0 GR\P 9 PLANES PILOT$ BY ! (FIC]S ,PONCE DE ,LEON & ,MEANA1 ) ! KN[L$GE ( ,DIAZ ,S&9O1 COMM&] ( ! AIR =CE AT ,PRAT4.<#a#g.> 

,! >ROGANCE & 9EPTITUDE ( ! REBEL (FIC]S1 :O W]E CONV9C$ ?AT 0! MOB0 W\LD RUN AWAY 9 FE> ONCE !Y HE>D ! FIR/ SALVO ( CANNON FIRE1 OR ONCE !Y SAW ! SOLDI]S M>*+ D[N ! /REET 9 M>TIAL ORD]1 L$ TO ! AMBU%ES ?AT !Y SUFF]$ AT ,C9CO DE ,OROS1 ,BALMES-,DIAGONAL & AT ,IC>IA ,AV5UE1 :]E !Y W]E TAK5 BY SURPRISE & MASSACR$ :ILE ADVANC+ SL[LY D[N ! MIDDLE ( ! /REET1 ) MULES DRAGG+ !IR >TILL]Y PIECES1 )\T ANY SC\TS S5T \T AHEAD1 OR ANY PROTECTION FROM 9FANTRY4 ,! REBELS W]E SURE ?AT ! UPRIS+ W\LD BE A MILIT>Y CAKEWALK1 AS WAS ! CASE ON ,OCTOB] #f1 #a#i#c#d4 ,BUT ON ,JULY #ai ! REBELS DID NOT HAVE TO CONFRONT F\R OV]WE5+ ,CATALANI/S1 L$ BY AN 9COMPET5T GOV]NOR LIKE ! FASCI/ ,D5CAS1 OR AN ANTI-,C,N,T POLICE *IEF LIKE ,BADIA1 :O WAS ALSO HO/ILE TO ,COMPANYS BECAUSE ( A DISPUTE OV] WOM51.<#a#h.> BUT ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ( ,B>CELONA1 ORGANIZ$ 9 DEF5SE COMMITTEES 9 EA* WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOOD & 9 ! GR\PS ( MILITANTS ( ! V>I\S TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,?AT IS1 BY ?OSE NONPR(ESSIONAL PROLET>IAN COMBATANTS :O1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ! /RUGGLE ITSELF1 W\LD BE CALL$ & W\LD CALL !MSELVES1 AFT] ! EV5+ ( ,JULY #a#i1 & AS !Y TOOK UP >MS3 ! WORK]S MILITIAS1 ! MILITIAM54 

,) ! EXCEPTION ( ,C9CO DE ,OROS1 ! 9ITIATIVE 9 ! CONFRONTATIONS ) ! REBELS WAS ALWAYS SEIZ$ BY ! PROLET>IAT3 ON ! ,P>ALELO1 9 ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 9 ,B>CELONETA1 9 ,SAN ,&RES4 ,! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS 7#a1#i#f M5 9 ALL7.<#a#i.> W]E 9CIT$ TO FI<T & RESI/ BY ! C\RAGE & FE>LESSNESS ( ! WORK]S1 :OM !Y OV]:ELM+LY SUPPORT$4 ,ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS HESITAT$1 AS !Y DID AT ,DIPUTACION ,/REET 9 !IR CONFRONTATION ) ! >TILL]Y UNIT1 OR EV5 COLLABORAT$ ) ! REBELS1 AS !Y DID AT ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 OR W]E DECIMAT$ & ANNIHILAT$ BY ! REBELS1 AS HAPP5$ TO A COMPANY AT ! PORT ( ,BALE>ES4 ,! COMM&]S ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 ,G5]AL ,>ANGUR5 & ,COLONEL ,BROTONS1 W]E 0SEMI-PRISON]S0 9 ! ,PALACIO DE ,GOB]NACION1 CLOSELY GU>D$ BY ,JOSE ,M>IA ,ESPANA1 ,VIC5TE ,GU>N] 7,ESC(ET'S SECOND-9-COMM&7 & ,5RIQUE ,P]EZ ,F>RAS4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS W]E A NON-FACTOR DUR+ ! EV5TS1 UP UNTIL ! MOM5T :5 ,COLONEL ,ESCOB> RECEIV$ ! ORD] FROM ,G5]AL ,>ANGUR5 TO SEIZE ! ,UNIV]SITY & ! ,HOTEL ,COLON4 ,ESC(ET1 ! POLICE COMMISSION]1 HAD ORD]$ ,>ANGUR5 BY TELEPHONE1 9 ! NAME ( ,PRESID5T ,COMPANYS1 TO BR+ ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS 9TO ! CONFLICT1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO DAMP5 ! PROLET>IAN COMBATIV5ESS & TO BREAK ! DUBI\S NEUTRALITY & WAIT-&-SEE ATTITUDE ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D4 ,BUT ! MI/RU/1 BO? ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S AS WELL AS ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 T[>DS ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS WAS NEV] DISPELL$4 ,! TROOPS ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS HAD ALREADY RECEIV$ ORD]S TO CONC5TRATE 9 JU/ TWO B>RACKS ON ! NI<T ( ,JULY #a#h1 ?OSE ( ,AUSIAS ,M>* & ,CONSEJO DE ,CI5TO1 9 ORD] TO KEEP !M UND] OBS]VATION & TO PREV5T ANY ( !M FROM GO+ OV] TO ! SIDE ( ! REBELS1 AS TOOK PLACE ) ! DETA*M5T S5T TO ! MONA/]Y ( ! ,C>MELITES UND] ! COMM& ( ,MAJOR ,RECAS4 ,BO? B>RACKS W]E CON/ANTLY UND] SURVEILLANCE BY GR\PS ( ,C,N,T MILITANTS & SQUADS ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS4 ,& DUR+ !IR SL[ ADVANCE UP ,LAYETANA1 :5 !Y TRI$ TO GET FROM ! ,PALACIO DE ,GOB]NACION TO ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA1 ! REMA9+ TWO-?IRDS W]E SEP>AT$ BY LOYAL SOLDI]S FROM ! ,9T5D5CIA1 & WAT*$ V]Y CLOSELY BY GR\PS ( >M$ WORK]S4 ,! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D WAS !RE=E NOT DECISIVE 9 ,B>CELONA1 & 9 ANY CASE ITS 9ITIAL NEUTRALITY WAS MORE IMPORTANT1 AS WAS ! PREV5TION ( ANY ATTEMPTS ON ! P>T ( ITS MEMB]S TO JO9 ! RANKS ( ! REBEL TROOPS4 ,! POLEMIC CONC]N+ :E!R ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ WAS DEFEAT$ BY ! UNITS ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 0CONTROLL$0 BY ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 OR BY ! ,C,N,T1 IS CLE>LY AN A PO/]IORI POLITICAL DI/ORTION1 & IS HI/ORICALLY FALSE1 BECAUSE BO? ,GU>D =CES W]E UND]M9$ BY ! 5EMY4 ,! CONTAGI\S & UN/OPPABLE POPUL> & REVOLUTION>Y CLIMATE1 :I* PREVAIL$ 9 ,B>CELONA ON ,JULY #a#i1 COMPELL$ ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD] TO DO !IR DUTY1 & !Y 5D$ UP LAT] FRAT]NALLY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 

,IT WAS ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT1 UND]/OOD AS ! POPULATION ( REC5T IMMIGRANTS 9 ! M>G9AL & M>G9ALIZ$ NEI<BORHOODS ( 0*EAP H\S+0 & ! %ANTYT[NS ( ,LA ,TORRASSA1 ,COLLBLANC1 ,CAN ,TUNIS1 ,SANTA ,COLOMA1 ,SOMORRO/RO1 & ,SAN ,&RES1 & ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 7ESPECIALLY ! TEXTILE WORK]S1 BUT ALSO ?OSE EMPLOY$ 9 ! METAL 9DU/RY1 ! PORT1 ! GAS & ELECTRIC UTILITIES1 CON/RUCTION1 TRANSPORT1 *EMICALS & WOOD1 ETC471 PAID BADLY & TREAT$ WORSE1 SUBJECT TO HUMILIAT+ FACTORY RULES1 DRACONIAN WORK+ CONDITIONS1 G5]ALIZ$ PIECEWORK & WAGES ?AT DID NOT COV] ! MO/ BASIC NECESSITIES2 ) EXTREMELY H>% LIV+ CONDITIONS1 9SECURE & MIS]ABLE1 9 ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ,SANTS1 ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 ,PUEBLO ,SECO1 ,CLOT1 ,SAN ,&RES & ,B>CELONETA1 OR ! NUM]\S UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S.<#b.> ( ! V>I\S WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS ( ,B>CELONA1 ,HOSPITALET & ,BADALONA1 :O TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE1 ORGANIZ$ 9 EA* NEI<BORHOOD 9TO ,C,N,T DEF5SE COMMITTEES4.<#b#a.> ,! DECISIVE IMPACT ?AT ! VICTORY ( ! 9SURRECTION 9 ,B>CELONA W\LD HAVE HAD ON ALL ( ,CATALUNA HAD ALSO ATTRACT$ TO ! CITY1 ALREADY ON ! NI<T ( ,JULY #a#h1 A GR\P ( M9]S FROM ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT & NUM]\S MILITANTS FROM ,T>RASA4 

,! ,C,N,T 9 ,B>CELONA DUR+ ! #a#i#cS CREAT$ A WORLD ( DEEPLY ROOT$ & NECESS>Y SOCIAL1 FAMILY1 NEI<BORHOOD & IMMIGRANT RELATIONS1 :I* TOOK ! =M ( A /RONG S5SE ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSOCIATION1 ( AN ALL-EMBRAC+ K9D1 FROM TRADE UNION & CULTURE TO MUTUAL AID1 SELF-DEF5SE & SOLID>ITY AGA9/ ! ABUSES ( ! EMPLOY]S & ! POLICE4 ,9 A CITY ) AN EXTRAORD9>ILY HI< P]C5TAGE ( REC5T IMMIGRANTS.<#b#b.> S9CE #a#i#a#d1 A WORD-(-M\? EFFECT PREVAIL$1 9 :I* ! MO/ EXP]I5C$ EMIGRANT CONVEY$ 9=MATION AB\T JOBS & H\S+ TO HIS FAMILY OR FRI5DS FROM ! 0VILLAGE01 :I* L$ TO A L>GELY-UN/UDI$ PH5OM5ON :]EBY PEOPLE FROM ! SAME RURAL T[NS CAME TO LIVE 9 ! SAME URBAN NEI<BORHOODS1 OR EV5 ON C]TA9 /REETS4.<#b#c.> ,! 5ORM\S /R5G? ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS HAD BE5 ABLE TO TAKE ROOT & FL\RI% PRECISELY BY MEANS ( ?AT PATI5T & MODE/ WORK ( ORGANIZ+1 TRADE UNIONISM1 $UCAT+1 0PROLET>IANIZ+0 & DEF5D+ ?AT MASSIVE POPULATION ( MIGRANT LABOR P[] ?AT CAME FROM ! RURAL WORLD4 ,B>CELONA WAS AN 9DU/RIAL CITY ) HUGE SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES & PR(\ND CLASS DI/9CTIONS1 ) M>K$ DIFF]5CES ?AT W]E MANIFE/$ BO? ) REG>D TO CLO?+ & FOOD1 AS WELL AS 9 ! WELL DEF9$ GEOGRAPHICAL CLASS B\ND>IES BETWE5 ! ELEGANT B\RGEOIS NEI<BORHOODS 7>\ND ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA & ! ,D]E*A DEL ,5SAN*E71 ) LUXURI\S BUILD+S :]E MOD]NISM FL\RI%$2 & ! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS1 )\T 9FRA/RUCTURE OR PUBLIC S]VICES1 UNHEAL?Y1 LACK+ URBAN AM5ITIES1 SUBJECT$ TO ! S]VICE ( 9DU/RY1 9 :I* ! WORK]S H\S+ WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN W>EH\SES1 NEXT TO ! FACTORIES1 = *EAP & ABUNDANT LABOR P[]1 :I* ! RIS+ UNEMPLOYM5T ( ! #a#i#cS PLUNG$ 9TO MIS]Y & M>G9ALIZATION1 CONC5TRAT+ ! POPULATION ( ! OLD T[N AT ,B5GALI LEVELS ( D5SITY1 & EV]Y:]E ]AS+ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 PROLET>IANS & LUMP51 :O %>$ AN ID5TICAL SITUATION ( /RUGGLE = M]E SURVIVAL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! CITY'S REC5T SOCIAL HI/ORY1 ) CONFRONTATIONS LIKE ! G5]AL /RIKE AT ,LA ,CANADI5SE 7#a#i#a#i71 & ! \TRI<T CLASS W> ( ! YE>S ( PI/OL]ISMO 7#a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#c7 :I* CONCLUD$ ) ! VICTORY ( ! EMPLOY]S DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 %[$ ?AT ,B>CELONA SOCIETY WAS NOT BAS$ ON AN AU?ORIT>IAN MODEL ( SUBMISSION ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE1 :I* DID NOT HESITATE TO RESORT TO /ATE T]RORISM1 OR BRUTAL REPRESSION BY MEANS ( ! >MY1 TO PRES]VE ITS AU?ORITY4 

,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T ?AT ! REBEL TROOPS BEGAN TO LEAVE !IR B>RACKS1 AT >\ND F\R-FIFTE5 9 ! MORN+1 UNTIL ! AFT]NOON ( ,JULY #a#i1 IT WAS !SE DEF5SE COMMITTEES 79 :I* ! AN>*I/ AFF9ITY GR\PS & ! LIB]T>IAN CULTURAL C5T]S HAD BE5 9TEGRAT$7 & ! C5ETI/A MILITANTS1 CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! (FICES ( ! V>I\S TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,C,N,T1 ESPECIALLY ! WOODWORK]S1 ON ,ROSAL ,/REET1 ! ,TRANSPORT & ,METAL ,WORK]S1 ON ! ,RAMBLA DE ,SANTA ,MONICA1 & ! ,CON/RUCTION ,WORK]S1 AT ,NUMB] #bf ,M]CAD]S ,/REET1 NE> ! ,CASA ,CAMBO1 :I* L$ ! >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,AT AB\T N9E 9 ! MORN+ AN UN/OPPABLE REVOLUTION>Y CONTAGION BEGAN TO SPREAD1 MASSIVE & MIMETIC1 CURI\S & BOLD1 :I* BY ! AFT]NOON HAD BECOME A MASS PH5OM5ON1 :I* FILL$ ! /REETS ) AN IMM5SE CR[D ?AT WANT$ TO P>TICIPATE AT ANY PRICE 9 ! BATTLE ( ,B>CELONA AGA9/ FASCISM1 ANXI\S NOT TO MISS ! OPPORTUNITY ( 9T]V5+ SO ?AT ! PEOPLE'S VICTORY W\LD BE ASSUR$4 ,! RADIO NEV] CEAS$ TO 5C\RAGE ! /RUGGLE ) ITS /IRR+ REPORTS4 ,REQUISITION$ C>S1 ON :I* ! 9ITIALS ,C,N,T-,F,A,I OR ,U,H,P HAD BE5 EMBLAZON$1 FULL ( >M$ MILITIAM51 ASSUR$ EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION BETWE5 B>RICADES1 ! SITES :]E BATTLES W]E TAK+ PLACE & ! TRADE UNION LOCALS1 DRIV+ AT HI< SPE$ D[N ! SIDE /REETS1 :I* W]E TOTALLY CONTROLL$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,! WORK]S AT ! ,TELEPHONE COMPANY1 :O HAD ALREADY CUT (F ! COMMUNICATIONS ( ! ,CAPITANIA ) ! REBEL B>RACKS1 9/ALL$ TELEPHONES AT SOME ( ! /RATEGIC B>RICADES4 

,AT ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ! ,P>ALELO ) ,SAN ,PABLO ,/REET1 ! ,RONDA DE ,SAN ,PABLO & ,ROSAL ,/REET1 NEXT TO ,EL ,MOL9O1 ! >M$ PROLET>IAT1 )\T HELP FROM ANYONE1 DEFEAT$ ! >MY4 ,BUT ?IS VICTORY W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE )\T ?AT IMM5SE CR[D ( PEOPLE :O H>ASS$ ! REBELS AT EV]Y CORN]1 FROM EV]Y BALCONY1 FROM EV]Y DOORWAY1 FROM ! T]RACES & RO(TOPS1 :O WAT*$ ! MOVEM5TS ( ! TROOPS1 BUILT B>RICADES1 (F]$ FOOD & DR9K1 OR M$ICAL AID1 9=MATION & %ELT] TO ! COMBATANT WORK]S1 & :O ANXI\SLY WAIT$ = SOMEONE TO FALL W\ND$ 9 ORD] TO PICK UP !IR MU*-S\<T AFT] RIFLE OR PI/OL1 9 ORD] TO C>RY ON ) ! BATTLE4 

,>\ND N9E 9 ! MORN+ A SQUADRON COM+ FROM ! ,PLAZA DE LA ,UNIV]SIDAD PROCE$$ D[N ! ,RONDA DE ,SAN ,ANTONIO.<#b#d.> T[>DS ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO4 ,BUT ALREADY AT ! ,RONDA DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 9 FRONT ( ! ,M]CADO DE ,SAN ,ANTONIO1 ! REBELS W]E ATTACK$ FROM ALL SIDES BY A BOLD CR[D1 & !Y HAD TO TAKE REFUGE 9 ! MONA/]Y ( ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS DE ,SAN ,ANTONIO1 :]E1 AFT] AN H\R-LONG SIEGE1 !IR AMMUNITION EXHAU/$1 !Y HAD NO O!R *OICE BUT TO SURR5D]4 

,AT ELEV5 9 ! MORN+1 ! TROOPS :O HAD OCCUPI$ ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA ATTEMPT$ TO GO TO ! AID ( ! REBELS :O W]E FI<T+ 9 ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 BECAUSE AFT] FIVE H\RS ( COMBAT !Y NE$$ AMMUNITION & PROVISIONS1 BUT NOT ONLY C\LD !Y NOT ADVANCE BEYOND ,AV5IDA ,C9E1 BUT !Y W]E ATTACK$ BY ! CR[DS & HAD TO RETREAT4 ,AFT] SEV]AL H\RS ( RESI/ANCE !Y W]E =C$ TO AB&ON A SQU>E ?AT !Y C\LD NO LONG] CONTROL1 FLEE+ 9 HA/E TO ! B>RACKS !Y HAD LEFT1 & LEAV+ BEH9D !IR TWO >TILL]Y PIECES ?AT !Y HAD SET UP 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! SQU>E1 BECAUSE ! 9CREAS+ & FE>LESS ATTACKS ( ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ( ,SANTS1 ,HO/AFRANCS1 ,LA ,TORRASSA1 ,LA ,BORDETA & ,COLLBLANC HAD TAK5 ! FAIRGR\NDS >EA & ALL ! /REETS ?AT L$ TO ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 TRANS=M+ IT 9TO A MASSIVE TRAP )\T ANY POSSIBLE DEF5SE1 ONCE ! MASSES ( ! WORK]S HAD SECUR$ ,T>RAGONA ,/REET1 ! ONLY /REET ?AT REMA9$ OP5 BY :I* ! SOLDI]S C\LD RETURN TO !IR B>RACKS4 ,AT ?REE 9 ! AFT]NOON ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE2 IT WAS AN E]IE PLAZA1 /REWN ) CORPSES & DISMEMB]$ ANIMALS4 

,?ANKS TO ! FACT ?AT ! REBEL TROOPS :O W]E FI<T+ 9 ! ,BRE*A REMA9$ TOTALLY ISOLAT$1 )\T BE+ ABLE TO OBTA9 ANY HELP AT ALL1 BETWE5 ELEV5 & NOON ! F9AL ASSAULT ON ! MA*9E GUNS 9/ALL$ 9 ! C5T] ( ! ,P>ALELO ,AV5UE TOOK PLACE1 :I* WE DESCRIB$ ABOVE4 ,BETWE5 NOON & TWO 9 ! AFT]NOON A SMALL GR\P WAIT$ = ! LA/ SOLDI]S1 :O HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9SIDE ,EL ,MOL9O1 TO F9ALLY USE UP :AT REMA9$ ( !IR AMMUNITION4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! IMM5SE CR[DS ?AT HAD SEIZ$ ! 5TIRE ,P>ALELO1 FROM ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA TO ,AT>AZANAS1 & FROM ! ,BRE*A TO ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS1 SET (F1 VICTORI\S1 5?USIA/IC1 & ) BETT] WEAPONS1 T[>DS ?OSE PLACES :]E FI<T+ WAS /ILL TAK+ PLACE1 ANXI\S NOT TO MISS \T ON ! GLORY ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! F9AL VICTORY OV] FASCISM1 OR T[>DS ! B>RACKS ( ,SAN ,&RES1 :]E IT W\LD SOON BE POSSIBLE TO OBTA9 A MU*-DESIR$ RIFLE4 

,!SE SAME MASSES1 >M$ OR NOT1 BUT FILL$ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y FEV]1 WE F9D 9 ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA1 H>ASS+ ! REBEL TROOPS UNTIL !Y CAUS$ !M TO BREAK =MATION1 & F9ALLY =C+ !M TO TAKE REFUGE 9 ! ,HOTEL ,COLON1 )\T BE+ ABLE TO SUCCESSFULLY FULFILL !IR MISSION TO SEIZE ! NE>BY BROADCA/+ /ATION ( ,RADIO ,B>CELONA1 AT ,NUMB] #ab ,CASPE1 OR ,RADIO ,ASOCIACION1 AT ,NUMB] #h ,RAMBLA DE LOS ,E/UDIOS4 ,?IS WAS ! SAME CR[D1 CURI\S1 EXALT$ & BOLD TO ! PO9T ( RECKLESSNESS1 ?AT1 AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,DIPUTACION & ,LAURIA1 /OPP$ & P>ALYZ$ ! >TILL]Y =CES ?AT HAD BE5 DISPAT*$ TO AID ! REBELS :O W]E ISOLAT$ & BESIEG$ 9 ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E CLOSE 5\< TO HE> ! RATTLE ( ! MA*9E GUN AT ! ,HOTEL ,COLON4 ,?IS WAS ! SAME CR[D ?AT BROKE & DISP]S$ ! REBELS 9 ! ,PLAZA DE ,URQU9AONA4 ,?IS CR[D1 :I* DID NOT OBS]VE ANY IDEOLOGICAL T5D5CIES1 OR P>TIES1 FRAT]NIZ$ 9 ! /REET FI<T+ ) ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 CAUS+ !M TO RELAX !IR DISCIPL9E4 ,!Y W]E ! SAME CR[DS ?AT ASSAULT$ ! B>RACKS ( ,SAN ,&RES1 SEIZ+ ?IRTY ?\S& RIFLES1 & :I* BY !IR M]E PRES5CE1 EXULTANT & FE/IVE1 P>ALYZ$ ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS :O W]E S5T TO PREV5T !M FROM DO+ SO4 ,& IT WAS ?IS 5RAG$ & IMPATI5T CR[D ?AT ON ! #b? M]CILESSLY EXECUT$ MONKS & (FIC]S :O HAD CONT9U$ TO RESI/1 PROVOK+ A USELESS SPILL+ ( ! PEOPLE'S BLOOD1 & :O DISPLAY$ SOME ( ! CORPSES AS LESSONS4 

,>,M,$ ,V,I,C,T,O,R,Y ,& ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,C,A,P,I,T,U,L,A,T,I,O,N 

,C\NT+ ! CASUALTIES ON BO? SIDES ! TOTAL WAS AB\T F\R HUNDR$ FIFTY DEAD 7MO/LY C5ETI/AS7 & ?\S&S ( W\ND$4 ,9 ?IRTY-TWO H\RS ! PEOPLE ( ,B>CELONA HAD DEFEAT$ ! >MY4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! *UR*ES & MONA/]IES1 SOME ALREADY ON ! MORN+ ( ! #a#i?1 W]E BURN$ UND] CONTROLL$ CONDITIONS OR HAD C(F9S BURN$ AT !IR DOORS1 ) ! NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS ( ! ,CA!DRAL & ! ,*UR* ( ! ,HOLY ,FAMILY1 SEIZ$ BY ! 0MOSSOS D'ESQUADRA0 & ! LIB]T>IANS1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT WAS >M$ ) ! ?IRTY ?\S& RIFLES ( ,SAN ,&RES4 ,ESC(ET RESIGN$ FROM HIS POSITION AS ,POLICE ,*IEF AT ! 5D ( ,JULY1 BECAUSE HE C\LD NO LONG] GU>ANTEE PUBLIC ORD]4 ,! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ,CIVIL ,GU>DS W]E1 FROM A MILIT>Y PO9T ( VIEW1 UND\BT$LY MORE EFFICI5T & DISCIPL9$ ?AN ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES & ! V>I\S GR\PS ( >M$ WORK]S2 BUT )\T ! P>TICIPATION ( ! CR[DS 9 ! /REET BATTLES1 !SE COMPANIES ( ,CIVIL ,GU>DS OR ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 POLITICALLY CONS]VATIVE OR FASCI/1 W\LD HAVE PASS$ ) !IR WEAPONS & SUPPLIES OV] TO ! SIDE ( ! REBEL TROOPS3 !Y W]E NEI!R ! W9N]S NOR ! LOS]S 9 ?IS BATTLE4 ,! MILIT>Y & FASCI/ UPRIS+1 :I* HAD C\NT$ ON ! COMPLICITY ( ! ,*UR*1 FAIL$ ALMO/ EV]Y:]E 9 ,SPA91 CREAT+1 AS A REACTION1 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,! DEFEAT ( ! >MY BY ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! 0R$ ZONE0 HAD COMPLETELY DE/ROY$ ! /ATE MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE1 LEAD+ TO ! BLOSSOM+ ( A MYRIAD ( LOCAL P[]S1 DIRECTLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! LOCAL EX]CISE ( VIOL5CE4 ,VIOL5CE & P[] W]E 9TIMATELY RELAT$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! SO-CALL$ 0=CES ( PUBLIC ORD]01 ?OSE ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 :I* HAD BE5 SO UNDECID$ AB\T :I* SIDE TO TAKE1 & :I* 5D$ UP FRAT]NIZ+ ) ! >M$ PEOPLE1 HAD BE5 ASSIGN$ TO !IR B>RACKS BY ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 AWAIT+ ! OPPORTUNE MOM5T TO DEPLOY !M 9 SUPPORT ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,?IS G5]ALIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION WAS :AT CAUS$ ! EM]G5CE1 )\T ! DIRECTIVES ( ANY ORGANIZATION1 OR ANY DIRECTIVE C5T]S ( ANY K9D1 9 EV]Y PLACE 9 ,SPA9 :]E ! FASCI/ UPRIS+ HAD BE5 DEFEAT$3 COMMITTEES2 ! >M+ ( ! PROLET>IAT2 B>RICADES & CONTROL PATROLS2 POPUL> MILITIAS2 CONFISCAT$ C>S & TRUCKS ) ! CONF$]AL 9ITIALS PA9T$ ON !IR SIDES1 FILL$ ) M5 WAV+ RIFLES OV] !IR HEADS1 RAC+ L\DLY UP & D[N ! /REETS2 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( HATS & TIES2 ! BURN+ ( ! *UR*ES2 PASSES ISSU$ BY ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES2 LOOT+ ( ! H\SES ( ! B\RGEOISIE2 REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ON A REGIONAL OR LOCAL SCALE 9 ,MALAGA1 ,B>CELONA1 ,>AGON1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,GIJON1 ,MADRID1 ,SANT&]1 ,SAMA DE ,LANGREO1 ,L]IDA1 ,CA/ELLON1 ,C>TAG5A1 ,ALICANTE1 ,ALM]IA1 AMONG ! MO/ WELL-KN[N2 P]SECUTION1 IMPRISONM5T OR MURD] 09 SITU0 ( FASCI/S1 REBEL (FIC]S1 EMPLOY]S & PRIE/S2 CONFISCATION ( FACTORIES1 B>RACKS & BUILD+S ( ALL K9DS2 WORK]S CONTROL COMMITTEES & A LONG ETCET]A 9 :I* ! EX]CISE ( VIOL5CE ,W,A,S ,I,T,S,E,L,F ! MANIFE/ATION ( ! NEW WORK]S P[]4 ,9 ! WEEKS FOLL[+ ,JULY #ai 9 ,B>CELONA A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION >OSE1 NEW & UNPREC$5T$1 FE/IVE & SAVAGE1 9 :I* ! EXECUTION ( ! FASCI/1 ( ! BOSS OR ! PRIE/1 ,W,A,S ! REVOLUTION4 ,VIOL5CE & P[] W]E ID5TICAL4 ,RA!R ?AN DUAL P[]1 !RE WAS AN ATOMIZATION ( P[]4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TORR5T DRAGG$ EV]Y?+ ALONG ) ITS FURI\S1 R$EMPTIVE & 9EXORABLE EC/ASY4 ,AL?\< ! /ATE 9/ITUTIONS REMA9$1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I DECID$ IT WAS NECESS>Y TO ,F,I,R,/ CRU% FASCISM :]E IT HAD TRIUMPH$1 & ACCEPT$ ! CREATION ALONGSIDE ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :OSE EXI/5CE WAS NOT QUE/ION$1 ( A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALUNA 7,C,C,M,A71.<#b#e.> :I* WAS TO BE AN EXT5D$ V]SION ( ! COLLABORATION ( ! MILIT>Y LIAISON COMMITTEE 9 :I* ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ! LOYAL MILIT>Y (FIC]S1 ! CONF$]AL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE & ! O!R REPUBLICAN & WORK+ CLASS P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS P>TICIPAT$ DUR+ ! /REET FI<T+4 

,ALSO ON ! #b?1 ,COMPANYS1 AS PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* /ILL EXI/$1 SUMMON$ ! LEAD]S ( ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS TO ! ,PALACE1 9CLUD+ ! AN>*I/S4 ,A DEBATE WAS HELD AT A PL5UM ( MILITANTS1 MEET+ AT ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 TO DET]M9E :E!R !Y %\LD RESPOND TO ! 9VITATION ( ! PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & AFT] A BRIEF ANALYSIS ( ! SITUATION 9 ! /REETS1 IT WAS DECID$ TO S5D ! ,LIAISON ,COMMITTEE TO ! ,G5]ALITAT TO MEET ) ,COMPANYS4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! DELEGATION ATT5D$ ! MEET+.<#b#f.> >M$1 TIR$ & FIL?Y FROM BATTLE3 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI1 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1.<#b#g.> 0,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN01 ,JOSE ,AS5S & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ4.<#b#h.> ,MEET+ ) ! DELEGATES ( ! V>I\S POLITICAL & TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS ON ! PATIO ( ! ORANGES1 9CLUD+ ,&REU ,N91 ,JOAN ,COMOR]A1 ,JOSEP ,COLL1 & ,JOSEP ,ROVIRA1 !Y DISCUSS$ !IR EXP]I5CES 9 ! EV5TS1 EXCIT$LY PASS+ FROM ONE GR\P TO ANO!R1 UNTIL ,COMPANYS APPE>$1 ACCOMPANI$ BY ,P]EZ ,F>RAS4 ,! V>I\S GR\PS COMB9$ 9TO ONE1 ALL NEXT TO ONE ANO!R & 9 A L9E1 9 RESPECTFUL SIL5CE4 ,COMPANYS LOOK$ AT ALL ( !M1 ONE BY ONE1 SATISFI$1 S]5E & SMIL+4 ,FIX+ HIS GAZE ON ! ,C,N,T DELEGATION HE GREET$ !M ) !SE WORDS3 0,Y\ HAVE WON4 ,TODAY Y\ >E ! MA/]S ( ! CITY & ( ,CATALUNA1 BECAUSE ONLY Y\ HAVE DEFEAT$ ! FASCI/ (FIC]S1 & ,I HOPE ?AT Y\ WILL NOT BE ANGRY ) ME = REM9D+ Y\ ?AT Y\ DID NOT LACK ! HELP ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ! 'MOSSOS D'ESQUADRA'40 ,HE CONT9U$1 9 A M$ITATIVE TONE3 0,BUT ! TRU? IS ?AT AL?\< Y\ W]E H>%LY P]SECUT$ RI<T UP UNTIL YE/]DAY1 TODAY Y\ HAVE DEFEAT$ ! MILIT>Y & ! FASCI/S40 ,AFT] GREET+ ALL ( ?OSE PRES5T1 /&+1 =M$ 9 A CIRCLE >\ND HIM1 AS ! MA/]S ( ! /REET1 HE ASK$1 0,& N[ :AT %ALL WE DO80 ,LOOK+ AT ! C5ETI/AS1 HE TOLD !M3 0,SOME?+ MU/ BE DONE TO DEAL ) ?IS NEW SITUATION60 ,HE CONT9U$1 W>N+ !M ?AT1 AL?\< WE HAD CONQU]$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! /RUGGLE WAS NOT OV]1 0WE DO NOT KN[ :5 & H[ IT WILL TURN \T 9 ! RE/ ( ,SPA901 !N HE CALL$ ATT5TION TO HIS POSITION & ! ROLE ?AT HE C\LD PLAY 9 HIS (FICE3 0= MY P>T1 ,I REPRES5T ! ,G5]ALITAT1 A REAL BUT DIFFUSE /ATE ( OP9ION & 9T]NATIONAL RECOGNITION4 ,!Y >E MI/AK5 :O CONSID] ALL ( ?IS AS SOME?+ USELESS01 & CONCLUD$ BY CLAIM+ ?AT IF IT WAS NECESS>Y TO =M A NEW GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 0,I AM AT Y\R DISPOSAL IF Y\ WANT TO SPEAK TO ME04 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] RESPOND$3 0,Y\ CAN REMA9 AS ,PRESID5T4 ,WE >E NOT AT ALL 9T]E/$ 9 ! PRESID5CY OR ! GOV]NM5T01 AS IF HE HAD UND]/OOD ?AT ,COMPANYS WAS RESIGN+ HIS POSITION4 ,AFT] ?IS FIR/ MEET+1.<#b#i.> 9=MAL & /RESSFUL1 ( ! V>I\S DELEGATES1 /&+ ALL >\ND ,COMPANYS1 ! LATT] 9VIT$ !M TO 5T] ONE ( ! ,PALACE'S P>LORS1 :]E !Y W]E COM=TABLY SEAT$1 TO COORD9ATE ! UNITY & ! COLLABORATION ( ALL ! ANTIFASCI/ =CES1 BY WAY ( ! =MATION ( A COMMITTEE ( MILITIAS1 ?AT W\LD CONTROL DISORD] 9 ! /REETS & ORGANIZE ! MILITIA COLUMNS ?AT HAD TO BE S5T TO ,Z>AGOZA4 

,! ,5L>G$ ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 9=M$ BY ! ,C,N,T DELEGATION ( ! 9T]VIEW AT ! ,PALACE1 AGRE$ AFT] BRIEF DELIB]ATION TO TELL ,COMPANYS BY TELEPHONE ?AT ! ,C,N,T ACCEPT$ ON PR9CIPLE ! CON/ITUTION ( A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS 7,C,C,M,A71 P5D+ ! DEF9ITIVE RESOLUTION ?AT W\LD BE ADOPT$ AT ! ,PL5UM ( ,LOCAL & ,DI/RICT ,COMMITTEES1 :I* WAS TO CONV5E ON ! #b#a/4 ,?AT SAME NI<T ,COMPANYS ORD]$ ?AT ! (FICIAL BULLET9 ( ! ,G5]ALITAT %\LD PR9T A DECREE M&AT+ ! CREATION ( !SE CIVILIAN MILITIAS4 

,ON ,TUESDAY1 ,JULY #b#a1.<#c.> AT ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ! PROPOSAL ( ,COMPANYS ?AT ! ,C,N,T %\LD P>TICIPATE 9 A ,C,C,M,A WAS SUBMITT$ = ! =MAL APPROVAL ( A ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,LOCAL & ,DI/RICT ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 CONVOK$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR ( ,CATALUNA4 ,AFT] ! 9TRODUCTORY REPORT BY ,M>IANET1 ,JOSE ,X5A1 REPRES5T+ ! ,DI/RICT ( ,BAIX ,LLOBREGAT1 PROPOS$ ! )DRAWAL ( ! ,C,N,T DELEGATES FROM ! ,C,C,M,A & ?AT ! ORGANIZATION %\LD PROCE$ ) ! REVOLUTION TO E/ABLI% LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] !N SPOKE & *>ACT]IZ$ ! DEBATE & ! DECISION ?AT HAD TO BE MADE AS A *OICE BETWE5 AN 0ABSURD0 AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP OR COLLABORATION.<#c#a.> ) ! O!R ANTIFASCI/ =CES 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS TO CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,9 ?IS MANN] ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 DELIB]ATELY OR NOT1.<#c#b.> R5D]$ ! CONFUS$ & AMBIGU\S OPTION ( 0GO+ = BROKE0 UNVIABLE TO ! ,PL5UM4 ,AS OPPOS$ TO ! PROSPECT ( AN 9TRANSIG5T 0AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP01 ! DEF5SE (F]$ BY ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y.<#c#c.> ( ! ACRATIC PR9CIPLES AGA9/ ALL DICTATOR%IP SEEM$ MORE LOGICAL1 BALANC$ & REASONABLE1 SUPPORT$ BY ! >GUM5TS ( ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN CONC]N+ ! DANG] ( ISOLATION & =EIGN 9T]V5TION4 ,YET ANO!R POSITION >OSE1 DEF5D$ BY ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 :O PROPOS$ ! USE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT AS AN 9/RUM5T = SOCIALIZATION & COLLECTIVIZATION1 :ILE WAIT+ TO DISPOSE ( IT :5 IT CEAS$ TO BE USEFUL TO ! ,C,N,T4.<#c#d.> ,! PL5UM PROV$ TO BE FAVORABLE TO ! IDEA ( ! ,C,N,T COLLABORAT+ ) ! O!R ANTIFASCI/ =CES 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS1 ) ! ONE NEGATIVE VOTE ( ! ,DI/RICT ,COMMITTEE ( ,BAIX ,LLOBREGAT4 ,MO/ ( ?OSE :O ATT5D$ ! ,PL5UM1 9CLUD+ ,DURRUTI & ,ORTIZ1 REMA9$ SIL5T1 BECAUSE !Y ?\<T1 AS DID SO MANY O!RS1 ?AT ! REVOLUTION MU/ BE PO/PON$ UNTIL ! CAPTURE ( ,Z>AGOZA & ! DEFEAT ( FASCISM4 ,SO1 )\T FUR!R DEBATE OR PHILOSOPHICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 IT WAS DECID$ TO CONSOLIDATE & 9/ITUTIONALIZE ! ,LIAISON ,COMMITTEE BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT EXI/$ PRIOR TO ,JULY #a#i1 :I* WAS N[ TRANS=M$1 EXP&$ & FUR!R ELABORAT$ 9 ! ,C,C,M,A ?AT1 BY EMBODY+ ! ANTIFASCI/ UNITY ( ALL ! P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS1 WAS TO BE RESPONSIBLE = IMPOS+ ORD] ON ! RE>GU>D & ORGANIZ+ & SUPPLY+ ! MILITIAS ?AT HAD TO GO ,>AGON TO FI<T ! FASCI/S4 

,AT ! FIR/ MEET+ ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS1 HELD ON ! NI<T ( ! #b#a/1 ! ,C,N,T REPRES5TATIVES.<#c#e.> CLE>LY DISPLAY$ = ! REPUBLICANS & ,CATALANI/S !IR P[] & 9DEP5D5T *>ACT]1 HAV+ PUBLI%$ A PUBLIC PROCLAMATION ?AT GAVE ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE MANY MORE RESPONSIBILITIES & DUTIES1 BO? ) REG>D TO MILIT>Y MATT]S & PUBLIC SAFETY1 ?AN W]E 9ITIALLY CONC$$ BY ! ,DECREE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,IT WAS NOT AN IDLE BOA/ ?AT CAUS$ ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ1 9 RESPONSE TO A QUE/ION ?AT HAD >IS5 AT ?IS FIR/ SESSION ( ! ,C,C,M,A AB\T :O DEFEAT$ ! >MY1 TO ANSW] ?AT IT WAS 0! SAME PEOPLE AS ALWAYS3 ! DREGS ( SOCIETY01 ?AT IS1 ! UNEMPLOY$1 ! REC5T IMMIGRANTS & ! M>G9AL & IMPOV]I%$ POPULATION LIV+ 9 ! 0*EAP H\S+0 ( ,LA ,TORRASSA1 ,CAN ,TUNIS1 ,SOMORRO/RO1 ,SANTA ,COLOMA & ,SAN ,&RES1 & ! ABUS$ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ?AT1 9 EXTREMELY H>% LIV+ CONDITIONS1 DEVA/AT$ BY MASSIVE UNEMPLOYM5T1 WORK$ LONG H\RS1 W5T TO WORK HUNGRY1 OR WORK$ TEMPOR>Y JOBS = PIECEWORK RATES1 PIL$ UP 9 ! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS ( ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 ,SANTS1 ,B>CELONETA1 ,*9O1 ,HO/AFRANCS OR ,PUEBLO ,SECO1 :O R5T$ OR SUBLEAS$ SMALL %ACKS1 H\SES OR AP>TM5TS ?AT !Y HAD TO %>E ) O!RS BECAUSE ( ! UNAF=DABLE R5TS4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ,COMPANYS HAD AU?ORIZ$ ,M>T9 ,B>R]A1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,LABOR1 TO MAKE A RADIO ANN\NCEM5T ( ! REGULATIONS CONC]N+ ! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY1 WAGE 9CREASES1 R5T R$UCTIONS & NEW LABOR LAWS :I* HAD TO FIR/ BE AGRE$ TO BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! EMPLOY]S ASSOCIATIONS1 SU* AS ! ,EMPLOY]S ,F$]ATION1 ! ,*AMB]S ( ,9DU/RY & ( ,REAL ,E/ATE1 ETC41 TO :OM HE EXPLA9$ ! NECESSITY ( *ANNEL+ ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSE ( ! MASSES1 AS ! DIRECTOR ( ! POTA% M9ES ( ,SURIA HAD 9 FACT ALREADY DONE1 :O PREF]R$ TO SUFF] F9ANCIAL LOSSES 9/EAD ( GO+ BACK TO ! M9E & BE+ TAK5 HO/AGE BY ! M9]S4 ,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! MEET+ V>I\S REPRES5TATIVES ( ! EMPLOY]S RECEIV$ PHONE CALLS W>N+ !M NOT TO RETURN TO !IR HOMES1 BECAUSE PATROLS ( >M$ M5 W]E LOOK+ = !M4 ,! MEET+ 5D$ :5 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! BUS9ESSM5 :O W]E PRES5T NO LONG] REPRES5T$ ANYONE4 ,! RADIO ANN\NCEM5T WAS BROADCA/ ANYWAY1 SEV]AL DAYS LAT]1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE A SAFE FRAMEWORK = POPUL> 5?USIASM & DEM&S4 

,ON ,?URSDAY1 ,JULY #b#c1 AT ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ! QUE/ION ( ! 5TRY ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S 9TO ! ,C,C,M,A & ! SIGNIFICANT OPPOSITION TO ?IS POLICY ON ! P>T ( ! MILITANTS1 WAS SUBMITT$ TO DEBATE AT A ,JO9T ,PL5UM ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I1.<#c#f.> ?AT IS1 A ,PL5UM ( LEAD+ MILITANTS4.<#c#g.> ,DUR+ ! EV5+ ( ?AT SAME DAY1 ! MEMB]S ( ! 0,NOSOTROS0 GR\P MET AT ! H\SE ( ,GREGORIO ,JOV] TO ANALYZE ! SITUATION1.<#c#h.> & TO BID F>EWELL.<#c#i.> TO ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI PRIOR TO HIS DEP>TURE ON ! FOLL[+ DAY ) A ,COLUMN ( MILITIAM51 :O LEFT ! NEXT MORN+ FROM ,C9CO DE ,OROS1 & TO ,ANTONIO ,ORTIZ1 :O EMB>K$ ) ANO!R ,COLUMN ON A TRA9 ON ! EV5+ ( ! #b#d?4.<#d.> 

,AT N9E-?IRTY ON ! MORN+ ( ! #b#d?1 ,DURRUTI1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 DELIV]$ A RADIO ADDRESS 9 :I* HE W>N$ ! C5ETI/AS ( ! IMP]I\S NECESSITY ( REMA9+ VIGILANT AGA9/ ANY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPTS & NOT TO AB&ON :AT !Y HAD CONQU]$ 9 ,B>CELONA4.<#d#a.> ,DURRUTI SEEM$ TO BE AW>E ( ! DANG] ( LEAV+ ! RE>GU>D UNSECUR$1 ) A CLASS 5EMY ?AT HAD NOT YET BE5 ELIM9AT$4 ,EV]Y?+ HAD TO BE PO/PON$ UNTIL AFT] ! CAPTURE ( ,Z>AGOZA4 

,ON ,SUNDAY1 ,JULY #b#f1 AT ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ! QUE/ION ( ! ,C,N,T'S COLLABORATION 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS1 9 :I* ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T W]E ALREADY P>TICIPAT+1.<#d#b.> WAS ONCE AGA9 SUBMITT$ = ! =MAL APPROVAL ( A ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,LOCAL & ,DI/RICT ,F$]ATIONS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 CONVOK$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR ( ,CATALUNA4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT ! DECISIONS MADE BY ! ,EXP&$ ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE TO COLLABORATE ) ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! O!R P>TIES1 :I* ALREADY CON/ITUT$ AN IRREV]SIBLE REALITY1 W]E RATIFI$ AGA9 BY ANO!R ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,IT WAS A POLICY ( FAIT ACCOMPLI1 9 :I* ! ,PL5UM ( ! #b#f? P]=M$ ! ROLE ( A SIMPLE RUBB] /AMP = DECISIONS ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 MADE4 ,AL?\< WE HAVE NO RECORD ( ! DEBATES ?AT TOOK PLACE1 ! F9AL ACCORD LEFT NO ROOM = D\BTS CONC]N+ ! S]I\S OPPOSITION ?AT >OSE AGA9/ ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! COLLABORATIONI/ POSITION ( ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I--ALL WE KN[ IS ?AT !RE WAS FI]CE OPPOSITION4 ,! RESOLUTION ON ! ANALYSIS ( ! CURR5T REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION CONCLUD$ ) A /ATEM5T ?AT SUPPORT = ! POSITION WAS 0ABSOLUTELY UNANIM\S04 ,CURI\SLY1 ! POSITION ?AT WAS APPROV$ AT ?IS ,PL5UM WAS DEF9$ AS ! 0SAME POSITION01 ?AT IS1 ! ONE ?AT ! ,C,N,T DELEGATION HAD ALREADY PROVISIONALLY ACCEPT$ :5 IT MET ) ,COMPANYS1 ! SAME ONE ?AT WAS APPROV$ BY ! ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM ( ! #b#a/1 & ! SAME ONE ?AT WAS APPROV$ AT ! ,JO9T ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,PL5UM ON ! #b#cRD4 ,:AT POSITION83 0! FASCI/ REBELS >E ! ONLY 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE01 & !RE=E NEI!R ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT NOR ! REPUBLICANS W]E 5EMIES ?AT HAD TO BE ATTACK$1 BUT ALLIES4 ,! R5UNCIATION ( REVOLUTION WAS ALREADY ABSOLUTE3 0,NO ONE %\LD GO ANY FUR!R4 ,NO ONE MU/ BREAK RANKS40 ,AN APPEAL WAS MADE REG>D+ ! MORAL OBLIGATION TO ACCEPT ! DECISIONS ( ! MAJORITY.<#d#c.> & A PR(ESSION ( FAI? 9 ! ANTIFASCI/ CAUSE WAS PRON\NC$3 0,EV]Y DAY1 AGA9/ FASCISM1 ONLY AGA9/ ! FASCISM ?AT RULES HALF ( ,SPA940 ,! F9AL COMMUNIQUE ( ! ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM CONCLUD$ ) AN UNEQUIVOCAL & 9DISPUTABLE ORD] TO ACCEPT & OBEY ! ,C,C,M,A3 0!RE IS A ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E ,( ,A,N,T,I,F,A,S,C,I,/ ,M,I,L,I,T,I,A,S ,& ,A ,S,U,B,O,R,D,9,A,T,E ,B,O,D,Y ,C,A,L,L,$ ,! ,S,U,P,P,L,Y ,C,O,M,M,I,S,S,I,O,N4 ,IT IS EV]YONE'S DUTY TO COMPLY ) !IR DIRECTIVES1 & REGUL>LY FOLL[ ! PROC$URES ( ALL !IR ORD]S40 

,ON ,JULY #bh ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS ( ,B>CELONA PROCLAIM$ ! 5D ( ! G5]AL /RIKE4 

,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E,S ,E,V,],Y,:,],E2 ,C,O,O,R,D,9,A,T,I,O,N ,N,O,:,],E 

,VIOL5CE & P[] GO H& 9 H&4 ,ONCE ! /ATE'S MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE WAS DE/ROY$1 BECAUSE ! >MY WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ! /REETS & ! PROLET>IAT HAD TAK5 UP >MS1 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION OP5$ UP ?AT IMPOS$ ITS VIOL5CE1 ITS P[] & ITS ORD]4 ,! P[] ( AN >M$ WORK+ CLASS4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES--DEF5SE1 FACTORY1 NEI<BORHOOD OR T[N1 WORK]S CONTROL COMMITTEES1 SUPPLY COMMITTEES1 ETC4--=M$ ! EMBRYO ( ! ORGANS ( P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!Y 9ITIAT$ A ME?ODICAL EXPROPRIATION ( ! PROP]TY ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 IMPLEM5T$ 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVIZATION1 ORGANIZ$ ! POPUL> MILITIAS ?AT /ABILIZ$ ! MILIT>Y FRONTS DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW DAYS1 ORGANIZ$ CONTROL PATROLS & RE>GU>D MILITIAS ?AT IMPOS$ ! 0NEW REVOLUTION>Y ORD]0 BY MEANS ( ! VIOL5T REPRESSION ( ! ,*UR*1 ! EMPLOY]S1 FASCI/S & =M] PI/OL]OS & YELL[ TRADE UNIONI/S1 S9CE C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SNIP]S OP]AT$ CONT9U\SLY = A :OLE WEEK 9 ! CITY4 ,BUT !SE COMMITTEES W]E 9CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+ !IR EF=TS & CREAT+ A C5TRALIZ$ WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,! 9ITIATIVES & ACTIVITIES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES FREQU5TLY OV]LAPP$ ) & W]E DUPLICAT$ BY ?OSE C>RI$ \T BY ! LEAD]S ( ! V>I\S TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 9CLUD+ ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 OR A ,P,\,M ?AT WAS /ILL MAK+ DEM&S = HI<] WAGES & M9OR RE=MS :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 SURPASS$ BY ! EV5TS4 

,A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION EXI/$ ON ! /REETS & 9 ! FACTORIES1 & !RE W]E SOME POT5TIAL ORGANS ( P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT3 ! COMMITTEES1 :I* NO ORGANIZATION WAS CAPABLE OR DESIR\S ( COORD9AT+1 /R5G!N+ & TRANS=M+ 9TO AU!NTIC ORGANS ( P[]4 ,! SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES HAD ITS LIMITATIONS2 !IR POLITICAL & TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS W]E EV5 MORE LIMIT$4 ,NEI!R POSSESS$ A PREP>$1 PRECISE & REALI/IC PROGRAM ?AT C\LD BE APPLI$ 9 ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,9DE$1 ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S NOT ONLY DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) P[]1 !Y DID NOT EV5 KN[ :AT IT WAS4 ,AGA9/ ! FASCI/ ?REAT1 :I* HAD TRIUMPH$ 9 HALF ( ,SPA91 !Y IMPOS$ ! SLOGAN ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 ( ! SACR$ UNION ) ! DEMOCRATIC & REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,RA!R ?AN A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] %>$ BETWE5 ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 !RE WAS A DUPLICATION ( P[]S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T1 9 MID-,AUGU/1 HAD ALREADY DECID$ TO DISB& ! ,C,C,M,A AS SOON AS ! CONDITIONS P]MITT$ & ! SPONTANEITY 9 ! /REETS SUBSID$ SUFFICI5TLY4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 H[EV]1 EV] S9CE ,JULY #a#i1 ! COMMITTEES ?AT HAD SPONTANE\SLY EM]G$ EV]Y:]E PRAGMATICALLY IMPOS$ ! NEW POLITICAL1 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC REALITY ?AT HAD >IS5 FROM ! VICTORY ( ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION OV] ! >MY1 & 9 ,CATALUNA !SE COMMITTEES1 9 FACTORIES & RESID5TIAL >EAS1 EX]CIS$ ALL P[]4 

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,! /ATE IS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE AT ! S]VICE ( ! RUL+ SOCIAL CLASS4 ,! CAPITALI/ /ATE IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9/RUM5TS ( ! RULE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS OV] ! PROLET>IAT1 ?AT IS1 ! APP>ATUS ( REPRESSION ?AT ASSURES ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! FIR/ TASK ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( ?IS CAPITALI/ /ATE1 & ! CONSOLIDATION ( A WORK]S P[]4 ,)\T ! 9T5TION & PRACTICAL ACTION 7ON ! P>T ( A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION7 TO DE/ROY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE ONE CANNOT SPEAK ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,P]HAPS ONE C\LD SPEAK ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 OR A 0POPUL> REVOLUTION01 OR ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 A W> AGA9/ FASCISM1 OR A FANTASY 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT )\T ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE01 ! DISCOV]Y ( ! 0BRILLIANT0 ANALYZES ( ! ,P,\,M1 ETC41 BUT NOT ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,IDEOLOGICAL AMBIGUITY WAS CONG5ITAL TO ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,& ?IS AMBIGUITY WAS MADE 9TO A VIRTUE BY ! ANTIFASCI/ ,C,N,T BUREAUCRATS & BY ! CLEV] B\RGEOIS POLITICIANS1 :O KNEW H[ TO *ANNEL ! MUDDY WAT]S ( AN>*I/ 9COH]5CE 9TO !IR MILLS4 ,NO ATTEMPT WAS EV] MADE AT ANY TIME TO DE/ROY ! B\RGEOIS /ATE APP>ATUS4 

,9 ,B>CELONA1 ! ,C,C,M,A WAS ! PRODUCT ( ! WORK+ CLASS & AN>*I/ VICTORY ( ,JULY #a#i1 BUT IT WAS ALSO ! PRODUCT ( ! REFUSAL ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S TO DE/ROY ! /ATE4 ,! ,C,C,M,A1 ! \TCOME ( A DEAL BETWE5 ,COMPANYS & ! LIB]T>IANS1 BUT ALSO ACCEPT$ BY ! 0,M>XI/S0 7! ,P,\,M & ! ,/AL9I/S71 WAS AN ORGANIZATION ( CLASS COLLABORATION1 BY MEANS ( :I* ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT REGA9$ CONTROL OV] ?OSE FUNCTIONS IT HAD LO/ BECAUSE ! AN>*I/S HAD CONQU]$ !M 9 ! /REETS3 BASICALLY ! POLICE1 PUBLIC ORD] & ! MILIT>Y4 ,! ,C,C,M,A WAS NEV]1 & NEV] CLAIM$ TO BE1 AN ORGAN ( WORK]S P[]1 & !RE=E !RE WAS NEV] A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] ?AT PITT$ ! ,C,C,M,A AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 AMONG ! AN>*I/S1 !RE W]E DIV]SE CONCEPTIONS CONC]N+ ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ?AT HAD >IS5 9 ,CATALUNA AFT] ! EV5TS ( ,JULY #a#i-#b1 #a#i#c#f3 ! FIR/ CONCEPTION1 & ! ONE ?AT WAS BY F> ! DOM9ANT ONE1 WAS ! ONE PROP\ND$ BY ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 :I* CALL$ = ABSOLUTE & S9C]E COLLABORATION ) ! O!R POLITICAL =CES 79CLUD+ ! B\RGEOIS ONES7 9 AN ANTIFASCI/ UNITY ?AT !Y BELIEV$ WAS 9DISP5SABLE 9 ORD] TO W9 ! W>1 & IMPLI$ 0LOYAL0 COLLABORATION ) ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT AS ! LESS] EVIL SO AS TO PROSECUTE ! 0REVOLUTION0 & ! W> AT ! SAME TIME4 ,! SECOND CONCEPTION1 ADVOCAT$ BY ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 !ORETICALLY CONSI/$ 9 0GO+ = BROKE01 ?AT IS1 IT 5TAIL$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN 0AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP01 9 :I* A VANGU>D ( 5LI<T5$ LEAD]S REPLACES ! PROLET>IAT1 TAK+ P[] 9 ITS NAME1 BUT 9 PRACTICE MEANT GOV]NM5TAL COLLABORATION1 9 ! NAIVE BELIEF ?AT ! 0BLACK & R$0 COLOR ( ! ,M9I/]S C\LD *ANGE ! NATURE ( ! GOV]NM5T 9 :I* !Y P>TICIPAT$4 ,! ?IRD CONCEPTION1 PRAGMATICALLY PROPOS$ BY ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 CONSI/$ 9 US+ ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT TO LEGALIZE ! 0REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S01 CONTROLL+ ! ,M9I/RIES ( ,DEF5SE & ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 & RELY+ ON ! 9DISPUTABLE DOM9ANCE ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! /REETS 9 ORD] TO ATTEMPT TO 0CRY/ALLIZE ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION01 9 ! EXPECTATION ?AT !SE MEASURES W\LD LEAD TO MORE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS = ! DEF9ITIVE REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME CONSOLIDAT+ ! REAL P[] ( A LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION P>ALLEL TO ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 AUTONOM\S & 9DEP5D5T1 BAS$ ON ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION & ! ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES1 AN ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD BE CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+ & C5TRALIZ+ ALL ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ POSITIONS 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & :I* LAT] MADE POSSIBLE ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY #aicg AGA9/ ! PROVOCATIONS ( ,COMPANYS & ! ,/AL9I/S4 ,ALL ( !SE POSITIONS RAPIDLY EVOLV$ T[>DS ! SAME TACTIC ( 9TEGRATION ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T 9 ! PROGRAM ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY ) ! ,P,\,M1 ! ,/AL9I/S & ! B\RGEOISIE1 ) ! EXCLUSIVE GOAL ( W9N+ ! W> AGA9/ ! FASCI/S4 ,?IS 9 TURN CAUS$ A DI/9CTION TO EM]GE AMONG ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ BETWE5 ! 0R$SK9S0 & ! 0WOODPECK]S0 OR COLLABORATIONI/S1 :I* WAS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ! PREVI\S DIVISIONS BETWE5 ,F,A,I/AS & ,TR5TI/AS4 ,! CRITIQUE DIRECT$ BY ! 0R$SK9S0 AT ! COLLABORATIONI/S1 :I* WAS AT FIR/ PURELY V]BAL & MORALI/IC1 EVOLV$ T[>DS A PESSIMISM ?AT L$ ! MAJORITY TO PASSIVITY OR A FLI<T =W>D1 :I* CAUS$ !M TO SEE NO O!R SOLUTION BESIDES AB&ON+ ALL MILITANCY OR 5LI/+ 9 ! MILIT>Y =CES TO W9 ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM1 EV5 IF ?IS >MY WAS1 AFT] ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#g1 ! ,POPUL> ,>MY1 ?AT IS1 ! B\RGEOIS >MY ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ONCE ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,MILITIAS HAD BE5 IMPLEM5T$4 ,! MO/ COH]5T OPPOSITION TO COLLABORATIONISM ?AT EM]G$ AMONG ! LIB]T>IANS WAS ! OPPOSITION ?AT TOOK %APE 9 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 :I* AFT] ,JANU>Y #ai* WAS PRACTICALLY DEFUNCT1 BECAUSE IT HAD SUCCUMB$ TO ! COMB9$ ATTACKS ( ,/AL9I/ REPRESSION & ! OPPOSITION ( ! 0GOV]NM5T0 C5ETI/AS4 

,!RE WAS NO P>TY1 TRADE UNION OR VANGU>D GR\P ?AT CALL$ = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & ! REVOLUTION>Y PA? ( /R5G!N+1 COORD9AT+ & C5TRALIZ+ ! ORGANS ( P[] ?AT HAD >IS5 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f3 ! WORK]S COMMITTEES4 ,AFT] ,JULY #b ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT EX]CIS$ A K9D ( DICTATOR%IP 0FROM BEL[0 9 ! /REETS & ! FACTORIES1 UNRELAT$ & 9DIFF]5T TO 0ITS0 POLITICAL & TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS :I* NOT ONLY RESPECT$ ! /ATE APP>ATUS ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9/EAD ( DE/ROY+ IT BUT ACTUALLY RE9=C$ IT4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY CAPABLE ( =MULAT+ ! BATTLE = ! PROGRAM ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1.<#d#d.> ! W> AGA9/ ! FASCI/ 5EMY IMPOS$ ! IDEOLOGY ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY & W> ON BEHALF ( ! PROGRAM ( ! DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOISIE4 ,! W> WAS NOT CONCEIV$ AS A CLASS W>1 BUT AS AN ANTIFASCI/ W> BETWE5 ! /ATE ( ! FASCI/ B\RGEOISIE & ! /ATE ( ! DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOISIE4 ,& ?IS *OICE BETWE5 TWO B\RGEOIS OPTIONS 7DEMOCRATIC & FASCI/7 ,A,L,R,E,A,D,Y PRESUPPOSES ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE4 ,= ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S MOVEM5T ANTIFASCISM WAS ! WOR/ CONSEQU5CE ( FASCISM4 ,! IDEOLOGY ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY WAS ! WOR/ 5EMY ( ! REVOLUTION1 & ! BE/ ALLY ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! NECESSITIES ( ?IS W>1 BETWE5 TWO B\RGEOIS OPTIONS1 /IFL$ ANY REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE & SUPPRESS$ ! ME?ODS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT MADE POSSIBLE ! VICTORY ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #a#i4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO R5\NCE ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S 9 FAVOR ( W9N+ ! W> AGA9/ ! FASCI/S3 0WE R5\NCE EV]Y?+ EXCEPT VICTORY40.<#d#e.> 

,! ALT]NATIVES ?AT W]E ?US POS$ W]E FALSE3 IT WAS NOT AB\T W9N+ ! W> FIR/ & !N C>RY+ \T ! REVOLUTION 7! ,/AL9I/ PROPOSAL71 OR EV5 ( FI<T+ ! W> & C>RY+ \T ! REVOLUTION AT ! SAME TIME 7! ,P,\,M & LIB]T>IAN !SIS71 BUT ( AB&ON+ ! ME?ODS & ! GOALS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS ( ,JULY #b#a-#b#e W]E AU!NTIC PROLET>IAN ,MILITIAS2 ! ,MILITIAS ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 MILIT>IZ$ OR NOT1 W]E ALREADY AN >MY ( WORK]S 9 A W> DIRECT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE 7:E!R FASCI/ OR REPUBLICAN7 9 ! S]VICE ( ! B\RGEOISIE 7:E!R DEMOCRATIC OR FASCI/74 

,! 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 & ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! FACTORIES 9ITIAT$ BY ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ RANK & FILE W]E 9 CONFLICT ) ! ,POPUL> ,FRONTISM ( ! AN>*I/ & ,P,\,MI/ LEAD]S4 ,!RE >E EV5 PEOPLE :O SPEAK ( A SOCIAL 0REVOLUTION0 )\T ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[]1 & EV5 ( A DIVORCE BETWE5 ! SOCIOECONOMIC & POLITICAL ASPECTS ( ! REVOLUTION4.<#d#f.> ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONTISM ( ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S1 & ! IDEOLOGY ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 PREVAIL$ OV] ANY REVOLUTION>Y CONSID]ATION ( DE/ROY+ ! /ATE1 :I* WAS ALWAYS REJECT$ AS UTOPIAN & UNREALI/IC1 & :I* NEV] W5T FUR!R ?AN FANTASY DECL>ATIONS ( GOOD 9T5TIONS ON ! P>T ( ! MO/ V]BALLY RADICAL ELEM5TS1 LIKE ,G>CIA ,OLIV]4 

,! ,C,C,M,A WAS NEV] AN ORGAN ( WORK]S P[]4 ,A SITUATION ( ,D,U,A,L ,P,[,] NEV] EXI/$4 ,9 ANY CASE !RE WAS A ,D,U,P,L,I,C,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,P,[,],S BETWE5 ! ,C,C,M,A & C]TA9 ,M9I/RIES ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & ABOVE ALL A COMPLEM5T>Y LABOR ON ! P>T ( BO? AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES4 

,! VACUUM ( /ATE OR C5TRALIZ$ P[] L$ TO AN 9ITIAL FRAGM5TATION & ATOMIZATION ( P[] ?AT WAS RESOLV$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aicf ) ! 5TRY ( ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 7& LAT] 9 ?AT ( ! ,REPUBLIC74 ,NEI!R ! AN>*I/S1 NOR ! ,C,C,M,A1 9 :I* !Y W]E DOM9ANT1 NOR ! ,P,\,M1 EV] ATTEMPT$ TO REMOVE ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE FROM P[]1 OR DE/ROY ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 :I* ALWAYS REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( ,COMPANYS4 ,! DEF9ITIVE >M$ DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 WAS ! ONLY POSSIBLE \TCOME ( ! DECISION MADE BY ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,JULY #aicg TO R5\NCE ! ABSOLUTE & TOTAL SEIZURE ( A P[] ?AT ! PROLET>IAT ALREADY EX]CIS$ 9 ! /REETS & ! FACTORIES4 ,MAY #aicg HAD ALREADY BEGUN 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 

O ,P>T #b 3 ,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALUNA 
,P>T #b -- ,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALUNA.<#d#g.> 

0,ALL HI/ORY WAS A PALIMPSE/1 SCRAP$ CLEAN & RE9SCRIB$ EXACTLY AS (T5 AS WAS NECESS>Y4 ,9 NO CASE W\LD IT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE1 ONCE ! DE$ WAS DONE1 TO PROVE ?AT ANY FALSIFICATION HAD TAK5 PLACE40 

,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 #aihd 

0,OBSEQUIUM AMICOS1 V]ITAS ODIUM P>IT40 7,COMPLIANCE RAISES FRI5DS1 & TRU? BRE$S HATE47 

,T]5CE1 ,&RIA 

,P,[,] ,I,S ,9 ,! ,/,R,E,E,T,S 

,! REAL P[] ( DECISION & EXECUTION WAS 9 ! /REETS1 IT WAS ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 >MS1 & IT WAS EX]CIS$ BY ! LOCAL COMMITTEES1 ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES & ! WORK]S CONTROL COMMITTEES1 SPONTANE\SLY EXPROPRIAT+ FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS1 BUILD+S & L&2 ORGANIZ+1 >M+ & TRANSPORT+ TO ! FRONT ! GR\PS ( VOLUNTE] MILITIAM5 ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 RECRUIT$2 BURN+ *UR*ES OR CONV]T+ !M 9TO S*OOLS OR W>EH\SES2 =M+ PATROLS TO SPREAD ! SOCIAL W>2 MANN+ ! B>RICADES1 :I* W]E N[ CLASS FRONTI]S1 & :I* CONTROLL$ ALL TRAFFIC & MANIFE/$ ! P[] ( ! COMMITTEES2 RESUM+ PRODUCTION AT ! FACTORIES1 )\T EMPLOY]S OR MANAG]S1 OR CONV]T+ !M TO MILIT>Y PRODUCTION2 REQUISITION+ C>S & TRUCKS1 OR FOOD = ! SUPPLY COMMITTEE2 TAK+ B\RGEOISIE1 FASCI/S & PRIE/S 0= A RIDE02 REPLAC+ ! OBSOLETE REPUBLICAN MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS1 & IMPOS+ 9 EA* LOCALITY !IR ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY 9 ALL DOMA9S1 PAY+ NO ATT5TION TO ANY ORD]S FROM ! ,G5]ALITAT1 OR ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS 7,C,C,M,A74 

,ON ! NI<T ( ! #a#i? !RE WAS NO O!R REAL P[] BESIDES ?AT ( 0! F$]ATION ( ! B>RICADES01 & ?IS P[] HAD NO O!R IMM$IATE GOAL BESIDES ! DEFEAT ( ! REBELS4 ,! >MY & ! POLICE1 EI!R DISSOLV$ OR CONF9$ TO !IR B>RACKS1 DISAPPE>$ FROM ! /REETS AFT] ,JULY #b4 ,!Y W]E REPLAC$ BY ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS COMPOS$ ( >M$ WORK]S1 :O FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! DIS*>G$ SOLDI]S & CIVIL & ASSAULT GU>DS1 MANY ( !M 9 CIVILIAN CLO?+1 9 ONE VICTORI\S MASS1 :I* TRANS=M$ !M 9TO ! VANGU>D ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION4 

,9 ,B>CELONA1 DUR+ ! FOLL[+ WEEK1 :ILE ! ,C,C,M,A WAS /ILL ONLY A PROVISIONAL P[]1 NEI<BORHOOD COMMITTEES.<#d#h.>1 AS ! EXPRESSION ( ! P[] ACQUIR$ BY ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 COORD9AT$ !IR ACTIVITIES 9 AN AU!NTIC URBAN F$]ATION ?AT1 9 ! /REETS & ! FACTORIES1 EX]CIS$ ALL P[]1 9 EV]Y DOMA91 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY EFFECTIVE EX]CISE ( P[] BY ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS1 ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T1 OR ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! DOZ5S ( B>RICADES ]ECT$ 9 ,B>CELONA W]E /ILL MANN$ 9 ,OCTOB]1 CONTROLL+ VEHICUL> TRAFFIC & *ECK+ = ID5TIFICATION PAP]S & ! REQUISITE PASSES1 ISSU$ BY ! V>I\S COMMITTEES1 AS A MEANS ( CONSOLIDAT+1 DEF5D+ & CONTROLL+ ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 & ABOVE ALL AS A SYMBOL ( ! NEW P[] ( ! COMMITTEES4 

,! ,C,O,N,T,R,A,D,I,C,T,I,O,N,S ,( ,G,>,C,I,A ,O,L,I,V,] ,& ,/,A,T,E ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M 

,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! OBVI\S & NUM]\S CONTRADICTIONS ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 & ! D5SE SMOKESCRE5 ?AT HIS MEMOIRS CA/ OV] ! EV5TS ( ?IS P]IOD1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 HIS CONCEPTION ( ! ADAPTABILITY ( AB/RACT IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES TO ! PRESS+ NE$S ( MORE IMM$IATE POLITICAL TACTICS1 AS WELL AS HIS CONCEPTION ( ! NATURE ( LEAD]%IP 9 ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION4 

,H[ DO WE 9T]PRET ! FACT ?AT ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 9 ,EL ECO DE LOS PASOS1 9 HIS ACC\NT ( ! REGIONAL PL5UMS ( ! #b#a/ & ! #b#f? ( ,JULY1 CLAIMS HE SAID ?AT ! ,C,C,M,A WAS A LID.<#d#i.> ON ! REVOLUTION1 :ILE ON ,AUGU/ #c1 ONLY A WEEK LAT]1 HE CONSID]$ ! ,C,C,M,A TO BE ! BE/ GU>ANTEE ( ! PROGRESS ( ! REVOLUTION8.<#e.> ,H[ CAN WE RESOLVE ! P]MAN5T CONTRADICTION ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 BETWE5 :AT HE DID & :AT HE SAYS HE DID8 ,DID HE REALLY PROPOSE1 AT ! ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,JULY #b#a1 ?AT ! ,C,N,T %\LD SEIZE P[]8 

,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! ,G>CIA ,OLIV] ( ,JULY #aicf WE MU/ COMP>E HIS ATTITUDE & HIS ACTIVITIES ( ?AT P]IOD ) HIS ATTITUDE & ACTIVITIES DUR+ ! ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f4 ,DUR+ ?IS ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S NEV] EXPLICITLY TOLD ! WORK]S TO VOTE4 ,!Y CLAIM$ ?AT1 REG>DLESS ( ! \TCOME ( ! ELECTIONS1 A FEW MON?S LAT] AN >M$ CONFRONTATION WAS 9EVITABLE2 IF1 H[EV]1 ! WORK]S W]E TO VOTE = ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 BESIDES OBTA9+ ! RELEASE ( ?\S&S ( PRISON]S1 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! >M$ CONFRONTATION W\LD ALSO BE MORE FAVORABLE = !M1 S9CE !Y W\LD B5EFIT FROM REPUBLICAN LEGALITY & REPUBLICAN CONTROL ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,!RE=E1 :AT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I DID WAS MU* MORE ?AN TO R5\NCE !IR TRADITIONAL APPEAL = AB/5TION FROM VOT+ 9 ! ELECTIONS1 AS ,G>CIA ,OLIV] HIMSELF UNEQUIVOCALLY EXPLA9$3 0,W,E ,A,D,V,I,S,$ ,! ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S ,T,O ,D,O ,:,A,T,E,V,] ,!,Y ,?,\,<,T ,B,E,/ ,) ,R,E,S,P,E,C,T ,T,O ,V,O,T,+1 ,B,U,T ,W,E ,D,I,D ,T,E,L,L ,!,M ,?,A,T1 ,I,F ,!,Y ,D,I,D ,N,O,T ,V,O,T,E ,= ,! ,L,E,F,T1 ,O,N ,! ,D,A,Y ,A,F,T,] ,! ,E,L,E,C,T,I,O,N,S ,!,Y ,W,\,L,D ,H,A,V,E ,T,O ,C,O,N,F,R,O,N,T ,! ,F,A,S,C,I,/ ,R,I,<,T,I,/,S ,) ,>,M,S ,9 ,H,&4 ,:,I,L,E ,I,F ,!,Y ,V,O,T,$ ,= ,! ,L,E,F,T1 ,B,E,=,E ,S,I,X ,M,O,N,?,S ,H,A,D ,P,A,S,S,$ ,A,F,T,] ,! ,V,I,C,T,O,R,Y ,( ,! ,L,E,F,T ,W,E ,W,\,L,D ,H,A,V,E ,T,O ,C,O,N,T,R,O,N,T ,! ,F,A,S,C,I,/ ,R,I,<,T,I,/,S ,) ,>,M,S ,9 ,H,&4 ,NATURALLY1 ! WORK+ CLASS ( ,SPA91 :I* HAD = MANY YE>S BE5 ADVIS$ BY ! ,C,N,T NOT TO VOTE1 9T]PRET$ \R PROPAG&A 9 EXACTLY ! WAY WE WANT$ !M TO1 ?AT IS1 ?AT !Y %\LD VOTE1 S9CE IT W\LD ALWAYS BE BETT] TO CONFRONT ! FASCI/ RI<TI/S IF !Y W]E TO REVOLT AFT] BE+ DEFEAT$ 9 ! ELECTIONS & \/$ FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T40.<#e#a.> 

,WE NOTE ! CURI\S & CONTORT$ >GUM5T ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 :O1 )\T HIMSELF R5\NC+ ! AB/5TIONI/ PR9CIPLE1 ,9,D,I,R,E,C,T,L,Y ADVIS$ ! MILITANTS & SYMPA?IZ]S TO ABIDE BY ! TACTIC ?AT WAS MO/ B5EFICIAL = ! ,C,N,T'S ORGANIZATION BY VOT+4 ,?IS IS ! SAME P>ALLELISM ?AT WE HAVE TO APPLY 9 ORD] TO GRASP ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S SPEE* AT ! ,PL5UM ( ,JULY #b#a3 )\T HIMSELF R5\NC+ 0GO+ = BROKE01 HE 5C\RAG$ ! MILITANTS TO DRAW ! CONCLUSION ( H[ ABSURD & RIDICUL\S IT W\LD BE1 AT ?AT TIME1 TO IMPOSE AN 0AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP04.<#e#b.> 

,9 %ORT1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS CAPABLE ( MAK+ A SPEE* ?AT WAS =MALLY CONSI/5T ) ! SACROSANCT ACRATIC PR9CIPLES1 BUT SIMULTANE\SLY 9DUC$ ! MILITANT RANK & FILE TO *OOSE ! TACTIC ?AT HE CONSID]$ MO/ APPROPRIATE AT ! TIME1 H[EV] 9CONSI/5T IT WAS ) RESPECT TO ?OSE IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES4.<#e#c.> 

,?IS P]NICI\S & B>OQUE WAY ( EX]CIS+ LEAD]%IP & 0LEAD+ ! MASSES0 ALL[$ HIM TO 9DULGE MON?S LAT] 9 A K9D ( 0VICTIMISM01 BY :I* HE ATTRIBUT$ ! CATA/ROPHIC *OICE ( COLLABORATIONISM EXCLUSIVELY TO ! ,C,N,T RANK & FILE4 ,=TY YE>S LAT]1 ) ! HI/ORIANS UNABLE TO CONSULT ! M9UTES ( ! ,PL5UMS ( ! #b#a/ & ! #b#f? ( ,JULY1 :I* HAVE CONV5I5TLY DISAPPE>$1 :O W\LD D5Y ! CLAIM ( ! AU?OR ( ,EL ECO DE LOS PASOS ?AT HE PROPOS$ 0GO+ = BROKE01 OR EV5 ?AT LAT] HE UNWILL+LY ASSUM$ LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 OR ?AT HE W\LD LAT] RESI/ BE+ APPO9T$ AS AN>*I/ ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE UND] ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 OR ?AT1 V]Y MU* AGA9/ HIS WILL1 BUT = ! B5EFIT ( ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION1 HE P]=M$ ! NECESS>Y ROLE ( 0FIRE *IEF0 DUR+ ! ,EV5TS ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 & !N LAT] WAS ! FRU/RAT$ C&IDATE = ,*ANCELLOR ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & !N A LONG ETCET]A ( CONTRADICTORY SELL\TS1 EA* ONE MORE SURREALI/IC ?AN ! LA/4 

,9 ANY EV5T1 NO ONE IS :AT HE SAYS HE IS1 BUT :AT HE REALLY DOES1 & :AT ! O!RS SAY HE IS4 ,& ?IS ALSO APPLIES TO ,G>CIA ,OLIV]4 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS AN AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD] :O1 FROM HIS POSITION AS ! EFFECTIVE PRESID5T ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 SUFFOCAT$ ! REVOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEES1 :5 ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVES ( !SE COMMITTEES SUP]S$$ ! DIRECTIVES ( ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION4 ,! COLLABORATIONISM ( ! ,C,N,T1 H[EV]1 DID NOT JU/ CONSI/ ( ! 5TRY ( A FEW ( ITS LEAD]S 9TO ! GOV]NM5T2 IT WAS ! 5TIRE ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS IMPLICAT$ 9 ! V>I\S LEVELS ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,& ?IS FACT WAS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! MORE ?AN DUBI\S POSITION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ,G>CIA ,OLIV] 9 FAVOR ( AN AMBIGU\S 0GO+ = BROKE04 ,! ,C,N,T LACK$ A PROGRAM & A TACTIC ?AT W\LD HAVE PREP>$ IT = ! SEIZURE ( P[]2 & ?AT IS :Y ITS LEAD]S DID NO?+ BUT IMPROVISE1 & S\<T TO COLLABORATE ) ! O!R ANTIFASCI/ =CES & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 DESPITE ! 0PROVISIONAL SETBACK0 ?IS IMPLI$ = !IR ANTI-/ATE PREJUDICES1 :I* L$ TO ! HYBRID ,C,C,M,A4 ,9 FACT1 IF ! ,C,N,T HAD SU* A PROGRAM & SU* A TACTIC IT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 AN AN>*I/ TRADE UNION1 BUT A ,M>XI/ P>TY4 ,! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION & IDEOLOGY F\ND]$ ON ! ROCKS ( ! OP5LY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ?AT >OSE FOLL[+ ! 9SURRECTIONAL VICTORY ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 

,& H]E WE RETURN TO \R ANALYSIS ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S IDEA ( LEAD]%IP 9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,NOT ALL ! MILITANTS W]E EQUAL1 NOR DID !IR OP9IONS1 OR PROPOSALS1 C>RY ! SAME WEI<T2 ONE ONLY NE$$ TO PAY HE$ & GIVE CONSID]ATION TO ! SPEE*ES ( ?OSE :O1 BE=E !Y M\NT$ ! PODIUM1 HAD RISK$ !IR LIVES & !IR LIB]TY = ! ORGANIZATION1 RA!R ?AN ?OSE :O HAD LIMIT$ !IR 9T]V5TION TO TALK4 ,?OSE :O HAD BECOME LEAD]S DID SO BY MEANS ( !IR D$ICATION & C\RAGE4 ,?IS LEAD]%IP ( 0! MAN ( ACTION0 &1 ON A SECOND>Y LEVEL1 ( ! 09TELLECTUALS01#h WAS AN 9TEGRAL ASPECT ( ! ,C,N,T1 AL?\< ?IS WAS NOT 5UNCIAT$ 9 ITS REGULATIONS & /ATUTES4 

,! !ORETICAL HORIZONTAL & EGALIT>IAN /RUCTURE ( ! ,C,N,T RAPIDLY DISAPPE>$1 IF IT HAD ACTUALLY EV] PREVAIL$ AT ! HI<E/ DECISION-MAK+ LEVELS4 ,! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES PROVID$ A SCRE5 = ! UPP] E*ELONS ( ! LEAD]%IP1 :I* DEBAT$ & DECID$ EV]Y?+ SECRETLY1 9 ITS [N 5VIRONM5T ( FRI5DS & ACQUA9TANCES4 ,! GREAT TRADE UNION ,PL5UMS ON A NATIONAL & REGIONAL SCALE1 ONLY S]V$ TO RATIFY ! RESOLUTIONS ALREADY MADE BY ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES1 & TO MAKE !M PUBLIC4 

,! ,C,N,T FUNCTION$ 9 A PYRAMIDAL & QUASI-,L59I/ MANN]1 9 :I* A SMALL VANGU>D DEBAT$ & DECID$ EV]Y?+1 & ?IS WAS ONLY MADE WORSE BY ! FACT ?AT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = T5D5CIES TO =M )9 ! ORGANIZATION ?AT W]E CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ ) !IR [N PROGRAMS & LEAD]%IPS AGA9/ ! MAJORITY1 S9CE ! ,C,N,T WAS =MALLY A UNIT>Y & HORIZONTAL TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION4 

,! ,F,I,R,/ ,D,A,Y,S ,( ,! ,C,C,M,A 

,! FIR/ 9=MAL MEET+ ( ! ,C,C,M,A TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! EV5+ ( ! #b?1 = 9=MATIONAL & PREP>ATORY PURPOSES1 ONCE ! ,C,N,T DELEGATION HAD OBTA9$ ! PROVISIONAL CONS5T ( ! ,JO9T ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,REPRES5T+ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! ,],C W]E ,JOSEP ,T>RADELLAS1 ,>TEMI ,AGUADE & ,JAUME ,MIRAVITLLES2 = ! ,UNIO ,SOCIALI/A1 ,COMOR]A2 = ! ,U,G,T1 ,VIDIELLA3 ,PEYPO* = ,ACCIO ,CATALANA2 ,GORK9 = ! ,P,\,M2 & ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI1 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ REPRES5T$ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 

,T>RADELLAS PROPOS$ ! EXCLUSION ( ,E/AT ,CATALA1 AS HE CONSID]$ IT TO BE A RI<T W+ ORGANIZATION1 S9CE ITS LEAD] ,D5CAS WAS A FASCI/ :O HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9 ,ITALY4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] PROPOS$ A REPRES5TATIONAL S*EME = P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,C,C,M,A3 ?REE PO/S = ! ,C,N,T1 ?REE = ! ,U,G,T1 & ?REE = ! ,],C2 TWO = ! ,F,A,I1 & ONE = EA* ( ! FOLL[+ ORGANIZATIONS3 ,ACCIO ,CATALANA1 ,P,\,M1 ! SOCIALI/S1 & ! ,RABASSAIRES4 ,ON ?AT SAME NI<T ! DECREE CONC]N+ ! =MATION ( ,CITIZ5 ,MILITIAS WAS S5T TO BE PR9T$ 9 ! ,(FICIAL ,BULLET9 ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ ON ! FOLL[+ DAY4 ,9 ?IS DECREE1 ,LLUIS ,PRUNES WAS NAM$ ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE BY ,COMPANYS1 & ,P]EZ ,F>RAS WAS APPO9T$ *IEF ( ! MILITIAS4 ,! MILITIAS W]E AN 9/ITUTION ?AT ASSUM$ ! RESPONSIBILITY = ,DEF5SE1 )\T ANY P>TICIPATION FROM ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T1 :I* LACK$ ANY PRES5CE 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4.<#e#d.> 

,ON ,JULY #ba AT ELEV5 9 ! MORN+1 AT ! ,NAVAL ,S*OOL1 ! FIR/ (FICIAL MEET+ ( ! ,C,C,M,A TOOK PLACE1 :]E ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 IGNOR+ ! PUBLI%$ DECREE & ! DELEGATES NAM$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT1 SUBMITT$ = DEBATE & APPROVAL HIS PROJECT = ! CON/ITUTION ( A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ?AT W\LD IMPOSE A NEW 0REVOLUTION>Y ORD]04 ,! ,C,N,T HAD R5\NC$ ANY 9T5TION ( SEIZ+ P[]1 BUT IT WAS NOT READY TO BECOME A SIMPLE BIT PLAY] 9 ! ,G5]ALITAT & ?US R5\NCE ITS >M$ VICTORY 9 ! /REETS1 :I* ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS W\LD NEV] HAVE TOL]AT$4 ,AFT] A DEBATE 9 :I* ,>TEMI ,AGUADE >GU$ AGA9/ ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S IDEA ( ! CONCEPT ( 0REVOLUTION>Y ORD]01 ! ,C,C,M,A WAS (FICIALLY F\ND$4 ,! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,C,M,A WAS EX]CIS$ DE FACTO BY ,G>CIA ,OLIV]4 ,! DELEGATES AT ! MEET+.<#e#e.> APPROV$ ! FOLL[+ TEXT1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ AS A ,DECREE3 

0,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALUNA HAV+ BE5 CON/ITUT$1 ?IS 9/ITUTION1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,DECREE PUBLI%$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ,CATALUNA 9 TODAY'S ,(FICIAL ,BULLET91 HAS APPROV$ ! FOLL[+ RESOLUTIONS1 ) :I* ALL CITIZ5S MU/ COMPLY3 

0#a4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ORD] IS E/ABLI%$1 :I* ALL ! ORGANIZATIONS REPRES5T$ ON ! ,COMMITTEE >E PL$G$ TO UPHOLD4 

0#b4 ,= CONTROL & SECURITY1 ! ,COMMITTEE HAS APPO9T$ ! NECESS>Y SQUADS = ! PURPOSE ( 5SUR+ RIGOR\S COMPLIANCE ) ITS ORD]S4 ,T[>DS ?IS 5D1 ! SQUADS WILL BE> ! CORRESPOND+ CR$5TIALS ?AT WILL ID5TIFY !IR P]SONNEL4 

0#c4 ,!SE SQUADS WILL BE ! ONLY ONES ACCR$IT$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,ANY O!R P]SONS OR GR\PS ?AT ACT \TSIDE ! PURVIEW ( !SE SQUADS WILL BE CONSID]$ TO BE REBELS & WILL SUFF] ! PUNI%M5TS ?AT ! ,COMMITTEE CONSID]S APPROPRIATE4 

0#d4 ,! NI<T SQUADS WILL BE ESPECIALLY /RICT ) REG>D TO ?OSE :O DISRUPT ! REVOLUTION>Y ORD]4 

0#e4 ,BETWE5 ONE & FIVE 9 ! MORN+ TRAFFIC WILL BE RE/RICT$ TO ! FOLL[+ ELEM5TS3 A7 ALL ?OSE ) CR$5TIALS PROV+ ?AT !Y >E MEMB]S ( ANY ( ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS2 B7 ?OSE P]SONS :O >E ACCOMPANI$ BY ANY ( ! ABOVE ELEM5TS :O WILL V\* = !IR MORAL *>ACT]2 C7 ,?OSE :O CAN PROVE ?AT !Y HAD TO LEAVE !IR HOMES = REASONS ( =CE MAJEURE4 

0#f4 ,= ! PURPOSE ( RECRUIT+ ELEM5TS = ! ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS1 ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMITTEE >E AU?ORIZ$ TO OP5 CORRESPOND+ RECRUITM5T & TRA9+ FACILITIES4 ,! CONDITIONS REG>D+ ?IS RECRUITM5T WILL BE SET =? 9 DETAIL 9 9T]NAL REGULATIONS4 

0#g4 ,! ,COMMITTEE HOPES ?AT1 GIV5 ! NE$ TO CON/RUCT A REVOLUTION>Y ORD] TO CONFRONT ! FASCI/ GR\PS1 IT WILL NOT HAVE TO RESORT TO DISCIPL9>Y MEASURES 9 ORD] TO 5=CE OB$I5CE4 

0,! ,COMMITTEE40.<#e#f.> 

,! DECREE =M+ ! ,C,C,M,A WAS !RE=E NO?+ EXTRAORD9>Y1 & WAS PRIM>ILY ORI5T$ T[>DS MEASURES TO 5SURE PUBLIC ORD]4 ,! T]M1 0REVOLUTION>Y ORD]0 DOES NOT ALL[ US TO S]I\SLY SPEAK ( ANY?+ LIKE DUAL P[]1 AS SOME HI/ORIANS HAVE4 ,NOR DID ! CONTEMPOR>Y PRESS EMPHASIZE ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,C,C,M,A AS ANY?+ EXTRAORD9>Y1 NOR DID IT AT ANY TIME VIEW ! ,C,C,M,A AS A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS A RIVAL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,G5]ALITAT1 = ITS P>T1 CONT9U$ TO LEAD A PHANTOM EXI/5CE1 ASSUM+ RESPONSIBILITY = ! SECOND>Y TASKS ?AT ! ,C,C,M,A DELEGAT$ TO IT1 & ITS AU?ORITY WAS PRACTICALLY LIMIT$ TO PUBLI%+ ! ,(FICIAL ,BULLET94 

,9 ,B>CELONA1 ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 HAV+ BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO REVOLUTION>Y NEI<BORHOOD COMMITTEES1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY DIRECTIVES FROM ANY ORGANIZATION & )\T ANY O!R COORD9ATION ?AN WAS REQUIR$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVES ( EA* MOM5T1 ORGANIZ$ ! HOSPITALS1 OV]:ELM$ BY AN AVALAN*E ( W\ND$1 ORGANIZ$ POPUL> KIT*5S1 REQUISITION$ C>S1 TRUCKS1 WEAPONS1 FACTORIES & BUILD+S1 SE>*$ PRIVATE HOMES & >RE/$ SUSPECTS1 & CREAT$ A NETWORK ( SUPPLY COMMITTEES 9 EA* NEI<BORHOOD1 :I* W]E COORD9AT$ 9 A ,SUPPLY ,COMMITTEE = ! 5TIRE CITY1 9 :I* ! ,FOOD ,SUPPLY ,TRADE ,UNION PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y CONTAGION AFFECT$ ALL SOCIAL SECTORS & ALL ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W]E S9C]ELY SYMPA!TIC TO ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,?IS CON/ITUT$ ! ONLY REAL P[] ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 :I* APPE>$ TO ! PEOPLE 9 >MS AS ! ANTIFASCI/ 9/ITUTION ?AT MU/ CONDUCT ! W> & IMPOSE ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y ORD]4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 H[ A ,PL5UM ( ,LOCAL & ,DI/RICT ,COMMITTEES HAD ON ,JULY #ba R5\NC$ ! SEIZURE ( P[]1 UND]/OOD AS A DICTATOR%IP ( ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S RA!R ?AN AS ! IMPOSITION1 COORD9ATION & EXT5SION ( ! P[] ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES W]E ALREADY EX]CIS+ 9 ! /REETS4 ,ON ! #b#cRD A SECRET JO9T PL5UM ( ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I CLOS$ RANKS >\ND ! DECISION MADE TO COLLABORATE 9 ! ,C,C,M,A1 & TO PREP>E TO OV]COME ! RESI/ANCE ( ! MILITANTS AT ! UPCOM+ ,PL5UM ON ! #b#f?4 ,ON ?AT SAME DAY ,G>CIA ,OLIV] BROADCA/ A SPEE* DIRECT$ AT ! WORK]S ( ,Z>AGOZA1 CALL+ UPON !M TO GO 9TO ! /REETS & LET !MSELVES BE KILL$ BY ! FASCI/S4.<#e#g.> ,AT A B> ACROSS FROM ! ,P9O *UR*1 ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,P,S,U,C7 WAS =M$1 AS A M]G] ( F\R SMALL SOCIALI/ & ,/AL9I/ GR\PS4 

,WE HAVE ALSO SE5 H[1 ON ! #b#d?1 ! FIR/ TWO AN>*I/ COLUMNS DEP>T$ = ! FRONT UND] ! COMM& ( ,DURRUTI & ,ORTIZ4 ,DURRUTI BROADCA/ A SPEE* OV] ! RADIO 9 :I* HE W>N$ HIS LI/5]S ( ! NE$ TO BE VIGILANT AGA9/ A POSSIBLE C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y C\P4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 ,B>CELONA HAD TO BE CONSOLIDAT$1 9 ORD] TO 0GO = BROKE0 AFT] ! CAPTURE ( ,Z>AGOZA4 

,ON ,JULY #be ,COMPANYS APPE>$ AT ! ,NAVAL ,S*OOL TO ACCUSE ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C,C,M,A ( BE+ 9EFFECTIVE 9 ASSUR+ PUBLIC ORD]1 9 ! FACE ( ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV] :O DISMISS$ HIM 9 A ?REAT5+ MANN]4 

,ON ! #b#f? ( ,JULY1 ! DEF9ITIVE COLLABORATION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 ! ,C,C,M,A WAS RATIFI$ ?AT MORN+ AT ! ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM1 A DECISION ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 APPROV$ BY ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 !IR DEBATE ON ! #b#cRD & AT ! PREVI\S ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM HELD ON ! #b#a/4 

,! ,PL5UM ( ! #b#f?UNANIM\SLY CONFIRM$ ?AT ! ,C,N,T W\LD MA9TA9 ! SAME POSITION APPROV$ ALREADY ON ! #b#a/ ( ,JULY TO P>TICIPATE 9 ?IS NEW 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION KN[N AS ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,?IS SAME PL5UM ( ! #b#f? CREAT$ A ,SUPPLY ,COMMISSION1 DEP5D5T ON ! ,C,C,M,A1 TO :I* ! V>I\S SUPPLY COMMITTEES ?AT HAD EM]G$ ALL OV] ! CITY W]E ORD]$ TO SUBMIT1.<#e#h.> & AT ! SAME TIME ORD]$ A P>TIAL T]M9ATION ( ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! SUMM>Y ( ! MA9 RESOLUTIONS APPROV$ AT ?IS ,PL5UM WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! =M ( A ,DECREE1.<#e#i.> 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ?AT !Y W]E UND]/OOD & OBS]V$4 ,! ,C,C,M,A MET ON ! EV5+ ( ! #b#f? TO CREATE A FL[ *>T & S*EMATIC ( V>I\S DEP>TM5TS3 ,W>1 ,MILITIAS ( ,B>CELONA1 ,REGIONAL ,MILITIAS1 ,SUPPLY ,COMMISSION1 ,PROPAG&A1 ,AU?ORIZATIONS & ,P]MITS1 ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 ,MILIT>Y ,HOSPITALS1 ,TRANSPORT & ,SUBSIDIES4 

,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS 9 *>GE ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,W>4 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN WAS RESPONSIBLE = SUPPLY+ ! MILITIAS1 ASSI/$ BY ,MIRET & ,PONS4 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ WAS NAM$ *IEF ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,9VE/IGATION1 OR1 :I* AM\NTS TO ! SAME ?+1 ! REAL *IEF ( ! REVOLUTION>Y POLICE1 ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ,JOSE ,AS5S & ,TOMAS ,FABREGAS 7,ACCIO ,CATALANA71 :O L$ ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS4 ,M>COS ,ALCON 7:O REPLAC$ ,DURRUTI7 WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! ,TRANSPORT SECTION1 ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ,DURAN ,ROSELL 7:O REPLAC$ ,ANTONIO ,LOPEZ ,RAIMUNDO1 :O WAS KILL$ ON ! FRONT AT ,HUESCA71 FROM ! ,U,G,T4 ,JOSEP ,MIRET 7,UNIO ,SOCIALI/A1 LAT] TO M]GE ) ! ,P,S,U,C7 & ,JOAN ,PONS 7,],C7 W]E 9 *>GE ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,REGIONAL ,MILITIAS4 ,MIRAVITLLES 7,],C7 WAS MADE LEAD] ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,PROPAG&A & ,TORR5TS 7,UNIO DE ,RABASSAIRES7 WAS APPO9T$ HEAD ( ! ,SUPPLY ,COMMISSION4 ,RAFAEL ,VIDIELLA 7REPLAC+ ,JOSE DEL ,B>RIO1 ! DELEGATE ( ! ,C>LOS ,M>X ,COLUMN7 WAS ALSO APPO9T$ TO ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,9VE/IGATION1 :I* WAS L$ BY ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ4 ,JOAN ,PONS ,G>L&I 7,],C7 WAS NAM$ TO HEAD ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AU?ORIZATIONS & ,P]MITS 7PASSPORTS74 ,>TEMI ,AGUADE 7,],C7 L$ ! ,W> ,HOSPITALS DEP>TM5T4 ,JOSEP ,T>RADELLAS WAS APPO9T$ TO HEAD ! DECISIVE DEP>TM5T ( ! ,ECONOMY & ,W> ,9DU/RIES4 ,! BRO!RS ,GU>N]1 ,DIAZ ,S&9O & ,P]EZ ,F>RAS W]E NAM$ AS MILIT>Y ADVIS]S4 ,LLUIS ,PRUNES1 ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 SOON RESIGN$ FROM HIS O/5SIBLE BUT SC>CELY EFFECTIVE POSITION 7:I* WAS NOT RECOGNIZ$7 AS PRESID5T ( ! ,C,C,M,A4 

,! DOM9ANCE ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & HIS CLA%ES ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT W]E CON/ANT FEATURES ( ! ,C,C,M,A UNTIL ITS DISSOLUTION1 AL?\< !Y DIM9I%$ 9 9T5SITY1 IMPORTANCE & 9T]E/ ) EA* PASS+ WEEK1 BO? BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT ,G>CIA ,OLIV] LO/ ! SUPPORT ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 & BECAUSE ( ! 9EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! ,C,C,M,A & ! V]Y E>LY SECRET DECISION ( ! ,C,N,T TO DISSOLVE IT4 ,! MO/ S]I\S CONFRONTATION WAS UND\BT$LY ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S VETO ( ! ,CASANOVAS GOV]NM5T1 PROPOS$ BY ,COMPANYS ON ,JULY #c#a1 #a#i#c#f1 9 :I* TWO ,P,S,U,C ,M9I/]S W]E ADMITT$3 ,JOAN ,COMOR]A & ,RAFAEL ,VIDIELLA1 & ONE FROM ! ,UNIO DE ,RABASSAIRES3 ,JOSEP ,CALVET4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S ULTIMATUM1 :I* 9CLUD$ A ?REAT TO OV]?R[ ! ,G5]ALITAT1 BECAUSE HE SAW ! NEW GOV]NM5T AS AN ATTACK AGA9/ ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 5D$ ) ,COMPANYS REL5T+ & MODIFY+ ! COMPOSITION ( ! GOV]NM5T 7N[ ) ONLY REPUBLICANS7 JU/ A FEW DAYS AFT] HAV+ PUBLI%$ ! DECREE ( ITS CON/ITUTION4 

,! POSITION ( ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES.<#f.> ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I WAS 9COH]5T1 UNSU/A9ABLE & CONTRADICTORY4 ,!IR IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES PREV5T$ !M FROM 5T]+ ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 BUT !Y DID NOT WANT ?AT GOV]NM5T TO POSE A ?REAT TO ! ,C,C,M,A1 EI!R1 & ?US S\<T TO KEEP ! GOV]NM5T SUBJECT TO AN 9/ITUTION ?AT WAS NOT1 & DID NOT WANT TO BE1 A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,C,C,M,A DID NOT HOLD ALL P[] 9 ITS H&S1 NOR DID IT WANT TO LEAVE ALL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ANYONE ELSE4 ,! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S WANT$ TO CONSOLIDATE ! EXI/+ REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,IF ?IS HAS BE5 CALL$ DUAL P[] IT IS ONLY BECAUSE !RE WAS NO UND]/&+ ( ! FACT ?AT DUAL P[] 5TAILS A F]OCI\S & M]CILESS /RUGGLE1 C>RI$ \T BETWE5 TWO OPPOS$ POLES1 TO DE/ROY ! RIVAL P[]4.<#f#a.> ,9 ! CASE ( ,CATALUNA IT WAS MORE APPROPRIATE TO SPEAK ( A DUPLICATION & COMPLEM5T>ITY ( P[]S DIVID$ AMONG V>I\S M9I/RIES ( ! GOV]NM5T & ! ,C,C,M,A1 :I* OCCASIONALLY PROV$ TO BE PROBLEMATIC1 9EFFECTIVE & IRRITAT+ = EV]YONE 9VOLV$4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S ?REAT AGA9/ ! =MATION ( ! ,CASANOVAS GOV]NM5T HAD NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN TO PRES]VE ?IS DUPLICATION ( P[]S4 ,! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ P>TICIPATION 9 ! TASKS ( ! GOV]NM5T BY WAY ( ! ,C,C,M,A WAS UNSATISFACTORY4 ,BUT NO ONE D>$ TO PROPOSE TO ! >M$ MASSES ( LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS ?AT ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S %\LD DIRECTLY 5T] ! GOV]NM5T4 ,:5 REALITY CLA%ES ) PR9CIPLES1 IT IS ! LATT] ?AT USUALLY HAVE TO GIVE WAY4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! ,C,C,M,A CREAT$ ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,UNIFI$ ,NEW ,S*OOL 7,JULY #b#g1 #a#i#c#f71 ! ,COMMISSION ( ,W> ,9DU/RIES 7,AUGU/ #g1 #a#i#c#f71 ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS 7,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#c#f7 & ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY 7,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#c#f74 ,!RE WAS A T5D5CY UND]WAY T[>DS AN EXCLUSIVELY MILIT>Y SPECIALIZATION ( ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,9 REALITY :AT WAS TAK+ PLACE WAS A PROCESS ( 9TEGRATION ( ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVES 9TO ! GOV]NM5T MA*9]Y4 ,ALL !SE MIX$ COMMISSIONS HAD A HI< DEGREE ( AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5T P[] ( DECISION1 BESIDES C\NT+ ON A NOTABLE WORK+ CLASS PRES5CE1 EV5 AT ! PRESID5CY & ! LEAD]%IP LEVELS1 BUT !Y W]E ALWAYS ORGANICALLY EMB$D$ 9 ! V>I\S DEP>TM5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* WAS BEG9N+ TO ACQUIRE PRE/IGE1 PRES5CE & PORTIONS ( P[]1 TO ! P]MAN5T DETRIM5T ( ! ,C,C,M,A & ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES4 ,! MO/ NOTABLE CASE WAS ?AT ( ! ,COMMISSION ( ,W> ,9DU/RIES1 9 :I* ,T>RADELLAS WAS ABLE TO =M A TEAM ( PR(ESSIONAL TE*NICIANS1 SU* AS ,COLONEL ,JIM5EZ DE LA ,B]AZA1 ! ,HEAD ( ! ,AIR ,=CE ,MIGUEL ,RAMIREZ & ! ,>TILL]Y ,CAPTA9 ,LUIS ,>IZON1 :O1 TOGE!R ) HI<LY SKILL$ WORK]S1 SU* AS ! METAL WORK] ,EUG5IO ,VALLEJO1.<#f#b.> A PIONE] 9 CREAT+ AN 9CIPI5T W> 9DU/RY AFT] ,JULY #b1 :O BR\<T ! COLLABORATION & 5?USIASM ( ! V>I\S TRADE UNIONS & COMMITTEES1 & SUCCESSFULLY CREAT$ A W> 9DU/RY FROM ABSOLUTELY NO?+1 :I* ATTA9$ SIGNIFICANT PRODUCTION LEVELS 9 ONLY A FEW MON?S4 

,! ,C,\,N,C,I,L ,( ,! ,E,C,O,N,O,M,Y 

,! PURPOSE ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY WAS TO 0PROVIDE A SUITABLE /RUCTURE = & NORMALIZE ! FUNCTION+ ( ! ,CATALAN ECONOMY01 AS ! ,DECREE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT RATIFI$ ITS CREATION /AT$ ON ,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#c#f4 ,IT WAS AN 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T ANTIFASCI/ =CES ?AT COMPOS$ ! ,C,C,M,A1 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION DOM9AT$ BY ! POLITICAL & MILIT>Y HEGEMONY ( ! ,C,N,T1 & ITS GOAL WAS TO *ANNEL1 CONTROL1 REGULATE & NEUTRALIZE1 OR M9IMIZE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 ! ME?ODICAL EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS C>RY+ \T4 ,IT WAS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! C\NT]REVOLUTION TO RECOV] ! FUNCTIONS LO/ BY ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 FIR/ TRANS=M+ ! EXPROPRIATIONS 9TO COLLECTIVIZATIONS1 :I* W]E NO?+ MORE ?AN APPROPRIATIONS ( ! 5T]PRISES BY !IR WORK]S1 REFLECT+ A K9D ( 0TRADE UNION CAPITALISM01.<#f#c.> & F9ALLY E/ABLI%$ RIGID CONTROL OV] ! ,CATALAN ECONOMY1 :I* WAS PLANN$1 C5TRALIZ$ & DIRECT$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,9 ?IS MANN] A P>ALLEL EVOLUTION WAS UND]WAY1 ( A LEGISLATIVE *>ACT]1 BUT ALSO ONE ?AT IMPOS$ EFFECTIVE CONTROL OV] ! 5T]PRISES BY ! ,G5]ALITAT :I*1 />T+ ) ! ,PLAN ( ,SOCIALI/ ,TRANS=MATION 7,AUGU/ #a#g1 #a#i#c#f71 CONCLUD$ ) ! ,DECREE ON ,COLLECTIVIZATIONS & ,WORK]S ,CONTROL 7,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f71 :I* IMPOS$ AN 9SPECTOR APPO9T$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT ON ! COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES4 ,! EXPLANATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ,DECREE1 & ITS PUBLIC 9TRODUCTION & IMPOSITION ON ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! ,CONF]5CE ON ! ,NEW ,ECONOMY ON ,DECEMB] #e-#f ( #a#i#c#f1 AL?\< PRES5T$ AS A K9D ( WORK+ CLASS ASSEMBLY ) DECISION-MAK+ P[]S1 NO?+ C\LD HAVE BE5 FUR!R FROM ! TRU?4 

,! MU*-MY?OLOGIZ$ SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! COLLECTIVES NEV] W5T BEYOND A CAPITALISM ( TRADE UNION MANAGEM5T & /ATE PLANN+1 AGA9/ :I* ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA F\<T 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#g1 9 FAVOR ( ! ALT]NATIVE ( SOCIALIZATION4 

,! ,C,O,N,T,R,O,L ,P,A,T,R,O,L,S 

,ALREADY DUR+ ! WEEKS PRIOR TO ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ ! ,NOSOTROS GR\P HAD ORGANIZ$ SOME REQUISITION PATROLS1 :I* HAD BE5 RECONNOIT]+ ! *UR*ES TO PREP>E = !IR PLUND]+1 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 MONEY1 PRECI\S METALS & >TWORKS ) :I* WEAPONS C\LD BE B\<T FROM =EIGN C\NTRIES4.<#f#d.> 

,!SE REQUISITION PATROLS W5T 9TO ACTION ON ,JULY #ai & 5GAG$ 9 FR5ETIC ACTIVITY DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW WEEKS4 ,! ATOMIZATION ( P[]1 ! CONF9EM5T ( ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD] TO !IR B>RACKS1 & ! ABS5CE ( CONTROL & COORD9ATION ON ! P>T ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 CAUS$ ,B>CELONA TO EXP]I5CE A WAVE ( LOOT+ & T]ROR1 AS A NATURAL CONT9UATION ( ! /REET BATTLES AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+4 ,IT WAS A K9D ( EXT5SION ( ! SOCIAL W> 9 :I* PRIE/S1 B\RGEOISIE & RI<TI/S W]E 5EMIES TO BE HUNT$ D[N & KILL$ BY PATROLS ( >M$ M51 SUBJECT TO NO AU?ORITY1 :O DEF5D$ !MSELVES FROM ATTACKS FROM SNIP]S = A :OLE WEEK4 ,ON ,JULY #bh ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I PUBLI%$ A S]I\S W>N+ ?AT ALL DI/URB]S ( ! PUBLIC ORD] :O TOOK JU/ICE 9TO !IR [N H&S W\LD BE %OT4 ,& SOME \T/&+ MILITANTS W]E 9 FACT %OT1.<#f#e.> ALONG ) V>I\S CRIM9ALS & OPPORTUNI/S4 ,9 ORD] TO QUELL ?IS SOCIAL DISORD] ! ,C,C,M,A CREAT$ ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 CONCEIV$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y POLICE =CE1 ON ,AUGU/ #a#a4 

,! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS LA/$ MU* LONG] ?AN ! ,C,C,M,A1 AS !Y W]E NOT DISSOLV$ UNTIL E>LY ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 %ORTLY AFT] ! EV5TS KN[N AS 0! ,MAY ,DAYS0 ( #a#i#c#g4 

,!Y W]E =M$ 9TO ELEV5 SECTIONS1 DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T ALL ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ,B>CELONA4 ,AT FIR/ !Y HAD A TOTAL ( SEV5 HUNDR$ M51 PLUS ELEV5 COMM&+ (FIC]S1 ONE = EA* SECTION4 ,!Y WORE UNI=MS COMPOS$ ( A LEA!R JACKET ) ZIPP]1 CORDUROY PANTS1 MILITIA CAP & A BLACK & R$ B&ANNA1 !Y C>RI$ ID5TIFICATION C>DS1 & !Y W]E >M$4 ,SOME ( !M CAME FROM ! REQUISITION PATROLS & O!RS FROM ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 AL?\< MANY ( ! LATT] PROV$ TO BE RELUCTANT TO ACT AS 0POLICE0 = IDEOLOGICAL REASONS1 :I* ALL[$ NEW1 UNRELIABLE ELEM5TS TO 5T] ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ONLY HALF ! MEMB]S ( ! ,PATROLS W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 OR ! ,F,A,I2 ! O!R HALF W]E MEMB]S ( ! O!R ORGANIZATIONS ?AT =M$ ! ,C,C,M,A3 ,P,\,M1 ,],C & ,P,S,U,C1 = ! MO/ P>T4 

,! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS W]E UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 L$ BY ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ 7,F,A,I7 & ,SALVADOR ,GONZALEZ 7,P,S,U,C71 :O REPLAC$ ,VIDIELLA4 ,! C5TRAL (FICE ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION WAS AT ,NUMB] #fag ,GRAN ,VIA1 :]E ! TWO DELEGATES ( ! ,PATROLS1 ,JOSE ,AS5S 7,F,A,I7 & ,TOMAS ,FABREGAS 7,ACCIO ,CATALANA7 W]E BAS$4 ,! ,PATROLM5'S WAGES1 T5 PESETAS A DAY1 W]E PAID BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,AL?\< ALL ! SECTIONS MADE >RE/S1 & SOME ( ?OSE >RE/$ W]E 9T]ROGAT$ AT ! OLD ,CASA ,CAMBO1 ! C5TRAL PRISON WAS LOCAT$ 9 ! =M] CONV5T ( ! ,NUNS ( ,SAN ,ELIAS4 ,! W>D5 ( ! PRISON WAS ,SILVIO ,TORR5TS 0,>IAS0 7,F,A,I71 ! DELEGATE ( ! C5TRAL (FICE ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS4 ,A TRIBUNAL WAS CON/ITUT$ AT ,SAN ,ELIAS1 CREAT$ BY ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS !MSELVES1 )\T ! =MAL CONS5T ( ANY ORGANIZATION1 :OSE MISSION WAS TO JUDGE ! DETA9EES AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS TRIBUNAL WAS COMPOS$ ( ! ,PATROL MEMB]S ,RI]A1 ! BRO!RS ,>IAS1 ,AUBI & ,BONET1 ( ! ,F,A,I2 ,AFRICA DE LAS ,H]AS & ,SALVADOR ,GONZALEZ ( ! ,P,S,U,C2 ,COLL FROM ! ,],C & ,B>CELO FROM ! ,P,\,M4 ,! OP]ATIONS ( ?IS TRIBUNAL W]E TOTALLY 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 ANY O!R ORGANIZATION & ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,IT WAS L$ BY ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ1 ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 ,VIC5TE ,GIL 70,PORTELA071 ,DIONISIO ,]OLES & ,JOSE ,AS5S4 ,! DETA9EES W]E 9T]ROGAT$ SUMM>ILY1 )\T ANY JUDICIAL SAFEGU>DS ( ANY K9D4 

,! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS 9CLUD$1 AT ! TIME ( !IR F\ND+1 ! FOLL[+ SECTIONS3 ! ,FIR/1 OR ,CASCO ,VIEJO1 AT ,NUMB] #ca ,AN*A ,/REET1 UND] DELEGATE ,MIGUEL ,LA/]2 ! ,SECOND1 AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,>AGON & ,MUNTAN] ,/REETS 7,NUMB] #ahb ,>AGON ,/REET74 ,! ,?IRD1 COV]+ ,B>CELONETA & ! ,E/ACION DEL ,NORTE4 ,! ,F\R? 9CLUD$ ! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS ( ,POBLE ,SEC & ,CAN ,TUNIS4 ,! ,FIF?1 ! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS ( ,SANTS & ,HO/AFRANCS1 ITS HEADQU>T]S LOCAT$ AT ! ,ORFEO DE ,SANTS ON ,GALILEO ,/REET--ITS DELEGATE WAS 0,M>IO0 7,F,A,I72 ! ,SIX?1 ! UPP] CLASS DI/RICTS ( ,BONANOVA & ,P$RALBES1 ) ITS HEADQU>T]S ON ,MUNTAN] ,/REET2 ,! ,SEV5?1 ! ,GRACIA & ,SAN ,G]VASIO NEI<BORHOODS1 ) ITS HEADQU>T]S ON ,BALMES ,/REET2 ! ,EI<?1 ! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOOD ( ,EL ,CLOT--ITS DELEGATE WAS ,OLIV] 7,F,A,I72 ! ,N9?1 ! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOOD ( ,SAN ,&RES & ITS DELEGATE W5T BY ! NAME ( ,P]EZ 7,F,A,I72 ! ,T5?1 ,HORTA2 ! ,ELEV5?1 ) ITS HEADQU>T]S AT ! ,AT5EO ,COLON1 AT ,NUMB] #aff ,P$RO ,V,I ,/REET1 9 ! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOOD ( ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO--ITS DELEGATE WAS ,ANTONIO ,LOPEZ 7,F,A,I71 & IT %>$ ITS HEADQU>T]S ) ! ,PATROLS ( ,SAN ,ADRIAN4 ,! PATROLM5 HAD NO O!R RE/RICTIONS ON !IR JURISDICTION ?AT W]E CLE>LY EXPRESS$ O!R ?AN TO RESPECT ! RI<TS ( ! FREEMASONS & ! CONSULATES4.<#f#f.> 

,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ HAD EFFECTIVE CONTROL ( ! BORD]S4 ,HE COMPET$ ) ,PONS 7,],C7 ) REG>D TO ! ISSU+ & CONTROL ( PASSPORTS & TRAVEL P]MITS4 ,AURELIO ASSIGN$ ,VIC5TE ,GIL 70,PORTELA07 TO SUP]VISE CONTROL OV] ! AIRFIELDS & PORTS4 

,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ WORK$ V]Y CLOSELY ) ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 ! REAL DECISION-MAK] :O DIRECT$1 COORD9AT$ & 9=M$ ! O!R ,C,N,T 0POLICE0 (FICIALS3 ,JOSE ,AS5S1 ! DELEGATE ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 & ,DIONISIO ,]OLES1 ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S & ,SOLDI]S1 AN 9/ITUTION CREAT$ TO PURGE ! MILIT>Y & POLICE ( ELEM5TS :OSE LOYALTY WAS 9 D\BT4 

,MANUEL ,ESCORZA DEL ,VAL WAS ! DIRECTOR ( ! ,S]VICES ( ,9VE/IGATION & ,9=MATION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ?AT IS1 AN 9/ITUTION ?AT WAS NOT UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 BUT ( ! REGIONAL COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 9 O!R WORDS1 IT WAS A LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTION ?AT1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PROPOSAL MADE BY ,ESCORZA AT ! ,PL5UM ( ,JULY #b#a1 CON/ITUT$ AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE AN AUTONOM\S & 9DEP5D5T >M$ =CE ?AT W\LD BE CAPABLE ( 0GIV+ ! BOOT0 SOM$AY TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! C5TRAL 9VE/IGATION PATROL1 :I* WAS UND] ITS AU?ORITY1 MADE ,SAN ,ELIAS1 :I* WAS ALREADY ! C5TRAL PRISON = ALL ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 9TO A =TRESS1 A P[] C5T]1 A G5]AL B>RACKS & ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! TRIBUNAL ( ! ,PATROLS4 

,?IS ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICE ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I C>RI$ \T MISSIONS 9VOLV+ 9=MATION GA!R+ & ESPIONAGE1 EV5 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E ,M9UE1 ,ESCORZA'S BRO!R-9-LAW1 E/ABLI%$ AN EFFICI5T 9=MATION GA!R+ NETWORK4 

,MANUEL ,ESCORZA DEL ,VAL1 ) HIS (FICE ON ! TOP FLOOR ( ! =M] ,CASA ,CAMBO1 HAD CONFISCAT$ ! >*IVES ( ! EMPLOY]S ASSOCIATION 7,FOM5TO DEL ,TRABAJO7 & ! *AMB] ( COMM]CE 7! ,LLIGA71 :I* PROVID$ HIM ) MANY NAMES1 DATES1 RELATIONS & ADDRESSES1 ) :I* HE C>RI$ \T AN EFFICI5T LABOR ( REPRESSION AGA9/ RI<TI/S1 PRIE/S & 9DIVIDUALS DISSATISFI$ ) ! 0NEW REVOLUTION>Y ORD]04 ,IT WAS ,ESCORZA1 = EXAMPLE1 :O REVEAL$ ! SC&AL & ! CONSPIRACY ( ! PLOT ( ,CASANOVAS AGA9/ ,COMPANYS1 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#f4 

,SALVADOR ,GONZALEZ E/ABLI%$ AT ! ,HOTEL ,COLON & ! ,CIRCULO ,ECUE/RE A PRISON & A NETWORK ( REPRESSION UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,ESCORZA1 ) ! HELP ( ,OLASO1 ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALA1 ,AFRICA DE LAS ,H]AS & ,SALA4 ,SOL] ,>UMI1 ( ! ,],C1 SET UP HIS [N REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS AT ! ,C5TRO ,F$]AL AT ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA4 

,!SE REPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS HAD NO CONNECTION OR FEALTY TO ! ,G5]ALITAT OR ! ,C,C,M,A1 OR EV5 TO !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS AUTONOMY ( ! REPRESSIVE =CES1 :I* ALL[$ !M TO ACT ) TOTAL 9DEP5D5CE1 )\T HAV+ TO JU/IFY !IR ACTIVITIES TO ANYONE1 DEG5]AT$1 AMONG ! C5ETI/AS AS WELL AS ! ,P,S,U,C1 ,P,\,M & ! ,],C1 9TO ABUSES & UNNECESS>Y & UNJU/IFIABLE >BITR>Y ACTIONS4 ,! PRACTICE ( TAK+ PRIE/S1 B\RGEOIS1 & RI<TI/S 0= A RIDE0 BECAME A REGUL> OCCURR5CE1 ESPECIALLY ALONG ! ROADS 9 ,>RABASSADA1 EL ,MORROT1 ,CAN ,TUNIS1 ,SOMORRO/RO1 ,VALLVIDRI]A & ,TIBIDABO2 & LAT] AT ! CEMET]Y ( ,MONCADA4 ,! %AK$[NS & PAY(FS 9 ! =M ( MONEY1 GOLD OR JEWELS 9 EX*ANGE = ALL[+ >RE/$ P]SONS TO AVOID IMPRISONM5T & TRIAL1.<#f#g.> :E!R !Y W]E PRIE/S OR RI<TI/S1 WAS ABSOLUTELY ODI\S1 CORRUPT & REPREH5SIBLE4 ,WE MU/ DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 ! POLICE & REPRESSIVE DUTIES C>RI$ \T AGA9/ ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ! 0NEW REVOLUTION>Y ORD]01 TYPICAL ( ANY REGIME1 FROM ! CORRUPTION ?AT WAS PRACTIC$ ON BEHALF ( ! PATROL MEMB]S & !IR LEAD]S1 :I* ONLY GREW WORSE AS ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! REPUBLICAN SIDE MI<T LOSE ! W> BEGAN TO MAKE HEADWAY4 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ TWO MON?S ( !IR EXI/5CE ! ,PATROLS G5]AT$ A CLIMATE ( SOCIAL ANXIETY & 9SECURITY DUE TO !IR >BITR>Y ACTIONS & !IR MULTIPLICITY ( ALLEGIANCES1 S9CE !RE W]E ! PATROLS ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 ?OSE ( EA* ORGANIZATION & EA* NEI<BORHOOD 7OR T[N71 FACTORY OR B>RICADE4 ,LOOK+ BACK ON ?IS P]IOD1 ?OSE :O HAVE FOCUS$ ON ! 9TE/9E /RUGGLE AMONG ! ANTIFASCI/S1 ?AT IS1 ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,],C AGA9/ ! ,C,N,T1 ATTRIBUT$ ! REPRESSION ( ! FIR/ MON?S SOLELY TO ! AN>*I/S1 OV]LOOK+ ! REPRESSION C>RI$ \T BY ! ,],C & ! ,P,S,U,C1 :I*1 AFT] ,MAY1 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,B>CELONA ! UBIQUIT\S T]ROR ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICE 7,S,I,M74.<#f#h.> 

,! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS CON/ITUT$ ! FAIL$ ATTEMPT ON ! P>T ( ! ,C,C,M,A TO CORRAL ! PREVAIL+ PUBLIC DISORD]4 ,NOT ONLY DID !Y CON/ITUTE AN UNDESIRABLE POLITICAL POLICE ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 BUT !Y ALSO ACT$ 9 P>ALLEL ) ! PATROLS ( ! POLITICAL POLICE ( EA* ORGANIZATION2 & 9 COMPETITION ) ! >M$ PATROLS ( ! MILITIAM5 ( ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 :O W]E ANSW]ABLE TO NO O!R AU?ORITY O!R ?AN !IR [N NEI<BORHOOD1 FACTORY OR VILLAGE COMMITTEES1 & :O CONT9U$ TO MAN ! B>RICADES MON?S AFT] ,JULY1 & :O AT !IR [N 9ITIATIVE & RISK C>RI$ \T REQUISITIONS1 CONFISCATIONS & 0TOOK PEOPLE = RIDES01 :I* ALL[$ !M TO F9ANCE !IR [N ACTIVITIES & EV5 TO BUY >MS FROM =EIGN C\NTRIES4.<#f#i.> ,!SE W]E ! AUTONOM\S MILITIAM5 OR PATROLM51 FROM EV]Y ORGANIZATION OR FROM NO ORGANIZATION1 :O W]E NOT SUBJECT TO ! ORD]S ( ! ,C,C,M,A'S ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 & :O MI<T OR MI<T NOT BR+ !IR DETA9EES OR PLUND]$ BOOTY TO ,SAN ,ELIAS1 & :O (T5 EXECUT$ !IR [N JU/ICE DIRECTLY 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N UND]/&+4 ,9 !SE CONDITIONS1 NO ONE C\LD CLE>LY DIFF]5TIATE1 MU* LESS CONTROL1 OR DIRECT1 ! LIMITS BETWE5 ! NECESS>Y CLASS T]ROR1 ! AMBIGU\S 0NEW REVOLUTION>Y ORD]0 ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 & M]E CRIME1 ) ! CONSEQU5T DISCR$IT ?AT FELL UPON ANYONE :O WANT$ TO PU% =W>D ! 0REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S0 & EXT5D ! SOCIAL W>4 ,ONCE AGA9 WE F9D \RSELVES FAC$ ) ! ATOMIZATION ( P[] ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#f3 PATROLS ( ! ,C,C,M,A2 PATROLS ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ( ! ,P,\,M1 ! ,P,S,U,C1 & ! ,],C2 PATROLS ( EV]Y DEF5SE COMMITTEE1 EV]Y T[N1 EV]Y FACTORY1 EV]Y NEI<BORHOOD1 & EV5 EV]Y B>RICADE2 ALL AUTONOM\S & SELF-F9ANC+1 ACT+ 9 P>ALLEL1 )\T BE+ ANSW]ABLE TO ANY C5TRAL AU?ORITY OR \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( ! AU?ORITIES TO :I* !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE SUBJECT4 

,! ,M,I,L,I,T,>,Y ,F,A,I,L,U,R,E ,( ,! ,C,C,M,A ,& ,I,T,S ,/,R,U,G,G,L,E ,A,G,A,9,/ ,! ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E,S 

,) ! =MATION ( ALL !SE ,COMMISSIONS & ,C\NCILS 7( ! ,ECONOMY1 ( ,SUPPLIES7 ! ,C,C,M,A WAS GRADUALLY TRANS=M$ 9TO AN 9/ITUTION ?AT SPECIALIZ$ EXCLUSIVELY 9 MATT]S ( ,DEF5SE & ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 & !RE=E BECAME MORE & MORE E/RANG$ FROM ANY PRET5SE TO CON/ITUTE A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD BE CAPABLE ( REPLAC+ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,?IS REFUSAL TO BECOME A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 H[EV]1 L$ IRREM$IABLY TO ! ,C,C,M,A'S FAILURE 9 ITS ATTEMPTS TO CON/ITUTE AN 9/ITUTION = ! DIRECTION & C5TRALIZATION ( ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM1 DUE TO ! POLITICAL 9CAPACITY ( ?IS 9/ITUTION TO BECOME ! SOLE ORGANIZ+ & LEAD+ =CE ( ! NEW >MY4 ,! IMPROVIS$ MILITIAS W]E =M$ )\T A S+LE DIRECTIVE 9/ITUTION4 ,9/EAD ( MOBILIZ+ A UNIT>Y PROLET>IAN >MY1 ! MILITIA COLUMNS W]E =M$ UND] ! EGIS ( ! V>I\S P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS1 ) ! CONCOMITANT PROBLEMS ( COORD9ATION1 HOMOG5IZATION & C5TRALIZATION4 ,! ,/AL9I/S & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT EASILY US$ ?IS /RUCTURE TO CONSOLIDATE ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ADVANCE A FEW MON?S LAT]4 ,BUT IF ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T HAD R5\NC$ AN AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP1 H[ W]E !Y GO+ TO IMPOSE AN AN>*I/ >MY8 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ABS5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 PROGRAM & P]SPECTIVES L$ ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S1 LEFT BEH9D BY ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVES ( ! RANK & FILE COMMITTEES1 TO 5GAGE 9 CON/ANT IMPROVIZATION :I*1 COMB9$ ) !IR OPTIMI/IC VIEW ?AT ! W> W\LD ONLY LA/ = A FEW WEEKS1 PREV5T$ ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T FROM UND]/&+ ! FUTURE SIGNIFICANCE ( !IR ]RONE\S DECISIONS4 ,! ,C,C,M,A !RE=E ALSO R5\NC$ ! MA9 REASON = ITS CREATION3 TO CREATE VOLUNTE] WORK]S MILITIAS1 SUPPLY !M & DIRECT ! W>4 ,! *RONIC %ORTAGE ( WEAPONS & AMMUNITION1 :I* W]E NOT DI/RIBUT$ TO ! FRONTS & ! COLUMNS ?AT NE$$ !M1 BUT :]EV] ! LEAD]S ( ! P>TIES DECID$1 DEP5D+ ON !IR IDEOLOGICAL AFF9ITIES1 WAS US$ BY EA* MILITIA TO DISCR$IT ITS RIVALS4 ,! SLOGAN1 0GO = BROKE AFT] CAPTUR+ ,Z>AGOZA01 WAS TURN$ AGA9/ ITS PROPON5TS1 = IF ,Z>AGOZA WAS NOT TAK5 !RE W\LD BE NO AN>*I/ C\P ATTEMPT2 ?AT IS1 ! AN>*I/ MILITIAS MU/ NOT BE GIV5 >MS4 ,! 9ABILITY TO IMPOSE A UNIT>Y COMM& /RUCTURE ON ! MILITIAS L$ TO S]I\S DEFICI5CIES ) REG>D TO !IR ORGANIZATION & OP]ATIONS1 S9CE !RE WAS NOT ! LEA/ COORD9ATION & PLANN+ ( MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS EV5 AMONG ! V>I\S MILITIAS ON ! SAME FRONT4 

,! ,C,C,M,A !RE=E FAIL$ ) REG>D TO ! MILIT>Y QUE/ION AS WELL4 ,! ONLY FUNCTION ?AT IT P]=M$ ADEQUATELY1 & :I* WAS ! FUNCTION ?AT ALL ( ITS COMPON5TS1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,P,\,M & ! AN>*I/S1 EXPLICITLY WANT$ IT TO P]=M1 WAS ?AT ( DEF5D+ & /R5G!N+ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT2 ?IS WAS 9 ANY CASE ITS PR9CIPAL OBJECTIVE AFT] ! FIR/ WEEK ( ,SEPTEMB]1 :5 ! ,C,C,M,A VOT$ TO DISSOLVE ITSELF4 ,! ,G5]ALITAT1 AS WELL AS ! ,/AL9I/S & ,],C1 W\LD DEFTLY CAPITALIZE ON ! OPPORTUNITY (F]$ BY ! CON/ANT ]RORS ( ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #bd ! ,DECREE MILIT>IZ+ ! MILITIAS E/ABLI%$ ! F\NDATIONS = ! B\RGEOIS >MY ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! ONLY ?+ ! MILITIAM5 C\LD DO WAS TO RESI/ ! 9EVITABLE MILIT>IZATION1 :I* WAS ALREADY IMPLEM5T$ BY ,M>* ( #a#i#c#g4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 ! /REETS WAS 9DIFF]5T TO ! COLLABORATIONI/ DIRECTIVES IMPOS$ BY ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S4 ,! ATOMIZ$ P[] ( ! V>I\S ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEES EXT5D$ ?R\<\T ALL ( ,CATALUNA1 ) V>I\S DEGREES ( P[] & AUTONOMY1 & :I* 9 SOME LOCATIONS REA*$ ! LEVEL ( MAK+ AN ABSOLUTE BREAK ) REPUBLICAN LEGALITY & ! K9D ( EQUILIBRIUM ?AT PREVAIL$ AT ! TIME 9 ,B>CELONA BETWE5 ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,?US1 9 ,L]IDA1 ! ,C,N,T1 ,P,\,M & ,U,G,T DID AWAY ) ! CITY GOV]NM5T & CON/ITUT$ A ,POPUL> ,COMMITTEE ?AT EXCLUD$ ! REPUBLICAN =CES 9 ORD] TO CON/ITUTE A P[] BAS$ ONLY ON ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,NOT ONLY ,JOSEP ,RODES 7,P,\,M71 :O ASSUM$ ! POSITION ( POLICE COMMISSION]1 BUT ALSO ,JOAQU9 ,VILA 7,U,G,T71 :O WAS APPO9T$ AS ! DELEGATE TO ! ,G5]ALITAT1 USURP$ !SE POSITIONS TO 5HANCE ! P[] ( ! ,POPUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ,L]IDA2 & TO !SE W]E ADD$ ! POSITION ASSUM$ BY ,FRANCISCO ,TOMAS 7,F,A,I7 AS ! HEAD ( ! NEWLY-CREAT$ ,COMMITTEE ( ,POPUL> ,9=MATION4 ,!SE LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES CON/ITUT$ AU!NTIC CITY-/ATES1 OR COMMITTEE-GOV]NM5TS1.<#g.> IMPOS+ F9ES & COLLECT+ TAXES1 RECRUIT+ MILITIAM5 = ! FRONT1 =M+ CONTROL PATROLS TO IMPOSE !IR AU?ORITY1 C>RY+ \T PUBLIC WORKS F9ANC$ BY REVOLUTION>Y TAX MEASURES TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( MASSIVE UNEMPLOYM5T1 IMPOS+ A NEW RATIONALI/ $UCATIONAL MODEL1 CONFISCAT+ FOOD1 ETC4 ,!SE LOCAL COMMITTEES REPLAC$ ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS1 DEPRIV+ ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ! LEA/ 9FLU5CE 9 !IR T[NS4 ,?R\<\T ,CATALUNA1 )\T ANY DIRECTIVES FROM ! ,C,N,T1 A ME?ODICAL EXPROPRIATION ( ! FACTORIES & PROP]TIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! *UR*ES & MONA/]IES WAS C>RI$ \T1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT1 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! ,C,C,M,A WAS %>+ \T AMONG ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS ! B>RACKS1 PR9T+ PRESSES1 NEWSPAP]S & SOME BUILD+S & HOTELS4 ,! COMMITTEES COMPLI$ ) ! DIRECTIVES ( ! ,C,C,M,A IF !Y DID NOT CONFLICT ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT M\NT$ 5ORM\S RESI/ANCE :5 !Y W]E ?\<T TO BE ! PRODUCT ( A COMPROMISE ) ! B\RGEOISIE & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 ! ,C,C,M,A HAD TO RELY ON !SE LOCAL COMMITTEES IF IT WANT$ ITS DIRECTIVES TO BE OBS]V$4 ,! 9T]NAL CONFLICT )9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 BETWE5 ?OSE :O SUPPORT$ & ?OSE :O W]E OPPOS$ TO COLLABORATION1 WAS ALSO MANIFE/$ 9 ! PROBLEMATIC RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS & ! LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT RE/RICT$ ITSELF TO PROVID+ A LEGAL SANCTION = ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC REALITY ( ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS & 0REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S01 AS ! ONLY WAY IT C\LD HOPE TO ACQUIRE ! PRE/IGE & ! ACCEPTANCE ?AT IT LACK$4 ,! ,C,C,M,A C\LD B>ELY GOV]N1 OR GIVE ANY ORD]S AT ALL1 \TSIDE ( ! CITY ( ,B>CELONA1 )\T ! ACQUIESC5CE & COLLABORATION ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES OR TRADE UNIONS4 ,! WEAKNESS ( ! LATT] WAS ROOT$ 9 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( !IR CONSOLIDATION AS AN AU!NTIC ALT]NATIVE P[] ON ! SCALE ( ALL ( ,CATALUNA1 )\T ! COORD9AT+ & C5TRALIZAT+ SUPPORT ( A WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION1 MU* LESS AGA9/ ! OPPOSITION ( ALL ! EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! ,C,C,M,A & ! ,G5]ALITAT CO9CID$ 9 !IR POLICY ( SUPPORT+ ! RE/ORATION ( ! P[]S ( ! OLD MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS AGA9/ ! USURPATION ( !IR P[]S BY ! LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 & ?IS MISSION WAS P]=M$ ) GREAT EFFECTIV5ESS BY ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,REGIONAL ,MILITIAS1 L$ BY ,JOSEP ,MIRET & ,JOAN ,PONS4 ,?IS ,DEP>TM5T /RIPP$ ! LOCAL COMMITTEES ( ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! RECRUITM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! MILITIAM51 :I* ! COMMITTEES HAD SPONTANE\SLY EX]CIS$ DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW WEEKS1 & TRANSF]R$ ?IS RESPONSIBILITY TO ! REGIONAL COMMISSIONS1 BAS$ ON ! NEW T]RITORIAL DIVISION ( ,CATALUNA4 ,?IS REGIONAL /RUCTURE FACILITAT$ ! SUBJUGATION ( ! V>I\S LOCAL COMMITTEES1 :I* HAD TO S5D DELEGATIONS TO ! REGIONAL (FICES1 F> FROM ! PRESSURE ( !IR LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y CONDITIONS4 

,?US1 NOT ONLY WAS ! ,C,C,M,A NOT A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ?AT COORD9AT$ ! ACTIVITIES ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES2 IT SAW ! LATT] AS SIGNIFY+ A DIM9UTION ( ITS AU?ORITY4 ,& ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S NOT ONLY HELP$ TO CONSOLIDATE ! P[] ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 BUT W]E ALSO QUITE PLEAS$ ) ! WEAK5+ ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES4 ,?AT IS :Y !Y ALL[$ ,MIRET ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ,PONS ( ! ,],C TO UND]M9E ! P[] ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES 9 ,CATALUNA4 ,?IS WAS ANO!R S]I\S ]ROR ON ! P>T ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 BECAUSE ! WEAK5+ ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES UND]M9$ ! REAL BASIS ( ! ,C,N,T'S P[] \TSIDE ! CITY ( ,B>CELONA4 

,9 ,B>CELONA1 ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 UPON :I* ! REAL P[] ( ! ,C,C,M,A WAS BAS$1 EXI/$ 9 ALMO/ ALL ! NEI<BORHOODS & 9 SOME CONFISCAT$ BUILD+S1 AMONG :I* W]E ! ,HOTEL ,NUM]O #a AT ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 ! ,ESCOLAPIOS AT ! ,RONDA DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 ! ,E/ACION DE ,FRANCIA1 ! ,E/ACION DEL ,NORTE1 & ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ( ,B>CELONETA1 ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 ,SAN ,&RES & ,GAUDI ,AV5UE1 AMONG O!RS4 

,! ,M,9,U,T,E,S ,( ,! ,M,E,E,T,+,S ,( ,! ,C,C,M,A ,& ,! ,D,E,B,A,T,E ,C,O,N,C,],N,+ ,I,T,S ,D,I,S,S,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ACC\NT ( ,JOAN ,PONS ,G>L&I1 AS RELAT$ 9 HIS MEMOIRES1 TWO /AGES ( ! ,C,C,M,A'S HI/ORY CAN BE DI/+UI%$1 :I* CO9CID$ ) ! P]IOD :5 ITS (FICES W]E LOCAT$ AT ! ,NAVAL ,S*OOL1 NEXT TO ! ,GOB]NACION1 AT ! ,PLAZA ,PALACIO1 & ! P]IOD AFT] !IR TRANSF].<#g#a.> AT ! 5D ( ,JULY TO ! ,CAPITANIA AT ! ,PASEO ,COLON4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ /AGE NO M9UTES W]E RECORD$1 OR AT LEA/ NONE HAVE BE5 LOCAT$ TO DATE4 ,9 ! SECOND /AGE1 ,MIRAVITLLES WAS RESPONSIBLE = DRAFT+ !M1 UNTIL HE APPO9T$ A SECRET>Y = ! PURPOSE4 ,!Y EXI/1 BUT 9 AN 9COMPLETE =M4.<#g#b.> 

,! NOCTURNAL MEET+S ( ! ,C,C,M,A W]E USUALLY HELD ON EV]Y O!R DAY1 V]Y LATE AT NI<T1 SO ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S C\LD ATT5D1 :O W]E BUSY DUR+ ! RE/ ( ! DAY ) ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( !IR V>I\S POSITIONS4 ,!Y T5D$ TO BE SOME:AT *AOTIC & DISORGANIZ$4 ,PROBLEMS W]E RESOLV$ AS !Y CAME UP1 9 AN IMPROVIS$ MANN]4 ,SOME MEMB]S1 SU* AS ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,ROVIRA & ,VIDIELLA1 EXHIBIT$ FROM ! BEG9N+ !IR ORATORICAL GIFTS1 ) V]Y LONG1 VACU\S & BOR+ SPEE*ES ?AT 9T]E/$ NO ONE1 :I* IS :Y !Y W]E NOT EV5 RECORD$ 9 ! M9UTES ( ! MEET+S4 ,ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C,C,M,A ATT5D$ ITS MEET+S HEAVILY >M$ & O/5TATI\SLY DISPLAY$ !IR 5ORM\S PI/OLS4 ,! ?REATS MADE BY ,DURRUTI AGA9/ ,MIRAVITLLES1 REM9D+ HIM ( HIS AU?OR%IP ( AN >TICLE 9 :I* HE PROCLAIM$ ! EQUIVAL5CE ( ,F,A,I/AS & ,FASCI/AS1 & ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S 9SULT+ TREATM5T ( ,COMPANYS1 CAUS$ ! FIR/ MEET+S TO G5]ATE A C]TA9 CLIMATE ( T5SION1 :I* WAS DEF9ITIVELY DISPELL$ :5 ! (FICES ( ! ,C,C,M,A W]E MOV$ TO ! ,CAPITANIA4 

,! MEET+S ( ! ,C,C,M,A W]E (T5 ATT5D$ BY PEOPLE :O W]E NOT MEMB]S ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 SU* AS TE*NICIANS1 REPORT]S OR ADVIS]S4 ,RESOLUTIONS W]E USUALLY UNANIM\SLY APPROV$4 ,DISS5T+ VIEWS W]E RECORD$ 9 ! M9UTES1 UNTIL1 AT ! MEET+ ( ,SEPTEMB] #f1 IT WAS DECID$ TO RECORD ONLY ! F9AL RESOLUTION4 

,EV] S9CE ! 5D ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ,DAVID ,ANTONA1 ! ,9T]IM ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,MADRID1 HAD BE5 RECEIV+ (F]S FROM ! ,GIRAL GOV]NM5T TO COLLABORATE ) ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T & ! O!R ANTIFASCI/ =CES1 (F]S ?AT W]E DEBAT$ AT ! ,NATIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES HELD 9 ,MADRID ON ,JULY #b#h4.<#g#c.> ,AT ?IS MEET+ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE BECAME 5ME%$ 9 A DEBATE REG>D+ :E!R ! ,C,N,T %\LD OR %\LD NOT SEIZE P[]4 ,ONCE ! OPTION ( E/ABLI%+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS REJECT$1 ON ! BASIS ( ! >GUM5T ?AT ! ,C,N,T WAS A M9ORITY GR\P+ \TSIDE ( ,CATALUNA1 ! DEBATE FOCUS$ ON ! WAYS & MEANS ( ! ,C,N,T'S COLLABORATION ) GOV]NM5T BODIES4 

,DUR+ ! 5TIRE MON? ( ,AUGU/ ! AN>*I/ 0NOTABLES0 W]E SPLIT OV] ! DILEMMA ( :E!R !Y %\LD PUT AN 5D TO ! ,C,C,M,A1 )\T 5T]+ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 OR MA9TA9 IT4 ,!RE W]E TWO BASIC APPROA*ES3 ! FIR/ CONSI/$ 9 CREAT+ TE*NICAL COMMISSIONS 9 ! V>I\S ,C\NCILS 7,M9I/RIES ( ! ,G5]ALITAT7 AS A =MULA = CONTROLL+ )\T P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! GOV]NM5T3 ?IS APPROA* WAS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! COMMISSION ( W> 9DU/RIES OR ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY2.<#g#d.> ! SECOND WAS TO DO ! SAME ?+ BUT )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 =MALLY BAS$ ON LEGAL P[]S1 BUT UPHOLD+ A REVOLUTION>Y P[] ?AT W\LD PROVIDE !M ) A REAL POSITION ( P[]3 ?IS WAS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES & ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 COORD9AT$ & DIRECT$ BY ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA FROM ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9=MATION & ,9VE/IGATION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :I* WAS ANSW]ABLE ONLY TO ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #c.<#g#e.>1 9 A RESOLUTION SIGN$ BY ,JAIME ,MIRAVITLLES AS SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 V>I\S AGREEM5TS ( A M9OR NATURE W]E APPROV$1 SU* AS ! CONFISCATION ( ! ,ELIZALDE & ,ANET FACTORIES2 ! CREATION ( AN AMMUNITION DUMP AT ,L]IDA1 ) SUBSIDI>Y /ORAGE DEPOTS AT ,CASPE & ,MONZON2 A SALUTE TO ! ,DURRUTI COLUMN 0= ITS DISCIPL9E & ORGANIZATIONAL ACUM502 ! APPROVAL ( A MOTION TO 9=M 9 WRIT+ ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS ( ALL DECISIONS ( A G5]AL NATURE MADE BY ! ,C,C,M,A2 ! DISPAT* ( A DELEGATE TO OV]SEE ! MANUFACTURE ( BOMBS AT ,REUS2 ! SELECTION ( LOYAL (FIC]S FROM A LI/ PRES5T$ BY ,U,M,R,E2 ! APPO9TM5T ( ,JIM5EZ DE LA ,B]AZA & ! BRO!RS ,GU>N] AS TE*NICAL SPECIALI/S ON ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF ( ! ,MILITIAS2 ETC4 

,ALREADY1 ON ,AUGU/ #a#g1 :ILE A ,PL5UM ( ,LOCAL & ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T WAS BE+ HELD1 ! DECISION TO DISSOLVE ! ,C,C,M,A WAS MADE1 AL?\< ?IS WAS NOT YET MADE PUBLIC TO ! CONF$]AL MILITANTS4.<#g#f.> ,! EXPLANATION ?AT WAS GIV5 = ! RESOLUTIONS ADOPT$ AT ?IS ,PL5UM1 9 ! ,REPORT ( ! DELEGATION ( ! ,C,N,T TO ! ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,CONGRESS ( ! ,A,I,T1 LEAVES NO ROOM = D\BT3 0,IT WAS CONSID]$ ?AT1 9 ORD] TO AVOID ! DUPLICATION ( P[]S REPRES5T$ BY ! ,C,C,M,A & ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ! =M] HAD TO DISAPPE> & ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ,CATALUNA HAD TO BE =M$1 C>RY+ \T SOME MORE POSITIVE ACTIVITIES )\T ! H9DRANCE ( A CLA% ( P[]S & TO PUT AN 5D TO ! PRETEXT ?AT ! DEMOCRACIES WILL NOT HELP US 'BECAUSE ! AN>*I/S >E 9 *>GE'40.<#g#g.> ,! GOAL ( ?IS MANEUV] WAS1 9 %ORT1 TO REPLACE ! ,C,C,M,A ) A SY/EM ( TE*NICAL COMMISSIONS1 ATTA*$ TO ! ,M9I/RIES1 & TO LIMIT ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,C,C,M,A TO MILIT>Y QUE/IONS4 ,?IS RESOLUTION WAS RATIFI$ ON ,AUGU/ #ba AT A ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM ( AN>*I/ GR\PS4.<#g#h.> 

,F9ALLY1 AT ! 5D ( ,AUGU/1 A SECRET ,PL5UM ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T ( ,CATALUNA WAS HELD4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 TIR$ ( ! 5DLESS DEBATES1 %\T$ TO ! DELEGATES1 0,EI!R WE COLLABORATE1 OR ELSE WE IMPOSE A DICTATOR%IP3 ,Y\ DECIDE60.<#g#i.> ,! ,PL5UM HAD TO DECIDE :E!R OR NOT TO ACCEPT ! 9VITATION1 :I* >OSE FROM NUM]\S CONV]SATIONS BETWE5 ,COMPANYS & ,M>IANET1 TO ! ,C,N,T TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! 0,C\NCIL0 ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,PL5UM F9ALLY DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! 5TRY ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4.<#h.> 

,ON ,AUGU/ #c#a1.<#h#a.> AT #a#a3#c P4M41 A PL5>Y SESSION ( ! ,C,C,M,A WAS HELD1 ATT5D$ BY ! MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S & DELEGATES4 ,G>CIA ,MATAS REPORT$ ON ! SITUATION ( ! REPUBLICAN =CES 9 ,MALLORCA4 ,HE W>N$ ! DELEGATES ?AT ! 5EMY POSSESS$ SIX FI<T] SQUADRONS ?AT POS$ A ?REAT NOT ONLY TO ! ,BALE>ES BUT ALSO TO ,B>CELONA & ,VAL5CIA4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT ! 5EMY WAS PREP>+ = A MAJOR (F5SIVE 9 ,MALLORCA4 ,JIM5EZ DE LA ,B]AZA1 :OSE >GUM5T WAS !N SUPPORT$ BY ,M>COS ,ALCON1 9SI/$ ON ! NECESSITY ( F9I%+ (F ! ASSAULT ON ,HUESCA 9 ORD] TO %IFT ! SC>CE W> MAT]IEL ?AT WAS AVAILABLE TO OP]ATIONS AT ,MALLORCA4 ,VIDIELLA EMPHASIZ$ ! 9T]NATIONAL IMPORTANCE ( ! ,MALLORCA CAMPAIGN4 

,AT ! NEXT ,PL5>Y ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 HELD ON ,SEPTEMB] #b1.<#h#b.> ,AGUADE REPORT$ ON ! FATE ( ! HOSPITAL %IP1 0,M>QUES DE ,COMILLAS01 FILL+ 9 ! GAPS 9 ! 9=MATION PROVID$ AT ! PREVI\S MEET+1 CONC]N+ ! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON ! %IP BY A BOMB+ ATTACK4 ,MIRET PROPOS$1 & HIS PROPOSAL WAS APPROV$1 TO ORD] ,CAPTA9 ,BAYO TO EVACUATE ! MILIT>Y P]SONNEL & REMOVE ALL W> MAT]IEL FROM ! %IP1 :I* WAS H5CE=? TO BE JU/ A HOSPITAL4 

,MIRET REPORT$ ON ! EV5TS AT ,L]IDA1 CONC]N+ ! !FT ( PROVISIONS1 WEAPONS & MUNITIONS4 ,A LONG & BITT] DEBATE 5SU$ 9 :I* ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ1 ,GIRONELLA 7,P,\,M71 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,>TEMI ,AGUADE1 ,M>COS ,ALCON1 ,TORR5TS1 ,FABREGAS1 ,VIDIELLA1 ,AS5S1 & O!RS P>TICIPAT$4 ,IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ! !FT WAS ! RESULT ( %ORTAGES EV]Y:]E1 BO? 9 ,L]IDA AS WELL AS 9 ,B>CELONA1 & ?AT ! IRREGUL>ITIES ?AT W]E BE+ D5\NC$ HAD ALREADY BE5 ABOLI%$ DUE TO ! NEW MEASURES IMPLEM5T$ BY ! ,W>1 ,SUPPLY & ,HEAL? ,COMMISSIONS4 ,IT WAS ANN\NC$ ?AT SOME ( ! WEAPONS ?AT HAD BE5 /OL5 HAD ALREADY BE5 RECOV]$4 ,& IT WAS RESOLV$ ?AT ! ,COMMISSION ( ,W>1 RE9=C$ ) REPRES5TATIVES FROM ALL ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 ACCOMPANI$ BY A /RONG CONT+5T ( >M$ MILITIAM51 %\LD SC\R ALL ! T[NS ( ,CATALUNA 9 ORD] TO COLLECT ALL ! >MS & MUNITIONS !Y C\LD F9D4 ,) REG>D TO ! COMPOSITION ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS ( ! CITY ( ,L]IDA1.<#h#c.> IT WAS RESOLV$ ?AT IT W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO ALL[ ! 5TRY ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,],C4 ,AT ! SUGGE/ION ( ! COMRADES FROM ,L]IDA1 ! ,C,C,M,A RESOLV$ ?AT ! ,COMMISSION ( ,W> %\LD RELOCATE TO ?AT CITY1 :I* WAS A /RATEGIC PO9T ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 = ! PURPOSE ( RESOLV+ ! S]I\S PROBLEMS ?AT CONT9U$ TO ACCUMULATE1 ) REG>D TO TROOP MOVEM5TS & ! PROVISION ( >MS & O!R W> MAT]IEL4 

,JOSE ,AS5S PROPOS$1 & HIS PROPOSAL WAS APPROV$1 TO ABOLI% ALL ! SPECIAL SEALS ( ! ,MILITIAS1 & SECTIONS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ABUSES1 & ?AT !RE %\LD ONLY BE ONE (FICIAL SEAL ( ! ,C,C,M,A4 

,M>COS ,ALCON REPORT$ ON ! PROBLEMS POS$ = ! ,TRANSPORT ,COMMISSION BY ! NE$ TO CON/ANTLY REQUISITION C>S & TRUCKS1 EXPOS+ ! ABUSES ( ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS & PUBLIC BODIES1 :I* POSSESS$ AN EXCESSIVE NUMB] ( VEHICLES4 ,IT WAS RESOLV$ TO GRANT FULL P[]S TO ! ,TRANSPORT ,COMMISSION TO REQUISITION ALL ! 9DIVIDUALLY [N$ VEHICLES 9 ,B>CELONA & ALL ! TRUCKS ?AT IT %\LD NE$1 AS WELL AS TO DEPRIVE ! ORGANIZATIONS1 GR\PS & PUBLIC BODIES ( ALL !IR EXCESS VEHICLES4 

,AS5S REPORT$ ?AT !RE WAS AN 9SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( PATROLM5 TO ATT5D TO ! VOLUME ( S]VICES ?AT HAD TO BE P]=M$4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT ALL ! UNITS ( ! ,MILITIAS1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ( ! ,CAPITANIA1 %\LD S5D CONT+5TS = ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 :I* W]E ALSO SUPPOS$ TO ACT 9 COORD9ATION ) ! ,9VE/IGATION ,PATROLS4 ,AGUADE ?\<T ?AT ! ,PATROLS HAD TO BE MOTORIZ$1 & ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO C>RY \T A PURGE ( ! ELEM5TS ?AT =M$ ! ,SECTIONS4 ,IT WAS RESOLV$ TO 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( ,PATROLM51 ! PRECISE NUMB] TO BE E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,COMMISSION1 & ?AT ! ,9VE/IGATION ,PATROLS %\LD BE 9TEGRAT$ ) ! ,PATROL ,SECTIONS1 & ALSO ?AT ! P]SONNEL ( ! ,SECTIONS %\LD BE PURG$4 

,AS5S ALSO PROPOS$ ! NE$ TO C>RY \T AN 9VE/IGATION 9 ,CASPE CONC]N+ ! ACTIVITY ( ,ANTONIO ,ORTIZ1.<#h#d.> :I* WAS OPPOS$ BY ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ BECAUSE HE ?\<T ?AT IT WAS IMPROP] TO ATT5D TO MATT]S ?AT W]E NOT ! RESULT ( ! CONDUCT ( ! ,C,C,M,A4 

,A PROPOSAL ( ,MIRET & ,F]N&EZ WAS APPROV$1 :I* M&AT$ ?AT1 AT ! NEXT MEET+1 A PROJECT %\LD BE UND]TAK5 TO REGULATE 9VE/IGATORY PROCE$+S1 & ?AT ! LATT] MAY NOT BE AU?ORIZ$ ) ANY O!R SEAL ?AN ?AT ( ! ,C,C,M,A4 

,A PROPOSAL MADE BY ,LLUIS ,PRUNES WAS APPROV$ TO REQUIRE ?AT ALL ! SPECIAL TAXES1 SUBSCRIPTIONS1 DONATIONS & RECEIPTS FROM FE/IVALS TO RAISE MONEY = ! MILITIAS %\LD BE CONTROLL$ BY ! ,C,C,M,A4 

,ALL ! RESOLUTIONS W]E UNANIM\SLY APPROV$1 & ! SESSION 5D$ AT ?REE 9 ! MORN+ ON ,SEPTEMB] #c4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #c A ,NATIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS WAS HELD 9 ,MADRID TO DEBATE ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S (F] TO NAME ,ANTONIO ,MOR5O AS CONF$]AL ,M9I/]1 AN APPO9TM5T ?AT HAD BE5 0PROVISIONALLY0 ACCEPT$ BY ,MOR5O & BY ,9T]IM ,NATIONAL ,SECRET>Y ,DAVID ,ANTONA4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 BAS+ ITS DELIB]ATIONS ON ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! REC5T ,PL5UM HELD 9 ,CATALUNA1 :]E ! P>TICIPATION ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! 0,C\NCIL0 ( ! ,G5]ALITAT WAS APPROV$1 DECL>$ ITS SUPPORT = P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O4 ,! DELEGATES1 H[EV]1 REJECT$ ?IS PROPOSAL4 ,AFT] L5G?Y DEBATE A COMPROMISE WAS REA*$1 CONSI/+ 9 ! ,C,N,T'S SUPPORT = ! NEW GOV]NM5T & ! =MATION 9 EA* ,M9I/RY ( AN AUXILI>Y COMMISSION COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,AT A PRESS CONF]5CE HELD ON ,SEPTEMB] #d1 ! =MATION ( ! FIR/.<#h#e.> GOV]NM5T ( ! SOCIALI/ ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS ANN\NC$1 )\T ANY ,C,N,T REPRES5TATION4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #h1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O REJECT$ ! ,C,N,T'S PROPOSAL CONC]N+ AUXILI>Y COMMISSIONS1 BUT REMA9$ OP5 TO ! (F] ( A ,M9I/RY TO ! ,C,N,T4.<#h#f.> 

,AT #a#a3#d#e P4M4 ON ,SEPTEMB] #d1.<#h#g.> ! ,C,C,M,A MET AGA91 ) ! ATT5DANCE ( MO/ ( ! DELEGATES4 ,GIM5EZ DE LA ,B]AZA REPORT$ ON ! W> MAT]IEL AVAILABLE = ! V>I\S FRONTS4 ,HE EMPHASIZ$ ! LACK ( SMALL >MS AMMUNITION & ! ADVISABILITY ( PROCE$+ TO REQUISITION ALL ! SUPPLIES ( SU* AMMUNITION ?R\<\T ,CATALUNA1 & ALSO RECOMM5D$ ?AT GUNP[D] BE MANUFACTUR$1 :I* W\LD TAKE TWO MON?S1 ) ALL ! PROBLEMS ?AT SU* A TIMETABLE 5TAIL$4 ,HE M5TION$ ! NEGOTIATIONS BE+ C>RI$ \T 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES & ! POSITIONS ( ! V>I\S GOV]NM5TS 0) RESPECT TO \R /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM04 

,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ EXPLA9$ ?AT ! ,SECTION ( ,9VE/IGATION WAS 0PROCE$+ TO REQUISITION >MS & AMMUNITION1 :I* SOME ORGANIZATIONS HAD ALREADY H&$ OV]01 ADD+ ?AT 0WE HAVE TO F9D & COLLECT ALL WE NE$04 

,GU>N] REPORT$ ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( ,HUESCA 0WILL REQUIRE ONE MILLION BULLETS04 

,G>CIA ,OLIV] REPORT$ ?AT ! RETREAT FROM ,MALLORCA HAD BE5 C>RI$ \T 0)\T ! KN[L$GE ( ! ,COMMITTEE01 & ?AT IT WAS ! RESULT ( A P[]FUL BOMB>DM5T BY ! 5EMY & ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T1 0:I* HAD ORD]$ ! )DRAWAL )\T 9=M+ ,CATALUNA04 

,PRUNES 9=M$ ! DELEGATES ?AT ,CAPTA9 ,BAYO 0HAD BE5 ORD]$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! %IP ',JAIME ,I'1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,SQUADRON ,COMMITTEE & ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 TO AB&ON ,MALLORCA ) ALL ! M5 & MAT]IEL1 9 ORD] TO PROCE$ TO ,MALAGA1 & ?AT HE WAS GIV5 TWO H\RS TO DECIDE & =TY EI<T H\RS TO LEAVE04 

,GONZALEZ REVEAL$ ?AT SOME ( ! MILITIAM5 :O HAD RETURN$ FROM ,MALLORCA SAID ?AT !RE WAS A HEAVY BOMB>DM5T & ?AT ,BAYO ORD]$ !M TO ?R[ EQUIPM5T 9TO ! SEA4 ,AN ORD] WAS ISSU$ = ,BAYO TO PRES5T HIMSELF IMM$IATELY & ?AT V>I\S MILITIAM5 :O W]E WILL+ TO PROVIDE TE/IMONY %\LD ALSO PRES5T !MSELVES BE=E ! ,C,C,M,A4 

,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ CALL$ ATT5TION TO ! RECEIPT ( SEV]AL MESSAGES BY ! ,C,N,T FROM \T/&+ COMRADES 9 ,ZAIDA1 REQUE/+ ?AT AN 9VE/IGATION BE C>RI$ \T CONC]N+ ! EV5TS AT ,BEL*ITE 0AFT] ! )DRAWAL ( ! ,ORTIZ ,COLUMN04 ,SANTILLAN SAID ?AT !SE REPORTS & ! DOCUM5TATION PROVID$ DID NOT SUPPORT 0ANY SPECIFIC ACCUSATION01 BUT ?AT HE WAS 9 FAVOR ( PURSU+ ! 9VE/IGATION4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] /AT$ ?AT ! )DRAWAL FROM ,BEL*ITE WAS DUE 0TO ! LACK ( >TILL]Y04 ,HE APPO9T$ A COMMISSION TO C>RY \T ! 9VE/IGATION4 

,A PROPOSAL TO TRANSF] ! GASOL9E /OR$ AT ,CAN ,TUNIS TO ANO!R LOCATION TO PREV5T ITS DE/RUCTION BY BOMB+ WAS APPROV$4 

,MIRET 7,P,S,U,C7 & ,AGUADE 7,],C7 REF]R$ TO V>I\S BORD] PATROLS ?AT W]E ORGANIZ$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( V>I\S 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 )\T ANY EFFECTIVE CONTROL ON ! P>T ( ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ EXPRESS$ HIS VIEW 0?AT ! BORD] PATROLS >E ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! ,9VE/IGATION ,SECTION & ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT IS CURR5TLY TAK+ PLACE IS A RESULT ( ORGANIZATIONAL DEFICI5CIES02 9 ORD] TO REM$Y ! SITUATION1 IT WAS RESOLV$ ?AT ! ,9VE/IGATION ,SECTION %\LD IMPROVE ITS ORGANIZATION ( ! BORD] PATROLS1 & ?AT ! ,C,C,M,A %\LD EX]CISE /RICT CONTROL & UNIFI$ DIRECTION OV] !SE PATROLS4 ,LIKEWISE1 IT WAS RESOLV$ TO )DRAW AU?ORIZATION = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A HOSPITAL ?AT SOME SELF-/YL$ ,ALP9E ,MILITIAS HAD ORGANIZ$ ON !IR [N ACC\NT 9 ,B>CELONA1 )\T ! AU?ORIZATION ( ! ,HEAL? ,COMMITTEE4.<#h#h.> 

,! SESSION TOOK A ,COP]NICAN TURN ) ! APPE>ANCE ( ,CAPTA9 ,BAYO 9 ! ROYAL *AMB]S ( ! ,CAPITANIA1 :]E ! ,C,C,M,A WAS MEET+4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] ASK$ HIM :Y HE HAD IGNOR$ ! ,C,C,M,A1 ) REG>D TO BO? HIS DECISION TO EMB>K = ,MALLORCA & !N TO RETURN4 ,BAYO RESPOND$ ?AT HE SAIL$ = ,MALLORCA AFT] HAV+ BE5 REQUE/$ TO DO SO BY A L>GE GR\P ( MILITIAM5 :O HAD PRES5T$ !MSELVES TO HIM AT ! ,AIRFIELD1 & ) ! CONS5T ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ,M9I/]1 ,ESPANA2 & ?AT HE RETURN$ 9 OB$I5CE TO AN APPEAL BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* IS :Y HE HAD NOT BE5 ABLE TO COME BE=E ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] 9SI/$ ?AT HE HAD AN OBLIGATION TO OBTA9 ! CONS5T ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 0:I* HOLDS ! P[] ( DECISION OV] ALL MATT]S P]TA9+ TO ! W>01 BECAUSE IF HE HAD DONE SO IT W\LD AT LEA/ HAVE PREV5T$ ! BAD EFFECT ?AT ! RETRREAT FROM ,MALLORCA HAD PRODUC$ ) RESPECT TO PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,BAYO CONT9U$ TO PR(F] EXPLANATIONS1 RELAT+ TO ! SITUATION ( ! TROOPS & ! WAY ! L&+ WAS CONDUCT$4 ,HE PRAIS$ ! MORALE & BRAV]Y ( ! TROOPS UND] HIS COMM&1 0:O W]E READY TO FI<T :]EV] ,I S5T !M04 ,HE PO9T$ \T ?AT HE HAD LOAD$ ALL ! MAT]IEL HE C\LD & ?AT SUPPLIES & EQUIPM5T W]E ONLY DE/ROY$ OR ?R[N 9TO ! SEA TO PREV5T ! 5EMY FROM SEIZ+ !M4 ,HE READ ! ORD]1 SIGN$ BY ! COMMITTEE ( ! 0,JAIME ,I0 & BY ! ,SQUADRON ,COMMITTEE1 REQUIR+ HIM TO )DRAW 9 ! NAME ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,HE ACCEPT$ ! ORD] TO )DRAW1 TO SAVE ! LIVES ( ! MILITIAM51 S9CE ! 5EMY AIR =CES W]E BOMB+ !M ) ONE HUNDR$ KILOGRAM BOMBS4 ,HE D5I$ HAV+ RECEIV$ ANY MOTORCYCLES1 TRUCKS OR >TILL]Y1 & SAID ?AT IF !Y HAD BE5 S5T !Y W]E PROBABLY AT ,MAHON4 

,M>COS ,ALCON EXPLA9$ ! MANN] 9 :I* !SE EXP$ITIONS W]E CONDUCT$1 )\T AU?ORIZATION ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 & ?AT ! LATT] WAS FAC$ ) SO MANY FAITS ACCOMPLI1 & ?AT ! DEFEAT AT ,MALLORCA WAS DUE TO A LACK ( ORGANIZATION4 ,VIDIELLA ASK$ = ! OP9ION ( ! MILIT>Y ADVIS]S4 ,GIM5EZ DE LA ,B]AZA CLAIM$ ?AT ,BAYO'S ACTION WAS 0MILIT>ILY A DEFEAT1 POLITICALLY A DISA/]1 ALL BECAUSE HE ACT$ ON HIS [N ACC\NT )\T CONSULT+ ! ,C,C,M,A1 & ?AT ! POLITICAL ASPECT IS MU* MORE S]I\S ?AN ! MILIT>Y ASPECT04 ,AS = ! EQUIPM5T1 HE SAID ?AT ?R[+ ! HEAVY EQUIPM5T 9TO ! SEA WAS JU/IFIABLE1 BUT NOT ! LI<T >MS4 

,!N A GR\P ( MILITIAM5 APPE>$ 9 ! ROYAL *AMB]1 >RIV+ FROM ! FAIL$ EXP$ITION TO ,MALLORCA1 MILITANTS ( ! ,],C1 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T1 :O PROVID$ !IR REPORTS1 CONFIRM+ ! 9=MATION SUBMITT$ BY ,BAYO4 

,AFT] ,BAYO'S REPORT ON ! FASCI/ AIR =CES 9 ,MALLORCA1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] NOTIFI$ ! DELEGATES ( ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ,SANTILLAN & ,S&9O & ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T TO S5D FIVE ?\S& M5 TO ! ,C5TRAL FRONT4 

,IT WAS RESOLV$ ?AT ! F\R ?\S& MILITIAM5 :O HAD RETURN$ FROM ,MALLORCA %\LD DEP>T ON ,MONDAY3 TWO ?\S& = ! ,MADRID FRONT & TWO ?\S& = ! ,>AGON FRONT1 & ?AT ONE ?\S& NATIONAL GU>DS 7! NEW NAME = ! CIVIL GU>DS7 %\LD ALSO LEAVE = ,MADRID1 & ?AT ! G>RISON AT ,MAHON %\LD RETURN TO !IR BASE ) ! 0,CITY ( ,B>CELONA04 ,ALL !SE RESOLUTIONS W]E UNANIM\SLY APPROV$4 ,! SESSION 5D$ AT #a3#d#e P4M4 ON ! #e? ( ,SEPTEMB]1 AFT] A M>A?ON MEET+ ( F\RTE5 H\RS1 9 :I* IT HAD BECOME APP>5T ?AT ! ,C,C,M,A WAS 9CAPABLE ( CONTROLL+ & DIRECT+ ! MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS BAS$ 9 ,CATALUNA4 

,! ,MALLORCA EXP$ITION HAD BE5 C>RI$ \T BEH9D ! BACK ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 ORGANIZ$ BY ,CAPTA9 ,BAYO1 ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ,COMPANYS1 & ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,U,G,T 7,COMOR]A7 & ! ,M>ITIME ,TRANSPORT ,TRADE ,UNION ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,IT FAIL$ AS A RESULT ( A LACK ( ORGANIZATION ( ! OP]ATIONS & ! SUDD5 ORD] TO )DRAW ISSU$ BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! LACK ( W> MAT]IEL = ! ,>AGON FRONT WAS EXAC]BAT$ BY ! LOSS ( EQUIPM5T & SUPPLIES AT ,MALLORCA1 & ! DISA/] WAS MAGNIFI$ BY ! DISCR$IT+ ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 :I* WAS NOT ONLY 9CAPABLE ( DIRECT+ ALL MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS1 BUT WAS EV5 9CAPABLE ( BE+ AW>E ( !IR EXI/5CE4 

,! NEXT MEET+ WAS CALL$ TO ORD] ON ,SEPTEMB] #f.<#h#i.> AT MIDNI<T1 & WAS ATT5D$ BY ! MAJORITY ( ! DELEGATES TO ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ! MEET+ V>I\S QUE/IONS W]E ASK$1 AMONG :I* W]E3 ! REQUE/ ( ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,P>TY1 L$ BY ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 TO BE ADMITT$ TO ! ,C,C,M,A2 A PROPOSAL CONC]N+ ! ADVISABILITY ( AN IMM$IATE ATTACK ON ,JACA2 ! APPO9TM5T ( ,LLOR5C ,P]RAMON AS ,RECORD+ ,SECRET>Y1 )\T ! RI<T TO VOTE1 & ?AT ! M9UTES ( ! MEET+S %\LD ONLY CONSI/ ( ! RESOLUTIONS APPROV$1 )\T AN ACC\NT ( ! DEBATES4 

,! M9UTES ( ,SEPTEMB] #h.<#i.> RECORD ! REPLACEM5T ( ,JOSEP ,ROVIRA 7! DELEGATE ( ! ,L59 ,COLUMN ( ! ,P,\,M7 BY ,JULIAN ,GORK94 ,V>I\S RESOLUTIONS REG>D+ SUBSIDIES1 ! PROHIBITION ( COLLECT+ MONEY ON ! /REET1 CLOS] SURVEILLANCE OV] ! CORRECT USE ( ! FOOD SUBSIDIES GRANT$ BY ! ,C,C,M,A1 ! CLE>+ ( L9ES ( PEOPLE 9 FRONT ( ! ,CAPITANIA1 & 9CREAS+ ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS TO ONE ?\S& SIX HUNDR$ W]E APPROV$1 ALONG ) O!R M9OR ISSUES4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a ! M9UTES RECORD ! RATIFICATION ( ! RESOLUTION TO DISSOLVE.<#i#a.> ! ,C,C,M,A & ! RECOMM5DATION ?AT AT ! NEXT MEET+ ! RESPECTIVE CRIT]IA ) REG>D TO ! =M & PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION = ! PO/S EA* ORGANIZATION WILL OCCUPY 9 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,DEF5SE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT %\LD BE DET]M9$4 ,! RESOLUTION TO DISSOLVE ! ,C,C,M,A WAS KEPT SECRET4 

,IT WAS ALSO RESOLV$ ?AT ! DEAD %\LD BE BURI$ AT ! FRONT & ?AT ! BODIES %\LD NOT BE %IPP$ HOME4 ,IT WAS ONCE AGA9 9SI/$ ?AT ONLY ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS & ! ,9VE/IGATION ,PATROLS W]E EMP[]$ TO AU?ORIZE & C>RY \T SE>*ES1 & ?AT ANYONE :O DID SO ON HIS [N ACC\NT %\LD BE PUNI%$4 ,?REE DELEGATES1 FROM ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,U,G,T & ! ,P,\,M1 W]E APPO9T$ TO C>RY \T WEEKLY 9SPECTIONS ( SUBSIDIES1 DONATIONS1 & FE/IVALS = RAIS+ MONEY = ! MILITIAS4 

,ALL ( ! ABOVE RESOLUTIONS W]E UNANIM\SLY APPROV$4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#b.<#i#b.> A RESOLUTION WAS APPROV$1 ) ! AB/5TION ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,U,G,T & ! ,P,\,M1 ?AT M&AT$ ?AT ! CURR5T GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT %\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A ,C\NCIL ( ,DEF5SE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ,CATALUNA1 ) REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT COMPOS$ ! ,C,C,M,A1 0:I* W\LD AT ! SAME TIME BE DISSOLV$04 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#d.<#i#c.> ,G>CIA ,OLIV] PUBLICIZ$ ! ,C,N,T'S RESOLUTION CONC]N+ ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,DEF5SE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 REPLAC+ ! CURR5T GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A NEW POLITICAL CONCEPTION ( ! ,SPANI% /ATE1 CONCEIV$ AS A 0,CONF$]ATION ( ,FREE ,NATIONS1 />T+ ) ,CATALUNA04 

,GORK91 9 ! NAME ( ! ,P,\,M1 /AT$ ?AT ! NEW ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT MU/ BE COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT COMPOS$ ! CURR5T ,C,C,M,A & ?AT 0! PROGRAM ( ?IS ,C\NCIL MU/ BE ( A SOCIALI/ K9D1 OR ONE 9VOLV+ SOCIALIZATION04 

,VIDIELLA1 = ! ,U,G,T1 AGRE$ ) ! FIR/ PO9T EXPRESS$ BY ,GORK9 ) REG>D TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ON ! ,C\NCIL1 AS WELL AS ) ! NAME ( 0! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT01 & ALSO ?\<T ?AT ITS JURISDICTION MU/ BE EXT5D$ OV] ALL ( ,CATALUNA1 & ?AT IT MU/ EMBRACE ALL ! FACTIONS1 & ?AT ?IS ,C\NCIL MU/ BE ! ONLY AU?ORITY EMP[]$ TO C>RY \T CONFISCATIONS1 OR TO PROCE$ ) ! COLLECTIVIZATION OR SOCIALIZATION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,VIDIELLA !RE=E ADVANC$ ! IDEA ( A /RONG GOV]NM5T1 VE/$ ) FULL AU?ORITY4 

,MIRAVITLLES1 = ! ,],C & ! ,G5]ALITAT1 SAID ?AT ?IS NEW GOV]NM5T 7HE D>$ TO VIOLATE ! ACRATIC TABOO CONC]N+ CALL+ SOME?+ ?AT WAS REALLY A GOV]NM5T BY ! NAME ( 0C\NCIL07 MU/ 9CLUDE ALL SOCIAL CLASSES & ?AT AS = A PROGRAM1 IT MU/ BE :ATEV] IS NECESS>Y TO DEFEAT FASCISM4 

,SANTILLAN1 = ! ,F,A,I1 EXPRESS$ HIS VIEW ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO E/ABLI% PO9TS ( CONV]G5CE ?AT W\LD UNITE ALL ! FACTIONS1 AS HAD BE5 ! CASE UP UNTIL ?IS TIME1 & ?AT ! PR9CIPAL GOAL MU/ BE TO DE/ROY FASCISM 9 ALL ( ,SPA94 

,TORR5TS 9=M$ ! DELEGATES ?AT IT WAS ! VIEW ( ! ,UNIO DE ,RABASSAIRES ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO =M A /RONG GOV]NM5T1 ) ! SAME REPRES5TATIVES AS ! CURR5T ,C,C,M,A3 0A S+LE P[] ?AT W\LD PROSECUTE ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM & E/ABLI% ORD] 9 ! NEW ECONOMY04 

,G>CIA ,OLIV] SAID ?AT EV]YONE WAS 9 AGREEM5T ON ! NE$ TO TRANS=M ! C\NTRY 9 EV]Y RESPECT1 E/ABLI%+ A NEW JURIDICAL1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORD]2 & AS = A PROGRAM1 0!RE IS ALREADY A ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY RESPONSIBLE = C>RY+ \T ! ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION04 

,GORK9 7V]Y METICUL\SLY7 SAID ?AT 0ANTIFASCISM IS NOT A PROGRAM01 :I* IS :Y IT WAS NECESS>Y TO SPECIFY 9 :AT MANN] ! DOM9ANT PRIVILEGES HAD TO BE DE/ROY$4 ,GORK9 ?\<T ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO SPECIFY JU/ :AT ECONOMIC POLICIES HAD TO BE 5=C$ 9 ! RE>GU>D1 & TO DEF9E ! PURPOSE ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! COMBATANTS AT ! FRONT1 :I* WAS TO CREATE A BETT] SOCIETY4 ,HE PROPOS$ ?AT ALONGSIDE EA* ,M9I/] ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T1 AS WAS ALREADY ! CASE 9 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY1 !RE %\LD BE A ,C\NCIL COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! ORGANIZATIONS4 

,MIRAVITLLES EXPLA9$ ?AT ! TIME TO E/ABLI% A CONCRETE PROGRAM1 :E!R COMMUNI/ OR AN>*OSYNDICALI/1 W\LD >RIVE IF ! W> WAS WON1 BUT 9 ! MEANTIME IT WAS NECESS>Y TO CREATE A GOV]NM5T CAPABLE ( W9N+ ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM4 

,ALCON 7,C,N,T7 MA9TA9$ 0?AT ! GOV]NM5T MU/ CONDUCT ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM & ! ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION MU/ BE C>RI$ \T BY ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! /REETS2 & ?AT IT IS USELESS TO OPPOSE ?IS BECAUSE ! ORGANIZATIONS WILL GO ON ) !IR WORK REG>DLESS ( \R RESOLUTIONS04 ,IT WAS ! MISSION ( ! GOV]NM5T TO DIRECT ! W>1 BUT IT MU/ NOT LEGISLATE ) REG>D TO ECONOMIC MATT]S1 BECAUSE ?IS IS ! JOB ( ! WORK]S1 OP]AT+ ?R\< ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY4 ,HE F9I%$ HIS SPEE* BY CLAIM+3 0! W> MU/ BE F\<T BY ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ,COLLECTIVIZATION MU/ BE C>RI$ \T BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY40 

,MIRET1 ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 SAID ?AT IT WAS 9DISP5SABLE TO =MULATE A CONCRETE PROGRAM ?AT W\LD ASSURE ! UNITY ( ALL ! FACTIONS4 

,GORK9 DECL>$ ?AT ! =MULATION ( A PROGRAM DID NOT REQUIRE ?AT EA* FACTION R5\NCE ITS IDEALS1 BUT ?AT ALL ! PO9TS ( CONV]G5CE & ! NECESS>Y DIRECTIVES = ! DEFEAT ( FASCISM %\LD BE E/ABLI%$4 ,HE DID NOT AGREE ) ! PROPOSAL ?AT SPOKE ( SOCIAL CLASSES1 BUT ( ORGANIZATIONS ?AT REPRES5T ! CLASSES & ?AT ! LATT] MU/ NOT REORGANIZE BUT TRANS=M ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS ( ! C\NTRY1 :I* 0IS TO SAY1 C>RY \T ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION04 

,VIDIELLA SAID ?AT ONLY A /RONG GOV]NM5T W\LD BE RESPECT$ BY =EIGN C\NTRIES & ?AT SOCIALIZATION 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE W\LD 5TAIL A CONFRONTATION ) ! PEASANTRY4 

,G>CIA ,OLIV] EXPRESS$ HIS VIEW ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION MU/ AFFECT ALL ! JURIDICAL1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ASPECTS ( ! C\NTRY1 & ?AT EA* REGION MU/ PROCE$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS [N *>ACT]I/ICS1 S9CE ! POLICIES ?AT >E APPROPRIATE = ,CATALUNA W\LD NOT BE APPROPRIATE = ,&ALUCIA4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT A M]E ,C\NCIL MU/ NOT DO ANY?+ BUT PREP>E ! POLICIES ?AT W\LD HAVE TO BE IMPLEM5T$ ONCE ! W> WAS OV]4 

,& HE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT TO CREATE ?IS ,C\NCIL ALL ?AT WAS NECESS>Y WAS = ! ,C,C,M,A TO TELL ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT IT WANT$ IT TO BE =M$1 SO ?AT ! ,G5]ALITAT W\LD PROCE$ TO ITS IMM$IATE CREATION4 

,VIDIELLA AGRE$ ?AT IT W\LD BE ! ,PRESID5T :O W\LD =M ! ,C\NCIL4 

,GORK9 & ,MIRET BO? MADE PROPOSALS4 ,MIRET'S WAS APPROV$1 :I* WAS AS FOLL[S3 

0,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT COMPOSE ! ,C,C,M,A %\LD PETITION ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ,CATALUNA1 PROPOS+ ! CONVOCATION ( A MEET+ ( DELEGATES ( ALL ! ORGANIZATIONS REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,C,C,M,A TO DISCUSS ! ORGANIC CON/ITUTION ( A ,C\NCIL ( ,DEF5SE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & ( ! PROGRAM ?AT ! LATT] MU/ IMPLEM5T04 

,PONS 7,],C7 REF]R$ TO ! NAME ( ! ,REGIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL1 SUGGE/$ BY ! ,C,N,T1 & EXPRESS$ HIS VIEW ?AT ! WORD1 0,REGIONAL01 MU/ BE DELET$4 ,ALCON EXPRESS$ HIS OP9ION ?AT ! WORD MU/ BE MA9TA9$1 & ?AT A ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,DEF5SE MU/ BE =M$ 9 ,MADRID4 ,MIRAVITLLES SECOND$ ! PROPOSAL TO ELIM9ATE ! WORD1 0,REGIONAL04 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] PRUD5TLY RESOLV$ ! DISPUTE1 PROPOS+ ?AT ! FIR/ ACT ( ! ,C\NCIL W\LD BE TO GIVE ITSELF A NAME4 ,VIDIELLA1 = HIS P>T1 PROPOS$ TO DELETE ! WORD1 0,DEF5SE0 & DESIGNATE IT AS SIMPLY ! 0,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ,CATALUNA04 ,AFT] ! SEMANTIC DEBATE ! SESSION 5D$ AT TWO-?IRTY ON ! MORN+ ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#e4 

,NO ONE OPPOS$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,NO ONE1 EXCEPT ! AN>*I/S1 ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE DECEIV$ REG>D+ ! FACT ?AT ?IS 5TAIL$ ! =MATION ( A NEW GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :E!R IT WAS CALL$ A 0C\NCIL0 OR NOT4 ,! DEBATE ON ! PROGRAM ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD SUP]S$E ! ,C,C,M,A1 REVOLV$ >\ND ! CONCEPTS ( 0SOCIALIZATION01 PROPOS$ BY ! ,P,\,M1 OR 0ANTIFASCI/01 ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,],C & ! ,P,S,U,C4 ,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I MA9TA9$ ITS *>ACT]I/IC AMBIGUITY3 ! ECONOMY WAS ! TASK ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY1 :ILE ! W> WAS ! JOB ( :AT !Y CALL$ ! ,C\NCIL ( ,DEF5SE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,M>COS ,ALCON1 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ & ,JOSE ,AS5S ACTUALLY ?\<T ?AT ! PROGRAM ( ! 0,C\NCIL0 WAS ( NO IMPORTANCE4 ,IT WAS ! PRICE ?AT HAD TO BE PAID TO AVOID ISOLATION4 ,:AT WAS ( IMPORTANCE = !M WAS ! FACT ?AT ! ,C,N,T W\LD CONT9UE TO CONTROL ! V>I\S ,M9I/RIES1 BY WAY ( TE*NICAL COMMISSIONS1 LIKE ?OSE ATTA*$ TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY OR ! COMMISSION ( W> 9DU/RIES1 :ILE A GOOD P>T ( ! MILIT>Y & POLICE APP>ATUS W\LD BE 9 ! H&S ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,?IS 9DEF9IT5ESS1 AMBIGUITY & 9COH]5CE L$ !M IRREM$IABLY TO SUPPORT ! PROGRAM ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 ?AT IS1 ( ?AT ANTIFASCISM ?AT PROPOS$ ! CON/ITUTION ( A /RONG GOV]NM5T CAPABLE ( 0IMPOS+ ORD]0 ON ! ECONOMY & W9N+ ! W>4 

,ON ! #a#e? ( ,SEPTEMB] A ,NATIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES WAS HELD 9 ,MADRID1 AT :I* IT WAS RESOLV$ TO APPROVE ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! MILIT>Y1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LEAD]%IP ( REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 ) ! PROPOSAL ( ! =MATION ( A ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,DEF5SE4 ,?IS WAS1 9 %ORT1 A PROPOSAL ?AT ! ,C,N,T %\LD COLLABORATE ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 BY MEANS ( ?IS ,C\NCIL ?AT WAS TO BE COMPOS$ ( FIVE DELEGATES ( ! ,C,N,T1 FIVE FROM ! ,U,G,T & F\R REPUBLICANS4 ,?IS ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL WAS CONCEIV$ AS ! UNIFI$ SUMMIT ( ! V>I\S REGIONAL ,C\NCILS4 ,IT WAS A F$]ALI/ CONCEPTION1 SO DE> TO ! ,C,N,T1 9 :I* ! ECONOMY WAS TO BE SOCIALIZ$ & ! >MY UNIFI$ UND] A UNIT>Y COMM& /RUCTURE & A COMMISS>IAT ( W>4 ,AL?\< IT P]SI/$ 9 ! OLD TRICK ( NOT CALL+ ?+S BY !IR NAMES1 ! ,C,N,T'S PROPOSAL PO9T$ T[>DS ! RECON/RUCTION ( A /RONG & C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4.<#i#d.> 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#f.<#i#e.> A REPORT CONC]N+ ! CASE ( ,CAPTA9 ,BAYO WAS PRES5T$1 AN ORD] WAS ISSU$ TO REMOVE ! BALES ( COTTON FROM ! B>RICADES1.<#i#f.> ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS W]E AU?ORIZ$ TO ISSUE A SPECIAL ,SECTION ID5TITY C>D1 9 ADDITION TO ! ONE ALREADY POSSESS$ BY EA* PATROL1 & IT WAS AGRE$ TO AWAIT ! RETURN ( ,T>RADELLAS 9 ORD] TO DISPAT* A COMMISSION FROM ! ,C,C,M,A TO ,MADRID4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#h.<#i#g.> IT WAS AGRE$ TO ORGANIZE COA/AL DEF5SE ) MILITIAM5 FROM ! LOCAL COMMITTEES1 ?AT A COMMISSION ( 9=MATION & C5SOR%IP %\LD BE APPO9T$ ?AT W\LD BE COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( EV]Y ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS P>T ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 TO CREATE A NEW ,I,D C>D = ! MEMB]S ( ! ,PATROLS1 & ?AT 0A COMMISSION COMPOS$ ( ! COMRADES ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,MIRAVITLLES1 ,VIDIELLA & ,GORK9 %\LD MEET ) ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT TOMORR[ & ?AT ! LATT] %\LD MAKE AN APPO9TM5T TO RECEIVE !M04 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #ai A COMMISSION ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 COMPOS$ ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,MIRAVITLLES1 ,VIDIELLA & ,GORK9 MET ) ,COMPANYS 9 ORD] TO DELIV] ! PROPOSAL DRAFT$ BY ,MIRET CONC]N+ ! =MATION ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ?AT IS1 ( ! NEW ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT W\LD 9CLUDE AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,M9I/]S1 ONCE ! GREAT SEMANTIC DILEMMA AB\T CALL+ ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT :AT IT ALWAYS REALLY WAS1 ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 WAS F9ALLY RESOLV$4 ,ON ?AT SAME DAY.<#i#h.> ,VIDIELLA1 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ & ,MIRAVITLLES W]E NAM$ AS MEMB]S ( ! COMMISSION ?AT WAS TO TRAVEL TO ,MADRID TO 0NEGOTIATE ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! RESULT ( ! J\RNEY ( ! COMRADE ,M9I/] ,T>RADELLAS04.<#i#i.> 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b.<#a.>1 9 ! ROYAL RECEPTION HALL ( ! ,CAPITANIA1 AT #f3 P4M41 A SPECIAL SESSION ( ! ,C,C,M,A CONV5$ ?AT WAS ATT5D$ BY ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,FABREGAS1 ,ALCON1 ,VIDIELLA1 ,MIRAVITLLES1 ,F]N&EZ1 ,TORR5TS & ,GORK91 ALONG ) 9VITEES SU* AS ,SESE = ! ,U,G,T1 ,ESCORZA = ! ,F,A,I & ,CALVET = ! ,UNIO DE ,RABASSAIRES1 TO 9ITIATE DISCUSSIONS ) ! ,MOROCCAN DELEGATES ,MOHAMM$ ,EL ,OHAZZ>I & ,OM> ,ABD-EL-,JALIL1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,MOROCCAN ,ACTION ,COMMITTEE1 :O HAD >RIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA 9 E>LY ,SEPTEMB] = ! PURPOSE ( OBTA9+ SUPPORT = ,MOROCCAN 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AT ?IS MEET+ ! SUPPORT ( ! ,C,C,M,A = ! ,MOROCCAN DELEGATION WAS SOLEMNLY =MALIZ$1 & IT WAS PROMIS$ ?AT ! ,C,C,M,A W\LD TRY TO GET ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC TO DECL>E ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,SPANI% ,PROTECTORATE 9 ,MOROCCO4.<#a#a.> ,! SESSION1 :I* WAS CONDUCT$ 9 A =MAL MANN]1 5D$ AT #f3#a#e P4M4 

,A PHOTOGRAPH EXI/S 70,HI/ORIA ,GRAFICA DEL ,MOVIM5T ,OBR] A ,CATALUNYA01 ,DIPUTACIO DE ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#h#i71 TAK5 AFT] ! SIGN+ ( ! AGREEM5T BY ! ,MOROCCAN ,ACTION ,COMMITTEE& ! ,C,C,M,A1 9 :I* ONE CAN RECOGNIZE1 AMONG O!RS 7FROM LEFT TO RI<T71 ,M>CELLO ,>GILA ,PAZZAGLIA1 ! TWO ,MORROCAN DELEGATES1 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,JULIAN ,GOMEZ ,G>CIA 70,GORK9071 ,MANUEL ,E/RADA ,MAN*ON1 ,RAFAEL ,VIDIELLA1 ,M>IANO ,RODRIGUEZ ,VAZQUEZ 70,M>IANET071 ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA DEL ,VAL 7) CRUT*ES7 & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ ,SAN*EZ4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#a.<#a#b.> IT WAS RESOLV$ TO ADD ,GORK9 TO ! COMMISSION ?AT WAS TO BE DISPAT*$ TO ,MADRID & ?AT ,GU>N] & ,MIRET %\LD APPO9T AN (FIC] TO COMM& ! COA/AL DEF5SES4 

,AT ! MEET+ ( ,SEPTEMB] #b#b.<#a#c.>1 ! ,C,C,M,A DECID$ TO 0PROHIBIT ! 5TRY 9TO ,CATALUNA ( ! FAMILIES FROM ,MADRID & ! PROV9CES :O >E CON/ANTLY >RIV+ 9 ,B>CELONA1 & ?AT !Y %\LD BE RETURN$ TO !IR PLACES ( ORIG904 ,?IS RESOLUTION WAS TRANSMITT$ TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T & TO ! RAILROAD WORK]S ,COMMITTEES ( ,B>CELONA1 ,L]IDA1 ,TORTOSA1 ,MORA DE ,EBRO1 ,VAL5CIA & ,MADRID = ITS EFFECTIVE IMPLEM5TATION4.<#a#d.> 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#e.<#a#e.> ! ,C,C,M,A VOT$ TO BROADCA/ A MESSAGE TO ! CRUIS] 0,LIB]TAD0 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! PRESS1 WAS TRANSPORT+ ! MORTAL REMA9S ( ! H]OIC MILITIAWOMAN ,LIDIA ,OD5A1 9=M+ ! %IP'S CAPTA9 ( ! RESOLUTION ( ! ,C,C,M,A ACCORD+ TO :I* ! COMRADES KILL$ AT ! FRONT W]E TO BE BURI$ AT ! FRONT1 & ?AT !Y C\LD NOT BE %IPP$ BACK TO ! RE>GU>D )\T ! EXPRESS P]MISSION ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 & ?AT IF ! %IP HAD ALREADY LEFT PORT1 ?AT UPON ITS >RIVAL 9 ,B>CELONA ! BURIAL %\LD BE C>RI$ \T )\T ANY PUBLIC DEMON/RATION4 

,?IS WAS ! LA/ ACT ( ! ,C,C,M,A ?AT WE CAN ID5TIFY4 ,AS SOON AS ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 ITS RESOLUTIONS W]E V]Y BRIEF & DRAFT$ 9 A TELEGRAPHIC /YLE1 AL?\< ACCORD+ TO ,G>CIA ,OLIV] ! ,C,C,M,A HELD TWO MORE MEET+S1 ON ! #b#g? & ! #b#h?1.<#a#f.> BE=E ITS LA/ SESSION :5 IT (FICIALLY DISB&$1 :I* TOOK PLACE ON ,OCTOB] #a1 #a#i#c#f4 

,! ,B,A,L,A,N,C,E ,%,E,E,T ,( ,! ,C,C,M,A ,& ,! ,N,E,W ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T ,( ,! ,G,5,],A,L,I,T,A,T 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #bf ! NEW GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT WAS CON/ITUT$1 ) ,T>RADELLAS AS ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 9 :I* ?REE ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,M9I/]S P>TICIPAT$3 ,JOAN ,PORQU]AS ,FABREGAS AS ,M9I/] ( ! ,ECONOMY1 ,ANTONIO ,G>CIA ,BIRLAN AS ,M9I/] ( ,HEAL? & ,SOCIAL ,WELF>E & ,JOSEP ,JOAN ,DOM5A* AS ,M9I/] ( ,PROVISIONS4.<#a#g.> 

,! RESOLUTION TO DISSOLVE ! ,C,C,M,A WAS NOT MADE PUBLIC UNTIL ! 5D ( ! ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 :I* WAS HELD FROM ,SEPTEMB] #be TO #b#g1 & :I* HAD TO =MALLY APPROVE ?IS DISSOLUTION1 :I* WAS PRES5T$ AS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! 5TRY ( ! C5ETI/AS 9TO ! GOV]NM5T1 S9CE1 9 ! WORDS ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV] HIMSELF3 0TODAY ! ,G5]ALITAT REPRES5TS ALL ( US04 

,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 9 ITS ,SEPTEMB] #b#g? ISSUE1 9SI/$ ON CLAIM+ ?AT A NEW 9/ITUTION CALL$ ! 0,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT0 HAD BE5 CREAT$1 RA!R ?AN A NEW GOV]NM5T2 AFT] ,SEPTEMB] #b#i1 H[EV]1 IT ACCEPT$ ! NEW REALITY & EXPLA9$ ! REASONS :Y ! ,C,N,T 5T]$ ! NEW GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT ANN\NC$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,CURI\SLY1 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C,C,M,A WAS PRES5T$ AS AN 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! =MATION ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :5 9 REALITY IT WAS ONLY :51 BETWE5 ! 5D ( ,AUGU/ & ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,SEPTEMB]1 ?AT IT WAS DECID$ TO DISSOLVE ! ,C,C,M,A1 :5 ANYONE BEGAN TO DISCUSS ! 5TRY ( ! ,C,N,T 9TO ! GOV]NM5T4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #bh ANO!R ,NATIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS WAS HELD 9 ,MADRID1 :]E ! NATIONAL SECRET>Y ,HORACIO ,PRIETO ATTACK$ ! PROPOS$ ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL = ITS LACK ( REALISM4 ,HE SET =? HIS >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( PURE & SIMPLE P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O4 ,HE 9SI/$ ?AT ?+S %\LD BE CALL$ BY !IR REAL NAMES & ?AT ! ,C,N,T %\LD DISP5SE ) ITS IDEOLOGICAL PREJUDICES4 ,HE DID NOT1 H[EV]1 OBTA9 ! SUPPORT ( ! DELEGATES TO ! ,PL5UM1 :O M]ELY VOT$ 9 FAVOR ( A MANIFE/O ?AT ACKN[L$G$ ! NE$ = ANTIFASCI/ UNITY4.<#a#h.> 

,ON ! EV5+ ( ,OCTOB] #a/1 ! LA/1 PURELY C]EMONIAL1 SESSION ( ! ,C,C,M,A WAS CONV5$4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] DELIV]$ A CONCLUD+ SPEE* 9 :I* HE CALL$ = ! UNITY ( ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AFT] PROCLAIM+ ?AT HE HAD BE5 A /AUN* DEF5D] ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 BUT ?AT N[ HE W\LD BE A PASSIONATE DEF5D] ( ! NEW ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 HE RESPOND$ TO A QU]Y ( ,MIRAVITLLES BY ASS]T+ ?AT AS A ,CATALANI/ HE C\LD ONLY CELEBRATE ! DECISION ( ! ,C,N,T TO 5T] ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,! ,(FICIAL ,BULLET9 ( ! ,G5]ALITAT PUBLI%$ ON ,OCTOB] #c CONTA9$ ! DECREE1 SIGN$ ON ,OCTOB] #a1 9 :I* ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS APPO9T$ G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,DEF5SE1 A NEW POSITION EXPRESSLY CREAT$ = HIM4 ,9 ?IS SAME ISSUE ( ! ,BULLET9 ! ,DECREE ,PROCLAIM+ ! ,DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C,C,M,A WAS ALSO PUBLI%$3 

0,! ,C,C,M,A1 CREAT$ BY ! DECREE ( ,JULY #b#a1 HAS UND]/OOD ?AT1 HAV+ FULFILL$ ! MISSION ?AT IT C]TA9LY P]=M$ SO APPROPRIATELY DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+1 IT MU/ N[ DISSOLVE4 ,!RE=E1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,EXECUTIVE ,C\NCIL1 IT IS H]EBY ,DECRE$3 ,>TICLE #a4 ,! ,C,C,M,A1 CREAT$ BY ! ,DECREE ( ,JULY #b#a1 IS DISSOLV$4 ,>TICLE #b4 ,BY DECREE & 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ORD]S P]TA9+ !RETO1 AS REQUIR$1 ! PRES5T ,DECREE WILL BE FULFILL$4 ,B>CELONA1 ,OCTOB] #a1 #a#i#c#f4 ,! ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 ,JOSEP ,T>RADELLAS40 

,9 ! ,(FICIAL ,BULLET9 PUBLI%$ ON ,OCTOB] #d1 BY DECREE SIGN$ ON ,OCTOB] #c1 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ WAS APPO9T$ G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,COMMITTEE = ,9T]NAL ,SECURITY4 ,= ! ,C,N,T1 ?IS SIGNIFI$ ! PRES]VATION ( ITS GRASP ON ! KEY POSITIONS ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD] & ! ,MILITIAS4 

,! NEW GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT PROPOS$ TO /R5G!N ! ECONOMY ON ! BASIS ( A PROGRAM 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY & TO RE9=CE ! W> EF=T BY WAY ( COMPULSORY MOBILIZATION & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( DISCIPL9E & A UNIT>Y COMM& /RUCTURE4 

,! PRES5CE ( ALL ! ANTIFASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT IMPLI$ A MAJOR /EP =W>D T[>DS ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( REPUBLICAN LEGALITY & ! REHABILITATION ( ALL /ATE FUNCTIONS4 ,?IS IMPLI$ ! T]M9ATION ( ALL ?OSE REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ?AT1 9 EV]Y LOCALITY1 EX]CIS$ SOV]EIGN & TOTAL P[]1 FROM ! COLLECTION ( TAXES & MA9T5ANCE ( CONTROL PATROLS TO ! F9ANC+ ( PUBLIC WORKS TO ADDRESS ! PROBLEM ( UNEMPLOYM5T4 

,! ,DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #i1 COMPLEM5T$ BY ! ONE ISSU$ ON ,OCTOB] #a#b1 DECL>$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL ! LOCAL COMMITTEES ?AT W]E =M$ ON ,JULY #a#i1 :I* W]E TO BE REPLAC$ BY ! NEW MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES4 ,DESPITE ! RESI/ANCE ( MANY LOCAL COMMITTEES1 & DESPITE ! DELAY ( SEV]AL MON?S BE=E ! NEW MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T BODIES C\LD BE CREAT$1 ?IS WAS A DEA?-BL[ FROM :I* ! COMMITTEES W\LD NOT RECOV]4 ,! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS1 :O IGNOR$ ! DIRECTIVES ( ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES & ! ORD]S ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 5DANG]$ ! ANTIFASCI/ PACT4 ,! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S W]E CAU<T BETWE5 ! ,SCYLLA ( ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS1 RELUCTANT TO OBEY ITS DIRECTIVES1 & ! ,*>YBDIS ( ! *>GE LEVEL$ BY ! O!R ANTIFASCI/ =CES ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO COMPLY1 & 5=CE COMPLIANCE ) ! DECREES ( ! GOV]NM5T1 & BR+ 0! UNCONTROLLABLES0 9TO L9E4 

,?IS WAS ! REAL BALANCE %EET BEQUEA!D BY ! ,C,C,M,A 9 ITS N9E WEEKS ( EXI/5CE3 ! TRANSITION FROM A SITUATION :]E LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES EX]CIS$ ALL P[] 9 ! /REETS & ! FACTORIES1 TO !IR DISSOLUTION = ! EXCLUSIVE B5EFIT ( ! COMPLETE REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! P[] ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! DECREES SIGN$ ON ,OCTOB] #b#d.<#a#i.> CONC]N+ ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! MILITIAS EFFECTIVE AS ( ,NOVEMB] #a & ! PROMULGATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVIZATION DECREE1 COMPLET$ ! DISA/R\S BALANCE %EET ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 ?AT IS1 ! TRANSITION FROM WORK+ CLASS ,MILITIAS COMPOS$ ( REVOLUTION>Y VOLUNTE]S TO A B\RGEOIS >MY ( ! CLASSICAL TYPE1 SUBJECT TO ! MON>*ICAL CODE ( MILIT>Y JU/ICE1 COMM&$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT2 & ! TRANSITION FROM EXPROPRIATIONS & WORK]S CONTROL ( ! FACTORIES TO A C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMY CONTROLL$ & DIRECT$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,! DELAY 9 ! APPLICATION ( ! DECREES1 PROVOK$ BY ! MUTE BUT DET]M9$ RESI/ANCE ( ! CONF$]AL MILITANTS1 :O W]E /ILL >M$1 CAUS$ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT TO MAKE ! DIS>MAM5T ( ! RE>GU>D ITS NUMB] ONE PRIORITY1 9ITIAT+ A PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! SO-CALL$ 0UNCONTROLLABLES01 :I* WAS CONFLAT$ ) ! SECOND>Y OBJECTIVE EXPRESS$ 9 ! CON/ANTLY REPEAT$ SLOGAN3 0>MS TO ! FRONT04 

,! P[]FUL RESI/ANCE ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ RANK & FILE TO ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! MILITIAS1 TO ! CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY & ! COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES BY ! ,G5]ALITAT1 TO ! DIS>M+ ( ! RE>GU>D & TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES1 RESULT$ 9 A DELAY ( SEV]AL MON?S BE=E ! DECREES ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ON !SE MATT]S C\LD REALLY BE 5=C$4 ,?IS RESI/ANCE CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 ! SPR+ ( #aicg 9 A MAJOR \TBUR/ ( DIS5*ANTM5T1 :I* WAS 9T5SIFI$ BY DISCONT5T ) ! PROGRESS ( ! W>1 9FLATION & ! %ORTAGES ( FOOD & CLO?+1 & L$ TO ! CONSOLIDATION ( A G5]ALIZ$ CRITIQUE ON ! P>T ( ! ,C,N,T RANK & FILE MILITANTS ( ! P>TICIPATION ( ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 & ! ANTIFASCI/ & COLLABORATIONI/ POLICY ( !IR LEAD]S1 :O W]E ACCUS$ ( =FEIT+ 0! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S ( ,JULY #a#i04 

,/,A,T,E ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,J,U,/,I,F,I,$ ,B,Y ,! ,I,D,E,O,L,O,G,Y ,( ,A,N,T,I,F,A,S,C,I,/ ,U,N,I,T,Y 

,?IS WAS ! 9CUBATOR ?AT GAVE BIR? TO ! ,EV5TS ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 :I* ONCE AGA9 SAW ,B>CELONA LITT]$ ) B>RICADES4 ,?IS DISCONT5T EXPLA9S ! EM]G5CE & ! P[] ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 :I* 9 ,MAY PROPOS$ ! NECESSITY ( IMPOS+ A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA TO REPLACE ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,AFT] ,MAY1 ! ,GR\P WAS ABLE TO EXPRESS ?IS CONF$]AL DISCONT5T 9 AN ANALYSIS 9 :I* IT CLAIM$ ?AT 9 ,JULY #aicf !RE WAS NO REVOLUTION & ?AT ! ,C,C,M,A WAS AN 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION1 & ELABORAT$ A PROGRAM ?AT CONCLUD$ ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E TOTALIT>IAN OR !Y >E DEFEAT$4 ,:AT DI/+UI%$ ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI FROM SO MANY O!R 5RAG$ GR\PS ( C5ETI/AS & AN>*I/S.<#a#a.> WAS PRECISELY ! FACT ?AT ! =M] PROPOS$ A PROGRAM1 :]EAS ! O!RS ISSU$ APPEALS TO C]TA9 AB/RACT & 9EFFECTIVE PR9CIPLES1 :I* W]E %>$ BY ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES !Y W]E CRITICIZ+4 

,ONLY !N1 AFT] ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( #a#i#c#g1 DID ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S ELABORATE !IR JU/IFICATIONS & DI/ORTIONS CONC]N+ :AT HAD TAK5 PLACE4 ,SOME BEGAN TO UND]/&1 TOO LATE1 ! IMPACT ( !IR ]RORS & IMPROVIZATIONS4 

,IT WAS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO F9D JU/IFICATIONS = SO MANY MI/AKES1 & TO ELABORATE A RESPONSE ?AT W\LD ALL[ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S TO REFUSE TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = ?OSE MI/AKES4 ,! DELEGATION ( ! ,C,N,T TO ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,A,I,T1.<#a#a#a.> 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#g1 HAD TO PROVIDE ! FIR/ ANSW]1 UND] ! IMPACT ( ! CON/ANT 9SULTS & ACCUSATIONS ( 9EPTITUDE & AB&ONM5T ( ! IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM ?AT !Y W]E SUBJECT$ TO BY ! MAJORITY ( ! DELEGATES TO ! 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS4 

0,POLITICAL P[] FELL 9TO \R H&S )\T \R WANT+ IT .<4444.> ,! ,C,C,M,A1 ! 9/ITUTION = ! COORD9ATION ( ! COMBAT =CES AT ! FRONT1 WAS CREAT$4 ,\R ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T ACCEPT$ ?IS ,COMMITTEE1 BUT FIR/ WE HAD TO RESOLVE ! MA9 PROBLEM 9 \R ,REVOLUTION3 ANTIFASCI/ COLLABORATION OR AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,WE ACCEPT$ COLLABORATION4 ,:Y8 .<4444.> ! CIRCUM/ANCES MADE US ?9K IT ADVISABLE TO COLLABORATE ) ! O!R ANTIFASCI/ SECTORS40.<#a#a#b.> 

,9 FACT1 ! ,SPANI% DELEGATION NE$$ ! HELP ( A PRE/IGI\S 9TELLECTUAL TO DEF5D !MSELVES FROM ! ATTACKS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL1 ) A REPORT ?AT EXUD$ A C]TA9 9TELLECTUAL /ATURE4 ,?IS SECRET REPORT SO PLEAS$ ! ,SPANI% AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S ?AT !Y DECID$ TO PUBLI% IT 9 A PROPAG&A PAMPHLET1 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,SPANI%1 DESPITE ! 9CONSI/5CY 5TAIL$ 9 PUBLI%+ A TEXT ?AT HAD BE5 DECL>$ 0SECRET04.<#a#a#c.> 

,9 ?IS PAMPHLET1.<#a#a#d.> ,HELMUT ,RUDIG] FULLY JU/IFI$ ! PRAGMATIC ACTIONS ( ! ,C,N,T AS BE+ DUE TO ! P>TICUL>ITIES ( ,SPA91 AV]R+ ?AT IT WAS A WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T )\T 9TELLECTUALS1 OR ANY !ORETICAL PREP>ATION OR POLITICAL EXP]I5CE1 DUE TO ITS P]MAN5T /ATE ( CL&E/9ITY2 & ?AT IT WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( EXTREMISM1 BAS$ ON A SIMPLIFICATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS & AN UNLIMIT$ OPTIMISM1 TO ?9K ?AT ALL ?AT WAS NECESS>Y WAS TO PROCLAIM LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M MAN 9TO AN ANGELIC BE+4 

,RUDIG]'S 5TIRE >GUM5T CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ AS AN ASSIMILATION & APPLICATION TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! IDEOLOGY ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,RUDIG]1 ,JULY #ai WAS A VICTORY = ! ,C,N,T BECAUSE1 = ! FIR/ TIME EV]1 IT WAS ABLE TO UNITE ! 5TIRE POPULATION BEH9D IT4 ,! ,C,N,T W\LD BE VICTORI\S :5 IT W\LD ONCE AGA9 BE ABLE TO RALLY ! 5TIRE PEOPLE BEH9D IT4 ,?AT IS1 ANTIFASCI/ UNITY JU/IFI$ EV]Y?+1 EXPLA9$ EV]Y?+ & P]MITT$ EV]Y?+4 ,ALL ! PRAGMATIC ACTIONS ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! AB&ONM5T ( ! ANTI-/ATE !ORIES1 ! AB&ONM5T ( PR9CIPLES1 ! COLLABORATIONISM ) B\RGEOIS P>TIES & ! GOV]NM5T1 ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,MILITIAS1 ! AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S1 ! W> ECONOMY1 EV]Y?+1 ABSOLUTELY EV]Y?+1 WAS JU/IFI$ BY ?IS IDEOLOGY ( ,A,N,T,I,F,A,S,C,I,/ ,U,N,I,T,Y4 ,HELMUT HELP$ ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S TO JU/IFY !IR ]RORS1 !IR 9CAPACITY & !IR CON/ANT IMPROVIZATIONS3 ONE C\LD1 & MU/1 R5\NCE LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 & ! REVOLUTION1 9 FAVOR ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY4 

,N[ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S W]E 5ABL$ TO REWRITE !IR CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY4 ,N[ ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS 5ABL$ TO APPE> AS A SACRIFICIAL VICTIM ( ! REJECTION ON ! P>T ( ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION ( HIS PROPOSAL TO 0GO = BROKE04 

,?IS MADE IT POSSIBLE TO CLAIM ?AT1 0:AT BEGAN ON ,JULY #ai WAS NOT YET ! DEF9ITIVE SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 BUT ONLY ! FIR/ /EP ( ?AT REVOLUTION1 ! BEG9N+ ( ! ANTIFASCI/ /RUGGLE04 ,HELMUT CRAFT$ A V]ITABLE AN?OLOGY ( CAT*PHRASES = ! SUPPORT]S ( COLLABORATIONISM3 0,?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTIONS ?AT A VICTORI\S REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION R5\NC$ ITS [N DICTATOR%IP40 

,:AT ,HELMUT DID NOT SAY WAS ?AT ?IS IDEOLOGY ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY PRESUPPOS$ ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! ME?ODS & GOALS ( ! PROGRAM ( ! DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOISIE4 

,! ADVOCATES ( ,/ATE AN>*ISM & ?OSE :O SUPPORT$ ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION W]E1 & >E1 9COMPATIBLE4 ,! ABS5CE ( AN IDEOLOGICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL BREAK )9 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T C\LD ONLY LEAD1 FIR/ TO ! SUPPRESSION1 & LAT] TO ! ASSIMILATION ( ! CRITICAL SECTORS ) ! WOR/ AB]RATIONS ( ,/ATE AN>*ISM4 ,)\T SU* A BREAK A PROCESS ( CL>IFICATION & DELIMITATION BETWE5 ! POSITIONS ( ! V>I\S FACTIONS C\LD NOT TAKE PLACE4 ,AMBIGUITY & CONFUSIONISM COMPRIS$ ! O!R DEFEAT ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS PREGNANT ) CONSEQU5CES = ITS FUTURE4 

O ,P>T #c 3 ,! ,DEA? & ,FUN]AL ( ,DURRUTI 
,P>T #c -- ,! ,DEA? & ,FUN]AL ( ,DURRUTI 

0,CUI PRODE/ SCELUS IS FECIT40 7,:OEV] B5EFITS FROM ! CRIME IS ! ONE :O COMMITT$ IT47 

,S5ECA1 ,M$EA 

0,WE AN>*I/S CAN GO TO JAIL1 OR DIE ! WAY ,OBREGON1 ,ASCASO1 ,SABAT]1 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI & ,PEIRO DI$1 :OSE LIVES >E WOR?Y ( A ,PLUT>*4 ,WE CAN DIE 9 EXILE1 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 9 ! MAQUIS1 OR 9 A HOSPICE1 BUT TO ACCEPT ! POSITION ( GOV]NM5T M9I/]1 ?IS IS 9CONCEIVABLE40 

,JAIME ,BALIUS1 0,= ! ,RECORD01 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ,SEPTEMB] #b1 #a#i#g#a4 

,F,R,O,M ,N,O,V,E,M,B,] #d ,T,O ,N,O,V,E,M,B,] #b#b1 #aicf 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #d1 MANY PEOPLE W]E EAG]LY WAIT+ TO LI/5 TO A SURPRISE SPEE* BY ,DURRUTI ?AT WAS TO BE BROADCA/ BY ,RADIO ,C,N,T-,F,A,I FROM ,B>CELONA TO ALL ( ,SPA94 ,ON ?AT SAME DAY ! PRESS REPORT$ ON ! ACCESSION ( F\R AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S TO ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T3 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,JUAN ,LOPEZ & ,JOAN ,PEIRO4 ,! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN HAD NOT CAPTUR$ ,Z>AGOZA4 ,! DIFFICULTIES ) REG>D TO ! SUPPLY ( >MS COMPRIS$ ! MA9 PROBLEM AT ! FRONT4 ,DURRUTI HAD TRI$ EV]Y?+ 9 HIS P[] TO OBTA9 WEAPONS4 ,HE EV5 S5T A DETA*M5T ( MILITIAM5 9 E>LY ,SEPTEMB] ON A PUNITIVE EXP$ITION TO ,SABADELL1 9 ORD] TO =CE !M TO DELIV] ! >MS ?AT HAD BE5 /OR$ !RE 9 ANTICIPATION ( =M+ A ,SABADELL ,COLUMN ?AT HAD NOT YET BE5 ORGANIZ$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ON ,OCTOB] #bd ! ,G5]ALITAT HAD APPROV$ ! ,DECREE MILIT>IZ+ ! ,MILITIAS1 :I* RE-IMPOS$ ! OLD ,CODE ( ,MILIT>Y ,JU/ICE1 EFFECTIVE AS ( ,NOVEMB] #a4 ,BO? ! FRI5DS AS WELL AS ! 5EMIES ( ,DURRUTI EAG]LY AWAIT$ HIS SPEE*4 

,EV5 BE=E ! SPEE* />T$1 PEOPLE GA!R$ 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! SPEAK]S ?AT HAD BE5 9/ALL$ 9 ! TREES ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS1 :I* USUALLY BROADCA/ REVOLUTION>Y SONGS1 NEWS & MUSIC4 ,:]EV] !RE WAS A RADIO 9 ,B>CELONA1 PEOPLE W]E IMPATI5TLY WAIT+ = ! ANN\NCEM5T3 0,DURRUTI ,SPEAKS04 

,! ,MILIT>IZATION ,DECREE HAD BE5 PASSIONATELY DISCUSS$ 9 ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 :I* HAD VOT$ NOT TO COMPLY ) IT1 BECAUSE IT C\LD NOT IMPROVE ! COMBAT CONDITIONS ( ! VOLUNTE] MILITIAM5 ( ,JULY #a#i1 NOR C\LD IT RESOLVE ! *RONIC %ORTAGE ( WEAPONS & AMMUNITION4 ,DURRUTI SIGN$1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,W>1 A TEXT.<#a#a#e.> REJECT+ ! MILIT>IZATION DEM&$ BY ! 0,C\NCIL0.<#a#a#f.> ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 SIGNIFICANTLY DATEL9$ FROM ! ,OS]A ,FRONT ON ! SAME DAY 7,NOVEMB] #a7 ?AT ! HAT$ ,MILIT>Y ,CODE WAS SUPPOS$ TO BECOME EFFECTIVE4 ,! ,COLUMN D5I$ ! NE$ = B>RACKS DISCIPL9E1 TO :I* IT OPPOS$ ! SUP]IORITY ( REVOLUTION>Y DISCIPL9E3 0,MILITIAM51 YES2 SOLDI]S1 NEV]40 

,DURRUTI1 AS ! DELEGATE ( ! ,COLUMN1 S\<T TO EVOKE ! 9DIGNATION & PROTE/S ( ! MILITIAM5 ( ! ,>AGON FRONT AGA9/ ! CLE>LY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE ?AT WAS EM]G+ BEH9D ! L9ES4 ,! BROADCA/ ( ,DURRUTI'S SPEE*.<#a#a#g.> BEGAN AT #i3#c P4M43 

0,WORK]S ( ,CATALUNA6 ,I AM SPEAK+ TO ! ,CATALAN PEOPLE1 TO ! G5]\S PEOPLE ?AT F\R MON?S AGO DEFEAT$ ! SOLDI]S :O TRI$ TO CRU% !M B5EA? !IR BOOTS4 ,I S5D Y\ SALUTATIONS FROM Y\R BRO!RS & COMRADES FI<T+ ON ! FRONT 9 ,>AGON1 :O >E ONLY KILOMET]S FROM ,Z>AGOZA1 )9 SI<T ( ! T[]S ( ,PIL>ICA4 

0,DESPITE ! ?REAT ?AT IS CLOS+ 9 ON ,MADRID1 WE MU/ ALWAYS REMEMB] ?AT ! PEOPLE HAVE RIS51 & NO?+ 9 ! WORLD CAN MAKE !M RETREAT4 ,WE %ALL RESI/ ON ! FRONT ( ,>AGON1 AGA9/ ! ,>AGONESE FASCI/ HORDES1 & WE CALL UPON \R BRO!RS 9 ,MADRID TO RESI/1 BECAUSE ! MILITIAM5 ( ,CATALUNA WILL KN[ H[ TO DO !IR DUTY1 JU/ AS !Y DID :5 !Y W5T 9TO ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA TO CRU% FASCISM4 ,! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS MU/ NOT =GET !IR IMP]ATIVE DUTY AT ! PRES5T TIME4 ,AT ! FRONT1 AS 9 ! TR5*ES1 !RE IS ONLY ONE ?\<T1 ONE GOAL4 ,\R GAZE IS FIX$1 WE LOOK =W>D1 ) ! SOLE PURPOSE ( CRU%+ FASCISM4 

0,WE ASK ! ,CATALAN PEOPLE TO /OP ! 9TRIGUES & BICK]+4 ,Y\ MU/ RISE TO ! OCCASION3 /OP QU>REL+ & ?9K ( ! W>4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,CATALONIA HAVE ! DUTY TO SUPPORT ?OSE FI<T+ ON ! FRONT4 ,WE HAVE TO MOBILIZE EV]YONE1 BUT DON'T ?9K ?AT IT WILL ALWAYS BE ! SAME PEOPLE4 ,IF ,CATALAN WORK]S HAVE ASSUM$ ! RESPONSIBILITY ( GO+ TO ! FRONT1 IT'S N[ TIME TO DEM& SACRIFICES FROM ?OSE :O REMA9 9 ! CITIES4 ,WE HAVE TO EFFECTIVELY MOBILIZE ALL ! WORK]S 9 ! RE>GU>D BECAUSE ?OSE ( US :O >E AT ! FRONT NE$ TO KN[ ?AT WE CAN C\NT ON ! M5 BEH9D US4 

0,TO ! ORGANIZATIONS3 /OP Y\R R[S & /OP TRIPP+ ?+S UP6 ,?OSE ( US :O >E FI<T+ ON ! FRONT ASK = S9C]ITY1 ABOVE ALL FROM ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I4 ,WE ASK ! LEAD]S TO BE G5U9E4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< = !M TO S5D 5C\RAG+ LETT]S TO US AT ! FRONT1 & TO S5D CLO?+1 FOOD1 RIFLES & AMMUNITION4 ,IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y = !M TO FACE ! FACTS1 & PLAN = ! FUTURE4 ,?IS W> HAS ALL ! AGGRAVAT+ FACTORS ( MOD]N W>F>E & IS PROV+ TO BE V]Y CO/LY = ,CATALONIA4 ,! LEAD]%IP HAS TO REALIZE ?AT WE'LL NE$ TO />T ORGANIZ+ ! ,CATALAN ECONOMY1 & IMPOS+ RULES ON ! ECONOMIC ORD]1 IF ?IS LA/S MU* LONG]4 ,I DO NOT FEEL LIKE WRIT+ ANY MORE LETT]S SO ?AT ! COMRADES OR ! SON ( A MILITIAMAN CAN HAVE ONE MORE CRU/ ( BREAD OR P9T ( MILK1 :ILE !RE >E ,M9I/]S :O DO NOT HAVE TO PAY TO EAT & HAVE NO LIMITS ON !IR EXP5DITURES4 ,WE CALL UPON ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I TO TELL !M ?AT IF !Y AS AN ORGANIZATION CONTROL ! ECONOMY ( ,CATALONIA1 !N !Y MU/ ORGANIZE IT AS IT %\LD BE ORGANIZ$4 ,NO ONE %\LD ?9K ( WAGE 9CREASES OR R$UC$ WORK+ H\RS N[4 ,IT'S ! DUTY ( ALL WORK]S1 ESPECIALLY ! WORK]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 TO MAKE SACRIFICES1 TO WORK AS MU* AS NECESS>Y4 

0,( C\RSE WE'RE FI<T+ = SOME?+ GREAT] & ! MILITIAM5 WILL PROVE IT4 ,!Y BLU% :5 !Y READ AB\T FUND DRIVES TO RAISE MONEY = !M 9 ! PRESS1 :5 !Y SEE ?OSE PO/]S ASK+ Y\ TO MAKE A DONATION4 ,! FASCI/ PLANES DROP NEWSPAP]S ON US ?AT PUBLI% LI/S ( DONATIONS = !IR SOLDI]S1 & !Y >E NEI!R MORE NOR LESS ?AN :AT Y\ GIVE4 ,?AT IS :Y WE HAVE TO TELL Y\ ?AT WE >E NOT BEGG>S & !RE=E WE DO NOT ACCEPT *>ITY 9 ANY =M4 ,FASCISM REPRES5TS & IS 9 EFFECT SOCIAL 9EQUALITY1 & IF Y\ DO NOT WANT ?OSE ( US :O >E FI<T+ TO CONFUSE ?OSE ( Y\ 9 ! RE>GU>D ) \R 5EMIES1 !N DO Y\R DUTY4 ,WE >E WAG+ W> N[ TO CRU% ! 5EMY AT ! FRONT1 BUT IS ?IS ! ONLY 5EMY8 ,NO4 ,ANYONE AMONG US :O IS OPPOS$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S IS ALSO AN 5EMY1 & WE MU/ CRU% !M AS WELL4 

0,IF Y\ WANT TO NEUTRALIZE ! ?REAT1 Y\ MU/ =M A GRANITE FRONT4 ,POLITICS IS ! >T ( OB/RUCTIONISM1 ! >T ( LIV+ .<LIKE P>ASITES.>1 & ?IS MU/ BE REPLAC$ ) ! >T ( LABOR4 ,! TIME HAS COME TO 9VITE ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS & ! POLITICAL P>TIES TO PUT AN 5D TO ?IS BUS9ESS ONCE & = ALL4 ,9 ! RE>GU>D WE NE$ CAPABLE ADM9I/RATORS4 ,! M5 AT ! FRONT WANT RESPONSIBILITY & GU>ANTEES BEH9D US4 ,& WE DEM& ?AT ! ORGANIZATIONS LOOK AFT] \R WOM5 & *ILDR54 

0,!Y'RE MI/AK5 IF !Y ?9K ?AT ! MILIT>IZATION DECREE WILL SC>E US & IMPOSE AN IRON DISCIPLE ON US4 ,Y\ >E MI/AK51 ,M9I/]S1 ) Y\R MILIT>IZATION DECREE4 ,S9CE Y\ HAVE SO MU* TO SAY AB\T IRON DISCIPL9E1 !N ,I SAY TO Y\1 COME TO ! FRONT ) ME4 ,AT ! FRONT WE DO NOT ACCEPT ANY DISCIPL9E1 BECAUSE WE >E CONSCI\S ( DO+ \R DUTY4 ,& Y\ WILL SEE \R ORD] & \R ORGANIZATION4 ,!N WE %ALL RETURN TO ,B>CELONA & WE %ALL ASK Y\ AB\T Y\R DISCIPL9E1 Y\R ORD]1 & Y\R CONTROL1 :I* DOES NOT EXI/4 

0,REMA9 CALM4 ,!RE'S NO *AOS OR 9DISCIPL9E AT ! FRONT4 ,WE'RE ALL RESPONSIBLE & *]I% Y\R TRU/4 ,SLEEP PEACEFULLY4 ,BUT REMEMB] ?AT WE'VE LEFT ,CATALONIA & ITS ECONOMY 9 Y\R H&S4 ,TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = Y\RSELVES1 DISCIPL9E Y\RSELVES4 ,LET'S NOT PROVOKE1 ) \R 9COMPET5CE1 AFT] ?IS W>1 ANO!R CIVIL W> AMONG \RSELVES4 

0,ANYONE :O ?9KS ?AT HIS P>TY IS /RONG 5\< TO IMPOSE ITS POLICY IS WRONG4 ,AGA9/ ! FASCI/S WE MU/ M>%AL ONE =CE1 ONE ORGANIZATION1 ) A UNIFI$ DISCIPL9E4 

0,! FASCI/ TYRANTS WILL NEV] CROSS \R L9ES4 ,?AT IS \R SLOGAN AT ! FRONT4 ,TO !M WE SAY3 ',Y\ WILL NOT PASS6' ,TO Y\3 ',!Y WILL NOT PASS6'0 

,H\RS AFT] HAV+ LI/5$ TO ,DURRUTI'S RADIO ADDRESS1 PEOPLE W]E /ILL DISCUSS+ :AT HE HAD SAID ) HIS USUAL 5]GY & 9TEGRITY4 ,HIS WORDS RESONAT$ ) =CE & EMOTION 9 ! ,B>CELONA NI<T1 EMBODY+ ! G5U9E ?\<T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT WAS A CRY ( AL>M ?AT REM9D$ ! WORK]S ( !IR CONDITION AS REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS4 ,DURRUTI DID NOT RECOGNIZE ANY GODS1 NOR DID HE SEE ! WORK+ CLASS AS GODS4 ,HE TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! MILITIAM5 :O W]E FI<T+ FASCISM AT ! FRONT W]E NOT GO+ TO ALL[ ANYONE TO ROB !M ( ! REVOLUTION>Y & EMANCIPATORY CONT5T ( !IR /RUGGLE3 !Y W]E NOT FI<T+ = ! ,REPUBLIC OR B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 BUT = ! TRIUMPH ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,HIS 5TIRE ADDRESS DID NOT CONTA9 EV5 ONE DEMAGOGIC OR RHETORICAL PHRASE4 ,HIS WORDS W]E A SPUR TO ! GREAT & ! SMALL ( ! E>?4 ,= ! WORK]S & ! ,C,N,T LEAD]S COM=TABLY SETTL$ 9TO RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS1 = ! ORD9>Y CITIZ5S & = ! ,M9I/]S ( ! ,G5]ALITAT OR ! GLAM\R\S AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S4 ,A DIATRIBE AGA9/ ! BUREAUCRATIC DEVIATIONS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ?AT >OSE ON ,JULY #a#i1 & A CONDEMNATION ( GOV]NM5T POLICY1 ) OR )\T ,C,N,T LEAD]S TO PROVIDE A FACADE4 ,9 ! RE>GU>D !RE WAS AN UN=TUNATE CONFUSION BETWE5 DUTY & *>ITY1 ADM9I/RATION & COMM&1 FUNCTION & BUREAUCRACY1 RESPONSIBILITY & DISCIPL9E1 AGREEM5T & DECREE1 & EXAMPLE & ORD]S & COMM&S4 ,! ?REAT TO 0RETURN TO ,B>CELONA0 CAUS$ ! RESURG5CE ( T]ROR AMONG ! POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 AL?\< IT WAS ALREADY TOO LATE TO REM$Y ! 9EXCUSABLE & NAIVE ]ROR ( ,JULY1 :5 ! REVOLUTION WAS PO/PON$ 0UNTIL AFT] ,Z>AGOZA IS CAPTUR$01 AS A RESULT ( !ORETICAL %ORTCOM+S & A LACK ( P]SPECTIVE ON ! P>T ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,BUT !SE ?REATS AGA9/ ! RUL+ P[]S W]E NOT 9 VA93 HIS WORDS1 DIRECT$ AT HIS CLASS BRO!RS1 POSSESS$ ALL ! VALUE ( A REVOLUTION>Y TE/AM5T4 ,A TE/AM5T1 RA!R ?AN A PROCLAMATION1 BECAUSE HIS FATE WAS ALREADY SEAL$1 A FATE ?AT HIS PO/HUM\S DEIFICATION TRANS=M$ 9TO AN 5IGMA4 

,! IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CE ( ! RADIO ADDRESS1 WAS ! CONVOCATION BY ,COMPANYS ON ! FOLL[+ DAY1 ,NOVEMB] #e1 AT #a#a3 P4M41 ( AN EXTRAORD9>Y MEET+.<#a#a#h.> 9 ! ,PALACE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ALL ! ,M9I/]S & REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! POLITICAL & TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 9 ORD] TO DISCUSS ! GR[+ RESI/ANCE TO COMPLIANCE ) ! ,DECREE MILIT>IZ+ ! MILITIAS1 AS WELL AS TO ! ,DECREE PROCLAIM+ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES & !IR REPLACEM5T BY ,POPUL> ,FRONT MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T BODIES4 ,DURRUTI WAS ! CAUSE & ! T>GET ( ! DEBATE1 AL?\< EV]YONE AVOID$ M5TION+ HIS NAME4 ,COMPANYS PROCLAIM$ ! NECESSITY ( PUTT+ AN 5D TO 0! UNCONTROLLABLES01 :O1 \TSIDE ( ALL POLITICAL & TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 0W]E RU9+ EV]Y?+ & COMPROMIS+ ALL ( US04 ,COMOR]A 7,P,S,U,C7 /AT$ ?AT ! ,U,G,T HAD EXPELL$ FROM ITS RANKS ?OSE :O DID NOT COMPLY ) ! DECREES1 & 9VIT$ ! O!R ORGANIZATIONS TO DO ! SAME4 ,M>IANET1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T1 AFT] BOA/+ ( ! SACRIFICES MADE BY ! AN>*I/S ) !IR R5UNCIATION ( !IR [N IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES1 COMPLA9$ ( ! LACK ( TACT DEMON/RAT$ BY ! ATTEMPT TO IMM$IATELY 5=CE ! ,CODE ( ,MILIT>Y ,JU/ICE1 & ASSUR$ ?OSE PRES5T ?AT AFT] ! DECREE ORD]+ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEES1 & ?ANKS TO ! EF=TS ( ! ,C,N,T1 !RE W]E FEW] & FEW] UNCONTROLLABLES1 & ?AT ?IS WAS NOT SO MU* A MATT] ( GR\PS ?AT HAD TO BE EXPELL$ AS RESI/ANCE ?AT HAD TO BE OV]COME1 )\T PROVOK+ REVOLTS1 & ( 9DIVIDUALS :O MU/ BE CONV9C$4 ,N9 7,P,\,M71 ,H]R]A 7,F,A,I7 & ,FABREGAS 7,C,N,T7 PRAIS$ ! EF=TS C>RI$ \T BY ALL ! ORGANIZATIONS TO /ABILIZE ! SITUATION AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 & TO RE9=CE ! P[] ( ! CURR5T ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,N9 M$IAT$ ! DISPUTE BETWE5 ,S&9O1 ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE1 & ,M>IANET1 CONC]N+ ! CAUSES ( ! RESI/ANCE TO ! ,MILIT>IZATION ,DECREE1 SAY+ ?AT 0EV]YONE BASICALLY AGRE$0 & ?AT !RE WAS A C]TA9 AM\NT ( FE> AMONG ! MASSES 0AB\T LOS+ :AT !Y HAD GA9$01 BUT ?AT 0! WORK+ CLASS AGREES ?AT A REAL >MY MU/ BE CREAT$04 ,N9 SAW ! SOLUTION ( ! CURR5T DISAGREEM5TS 9 ! CREATION ( A ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,W> 9 :I* ALL ! POLITICAL & TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS W\LD BE REPRES5T$4 ,COMOR]A1 MU* MORE 9TRANSIG5T ?AN ,COMPANYS & ,T>RADELLAS1 CLAIM$ ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM RESID$ 9 ! ,G5]ALITAT'S LACK ( AU?ORITY3 0GR\PS ( UNCONTROLLABLES >E /ILL DO+ :ATEV] !Y WANT01 NOT ONLY ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( MILIT>IZATION & ! CONDUCT ( ! W> OR ! ISSUE ( A UNIT>Y COMM& /RUCTURE1 BUT ALSO ) REG>D TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEES & ! =MATION ( MUNICIPAL GOV]N+ BODIES1 AS WELL ) RESPECT TO ! COLLECTION ( >MS 9 ! RE>GU>D & RECRUITM5T1 :I* AUGUR$ DISA/]4 ,COMOR]A EV5 SAID ?AT ?IS LACK ( AU?ORITY EXT5D$ TO ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS1 0:I* >E /ILL BE+ C>RI$ \T CAPRICI\SLY1 )\T OBS]V+ ! ,DECREE ?AT REGULATES !M04 ,COMPANYS ACCEPT$ ! POSSIBILITY ( MODIFY+ ! ,MILIT>Y ,CODE & CREAT+ A ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,W>4 ,COMOR]A & ,&REU 7,],C7 9SI/$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO COMPLY ) & TO 5=CE COMPLIANCE ) ! DECREES4 ,! MEET+ CONCLUD$ ) A JO9T APPEAL TO ! ,CATALONIAN PEOPLE TO EX]CISE DISCIPL9E 9 COMPLY+ ) ALL ! DECREES ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & TO ALL ! ORGANIZATIONS TO MAKE A COMMITM5T TO DECL>E !IR SUPPORT = ALL ! GOV]NM5T'S DECISIONS 9 !IR PRESS4.<#a#a#i.> ,NO ONE AT ?IS MEET+ OPPOS$ MILIT>IZATION3 ! PROBLEM = ! POLITICIANS & BUREAUCRATS WAS M]ELY H[ TO MAKE ! PEOPLE OBEY ! GOV]NM5T'S DECREES4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #f ! ,C\NCIL ( ,M9I/]S ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 9CLUD+ ! F\R AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S1 VOT$ UNANIM\SLY TO EVACUATE ! ,GOV]NM5T FROM ,MADRID1 :I* WAS BESIEG$ BY FASCI/ TROOPS4 ,! SCORN = ?IS DECISION ON ! P>T ( ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ! ,C,N,T ( ,MADRID WAS REFLECT$ 9 ! PUBLICATION ( A BELLIG]5T MANIFE/O ?AT DECL>$3 0,MADRID1 FREE ( ,GOV]NM5T ,M9I/]S1 WILL BE ! TOMB ( FASCISM4 ,ONW>D1 MILITIAM56 ,LONG LIVE ,MADRID )\T A GOV]NM5T6 ,LONG LIVE ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION60 ,ON ! #a#e? ( ,NOVEMB] ELEM5TS ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN W]E ALREADY FI<T+ 9 ,MADRID UND] ! COMM& ( ,DURRUTI1 :O HAD RESI/$ LEAV+ ,>AGON1 & :O WAS F9ALLY CONV9C$ BY ,M>IANET & ,F$]ICA4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #a#i1 A /RAY BULLET1 OR P]HAPS NOT SO /RAY1.<#a#b.> /RUCK HIM :ILE HE WAS AT ! ,MADRID FRONT1 :]E HE DI$ ! NEXT DAY4 ,ON ,SUNDAY1 ,NOVEMB] #b#b1 9 ,B>CELONA1 AN 5DLESS1 *AOTIC & DISORGANIZ$ FUN]AL PROCESSION.<#a#b#a.> ADVANC$ SL[LY ?R\< ! /REETS1 :ILE ! TWO B&S ?AT W]E UNABLE TO H>MONIZE !IR MUSIC ONLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! AUGM5TATION ( ! CONFUSION4 ,! CAVALRY & MOTORIZ$ TROOPS :O W]E SUPPOS$ TO LEAD ! PROCESSION W]E PREV5T$ FROM DO+ SO BY ! 5ORM\S CR[DS4 ,! C>S ?AT BORE ! FUN]AL WREA?S HAD TO BE DRIV5 9 REV]SE4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! CAVALRY ESCORT ATTEMPT$ TO MAKE !IR WAY =W>D SEP>ATELY4 ,! MUSICIANS :O HAD BE5 DISP]S$ 9 ! CR[D TRI$ TO REGR\P AMID A CONFUS$ MASS ( PEOPLE BE>+ ANTIFASCI/ PLAC>DS & WAV+ R$ FLAGS1 R$ & BLACK BANN]S1 & ! /RIP$ FLAGS ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,! PROCESSION WAS L$ BY NUM]\S POLITICIANS & BUREAUCRATS1 AL?\< ! LIMELI<T WAS MONOPOLIZ$ BY ,COMPANYS1 ! PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ,ANTONOV-,OVSE5KO1 ! ,SOVIET CONSUL1 & ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ! AN>*I/ ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 :O ADDRESS$ ! CR[D FROM 9 FRONT ( ! ,COLUMBUS ,MONUM5T 9 ORD] TO DISPLAY HIS ORATORICAL GIFTS BE=E ! MULTITUDE4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] REHE>S$ ! SAME >GUM5TS ( S9C]E FRI5D%IP & FRAT]NITY AMONG ANTIFASCI/S ?AT HE W\LD LAT] USE 9 ,MAY #aicg TO HELP TO SMA% ! B>RICADES ( ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM4 ,! ,SOVIET CONSUL 9ITIAT$ ! TRADITION ( IDEOLOGICAL MANIPULATION ( ,DURRUTI BY DEPICT+ HIM AS A *AMPION ( MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E & UNIT>Y COMM&4 ,COMPANYS DELIV]$ ! MO/ DA/>DLY 9SULT :5 HE SAID ?AT ,DURRUTI 0HAD BE5 %OT 9 ! BACK AS ALL C[>DS DIE 444 OR AS ?OSE DIE :O >E MURD]$ BY C[>DS04 ,ALL ?REE ( !M CO9CID$ 9 !IR PRAISE = ANTIFASCI/ UNITY ABOVE ALL ELSE4 ,DURRUTI'S FUN]AL BI] WAS ALREADY A TRIBUNE = ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,?REE ORATORS1 EXCELL5T REPRES5TATIVES ( ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T1 ( ,/AL9ISM & ! ,C,N,T BUREAUCRACY1 DISPUT$ AMONG !MSELVES = ! POPUL>ITY ( ! MAN :O WAS YE/]DAY'S DANG]\S UNCONTROLLABLE BUT TODAY'S EMBALM$ H]O4 ,:5 ! C(F91 EI<T H\RS AFT] ! BEG9N+ ( ! SPECTACLE1 N[ )\T ITS (FICIAL CORTEGE1 BUT /ILL ACCOMPANI$ BY A CURI\S CR[D1 >RIV$ AT ! CEMET]Y ( ,MONTJUIC1 IT C\LD NOT BE BURI$ UNTIL ! NEXT DAY BECAUSE HUNDR$S ( WREA?S BLOCK$ ! WAY TO ! SITE ( ! GRAVE1 :I* WAS TOO SMALL1 & A HEAVY D[NP\R PREV5T$ IT FROM BE+ 5L>G$4 

,WE MAY NEV] F9D \T H[ ,DURRUTI REALLY DI$1 S9CE !RE >E SEV5 OR EI<T DIFF]5T & CONTRADICTORY V]SIONS2 BUT IT IS MO/ 9T]E/+ TO ASK :Y HE DI$ FIFTE5 DAYS AFT] HAV+ DELIV]$ HIS RADIO ADDRESS4 ,DURRUTI'S RADIO BROADCA/ WAS P]CEIV$ AS A DANG]\S ?REAT1 :I* 5C\NT]$ AN IMM$IATE RESPONSE 9 ! CONV5+ ( ! EXTRAORD9>Y MEET+ ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! BRUTALITY ( ,COMOR]A'S SPEE*1 :I* C\LD H>DLY BE MOD]AT$ BY C5ETI/AS & ,P,\,MI/AS1 :O ULTIMATELY SWORE TO DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! COMMON TASK ( COMPLY+ ) & 5=C+ COMPLIANCE ) ALL ! DECREES4 ,! SACR$ ANTIFASCI/ UNION BETWE5 WORK+ CLASS BUREAUCRATS1 ,/AL9I/S & B\RGEOIS POLITICIANS C\LD NOT TOL]ATE UNCONTROLLABLES ( ! /ATURE ( ,DURRUTI3 ?IS IS :Y HIS DEA? WAS SU* AN URG5T & NECESS>Y MATT]4 ,BY OPPOS+ ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! MILITIAS1 ,DURRUTI P]SONIFI$ ! REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION & RESI/ANCE TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEES1 ! DIRECTION ( ! W> BY ! B\RGEOISIE & /ATE CONTROL ( ! 5T]PRISES EXPROPRIAT$ 9 ,JULY4 ,DURRUTI DI$ BECAUSE HE HAD BECOME A DANG]\S OB/ACLE = ! ONGO+ C\NT]REVOLUTION4 

,& = ?IS V]Y SAME REASON ,DURRUTI HAD TO DIE TWICE4 ,ONE YE> LAT]1 AT ! COMMEMORATION ( ! ONE-YE> ANNIV]S>Y ( HIS DEA?1 ! ALL-P[]FUL PROPAG&A MA*9E ( ,NEGR9'S ,/AL9I/ GOV]NM5T WORK$ AT FULL CAPACITY TO ATTRIBUTE ! AU?OR%IP ( A SLOGAN TO ,DURRUTI1 9V5T$ ORIG9ALLY BY ,ILYA ,EHR5BURG1.<#a#b#b.> & LAT] GIV5 ! SUPPORT ( ! BUREAUCRACY ( ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 9 :I* HE WAS MADE TO SAY ! OPPOSITE ( :AT HE ALWAYS SAID & ?\<T3 0,WE R5\NCE EV]Y?+1 EXCEPT VICTORY40 ,?AT IS1 ,DURRUTI R5\NC$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE DO NOT EV5 POSSESS A COMPLETE & RELIABLE V]SION ( HIS SPEE* BROADCA/ OV] ! RADIO ON ,NOVEMB] #d1 #a#i#c#f1 BECAUSE ! AN>*I/ PRESS ( ! P]IOD REVIS$ & C5SOR$ ,DURRUTI'S LIVE SPEE* = PUBLICATION4 

,ONCE HE WAS DEAD1 ,DURRUTI C\LD BECOME A ,GOD4 ,& EV5 A ,LIEUT5ANT ,COLONEL.<#a#b#c.> 9 ! ,POPUL> ,>MY4 

O ,P>T #d 3 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY #aicg & ITS PROGRAM 
,P>T #d -- ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY #aicg & ITS PROGRAM 

0,! FUNCTION ( HI/ORY W\LD !RE=E BE %[+ ?AT ! LAWS DECEIVE1 ?AT ! K+S PLAY A P>T1 ?AT P[] DELUDES & ?AT HI/ORIANS LIE40 

,MI*EL ,F\CAULT1 ,! ,G5EALOGY ( ,RACISM 

,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 F\ND$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#g4 ,ITS MEMB]S W]E MILITIAM5 FROM ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN :O W]E OPPOS$ TO MILIT>IZATION1 & AN>*I/S :O W]E CRITICAL ( ! 5TRY ( ! ,C,N,T 9TO ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T & ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,! HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI RESID$ 9 ITS 9T5TION1 :I* >OSE 9 #aicg )9 ! RANKS ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ITSELF1 TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA ?AT W\LD PUT & 5D TO ! AB&ONM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES & COLLABORATIONISM ) ! CAPITALI/ /ATE2 SO ?AT ! ,C,N,T W\LD DEF5D & 9T5SIFY ! 0CONQUE/S0 ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 9/EAD ( GRADUALLY SURR5D]+ !M TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,GR\P NEV] ACTUALLY PROPOS$1 H[EV]1 TO BECOME1 DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( #a#i#c#g1 AN AU!NTIC REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! COLLABORATIONI/ LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :I* HAD V>I\S ,M9I/]S 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC & 9 ?AT ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,! ,F,R,I,5,D,S ,( ,D,U,R,R,U,T,I ,G,R,\,P ,F,R,O,M ,I,T,S ,F,\,N,D,+ ,T,O ,! ,M,A,Y ,E,V,5,T,S 

,9 ,OCTOB] #aicf ! DECREE MILIT>IZ+ ! ,POPUL> ,MILITIAS PROVOK$ MAJOR DISCONT5T AMONG ! AN>*I/ MILITANTS ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN ON ! ,>AGON ,FRONT4.<#a#b#d.> ,AFT] LONG & PASSIONATE DISCUSSIONS1 9 ,M>* #aicg SEV]AL HUNDR$ VOLUNTE] MILITIAM51 /ATION$ 9 ! ,GELSA SECTOR1 DECID$ TO AB&ON ! FRONT & RETURN TO ! RE>GU>D4.<#a#b#e.> ,AN AGREEM5T WAS REA*$ TO ! EFFECT ?AT ! RELIEF ( ! MILITIAM5 OPPOS$ TO MILIT>IZATION W\LD BE S5T )9 FIFTE5 DAYS4 ,!Y AB&ON$ ! FRONT1 TAK+ !IR WEAPONS ) !M4 

,ONCE !Y >RIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 TOGE!R ) O!R AN>*I/S 7DEF5D]S ( ! CONT9UITY & 9T5SIFICATION ( ! ,JULY REVOLUTION1 & OPPOS$ TO CONF$]AL COLLABORATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T71 ! MILITIAM5 FROM ,GELSA DECID$ TO =M AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS SEP>ATE FROM ! ,F,A,I1 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 AN ORGANIZATION :OSE MISSION W\LD BE TO *ANNEL ! ACRATIC MOVEM5T 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PA?4 ,! ,GR\P WAS =MALLY CON/ITUT$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 AFT] A LONG P]IOD ( 9CUBATION ?AT LA/$ SEV]AL MON?S1 BEG9N+ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f4 ,! DIRECTIVE ,COMMITTEE *OSE ! NAME ( 0,GR\P ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI01 A NAME ?AT WAS 9 P>T TE/IMONY TO ! FACT ?AT MO/ ( ITS MEMB]S W]E =M] MILITIAM5 ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 BUT1 AS ,BALIUS A/UTELY PO9T$ \T1 IT WAS NOT *OS5 AS A REF]5CE ( ANY K9D TO ,DURRUTI'S VIEWS1 BUT RA!R AS A RESULT ( ! POPUL> CULT ?AT HAD GR[N UP >\ND HIS MEMORY4.<#a#b#f.> 

,! C5TRAL HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,GR\P WAS LOCAT$ ON ,LAS ,RAMBLAS1 AT ! CORN] ( ,HOSPITAL ,/REET4 ,! GR\P EXP]I5C$ A RAPID & NOTABLE 9CREASE 9 ITS MEMB]%IP4 ,JU/ BE=E ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ! ,GR\P HAD DI/RIBUT$ BETWE5 F\R & FIVE ?\S& MEMB]%IP C>DS4 ,9 ORD] TO QUALIFY = MEMB]%IP1 ONE HAD TO BE A ,C,N,T MILITANT4 ,! ,GR\P'S GR[? WAS ! RESULT ( ! DISCONT5T ( A WIDE SECTOR ( ! AN>*I/ MILITANTS ) ! ,C,N,T'S BETRAYAL ( ITS PR9CIPLES4 ,ANO!R FACTOR 9 ITS FAVOR WAS ! /RUGGLE ?AT WAS UND]WAY AGA9/ ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ,DECREE1 :I* WAS BE+ EFFECT$ BY MEANS ( BUDGET>Y DECREES PREP>$ BY ,T>RADELLAS AT ,S',AG>O1 & BY MEANS ( :I* ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT S\<T TO CONTROL & DIRECT ! OP]ATIONS ( ALL ! ,CATALONIAN 5T]PRISES1 SUBJECT+ !M TO A RIGID /ATE ECONOMIC PLAN4.<#a#b#g.> ,! ,CATALAN ECONOMY WAS 9 FACT BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO A K9D ( COLLECTIVI/ 7OR TRADE UNION7 CAPITALISM ( /ATE PLANN+1 9 :I* ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT EX]CIS$ F9ANCIAL CONTROL OV] EA* & EV]Y ONE ( ! 5T]PRISES1 & POSSESS$ ! ADDITIONAL P[] ( APPO9T+ AN ,9SPECTOR FROM ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :O ACT$ ON BEHALF ( ! GOV]NM5T & DIRECT$ ! 5T]PRISE4 ,FROM ,JANU>Y TO ,JULY #a#i#c#g1 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S HAD ATT5D$ NUM]\S ASSEMBLIES 9 ! FACTORIES1 :I* W]E (T5 M5AC$ BY L>GE CONT+5TS ( POLICE JU/ \TSIDE ! MEET+ HALLS1 :]E ! QUE/ION ( ! CONFLICT BETWE5 SOCIALIZATION & COLLECTIVIZATION.<#a#b#h.> WAS POS$ ) GREAT] OR LESS] CL>ITY & EFFECTIV5ESS1 TOGE!R ) ! EXTREMELY S]I\S PROBLEM PRES5T$ BY ! DECL9E 9 PUR*AS+ P[] ( WAGES & ! DIFFICULTIES 9 OBTA9+ FOOD & MEET+ O!R BASIC NE$S4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION IMPLI$ ?AT ! [N]%IP ( ! SMALL & M$IUM-SIZ$ 5T]PRISES & WORK%OPS HAD PASS$ FROM !IR =M] [N]S TO ! WORK]S 9 EA* 5T]PRISE1 DISCONNECT$ FROM & UNSUPPORTIVE ( ! WAGE WORK]S 9 O!R1 LESS PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES1 OR 5T]PRISES ?AT FAC$ GREAT] DIFFICULTIES4 ,?IS IS !RE=E A =M ( COLLECTIVE [N]%IP1 ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S 9 EA* 5T]PRISE1 AL?\< SUBJECT TO ! IRON GRIP ( /ATE CONTROL1 S9CE ! G5]AL DIRECTION ( ! ECONOMY WAS PLANN$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* NOT ONLY EX]CIS$ F9ANCIAL CONTROL & !RE=E ! P[] TO />VE \T 9SUBORD9ATE 5T]PRISES1 BUT ALSO HELD EFFECTIVE MANAG]IAL P[]S DUE TO ! ,9SPECTOR1 :O 9 FACT BECAME ! DIRECTOR & NEW BOSS1 APPO9T$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,9 REALITY1 COLLECTIVIZATION HAD !RE=E BECOME A K9D ( COLLECTIVE CAPITALISM1 UND] TRADE UNION MANAGEM5T1 ) /ATE PLANN+ & DIRECTION4 ,SOCIALIZATION1 H[EV]1 MEANS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S 9 ,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATIONS OR ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 :I* >E SUPPOS$ TO REORGANIZE & RATIONALIZE PRODUCTION 9 AN 5TIRE 9DU/RIAL SECTOR1 DIRECT$ & PLANN$ BY ! TRADE UNIONS1 9 :I* GA9S >E SUPPOS$ TO ACCRUE TO ! B5EFIT ( ALL ( SOCIETY1 & NOT JU/ ! WORK]S ( EA* 5T]PRISE4.<#a#b#i.> ,! TOTALITY ( ALL !SE ,F$]ATIONS ( ,9DU/RY1 RA!R ?AN ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 %\LD !RE=E BE RESPONSIBLE = ! DIRECTION & PLANN+ ( ! ECONOMY 9 ALL ( ,CATALUNA4 ,BESIDES AN IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE1 :I* IT C]TA9LY WAS1 IT WAS ABOVE ALL A /RUGGLE = ! M]E SURVIVAL ( ! WORK]-MANAG$ 9DU/RIES1 = IF ,COMPANYS & ,COMOR]A HAD ! P[] TO TAX ! 5T]PRISES & E/ABLI% ! /&>DS = !IR WORK+ CONDITIONS1 AS WELL AS PREV5T ACCESS TO CR$IT OR RAW MAT]IALS1 !Y HAD 9 !IR H&S ! REAL CONTROL ( ANY 5T]PRISE1 BY WAY ( ! ,9SPECTOR !Y IMPOS$1 & ) ! G5]ALIZATION ( ?IS SITUATION A K9D ( /ATE CAPITALISM WAS E/ABLI%$1 DIRECT$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,?IS /RUGGLE WAS IDEOLOGICALLY CONCRETIZ$ 9 ! SLOGAN DISSEM9AT$ BY ! ,GR\P ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 9 ,APRIL & ,MAY ( #a#i#c#g1 0,ALL P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS04 ,RECALL ?AT ! ,MAY ,DAYS W]E PROVOK$ PRECISELY BY ! REFUSAL ( ! WORK]S TO ACCEPT AN ,9SPECTOR APPO9T$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT AT ! ,TELEPHONE ,COMPANY4 

,! ,GR\P 5GAG$ 9 FR5ZI$ ACTIVITY4 ,FROM ITS =MAL CON/ITUTION ON ,M>* #a#g1 UP UNTIL ,MAY #c1 ! ,GR\P ORGANIZ$ V>I\S PUBLIC MEET+S 7AT ! ,TEATRO ,POLIORAMA ON ,APRIL #ah & AT ! ,TEATRO ,GOYA ON ,MAY #b71 DI/RIBUT$ V>I\S MANIFE/OES & PAMPHLETS1 DISRUPT$ ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y'S SPEE* AT ! RALLY AT ! ,MONUM5TAL ON ,APRIL #a#a1 & PLA/]$ ! WALLS ( ,B>CELONA ) PO/]S EXPLA9+ !IR PROGRAM4 ,TWO ( ?IS PROGRAM'S PO9TS >E P>TICUL>LY NOTEWOR?Y3 

,ALL P[] TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS & COMBATANTS1 AS AN EXPRESSION ( ?IS WORK+ CLASS P[]1 :I* !Y CALL$ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 

,!Y ALSO CALL$ = ! TRADE UNIONS TO ASSUME FULL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DIRECTION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,:5 !Y SPOKE ( TRADE UNIONS !Y W]E REF]R+ TO ! CONF$]AL TRADE UNIONS1 EXCLUD+ ! ,/AL9IZ$ ,U,G,T4 ,9 FACT1 SOME ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,GR\P HAD AB&ON$ !IR POSITIONS AS ,U,G,T MILITANTS 9 ORD] TO JO9 ! ,C,N,T1 & !RE=E TO BECOME ELIGIBLE = MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P4 

,9 REALITY1 AL?\< ! WORK+ CLASS ORIG9S ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,GR\P MADE ALL ( !M ELIGIBLE TO BE MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 MO/ ( !M W]E MILITANTS ( ! ,F,A,I1 :I* IS :Y IT C\LD V]Y WELL BE SAID ?AT ! ,GR\P ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS A GR\P ( AN>*I/S :O1 FROM ACRATIC DOCTR9AL PURISM1 BUT ABOVE ALL BECAUSE !Y REFLECT$ ! ONGO+ /RUGGLE = ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! 5T]PRISES & AGA9/ ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! CONF$]AL MILITIAS1 OPPOS$ ! COLLABORATIONI/ & /ATI/ POLICY ( ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T1 & ! ,F,A,I ITSELF4 

,!Y W]E A DOM9ANT =CE 9 ! FOOD SUPPLY TRADE UNION1 ) BRAN*ES ?R\<\T ,CATALONIA1 AS WELL AS 9 ! M9+ DI/RICTS ( ,SALL5T1 ,SURIA1 ,FIGOLS & ,C>DONA1 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT4 ,!Y ALSO HAD 9FLU5CE 9 O!R TRADE UNIONS1 9 :I* !Y W]E A M9ORITY FACTION4 ,SOME ( ! ,GR\P'S MEMB]S W]E ALSO MEMB]S ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS4 ,!Y NEV] =M$ A FRACTION OR A SUB-GR\P )9 ! ,PATROL ,CONTROLS1 H[EV]1 OR EV] ATTEMPT$ TO 9FILTRATE ! ,PATROLS4 

,WE CANNOT *>ACT]IZE ! ,GR\P AS AN AFF9ITY GR\P1 OR EV5 AS A CONSCI\S & ORGANIZ$ VANGU>D ?AT WAS ME?ODICALLY C>RY+ \T A PLAN TO PRES5T ITSELF AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,F,A,I4 ,IT WAS1 BO? FROM ! NUM]ICAL AS WELL AS ORGANIZATIONAL & IDEOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 MU* MORE ?AN A MORE OR LESS 9=MALLY CON/ITUT$ AFF9ITY GR\P 7:I* W\LD USUALLY HAVE A MAXIMUM ( BETWE5 TWELVE & TW5TY MEMB]S7 =M$ ON ! BASIS ( C]TA9 %>$ IDEOLOGICAL VIEWS & COMMON DISCONT5T4 ,& AL?\< IT W\LD BE EV5 LESS CORRECT TO VIEW IT AS JU/ ANO!R BRAN* ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T 7,M,L71 SU* AS ! ,C,N,T1 ,F,A,I & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 IT C\LD BE COMP>$ TO ! ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES ( ?AT TIME3 AN ORGANIZATION ) ITS [N GOALS1 NOT COMPLETELY DEM>CAT$ BY ANY ( ! ?REE GREAT ORGANIZ$ BRAN*ES ( ! ,M,L4 ,IT WAS A L>GE ORGANIZATION ( MILITANTS 7FIVE ?\S& MEMB]S BE=E ,MAY7 ?AT 9/9CTIVELY FELT ! IMP]ATIVE NE$ TO CONFRONT ! PUSILLANIM\S POLICIES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! CON/ANTLY ADVANC+ C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,ITS MO/ \T/&+ SPOKESP]SONS W]E ,JAIME ,BALIUS & ,PABLO ,RUIZ4 ,ON ,SUNDAY1 ,APRIL #a#h1 ! ,GR\P HELD A PUBLIC MEET+ 9 ! ,TEATRO ,POLIORAMA1 :]E !Y 9T5D$ TO PUBLICIZE !IR EXI/5CE & PRES5T !IR PROGRAM4 ,JAIME ,BALIUS1 ,PABLO ,RUIZ 7! DELEGATE ( ! ,GELSA ,GR\P ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN71 ,FRANCISCO ,PELLIC] 7FROM ! ,FOOD ,SUPPLY ,TRADE ,UNION7 & ,FRANCISCO ,C>R5O 7A MEMB] ( ! ,W> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN7 SPOKE AT ?IS MEET+4 ,! EV5T WAS A MAJOR SUCCESS & ! IDEAS EXPRESS$ BY ! SPEAK]S W]E L\DLY APPLAUD$ BY ! CR[D4 ,ON ! FIR/ ,SUNDAY 9 ,MAY 7! #bND71 ! ,GR\P HELD ANO!R 9=MATIONAL RALLY 9 ! ,TEATRO ,GOYA1 :I* FILL$ ! !AT] TO OV]FL[+ & PROVOK$ GREAT 5?USIASM 9 ! AUDI5CE4 ,A DOCUM5T>Y FILM 5TITL$1 0,JULY ,N9ETE5?0 WAS %[N1 9 :I* ! MO/ EMOTIONAL 9CID5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DAYS ( ,JULY #aicf W]E DEPICT$4 ,PABLO ,RUIZ1 ,JAIME ,BALIUS1 ,LIB]TO ,CALLEJAS & ,FRANCISCO ,C>R5O SPOKE AT ?IS MEET+4 ,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! MEET+ ! AUDI5CE WAS W>N$ ?AT AN ATTACK BY ! REACTION>IES AGA9/ ! WORK]S WAS IMM95T4 ,! SUP]IOR ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,F,A,I & ! ,C,N,T IMM$IATELY ATTEMPT$ TO DISCR$IT ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 :OM !Y SL&]$ AS ,M>XI/S4 

,! PROGRAM SET =? BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 PRIOR TO ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ITS EMPHASIS ON ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY BY ! TRADE UNIONS1 ! CRITIQUE ( ALL ! P>TIES & !IR /ATE COLLABORATIONISM1 AS WELL AS A /RICT RETURN TO ACRATIC DOCTR9AL PURITY4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI EXPLA9$ !IR PROGRAM 9 ! PO/] ) :I* !Y COV]$ ! WALLS ( ,B>CELONA AT ! 5D ( ,APRIL #a#i#c#g4 ,!SE PO/]S N[ ADVOCAT$1 BE=E ! 9SURRECTION TOOK PLACE1 ! NE$ TO REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ,CATALONIA ) A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 ,! PO/]S READ AS FOLL[S3 

0,FROM ! ,GR\P ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,TO ! WORK+ CLASS3 

,! IMM$IATE CON/ITUTION ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA =M$ ( WORK]S FROM ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE & COMBATANTS4 

,! FAMILY WAGE4 ,RATION+ C>D4 ,DIRECTION ( ! ECONOMY & CONTROL OV] DI/RIBUTION BY ! TRADE UNIONS4 

,LIQUIDATION ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 

,CREATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y >MY4 

,ABSOLUTE CONTROL ( PUBLIC ORD] BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,FIRM OPPOSITION TO ANY >MI/ICE4 

,A PROLET>IAN JU/ICE SY/EM4 

,ABOLITION ( PRISON] EX*ANGES4 

,ATT5TION1 WORK]S3 \R GR\P IS OPPOS$ TO ! ADVANC+ C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,! DECREES ON PUBLIC ORD]1 SPONSOR$ BY ,AIGUADE1 WILL NOT BE IMPLEM5T$4 ,WE DEM& ?AT ,M>OTO & ! O!R IMPRISON$ COMRADES BE RELEAS$4 

,ALL P[] TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,ALL ECONOMIC P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS4 

,AGA9/ ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA40 

,! PO/] ( ,APRIL #aicg =E%AD[$ & EXPLA9$ ! LEAFLET DI/RIBUT$ DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 ALONG ) MANY ( ! O!R !MES & CONC]NS ADDRESS$ BY ,BALIUS 9 ! >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ,LA ,NO*E & ,IDEAS 7ON REVOLUTION>Y JU/ICE1 PRISON] EX*ANGES1 ! NE$ = ! RE>GU>D TO LIVE = ! W>1 ETC474 ,& ?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ! ,GR\P ADVOCAT$ ! NECESSITY ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA TO REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,?IS ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA WAS DEF9$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T =M$ BY ALL ! WORK]S1 PEASANTS & MILITIAM5 :O HAD F\<T 9 ! /REETS DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y DAYS ( ,JULY #aicf 7& ?IS EXCLUD$ ! ,P,S,U,C1 F\ND$ ON ,JULY #b#c1 & ! ,],C74 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T1 H[EV]1 WAS ! COMB9$ EXPRESSION ( ! ?REE CONCLUD+ SLOGANS4 ,! REPLACEM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT BY A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA APPE>S ALONGSIDE ! SLOGAN ( 0,ALL P[] TO ! WORK+ CLASS0 & 0,ALL ECONOMIC P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS04 

,! POLITICAL PROGRAM EXPRESS$ 9 ?IS TEXT1 :I* WAS DI/RIBUT$ IMM$IATELY BE=E ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 WAS UND\BT$LY ! MO/ ADVANC$ & LUCID ( ALL ! PROGRAMS ( ALL ! PROLET>IAN GR\PS ( ! TIME1 & MADE ! ,GR\P ! REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT AT ?IS CRITICAL & DECISIVE MOM5T4 ,& ?AT IS JU/ H[ ! ,GR\P WAS VIEW$ AT ! TIME BY ! ,P,\,M & ! ,BOL%EVIK-,L59I/ ,SECTION ( ,SPA94 

,! ,M,A,Y ,E,V,5,T,S.<#a#c.> 

,!RE WAS NO DEMON/RATION 9 ,B>CELONA ON ,MAY ,DAY1 :I* FELL ON A ,SATURDAY4 ,! ,G5]ALITAT HAD DECL>$ ! DAY A WORK+ DAY1 = 9CREAS+ W> PRODUCTION1 AL?\< ! REAL REASON WAS FE> ( A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS1 DUE TO ! GR[+ T5SION 9 V>I\S T[NS & DI/RICTS 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,ON ?AT SAME ,SATURDAY1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT MET TO DELIB]ATE ON ! DI/URB+ SITUATION ( PUBLIC ORD] 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,?IS ,C\NCIL EXPRESS$ ITS APPROVAL ( ! EFFICACY DISPLAY$ DUR+ ! LA/ FEW WEEKS BY ! ,M9I/RIES ( ,9T]IOR & ,DEF5SE1 TO :OM IT AGRE$ TO GRANT A VOTE ( CONFID5CE TO RESOLVE ?OSE QUE/IONS CONC]N+ PUBLIC ORD] ?AT /ILL NE$$ TO BE ADDRESS$4 

,! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ON ,MONDAY1 ,MAY #c1 WAS CONV5I5TLY ABS5T DUE TO A TRIP TO ,B5IC>LO = A MEET+ ) ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 :I* ALL[$ HIM TO DISAV[ RESPONSIBILITY = ! FIR/ 9CID5TS4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! POLITICAL DECISION ( ,COMPANYS1 ) HIS ABSOLUTE REFUSAL TO DISMISS ,>TEMI ,AGUADE & ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 AS ! ,C,N,T DEM&$ E>LI] ?AT SAME DAY1 WAS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT TRIP-WIRES ?AT L$ TO ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ( ! FOLL[+ DAYS4 ,ON ?AT SAME DAY1 A L>GE CONT+5T ( M9]S FROM ! ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT M9+ BAS9 W]E PRES5T 9 ,B>CELONA1 :O W]E 9T]E/$ 9 ! AGREEM5TS ! GOV]NM5T HAD TO MAKE CONC]N+ ! EXPORT ( POTA%1.<#a#c#a.> & :O SUBSEQU5TLY TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! B>RICADES4 

,ON ,MONDAY1 ,MAY #c1 #a#i#c#g1 AT >\ND #b3#d#e P4M41 ?REE TRUCKS C>RY+ HEAVILY >M$ ASSAULT GU>DS PULL$ UP 9 FRONT ( ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,TELEPHONE COMPANY 9 ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA4 ,!Y W]E COMM&$ BY ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 A MILITANT ( ! ,U,G,T & A D$ICAT$ ,/AL9I/1 :O WAS ! PUBLICLY APPO9T$ *IEF ( ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD]4 ,! BUILD+ CONTA9+ ! ,TELEPHONE COMPANY HAD BE5 CONFISCAT$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! ,C,N,T S9CE ,JULY #a#i4 ,! QUE/IONS ( ! SURVEILLANCE ( TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS1 CONTROL OV] ! BORD]S1 & ! CONTROL PATROLS W]E ! BONES ( CONT5TION ?AT HAD PROVOK$ V>I\S 9CID5TS S9CE ,JANU>Y PITT+ ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT AGA9/ ! CONF$]AL MASSES4 ,IT WAS AN 9EVITABLE CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! REPUBLICAN /ATE APP>ATUS1 :I* CLAIM$ ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] ALL ! RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT 0P]TA9$0 TO IT1 & ! DEF5SE ( ! 0CONQUE/S0 ( ,JULY #ai ON ! P>T ( ! C5ETI/AS4 ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS ATTEMPT$ TO TAKE CONTROL ( ! ,TELEPHONE BUILD+4 ,! ,C,N,T MILITANTS ON ! L[] FLOORS1 TAK5 BY SURPRISE1 ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE DIS>M$2 ON ! UPP] FLOORS1 H[EV]1 S]I\S RESI/ANCE WAS ORGANIZ$1 ?ANKS TO A /RATEGICALLY PLAC$ MA*9E GUN4 ,! NEWS SPREAD QUICKLY4 ,B>RICADES W]E IMM$IATELY ]ECT$ ?R\<\T ! CITY4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( A SPONTANE\S REACTION ON ! P>T ( ! ,B>CELONA WORK+ CLASS1 BECAUSE ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ) ! POLICE =CES & ! B>RICADES W]E ! FRUIT ( ! 9ITIATIVE TAK5 BY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I & ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 :I* RAPIDLY 5C\NT]$ SUPPORT ?ANKS TO ! EXI/5CE ( AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( G5]ALIZ$ DISCONT5T1 ! 9CREAS+ ECONOMIC H>D%IPS OCCASION$ BY ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+1 LONG QUEUES & RATION+1 AS WELL AS ! T5SION AMONG ! RANK & FILE BASE ( ! CONF$]AL MILITANTS BETWE5 COLLABORATIONI/S & REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! /REET BATTLES W]E 9ITIAT$ & C>RI$ \T BY ! NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE COMMITTEES 7& ONLY P>TIALLY & SECOND>ILY BY SOME ELEM5TS ( ! CONTROL PATROLS74 ,! FACT ?AT !RE WAS NO DIRECTIVE FROM ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E ACT+ AS ,M9I/]S 9 ,VAL5CIA1 OR FROM ANY O!R ORGANIZATION1 TO MOBILIZE & BUILD B>RICADES ?R\<\T ! CITY1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !SE ACTIONS W]E PURELY SPONTANE\S1 BUT RA!R ?AT !Y W]E ! RESULT ( ! DIRECTIVES ISSU$ BY ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES4.<#a#c#b.> ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA HAD SPOK5 AT ! ASSEMBLY ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ON ,JULY #b#a1 #a#i#c#f1 ADVOCAT+ A ?IRD WAY1 AS OPPOS$ TO ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S HALF-HE>T$ ADVOCACY ( ! 0GO = BROKE0 /RATEGY & ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY POSITION ( ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y 9 FAVOR ( LOYAL COLLABORATION ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,ESCORZA ADVOCAT$ ! USE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT AS A TOOL TO SOCIALIZE ! ECONOMY1 & ?AT IT !N BE DISPOS$ ( :5 IT CEASES TO BE USEFUL TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,ESCORZA WAS ! HI<E/ RANK+ (FICIAL ( ! ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :I* HAD S9CE ,JULY #aicf BE5 EXECUT+ ALL K9DS ( REPRESSIVE TASKS1 AS WELL AS ESPIONAGE & 9TELLIG5CE4 ,!SE ,S]VICES HAD PRES]V$ !IR [N SEP>ATE ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 AUTONOM\S & 9DEP5D5T ( BO? ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT AS WELL AS1 DUR+ ITS BRIEF EXI/5CE1 ! ,C,C,M,A4 ,IT WAS DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE TO ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 7! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I71 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IT EX]CIS$ A COORD9AT+ ROLE = ! NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE COMMITTEES & ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS :O W]E MEMB]S ( ! PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD] & ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS3 ,JOSE ,AS5S1 ,DIONISIO ,]OLES1 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ1 0,PORTELA01 ETC4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#g1 ,P$RO ,H]R]A1 ! 0CONSELL]0 7,M9I/]7 ( ,HEAL? UND] ! SECOND ,T>RADELLAS GOV]NM5T1.<#a#c#c.> & ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 W]E ! ,C,N,T (FICIALS :O NEGOTIAT$ ) ,LLUIS ,COMPANYS 7! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT7 TO RESOLVE ! S]I\S GOV]NM5T CRISIS ( E>LY ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 DUE TO ! RESIGNATION ( ! 0CONSELL]0 ( ,DEF5SE1 ! C5ETI/A ,ISGLEAS4.<#a#c#d.> ,COMPANYS DECID$ TO AB&ON ! TACTIC EMPLOY$ BY ,T>RADELLAS1 :O C\LD NOT IMAG9E A GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT WAS NOT A GOV]NM5T ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 & 9 :I* ! ,C,N,T DID NOT P>TICIPATE1 9 ORD] TO ADOPT ! TACTIC ADVOCAT$ BY ,COMOR]A1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 ?AT CONSI/$ 9 US+ =CE TO IMPOSE A 0/RONG0 GOV]NM5T1 ONE ?AT W\LD NO LONG] TOL]ATE A ,C,N,T 9CAPABLE ( KEEP+ ITS [N MILITANTS1 :OM HE REF]R$ TO AS 0UNCONTROLLABLES01 9 L9E4 ,COMPANYS WAS DET]M9$ TO BREAK ) A AN 9CREAS+LY MORE PROBLEMATIC POLICY ( COMPROMISES ) ! ,C,N,T & ?\<T ?AT ! TIME HAD COME1 ?ANKS TO ! SUPPORT ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,SOVIETS1 TO IMPOSE BY =CE ! AU?ORITY & ! DECREES ( A GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT1 AS ! FACTS HAD DEMON/RAT$1 WAS NOT EV5 /RONG 5\< TO REFRA9 FROM MAK+ DEALS ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,! FRUITLESS DISCUSSIONS HELD BY ,COMPANYS ) ,ESCORZA & ,H]R]A1.<#a#c#e.> :I* FAIL$ TO >RIVE AT ANY K9D ( POLITICAL SOLUTION 9 TWO MON?S ( TALKS1 & DESPITE ! EPHEM]AL NEW GOV]NM5T ( ,APRIL #a#f1.<#a#c#f.> L$ DIRECTLY TO ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ( ,MAY #aicg 9 ,B>CELONA1 :5 ,COMPANYS1 )\T CONF]R+ ) ,T>RADELLAS 7NOT TO M5TION ,ESCORZA & ,H]R]A7 ISSU$ ! ORD] TO ,>TEMI ,AGUADE1 0CONSELL]0 ( ! ,9T]IOR1 TO OCCUPY ! ,TELEPHONE BUILD+1 :I* WAS !N EXECUT$ BY ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1.<#a#c#g.> ,COMMISS> ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 AT APPROXIMATELY #b3#d#e P4M4 ON ,MAY #c1 #a#i#c#g4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE ORD] WAS NOT ! PRODUCT ( A 0SPONTANE\S CLASS 9/9CT04 ,! ORD] TO SEIZE ! ,TELEPHONE BUILD+ WAS ! BRUTAL RESPONSE TO ! ,C,N,T DEM&S.<#a#c#h.> & AN EXPRESSION ( CONTEMPT = ! NEGOTIATIONS.<#a#c#i.> C>RI$ \T DUR+ ! MON? ( ,APRIL BY ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA & ,P$RO ,H]R]A1 REPRES5T+ ! ,C,N,T1 DIRECTLY ) ,COMPANYS1 :O HAD EXPRESSLY EXCLUD$ ,T>RADELLAS4 ,ESCORZA.<#a#d.> HAD ! MOTIVE & ! ABILITY TO RESPOND IMM$IATELY TO ! PROVOCATION /AG$ BY ,COMPANYS FROM HIS POSITION 9 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 AN AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION ?AT COORD9AT$ ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES & ! ,C,N,T MEMB]S :O HELD POSITIONS ( AU?ORITY 9 ! V>I\S DEP>TM5TS ( PUBLIC ORD]4 ,?IS WAS MO/ LIKELY ! TRIGG] ( ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ( ! ,MAY ,EV5TS1 & CREAT$ A FAVORABLE T]RA9 = ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,!Y W]E ABLE TO IMM$IATELY ADAPT TO :AT WAS REQUIR$ BY ! CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,:ILE ! WORK]S W]E FI<T+ ) >MS 9 H&1 ! ,GR\P ATTEMPT$ TO LEAD !M & GIVE !M A REVOLUTION>Y GOAL4 ,ITS LIMITATIONS SOON BECAME APP>5T1 H[EV]4 ,IT CRITICIZ$ ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 :OM IT CALL$ TRAITORS1 9 ITS ,MANIFE/O ( ,MAY #h1 BUT IT WAS UNABLE TO C\NT]ACT ! ,C,N,T'S DIRECTIVES TO AB&ON ! B>RICADES4 ,NOR DID IT PROPOSE TO ACT \TSIDE ( ! FRAMEWORK ( ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION & ITS DIRECTIVES1 :I* IMM$IATELY S\<T TO /OP ! 9SURRECTION ?AT WAS />T$ BY ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 :5 ! GREAT ONES1 SU* AS ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y & ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 TRI$ TO PUT \T ! FIRE4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS 9CAPABLE ( REALIZ+ ITS PROPOSAL TO =M A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 ,ITS MEMB]S KNEW ?AT ITS CRITIQUES ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]%IP W]E NOT 5\< TO DISPLACE IT FROM ITS RUL+ POSITION 9 ! ,C,N,T ORGANIZATION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,GR\P'S MEMB]S W]E MO/LY Y\NG & 9EXP]I5C$ & LACK$ PRE/IGE AMONG ! CONF$]AL MASSES4 ,ITS IDEAS HAD NOT DEEPLY P]MEAT$ ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS4 

,:ILE ! ,GR\P WAS FL\ND]+ 9 ?IS SITUATION ( IMPOT5CE IT RECEIV$ A NOTE FROM ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,\,M1 REQUE/+ ?AT AN AU?ORIZ$ DEPUTATION ( ! ,GR\P MEET ) ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE4 ,?IS MEET+ WAS ATT5D$ BY ,JAIME ,BALIUS1 ,PABLO ,RUIZ1 ,ELEUT]IO ,ROIG & ,M>T94 ,AT #g3 P4M4 ON ,MAY #d1 !Y MET ) ,GORK91 ,N9 & ,&RADE AT ! ,PR9CIPAL ,PALACE ON ! ,RAMBLAS4 ,TOGE!R !Y ASSESS$ ! SITUATION1 & REA*$ ! UNANIM\S CONCLUSION ?AT1 GIV5 ! OPPOSITION ( ! LEAD]%IP CIRCLES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ! MOVEM5T WAS CONDEMN$ TO FAILURE4.<#a#d#a.> ,!Y AGRE$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO C>RY \T AN ORD]LY RETREAT ( ! COMBATANTS & ?AT ! LATT] %\LD KEEP !IR WEAPONS4 ,?AT ! )DRAWAL %\LD BE C>RI$ \T BE=E ! POSITIONS HAVE TO BE AB&ON$ AS A RESULT ( ! ACTIONS ( ! 5EMY =CES4 ,?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO OBTA9 GU>ANTEES ?AT ! COMBATANTS AT ! B>RICADES W\LD NOT BE T>GETS ( REPRESSION4 ,ON ! EV5+ ( ! NEXT DAY1 ! HI<E/-LEVEL AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S & (FICIALS AGA9 SPOKE ON ! RADIO1 CALL+ = AN 5D TO ! FI<T+4 ,& N[ ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS AT ! B>RICADES NO LONG] MOCK$ ! 0FIREM50 ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 OR ! KISSES ?AT ,G>CIA ,OLIV] GAVE ! ASSAULT GU>DS4 

,ON ,W$NESDAY1 ,MAY #e1 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DI/RIBUT$ ! WELL-KN[N LEAFLET AT ! B>RICADES ?AT MADE !M FAM\S1 :OSE TEXT READS AS FOLL[S3 

0,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ',! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' ,GR\P4 

,W,O,R,K,],S6 ,A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 ,%OOT ?OSE RESPONSIBLE4 ,DIS>M ALL >M$ GOV]NM5T =CES4 ,SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY4 ,DISSOLUTION ( ALL ! POLITICAL ,P>TIES ?AT HAVE ATTACK$ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WE %ALL NOT SURR5D] ! /REETS4 ,! REVOLUTION ABOVE ALL ELSE4 ,WE SALUTE \R COMRADES ( ! ,P,\,M :O HAVE FRAT]NIZ$ ) US 9 ! /REETS4 ,L,O,N,G ,L,I,V,E ,! ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N6 ,D,[,N ,) ,! ,C,\,N,T,],R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N60 

,?IS LEAFLET WAS PR9T$ DUR+ ! NI<T ( ,MAY #e? BY WORK]S =C$ TO DO SO AT GUNPO9T1 9 A PR9T %OP 9 ! ,B>RIO ,*9O4 ,! IMPROVIZATION & LACK ( 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ! ,GR\P W]E EVID5T4 ,! TEXT WAS DRAFT$ AFT] ! MEET+ ) ! ,EXECUTIVE ( ! ,P,\,M1 HELD AT #g3 P4M4 ON ! PREVI\S DAY1 :5 ! ,GR\P & ! ,P,\,M HAD ALREADY AGRE$ ON A POSITION ( DEF5SIVE RETREAT1 )\T AB&ON+ ANY WEAPONS1 & ) ! DEM& ?AT GU>ANTEES BE SECUR$ AGA9/ REPRESSION4 ,! LEAFLET1 APPROV$ BY ! ,P,\,M1 & PUBLI%$ 9 ISSUE NUMB] #bce 7,MAY #f7 ( ,LA ,BATALLA1 WAS NOT BACK$ UP BY A PLAN ( ACTION1 & WAS NO?+ BUT A DECL>ATION ( 9T5TIONS & AN APPEAL TO ! SPONTANEITY ( ! CONF$]AL MASSES TO P]SEV]E 9 !IR ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ADVANCES ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,9 REALITY1 EV]Y?+ DEP5D$ ON ! DECISION ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP4 ,IT WAS ABSURD & ILLOGICAL TO ?9K ?AT ! CONF$]AL MASSES1 DESPITE !IR 9ITIAL RETIC5CE1 & DESPITE !IR CRITICISMS1 W\LD NOT FOLL[ ! LEAD]S ( ,JULY #a#i4 ,ONLY IF ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T WAS SUPPLANT$ BY ANO!R REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE1 AL?\< EV5 !N IT W\LD BE V]Y DIFFICULT1 = ! MASSES TO FOLL[ ! DIRECTIVES & ! ACTION PLAN ( A NEW LEAD]%IP4 ,NEI!R ! ,GR\P1 H[EV]1 NOR ! ,P,\,M ATTEMPT$ TO DISLODGE ! CONF$]AL LEAD]%IP1 NOR HAD EI!R PREP>$ ANY K9D ( PLAN ( ACTION4 ,BO?1 9 PRACTICE1 5C\RAG$ A TAILI/ POLICY ) RESPECT TO ! DECISIONS ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP4 ,! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,\,M REJECT$ ! PROPOSAL ( ,JOSEP ,REBULL.<#a#d#b.> TO SEIZE ! ,G5]ALITAT & ANY BUILD+S ?AT MI<T /ILL PUT UP ANY RESI/ANCE 9 ! CITY C5T]1 >GU+ ?AT ?IS WAS NOT A MILIT>Y QUE/ION1 BUT A POLITICAL ONE4 ,! CONFRONTATIONS W]E RE/RICT$ TO ! C5T] ( ! CITY4 

,ON ,MAY #e !RE WAS A MEET+ BETWE5 ! ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,B>CELONA ( ! ,P,\,M & ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 :I* ! ,P,\,MI/AS *>ACT]IZ$ AS A FAILURE1 BECAUSE3 

0,!Y .<! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI.> DID NOT WANT TO DIRECTLY 9T]V5E )9 ! CONF$]AL /RUCTURE TO REPLACE ! LEAD]%IP1 !Y ONLY WANT$ TO HAVE AN 9FLU5CE ON ! MOVEM5T )\T ASSUM+ ANY O!R K9D ( RESPONSIBILITY40 

,9 ! LEAFLET DI/RIBUT$ ON ,MAY #e1 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI PROPOS$ A JO9T ,P,\,M-,C,N,T-,F,A,I ACTION4 ,AS AN IMM$IATE OBJECTIVE1 TO LEAD ! REVOLUTION1 !Y ADVOCAT$ ! =MATION ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 ,B,U,T ,?,I,S ,C,\,L,D ,N,E,V,] ,B,E ,C,>,R,I,$ ,\,T ,9 ,P,R,A,C,T,I,C,E4 ,!Y W]E PEOPLE ( ! B>RICADES1 RA!R ?AN ORGANIZ]S4 ,! PROPOSAL = JO9T ,C,N,T-,F,A,I-,P,\,M ACTION DID NOT GO BEYOND A SALUTE TO ! MILITANTS ( O!R ORGANIZATIONS1 :O W]E FI<T+ %\LD] TO %\LD] ) !M AT ! B>RICADES4 ,?IS PROPOSAL NEV] PROCE$$ FROM ! TEXT ( ! LEAFLET TO A CONCRETE PACT4 ,!Y DID PRACTICALLY NO?+ TO UNSEAT ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP & DEPRIVE IT ( CONTROL OV] ! CONF$]AL MASSES1 :O HAD REPEAT$LY IGNOR$ ! ,C,N,T'S ORD]S TO AB&ON ! /RUGGLE 9 ! /REETS4 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI W]E ! MO/ ACTIVE FI<T]S ON ! B>RICADES & COMPLETELY DOM9AT$ ! ,PLAZA ,MACIA 7N[ ! ,PLAZA ,REAL71 ) ALL ! SIDE /REETS BLOCK$ BY B>RICADES1 & ! 5TIRE L5G? ( ,HOSPITAL ,/REET4 ,AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS & ,HOSPITAL ,/REET1 UND] AN 5ORM\S PORTRAIT ( ,DURRUTI DRAP$ OV] ! FACADE ( ! BUILD+ :]E ! ,GR\P HAD ITS HEADQU>T]S1 A B>RICADE WAS BUILT :]E !Y E/ABLI%$ !IR C5T] ( OP]ATIONS4 ,!IR ABSOLUTE CONTROL OV] ,HOSPITAL ,/REET CONNECT$ ) ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,CONF$]AL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE 7! C5TRAL B>RACKS ( ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES7 AT ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS.<#a#d#c.> ON ! ,RONDA ,SAN ,PABLO1 & FROM !RE ) ! ,BRE*A DE ,SAN ,PABLO1 SECUR$ BY =TY MILITIAM5 FROM ! ,ROJ9EGRA ,COLUMN1 :O1 UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,DURRUTI/A ,MAXIMO ,FRANCO HAD 0DROPP$ 9 ON ,B>CELONA0 = PURPOSES ( 0OBS]VATION & 9TELLIG5CE01 AFT] BO? ! ,ROJ9EGRA ,COLUMN AS WELL AS ! ,L59 ,COLUMN1 COMM&$ BY ,ROVIRA1 HAD RETURN$ TO ! FRONT AFT] YIELD+ TO PRESSURE EX]T$ BY ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,MOL9A1 ?AT IS1 BY ! C5ETI/AS :O W]E GIV+ ORD]S FROM ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,DEF5SE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ,ISGLEAS4 

,! ,P,\,M TOTALLY DOM9AT$ ! ,PLAZA DEL ,TEATRO ) SEV]AL B>RICADES ?AT DEF5D$ AN EXT5SIVE P]IMET] >\ND ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEE 79 ! ,PR9CIPAL ,PALACE7 & ! ,HOTEL ,FALCON1 :I* HAD BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO A =TRESS4 

,! BLOODIE/ & MO/ DECISIVE BATTLES TOOK PLACE ON ,MAY #d? & #e?4 ,! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS W]E UND] ,C,N,T-,F,A,I CONTROL FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T ( ! 9SURRECTION4 ,9 ! HE>T ( ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 = EXAMPLE1 B>RICADES W]E ]ECT$ SY/EMATICALLY TO CONTROL ! 9COM+ & \TGO+ TRAFFIC ON ! ,MAT>O HI<WAY1 YET ALL WAS QUIET 9 ?IS >EA1 & 9 ?OSE NEI<BORHOODS :]E FI<T+ WAS NECESS>Y ! BATTLES W]E RAPIDLY DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,SANTS1 :]E ! DEF5SE COMMITTEE1 9/ALL$ 9 ! ,HOTEL ,OLIMPIC ON ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 ATTACK$ ! NEI<BOR+ B>RACKS ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>D 7:I* H\S$ #f M57 AT ! ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA1 & !N1 AS A PREV5TIVE MEASURE1 ATTACK$ ! B>RACKS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D 7! =M] ,CIVIL ,GU>D7 AT ,CAS>RAMONA.<#a#d#d.> 7N[ ! HEADQU>T]S ( ,CAIXA-,=UM71 HELD BY A SQUAD ( #h M51 S9CE ! RE/ ( ! G>RISON1 :I* HAD A TOTAL ( #d ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS1 HAD DEP>T$ ) ORD]S TO SEIZE ! RADIO /ATION ON ,LAS ,RAMBLAS4 ,AS SOON AS !Y REA*$ ! VIC9ITY ( ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS !Y W]E DEFEAT$ & TOOK FLI<T4 ,9 ,PUEBLO ,SECO1 ! DEF5SE COMMITTEE FIR$ >TILL]Y SALVOS AT ! ,C9E ,AM]ICA 7,NO4 #aba ,P>ALELO71 :]E AB\T SIXTY ( !SE ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS HAD S\<T REFUGE DUR+ ! C\RSE ( !IR ATTEMPT TO GET BACK TO !IR B>RACKS4 

,! BLOODIE/ BATTLE WAS F\<T 9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY1 & (T5 9VOLV$ CONFRONTATIONS BETWE5 ADJAC5T B>RICADES ]ECT$ BY ! ,P,\,M1 ,C,N,T1 ,P,S,U,C1 ,],C & ! ,G5]ALITAT1 TO DEF5D !IR RESPECTIVE HEADQU>T]S & LOCAL (FICES4 

,! ,PLAZA DE ,SANT ,JAUME1 :]E ! ,PALACIO DE LA ,G5]ALITAT & ! (FICES ( ! ,CITY ,GOV]NM5T W]E LOCAT$1 WAS DEF5D$ BY B>RICADES MANN$ BY ! MOSSOS D'ESQUADRA4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,P,\,M ]ECT$ A B>RICADE AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS & ,FIVELL] ,/REET 7N[ ,F]RAN_/,F]N&O71 FROM :I* !Y FIR$ ON ! B>RICADE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,P,S,U,C BUILT A B>RICADE AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ,LLIBRET]IA ,/REET & ! ,PLAZA DEL ,ANGEL 7AT ?AT TIME1 ,DO/OIEVSKI71 RI<T 9 FRONT ( ! BUILD+ CONTA9+ ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,U,G,T F$]ATION ( WAT]1 GAS & ELECTRIC P[] TRADE UNIONS1 LOCAT$ ON ! ,VIA ,LAYETANA 7!N KN[N AS ,DURRUTI74 ,! RESULT+ ABILITY TO OP5 FIRE FROM TWO SIDES AT ONCE ALL[$ !M TO DOM9ATE ?IS SECTOR ( ! ,VIA ,DURRUTI1 & ALSO BLOCKAD$ ! GATES ( ,NO4 #b1 ,PLAZA DEL ,ANGEL1 :]E ,B]N]I & ,B>BI]I RESID$1 :O W]E KIDNAPP$ & MURD]$ BY A ,U,G,T PATROL4 ,!RE W]E ALSO BATTLES ON ,VIA ,DURRUTI BETWE5 ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD] & ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :I* WAS DEF5D$ BY TANKS4 ,! COMBAT 9 ! ,PO/ ,(FICE BUILD+ WAS F\<T FLOOR BY FLOOR4 

,ON ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA GUNFIRE WAS EX*ANG$ BETWE5 ! ,CASAL ,C>LOS ,M>X ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ! NE>BY LOCAL HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,C,N,T'S ,WOODWORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION2 !RE WAS ALSO A BATTLE AT ! ,C9CO DE ,OROS1 BETWE5 ! B>RICADE ]ECT$ 9 FRONT ( ! ,P,\,M HEADQU>T]S1 ON ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA1 & ! B>RICADE ( ! NE>BY ,ASSAULT ,GU>D B>RACKS4 ,ALSO ON ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA1 ! ,G]MAN AN>*OSYNDICALI/S HAD BUILT ANO!R B>RICADE 9 FRONT ( ! =M] ,G]MAN CONSULATE1 PROTECT$ BY A MA*9E GUN ?AT RAK$ ! 5TIRE ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA4 

,ON ! ,GRAN ,VIA1 BETWE5 ,BALMES & ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA1 !RE WAS A BATTLE ?AT PITT$ ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & SPECIAL TROOPS ( ! ,E/AT ,CATALA1 :O HAD OCCUPI$ ! CAFE ,ORO DEL ,RH9 & ]ECT$ A B>RICADE ON ! ,RAMBLA DE ,CATALUNA1 AGA9/ ! C5ETI/AS ( ! ,FOOD ,SUPPLY ,TRADE ,UNION & ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS2 MEAN:ILE1 FROM ! ,HOTEL ,COLON1 :I* %>$ A C\RTY>D ) ! BUILD+ H\S+ ! ,C,N,T'S ,GRAPHIC ,>TS ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E PREP>+ TO ASSAULT ! HOTEL1 %OTS W]E FIR$ ON ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+4 ,ON ! UPP] P>T ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,\,M1 5DANG]$ BY GUNFIRE FROM A PLATOON ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS :O HAD CON/RUCT$ A =TIFI$ POSITION 9 ! ADJAC5T ,CAFE ,MOKA1 WAS DEF5D$ FROM ! A/RONOMICAL OBS]VATORIES ( ! ,POLIORAMA1.<#a#d#e.> A BUILD+ LOCAT$ ON ! O!R SIDE ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS1 FROM :I* GUNFIRE WAS DIRECT$ AT ! 5TRANCE ( ! ,CAFE ,MOKA4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A FI]CE BATTLE AT ! ,P>QUE DE LA ,CIUDADELA1 >\ND ! ,P>LIAM5T BUILD+1 ,AZANA'S RESID5CE 7! PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC71 ! ,M]CADO DEL ,BORN & AT ! ,E/ACION DE ,FRANCIA1 :I* WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! C5ETI/AS1 BUT :I* WAS F9ALLY CAPTUR$ BY ! TROOPS FROM ! NE>BY ,PALACIO DE ,GOB]NACION4 ,!RE W]E ALSO BATTLES BETWE5 ! ,C>LOS ,M>X ,B>RACKS 7,P,S,U,C7 & ! NE>BY ,ESP>TACO ,B>RACKS 7,C,N,T71 =M]LY KN[N AS ! ,DOCKS ,B>RACKS4 

,! PATROLS ( ! V>I\S FACTIONS SE>*$ & DIS>M$.<#a#d#f.> 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS FROM O!R FACTIONS ON ! /REETS ( ,5SAN*E4 ,NUM]\S 9CID5TS1 BRAWLS & >M$ CLA%ES W]E TAK+ PLACE EV]Y:]E1 BUT ESPECIALLY 9 ! TRIANGLE =M$ BY ! ,HOTEL ,COLON 7! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,P,S,U,C71 ! ,PALACIO DE LA ,G5]ALITAT & ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 ON ! ,VIA ,DURRUTI4 ,?IS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y BA/ION 9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY1 COMPOS$ ( N>R[ & TWI/+ ALLEYS1 EASILY BLOCK$ BY SMALL B>RICADES1 & /ILL DISPUT$1 %\LD HAVE YIELD$ TO ! RESOLUTE ASSAULT ( ! ,B>CELONA WORK]S1 AS ,JOSEP ,REBULL 9SI/5TLY DEMON/RAT$ TO ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,\,M ) A MAP ( ,B>CELONA4 ,BUT ! RADIO BROADCA/S ( ! SPEE*ES ( ! AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S & O!R DIGNIT>IES HAD A P[]FUL DEMOBILIZ+ EFFECT4 ,AL?\< AT FIR/ SOME PEOPLE ACTUALLY FIR$ !IR GUNS AT !IR RADIOS :5 !Y HE>D ,G>CIA ,OLIV] SAY ?AT HE HAD TO KISS ! DEAD POLICE1.<#a#d#g.> BECAUSE !Y W]E ANTIFASCI/ BRO!RS1 ! DEMORALIZ+ EFFECT ( SU* BROADCA/S ON ! B>RICADES SOON BECAME APP>5T1.<#a#d#h.> :I* WITNESS$ A SL[ BUT /EADY DES]TION BY ! AN>*I/ MILITANTS4 ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ IMM$IATELY OBEY$ !IR SUP]IORS1 ) ! EXCUSE ?AT IT WAS 0OBVI\S0 ?AT ! 9SURRECTION HAD BE5 ! 0SPONTANE\S0 RESPONSE TO ! PROVOCATION IMPLI$ BY ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+ AT ! ORD] ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,AT ! ,G5]ALITAT ! TOP E*ELON LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 0PROTECT$0 BY ! >TILL]Y ( ,MONTJUIC ?AT W]E AIM$ AT ! ,PALACIO1.<#a#d#i.> ! ,/AL9I/S & ! ,CATALANI/ B\RGEOISIE DID ! ONLY ?+ !Y C\LD DO3 !Y =M$ ANO!R GOV]NM5T1 ! SAME GOV]NM5T ) DIFF]5T NAMES4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,P,\,M MET ) ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T TO APPEAL = CAUTION6 ,AMONG ! B>RICADES V>I\S ,COMMITTEES = ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION >OSE1 BUT !Y DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 =M+ A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4.<#a#e.> 

,BALIUS1 ! MO/ \T/&+ !ORETICIAN ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 CRIPPL$ DUE TO PROGRESSIVE 5CEPHALITIS1 & SPA/IC HEMIPLEGIA ?AT AFFECT$ ! LEFT SIDE ( HIS BODY1 :I* MADE HIM UNABLE TO MOVE HIS LEFT LEG & CAUS$ /IFFNESS & TREMBL+ 9 HIS LEFT >M1 LEAN+ ON HIS CRUT*ES1 READ A PROCLAMATION FROM ! B>RICADE ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS_/,HOSPITAL 9 :I* HE CALL$ = ! REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY ( ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT1 & ESPECIALLY ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT1 ) ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT4 ,IT WAS A P[]FUL REVOLUTION>Y IMAGE ?AT CAPTUR$ ! MOM5T1 AS BEAUTIFUL AS IT WAS UNAVAIL+4 

,DI/RIBUT+ LEAFLETS AT ! B>RICADES WAS NOT EASY1 & WAS (T5 MET ) SUSPICION ON ! P>T ( MANY MILITANTS1 & EV5 ) PHYSICAL =CE4 ,ON ! EV5+ ( ,MAY #e1 ! ,BOL%EVIK-,L59I/S ,C>L9I & ,QUESADA.<#a#e#a.> HELD AN 9=MAL MEET+ ) ,BALIUS1 )\T ANY O!R PURPOSES OR P]SPECTIVES ?AN TO CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE ON ! B>RICADES4 ,JAUME ,BALIUS ALSO MET ) ,JOSEP ,REBULL1.<#a#e#b.> ! SECRET>Y ( CELL #gb ( ! ,P,\,M1 :I*1 DUE TO ! SMALL NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE ( BO? ORGANIZATIONS1 HAD NO PRACTICAL RESULT4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI REJECT$ ,JOSEP ,REBULL'S PROPOSAL TO ISSUE A JO9T ,MANIFE/O4 

,ON ,?URSDAY1 ,MAY #f1 ! MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T1 AS A DEMON/RATION ( !IR S9C]E DESIRE TO BR+ PEACE TO ! CITY1 EVACUAT$ ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+1 :]E ! CONFLICT BEGAN1 :I* WAS IMM$IATELY OCCUPI$ BY ! =CES ( ! POLICE1 :O GU>ANTE$ ?AT ! ,U,G,T MILITANTS W\LD BE ABLE TO KEEP !IR JOBS1 9 ORD] TO RESUME TELEPHONE S]VICE4 ,FAC$ ) ! PROTE/S ( ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S1 ! ,G5]ALITAT RESPOND$ ?AT 0IT WAS A FAIT ACCOMPLI01 & ! CONF$]AL LEAD]S *OSE NOT TO PUBLICIZE ?IS NEW B\RGEOIS 0BETRAYAL01 9 ORD] NOT TO FUEL ! FIRES ( DISCONT5T4 ,! V]NACUL> T]M = ?IS WAS ?AT !Y W]E ACT+ AS FIREM51 ?AT IS1 PUTT+ \T FIRES &_/OR CONFLICTS4 ,! AB&ONM5T ( ! B>RICADES BY ! C5ETI/AS WAS N[ G5]ALIZ$4 ,LITTLE GUNFIRE WAS HE>D4 

,:5 ! NEWS WAS REPORT$ ?AT A CONT+5T ( TROOPS WAS ON ITS WAY FROM ,VAL5CIA TO PACIFY ,B>CELONA1 ,BALIUS PROPOS$ ! =MATION ( A CONF$]AL COLUMN ?AT %\LD DEP>T FROM ,B>CELONA & 9T]CEPT !M4 ,ONCE ?IS COLUMN WAS =M$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 IT W\LD BE JO9$ BY O!R FI<T]S ALONG ! ROAD1 & IT W\LD ALSO HAVE ! SUPPORT ( NOT A FEW MILITIAM5 FROM ! ,>AGON ,FRONT3 IT C\LD GO ALL ! WAY TO ,VAL5CIA & !N ASSAULT HEAV54446 ,COMMISSIONS W]E =M$ TO CONSULT ) ! MILITANTS 9 ! TRADE UNIONS & ! /REETS1 BUT ! PROPOSAL F\ND NO E*O :ATSOEV]4 ,IT WAS ABSOLUTELY UNREALI/IC4 

,ON ,FRIDAY1 ,MAY #g1 />T+ AT #g3 P4M41 ! TROOPS FROM ,VAL5CIA M>*$ D[N ! ,DIAGONAL & ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT] ONLY ! B>RICADES ( ! ,P,S,U,C W]E /ILL /&+1 :I* IT WANT$ TO PRES]VE AS MONUM5TS COMMEMORAT+ ITS VICTORY4 

,ON ,SATURDAY1 ,MAY #h1 ORD] ONCE AGA9 REIGN$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! CORPSES ( ,CAMILO ,B]N]I1 ,ALFR$O ,M>T9EZ1 & MANY O!R P]SONS :O HAD BE5 TORTUR$ & EXECUT$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S1 BEGAN TO TURN UP4 ,! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I DEM&$ ! EXPULSION ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 AL?\< NO TRADE UNION ASSEMBLY W\LD RATIFY ?IS DECISION4 

,! CONF$]AL MASSES1 DISORI5T$ BY ! APPEALS ( !IR LEAD]S--! SAME ONES !Y HAD ON ,JULY #a#i6--F9ALLY *OSE TO AB&ON ! /RUGGLE1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT AT FIR/ !Y HAD LAU<$ AT ! APPEALS FROM ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP = CALM & TO AB&ON ! /RUGGLE SO AS TO PRES]VE ANTIFASCI/ UNITY4 

,! ,MANIFE/O DI/RIBUT$ ON ,MAY #h BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 9 :I* ! ,GR\P PRES5T$ !IR EVALUATION ( ! RESULTS ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 WAS PR9T$ AT ! PR9T+ PRESS ( ,LA ,BATALLA4 ,! ,GR\P1 D5\NC$ BY ! ,C,N,T AS AN ORGANIZATION ( PROVOCATEURS1 HAD NO PUBLI%+ FACILITIES ( ITS [N4 ,A MILITIAMAN ( ! ,P,\,M1 ,P>ADELL1 A LEAD] ( ! RETAIL WORK]S TRADE UNION1 :5 HE F\ND \T ?AT ! ,GR\P NE$$ ACCESS TO A PRESS1 TOLD ,JOSEP ,REBULL1 ! $ITOR 9 *IEF ( ! ,P,\,M NEWSPAP]1 & ! LATT]1 FULFILL+ ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y DUTY ( REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY1 )\T CONSULT+ ANY SUP]IOR RANKS ( ! P>TY1 (F]$ TO PR9T ! ,MANIFE/O = ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 

,9 ?IS ,MANIFE/O ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P RELAT$ ! SEIZURE ( ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+ TO PREVI\S PROVOCATIONS4 ,!Y ID5TIFI$ ! PROVOCATEURS ( ! ,MAY ,EV5TS AS ! ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA1 ! ,P,S,U,C1 & ! >M$ =CES ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI PROCLAIM$ ! REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ,JULY #aicf 7& NOT JU/ ITS NATURE AS OPPOSITION TO ! FASCI/ UPRIS+7 & ( ,MAY #aicg 7!Y W\LD NOT BE CONT5T ) JU/ ANO!R *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T73 

0,\R ,GR\P1 :I* HAS BE5 9 ! /REETS1 ON ! B>RICADES1 DEF5D+ ! CONQUE/S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ADVOCATES ! COMPLETE VICTORY ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,WE CANNOT ACCEPT ! FICTION1 & ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y REALITY1 ( ! =MATION ( A NEW GOV]NM5T ) ! SAME P>TIES1 BUT ) DIFF]5T REPRES5TATIVES40 

,9 OPPOSITION TO ! BACK ROOM DEALS ?AT ! ,GR\P QUALIFI$ AS DECEITS1 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI (F]$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 ALREADY SET =? 9 ! LEAFLET ISSU$ ON ,MAY #e3 

0,\R ,GR\P DEM&S ! IMM$IATE =MATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA1 ! %OOT+ ( ?OSE :O >E RESPONSIBLE1 ! DIS>MAM5T ( ! >M$ =CES1 ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY & ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL ! POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT HAVE ATTACK$ ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P DID NOT HESITATE TO CLAIM ?AT ! WORK]S WON ! BATTLE ON ! MILIT>Y FIELD1 & !RE=E ?AT !Y HAD TO PUT AN 5D ONCE & = ALL TO A ,G5]ALITAT ?AT MEANT NO?+4 ,! ,GR\P ACCUS$ ! LEAD]S & SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T1 :O HAD P>ALYZ$ A VICTORI\S WORK]S 9SURRECTION1 ( 0BETRAYAL03 0,! ,G5]ALITAT REPRES5TS NO?+4 ,ITS CONT9U$ EXI/5CE RE9=CES ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,! WORK]S WON ! BATTLE4 ,IT IS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT ! COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T HAVE ACT$ ) SU* TIMIDITY ?AT !Y W\LD ORD] A 'CEASE-FIRE' & ?AT !Y W\LD EV5 ORD] A RETURN TO WORK :5 WE W]E ON ! V]GE ( TOTAL VICTORY4 ,!Y DID NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! REAL S\RCE ( ! AGGRESSION1 !Y DID NOT PAY ATT5TION TO ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! EV5TS ( ! PA/ FEW DAYS4 ,SU* CONDUCT MU/ BE DEF9$ AS A BETRAYAL ( ! REVOLUTION1 CONDUCT ?AT NO ONE1 = ANY REASON1 MU/ EV]Y COMMIT OR SPONSOR4 ,& WE CANNOT EV5 F9D ! WORDS TO DESCRIBE ! NEF>I\S WORK DONE BY ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A & ! MO/ WELL-KN[N MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T40 

,! T]M 0BETRAYAL0 WAS US$ AGA9 :5 ! ,GR\P COMM5T$ ON ! EXPULSION ORD] ISSU$ BY ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T AGA9/ ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 AS WELL AS 9 ITS DISCUSSION ( ! 5CROA*M5T BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ( ,VAL5CIA ON ! SECURITY & DEF5SE P[]S ( ,CATALONIA 7NOT ?OSE EX]CIS$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT1 BUT ?OSE CONTROLL$ BY ! ,C,N,T73 0,?IS IS BETRAYAL ON A VA/ SCALE4 ,! TWO ESS5TIAL GU>ANTEES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 SECURITY & DEF5SE1 >E (F]$ ON A PLATT] TO \R 5EMIES40 ,! ,MANIFE/O CONCLUD$ ) A BRIEF AUTO-CRITIQUE ) REG>D TO C]TA9 9EFFECTIVE TACTICS EMPLOY$ DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 & ) AN OPTIMI/IC P]SPECTIVE ON ! FUTURE1 :I* ! IMM$IATE WAVE ( REPRESSION ?AT BEGAN ON ,MAY #bh DEMON/RAT$ TO BE VA9 & ILLOGICAL4 ,MAY #aicg DID NOT 5D 9 A DRAW2 IT WAS A SEV]E DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,DESPITE ! P]VASIVE MY?OLOGY ( ! ,EV5TS ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ! ONE ?+ ?AT IS CLE> IS ?AT IT WAS A V]Y *AOTIC & CONFUS$ SITUATION1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! EAG]NESS TO NEGOTIATE ( ALL ! P>TIES IMPLICAT$ 9 ! CONFLICT4 ,MAY #aicg WAS AT NO TIME AN (F5SIVE & RESOLUTE WORK]S 9SURRECTION1 BUT M]ELY A DEF5SIVE /RUGGLE )\T ANY PRECISE OBJECTIVES1 AL?\< IT =M$ P>T ( ! ONGO+ /RUGGLE ( SOCIALIZATON AGA9/ COLLECTIVIZATION1 & ! /RUGGLE 9 DEF5SE ( 0! CONQUE/S0 ( ,JULY4 ,! DETONATOR ( ! CONFLICT WAS ! ASSAULT ON ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+ BY ! SECURITY =CES ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,& ?IS ACTION TOOK PLACE )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! LOGIC PURSU$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ,COMPANYS TO SL[LY TAKE OV] ALL ! P[]S ?AT ! 0ANOMAL\S0 SITUATION BR\<T AB\T BY ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #ai HAD MOM5T>ILY DEPRIV$ IT (4 ,! REC5T SUCCESSES IT 5JOY$ 9 ,C]DANA CLE>$ ! WAY = A DECISIVE %[D[N 9 ,B>CELONA & ALL ( ,CATALONIA4 ,IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ,COMPANYS FELT ?AT HE HAD ! SUPPORT ( ,COMOR]A 7,P,S,U,C7 & ,OVSE5KO 7! ,SOVIET ,CONSUL71 ) :OM HE HAD COLLABORAT$ V]Y CLOSELY & EFFECTIVELY S9CE ,DECEMB]1 :5 ! ,P,\,M WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! POLICY ( ! ,/AL9I/S CO9CID$ ) ! OBJECTIVES ( ,COMPANYS3 ! WEAK5+ & ANNIHILATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 ?AT IS1 ( ! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T1 W]E ,SOVIET GOALS1 :I* C\LD ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY WAY ( ! /R5G!N+ ( ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! LONG OP5 CRISIS ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 AFT] ! REFUSAL ( ! ,C,N,T TO CONS5T TO ! TRANSF] ( ! ,C>LOS ,M>X ,DIVISION 7( ! ,P,S,U,C7 TO ! ,MADRID ,FRONT1 & AFT] ! ,DECREE ( ,M>* #d ORD]+ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS & ! DIS>MAM5T ( ! RE>GU>D1 L$ TO ITS 9EVITABLE VIOL5T CULM9ATION1 AFT] V>I\S EPISODES 9VOLV+ >M$ CONFRONTATIONS 9 ,VILANESA1 ,LA ,FAT>ELLA1 ,CULL]A 7,VAL5CIA71 ,BELLV]1 ! FUN]AL ( ,CORTADA1 ETC41 9 ! ASSAULT ON ! ,TELEPHONE ,BUILD+ & ! BLOODY EV5TS ( ,MAY 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! /UPID BL9DNESS1 ! UNBREAKABLE LOYALTY TO ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 ! HI< DEGREE ( COLLABORATION ) ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ON ! P>T ( ! PR9CIPAL AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S 7FROM ,PEIRO TO ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 FROM ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN TO ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 FROM ,M>IANET TO ,VAL]IO ,MAS7 W]E NOT IRRELEVANT FACTORS1 NOR DID !Y PASS UNNOTIC$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! ,SOVIET AG5TS4 ,!IR IDIOTIC SANCTITY C\LD ALWAYS BE C\NT$ ON1 AS WAS ABUNDANTLY DISPLAY$ DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 ,BUT ,COMPANYS DID NOT EXPECT ! RAPID & DECISIVE >M$ RESPONSE ( ,ESCORZA1 FROM ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 & !N HE WAS 9FURIAT$ BY ! REFUSAL ( ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T TO ORD] ,DIAZ ,S&9O 7:O WAS ! COMM&] ( ! ,REPUBLICAN AIR =CE7 TO BOMB ! B>RACKS & BUILD+S CONTROLL$ BY ! ,C,N,T4 ,COMPANYS 5D$ UP =FEIT+ ALL ! P[]S ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ) REG>D TO ,DEF5SE & ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 :I* HAD NEV] BE5 V]Y EXT5SIVE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,AS = ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DUR+ ! ,MAY ,EV5TS1 !RE IS C]TA9LY NO JU/IFICATION TO 5GAGE 9 A DECEPTIVE MY?IFICATION ( !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! B>RICADES & ( ITS LEAFLET1 S9CE ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI AT NO TIME CALL$ = ! REPLACEM5T ( ! CONF$]AL LEAD]%IP1 & LIMIT$ ITS EF=TS TO H>% CRITIQUES ( ITS LEAD]S & !IR POLICY ( 0BETRAYAL0 ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,P]HAPS !Y C\LD NOT HAVE DONE ANY MORE ?AN ?AT1 GIV5 !IR SMALL NUMB]S & ! SLI<T 9FLU5CE !Y HAD ON ! C5ETI/A MASSES4 ,BUT WE %\LD EMPHASIZE !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! /REET BATTLES1 & !IR CONTROL ( V>I\S B>RICADES ON ,LAS ,RAMBLAS1 ESPECIALLY ! ONE 9 FRONT ( !IR SOCIAL C5T]1 & !IR 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! /RUGGLES 9 ,SANTS1 ,LA ,TORRASSA & ,SALL5T4 ,WE MU/1 ( C\RSE1 ACKN[L$GE !IR ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE LEAD]%IP & M9IMAL POLITICAL DEM&S1 9 ! LEAFLET DI/RIBUT$ ON ,MAY #e4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( ?IS LEAFLET WAS NOT EASY1 & CO/ ! LIVES ( SEV]AL ( ! ,GR\P'S MEMB]S1 BUT ITS DI/RIBUTION ON ! B>RICADES C\LD C\NT ON ! SYMPA?Y & ! SUPPORT ( MANY ,C,N,T MILITANTS4 ,AMONG ! NOTEWOR?Y ACTIONS ?AT TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 WE MU/ NOT =GET ! APPEAL ISSU$ BY ,BALIUS FROM ! B>RICADE ON ! CORN] ( ,LAS ,RAMBLAS & ,HOSPITAL ,/REET1 = ! ACTIVE SOLID>ITY ( ALL ! WORK]S ( ,EUROPE ) ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 ONCE ! GR\P RECEIV$ NEWS ( ! =MATION ( A COLUMN ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS ?AT WAS TO BE S5T FROM ,VAL5CIA TO CRU% ! REBELLION1 REACT$ ) A CALL TO =M AN AN>*I/ COLUMN TO 9T]CEPT IT4 ,?IS IDEA NEV] AM\NT$ TO ANY?+ MORE ?AN A VA9 PROPOSAL1 :I* NO LONG] F\ND ANY E*O :ATSOEV] AMONG ! C5ETI/A MILITANTS1 :O BEGAN TO AB&ON ! B>RICADES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,RIC>DO ,SANZ1 ! DELEGATE ( ! MILITIAM5 ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 :O HAD RETURN$ FROM ! ,MADRID ,FRONT :ILE AWAIT+ TRANSF] TO ! ,>AGON ,FRONT1 REMA9$ 9ACTIVE 9 ! B>RACKS ( ! ,DOCKS ON ,IC>IA ,AV5UE1 TOTALLY UN9VOLV$ ) ! /REET BATTLES1 AS IF HE WAS UNAW>E ( !M OR !Y W]E TAK+ PLACE ON ! PLANET ,M>S4.<#a#e#c.> 

,WE MU/ F9ALLY NOTE1 FROM A POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! AGREEM5T MADE ) ! ,P,\,M TO ISSUE AN APPEAL TO ! WORK]S ?AT1 BE=E !Y AB&ON ! B>RICADES1 !Y %\LD REQUE/ GU>ANTEES ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO SUBSEQU5T REPRISALS2 & ABOVE ALL ?AT ! BE/ GU>ANTEE WAS TO KEEP !IR WEAPONS1 :I* !Y MU/ NEV] SURR5D]4 ,A DEFEAT$ WORK]S 9SURRECTION MI<T NOT AB&ON ITS >MS1 BUT IT CANNOT EXPECT ?AT REPRESSION W\LD NOT BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! 9SURRECTION>IES1 :I* IS JU/ :AT TOOK PLACE AFT] ,JUNE #a#f4 

,IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE1 H[EV]1 ?AT1 ONCE ! FI<T+ WAS OV]1 ! ,MAY B>RICADES PROV$ TO BE A NUISANCE = EV]YONE3 ! TROOPS ?AT HAD >RIV$ FROM ,VAL5CIA TORE UP ! MEMB]%IP C>DS ( ! C5ETI/AS & =C$ PEACEFUL PASS]SBY TO TE> D[N ! B>RICADES1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T WAS CALL+ = ! RAPID DISMANTL+ ( ! B>RICADES AS A SIGN ( A RETURN TO NORMAL4 ,)9 A FEW DAYS ONLY ! B>RICADES ( ! ,P,S,U,C REMA9$1 :I* ! ,P,S,U,C WANT$ TO PRES]VE AS A MONUM5T TO & SIGN ( ITS VICTORY4 ,! TOTAL CASUALTIES AM\NT$ TO FIVE HUNDR$ DEAD & SEV]AL ?\S& W\ND$4 

,FROM A !ORETICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ROLE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS MU* MORE SIGNIFICANT AFT] ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 :5 !Y BEGAN PUBLI%+ !IR BULLET91 :I* WAS GIV5 ! NAME ( ! NEWSPAP] PUBLI%$ BY ,M>AT DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION3 ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE4 

,A,F,T,] ,M,A,Y 

,! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T PROPOS$ ! EXPULSION ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 BUT C\LD NOT CONV9CE ANY TRADE UNION ASSEMBLY TO RATIFY ?IS PROPOSAL4 ,A L>GE P>T ( ! CONF$]AL MILITANTS SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION EMBODI$ BY ! ,GR\P4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !Y EI!R TOOK P>T 9 ! ACTIONS ( OR HELD ! SAME VIEWS AS ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 BUT !Y DID UND]/& & RESPECT ! ,GR\P'S POSITIONS1 & EV5 SUPPORT$ ITS CRITICISMS ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP4 

,! CONF$]AL LEAD]%IP DELIB]ATELY US$ & ABUS$ ! ACCUSATION ( 0,M>XI/S01 ! MO/ S]I\S 9SULT IMAG9ABLE AMONG AN>*I/S1 :I* IT LAUN*$ ON REPEAT$ OCCASIONS AGA9/ ! ,GR\P1 & SPECIFICALLY AGA9/ ,BALIUS4 ,BALIUS & ! ,GR\P1 ( C\RSE1 DEF5D$ !MSELVES FROM ?IS QUITE UND]S]V$ 09SULT01 & NOT )\T REASON4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ 9 ! !ORETICAL PROPOSITIONS ( ! ,GR\P1 MU* LESS 9 ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE1 OR 9 ! ,GR\P'S V>I\S MANIFE/OES & LEAFLETS1 ?AT W\LD ALL[ ONE TO CALL ! ,GR\P ,M>XI/4 ,! ,GR\P COMPRIS$ M]ELY AN OPPOSITION TO ! COLLABORATIONI/ POLICY ( ! CONF$]AL LEAD]%IP1 FROM )9 ! ORGANIZATION & ON ! BASIS ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY4 

,! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE WAS LEGALLY PUBLI%$ ON ,MAY #a#i1 ) A L>GE NUMB] ( C5SOR$ GALLEY PRO(S4 ,! FRONT PAGE1 9 BLACK & R$ & 9 FULL SIZ$ =MAT1 WAS EMBLAZON$ ) A SKET* %[+ ! SMIL+ ,DURRUTI C>RY+ A R$ & BLACK FLAG4 ,?IS FIR/ ISSUE WAS NOT DAT$2 ! $ITORIAL (FICES ( ! PAP] W]E LOCAT$ AT ,NUMB] #a1 ,RAMBLA DE LAS ,FLORES1 ON ! FIR/ FLOOR4 ,! NEWSPAP] WAS PUBLI%$ AS ! VOICE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P4 ,IT LI/$ ,BALIUS AS $ITOR 9 *IEF1 & ,ELEUT]IO ,ROIG1 ,PABLO ,RUIZ & ,DOM+O ,PANIAGUA AS $ITORS4 ,! MO/ 9T]E/+ >TICLE1 SIGN$ BY ,BALIUS1 WAS 5TITL$1 0,= ! ,RECORD4 ,WE ,>E ,NOT ,AG5TS ,PROVOCATEURS0 .<0,POR LOS FU]OS DE LA V]DAD4 ,NO SOMOS AG5TES PROVOCADORES0.>1 9 :I* ,BALIUS COMPLA9S AB\T ! 9SULTS & ATTACKS ORIG9AT+ FROM AMONG ! CONF$]AL RANKS !MSELVES4 ,HE REF]R$ TO ! LEAFLET & ! MANIFE/O ISSU$ 9 ,MAY1 :I* HE SAID HE W\LD NOT REPUBLI% 9 ORD] TO AVOID ITS C]TA9 & 9EVITABLE C5SOR%IP4 ,HE DIRECTLY ATTACK$ ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A = ITS HO/ILITY T[>DS ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 & D5I$ ! SL&] SPREAD BY ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP3 0WE >E NOT AG5TS PROVOCATEURS40 ,TO AVOID C5SOR%IP1 />T+ ) ! SECOND ISSUE1 ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE WAS PUBLI%$ CL&E/9ELY4 ,! FIF? ISSUE IS ONE ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ $ITIONS ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE4 ,ITS COV] PAGE FEATURES AN >TICLE 5TITL$3 0,A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,!ORY40 ,?IS $ITORIAL ALONE W\LD BE 5\< TO ASSURE ! POLITICAL & HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 NOT ONLY 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! CIVIL W>1 BUT 9 ! HI/ORY ( ACRATIC IDEOLOGY AS WELL4 ,9 ?IS >TICLE1 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ATTRIBUTE ! ADVANCE ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION & ! FAILURE ( ! ,C,N,T1 AFT] ! LATT]'S UND5IABLE & ABSOLUTE VICTORY ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 TO ONE REASON ALONE3 ! ABS5CE ( A ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,P,R,O,G,R,A,M4 ,& ?IS WAS ALSO ! CAUSE ( ! DEFEAT ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 ,! CONCLUSION ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS SET =? ) GREAT CL>ITY3 

0,! DESC5D+ TRAJECTORY .<( ! REVOLUTION.> MU/ BE ATTRIBUT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! ABS5CE ( A CONCRETE PROGRAM & IMM$IATE EF=TS TO IMPLEM5T SU* A PROGRAM1 & ?IS IS :Y WE HAVE FALL5 9TO ! NETS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SECTORS AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 ! CIRCUM/ANCES HAD BECOME G5U9ELY FAVORABLE = ! CR[N+ ACT ( ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,& BECAUSE ! AWAK5+ ( ,JULY WAS NOT ALL[$ TO DEVELOP FREELY1 9 A G5U9ELY CLASS S5SE1 WE HAVE MADE POSSIBLE A PETTY B\RGEOIS RULE ?AT C\LD HAVE BY NO MEANS EV] EM]G$ IF AMONG ! CONF$]AL & AN>*I/ MILIEUS A UNANIM\S RESOLVE HAD PREVAIL$ TO 9/ALL ! PROLET>IAT 9 CONTROL ( ! C\NTRY4 .<444.> SUCCUMB+ TO ! FOOLI% NOTION ?AT A REVOLUTION ( A SOCIAL TYPE C\LD %>E ITS ECONOMIC & SOCIAL N]VE C5T]S ) 5EMY ELEM5TS4 .<444.> ,9 ,MAY ! SAME CONFLICT WAS AGA9 POS$4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! W9D WAS BL[+ 9 FAVOR ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ! SAME 9DIVIDUALS :O 9 ,JULY W]E FRI<T5$ BY ! DANG] ( =EIGN 9T]V5TION1 DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS ONCE AGA9 FELL PREY TO ?AT SAME LACK ( VISION ?AT W\LD CULM9ATE 9 ! FATEFUL 0CEASE FIRE0 ORD] ?AT WAS LAT] TRANS=M$1 DESPITE ! DECL>ATION ( A TRUCE1 9TO AN 9SI/5T DIS>MAM5T & A M]CILESS REPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 .<444.> ,SO ?AT1 BY DEPRIV+ \RSELVES ( A PROGRAM1 I4E41 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 WE HAVE 5TIRELY SURR5D]$ TO \R 5EMIES :O POSSESS$ & /ILL POSSESS A PROGRAM & V>I\S DIRECTIVES .<444.> TO ! PETTY B\RGEOIS P>TIES ?AT WE %\LD HAVE CRU%$ 9 ,JULY & 9 ,MAY4 ,WE ?9K ?AT ANY O!R SECTOR1 W]E IT TO HAVE AN ABSOLUTE MAJORITY SU* AS WE POSSESS1 W\LD HAVE BECOME ! ABSOLUTE >BIT] ( ! SITUATION4 ,9 ! PREVI\S ISSUE ( \R BULLET9 WE PUBLI%$ A PROGRAM4 ,WE FEEL ! NE$ = A REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 ! ECONOMIC PR$OM9ANCE ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS & ! FREE CON/RUCTION ( ,MUNICIPAL BODIES4 ,\R ,GR\P HAS S\<T TO PROVIDE A GUIDE1 \T ( FE> ?AT1 %\LD CIRCUM/ANCES SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ,JULY & ,MAY REEM]GE1 ! SAME ?+S W\LD HAPP54 ,& VICTORY DEP5DS ON ! EXI/5CE ( A PROGRAM ?AT MU/ BE SUPPORT$1 )\T HESITATION1 ) GUNS4 .<444.>0 

0,REVOLUTIONS ?AT DO NOT HAVE !ORIES DO NOT GET ANY:]E4 ,! POSITIONS \TL9$ BY ',! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' MAY BE SUBJECT$ TO REVISION BY MAJOR SOCIAL DI/URBANCES1 BUT !Y >E ROOT$ 9 TWO ESS5TIAL PO9TS ?AT CANNOT BE CIRCUMV5T$4 ,A PROGRAM & GUNS40 

,?IS TEXT IS FUNDAM5TAL2 IT M>KS A MILE/ONE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*I/ ?\<T4 ,! !ORETICAL CONCEPTS SET =? 9 ?IS TEXT1 :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 ONLY VAGUELY \TL9$1 >E N[ EXPRESS$ ) A BL9D+ CL>ITY4 ,& !SE !ORETICAL A*IEVEM5TS W\LD LAT] BE REPEAT$ & >GU$ 9 ! PAMPHLET BY ,BALIUS1 0,T[>DS A ,NEW ,REVOLUTION04 ,BUT ?IS IS :]E !Y APPE>$ = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,& NO ONE CAN D5Y !IR NOVELTY & !IR SIGNIFICANCE = AN>*I/ ?\<T4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P HAD ACCEPT$ OLD !ORETICAL CONCEPTS1 =MULAT$ AFT] A PA9FUL HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE1 :I* OV] ! C\RSE ( A CIVIL W> & A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS HAD />KLY REVEAL$ ! CONTRADICTIONS & ! NECESSITIES ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO S]I\SLY BELIEVE & PRES5T DOCUM5TATION TO ! EFFECT ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T 9 ! POLITICAL ?\<T ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS DUE TO ! 9FLU5CE ( A GR\P \TSIDE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 :E!R ,TROTKSYI/S OR ,P,\,MI/AS8 ,IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS DUE EXCLUSIVELY TO ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P ITSELF1 :I* 9 ITS ANALYSIS ( ! POLITICAL & HI/ORICAL SITUATION HAD REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ( ! NECESSITY1 :I* IS UNAVOIDABLE 9 A REVOLUTION1 ( E/ABLI%+ A PROGRAM & A GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD IMPOSE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,! SIX? ISSUE ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE WAS DATEL9$ ,B>CELONA1 ,AUGU/ #a#b1 #a#i#c#g4 ,! LEAD $ITORIAL WAS 5TITL$1 0,! ,NE$ = A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA01 :I*1 FOLL[+ UP ON ! $ITORIAL 9 ! PREVI\S ISSUE CONC]N+ ! NE$ = A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 CLAIM$ ?AT :AT WAS NE$$ 9 ,JULY #aicf WAS A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA3 

0,CONC]N+ ! ,JULY MOVEM5T1 WE HAVE COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION MU/ BE CRU%$ )\T M]CY4 ,?IS HAS BE5 ONE ( ! MA9 ]RORS WE HAVE MADE ?AT WE >E N[ PAY+ = MANY TIMES OV]4 ,?IS DEF5SIVE MISSION WILL BE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 :I* WILL HAVE TO BE UNYIELD+ ) 5EMY SECTORS4 .<444.> 

0,! IMPORTANCE ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA IS IMM5SE4 ,?IS IS NOT JU/ ANO!R IDEA4 ,IT IS ! RESULT ( A S]IES ( FAILURES & DISA/]S4 ,& IT IS ! CATEGORICAL RECTIFICATION ( ! C\RSE ?AT HAS BE5 FOLL[$ UP UNTIL ! PRES5T4 

0,9 ,JULY AN ANTIFASCI/ COMMITTEE WAS =M$ ?AT DID NOT MEASURE UP TO ! IMPORTANCE ( ?AT SUBLIME MOM5T4 ,H[ C\LD ! EMBRYONIC ORGAN >IS5 FROM ! B>RICADES FUNCTION ) FRI5DS & 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION SIDE BY SIDE8 ,DUE TO ITS COMPOSITION1 ! ANTIFASCI/ COMMITTEE WAS NOT ! EXPON5T ( ! ,JULY /RUGGLE4 .<444.> WE ADVOCATE ?AT ONLY ! WORK]S FROM ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & COMBATANTS :O1 AT ! DECISIVE MOM5TS ( ! BATTLE HAVE PROV5 TO BE ! *AMPIONS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 %\LD P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA4 .<444.> 

0',! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' ,GR\P1 :I* HAS =MULAT$ AN EXACT CRITIQUE ( ! ,MAY EV5TS1 FEELS1 FROM ?IS V]Y MOM5T1 ! NE$ TO CON/ITUTE A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 AS WE CONCEIVE IT1 & WE BELIEVE IT IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION .<444.>40 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL ?\<T ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS ALREADY QUITE NOTEWOR?Y4 ,AFT] ! RECOGNITION ( ! NECESSITY ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! NEXT QUE/ION ?AT WAS POS$ WAS1 :O EX]CISES ! DICTATOR%IP8 ,! ANSW] IS A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 :I* IS !N DEF9$ AS ! VANGU>D ( ! REVOLUTION>IES :O F\<T ON ,JULY #a#i4 ,AS = ! ROLE ( ?IS ,JUNTA1 WE CANNOT BELIEVE ?AT IT W\LD BE ANY DIFF]5T ?AN ?AT ATTRIBUT$ BY ! ,M>XI/S TO ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 

,MUNIS1 H[EV]1 9 ! SECOND ISSUE ( ,LA ,VOZ ,L59I/A1 CRITICIZ$ ! SIX? ISSUE ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE BECAUSE HE DISC]N$ 9 ITS CLAIMS A REGRESSION ) RESPECT TO ! SAME =MULATIONS MADE BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P DUR+1 & IMM$IATELY AFT]1 ! ,MAY EV5TS4.<#a#e#d.> 

,! ELEV5? ISSUE ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE WAS DAT$ ,SATURDAY1 ,NOVEMB] #b1 #a#i#c#g1 :I* WAS ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! DEA? ( ,DURRUTI1 & WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY DEVOT$ TO COMMEMORAT+ ! POPUL> AN>*I/ H]O4 ,AMONG ALL ! >TICLES 9 ?IS ISSUE1 MO/LY DEVOT$ TO A MORE OR LESS ACCURATE COMM5T>Y ON ! FIGURE ( ,DURRUTI1 ONE >TICLE /&S \T1 5TITL$1 0,COMM5TS ON ,DURRUTI01 9 :I* ! AU?OR 5GAGES 9 A POLEMICAL D5UNCIATION ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( ,DURRUTI'S IDEOLOGY & 9T5TIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ANONYM\S AU?OR1 ,SOLI .<,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A.> CLAIM$ ?AT ,DURRUTI WAS PREP>$ TO R5\NCE ALL REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES TO W9 ! W>4 ,! AU?OR ( ! >TICLE 9 ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE VIEW$ SU* A CLAIM AS AN \TRAGE & AS ! WOR/ POSSIBLE 9SULT AGA9/ ! MEMORY ( ,DURRUTI4 ,! ,GR\P'S VIEW ( ,DURRUTI'S IDEOLOGY WAS 5TIRELY CONTR>Y TO ?AT (F]$ BY ,SOLI3 

0,DURRUTI NEV] R5\NC$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,IF HE DID SAY ?AT EV]Y?+ EXCEPT VICTORY MU/ BE R5\NC$1 HE WAS REF]R+ TO ! FACT ?AT WE MU/ BE PREP>$ = ! GREATE/ SACRIFICES1 EV5 ( LIFE ITSELF1 RA!R ?AN SUBMIT TO FASCISM4 

0,9 ! M\? ( ,DURRUTI1 H[EV]1 ! CONCEPT ( VICTORY DOES NOT IMPLY ! LEA/ SEP>ATION ( ! W> & ! REVOLUTION4 .<444.> ,WE DO NOT BELIEVE1 & ( ?IS WE >E CONV9C$1 ?AT ,DURRUTI W\LD HAVE ADVOCAT$ ?AT ! CLASS1 :I* A*IEV$ TOTAL VICTORY AT ! CO/ ( SU* GREAT SACRIFICES1 W\LD BE ! SAME CLASS ?AT IS CON/ANTLY MAK+ CONCESSIONS & COMPROMISES = ! B5EFIT ( ! 5EMY CLASS4 .<444.> 

0,DURRUTI WANT$ TO W9 ! W>1 BUT HE ALWAYS KEPT AN EYE ON ! RE>GU>D4 .<444.> 

0,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI NEV] R5\NC$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WILL NEV] R5\NCE IT EI!R40 

,! TWELF? ISSUE ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE1 DAT$ ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #a#i#c#h1 WAS ! LA/ ISSUE ( ! BULLET9 ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P4 

,! ,B,A,L,I,U,S ,P,A,M,P,H,L,E,T3 0,T,[,>,D,S ,A ,N,E,W ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N0 

,! PAMPHLET1 0,T[>DS A ,NEW ,REVOLUTION0.<#a#e#e.> WAS PUBLI%$ CL&E/9ELY 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#h1 AL?\< ,BALIUS BEGAN WRIT+ IT >\ND ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#g4 ,IT IS ! MO/ ELABORATE ( ! TEXTS ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 & !RE=E DES]VES A SEP>ATE COMM5T>Y4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! PAMPHLET W]E ALREADY SET =? 9 ! $ITORIALS ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE 9 ISSUES #e1 #f & #g1 ?AT IS1 9 ! ISSUES PUBLI%$ BETWE5 ,JULY #b & ,AUGU/ #c#a4 

,! PAMPHLET CONSI/S ( #ca PAGES1 & IS DIVID$ 9TO EI<T *APT]S4 ,9 ! FIR/ *APT] A BRIEF HI/ORICAL 9TRODUCTION IS PRES5T$1 9 :I* ,BALIUS (F]S A GROTESQUE DEPICTION ( ! P]IOD EXT5D+ FROM ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMA DE ,RIV]A UNTIL ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d4 ,9 ! SECOND *APT] ! EV5TS LEAD+ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #ai >E ANALYZ$4 

,SOME ( HIS CLAIMS >E QUITE /RIK+1 & >E NO LESS TRUE = BE+ PRES5T$ 9 SU* A BLUNT MANN]3 

0,! PEOPLE LOOK$ = WEAPONS4 ,!Y GOT !M4 ,!Y OBTA9$ !M BY !IR [N EF=TS4 ,NOBODY GAVE !M TO !M4 ,NEI!R ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC NOR ! ,G5]ALITAT GAVE !M A S+LE RIFLE40 

,WE MU/ CALL ATT5TION TO ! PR(\ND ANALYSIS ( ! REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf C>RI$ \T BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P3 

0,! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS POPULATION WAS ON ! SIDE ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,! MAJORITY ORGANIZATION 9 ,CATALUNA WAS ! ,C,N,T4 ,:AT HAPP5$ ?AT CAUS$ ! ,C,N,T NOT TO C>RY \T ITS REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS ! REVOLUTION ( ! PEOPLE1 ?AT ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PROLET>IAT8 

0,:AT HAPP5$ WAS :AT HAD TO HAPP54 ,! ,C,N,T WAS )\T A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,WE DID NOT HAVE A CORRECT PROGRAM4 ,WE DID NOT KN[ :]E WE W]E GO+4 ,A LOT ( POETRY1 BUT 9 ! F9AL ACC\NT+1 WE DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) ?OSE 5ORM\S MASSES ( WORK]S1 WE DID NOT KN[ H[ TO GIVE FLEXIBILITY TO ?AT POPUL> SURGE ?AT P\R$ =? 9 \R ORGANIZATIONS & BECAUSE WE DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO WE SURR5D]$ ! REVOLUTION ON A PLATT] TO ! B\RGEOISIE & ! ,M>XI/S1 :O PLAY$ ! SAME OLD MASQU]ADE1 & :AT IS MU* WORSE1 WE GAVE !M ! RESPITE !Y NE$$ TO REBUILD !IR =CES & IMPLEM5T A VICTORI\S PLAN4 ,NO ONE KNEW H[ TO REALIZE ! FULL POT5TIAL ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,NO ONE WANT$ TO FOLL[ ?R\< ) ! REVOLUTION ) ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES40 

,?US1 ! REVOLUTION ( ,JULY FAIL$1 ACCORD+ TO ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 BECAUSE ! ,C,N,T LACK$ A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 ,MANY REASONS1 & DIV]SE & V>I\S EXPLANATIONS HAVE BE5 (F]$ FROM )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T CONC]N+ ! NATURE ( ! ,JULY REVOLUTION2 SOME HYPO!SES >E MORE OR LESS CONV9C+1 BUT NEI!R ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 NOR ,SEMPRUN-,MAURA1 NOR ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 NOR ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 NOR ,B]N]I1 HAVE BE5 AS CLE> & AS DEF9ITIVE1 NOR HAVE !Y ANALYZ$ ! NATURE ( ! ,JULY REVOLUTION ) ! SAME PR(UNDITY1 AS ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P DID 9 ! P>AGRAPH WE JU/ QUOT$4 

,?IS IS ONLY ! TIP ( ! ICEB]G1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 :O W]E NOT BRILLIANT !ORETICIANS1 OR GOOD ORGANIZ]S1 BUT ESS5TIALLY PEOPLE ( ! B>RICADES1 :O DEF5D$ !IR !ORETICAL POSITIONS ON ! BASIS ( !IR REFLECTIONS ON !IR EXP]I5CES1 )\T ANY O!R COMPASS ?AN !IR CLASS 9/9CT1 W]E CAPABLE1 9 ! TEXT ?AT WE %ALL CONSID] NEXT1 ( ONE ( ! BE/ CONTEMPOR>Y ANALYZES ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,AN ANALYSIS ?AT DES]VES CLOSE CONSID]ATION1 & ONE ?AT WE MU/ NOT LABEL AS AN>*I/ OR ,M>XI/1 BECAUSE IT IS ! ANALYSIS ( M5 :O DID NOT PLAY ) WORDS1 BUT ) LIVES1 & FIR/ ( ALL ) !IR [N3 0,:5 AN ORGANIZATION HAS SP5T ITS 5TIRE EXI/5CE CALL+ = REVOLUTION1 IT HAS ! OBLIGATION TO C>RY ?AT REVOLUTION \T PRECISELY :5 ! OPPORTUNITY TO DO SO IS PRES5T$4 ,& 9 ,JULY ?IS OPPORTUNITY >OSE4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD TO /EP UP & ASSUME ! LEAD]%IP ( ! C\NTRY1 DELIV]+ A SOLID KICK TO EV]Y?+ >*AIC1 EV]Y?+ ANCI5T1 & 9 ?IS WAY WE W\LD HAVE WON ! W> & WE W\LD HAVE WON ! REVOLUTION40 

0,BUT WE PROCE$$ 9 A MANN] CONTR>Y TO ?IS4 ,! ,C,N,T COLLABORAT$ ) ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! (FICES ( ! /ATE AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 ! /ATE WAS FALL+ AP>T EV]Y:]E4 ,IT RE9=C$ ,COMPANYS & HIS 5T\RAGE4 ,A BREA? ( FRE% AIR WAS GIV5 TO AN ANEMIC & C[$ B\RGEOISIE4 

0,ONE ( ! CAUSES ?AT L$ MO/ DIRECTLY TO ! /RANGULATION ( ! REVOLUTION & ! DISPLACEM5T ( ! ,C,N,T IS ?AT FACT ?AT IT ACT$ LIKE A M9ORITY FACTION DESPITE ! FACT ?AT WE HAD ! MAJORITY 9 ! /REETS4 .<444.> 

0,WE FUR!RMORE ASS]T ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E TOTALIT>IAN NO MATT] :AT ANYONE SAYS4 ,:AT HAPP5S IS ?AT V>I\S ASPECTS ( ! REVOLUTION GRADUALLY CONT9UE TO DEVELOP BUT ) ! GU>ANTEE ?AT ! CLASS ?AT REPRES5TS ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S IS ! ONE ?AT HOLDS ! GREATE/ RESPONSIBILITY4 ,& :5 ?+S >E DONE HALFWAY1 :AT HAPP5S IS JU/ :AT WE >E COMM5T+ ON1 ! DISA/] ( ,JULY4 

0,9 ,JULY A COMMITTEE ( ANTIFASCI/ MILITIAS WAS CON/ITUT$4 ,IT WAS NOT A CLASS ORGANIZATION4 ,IT CONTA9$ REPRES5TATIVES ( B\RGEOIS & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y FRACTIONS4 ,IT SEEM$ ?AT ?IS COMMITTEE HAD >IS5 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,BUT IT WAS A SC5E 9 A COM$Y40 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 WE MU/ CALL ATT5TION TO ! ,GR\P'S DEF9ITION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS AS AN 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION1 RA!R ?AN ! EMBRYONIC /AGE ( A WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,! CRITIQUE ( ! CONF$]AL COLLABORATIONISM 9 SAV+ & REBUILD+ ! /ATE IS COMB9$ ) ! TAUTOLOGY ?AT ! ONLY DUTY ( A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION IS TO C>RY \T ! REVOLUTION4 

,SO F>1 ALL ! ASS]TIONS ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI >E AN>*I/ OR?ODOXY4 ,AS A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( !SE ASS]TIONS1 H[EV]1 OR P]HAPS IT W\LD BE MORE CORRECT TO SAY1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,C,N,T1 ?AT HAD BECOME BOGG$ D[N 9 A PROJECT AS =EIGN TO AN>*ISM AS ! SALVATION & RECON/RUCTION ( A DECOMPOS+ CAPITALI/ /ATE1 WE COME TO A NOTABLE !ORETICAL BREAK?R\< ON ! P>T ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI3 REVOLUTIONS >E TOTALIT>IAN4 

,TOTALIT>IAN MEANS1 ABOVE ALL1 0TOTAL01 AL?\< 9 ?IS CONTEXT WE CANNOT EXCLUDE ! SECOND ACCEPT$ MEAN+ ( AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,IF ?IS CLAIM IS 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT1 !N WE W\LD HAVE TO ASS]T ?AT AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION IS AN IRRESOLVABLE CONTRADICTION4 ,! AN>*I/S 9 ,SPA9 9 #aicf EXP]I5C$ SOME?+ LIKE ?IS4 

,! PAMPHLET BY ,BALIUS1 9 ! NEXT *APT]1 ADDRESS$ ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY4 ,! REASON+ ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS AS CLE> & AS RADICAL AS IT WAS PRECISE3 ! CAUSE ( ! ,MAY ,EV5TS CAN BE F\ND 9 ! ,JULY 9SURRECTION1 BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT C>RI$ \T 9 ,JULY4 

0,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,CATALUNA C\LD HAVE BE5 A REALITY4 .<444.> ,BUT EV5TS TOOK A DIFF]5T TURN4 ,! REVOLUTION DID NOT TAKE PLACE 9 ,CATALUNA4 ,! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 :O DUR+ ! ,JULY EV5TS HAD KEPT 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 ONCE !Y NOTIC$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS ONCE AGA9 BE+ VICTIMIZ$ BY A H&FUL ( SOPHI/ICAL LEAD]S1 PREP>$ = BATTLE40 0,! REVOLUTION DID NOT TAKE PLACE 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f40 ,?IS ASS]TION ON ! P>T ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P 7AS WELL AS !IR ASS]TION CONC]N+ ! NECESS>ILY TOTALIT>IAN NATURE ( ALL REVOLUTIONS7 C\LD NOT BE MORE CLE> & EMPHATIC4 ,ALL ! HI/ORIANS1 H[EV]1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O GLORIFY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI AS SUP]H]OES & REPLACE ! CULT ( P]SONALITY ( ,L59 OR ,DURRUTI ) ?AT ( ,BALIUS1 DISREG>D ?IS DECL>ATION ?AT IS FUNDAM5TAL & CRUCIAL 9 UND]/&+ ! RISE1 ! REASON = EXI/5CE & ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,GR\P4 

,! ,GR\P'S ANALYSIS ( ,/AL9ISM1 & ! DECISIVE ROLE PLAY$ BY ,/AL9ISM AS A SPE>HEAD ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 WAS NOT ONLY A/UTE1 BUT WAS DEEPLY ROOT$ AS WELL 9 ! DESCRIPTION ( ! SOCIAL LAY]S ?AT PROVID$ !IR BASE ( SUPPORT4 ,WE MU/ PO9T \T1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! WORD 0,/AL9ISM0 WAS NEV] US$1 BUT RA!R ! T]MS1 0SOCIALISM0 OR 0,M>XISM01 ) ! EVID5T MEAN+ ?AT WE TODAY GIVE1 FROM A HI/ORICAL & IDEOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 TO ! WORD1 0,/AL9ISM04 

0,SOCIALISM 9 ,CATALUNA HAS BE5 DISA/R\S4 ,ITS RANKS HAVE BE5 FILL$ ) PEOPLE :O >E AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAVE ASSUM$ LEAD]%IP ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAVE GIV5 LIFE TO A ,U,G,T ?AT HAS BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ! ,G,E,P,C,I4 ,! ,M>XI/ LEAD]S HAVE SUNG ! PRAISES ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,& !Y HAVE MADE ! UNIT$ FRONT A CREATURE ( !IR [N1 FIR/ ELIM9AT+ ! ,P,\,M1 & !N !Y TRI$ TO REPEAT ?IS FEAT ) ! ,C,N,T4 

0,! MANEUV]S ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE ALLI$ ) ! SOCIALI/-COMMUNI/S1 RESULT$ 9 ! EV5TS ( ,MAY40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P ! ,MAY ,EV5TS W]E A PLANN$ PROVOCATION1 :OSE PURPOSE WAS TO CREATE A CLIMATE ( 9DECISIV5ESS1 :I* W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO DELIV] A DECISIVE BL[ AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 ORD] TO DEF9ITIVELY BR+ AN 5D TO A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION3 

0444 ! C\NT]REVOLUTION S\<T TO BR+ ! WORK+ CLASSES 9TO ! /REETS )\T A SOLID PLAN SO !Y C\LD BE CRU%$4 ,!IR GOALS W]E 9 P>T A*IEV$ DUE TO ! /UPIDITY ( A H&FUL ( LEAD]S :O ISSU$ ! ORD] TO CEASE FIRE & :O ACCUS$ ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ( BE+ AG5TS PROVOCATEURS :5 ! /REET BATTLES W]E BE+ WON & ! 5EMY WAS BE+ ELIM9AT$40 

,! ACCUSATION DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S 7AL?\< NO NAMES >E M5TION$1 WE CANNOT HELP BUT ?9K ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y7 WAS NOT MEANT TO BE AN 9SULT1 BUT CON/ITUT$ AN ADEQUATE DESCRIPTION ( !IR ACTIVITY DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ?\<T ?AT ! C\NT]REVOLUTION HAD ATTA9$ ITS *IEF OBJECTIVE1 :I* WAS ! CONTROL ( PUBLIC ORD] BY ! ,VAL5CIA ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! DESCRIPTION & ASSESSM5T ( ! WORK]S RESPONSE TO ! ,/AL9I/ PROVOCATION1 ?AT IS1 ! ,MAY ,EV5TS1 C>RI$ \T BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 IS V]Y 9T]E/+3 A7 ,IT WAS A SPONTANE\S REACTION2 B7 ,!RE WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP2 C7 ,! WORK]S HAD A*IEV$1 9 A FEW H\RS1 AN OV]:ELM+ MILIT>Y VICTORY4 ,ONLY A FEW BUILD+S 9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY CONT9U$ TO RESI/1 & !Y C\LD HAVE BE5 EASILY TAK52 D7 ,! DEFEAT ( ! 9SURRECTION WAS NOT A MILIT>Y DEFEAT1 BUT A POLITICAL DEFEAT4 

0,)9 A FEW H\RS ! /RUGGLE WAS DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! ,C,N,T1 :I* AS 9 ,JULY DEF5D$ ITS PR]OGATIVES ) >MS 9 H&4 ,WE CONQU]$ ! /REETS4 ,!Y W]E \RS4 ,!RE WAS NO HUMAN P[] ?AT C\LD DISLODGE US4 ,! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS IMM$IATELY FELL 9TO \R P[]4 ,& \R 5EMIES :O W]E GRADUALLY SURR\ND$ & BOTTL$ UP 9 ONE P>T ( ! CITY--! D[NT[N >EA--W\LD SOON HAVE BE5 CONQU]$ HAD ! COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T NOT DEFECT$40 ,NEXT1 ,BALIUS JU/IFI$ ! ACTIONS UND]TAK5 BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DUR+ ! BLOODY WEEK ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g3 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 9 A SITUATION ( 9DECISION & G5]ALIZ$ DISORI5TATION AMONG ! RANKS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 DI/RIBUT$ A LEAFLET & A MANIFE/O1 = ! PURPOSE ( GIV+ A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION & GOALS TO ! EV5TS4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! MA9 CONC]N ( ! ,GR\P1 FAC$ ) ! 9CR$IBLE POSITION ( ! CONF$]AL LEAD]%IP ?AT S\<T PEACE & BRO!RHOOD1 WAS ?AT ! B>RICADES NOT BE AB&ON$ )\T CONDITIONS & GU>ANTEES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BALIUS1 9 ,MAY !RE WAS /ILL TIME TO SAVE ! REVOLUTION1 & ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI W]E ! ONLY PEOPLE :O W]E CAPABLE ( RIS+ TO ! *ALL5GE ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! BL9DNESS ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I TO ! REPRESSION ?AT W\LD BE 9FLICT$ ) IMPUNITY AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S1 HAD ALREADY BE5 =ESE5 BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,! *APT] ( ! PAMPHLET DEVOT$ TO COLLABORATIONISM & ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS ( GREAT 9T]E/4 ,COLLABORATION 9 ! TASKS ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE WAS ! MA9 ACCUSATION LEVEL$ BY ! ,GR\P AGA9/ ! ,C,N,T4 ,! CRITIQUE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS EV5 MORE RADICAL ?AN ?AT ( ,B]N]I1 BECAUSE ! LATT] CRITICIZ$ ! P>TICIPATION ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :ILE ! ,GR\P CRITICIZ$ ! COLLABORATION ( ! ,C,N,T ) ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,NOR WAS ?IS JU/ A MATT] ( TWO V]BAL EXPRESSIONS ) ONLY A SLI<T DIFF]5CE 9 EMPHASIS2 ?IS 9VOLVES AN 5TIRE POLITICAL CONCEPTION DI/9CT FROM ! ONE ?AT ,B]N]I HAD 9 M9D4 ,AS WE READ 9 ! PAMPHLET3 

0,WE DO NOT HAVE TO COLLABORATE ) CAPITALISM1 NOT FROM \TSIDE ! B\RGEOIS /ATE OR FROM )9 ITS GOV]NM5TAL DEP>TM5TS4 ,\R ROLE AS PRODUC]S IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! TRADE UNIONS1 /R5G!N+ ! ONLY BONDS ?AT MU/ CONT9UE TO EXI/ AFT] A REVOLUTION L$ BY ! WORK]S4 .<444.> ,& ONE CANNOT PRES]VE A /ATE ALONGSIDE ! TRADE UNIONS--MU* LESS RE9=CE IT ) \R [N =CES4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL CONT9UES4 ,A B\RGEOISIE EXI/S 9 \R [N L& ?AT IS COMPLICIT ) ! 9T]NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,! PROBLEM IS ! SAME AS IT WAS YE>S AGO40 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI CLAIM$ ?AT ! COLLABORATIONI/S W]E ! ALLIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* AM\NTS TO SAY+ ?AT ! AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S1 AS WELL AS ALL ?OSE :O ADVOCAT$ COLLABORATIONISM1 W]E ALLIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE3 

0,! COLLABORATIONI/S >E ALLIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! 9DIVIDUALS :O ADVOCATE ?IS K9D ( COMPLICITY DO NOT C>E AB\T ! CLASS /RUGGLE NOR DO !Y HAVE ! LEA/ RESPECT = ! TRADE UNIONS4 

0,AT NO TIME MU/ WE ACCEPT ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! P[] ( \R 5EMY4 

0,! 5EMY MU/ BE ATTACK$4 .<444.> ,BETWE5 EXPLOIT]S & EXPLOIT$ !RE CANNOT BE ! LEA/ CONTACT4 ,ONLY 9 ! /RUGGLE WILL IT BE DECID$ :I* SIDE IS VICTORI\S4 ,EI!R ! WORK]S OR ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT BY NO MEANS BO? AT ! SAME TIME40 

,! ,GR\P1 H[EV]1 NEV] TOOK ! NEXT1 DECISIVE /EP1 :I* C\LD BE NONE O!R ?AN TO BREAK ) AN ORGANIZATION ( A COLLABORATIONI/ NATURE1 :I* HAD PROV5 ITS 9ABILITY TO CURTAIL & PUT AN 5D TO ?IS POLICY ( ALLIANCE ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,GR\P NEV] PROPOS$ A BREAK ) ! ,C,N,T1 NOR DID IT EV] D5\NCE ?IS ORGANIZATION AS AN ORGANIZATION ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT DID NOT DRAW ALL ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! IDEOLOGICAL PREMISES IT SET =?4 ,IT WAS EASI] TO ACCUSE A H&FUL ( 9DIVIDUALS1 A FEW LEAD]S :O ADVOCAT$ A POLICY ( COLLABORATION ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 ?AN IT WAS TO >RIVE AT ! BRUTAL & PA9FUL CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,C,N,T1 :I* DUR+ ! TW5TIES & ?IRTIES HAD BE5 ! BE/ ORGANIZ] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT 9 ,SPA91 HAD BECOME1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ! W>1 BY WAY ( ITS UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT = ! POLICY ( ,A,N,T,I,F,A,S,C,I,/ ,U,N,I,T,Y1 AN ORGANIZATION ( COLLABORATION ) & SUBMISSION TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT WAS NOT ! AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! ,C,N,T'S DEVIATION FROM ITS PR9CIPLES2 IT WAS ! ,C,N,T ?AT PRODUC$ SU* ,M9I/]S4 

,! TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,C,N,T HAD BY #ai* CEAS$ TO BE WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ORI5T$ T[>DS ! CLASS /RUGGLE2 !Y HAD BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! S]VICE ( ! /ATE1 BY MEANS ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! 9CREASE ( & CONV]SION TO W> PRODUCTION1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT LABOR WAS BE+ MILIT>IZ$4 ,! TRADE UNIONS N[ PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT & IRREPLACEABLE ECONOMIC ROLE4 

,! ,GR\P1 H[EV]1 ?\<T ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS W]E /ILL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,NOT EV5 ! ,CATALAN ,U,G,T1 ,/AL9I/ TO ! CORE1 & ! M]E TOOL ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 ! P>TY ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 WAS VIEW$ BY ! ,GR\P AS AN 9/ITUTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,AFT] ,MAY #aicg ! V>I\S ,TRADE ,UNIONS & ,F$]ATIONS ( ,9DU/RY UND]W5T A *ANGE ( FUNCTION & NATURE1 HAV+ BECOME REGULATORY1 COORD9AT+ & C5TRALIZ+ 9/ITUTIONS = PRODUCTION1 CONV5I5TLY 09SPECT$0 BY TE*NICAL COMMISSIONS4 ,!Y HAD CEAS$ TO BE CLASS TRADE UNIONS1 DEF5D]S ( ! DEM&S ( ! WORK]S1 9 ORD] TO BECOME 0A NEW TYPE ( BOSS0.<#a#e#f.> ?AT ORGANIZ$ ! ECONOMY 9 OB$I5CE TO ! DIRECTIVES ISSU$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 7OR1 BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#c#h1 BY ! ,REPUBLIC74 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5.<#a#e#g.> H[ ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS HAD BE5 TRANS=M$ FROM ! WORK]S EXPROPRIATIONS ( ,JULY #aicf 9TO A CAPITALISM ( TRADE UNION MANAGEM5T & /ATE PLANN+1 LEGALIZ$ BY ! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ,DECREE1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 & FUR!R AU?ORIZ$ BY ! DECREES ( ,S',AG>O 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #aicg A REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE BY ! WORK]S = SOCIALIZATION AS OPPOS$ TO COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! ECONOMY WAS UND]WAY4 

,BEG9N+ 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 HAV+ LO/ !IR FUNCTIONS AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! DEM&S ( ! WORK]S & ONCE EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPT HAD BE5 DEFEAT$1.<#a#e#h.> BECAME ALI5AT$ FROM ! WORK]S1 & !IR NATURE UND]W5T A TRANS=MATION1 AS !Y BECAME 9/ITUTIONS ( ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T1 AS WELL AS CONTROL & MONITOR+ ( LABOR PRODUCTIVITY4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALIZATION PROMOT$ BY ! WORK]S 9 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS OR ,F$]ATIONS ( ,9DU/RY 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#g1.<#a#e#i.> WAS 9 FACT CONV]T$1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,MAY1 9TO A DET]M9$ DRIVE = ECONOMIC & MANAG]IAL C5TRALIZATION1 COORD9AT$ FROM !SE SAME ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONS1 & SUBJECT TO /ATE PLANN+1 :I* 9 ADDITION L$ TO ADVOCACY ( ! NE$1 FROM AN EXCLUSIVELY PRODUCTIVITY-BAS$ P]SPECTIVE1 ( ,C,N,T-,U,G,T UNITY4 ,MANAG]IAL UNITY1 PRES5T$ DEMAGOGICALLY AS ! CULM9ATION ( 0WORK+ CLASS UNITY04 

,! ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONS1 :I* PRIOR TO ,MAY #aicg W]E ! REVOLUTION>Y 9/RUM5TS ( ! WORK]S = SOCIALIZ+ ! ECONOMY1 HAD BE5 TRANS=M$1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,MAY 9SURRECTION1 9TO ! 9/RUM5TS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION TO 5=CE ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ECONOMY & LABOR4 ,! ,GR\P WAS 9CAPABLE ( ANALYZ+ ?IS TRANS=MATION4 

,IT WAS !RE=E IMPOSSIBLE = ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI TO TAKE ! DECISIVE /EP4 ,IF !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( RECOGNIZ+ ! REAL NATURE 79 #a#i#c#h7 ( ! TRADE UNIONS AS AN APP>ATUS ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 !Y C\LD NOT PROPOSE A BREAK ) A ,C,N,T ?AT HAD EX*ANG$ ITS WORK+ CLASS & TRADE UNION *>ACT] = ?AT ( A BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTION ( ! /ATE4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! TRADE UNIONS PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! ,GR\P'S !ORETICAL >GUM5TS2 ITS ACCUSATIONS W]E DIRECT$ AGA9/ 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT AGA9/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! ,GR\P DID NOT RECOGNIZE ! ILLNESS OR ITS CAUSES1 BUT ONLY A FEW ( ITS SYMPTOMS4 ,! PAMPHLET PROCE$S ) AN EXPLANATION ( ! POSITIONS & ! PROGRAM ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P4 ,! PR9CIPLES & *>ACT]I/IC POLITICAL POSITIONS1 ( A TACTICAL *>ACT]1 W]E 5UM]AT$ 9 A P>TIAL1 CONFUS$ & IMPRECISE WAY1 COMP>$ TO PREVI\S =MULATIONS1 :I* WAS P]HAPS ! RESULT ( ! FACT ?AT ! PAMPHLET WAS WRITT5 9 HA/E & UND] PRESSURE1 OR ELSE DUE TO ! 9SIGNIFICANT SUPPORT !Y 5C\NT]$ AT ! TIME4 

,! PROGRAM WAS SUCC9CTLY \TL9$ ON ! BASIS ( ! EXP]I5CE ( ,JULY1 :I* ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DEPICT$ V]Y EXPRESSIVELY AS A TRIUMPHANT 9SURRECTION1 :I* ONLY LACK$ A !ORY & REVOLUTION>Y GOALS3 0,NO ONE KNEW :AT ROAD TO FOLL[4 ,WE LACK$ A !ORY4 ,WE HAD SP5T YE>S REVOLV+ >\ND AB/RACTIONS4 ,! LEAD]S AT ! TIME ASK$ !MSELVES1 :AT DO WE DO N[8 ,& !Y ALL[$ ! REVOLUTION TO SLIP AWAY4 ,DUR+ CULM9AT+ MOM5TS LIKE ?OSE WE MU/ NOT HESITATE4 ,BUT WE HAVE TO KN[ :]E WE >E GO+4 ,& ?IS IS ! VACUUM WE WANT TO FILL1 S9CE WE UND]/& ?AT :AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,JULY & 9 ,MAY CANNOT BE REPEAT$40 

0,9 \R PROGRAM WE 9TRODUCE A SLI<T V>IATION )9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ,! CON/ITUTION ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA40 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA WAS DEF9$ BY ! ,GR\P AS A VANGU>D =M$ TO REPRESS ! 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION3 

0,! REVOLUTION1 AS WE UND]/& IT1 NE$S 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WAT* OV] IT & ?AT WILL REPRESS1 9 AN 9TEGRAL S5SE1 ?OSE 5EMY SECTORS ?AT CURR5T CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE DEMON/RAT$ >E NOT RESIGN$ TO !IR [N DISAPPE>ANCE4 

0,P]HAPS !RE >E AN>*I/ COMRADES :O FEEL C]TA9 IDEOLOGICAL SCRUPLES1 BUT ! LESSON WE HAVE SO H>%LY LE>N$ IS SUFFICI5T TO CONV9CE US ?AT WE CANNOT BEAT >\ND ! BU%4 ,IF WE WANT TO PREV5T ! NEXT REVOLUTION FROM BE+ AN EXACT REPLICA ( :AT HAS JU/ OCCURR$1 WE MU/ PROCE$ ) ! UTMO/ 5]GY 9 DEAL+ ) ?OSE :O DO NOT ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ! WORK+ CLASS40 

,NEXT1 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI SET =? !IR REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 :I* CAN BE BRIEFLY SUMM>IZ$ BY ?REE MAJOR PO9TS3 #a4 ,! CON/ITUTION ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 OR ,C\NCIL ( ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE1 :OSE MISSION W\LD CONSI/ ( ! CONDUCT ( ! W>1 CONTROL ( PUBLIC ORD]1 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS & REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A2 #b4 ,ALL ECONOMIC P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS--?IS IMPLI$ ! CREATION ( AN AU!NTIC TRADE UNION CAPITALISM2 #c4 ,! ,FREE ,MUNICIPALITY1 AS ! BASIC CELL ( T]RITORIAL ORGANIZATION1 HALFWAY BETWE5 A DEC5TRALIZ$ /ATE & ! TYPICAL AN>*I/ F$]AL CONCEPTION4 ,! PAMPHLET CONCLUDES ) A F9AL SECTION1 :I* HAS ! SAME TITLE AS ! PAMPHLET1 9 :I* A LAPID>Y & REALI/IC ASSESSM5T IS (F]$3 0! REVOLUTION NO LONG] EXI/S40 ,AFT] A LONG S]IES ( ASSUMPTIONS & QUE/IONS AB\T ! IMM$IATE FUTURE1 9 :I* ! =CE ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION IS V]IFI$1 A VOLUNT>I/IC1 & P]HAPS RHETORICAL APPEAL IS MADE ON BEHALF ( A FUTURE REVOLUTION CAPABLE ( SATISFY+ ! HOPES ( HUMANITY & ! AN>*I/ IDEAL4 ,! VICTORY ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ! REPUBLICAN ZONE1 H[EV]1 & ! VICTORY ( ! FASCI/S 9 ! W> W]E ALREADY 9EVITABLE1 AS ,BALIUS ACKN[L$G$ 9 HIS #ai< ,9TRODUCTION 75TITL$ 0,=TY ,YE>S ,AGO07 TO ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE $ITION ( 0,T[>DS A ,NEW ,REVOLUTION0 7PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE1 0,T[>DS A ,FRE% ,REVOLUTION074 

,C,O,N,C,L,U,S,I,O,N,S 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS1 BO? ) REG>D TO ITS NUM]ICAL /R5G? AS WELL AS ITS GOALS1 MU* MORE ?AN JU/ AN AFF9ITY GR\P1 & WAS MORE LIKE A SECTOR ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 SIMIL> TO ! 0,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES04 ,IT NEV] ATTEMPT$ TO PROPOSE A REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,IT ONLY OPPOS$ ! BUREAUCRATIC LEAD]%IP ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 & WAS CONT5T TO CALL = NEW LEAD]S4 ,IT WAS NOT 9FLU5C$1 EI!R 9 :OLE OR 9 P>T1 BY ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 OR BY ! ,P,\,M4 ,ITS IDEOLOGY & ITS SLOGANS W]E TYPICALLY CONF$]AL2 AT NO TIME C\LD IT BE SAID TO HAVE DISPLAY$ A ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 IT C]TA9LY DISPLAY$ A GREAT DEAL ( 9T]E/ 9 ! EXAMPLE ( ,M>AT1 & ONE MI<T BE ABLE TO SPEAK ( A P[]FUL ATTRACTION = ! ASSEMBLY MOVEM5T ( ! ,P>IS ,SECTIONS1 = ! SANS-CULOTTES & ! 5RAGES1 AS WELL AS = ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ( ,ROBESPI]RE & ,SA9T-,JU/1 :I* W]E /UDI$ BY ,KROPOTK9 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT NEV] REF]R$ TO1 & WAS P]HAPS UNAW>E (1 ! AN>*I/ ,PLAT=M1 ) :I* IT NONE!LESS POSSESS$ C]TA9 FEATURES 9 COMMON4 

,ITS GOAL WAS SIMPLY TO CONFRONT ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,C,N,T1 TO PROVIDE ! ,C,N,T ) IDEOLOGICAL COH]5CE1 & TO RESCUE IT FROM ! RULE ( 9DIVIDUALS & SUP]IOR COMMITTEES /AFF$ BY (FICIALS 9 ORD] TO RETURN IT TO ITS ROOTS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ITS RAISON D'ETRE WAS TO 5GAGE 9 CRITICISM ( & OPPOSITION TO ! ,C,N,T'S POLICY ( CON/ANT CONCESSIONS1 & ( C\RSE TO ! ,C,O,L,L,A,B,O,R,A,T,I,O,N ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S 9 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,GR\P WAS OPPOS$ TO ! AB&ONM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES & ( ! FUNDAM5TAL & *>ACT]I/IC IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM1 :I* HAD BE5 DISREG>D$ BY ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 ! NAME ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY & ! NE$ TO ADAPT TO CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,)\T A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY !RE IS NO REVOLUTION4 ,IF PR9CIPLES >E ONLY CA/ ASIDE AT ! FIR/ OB/ACLE IMPOS$ BY REALITY1 P]HAPS IT W\LD BE BETT] IF WE ADMITT$ ?AT WE HAVE NO PR9CIPLES4 ,! HI<E/ LEAD]S ( ,SPANI% AN>*OSYNDICALISM ?\<T !Y W]E CLEV] NEGOTIATORS1 BUT !Y W]E MANIPULAT$ LIKE PUPPETS4 ,!Y R5\NC$ EV]Y?+1 9 EX*ANGE = NO?+4 ,!Y W]E JU/ SO MANY OPPORTUNI/S )\T ANY OPPORTUNITIES4 ,! 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #ai DID NOT 5C\NT] A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D CAPABLE ( IMPOS+ ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 DE/ROY+ ! CAPITALI/ /ATE & UND]TAK+ AN AU!NTIC WORK+ CLASS REVOLUTION4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD NO PLAN = :AT TO DO ONCE ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ WAS DEFEAT$4 ,! VICTORY ( ,JULY PLUNG$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S 9TO DISMAY & CONFUSION4 ,!Y HAD BE5 LEFT BEH9D BY ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPETUS ( ! MASSES4 ,& S9CE !Y DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO !Y ACCEPT$ ! PROPOSAL ( ,COMPANYS TO CON/ITUTE1 TOGE!R ) ! O!R P>TIES1 AN ,ANTIFASCI/ ,FRONT GOV]NM5T4 ,& !Y POS$ ! FALSE ,!,O,R,E,T,I,C,A,L DILEMMA ( AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP OR ANTIFASCI/ UNITY & COLLABORATION ) ! /ATE TO W9 ! W>1 BECAUSE 9 ,P,R,A,C,T,I,C,E !Y DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) P[]1 AT A TIME :5 !IR FAILURE TO SEIZE IT LEFT IT 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,SPANI% 0REVOLUTION0 WAS ! TOMB ( AN>*ISM AS AN ORGANIZATION & AS A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS IS ! ORIG9 & ! REASON = EXI/5CE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 :I* C\LD NOT1 H[EV]1 NOR DID IT KN[ H[ TO1 SAVE ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY FROM ITS DEA? ?ROES4 

,! LIMITATIONS ( ! ,GR\P W]E V]Y CLE>4 ,& SO1 TOO1 >E ITS HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS4 ,AT NO TIME DID IT EV] PROPOSE A BREAK ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,ONLY AN ABSOLUTE LACK ( ACQUA9TANCE ) ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATIONAL ME*ANICS.<#a#f.> C\LD LEAD ONE TO BELIEVE ?AT A PROJECT ( CRITICISM OR AN ATTEMPT TO FOM5T A S*ISM W\LD NOT 9EVITABLY LEAD TO EXPULSION1 :I* 9 ! CASE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS PREV5T$ BY ! SYMPA?Y = ! ,GR\P EXPRESS$ BY ! CONF$]AL RANK & FILE MILITANTS1 AL?\< AT ! PRICE ( AN IRON O/RACISM1 & ALMO/ COMPLETE ISOLATION4 

,! ,GR\P'S MAXIMUM OBJECTIVE WAS ! CRITIQUE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 & TO PUT AN 5D TO ! POLICY ( CONF$]AL P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! ,GR\P WANT TO PRES]VE ! 0CONQUE/S0 ( ,JULY1 BUT IT ALSO S\<T TO CONT9UE & 9T5SIFY A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT IT CONSID]$ TO BE 9SUFFICI5T & NEUTRALIZ$4 ,ITS ORGANIZATION & ! MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL1 H[EV]1 W]E EV5 MORE LIMIT$4 ,ITS MEMB]S W]E PEOPLE ( ! B>RICADES1 !Y W]E NOT GOOD ORGANIZ]S1 & W]E EV5 WORSE !ORETICIANS1 AL?\< !Y HAD SOME GOOD J\RNALI/S4 ,9 ,MAY !Y PUT ALL !IR FAI? 9 ! SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES4 ,!Y DID NOT EFFECTIVELY C\NT]ACT ! (FICIAL ,C,N,T PROPAG&A4 ,!Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( PROVID+ LEAD]%IP & COORD9ATION = ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ?AT HAD UNLEA%$ ! 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY4 ,!Y DID NOT MAKE USE (1 OR ATTEMPT TO ORGANIZE1 ! MILITANTS :O W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS4 ,!Y ISSU$ NO ORD]S TO ,MAXIMO ,FRANCO1 A MEMB] ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 & ! DELEGATE ( ! ,ROJ9EGRA ,DIVISION ( ! ,C,N,T1 :O ON ,MAY #d1 #a#i#c#g1 WANT$ 0TO DROP 9 ON ,B>CELONA0 ) HIS DIVISION BUT1 EXCEPT = HIMSELF & AB\T =TY MILITIAM5 ON AN 0OBS]VATION MISSION01 RETURN$ TO ! FRONT 7AS DID ! ,P,\,M COLUMN1 L$ BY ,ROVIRA7 AS A RESULT ( 9ITIATIVES UND]TAK5 BY ,MOL9A4 ,! HI< PO9TS ( ! ,GR\P'S ACTIVITY W]E3 ! PO/] DI/RIBUT$ AT ! 5D ( ,APRIL #a#i#c#g1 9 :I* IT PROPOS$ ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & ITS REPLACEM5T BY A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA2 ITS DOM9ATION ( SEV]AL B>RICADES ON ,LAS ,RAMBLAS1 DUR+ ! ,MAY ,EV5TS2 ! READ+ ( ! APPEAL = SOLID>ITY ) ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 DIRECT$ AT ALL ! WORK]S ( ,EUROPE2 ! DI/RIBUTION AT ! B>RICADES ( ! FAM\S LEAFLET ( ,MAY #e2 & ! SUMM>Y ( ! EV5TS SET =? 9 ! ,MANIFE/O ( ,MAY #h4 ,! ,GR\P WAS UNABLE1 H[EV]1 TO IMPLEM5T ANY ( ITS SLOGANS3 A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA WAS NEV] =M$4 ,! ,GR\P CALL$ = ! =MATION ( A COLUMN ?AT W\LD SET \T TO CONFRONT ! TROOPS COM+ FROM ,VAL5CIA2 BUT IT SOON AB&ON$ ! IDEA 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! SCANTY SUPPORT IT G5]AT$4 ,AFT] ! ,MAY ,EV5TS ! ,GR\P BEGAN PUBLI%+ ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE1 DESPITE ITS REPUDIATION BY ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 AL?\< ! ,GR\P HAD NOT BE5 \TLAW$ LIKE ! ,P,\,M1 IT SUFF]$ FROM ! POLITICAL P]SECUTION AIM$ AT ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS AS A :OLE4 ,ITS BULLET9 WAS PUBLI%$ CL&E/9ELY AFT] ! SECOND ISSUE 7,MAY #b#f71 & ITS $ITOR 9 *IEF ,JAIME ,BALIUS WAS >RE/$ & IMPRISON$ ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS4 ,O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,GR\P W]E DISMISS$ FROM !IR POSITIONS1 SU* AS ,BRUNO ,LLADO1 A C\NCILMAN 9 ! ,SABADELL MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T2 OR ,SANTANA ,CAL]O1 :O UND]W5T AN 9QUISITORIAL P]SECUTION )9 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,MO/ ( ITS MEMB]S EXP]I5C$ ATTEMPTS TO EXPEL !M FROM ! ,C,N,T1 :I* WAS ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,F,A,I4 ,NONE!LESS1 !Y C>RI$ ON ) !IR CL&E/9E PUBLICATION & DI/RIBUTION ( ! ,GR\P'S PRESS & LEAFLETS UNTIL ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#h4 ,! ,GR\P'S MO/ \T/&+ TACTICAL PROPOSALS MAY BE SUMM>IZ$ 9 ! FOLL[+ SLOGANS3 ! ECONOMY RUN BY ! TRADE UNIONS1 F$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES1 >MY ( MILITIAS1 REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 REPLACEM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT BY A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA1 & UNITY ( ACTION BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I-,P,\,M4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS !RE=E A FAIL$ ATTEMPT1 ONE ?AT HAD >IS5 FROM )9 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 TO CON/ITUTE A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA ?AT W\LD DELIV] ALL P[] TO ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,IT PROV$ TO BE 9CAPABLE1 NOT ONLY ( REALIZ+ ITS SLOGANS 9 PRACTICE1 BUT EV5 ( EFFECTIVELY PROPAGAT+ ITS IDEAS & PROVID+ PRACTICAL ORI5TATIONS = ! WAY TO FI<T = !M4 ,MAYBE ! T]RIFI$ B\RGEOISIE & ! DISGUIS$ PRIE/S SAW !M AS A GR\P ( WILD BRUTES1 BUT AMONG ITS MEMB]S IT 9CLUD$ SU* J\RNALI/S AS ,BALIUS & ,CALLEJA1 MILIT>Y COMM&]S SU* AS ,PABLO ,RUIZ1 ,FRANCISCO ,C>R5O & ,MAXIMO ,FRANCO1 & MUNICIPAL C\NCILORS LIKE ,BRUNO ,LLADO1 & TRADE UNIONI/S LIKE ,FRANCISCO ,PELLIC]1 & ! LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 ,JUAN ,SANTANA ,CAL]O4 ,ITS REMOTE ORIG9S %\LD BE S\<T AMONG ! LIB]T>IANS :O %>$ ! REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE ( ! 9SURRECTION ( ,ALTO ,LLOBREGAT 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#b1 9 ! ,F,A,I AFF9ITY GR\P 0,R5AC]0 BETWE5 #aicd & #a#i#c#f4 ,ITS MORE IMM$IATE ORIG9S >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! OPPOSITION TO ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! MILITIAS 7ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,GELSA SECTOR71 & 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S & ! CRITIQUE ( C5ETI/A COLLABORATION1 EXPRESS$ 9 >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 7FROM ,JULY UNTIL E>LY ,OCTOB]71 & 9 ,IDEAS & ,LA ,NO*E 7FROM ,JANU>Y TO ,MAY #a#i#c#g71 ESPECIALLY BY ,BALIUS4 ,ITS MEANS ( /RUGGLE W]E ! LEAFLET1 ! PO/]1 ! BULLET9 & ! B>RICADE2 BUT IT NEV] PROPOS$ S*ISM OR A BREAK AS A WEAPON ( /RUGGLE1 NOR DID IT D5\NCE ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! ,C,N,T1 NOR DID IT EV51 DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 MAKE A S]I\S EF=T TO CONFRONT ! CONF$]AL LEAD]S TO ATTEMPT TO C\NT]ACT ! EFFECT ( ! DEFEATI/ DIRECTIVES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI HAD ELABORAT$ AN ALT]NATIVE PROGRAM TO ?AT ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 BUT DID NOT PROVIDE AN ALT]NATIVE LEAD]%IP1 :I* LEFT !M DEF5SELESS AGA9/ ! MEASURES TAK5 TO EXPEL !M4 

,! HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P IS UND5IABLE1 H[EV]4 ,& ITS IMPORTANCE RESIDES PRECISELY 9 ITS *>ACT] AS AN 9T]NAL OPPOSITION TO ! COLLABORATIONI/ ORI5TATION ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! POLITICAL IMPORTANCE ( ITS EM]G5CE WAS IMM$IATELY RECOGNIZ$ BY ,&REU ,N91 :O DEVOT$ A EULOGI/IC & HOPEFUL >TICLE TO ! ,GR\P1 BECAUSE IT OP5$ UP ! POSSIBILITY ( A REVOLUTION>Y ORI5TATION ( ! C5ETI/A MASSES :O C\LD OPPOSE ! TREASON\S & COLLABORATIONI/ POLICY ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,?IS EXPLA9S ! 9T]E/ 9 TRY+ TO 9FLU5CE ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P ?AT WAS DISPLAY$ BY ! ,TROTSKYI/S AS WELL AS ! ,P,\,M2 AN 9FLU5CE ?AT !Y NEV] MANAG$ TO ASS]T4 

,! PR9CIPAL !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! ,GR\P TO AN>*I/ ?\<T CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ 9 !SE PO9TS3 

,A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 

,REPLACE ! CAPITALI/ /ATE ) A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 :I* W\LD HAVE TO BE PREP>$ TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION FROM ! 9EVITABLE ATTACKS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4 ,GUNS WILL BE US$ TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 

,BO? PO9TS W]E RECAPITULAT$ BY ! ,GR\P ITSELF 9 ITS SLOGAN3 0,A PROGRAM & GUNS40 

,ITS TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ APOLITICISM CAUS$ ! ,C,N,T TO LACK A !ORY ( REVOLUTION4 ,)\T A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY !RE IS NO REVOLUTION1 & NOT SEIZ+ P[] MEANS LEAV+ IT 9 ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,= ! ,GR\P1 ! ,C,C,M,A WAS AN 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION1 & HAD NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN TO CONSOLIDATE & =TIFY ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 :I* ! ,C,C,M,A DID NOT WANT TO DE/ROY & WAS 9CAPABLE ( DE/ROY+4 ,H5CE ! ADVOCACY BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P ( ! NECESSITY ( =M+ A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+1 C5TRALIZ+ & =TIFY+ ! P[] ( ! MULTITUDE ( WORK]S1 LOCAL1 DEF5SE1 5T]PRISE1 MILITIA COMMITTEES1 ETC41 ?AT W]E ! ONLY HOLD]S ( P[] BETWE5 ,JULY #ai & ,SEPTEMB] #b#f4 ,A P[] ?AT WAS FRAGM5T$ 9TO MULTIPLE COMMITTEES1 :I* LOCALLY HELD ALL P[]1 BUT BECAUSE !Y DID NOT F$]ATE1 C5TRALIZE & CONSOLIDATE !IR OP]ATIONS AMONG !MSELVES1 !Y W]E DET\R$1 WEAK5$ & TRANS=M$ BY ! ,C,C,M,A 9TO ,POPUL> ,FRONT MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATIONS1 MANAG+ COMMITTEES ( TRADE UNION-RUN 5T]PRISES & BATTALIONS 9 A REPUBLICAN >MY4 ,)\T ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y DAYS ( ,JULY #aicf W]E 9CAPABLE ( TAK+ ! /EP TO A NEW /RUCTURE ( WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,! DEG5]ATION & F9AL FIASCO ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS W]E 9EVITABLE4 ,! CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! RE=MI/ AN>*ISM ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 H[EV]1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS NOT CLE>1 PRECISE & />KLY \TL9$ 5\< TO PROVOKE A SPLIT ?AT W\LD CL>IFY ! OPPOS$ POSITIONS ( BO? SIDES4 ,! ACCUSATION ( 0BETRAYAL0 HURL$ BY ! ,GR\P AT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 ,MAY1 :I* WAS LAT] )DRAWN1 DID NOT EXPLA9 ANY?+ EI!R1 NOR DID IT AM\NT TO ANY?+ BESIDES A DES]V$ 9SULT1 BUT DID NOT ALL[ = ! SLI<TE/ PROGRESS4 ,?US1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! POLITICAL ?\<T EXPRESS$ BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS AN ATTEMPT TO UND]/& ! REALITY ( ! ,SPANI% W> & REVOLUTION FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY1 ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS :Y IT WAS REJECT$ BY ! CONF$]AL MILITANTS WAS ITS AU?ORIT>IAN & 0,M>XI/0 *>ACT]4 

,!SE AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MILITANTS1 H[EV]1 PROV$ TO BE 9CAPABLE ( CONTROLL+ !IR LEAD]S1 :O MADE ALL ! IMPORTANT DECISIONS 9 SECRET DISCUSSIONS AMONG 0DIGNIT>IES01 :I* W]E !N =MALLY RATIFI$ & PUBLICIZ$ AT ! (FICIAL ,PL5UMS4 ,! W> R5D]$ ! HORIZONTAL & DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONAL ME?ODS ( ! ,C,N,T1 :I* W]E TOO SL[ & 9EFFECTIVE1 OBSOLETE1 & ! LEAD]S ISSU$ ORD]S TO ! MILITANTS BY WAY ( MEMOR&A4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! URG5CY ( ! DECISION MAK+ PROCESS & ! PRIVILEG$ 9=MATION TO :I* !Y HAD ACCESS1 DUE TO !IR POSITIONS & RESPONSIBILITIES1 MADE !M 9DISP5SABLE4 ,?IS IS :Y !IR RESIGNATIONS OR ACCUSATIONS ( BETRAYAL ( PR9CIPLES W]E ALWAYS 9EFFECTIVE4 ,! WIDESPREAD OPPOSITION ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MASSES TO ! COLLABORATIONISM ( !IR LEAD]S1 DOCUM5T$ & DISPLAY$ AT A MYRIAD ( MEET+S & LOCAL PL5UMS1 F\ND NO \TLET1 BECAUSE IT WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! NAME ( ! SAME PR9CIPLES ?AT !IR LEAD]S PR(ESS$4 ,! /R5G? ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 & ! ,GR\P'S POSITIVE A*IEVEM5TS ) RESPECT TO ?IS MASSIVE BUT 0SIL5T0 OPPOSITION1 RESID$ 9 ! FACT ?AT ! ,GR\P HAD ITS [N PROGRAM TO OPPOSE TO ! CONF$]AL BUREAUCRACY2 ITS WEAKNESS D]IV$ FROM ! FACT ?AT IT WAS 9CAPABLE ( ALSO OPPOS+ A LEAD]%IP1 A GR\P ( LEAD]S ?AT W\LD BE CAPABLE ( OPPOS+ ! >I/OCRACY ( 0! M5 ( ACTION0 OR 0! 9TELLECTUALS01.<#a#f#a.> :O PROV$ TO BE ! ONLY LEAD]S POSSIBLE4 

,WE CAN CONCLUDE ?AT ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI F\ND !MSELVES 9 A DEAD 5D4 ,!Y C\LD NOT ACCEPT ! COLLABORATIONISM ( ! LEAD+ CADRES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ADVANC+ C\NT]REVOLUTION2 BUT IF !Y !ORIZ$ ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,SPANI% 0REVOLUTION01 ?AT IS1 ! NE$ = A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA ?AT W\LD OV]?R[ ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ,CATALUNA1 & VIOL5TLY REPRESS ! AG5TS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 !N !Y W]E LABEL$ AS ,M>XI/S & AU?ORIT>IANS & !RE=E =FEIT$ ANY *ANCE ( PROSELYTIZ+ AMONG ! CONF$]AL RANK & FILE4 ,WE MU/ ASK \RSELVES :E!R ! DEAD 5D ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS NO?+ BUT ! REFLECTION ( ! !ORETICAL 9CAPACITY ( ,SPANI% AN>*OSYNDICALISM TO CONFRONT ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! W> & ! 0REVOLUTION04 

,9 ,B>CELONA IT WAS1 & /ILL IS POSSIBLE TO HE> WORDS ( HATR$ & CONTEMPT DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,DURRUTI & 0HIS FRI5DS01 9 ! M\?S ( ! CLASS 5EMIES2 AMONG WORK+ CLASS MILIEUS1 H[EV]1 PEOPLE HAVE ALWAYS SPOK5 RESPECTFULLY ( A MY?OLOGIZ$ ,DURRUTI1 ( ! 5ORM\S DEMON/RATION ( ! PROLET>IAT AT HIS FUN]AL PROCESSION1 ( ! 9DOMITABLE REVOLT ( ! ,DURRUTI/AS1 ( ! AN>*I/ & REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS ( ,JULY #a#i4 ,DUR+ ! LONG NI<T ( ,FRANCOISM1 ANONYM\S H&S WROTE ! NAMES ( ,DURRUTI & ,ASCASO ON !IR NAMELESS TOMB/ONES4 ,IT IS NOT ! HI/ORIAN'S JOB TO RESPECT MY?S2 BUT IT IS HIS JOB TO D]IVE ! IMPORTANT LESSONS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,WE NE$ ONLY RETA9 TWO IMAGES4 ,9 ! FIR/1 WE SEE A SUBMISSIVE1 P]SUASIVE & G>RUL\S ,COMPANYS1 :O ON ,JULY #b (F]$ ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S POSITIONS 9 AN ,ANTIFASCI/ ,FRONT GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE !Y HAD DEFEAT$ ! FASCI/ MILIT>Y1 & P[] WAS 9 ! /REETS4 ,9 ! SECOND WE SEE A ,COMPANYS CORN]$1 ) ! GLOVES (F1 :O ON ,MAY #d WAS PLEAD+ ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC TO DISPAT* AN AIR =CE SQUADRON TO BOMB.<#a#f#b.> ! B>RACKS & ! /RON<OLDS ( ! ,C,N,T1 & ALL ! O!R T>GETS 9DICAT$ BY ! MILIT>Y *IEF ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 ,JOSE DEL ,B>RIO4.<#a#f#c.> ,BETWE5 !SE TWO IMAGES ROLL ! FILM ( ! 0REVOLUTION0 & ! W>4 ,MAY #aicg WAS CONTA9$ 9 EMBRYO 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,! ,GR\P HAD UND]/OOD ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E TOTALIT>IAN 7?AT IS1 TOTAL & AU?ORIT>IAN7 OR ELSE !Y >E DEFEAT$3 ?IS WAS ITS GREAT M]IT4.<#a#f#d.> ,& IT IS ON ?IS BASIS ?AT !Y MU/ BE REJECT$ OR ACCEPT$1 IF IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT SOME REVOLUTION>IES :O >E TAK+ ! FACTORIES & PROP]TIES FROM !IR LEGAL [N]S1 CANNOT DO SO PEACEFULLY & POLITELY1 BEGG+ & SAY+1 0PLEASE04 ,!RE IS NO?+ MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & VIOL5T ?AN /RIPP+ ! B\RGEOISIE ( ITS POSSESSIONS1 NO?+ IS MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & VIOL5T ?AN TO DEFEAT ! >MY 9 ! /REETS & SEIZE WEAPONS FROM ! B>RACKS1 NO?+ IS MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & VIOL5T ?AN TO BURN *UR*ES & MONA/]IES TO PUT AN 5D TO ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL P[] & 9FLU5CE ( ! ,*UR* ( #a#i#c#f4 ,?IS %\LD BE OBVI\S4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI HAD UND]/OOD ?AT A REVOLUTION1 BESIDES BE+ AU?ORIT>IAN & VIOL5T1 MU/ BE ,T,O,T,A,L3 ONE CANNOT MAKE POLITICAL AGREEM5TS ) ! B\RGEOISIE & GOV]N ALONGSIDE IT1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 ABOLI% ! ,G5]ALITAT & EX]CISE P[] FROM A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA1 CON/ITUT$ EXCLUSIVELY BY ! WORK+ CLASS =CES ?AT HAD F\<T 9 ! /REETS ON ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f4 ,REVOLUTIONS >E TOTALIT>IAN OR !Y >E DEFEAT$2 ?IS WAS ! ESS5TIAL !ORETICAL A*IEVEM5T ( ! ,GR\P4 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P HAS BE5 IGNOR$ & MY?OLOGIZ$ = A LONG TIME1 & MAYBE ! TIME HAS COME TO UND]/& IT 9 ITS HI/ORICAL CONTEXT4 ,9 ORD] TO DO SO1 H[EV]1 WE HAVE TO AVOID TRANS=M+ ! HI/ORY ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI 9TO A 0SITUATIONI/0 COMIC /RIP ( SUP]H]OES1 BECAUSE NOT ONLY DID ITS MEMB]S NOT HAVE ! MAK+S ( H]OES1 BUT !Y ALSO HAD !IR [N !ORETICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL LIMITATIONS1 S9CE !Y C\LD NOT1 NOR DID !Y EV] EV5 ATTEMPT TO BECOME A 0REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE0 TO ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 FROM :I* !Y NOT ONLY NEV] SPLIT1 BUT TO :I* !Y ALWAYS REMA9$ ATTA*$ ORGANIZATIONALLY EV5 9 ! FACE ( ATTEMPTS TO EXPEL !M ON ! P>T ( ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES4.<#a#f#e.> 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P BECAME DI/URB+ MIRROR = ! ,C,N,T BECAUSE !Y REFLECT$ A MON/R\S IMAGE1 :I* MANY PEOPLE DID NOT WANT & /ILL DO NOT WANT TO SEE3 IT WAS & IS BETT] TO JU/ BREAK ! MIRROR4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION1 ! QUE/ION ?AT IS TABOO = ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T & ! TOPIC ?AT SO MANY BOOKS1 MILITANTS & HI/ORIANS HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO ELUCIDATE1 BECAUSE !Y DO NOT UND]/& IT1 IS :Y ! REVOLUTION>IES ( YE/]DAY W]E TRANS=M$ AFT] A FEW MON?S 9TO ,M9I/]S1 0FIREM501 & C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4444 ,:Y DID ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S &_/OR ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T R5\NCE ! REVOLUTION 9 ,JULY #aicf & 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g8 ,! ANSW] GIV5 BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI !MSELVES--0! ,B,E,T,R,A,Y,A,L ( ! LEAD]S0--WAS NO?+ BUT AN 9SULT ?AT EXPLA9$ NO?+4 ,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 LACK+ A PROGRAM OR REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 SUPPORT$ ANTIFASCI/ UNITY4 ,IT S\<T TO UNITE ) SOCIALI/S1 ,/AL9I/S1 ,P,\,MI/AS1 REPUBLICANS & ,CATALANI/S TO DEFEAT FASCISM4 ,DUR+ ! ?IRTIES ANTIFASCISM WAS ! WOR/ POISON & ! GREATE/ VICTORY ( FASCISM4 ,! SACR$ UNION ( ALL ANTIFASCI/S TO DEFEAT FASCISM & DEF5D DEMOCRACY IMPLI$ = ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ! R5UNCIATION ( ITS [N PR9CIPLES1 ITS [N REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S1 EV]Y?+ 444 ?AT IS1 ! FAM\S SLOGAN FALSELY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,DURRUTI3 0WE R5\NCE EV]Y?+ EXCEPT VICTORY01 TO SUBMIT TO ! PROGRAM & 9T]E/S ( ! DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT WAS ?IS PROGRAM ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 ( COMPLETE & LOYAL COLLABORATION ) ALL ! ANTIFASCI/ =CES1 ?AT L$ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 RAPIDLY & UNCONSCI\SLY1 TO GOV]NM5T COLLABORATION ) ! SOLE OBJECTIVE ( W9N+ ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,IT WAS ?IS ADH]5CE TO ! ANTIFASCI/ PROGRAM 7?AT IS1 ! DEF5SE ( CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACY7 :I* EXPLA9S :Y & H[ ! SAME REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S ( YE/]DAY BECAME1 A FEW MON?S LAT]1 ,M9I/]S1 0FIREM501 BUREAUCRATS & C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4 ,IT WAS ! ,C,N,T ?AT PRODUC$ ,M9I/]S1 & !SE ,M9I/]S BETRAY$ NO?+ & NO ONE2 !Y RE/RICT$ !IR EF=TS TO FAI?FULLY EX]CIS+ !IR FUNCTIONS TO ! BE/ ( !IR ABILITIES4 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! 9SURRECTIONS ( ,JULY #aicf & ,MAY #aicg RESIDES 9 ! FACT ?AT ! REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,JULY W]E )\T >MS1 BUT HAD A PRECISE POLITICAL OBJECTIVE3 ! DEFEAT ( ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ & ( FASCISM2 :ILE 9 ,MAY1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y POSSESS$ MORE >MS ?AN !Y DID 9 ,JULY1 !Y W]E POLITICALLY DIS>M$4 ,! WORK+ CLASS MASSES BEGAN AN 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM & ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 DESPITE !IR ORGANIZATIONS & )\T !IR LEAD]S1 BUT !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( WAG+ W> TO ! 5D )\T !IR ORGANIZATIONS & AGA9/ !IR LEAD]S4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 AS 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 !RE WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 :I* ! PROLET>IAT HAD FAIL$ TO CREATE DUR+ ! ?IRTIES4 ,NEI!R ! ,P,\,M NOR ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I W]E1 NOR C\LD !Y HAVE BE51 ?AT REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 !Y W]E ! MAJOR OB/ACLES TO ITS EM]G5CE4 ,! 9COMPET5CE ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S & ! ABS5CE ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y !ORY LEFT NO O!R HORIZON ?AN ?AT ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY & ! DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM ( ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ME?ODS & ! GOALS ( ! PROLET>IAT HAD ALREADY DISAPPE>$ FROM ! /AGE4 ,! ,C,C,M,A NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO RE9=CE ! P[] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 BUT IT COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,G5]ALITAT TO WEAK5 & ABOLI% !M4 

,! B>RICADES ]ECT$ 9 ,JULY #aicf W]E /ILL /&+ MON?S LAT]2 :ILE ! B>RICADES ]ECT$ 9 ,MAY #aicg DISAPPE>$ IMM$IATELY1 EXCEPT = ! FEW ?AT ! ,P,S,U,C WANT$ TO LEAVE /&+ AS A TE/IMONIAL TO ITS P[] & ITS VICTORY4 

,MAY #a#i#c#g1 FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 AL?\< IT WAS UND\BT$LY ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! 9CREAS+ DISCONT5T 9 ! FACE ( RIS+ PRICES1 ! %ORTAGES ( FOOD & O!R PROVISIONS1 ! /RUGGLE )9 ! 5T]PRISES = SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY & WORK]S CONTROL1 ! ESCALATION ( ! ATTEMPTS BY ! ,G5]ALITAT TO DIS>M ! RE>GU>D & SEIZE CONTROL ( PUBLIC ORD]1 ETC41 ETC41 WAS ABOVE ALL ! NECESS>Y >M$ DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS REQUIR$ BY ! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO PUT A DEF9ITIVE 5D TO ALL REVOLUTION>Y ?REATS TO B\RGEOIS & REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS4 

,9 #a#i#c#h1 ! REVOLUTION>IES W]E DEAD1 9 JAIL OR 9 HID+4 ,! PRISONS CONTA9$ FIFTE5 ?\S& ANTIFASCI/ PRISON]S4 ,HUNG]1 BOMB+ & ,/AL9I/ REPRESSION W]E ! MA/]S & LORDS ( ,B>CELONA4 ,! MILITIAS & LABOR HAD BE5 MILIT>IZ$4 ,ORD] N[ REIGN$ ?R\<\T ALL ( ,SPA91 BO? 9 ! ,FRANCOI/ P>T AS WELL AS 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN P>T4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS NOT CRU%$ BY ,FRANCO 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#i2 ! ,REPUBLIC HAD ALREADY F9I%$ IT (F MANY MON?S E>LI]4 

.<#a#e#c.< ,CORRESPOND5CE & 9T]VIEW ( ! AU?OR ) ,JOSEP ,REBULL ,CABRE4 ,SEE ALSO ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 0,JOSEP ,REBULL DE #aicg A #a#i#c#i3 LA CRITICA 9T]NA A LA POLITICA DEL ,COMITE EJECUTIVO DEL ,P,\,M DURANTE LA ,REVOLUCION ESPANOLA01 ,BALANCE4 ,CUAD]NOS DE HI/ORIA1 NOS4 #ai & #b 7#b74 

O ,P>T #e 3 ,EPILOGUE 
,P>T #e -- ,EPILOGUE 

0,! WORK+ CLASS IS REVOLUTION>Y OR IT IS NO?+40 

,K>L ,M>X1 ,LETT] TO ,S*WEITZ] 7,FEBRU>Y #a#c1 #a#h#f#e7 

,! ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E,S ,( #aicf 

,9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 :AT WAS LACK+ WAS A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,)\T !ORY !RE IS NO REVOLUTION4 ,AFT] SEV5TY YE>S ( ANTI-/ATE PREA*+1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 )\T UND]/&+ ! REAL NATURE ( P[] & ! /ATE1 HAD COME TO A HI/ORICAL CROSSROADS :]E IT HAD TO DECIDE :E!R TO ADVANCE BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ROAD1 OR COLLABORATE ) ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 7& ! ,REPUBLIC7 9 ORD] TO DEFEAT FASCISM4 ,! AMBIGU\S OPTION ( 0GO+ = BROKE0 PROPOS$ BY ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS CONCEIV$ AS A C\P D'ETAT1 9 :I* ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S W\LD IMPOSE AN 0AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP0 ?AT WAS CONTR>Y TO !IR IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES4 ,! HI< LEVEL LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 LEFT BEH9D BY ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS1 FELT DIZZY BE=E !IR 9CAPACITY TO MANAGE ! VICTORY ( ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION4 ,& !Y *OSE TO COLLABORATE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION AS IT EXI/$ 9 ,JULY1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY P[] ?AT WAS FRAGM5T$ 9TO HUNDR$S ( COMMITTEES1 WAS ?ROTTL$ BY ?AT 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION KN[N AS ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS 7,C,C,M,A74 

,!RE WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D CAPABLE ( 9SPIR+ ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEES4 ,NO WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION1 NEI!R ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 NOR ! ,P,\,M1 PROPOS$ 9 ,JULY ! REVOLUTION>Y ROAD ( RE9=C+1 9T5SIFY+1 EXT5D+1 COORD9AT+ & C5TRALIZ+ ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ?AT1 9 ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA & 9 MANY MUNICIPALITIES ( ,CATALONIA1 ALREADY EX]CIS$ ALL P[]4 ,& ! COMMITTEES BY !MSELVES W]E NOT ABLE TO DO SO1 EI!R1 BECAUSE !Y W\LD HAVE HAD TO RESOLUTELY CONFRONT !IR [N LEAD]S & ORGANIZATIONS4 

,9 ONLY TWO MON?S ?IS ,C,C,M,A1 ) A PR$OM9ANT REPRES5TATION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 SUCCESSFULLY WEAK5$ ! MULTITUDE ( REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES :I* HAD >IS5 EV]Y:]E1 & RECON/RUCT$ ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 :I* ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I RE9=C$ BY ACCEPT+ V>I\S (FICIAL POSITIONS1 FIR/ 9 ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T1 & !N A MON? LAT] 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! FIR/ DECREES ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 RE9=C$ ) AN>*I/ ,M9I/]S1 ORD]$ ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,MILITIAS &1 NATURALLY1 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEES ?AT NONE!LESS RESI/$ !IR EFFECTIVE =C$ DISAPPE>ANCE = SEV]AL MORE MON?S4 ,MAY #aicg WAS !RE=E ! NECESS>Y >M$ DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAT REQUIR$ BY ! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO F9I% (F ! LEA/ TRACE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ?REAT4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ?AT HAD >IS5 9 ,JULY #aicf W]E 9COMPLETE & IMP]FECT 9/ITUTIONS1 9CAPABLE ( TRANS=M+ !MSELVES 9TO AU!NTIC 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,!Y DIFF]$ FROM WORK]S C\NCILS 7:I* HAD >IS5 AS 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S P[] 9 ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS ( ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA7 9 ! FOLL[+ RESPECTS3 #a4 ,!Y W]E NOT 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W]E DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ BY MASS ASSEMBLIES ( RANK & FILE WORK]S & !RE=E 9DEP5D5T ( ! TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACIES & ! P>TIES2 #b4 ,!Y W]E NOT UNIT>Y 9/ITUTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & W]E FUR!RMORE 9CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+ AMONG !MSELVES1 9 SU* A WAY AS TO CREATE SUP]IOR 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W\LD C5TRALIZE ! P[] ( ! WORK]S4 

,AFT] ! VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #ai TWO *OICES W]E POSSIBLE3 ! REVOLUTION>Y OPTION CONSI/$ 9 RE9=C+1 9T5SIFY+1 COORD9AT+ & C5TRALIZ+ ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES AS 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S P[]1 ,T,R,A,N,S,=,M,+ ,!,M ,9,T,O ,W,O,R,K,],S ,C,\,N,C,I,L,S2 ! POPUL> FRONT OR RE=MI/ OPTION CONSI/$ 9 ! 9TEGRATION ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T 9TO ! /ATE APP>ATUS ( ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE & !RE=E 9 ! WEAK5+1 ISOLATION & F9AL DISSOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEES4 

,! GOV]NM5T ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 DESPITE ITS WORK+ CLASS APPE>ANCES1 WAS BAS$ ON ! OLD /ATE APP>ATUS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS PURPOSE WAS TO ABSORB ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS & /RUCTURES 9 ORD] TO GRADUALLY NEUTRALIZE !M UNTIL1 ONCE ! B\RGEOIS FRACTION ( ! GOV]NM5T FELT /RONG 5\<1 !Y C\LD BE OP5LY CRU%$4 

,! TRADE UNIONS1 BY !IR V]Y NATURE1 W]E NOT 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S P[]4 ,! COMMITTEES W]E NOT YET SU* 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S P[]4 ,! COMMITTEES W]E NOT C\NCILS & !RE=E PROV$ TO BE 9CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+ AMONG !MSELVES1 & ( CREAT+ SUP]IOR 9/ITUTIONS CAPABLE ( C5TRALIZ+1 UNIFY+ & CREAT+ A WORK+ CLASS P[] ?AT W\LD CONFRONT ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,! IRREPLACEABLE & NECESS>Y MISSION ( A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D OR P>TY W\LD HAVE BE5 PRECISELY TO IMPEL ! TRANS=MATION ( ! COMMITTEES 9TO WORK]S C\NCILS4 

,! ,P,\,M & ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I FAIL$ AS REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>DS1 & ! COMMITTEES W]E 9CAPABLE ( BECOM+ 7BY !IR [N EF=TS7 C\NCILS4 ,?IS WAS ! PR9CIPAL LIMITATION & DET]M9+ CAUSE ( ! RAPID DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 :I* MADE POSSIBLE ! SUDD5 RECOV]Y ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE APP>ATUS4 

,WE MU/ !RE=E MAKE ! DI/9CTION1 AS ,JOSEP ,REBULL DID 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#g1.<#a#f#f.> ) PRECISION1 RIGOR & CL>ITY1 BETWE5 COMMITTEES1.<#a#f#g.> WORK]S C\NCILS & TRADE UNIONS4 ,!Y W]E DI/9CT WORK+ CLASS 9/ITUTIONS ) DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS4 

,! TRADE UNIONS1 DUR+ A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE ! ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 CONTROL ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 ?AT IS1 TE*NICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT !Y C\LD NOT BE1 NOR C\LD !Y FULFILL1 FUNCTIONS ( POLITICAL REPRES5TATION OR 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,! ,C\NCILS >E PRECISELY ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK]S P[] ?AT1 DUE TO !IR DEMOCRATIC ELECTION 9 ASSEMBLIES1 >E 9DEP5D5T ( ! TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACIES & ! P>TIES4 ,! /R5G!N+ ( ! C\NCILS MEANS ?AT !Y WILL ASSUME LEAD]%IP FUNCTIONS 9 EV]Y LOCALITY1 ACCEL]AT+ ! DECOMPOSITION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,!Y >E !RE=E 9COMPATIBLE ) ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 & !IR DEF5SE IS IRRECONCILABLE ) ! P>TIES ?AT P>TICIPATE 9 ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,! SEIZURE ( P[] IS BAS$ ON ! >M$ /RUGGLE & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 :I* IS REPLAC$ ) A GOV]NM5T ( ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS4 

,! FUNCTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D IS NOT TO BE A SUB/ITUTE = ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ?OSE FUNCTIONS ?AT ONLY P]TA9 TO ! CLASS ITSELF3 SEIZ+ P[]1 EX]CISE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY & ! MILITIAS1 CONDUCT ( ! W>1 C5TRALIZATION ( WORK]S P[] & CLASS UNITY1 ETC4 ,! FUNCTION ( ?IS ORGANIZATION1 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 IS NECESS>ILY ?AT ( IMPELL+ ! CREATION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK+ CLASS P[]1 SO ?AT !Y CAN EX]CISE !IR FUNCTIONS ( WORK]S P[]1 & ?US E/ABLI% A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 9COMPATIBLE ) ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 & !RE=E )\T ANY POLITICAL COLLABORATION ( ANY K9D ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,9SURRECTIONS1 REBELLIONS & REVOLUTIONS 

,IF WE DEF9E REVOLUTION1 9 ! #b? C5TURY1 AS ! VIOL5T CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE = ! F9AL GOAL 7:E!R IT IS A*IEV$ OR NOT7 ( ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[]1 C>RI$ \T BY POLITICAL =CES ?AT >E OPPOS$1 NOT ONLY TO ! CURR5T REGIME1 BUT TO ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]1 & ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION AS ! ATTEMPT TO DE/ROY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE APP>ATUS1 WE >E DIFF]5TIAT+ ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION FROM ! POPUL> REVOLUTIONS & ! LATT] FROM O!R POLITICAL =MS ( *ANG+ ! GOV]NM5T1 SU* AS C\PS D'ETAT1 FASCI/ & ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTIONS 7AS 9 ! TW5TIES & ?IRTIES71 SOCIAL REVOLTS1 RIOTS & PROTE/S1 ! FALL ( TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES 7! FASCI/ REGIMES DUR+ ! =TIES1 OR ! ,/AL9I/ ONES AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TIES & BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETIES71 COLONIAL W>S ( 9DEP5D5CE 7ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES7 & CIVIL W>S4 

,9SURRECTIONS1 REVOLTS OR REVOLUTIONS >E ALMO/ ALWAYS VIOL5T1 BUT ?IS VIOL5CE BY ITSELF LACKS SIGNIFICANCE4 ,ALL ! 9SURRECTIONS ( ! PA/ %[ US ?AT1 AL?\< !Y W]E VIOL5T1 ?IS VIOL5CE HAS ALWAYS BE5 OV]COME BY ! SUBSEQU5T C\NT]REVOLUTION1 :I* HAS MASSACR$1 IMPRISON$ OR DEPORT$ ITS 5EMIES ON A MASS SCALE1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! FI<T+ HAS 5D$1 :5 IT HAD ALREADY OBTA9$ MILIT>Y VICTORY3 ! HATR$ & C>NAGE BORN FROM ! FE> ( ! [N+ CLASSES ( ! PROLET>IAN ?REAT4 ,IF ! REVOLUTION RESIDES 9 ! REVOLUTION>IES1 !N !Y MU/ BE EXT]M9AT$ 9 ORD] TO C>RY ON ) ! PEACEFUL EXPLOITATION ( ! 0GOOD CITIZ5S04 ,IF ! SPIRIT ( V5GEANCE HAS PLAY$ A C]TA9 ROLE 9 WORK+ CLASS 9SURRECTIONS1 IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 PAID BACK ) 9T]E/ BY ! REACTION4 ,WE NE$ ONLY CONSID] ! ,KUOM9TANG 9 #aibf OR ,FRANCOI/ ,SPA9 7#a#i#c#i-#a#i#g#e74 ,WORK+ CLASS 9SURRECTIONS HAVE = !IR P>T BE5 LESS BLOODY & F]OCI\S ?AN ! ANTI-FEUDAL PEASANT REVOLTS1 BECAUSE ! LATT] W]E ! PRODUCT ( DESP]ATION4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY1 OR MURD]S1 :I* HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 SOME 9SURRECTIONS HAVE G5]ALLY BE5 ! SPONTANE\S RESULT ( BACKW>DNESS & DESP]ATION ON ! P>T ( A LUMP5 SECTOR ?AT CANNOT ESCAPE FROM ITS POV]TY1 OR ABOLI% OPPRESSION4 ,REBELLIONS1 REVOLTS OR 9SURRECTIONS1 NO MATT] H[ VIOL5T OR SOCIALLY RADICAL !Y MAY BE1 CANNOT BE DEF9$ AS REVOLUTION>Y IF !Y >E LIMIT$ TO ATTACK+ ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATORS ( CAPITALISM1 & LEAVE ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SY/EM /&+4 ,REVOLUTIONS >E ALWAYS /RUGGLES = /ATE P[] & LEAD TO ! ATTEMPT 7:E!R OR NOT IT IS SUCCESSFUL7 TO SEIZE /ATE P[] BY A GR\P1 A COALITION OR A CLASS4 ,! />T+ PO9T ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,!RE=E1 9 ORD] TO UND]/& JU/ :AT A REVOLUTION OR AN 9SURRECTION IS1 H[ IT DEVELOPS & :AT IT SEEKS1 WE NE$ TO UND]/& ! NATURE ( ! /ATE1 & ESPECIALLY ! NATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 

,:AT IS ! /ATE8 

,IT IS NOT ! /ATE1 OR POLITICAL P[]1 ?AT CREATES ! CLASSES2 IT IS ! EXI/5CE ( A SOCIETY ?AT IS DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES ?AT CREATES ! /ATE1 9 ORD] TO DEF5D ALL ! PRIVILEGES ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,WE C\LD F9D A ?\S& DIFF]5T DEF9ITIONS ( ! /ATE4 ,!Y CAN BASICALLY BE R$UC$ TO JU/ TWO1 H[EV]4 ,ONE1 :I* IS V]Y BROAD1 & ?AT IMPROP]LY SPEAKS ( ! /ATE AS ALREADY EXI/+ 9 ! FIR/ CIVILIZATIONS1 ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SURPLUSES1 ( ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,EGYPT1 & !N ,GREECE & ,ROME1 WE %ALL NOT USE1 AS IT IS 9ADEQUATE = ! /UDY ( ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9 :I* WE LIVE4 ,?IS DEF9ITION1 9 ANY EV5T1 REQUIRES ?AT ! /ATE BE DEF9$ ACCORD+ TO ! PREVAIL+ MODE ( PRODUCTION3 ! SLAVE /ATE1 ! FEUDAL /ATE1 ! CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,! O!R DEF9ITION1 :I* IS MORE SPECIFIC1 IS ! ONE ?AT UTILIZES ! CURR5T CONCEPT ( ! /ATE1 OR ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 OR ! MOD]N /ATE1 AS AN ABSOLUTE SOV]EIGN P[] OR AS ! SOLE P[] 9 EA* C\NTRY1 :I* IS ! ONE WE %ALL USE4 

,:AT IS ! CAPITALI/ /ATE8 

,! MOD]N1 OR CAPITALI/1 /ATE1 IS A REC5T HI/ORICAL =M ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 :I* >OSE AB\T FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO 9 A H&FUL ( C\NTRIES1 ) ! 5D ( FEUDALISM & ! FIR/ MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE PRESUPPOS$ ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! FEUDAL =MS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! CONCEPT ( ! 7MOD]N7 /ATE IS !RE=E QUITE REC5T & >ISES ) ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS ! =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT IS PROP] = CAPITALISM4 

,9 FEUDAL SOCIETY SOV]EIGNTY WAS UND]/OOD AS A HI]>*ICAL RELATION ?AT M$IAT$ A PLURALITY ( P[]S4 ,! P[] ( ! ,K+ WAS BAS$ ON ! LOYALTY ( ! O!R SEIGNIORIAL P[]S & !SE ROYAL P[]S W]E FUR!RMORE ALI5ABLE1 ?AT IS1 !Y C\LD BE SOLD OR GRANT$ TO ! NOBILITY3 ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE1 ! RECRUITM5T ( ! >MY1 ! COLLECTION ( TAXES1 ! BI%OPRICS1 ETC41 C\LD BE SOLD TO ! HI<E/ BIDD] OR W]E AW>D$ 9 A COMPLEX NETWORK ( FAVORS & PRIVILEGES4 ,SOV]EIGNTY RESID$ 9 A PLURALITY ( P[]S1 :I* C\LD BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ONE ANO!R OR COMPETE AMONG !MSELVES4 

,9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ! /ATE TRANS=MS SOV]EIGNTY 9TO A MONOPOLY3 ! /ATE IS ! SOLE POLITICAL P[] 9 A C\NTRY4 ,! 7MOD]N OR CAPITALI/7 /ATE POSSESSES ! MONOPOLY ( POLITICAL P[]1 & AS A RESULT ALSO LAYS CLAIM TO ! MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE4 ,ANY *ALL5GE TO ! MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE IS CONSID]$ TO BE A CRIME & AN ATTACK ON CAPITALI/ LAW & ORD]1 & IS !RE=E P]SECUT$1 PUNI%$ & ANNIHILAT$4 ,9 FEUDAL SOCIETY1 SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E BAS$ ON P]SONAL DEP5D5CE & PRIVILEGES4 ,9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 SOCIAL RELATIONS CAN ONLY EXI/ BETWE5 JURIDICALLY FREE & EQUAL 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?IS JURIDICAL FRE$OM & EQUALITY 7NOT FRE$OM & EQUALITY ) REG>D TO PROP]TY7 IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! =MATION & EXI/5CE ( A PROLET>IAT ?AT PROVIDES ! *EAP LABOR = ! NEW MANUFACTUR]S4 ,! WORK] MU/ BE FREE1 & HE ALSO MU/ BE FREE ( ALL PROP]TY1 9 ORD] TO BE AVAILABLE & PREP>$ TO R5T HIMSELF = A WAGE TO ! [N] ( ! FACTORY1 A BUS9ESS OR TO ! /ATE ITSELF4 ,HE MU/ BE FREE & LACK+ ANY BOND TO ! L& ?AT HE F>MS1 ANY RES]VES = SURVIVAL1 & ANY PROP]TY1 9 ORD] TO BE DRIV5 BY HUNG]1 PAUP]IZATION & MIS]Y TO ! NEW 9DU/RIAL CONC5TRATIONS :]E HE CAN SELL ! ONLY COMMODITY ?AT HE POSSESSES3 HIS /R5G? & HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 ?AT IS1 HIS LABOR P[] & ABILITY TO WORK4 

,!SE NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS1 P>TICUL> TO CAPITALISM1 CORRESPOND ) A NEW POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 UNLIKE ! FEUDAL ORGANIZATION3 A /ATE ?AT MONOPOLIZES ALL POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,9 CAPITALISM ALL 9DIVIDUALS >E !ORETICALLY 7JURIDICALLY7 FREE & EQUAL & NO ONE IS ANY LONG] SUBJECT TO ANY K9D ( POLITICAL DEP5D5CE ON ! OLD =M ( FEUDAL LORDS OR ! NEW [N] ( ! FACTORY4 ,ALL POLITICAL RELATIONS >E MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! /ATE4 

,9 PRE-CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W]E ALSO RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION4 ,! SLAVE WAS ! PROP]TY ( HIS MA/]1 ! S]F WAS B\ND TO ! L& ?AT HE WORK$ OR HE WAS DIRECTLY B\ND TO A LORD4 ,?IS DEP5D5CE HAS DISAPPE>$ 9 CAPITALISM4 ,! 7MOD]N7 /ATE IS !RE=E ! PRODUCT ( ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 7CURR5T7 /ATE IS ! SPECIFIC =M ( ORGANIZATION ( POLITICAL P[] 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 ,!RE IS A RADICAL SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC1 ! SOCIAL & ! POLITICAL SPH]ES4 

,! 7MOD]N7 /ATE MONOPOLIZES P[]1 VIOL5CE & ! POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! SOCIETIES 9 :I* ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION PREVAILS4 ,9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION CAPITAL IS NOT JU/ MONEY1 OR FACTORIES1 OR MA*9ES2 CAPITAL IS ALSO1 & ABOVE ALL1 A SOCIAL RELATION ( PRODUCTION1 & PRECISELY ?AT SOCIAL RELATION ( PRODUCTION ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 PROLET>IANS1 SELL]S ( !IR LABOR P[] = A WAGE1 & ! CAPITALI/S1 BUY]S ( ! COMMODITY KN[N AS 0LABOR P[]04 

,! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE HAS ONLY REC5TLY EM]G$1 AB\T FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 & IT WILL DISAPPE> ALONG ) ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE IS ?US NOT ET]NAL2 IT HAS A V]Y REC5T ORIG9 & WILL ALSO COME TO AN 5D4 ,! POLITICAL !ORY ( ! MOD]N /ATE WAS BORN 9 ,5GL& 9 ! #a#g? C5TURY1 ANTICIPAT+ OR JU/IFY+ ?AT HI/ORICAL PROCESS KN[N AS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ) ,HOBBES 7& ,LOCKE74 ,HOBBES IS NOT JU/ ! FIR/ !ORETICIAN1 FROM ! *RONOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 BUT HIS WORKS ALREADY EXPRESS ! PRES5T-DAY PROBLEMATIC ( ! 7MOD]N7 /ATE4 ,FROM ,PLATO TO ,MA*IAVELLI1 PRE-/ATE POLITICAL !ORY WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ITS DEF9ITION ( POLITICAL P[] & ! COMMUNITY AS SOME?+ ,N,A,T,U,R,A,L1 & BY ITS ID5TIFICATION ( ! CIVIL COMMUNITY ) ! POLITICAL COMMUNITY4 ,AFT] ,HOBBES1 /ATE POLITICAL !ORY IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ITS DEF9ITION ( ! /ATE AS AN ,>,T,I,F,I,C,I,A,L 5TITY1 ITS SEP>ATION ( ! CONCEPTS ( CIVIL COMMUNITY 7CIVIL SOCIETY7 & POLITICAL COMMUNITY 7! /ATE7 & BY ITS ADDRESS+ ! QUE/ION ( ! REPRODUCTION ( POLITICAL P[]4 

,! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE >ISES FROM A CONTRADICTION1 :I* WAS ITS ORIG9 & ITS REASON = EXI/5CE1 BETWE5 ! !ORETICAL DEF5SE ( ! COMMON OR G5]AL GOOD1 & ! PRACTICAL DEF5SE ( ! 9T]E/S ( A M9ORITY4 ,! MANIFE/ CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! ILLUSION ( DEF5D+ ! G5]AL 9T]E/ & ! REAL DEF5SE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,! REASON = EXI/5CE ( ! 7CURR5T7 /ATE IS NO?+ BUT TO GU>ANTEE ! REPRODUCTION ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 

,! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE1 H[EV]1 REIFI$ 9 ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 IS ! MASK ( SOCIETY1 CONVEY+ ! APPE>ANCE ( AN EXT]NAL =CE ?AT IS MOTIVAT$ BY A HI<] RATIONALITY ?AT EMBODIES A 0JU/0 ORD] = :I* IT P]=MS ! ROLE ( A NEUTRAL >BIT]4 ,?IS FETI%IZATION ( ! 7MOD]N7 /ATE ,A,L,L,[,S ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION TO APPE> TO BE M]E ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 RA!R ?AN RELATIONS BAS$ ON CO]CION1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT ALSO ,V,E,I,L,S ! OPPRESSIVE *>ACT] ( /ATE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 ! M>KET1 WORK] & EMPLOY] HAVE ! APPE>ANCE ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS1 :O 5GAGE 9 A 0PURELY0 ECONOMIC EX*ANGE3 ! WORK] SELLS HIS LABOR P[] 9 EX*ANGE = A WAGE4 ,9 ?IS FREE1 0EXCLUSIVELY0 ECONOMIC EX*ANGE1 ALL CO]CION HAS BE5 OBSCUR$1 & ! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE HAS NOT 9T]V5$ AT ALL3 IT IS NOT !RE1 IT HAS 7APP>5TLY7 DISAPPE>$4 

,! NECESS>Y SPLIT BETWE5 ! PUBLIC & ! PRIVATE IS A NECESS>Y PRECONDITION ( ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 BECAUSE ONLY ?US CAN !Y ,A,P,P,E,> TO BE FREE AGREEM5TS BETWE5 JURIDICALLY FREE & EQUAL 9DIVIDUALS1 9 :I* VIOL5CE1 MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE1 HAS DISAPPE>$ FROM ! /AGE4 ,ALL ( ?IS LEADS TO A ,C,O,N,T,R,A,D,I,C,T,I,O,N BETWE5 ! /ATE ,A,S ,F,E,T,I,%1 :I* MU/ CONCEAL ITS MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE1 P]MAN5TLY EX]CIS$ AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS1 ( ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BY CAPITAL1 & ! /ATE ,A,S ,! ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,] ,( ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,C,O,N,S,5,S,U,S & LEGALITY1 :I* CONDUCTS FREE ELECTIONS1 TOL]ATES DEMOCRATIC RI<TS ( FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION1 ASSEMBLY1 PRESS & ASSOCIATION2 ALL[S TRADE UNIONS & LEGISLATES LABOR RE=MS LIKE HEAL? COV]AGE1 P5SIONS1 ! EI<T H\R DAY1 UNEMPLOYM5T 9SURANCE1 ETC4 

,ESS5CE & FUNCTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE 

,IT IS ! EXI/5CE ( A SOCIETY DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES ?AT CREATES ! /ATE1 9 ORD] TO DEF5D ALL ! PRIVILEGES ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,9 CRISIS SITUATIONS ! CAPITALI/ /ATE IMM$IATELY REVEALS ?AT IT IS FIR/ ( ALL A CAPITALI/ /ATE1 RA!R ?AN A /ATE ( ! NATION1 ! PEOPLE1 OR ITS CITIZ5S1 OR A 0WELF>E /ATE04 ,! CO]CIVE COMPON5T ( ! /ATE1 L9K$ TO CLASS RULE1 IS ! ,F,U,N,D,A,M,5,T,A,L ,E,S,S,5,C,E ( ! /ATE1 :I* BECOMES TRANSP>5T :5 SOCIAL CONS5SUS & /ATE LEGITIMACY >E SACRIFIC$ ON ! ALT> ( SUBJECT+ ! PROLET>IAT TO ! EXPLOITATION ( CAPITAL4 ,PROLET>IAN REVOLTS & 9SURRECTIONS ALWAYS REVEAL ! CLASS NATURE ( ! /ATE & ITS ESS5TIAL REPRESSIVE FUNCTION4 

,! CAPITALI/ /ATE >ISES FROM ?IS CONTRADICTORY RELATION BETWE5 ITS REPRESSIVE ESS5CE & ITS APP>5T FUNCTION AS AN >BIT]4 ,IT ATTEMPTS TO CONCEAL ITS REPRESSIVE ROLE1 FULFILL$ AS A GU>ANTEE ( ! RULE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS BY WAY ( ! MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT SEEKS TO APPE> TO BE ! ORGANIZ] ( ! CONS5SUS ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 :I* 9 TURN LEGITIMIZES ! 7MOD]N7 /ATE AS A NEUTRAL >BIT]4 ,BY ?IS MEANS ! /ATE ALSO RE9=CES ITS IDEOLOGICAL MONOPOLY & OBTA9S A MORE COMPLETE & DISGUIS$ DOM9ATION OV] CIVIL SOCIETY4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! /ATE >E ! /&+ >MY & ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,! TASKS ( ! >MY >E DEF5SE ( ! T]RITORIAL FRONTI]S AGA9/ O!R /ATES1 IMP]IALI/ CONQUE/S1 TO EXT5D M>KETS & OBTA9 CONTROL OV] RAW MAT]IALS1 & ABOVE ALL TO S]VE AS ! ULTIMATE SAFEGU>D ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] AGA9/ WORK+ CLASS SUBV]SION4 ,! TASK ( ! BUREAUCRACY IS TO ADM9I/] ALL ?OSE FUNCTIONS ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE DELEGATES TO ! /ATE3 $UCATION1 POLICE1 PUBLIC HEAL?1 PRISONS1 MAIL1 RAILROADS1 HI<WAYS4444 ,! CIVIL S]VANT ( ! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE1 FROM ! S*OOLTEA*] TO ! COLLEGE PR(ESSOR1 FROM ! POLICEMAN TO ! CAB9ET M9I/]1 FROM ! TRUCK DRIV] TO ! DOCTOR ALL P]=M$1 OR /ILL P]=M1 NECESS>Y FUNCTIONS = ! NORMAL OP]ATIONS ( ! AFFAIRS ( ! B\RGEOISIE2 :]E !Y >E DETRIM5TAL TO ! LATT]1 !Y >E PRIVATIZ$1 AS HAS REC5TLY BE5 TAK+ PLACE ) REG>D TO JAILS1 POLICE & ! >MY 9 SOME C\NTRIES4 

,! 7MOD]N7 /ATE IS ! ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ( ! POLITICAL RULE OV]1 & ! P]MAN5T CO]CION & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BY CAPITAL4 ,! 7CAPITALI/7 /ATE IS !RE=E NOT A MA*9E OR A TOOL ?AT CAN BE US$ = OPPOSITE PURPOSES3 YE/]DAY TO EXPLOIT ! PROLET>IAT1 TOMORR[ TO EMANCIPATE ! PROLET>IAT & SUPPRESS ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT IS NOT A MA*9E ?AT CAN BE CONQU]$1 NOR CAN IT BE MANIPULAT$ ACCORD+ TO ! :IMS ( ! MA*9E OP]ATOR4 ,! PROLET>IAT CANNOT CONQU] ! /ATE1 BECAUSE ! /ATE IS ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( CAPITAL3 IT MU/ DE/ROY ! /ATE4 ,IF A VICTORI\S 9SURRECTION ( ! PROLET>IAT LIMITS ITSELF TO CONQU]+ ! /ATE1 & !N RE9=C+ & REBUILD+ IT1 !N WE CAN SPEAK ( A C\P D'ETAT OR A REVOLUTION1 OR EV5 ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 7AS 9 ,OCTOB] #aiag 9 ,RUSSIA71 BUT 9 ANY EV5T IT IS A REVOLUTION ?AT HAS LEFT /&+ ! F\NDATIONS ( A RAPID & P[]FUL C\NT]REVOLUTION1 :I* WILL SOON LEAD TO ANO!R =M ( MANAG+ CAPITALISM1 AS WAS ! CASE ) ,/AL9ISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,! PROLET>IAT MU/ DE/ROY ! /ATE BECAUSE ! /ATE IS ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ( WAGE LABOR4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE IS A CONDITION S9E QUA NON ( ! BEG9N+ ( A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,! CAPITALI/ /ATE CANNOT REALLY BE DE/ROY$1 H[EV]1 UNLESS ! PROLET>IAT IMM$IATELY DE/ROYS ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL PRECONDITIONS = ! EXI/5CE ( WAGE LABOR & ! LAW ( VALUE ON A WORLD SCALE4 

,:AT REPLACES ! /ATE8 

,:AT REPLACES ! /ATE8 ,! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S 9 COMMUNISM4 ,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 IS NOT A QUE/ION ( P>TIES OR ORGANIZATION4 ,:AT DET]M9ES ! POSSIBILITY = COMMUNISM IS A HI< DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & ! EXT5SION ( WAGE LABOR & ! PROLET>IAN CONDITION4 ,ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS CANNOT BE POS$ \TSIDE ( ?OSE :O >E BE+ ORGANIZ$ & ! PROBLEMS ?AT CROP UP AT ANY P>TICUL> MOM5T4 ,!RE >E NO RULES1 OR MAGIC =MULAS1 OR GU>ANTEES AGA9/ BUREAUCRATIZATION & ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4.<#a#f#h.> ,BUREAUCRATS T5D TO BE EXP]TS AT ORGANIZATION1 \TSIDE ( SOCIETY4 ,! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT PO9TS TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS1 ! ,G]MAN 0RAT]0 & ! ,SPANI% ,COMMITTEES1 ?AT IS1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 WORK]S C\NCILS1 AS ! REVOLUTION>Y =M ( ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,WE >E !RE=E NOT SPEAK+ ( ONE OR ANO!R P>TICUL> ORGANIZATIONAL =M ( COMMITTEE OR C\NCIL1 BUT ( ! C\NCILI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,! C\NCILS DO NOT REPRES5T ! WORK]S1 !Y >E ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT4 ,! C\NCIL IS A CLASS 9/ITUTION & AN 9/ITUTION = /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS NOT A POLITICAL BODY1 IT IS ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 9 NEW RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 & !RE=E IT IS NOT DEMOCRATIC1 NOR IS IT DICTATORIAL1 IT IS BEYOND POLITICS1 & AVOIDS ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! PUBLIC & ! PRIVATE ?AT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( CAPITALISM4 ,SOVIETS1 RAT] & COMMITTEES FAIL$ 9 ! PA/1 BUT !Y EXI/$1 DEMON/RAT+ ! CAPACITY ( ! PROLET>IAT = DIRECT+ & MANAG+ FACTORIES1 CITIES & C\NTRIES2 BUT ALSO %[+ !IR LIMITS & !IR LIMITATIONS1 :I* WE MU/ UND]/& & CORRECT4 ,!Y HAVE ALWAYS APPE>$ :5EV] ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ROSE UP AGA9/ CAPITALI/ B>B>ISM4 ,!Y W]E ! WORK+ CLASS RESPONSE TO ! VACUUM LEFT BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 RA!R ?AN ! RESULT ( A RADICALIZATION ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,! C\NCILI/ IDEOLOGY CONTEMPLATES ! C\NCILS AS A GOAL & NOT JU/ AS A MOM5T ( ! /RUGGLE 9 ! TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM4 ,! C\NCILI/S REPLACE ! 0P>TY0 CONCEPT ( ! ,L59I/S ) ! 0C\NCIL0 CONCEPT4 ,BO? IDEOLOGIES >E /]ILE4 ,! C\NCILS WILL ONLY BE :AT ! PROLET>IAT MAKES !M 9 ! /RUGGLE TO DE/ROY ! /ATE & CON/RUCT COMMUNISM4 

O ,P>T #f 3 ,BIBLIOGRAPHY ( BASIC WORKS UTILIZ$ 9 ?IS TEXT 
,P>T #f -- ,BIBLIOGRAPHY ( BASIC WORKS UTILIZ$ 9 ?IS TEXT 

,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,DIEGO1 ,LA REVOLUCION Y LA GU]RA 5 ,ESPANA1 ,N]VIO1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#c#g4 

0,ACTES DEL ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA40 

,ADSU> ,TORRA1 ,JOSEP ,$U>D1 ,CATALUNYA3 ,JULIOL-,OCTUBRE #a#i#c#f4 ,UNA DUALITAT DE POD]8 7#b ,VOLS471 ,TES9A DE ,LLIC5CIATURA1 ,DEP>TAM5T ,HI/ORIA ,CONTEMPORANIA1 ,UNIV]SITAT DE ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#g#i4 

,B]NECK]1 ,W41 ,COLECTIVIDADES Y REVOLUCION SOCIAL1 ,CRITICA1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#h#b4 

,BOLLOT51 ,BURNETT1 ,LA ,GU]RA ,CIVIL ESPANOLA1 ,ALIANZA1 ,MADRID1 #a#i#h#i4 .<,9 ,5GLI%3 ,BOLLOT51 ,BURNETT1 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION3 ,! ,LEFT & ! ,/RUGGLE = ,P[] DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,REVIS$ & ,EXP&$ ,$ITION1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ,PRESS1 ,*APEL ,HILL1 #a#i#g#i4 ,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #aifa UND] ! TITLE1 ,! ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE4.> 

,DIAZ ,S&9O1 ,FELIPE1 ,DE LA CONSPIRACION A LA REVOLUCION1 MIMEOGRAPH$ TEXT4 

,ESC(ET1 ,F$]ICO1 ,DE UNA D]ROTA A UNA VICTORIA3 #e DE OCTUBRE DE #aicd - #ai DE ,JULIO DE #a#i#c#f1 ,>GOS ,V]G>A1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#h#d4 

,G>CIA1 ,PIOTR[SKI1 ,ROSES 7$S471 ,B>CELONA1 MAYO #a#i#c#g1 ,ALIKORNIO1 ,B>CELONA1 #b#f4 

,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,JUAN1 ,EL ECO DE LOS PASOS1 ,RU$O ,IB]ICO1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#g#h4 

,GUILLAMON1 ,AGU/91 0,LOS ,AMIGOS DE ,DURRUTI #a#i#c#g-#a#i#c#i01 ,BALANCE 7#a#i#i#d74 .<,5GLI% TRANSLATION3 ,GUILLAMON1 ,AGU/91 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P3 #a#i#c#g-#a#i#c#h1 TR4 ,PAUL ,%>KEY1 ,A,K ,PRESS1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 #b#a4.> 

,LACRUZ1 ,FRANCISCO1 ,EL ALZAMI5TO1 LA REVOLUCION Y EL T]ROR 5 ,B>CELONA1 ,LIBR]IA ,>YSEL1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#d#c4 

,LOR5ZO1 ,CES>1 ,LOS AN>QUI/AS ESPANOLES Y EL POD]1 ,RU$O ,IB]ICO1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#g#b4 

,LLAUGE1 ,FELIX1 ,EL T]ROR /AL9IANO 5 LA ,ESPANA REPUBLICANA1 ,AURA1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#g#d4 

,MOMPO1 ,5RIC1 ,EL ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE ,MILICIAS ,ANTIFASCI/AS DE ,CATALUNYA Y LA SITUACION DE DOBLE POD] 5 LOS PRIM]OS MESES DE LA GU]RA CIVIL ESPANOLA1 ,TESIS DOCTORAL LEIDA EL #h DE JUNIO DE #a#i#i#d1 ,DEP>TAM5TO DE ,HI/ORIA ,CONTEMPORANEA1 ,UNIV]SIDAD DE ,B>CELONA4 

,MUNIS1 ,G41 ,JALONES DE D]ROTA1 PROMESA DE VICTORIA4 ,CRITICA Y TEORIA DE LA REVOLUCION ESPANOLA 7#a#i#c-#a#i#c#i71 ,MUNOZ ,MOYA1 ,BR5ES1 #b#c4 

,PAZ1 ,ABEL1 ,DURRUTI 5 LA ,REVOLUCION ESPANOLA1 ,FUNDACION ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 ,MADRID1 #a#i#i#f4 .<,5GLI% TRANSLATION3 ,PAZ1 ,ABEL1 ,DURRUTI 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 TR4 ,*UCK ,MORSE1 ,A,K ,PRESS1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 #b#f4.> 

,PEIRATS1 ,JOSE1 ,LA ,C,N,T 5 LA REVOLUCION ESPANOLA1 ,RU$O ,IB]ICO1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#g#a4 .<,5GLI% TRANSLATION3 ,! ,C,N,T 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 ,VOL4 #a1 TR4 ,PAUL ,%>KEY & ,*RIS ,EALHAM1 ,P,M ,PRESS1 ,OAKL&1 #b#a#a2 ,VOLS4 #b & #c1 ,P,M ,PRESS1 ,OAKL&1 #b#a#b4.> 

,PONS I ,G>L&I1 ,JOAN1 0,MEMORIAS01 TEXT 9 ,SPANI%1 MIMEOGRAPH$4 

,POZO ,GONZALEZ1 ,JOSEP ,ANTONI1 ,EL POD] REVOLUCION>I A ,CATALUNYA ,DURANT ELS MESOS DE JULIOL A OCTUBRE DE #a#i#c#f4 ,CRISI I RECOMPOSICIO DE L',E/AT1 ,TESI DOCTORAL DEF5SADA EL #ba DE JUNY DE #b#b1 ,DEP>TAM5T ,HI/ORIA ,MOD]NA I ,CONTEMPORANIA1 ,UNIV]SITAT ,AUTONOMA DE ,B>CELONA4 

,ROM]O1 ,LUIS1 ,TRES DIAS DE ,JULIO1 ,>IEL1 ,B>CELONA1 #aigf 7A NOVEL74 

.<,S\*Y1 ,AGU/9.>1 ,LOS SUCESOS DE ,B>CELONA1 ,$4 ,EBRO1 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#g4 

,T>RADELLAS1 ,JOSEP1 0,LA CRISI PREVIA ALS ,FETS DE ,MAIG4 #bf DIES DE DESGOV]N DE LA ,G5]ALITAT04 7,REPORT74 

,TRANSLAT$ 9 ,SEPTEMB]-,OCTOB] #bac FROM ! ,SPANI% TEXT3 

,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 ,B>RICADAS 5 ,B>CELONA3 ,LA ,C,N,T DE LA VICTORIA DE ,JULIO DE #aicf A LA NECES>IA D]ROTA DE ,MAYO DE #a#i#c#g1 ,$ICIONES ,ESP>TACO ,9T]NACIONAL1 ,B>CELONA1 #b#f4 

O ,NOTES 

.<#a.> ,9=MATION DRAWN FROM ! 0,DECL>ACION MANUSCRITA DE ,S]V&O ,MEANA ,MIR&A1 CAPITAN >MA DE ,AVIACION04 

.<#b.> ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN BR\<T A HUNDR$ PI/OLS TO ! ,CON/RUCTION ,TRADE ,UNION4 ,SEE3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,POR QUE P]DIMOS LA ,GU]RA .<#a#i#c#i.>1 ,PLAZA ,JANES1 ,ESPLUGUES DE ,LLOBREGAT1 #a#i#g#g1 P4 #g#f4 

.<#c.> ,S]GEANT ,MANZANA1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT HIS NAME IS ]RONE\SLY CIT$ 9 MANY BOOKS AS A LEAD+ FIGURE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( ,JULY #a#i1 C\LD NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! /RUGGLE BECAUSE HE WAS BE+ HELD PRISON] 9 ! B>RACKS BRIG1 & WAS NOT LIB]AT$ UNTIL ! EV5+ ( ! #b?4 ,SEE3 ,M>QUEZ & ,GALL>DO1 ,ORTIZ1 ,G5]AL S9 DIOS NI AMO1 ,HAC]1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#i#i1 P4 #a#a4 

.<#d.> ,AT SIX 9 ! MORN+ A COMPANY ( ASSAULT GU>DS FROM ,B>CELONETA RECEIV$ ORD]S TO PROCE$ TO ! ,P>ALELO1 BUT AFT] UNEXPECT$LY RUNN+ 9TO A COMPANY ( SAPP]S 9 FRONT ( ! ,AT>AZANAS !Y SUFF]$ NUM]\S CASUALTIES1 AMONG O!RS ,CAPTA9 ,FRANCISCO ,>R&O1 !IR COMM&+ (FIC] 7! BRO!R ( ,ALB]TO ,>R&O1 ,*IEF ( ,/AFF ( ,SECURITY & ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS74 ,! COMPANY WAS P9N$ D[N = ?IRTY H\RS 9 ! W>EH\SES ALONG ! ,BALE>ES ,DOCK1 UNTIL ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS SURR5D]$4 

.<#e.> ,! ,PLAN ( ,G5]AL ,MOLA1 ! ORGANIZ] ( ! MILIT>Y REVOLT AGA9/ ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 ORD]$ ! USE ( T]ROR BY ! REBELS AS ! ONLY EFFECTIVE MEANS TO CONFRONT MASSIVE POPUL> RESI/ANCE4 ,IT EXPRESSLY CONTEMPLAT$ EMPLOY+ ?REATS AGA9/ ! *ILDR5 & WIVES ( ! RESI/ANCE1 AS WELL AS MASS %OOT+S4 ,FROM ! V]Y />T ! M9ORITY ( REBEL MILIT>Y P]SONNEL & FASCI/S NE$$ TO IMPOSE !IR RULE ) T]ROR OV] A MU* MORE NUM]\S 5EMY1 BY WAY ( A W> ( EXT]M9ATION ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 PRACTIC$ 9 ! COLONIAL W> 9 ,MOROCCO4 

.<#f.> ,BECAUSE ! 5TIRE BREAD? ( ,SAN ,PABLO ,/REET WAS SWEPT BY MA*9E GUN FIRE FROM ! MA*9E GUNS SITUAT$ 9 ! C5T] ( ! ,P>ALELO & ON ! RO( ( ! BUILD+ NEXT TO ,EL ,MOL9O4 

.<#g.> ,& ALSO MANY ANONYM\S ,C,N,T MILITANTS1 AMONG O!RS1 ,QUICO ,SABATE1 A MILITANT FROM ! ,WOODWORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION1 :O ALSO P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ASSAULT ON ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS ON ! #b?1 & :O WAS A FAM\S GU]RILLA FI<T] DUR+ ! ,FRANCO REGIME4 

.<#h.> ,IT APPE>S ?AT ,COLONEL ,LACASA HAD ALREADY1 DUR+ ! PREVI\S NI<T1 PREP>$ TO USE ! MONA/]Y AS A HOSPITAL-=TRESS1 & HAD ALSO 9/ALL$ MA*9E GUNS ON ! RO( ( ! ,CASA DE ,LES ,PUNXES1 ACROSS ! /REET FROM ! MONA/]Y4 

.<#i.> ,! 9CR$IBLE EXPLOITS ( 0,EL ,>TILL]O0 W]E SUMM>IZ$ 9 A BRIEF ACC\NT PUBLI%$ 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 7,JULY #b#g1 #a#i#c#f71 9 :I* WE >E TOLD H[ HE HAD CONQU]$ TWO CANNONS 9 ! BATTLE F\<T AGA9/ ! LI<T >TILL]Y AT ,DIPUTACION-,LAURIA1 H[ HE !N =C$ ! SURR5D] ( ! REBELS :O HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9 ! NE>BY ,RITZ1 AFT] FIR+ ?REE SALVOS2 FROM !RE HE W5T TO ! ,PLAZA DE ,SANTA ,ANA 7TODAY AN UNNAM$ SQU>E1 AT ! 5D ( ! ,PU]TA DEL ,ANGEL1 AT ! 9T]SECTION ) ,CUCURELLA-,>CS7 :]E HE FIR$ SEV]AL VOLLEYS ( 9DIRECT %ELLFIRE AT ! ,HOTEL ,COLON UNTIL ! REBELS 9SIDE IT SURR5D]$4 ,!N HE TOOK HIS CANNONS D[N ,LAYETANA ,/REET 9 ORD] TO FIRE ?IRTY-EI<T VOLLEYS AT ! ,CAPITANIA4 ,FROM !RE HE W5T TO ,DIAGONAL1 9 ORD] TO 5D ! EV5+ 9 ! ,SANTS NEI<BORHOOD1 FIR+ ON ,GALILEO ,/REET AT A *UR*1 UNTIL ITS DEF5D]S SURR5D]$4 

.<#a.> ,HE WAS *IEF ( ! 0MOSSOS D'ESQUADRA0 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d4 ,HIS DEA? S5T5CE WAS COMMUT$ & HE WAS AMNE/I$ & !N JO9$ ! MILIT>Y RES]VE4 ,ON ,JULY #a#i1 )\T ASSUM+ ANY (FICIAL RESPONSIBILITY1 HE EFFECTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ AS AN ORGANIZ] ( ! /REET BATTLES4 ,APPO9T$ BY ,COMPANYS TO BE SECRET>Y ( ! PROPOS$ ,COMMITTEE ( ,CIVILIAN ,MILITIAS1 HE BECAME ! MILIT>Y ADVIS] ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN4 

.<#a#a.> ,LACRUZ1 P4 #e2 ,ROM]O1 P4 #e#b#e4 

.<#a#b.> ,JOSE ,M>IA ,FONTANA1 ,LOS CATALANES 5 LA ,GU]RA DE ,ESPANA1 ,AC]VO1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#g#g4 

.<#a#c.> ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,EL ECO DE LOS PASOS1 ,RU$O ,IB]ICO1 ,B>CELONA-,P>IS1 #a#i#g#h1 P4 #a#h#i4 

.<#a#d.> ,FELIPE ,DIAZ ,S&9O W5T TO ! AIRPORT AT ,LOGRONO TO 9VE/IGATE ! PREP>ATIONS BE+ MADE = A MILIT>Y C\P PROMOT$ BY ,CAPTA9 DEL ,VAL1 COM+ FROM ,MADRID4 ,ONCE HE CONFIRM$ ! EXI/5CE ( A CONSPIRACY HE 9=M$ ,G5]ALS ,NUNEZ DE ,PRADO & ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA4 ,FAC$ ) ! PASSIVITY ( HIS SUP]IORS HE DECID$ TO PURGE ! RI<T W+ ELEM5TS UND] HIS COMM& & ACCUMULAT$ A /OCK ( BOMBS & MA*9E GUN AMMUNITION AT ! AIRPORT ( ,EL ,PRAT1 AT ! SAME TIME REMA9+ 9 CLOSE CONTACT ) ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! ,C,N,T4 

.<#a#e.> ,TWO FA/ C>S1 ) FULL GAS TANKS1 W]E P>K$ 9 ! C\RTY>D ( ! POLICE /ATION1 PREP>$ = ! FLI<T ( ,COMPANYS1 ,ESC(ET & !IR FAMILIES1 :O W]E TO BE TAK5 TO ! PORT AT ,M>ESME1 :]E A %IP WAS WAIT+ TO TAKE !M TO ,FRANCE4 

.<#a#f.> ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 0,CE QUE FUT LE #ai DE JUILLET01 ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE1 7,AUGU/ #a#h1 #a#i#c#h74 

.<#a#g.> ,RIC>DO ,SANZ1 0,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO ,MORIO01 MIMEOGRAPH$ TEXT4 

.<#a#h.> ,5RIC ,UCELAY-,DA ,CAL1 0,EL 'COMPLOT' NACIONALI/A CONTRA ,COMPANYS4 ,NOVEMBRE-,DESEMBRE DEL #c#f'1 9 ,LA ,GU]RA CIVIL A ,CATALUNYA 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i71 ,VOL4 #c1 ,$ICIONS #f#b1 ,B>CELONA1 #b#d1 PP4 #b#e-#b#a#d4 

.<#a#i.> ,?IS WAS A POLICE UNIT1 ) LITTLE REAL MILIT>Y TRA9+1 MO/ ( :OSE MEMB]S W]E OLD] M5 ) WIVES & *ILDR54 

.<#b.> ,! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T DUR+ ! #a#i#cS HAD RECRUIT$ 9TO !IR RANKS NUM]\S UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S ) A DUAL OBJECTIVE3 ONE ( SOLID>ITY1 BECAUSE !Y PAID !M A WAGE1 & ! O!R1 TACTICAL1 TO PREV5T !M FROM BECOM+ /RIKEBREAK]S4 ,?IS RECRUITM5T WAS ALWAYS PALLIATIVE & ASSIGN$ ON A ROTAT+ BASIS1 BO? = REASONS ( SOLID>ITY & 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ANY PR(ESSIONALIZATION & TO 5SURE ?AT ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE NUMB] ( MILITANTS %\LD PASS ?R\< ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 :I* 9 CASE ( EM]G5CY C\LD RELY ON AN AMPLE NUMB] ( TRA9$1 COMBAT-READY MEMB]S4 ,SEE ,*RIS ,EALHAM1 ,CLASS1 ,CULTURE & ,CONFLICT 9 ,B>CELONA1 #a#h#i#h-#a#i#c#g1 ,R\TL$GE1 ,LONDON1 #b#e4 

.<#b#a.> ,9 ,B>CELONA ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES CON/ITUT$ AN AU!NTIC CL&E/9E MILIT>Y /RUCTURE1 ALREADY =M$ 9 #aica & P[]FULLY RE9=C$ 9 #a#i#c#e4 ,SEE 0,PON5CIA PRES5TADA A LA ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL DE ,GRUPOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,B>CELONA4 ,COMITE ,LOCAL DE ,PREP>ACION ,REVOLUCION>IA01 ,B>CELONA1 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#e4 ,! GR\PS ?AT SIGN$ ?IS DOCUM5T W]E ,! ,9DOMABLES1 ,N]VIO1 ,NOSOTROS1 ,TI]RA ,LIBRE & ,G]M54 

.<#b#b.> ,BETWE5 #ai & #aic ,B>CELONA'S POPULATION D\BL$1 9CREAS+ FROM HALF A MILLION TO ONE MILLION 9HABITANTS4 ,! OP5+ ( ,LAYETANA1 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ,5SAN*E1 & ! PUBLIC WORKS ON ! SUBWAY & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,EXPOSITION ( #aibi REQUIR$ A VA/ SUPPLY ( *EAP LABOR1 :I* DUR+ ! #a#i#cS W5T TO SWELL ! BLOAT$ RANKS ( ! UNEMPLOY$4 

.<#b#c.> ,SU* AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! TORR5TIAL EMIGRATION FROM 0! RAV9E ( HUNG]0 7A M\NTA9\S DI/RICT 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,CA/ELLON & ,T]UEL7 TO ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO BETWE5 #aia & #a#i#c1 & FROM ,MURCIA TO ,LA ,TORRASSA1 DUR+ ! #a#i#cS4 

.<#b#d.> ,!RE IS A WELL-KN[N PHOTOGRAPH ( ! B>RICADE BUILT ON ,TIGRE ,/REET1 AT ! CORN] ( ! ,RONDA DE ,SAN ,ANTONIO1 TAK5 BY ,AGU/I ,C5TELLES4 

.<#b#e.> ,JOSE DEL ,B>RIO1 9 HIS MIMEOGRAPH$ MEMOIRS1 CLAIMS ?AT HE WAS RESPONSIBLE1 AS SECRET>Y ( ! ,U,G,T1 = SUGGE/+ TO ,G>CIA ,OLIV] ! IDEA ( =M+ ! ,C,C,M,A ON ! AFT]NOON ( ! #b?1 BE=E HIS 9T]VIEW ) ,COMPANYS1 & ?AT !RE=E ,G>CIA ,OLIV] APPROPRIAT$ ! IDEA & CONVEY$ IT TO ,COMPANYS4 ,REG>DLESS ( :O ORIG9AT$ ?IS IDEA1 ! IDEA ( =M+ A ,C,C,M,A ?AT W\LD RESOLVE ! BURN+ ISSUES ( CREAT+ MILITIAS TO CONFRONT ! FASCI/ >MY 9 ,>AGON1 & ,CONTROL ,PATROLS ?AT W\LD REPLACE ! SEQUE/]$ =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]1 WAS SOME?+ ?AT WAS IMPOS$ BY ! EXI/+ REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO SEEK ! COPYRI<T3 ONLY ) H9DSI<T CAN WE DEBATE ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT L$ TO ! CREATION ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 9 ! =M IT ASSUM$2 ON ! #b?1 H[EV]1 IT SEEM$ TO EV]YONE 9VOLV$ TO BE OBVI\S1 NECESS>Y & 9EVITABLE1 JU/ AS IT WAS EV]Y:]E ELSE 9 ,SPA9 :]E ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ WAS DEFEAT$ BY ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION4 

.<#b#f.> ,= A RELIABLE V]SION ( ?IS FAM\S 9T]VIEW1 :I* IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! ALL-TOO-IMAG9ATIVE V]SION (F]$ BY ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 SEE3 ,JOSEP ,COLL & ,JOSEP ,PANE1 ,JOSEP ,ROVIRA4 ,UNA VIDA AL S]VEI DE ,CATALUNYA I DEL SOCIALISME1 ,>IEL1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#g#h1 PP4 #h#e-#h#g4 

.<#b#g.> ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] HIMSELF1 9 #a#i#e1 ALSO PROVID$ A DIFF]5T1 0MORE COMPLETE & BELIEVABLE0 V]SION1 ( HIS FAM\S ACC\NT 7PUBLI%$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#g7 ( HIS 9T]VIEW ) ,COMPANYS3 0,! MILIT>Y-FASCI/ UPRIS+ HAD TAK5 PLACE EXACTLY AS WE HAD PR$ICT$4 ,COMPANYS .<444.> TOOK REFUGE 9 ! ,B>CELONA ,POLICE ,/ATION1 :]E HE >RIV$ AT SEV5 9 ! MORN+ ON ! #a#i? ( ,JULY1 AS HE WAS T]RIFI$ BY ! CONSEQU5CES ( :AT HE EXPECT$ TO HAPP51 BECAUSE HE ASSUM$ ?AT1 ) ALL ! SOLDI]S ( ! ,B>CELONA REGIM5TS JO9+ ! UPRIS+1 !Y W\LD EASILY SWEEP AWAY ALL RESI/ANCE4 ,H[EV]1 ! =CES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ALMO/ ALONE1 FAC$ ! REBELS = ?OSE TWO MEMORABLE DAYS &1 AFT] A BITT] & BLOODY /RUGGLE .<444.> WE DEFEAT$ ALL ! REGIM5TS .<444.>4 ,= ALL !SE REASONS1 ,COMPANYS1 FAC+ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 WAS OV]:ELM$ & CONFUS$4 ,CONFUS$1 BECAUSE1 9 HIS CONSCI\SNESS HE ONLY ?\<T AB\T ! WEI<T ( ! GREAT RESPONSIBILITY ?AT !Y BORE T[>DS US & ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE = NOT HAV+ HE$$ ALL \R PR$ICTIONS .<444.>4 ,OV]:ELM$1 BECAUSE DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y DID NOT FULFILL ! COMMITM5TS !Y MADE ) US1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9 ,B>CELONA & 9 ,CATALUNA HAD DEFEAT$ ! REBELS .<444.>4 ,?IS IS :Y1 :5 HE ADDRESS$ US1 ,COMPANYS TOLD US3 ',N[ ,I KN[ ?AT Y\ HAVE MANY REASONS TO COMPLA9 & TO EXPRESS Y\R DISSATISFACTION ) ME4 ,I HAVE F\<T AGA9/ Y\ = A LONG TIME & ,I WAS 9CAPABLE ( REALLY APPRECIAT+ Y\R TRUE WOR?4 ,IT IS NEV] TOO LATE1 H[EV]1 TO S9C]ELY MAKE AM5DS1 & ! WAY ,I %ALL DO SO1 :I* Y\ WILL N[ SEE1 HAS ! VALUE ( A CONFESSION3 IF ,I HAD APPRECIAT$ Y\ AT Y\R TRUE WOR?1 IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT WE W\LD NOT BE FAC+ ! SITUATION WE >E N[ FAC+2 BUT !RE IS NO O!R REM$Y1 N[1 Y\ ALONE HAVE DEFEAT$ ! REBEL (FIC]S1 & LOGICALLY Y\ %\LD GOV]N4 ,IF ?AT IS :AT Y\ ?9K1 !N ,I AM QUITE PLEAS$ TO SURR5D] TO Y\ ! ,PRESID5CY ( ! ,G5]ALITAT &1 IF Y\ ?9K ,I CAN BE ( ANY USE 9 ANO!R POSITION1 Y\ NE$ ONLY TELL ME :AT PO/ ,I %\LD OCCUPY4 ,B,U,T ,D,U,E ,T,O ,! ,F,A,C,T ,?,A,T ,W,E ,/,I,L,L ,D,O ,N,O,T ,K,N,[ ,E,X,A,C,T,L,Y ,:,O ,H,A,S ,E,M,],G,$ ,V,I,C,T,O,R,I,\,S ,9 ,! ,O,!,R ,P,>,T,S ,( ,S,P,A,91 ,& ,I,F ,Y,\ ,B,E,L,I,E,V,E ,?,A,T ,F,R,O,M ,! ,P,R,E,S,I,D,5,C,Y ,( ,! ,G,5,],A,L,I,T,A,T ,I ,C,A,N ,/,I,L,L ,B,E ,( ,S,],V,I,C,E ,B,Y ,A,C,T,+ ,A,S ,! ,L,E,G,A,L ,R,E,P,R,E,S,5,T,A,T,I,V,E ,( ,C,A,T,A,L,U,N,A1 ,L,E,T ,M,E ,K,N,[1 ,S,O ,?,A,T ,F,R,O,M ,?,I,S ,(,F,I,C,E1 ,& ,A,L,W,A,Y,S ,) ,Y,\,R ,C,O,N,S,5,T1 ,W,E ,%,A,L,L ,C,O,N,T,9,U,E ,! ,/,R,U,G,G,L,E ,U,N,T,I,L ,I,T ,I,S ,C,L,E,> ,:,O ,H,A,S ,W,O,N4' ,= \R P>T1 & ?IS IS :AT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ?\<T1 WE UND]/& ?AT ,COMPANYS %\LD /ILL REMA9 AT ! HEAD ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 PRECISELY BECAUSE WE HAVE NOT FILL$ ! /REETS & F\<T SPECIFICALLY = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 BUT TO DEF5D \RSELVES FROM ! FASCI/ MILIT>Y C\P40 .<,FROM ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S RESPONSES TO ,BOLLOT5'S 9QUIRIES4.> 

.<#b#h.> ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ REPLAC$ ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO ON ! LIAISON COMMITTEE1 :OSE O!R MEMB]S W]E ,DURRUTI1 ,OLIV]1 ,SANTILLAN & ,AS5S4 

.<#b#i.> ,9=MATION D]IV$ FROM ! V]SION PROVID$ BY ,COLL & ,PANE1 OP4 CIT41 PP4 #h#e-#h#g4 

.<#c.> 0,ON ,JULY #b#a1 #a#i#c#f1 A ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,LOCAL ,F$]ATIONS & ,DI/RICT ,COMMITTEES1 CONVOK$ BY ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,CATALUNA1 WAS HELD 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,AT ?IS MEET+1 ! SITUATION WAS ANALYZ$ & IT WAS UNANIM\SLY DET]M9$ NOT TO SPEAK AB\T LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM AS LONG AS WE HAD NOT YET CONQU]$ ?AT P>T ( ,SPA9 ?AT WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! REBELS4 ,! ,PL5UM !RE=E DECID$ NOT TO PROCE$ TO 5ACT TOTALIT>IAN MEASURES .<444.> IT DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( COLLABORATION1 & AGRE$ TO =M1 ) ONLY ONE VOTE 9 OPPOSITION1 ?AT ( ,BAJO ,LLOBREGAT1 TOGE!R ) ALL ! ,P>TIES & ,ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I SO ORD] !IR REPRES5TATIVES BY RESOLUTION ( ?IS ,PL5UM40 ,QUOT$ FROM ,9=ME DE LA DELEGACION DE LA ,C,N,T AL ,CONGRESO ,EXTRAORD9>IO DE LA ,A,I,T Y RESOLUCIONES DEL MISMO1 P4 #i#f4 

.<#c#a.> ,SEE ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 0,EL ,COMITE C5TRAL DE ,MILCIAS ,ANTIFASCI/AS DE ,CATALUNA01 9 ,DE JULIO A JULIO4 ,UN ANO DE LU*A1 ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#c#g4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WROTE ?IS >TICLE ONE YE> AFT] ! EV5TS 9 QUE/ION1 & IT IS V]Y MU* 9FLU5C$ BY ! POLITICAL CONTEXT FOLL[+ ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 

.<#c#b.> 0,F9ALLY1 MY 9=MANT CLAIMS ?AT AT ! ASSEMBLY OR PL5UM ( ! #b#a/1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] PROPOS$ ! QUE/ION ( AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP OR LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & ?AT IT WAS NOT SUPPORT$ BY ! ASSEMBLY4 ,I SAY ?AT IF HE DID SO1 HE DID SO )\T CONVICTION1 AS HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT AN AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP C\LD ONLY LEAD TO DISA/]4 ,HE POS$ ?IS DRAMATIC DILEMMA 9 ORD] TO CREATE MORE SUPPORT = HIS COLLABORATIONI/ *OICE .<4444.> ,G>CIA ,OLIV] CONFIRMS ?IS AIR ( COM$Y BY >ROGANTLY WRIT+ ! FOLL[+3 '! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I DECID$ UPON COLLABORATION & DEMOCRACY1 R5\NC+ REVOLUTION>Y TOTALIT>IANISM1 :I* W\LD HAVE L$ TO ! /RANGL+ ( ! REVOLUTION BY ! CONF$]AL OR AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP'40 ,SEE ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 0,MIZE AU PO9T SUR DE NOTES01 ,NOIR ET ,R\GE1 ,NO4 #c#h1 ,JUNE #a#i#f#g4 

.<#c#c.> ,! PREVI\SLY CIT$ TE/IMONIES ( ,JOSE DEL ,B>RIO1 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] HIMSELF1 9 #a#i#e1 & ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 >E CORROBORAT$ BY ?AT ( ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y3 0,NOBODY EV5 EV] IMAG9$1 NOT EV5 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 :O WAS ! MO/ ,BOL%EVIK ( ALL1 ! IDEA ( SEIZ+ REVOLUTION>Y P[]4 ,IT WAS ONLY LAT]1 :5 WE SAW ! EXT5T ( ! MOVEM5T & ( ! POPUL> 9ITIATIVES ?AT WE BEGAN TO DISCUSS :E!R WE C\LD OR %\LD GO = BROKE40 7,ABEL ,PAZ1 ,DURRUTI3 ,EL PROLET>IADO 5 >MAS1 ,BRUGU]A1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#g#h1 PP4 #c#h#a-#c#h#b47 .<,5GLI% LANGUAGE $ITION3 ,ABEL ,PAZ1 ,DURRUTI3 ,! ,PEOPLE ,>M$1 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 ,MONTREAL1 #a#i#i#f4.> 

.<#c#d.> ,LETT] FROM ,G>CIA ,OLIV] TO ,ABEL ,PAZ4 ,SEE ,ABEL ,PAZ1 ,DURRUTI 5 LA ,REVOLUCION ESPANOLA1 ,F,A,L1 ,MADRID1 #a#i#i#f1 PP4 #e#d-#e#e4 .<,5GLI% LANGUAGE $ITION3 ,ABEL ,PAZ1 ,DURRUTI 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 TR4 ,*UCK ,MORSE1 ,A,K ,PRESS1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 #b#f4 ,AVAILABLE ONL9E AT3 LIBCOM4ORG4.> 

.<#c#e.> ,! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ REPRES5TATIVES W]E ,JOSEP ,AS5S1 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI & ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] = ! ,C,N,T1 & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ & ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN = ! ,F,A,I4 ,DURRUTI WAS LAT] REPLAC$ BY ,M>COS ,ALCON4 

.<#c#f.> 0,JU/ H[ F> CAN WE PROCE$ ) AN EXP]IM5T 9 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ,CATALUNA1 )\T HAV+ 5D$ ! W> & ) ! DANG]S POS$ BY =EIGN 9T]V5TION8 ,?IS DILEMMA WAS POS$ TO ! AN>*I/S MILITANTS & ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! TRADE UNIONS ON ,JULY #b#c1 AT A ,PL5UM ( ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS .<444.> IT WAS DECID$ TO PRES]VE ! ANTIFASCI/ BLOC1 & TO ISSUE ! DIRECTIVE TO ! 5TIRE REGION3 WE MU/ NOT PROCLAIM LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,SEEK TO MA9TA9 HEGEMONY 9 ! COMMITTEES ( ! ANTIFASCI/ MILITIAS & PO/PONE ANY TOTALIT>IAN ATTEMPT TO REALIZE \R IDEAS40 ,QUOT$ FROM ,EL AN>QUISMO 5 ,ESPANA4 ,9=ME DEL ,COMITE ,P59SUL> DE LA ,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA AL ,MOVIMI5TO ,LIB]T>IO ,9T]NACIONAL1 N4D4 .<#a#i#c#h8.>1 P4 #b4 

,ANO!R DOCUM5T CONFIRMS ! TE/IMONY ( ! ONE JU/ QUOT$ ABOVE3 0,AT A ,PL5UM ATT5D$ BY BO? ! AN>*I/ & ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATIONS IT WAS AGRE$1 DUE TO ! URG5T CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT PREVAIL$ AT ?AT TIME1 TO ACCEPT COLLABORATION & TO P>TICIPATE DIRECTLY 9 ! /ATE 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION40 ,QUOT$ FROM ! ,F,A,I PAMPHLET1 ,9=ME QUE E/E ,COMITE DE ,RELACIONES DE ,GRUPOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,CATALUNA PRES5TA A LOS CAM>ADAS DE LA ,REGION1 N4D4 .<,M>* #a#i#c#g8.>4 

.<#c#g.> ,BECAUSE ( ! URG5CY ( MAK+ DECISIONS ON !SE MATT]S1 AFT] ,JULY #ai ! HORIZONTAL & F$]ATIVE MA*9]Y ( ! ,C,N,T COLLAPS$ & ) IT ANY PRACTICE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY ALSO FELL BY ! WAYSIDE4 ,! USUAL PRACTICE WAS TO ADOPT ! IMPORTANT DECISIONS ?AT HAD TO BE MADE AT MEET+S ( LEAD]S1 MEMB]S ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,B>CELONA1 ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I1 & ALL ?OSE :O HAD POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! ,C,C,M,A1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY OR ! ,9VE/IGATION ,COMMITTEE1 ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 ETC4 ,!SE DECISIONS MADE BY ! LEAD+ MILITANTS & (FICE HOLD]S W\LD !N BE SUBMITT$ AT A LAT] TIME TO ,PL5UMS = RATIFICATION1 ?US 0=MALLY0 PRES]V+ ! APPE>ANCES ( ! TRADITIONAL MODUS OP]&I ( ! ,C,N,T4 

.<#c#h.> ,G>CIA ,OLIV] REIT]AT$ HIS PROPOSAL TO TAKE P[] BY TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! CONC5TRATION ( MILITIAM5 :O W]E SUPPOS$ TO DEP>T = ! FRONT4 

.<#c#i.> ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,EL ECO4441 PP4 #a#i-#a#i#a4 ,GALL>DO & ,M>QUEZ1 ,ORTIZ1 PP4 #a#i-#a#a4 

.<#d.> ,ANTONIO ,ORTIZ1 0,LA SEGUNDA ,COLUMNA SALE DE ,B>CELONA04 

.<#d#a.> 0,Y\ HAVE A DUTY N[4 ,COME TO A RALLY AT ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA AT T5 9 ! MORN+4 ,A W>N+1 WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA1 ALL ( Y\ & ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,! POSITIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 CONQU]$ 9 ,B>CELONA MU/ NOT BE AB&ON$4 ,! CAPITAL MU/ NOT BE AB&ON$4 ,Y\ MU/ REMA9 ON P]MAN5T GU>D1 EYES OP51 9 CASE Y\ HAVE TO RESPOND TO ANY POSSIBLE EV5TS4 ,WORK]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 ALL AS ONE MAN WE MU/ GO ! AID ( ! COMRADES ( ,>AGON40 

.<#d#b.> ,SEE ! ,P,R,O,C,L,A,M,A,T,I,O,N SIGN$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,R,T,C1 :I* WE REPR9T 9 ITS 5TIRETY 9 ! ,APP5DIX4 ,AN >TICLE APPE>$ 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 7,JULY #b#g1 #a#i#c#f7 :I* /RESS$ ?AT 0! CONF$]AL POSITION1 9 RELATION TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 WILL CONT9UE TO BE ! SAME ONE MA9TA9$ UP UNTIL N[01 AS IF IT WAS NECESS>Y TO OV]COME SIGNIFICANT RESI/ANCE TO :AT WAS ALREADY APPROV$ AT ! ,PL5UM ( ! #b#a/4 

.<#d#c.> ,! HORIZONTAL & F$]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL MA*9]Y ( ! ,C,N,T1 :I* RAPIDLY BROKE D[N & BECAME A M]E =MAL RATIFICATION ( ! DEBATES & RESOLUTIONS ALREADY ADOPT$ BY ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES1 WAS NOT CONDUCIVE TO ! EM]G5CE ( 0T5D5CIES0 CAPABLE ( DEF5D+ !IR M9ORITY POSITIONS )9 ! ORGANIZATION4 

.<#d#d.> ,?AT IS3 DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE 7:E!R FASCI/ OR REPUBLICAN72 EXT5SION & C5TRALIZATION ( ! COMMITTEES AS ORGANS ( WORK]S P[]2 SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY2 PROLET>IAN CONTROL OV] ! W> EF=T2 & DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

.<#d#e.> ,PROPAG&A SLOGAN CO9$ BY ,ILYA ,EHR5BURG1 :I* ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ,TORYHO FALSELY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,DURRUTI4 ,SEE ,ILYA ,EHR5BURG1 ,CORRESPONSAL 5 LA ,GU]RA CIVIL ESPANOLA1 ,JUC>1 ,GIJON1 #a#i#g#i1 P4 #b#d4 

.<#d#f.> ,SANTOS ,JULIA1 0,DE LA DIVISION ORGANICA AL GOBI]NO DE UNIDAD NACIONAL01 9 ,SOCIALISMO Y GU]RA CIVIL4 ,ANALES DE HI/ORIA DE LA ,FUNDACION ,PABLO ,IGLESIAS1 ,VOL4 #b 7#a#i#h#g71 PP4 #b#b#g-#b#d#e4 

.<#d#g.> ,?REE V]Y 9T]E/+ !SES1 UN=TUNATELY UNPUBLI%$1 HAVE BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! ,C,C,M,A3 

,JOSEP ,$U>D ,ADSU> ,TORRA1 ,CATALUNYA3 ,JULIOL-,OCTUBRE #a#i#c#f4 ,UNA DUALITAT DE POD]81 7#b ,VOLS471 ,DOCTORAL ,DISS]TATION1 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,HI/ORY1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#g#i4 

,5RIC ,MOMPO1 ,EL ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE ,MILICIAS ,ANTIFASCI/AS DE ,CATALUNYA Y LA SITUACION DE DOBLE POD] 5 LOS PRIM]OS MESES DE LA GU]RA CIVIL ESPANOLA1 ,DOCTORAL ,!SIS READ ON ,JUNE #h1 #a#i#i#d1 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,HI/ORY1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,B>CELONA4 

,JOSEP ,ANTONI ,POZO ,GONZALEZ1 ,EL POD] REVOLUCION>I A ,CATALUNYA ,DURANT ELS MESOS DE JULIOL A OCTUBRE DE #a#i#c#f4 ,CRISI I RECOMPOSICIO DE L',E/AT1 ,DOCTORAL ,!SIS DEF5D$ ON ,JUNE #b#a1 #b#b1 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,MOD]N & ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,HI/ORY1 ,AUTONOM\S ,UNIV]SITY ( ,B>CELONA4 

.<#d#h.> ,! ,CON/ANCIA GR\P1 AT A MEET+ ( AN>*I/ GR\PS & DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 PROPOS$ 0?AT \R REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! GOV]NM5T %\LD )DRAW & ?AT ! NEI<BORHOOD COMMITTEES %\LD ELECT A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE40 ,SEE 0,SEGUNDA SESION DEL PL5O LOCAL DE ,GRUPOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,B>CELONA .<444.> CON ASI/5CIA DE LOS GRUPOS DE ,DEF5SA CONF$]AL Y ,JUV5TUDES LIB]T>IAS01 ,B>CELONA1 ,APRIL #b#d1 #a#i#c#g4 ,! PROPOSAL1 AL?\< F> TOO LATE1 %[S ?AT !SE NEI<BORHOOD COMMITTEES W]E /ILL ACTIVE 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#g4 

.<#d#i.> ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,EL ECO DE LOS PASOS1 ,RU$O ,IB]ICO1 ,B>CELONA-,P>IS1 #a#i#g#h1 P4 #a#h#e4 

.<#e.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#h#h4 

.<#e#a.> ,RESPONSES ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV] TO A QUE/IONNAIRE FROM ,BOLLOT5 7#a#i#e74 

.<#e#b.> ,9 REALITY1 ?IS T]M1 0AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP01 WAS PROBABLY NOT US$ BY ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 BUT BY ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 AS A SUITABLE SUMM>Y ( HIS LONG SPEE* AT ! ,PL5UM ( ,JULY #b#a4 

.<#e#c.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,PEIRATS1 0DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! MOVEM5T1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & A FEW O!R MILITANTS HALF-HE>T$LY PROPOS$ ! IDEA ( E/ABLI%+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ,CATALUNA4 ,I ?9K ?AT ?IS IDEA WAS PROPOS$ )\T REAL CONVICTION4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS CONV9C$ ?AT LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS IMPOSSIBLE 9 ,CATALUNA04 ,SEE ! 9T]VIEW ) ,JOSE ,PEIRATS 9 ,COLECCION DE ,HI/ORIA ,ORAL3 ,EL MOVIMI5TO LIB]T>IO 5 ,ESPANA 7#a74 ,JOSE ,PEIRATS4 

.<#e#d.> ,DURRUTI1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ W]E ! PROTOTYPICAL M5 ( ACTION4 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,P$RO ,H]R]A W]E ! PROTOTYPICAL AN>*I/ 9TELLECTUALS4 

.<#e#e.> ,IT WAS !RE=E BY NO MEANS A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 BUT AN 9/ITUTION ( CLASS COLLABORATION1 CREAT$ TO FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM UND] EXTRAORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES1 :I* REQUIR$ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITIES = ,DEF5SE ?AT W]E NOT ORD9>ILY )9 ITS JURISDICTION4 

.<#e#f.> ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI & ,JOSE ,AS5S = ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T2 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ & ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN = ! ,F,A,I2 ,>TEMI ,AGUADE1 ,JAUME ,MIRAVITLLES & ,JOAN ,PONS = ! ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA DE ,CATALUNYA2 ,TOMAS ,FABREGAS = ,ACCIO ,CATALANA2 ,JOSEP ,TORR5S = ! ,UNIO DE ,RABASSAIRES2 ,JOSEP ,ROVIRA = ! ,P,\,M2 ,JOSEP ,MIRET = ! ,UNIO ,SOCIALI/A2 ,JOSE DEL ,B>RIO1 ,SALVADOR ,GONZALEZ & ,ANTONIO ,LOPEZ ,RAIMUNDO = ! ,U,G,T2 & ! 5VOYS ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ,LLUIS ,PRUNES1 ,P]EZ ,F>RAS & ,VIC5S ,GU>N]4 

.<#e#g.> ,ALL ?OSE :O ATT5D$ ! MEET+ SIGN$ ! ABOVE DECREE1 EXCEPT = ! ?REE DELEGATES S5T BY ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

.<#e#h.> ,G>CIA ,OLIV] SAID EXACTLY ?IS 9 HIS SPEE*3 0,MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 Y\ HAVE TO MAKE !M KILL Y\40 ,SEE ,EL ECO4441 P4 #a#i#f4 

.<#e#i.> ,9/EAD ( COORD9AT+ !SE SUPPLY COMMITTEES1 CREAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES FROM BEL[1 ! CONTROL ( !IR OP]ATIONS WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,C,C,M,A1 TO BE EX]CIS$ FROM ABOVE4 

.<#f.> ,! TEXT ( ?IS ,D,E,C,R,E,E IS REPRODUC$ 9 ! ,APP5DIX4 

.<#f#a.> ,! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,P59SUL> & ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,F,A,I1 ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION1 & ALL ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! REGIONAL & LOCAL F$]ATIONS1 & ?OSE :O HAD RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS 9 ! ,C,C,M,A 7& LAT] 9 ! GOV]NM5T74 

.<#f#b.> ,WE NE$ ONLY RECALL ! 9T]V5+ /AGE BETWE5 ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION & ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,ONLY A PR(\ND LACK ( KN[L$GE ( :AT REALLY HAPP5$ 9 ,CATALUNA 5ABL$ SOME HI/ORIANS TO MAKE AN UN=TUNATE HI/ORICAL COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN CASE & ! ,CATALAN CASE1 & MADE IT POSSIBLE = !M TO SPEAK ]RONE\SLY ( DUAL P[] %>$ BY ! ,C,C,M,A & ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

.<#f#c.> ,ON ,JULY #b HE WAS AU?ORIZ$ BY ,DURRUTI TO CREATE A W> 9DU/RY4 ,VALLEJO 9ITIAT$ A COORD9ATION NETWORK AMONG ! METALLURGICAL & *EMICAL 9DU/RY TRADE UNIONS1 TOGE!R ) ! M9]S ( ,SALL5T1 & SUP]VIS$ ! TRANS=MATION ( CIVILIAN 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION TO AN 9DU/RY = PRODUCTION ( MILIT>Y GOODS4 ,! COLLABORATION ( ! C5ETI/A ,VALLEJO ) ,T>RADELLAS PROV$ TO BE EFFECTIVE 9 ! M$IUM T]M1 BUT IMPLI$ ! SUBMISSION ( ! 9ITIAL REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

.<#f#d.> ,!SE 5T]PRISES ALSO PAID TAXES TO ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I2 ,COMOR]A ABOLI%$ !SE TAXES 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#g4 

.<#f#e.> ,MIQUEL ,MIR1 ,5TRE EL ROIG I EL NEGRE1 ,$ICIONS #f#b1 ,B>CELONA1 #b#f4 

.<#f#f.> ,SEE ,PEIRATS1 P4 #a#g#e4 

.<#f#g.> ,9T]VIEW ) ,MIQUEL ,MIR 9 ,QUAD]N1 SUPPLEM5T TO ! ,CATALAN $ITION ( ,EL ,PAIS 7,JULY #b#g1 #b#f74 

.<#f#h.> ,BI%OP ,IRURITA WAS LIB]AT$ BY HI<-LEVEL (FICIALS AT ,SAN ,ELIAS 9 EX*ANGE = JEWELS4 ,:5 ! PATROL /AFF DISCOV]$ ! ID5TITY ( ! LIB]AT$ PRISON] SEV]AL DAYS LAT] !Y W]E V]Y UPSET4 ,SEE ,QUAD]N1 ,CATALAN SUPPLEM5T ( ,EL ,PAIS 7,JULY #b#g1 #b#f74 

.<#f#i.> ,SEE ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 0,LA ,N,K,V,D Y EL ,S,I,M 5 ,B>CELONA4 ,ALGUNOS 9=MES DE ,G]O SOBRE LA ,GU]RA DE ,ESPANA01 ,BALANCE1 ,NO4 #bb 7,NOVEMB] #b#a74 

.<#g.> 0,IT W\LD BE ADVANTAGE\S = US TO ACQUIRE WEAPONS1 SMALL >MS BUT ( HI< QUALITY1 :I* >E MO/ NECESS>Y = ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE COMPLA9S AB\T ! LATE DELIV]Y ( W> MAT]IEL TO ,B>CELONA & EXPLA9S ! SITUATION AS FOLL[S3 ,!RE >E MANY NEI<BORHOOD GR\PS ?AT1 9DEP5D5TLY1 SUPPLY !MSELVES ) ALL !Y NE$ FROM =EIGN C\NTRIES1 MORE *EAPLY & MORE QUICKLY40 ,QUOT$ FROM 0,REUNION DE COMITES1 CELEBRADA EL DIA #f DE OCTUBRE DE #a#i#c#f04 

.<#g#a.> ,?IS EXPRESSION IS US$ BY ,MUNIS 9 ,JALONES DE D]ROTA1 PROMESA DE VICTORIA4 

.<#g#b.> ,SEE ,JAIME ,BALIUS1 0,5 EL ,NUEVO LOCAL DEL ,C,C,M,A01 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 7,AUGU/ #b#c1 #a#i#c#f74 

.<#g#c.> ,I HAVE BE5 ABLE TO CONSULT ! FOLL[+ RECORDS = M9UTES ( ! ,C,C,M,A3 ,AUGU/ #c & #c#a2 & ,SEPTEMB] #b-#d1 #f1 #h1 #a1 #a#b1 #a#d1 #a#f1 #a#h-#b#a1 #bc & #be ( #a#i#c#f4 

.<#g#d.> 0,9=ME DE LA DELEGACION DE LA ,C,N,T AL ,CONGRESO ,EXTRAORD9>IO DE LA ,A,I,T Y RESOLUCION DEL MISMO01 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#g1 P4 #i#f4 

.<#g#e.> ,CONC]N+ ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY ONE MAY CONSULT ! BOOK BY ,IGNASI ,C5DRA1 ,EL ,CONSELL D',ECONOMIA DE ,CATALUNYA 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i71 ,PUBLICACIONS ,ABADIA ,MONTS]RAT1 #b#f4 

.<#g#f.> ,GOV]N DE LA ,G5]ALITAT DE ,CATALUNYA4 ,COMITE DE ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES3 0,ACORDS PRESOS 5 LA REUNIO DEL ,C,C DE LES ,M,A 5 EL DIA #c D'AGO/ DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#g#g.> ,POZO1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #b#c#f4 

.<#g#h.> 0,9=ME DE LA DELEGACION DE LA ,C,N,T44401 P4 #i#g4 

.<#g#i.> ,POZO1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #b#c#g4 

.<#h.> ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO .<,CES> ,M>T9EZ WAS ! SON ( ,HORACIO ,M>T9EZ ,PRIETO.>3 ,LOS AN>QUI/AS ESPANOLES Y EL POD]1 ,RU$O ,IB]ICO1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#f#i1 P4 #i#h4 

.<#h#a.> ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO1 OP4 CIT41 PP4 #i#i-#a4 

.<#h#b.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,RESUM DE LA REUNIO DEL DIA #ca D'AGO/ DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#h#c.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,RESUM DE LA REUNIO DEL DIA #c DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#h#d.> ,?IS ,COMMITTEE HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 COMPOS$ SOLELY ( WORK+ CLASS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,P,\,M1 ! ,U,G,T & ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 

.<#h#e.> ,ANTONIO ,ORTIZ WAS ! DELEGATE ( ! ,COLUMNA ,ORTIZ 7ALSO KN[N AS ! ,SUR-,EBRO ,COLUMN74 

.<#h#f.> ,IT REPLAC$ ! GOV]NM5T HEAD$ BY ! REPUBLICAN ,GIRAL4 

.<#h#g.> ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO1 OP4 CIT41 PP4 #a#h-#a#h#a4 

.<#h#h.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,RESUM DE LA REUNIO DEL DIA #d DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#h#i.> ,?IS ISSUE WAS ONE ASPECT ( A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 DEF5D$ H]E BY ! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,],C1 & ?OSE ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 CONC]N+ ! CONTROL ( ! BORD]S1 & MORE SPECIFICALLY ! FRONTI] PASS AT ,PUIGC]DA1 :I* WAS COMPLETELY DOM9AT$ BY ,ANTONIO ,M>T91 ! AN>*I/ LEAD] ( ,LA ,C]DANA4 ,! ATTACK ( ! ,P,S,U,C-,],C CONC]N+ ! BORD] QUE/ION WAS ANSW]$ BY ! ,C,N,T ) AN ATTACK ON ! F9ANC+ ( ! HOSPITAL ( ! ,ALP9E ,MILITIAS1 :I* COMPRIS$ ! EMBRYO ( A ,CATALANI/ >MY4 

.<#i.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,ACORDS PRESOS 5 LA REUNIO DEL DIA #f DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#i#a.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,ACORDS PRESOS 5 LA REUNIO DEL DIA #h DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#i#b.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,ACORDS PRESOS 5 LA REUNIO DEL DIA #a DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 ,! WORD1 0RATIFICATION0 SUGGE/S ?AT A PROPOSAL TO DISSOLVE ! ,C,C,M,A WAS MADE AT A PREVI\S MEET+1 A PROPOSAL WE CANNOT LOCATE AMONG ! PREVI\S M9UTES1 AL?\< IT MAY REF] TO C]TA9 CONV]SATIONS ?AT TOOK PLACE \TSIDE ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 AS ,JOAN ,PONS ,G>L&I SUGGE/S 9 HIS MEMOIRES4 

.<#i#c.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,ACORDS PRESOS 5 LA REUNIO DEL DIA #ab DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#i#d.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,RESUM DE LA REUNIO DEL DIA #ad DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#i#e.> ,LOR5ZO1 OP4 CIT41 PP4 #a#h#b-#a#h#d4 

.<#i#f.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,RESUM DE LA REUNIO DEL DIA #af DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#i#g.> ,!RE W]E /ILL B>RICADES ON ! /REETS ALMO/ TWO MON?S AFT] ,JULY #a#i4 ,! ORD] TO REMOVE ! COTTON BALES WAS ISSU$ DUE TO ! %ORTAGE ( RAW MAT]IALS 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 

.<#i#h.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,RESUM DE LA REUNIO DEL DIA #ah DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#i#i.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,RESUM DE LA REUNIO DEL DIA #ai DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#a.> ,T>RADELLAS HAD GONE TO ,MADRID TO OBTA9 F9ANCIAL & TE*NICAL ASSI/ANCE TO CREATE A MILIT>Y 9DU/RY 9 ,CATALUNA4 ,AS ,T>RADELLAS SAID3 0ONE ( ! REASONS = MY TRIP--AS Y\ MU/ ALREADY KN[--WAS1 BESIDES ACCOMPANY+ ! =CES ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS TO PLACE !M AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! MILIT>Y COMM&] 9 ,MADRID1 TO REQUE/ ?AT ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T TRANSF] AS SOON AS POSSIBLE TO ,CATALUNA ! ,TOL$O >MS & AMMUNITION FACTORY4 ,ACCOMPANI$ BY ,COLONEL ,GIM5EZ DE ,ABRAZA1 ! DIRECTOR ( ! ,OVI$O >MS FACTORY1 & ,AIR ,=CE ,COLONEL ,RAMIREZ ,C>TAG5A1 ONE ( ! COMM&]S ( ! ,B>CELONA AIR =CE :5 ! UPRIS+ BEGAN1 ACCOMPANI$ !N BY !SE TWO REPUBLICAN (FIC]S1 FAI?FUL TO !IR OA? TO DEF5D ! ,REPUBLIC1 ,I HAD SEV]AL 9T]VIEWS ) ,SR4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O & HIS ADVIS]S4 ,Y\ HAVE NO IDEA ( H[ ,I FELT1 ,I HAD TO RETURN TO ,B>CELONA )\T HAV+ OBTA9$ ! TRANSF] ( ! ,TOL$O >MS & AMMUNITION FACTORY TO ,CATALUNA40 ,QUOT$ FROM 0,LETT] FROM ,T>RADELLAS TO ,BOLLOT5 DAT$ ,M>* #b#d1 #a#i#g#a01 PUBLI%$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY 9 ,BALANCE1 ,ISSUE ,NO4 #f ( ! >*IVAL S]IES 7#a#i#i#h74 

.<#a#a.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,RESUM DE LA REUNIO DEL DIA #b DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#a#b.> ,SEE ,ABEL ,PAZ1 ,LA CUE/ION DE ,M>RUECOS Y LA ,REPUBLICA ESPANOLA1 ,FUNDACION ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 ,MADRID1 #b4 

.<#a#c.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,RESUM DE LA REUNIO DEL DIA #ba DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#a#d.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,RESUM DE LA REUNIO DEL DIA #bc DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#a#e.> ,?IS LACK ( SOLID>ITY EXPRESS$ BY ! ,C,C,M,A = ! REFUGEES FROM ,MADRID C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 MORE DESPICABLE & %AMEFUL4 

.<#a#f.> ,COMITE ,C5TRAL DE LES ,MILICIES ,ANTIFEIXI/ES DE ,CATALUNYA3 0,RESUM DE LA REUNIO DEL DIA #be DE SETEMBRE DEL #a#i#c#f40 

.<#a#g.> ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,EL ECO4441 PP4 #b#h#a-#b#h#d4 

.<#a#h.> ,! FIR/ TWO HAD BE5 MEMB]S ( ! =M] ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

.<#a#i.> ,LOR5ZO1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#h#e4 

.<#a#a.> ,PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,(FICIAL ,BULLET9 ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ON ,OCTOB] #b#h1 #a#i#c#f4 

.<#a#a#a.> ,SEE 0,SEGUNDA SESION DEL PL5O LOCAL DE ,GRUPOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,B>CELONA .<444.> CON ASI/5CIA DE LOS GRUPOS DE ,DEF5SA CONF$]AL Y ,JUV5TUDES LIB]T>IAS01 ,B>CELONA1 ,APRIL #b#d1 #a#i#c#g4 

.<#a#a#b.> ,! DELEGATION WAS COMPOS$ ( ,JOSE ,X5A1 ,DAVID ,ANTONA1 ,HORACIO ,M>T9EZ ,PRIETO & ,M>IANO ,RODRIGUEZ ,VAZQUEZ4 

.<#a#a#c.> 0,9=ME DE LA DELEGACION DE LA ,C,N,T AL ,CONGRESO ,EXTRAORD9>IO DE LA ,A,I,T Y RESOLUCION DEL MISMO01 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#g1 PP4 #g#e-#g#f4 

.<#a#a#d.> ,RUDIG]'S >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( ! NECESSITY ( SUBORD9AT+ ALL ! ACTIVITY1 ALL !ORY & ALL ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,C,N,T TO ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 AS ! ONLY WAY TO GU>ANTEE VICTORY 9 ! W>1 ,O,B,V,I,\,S,L,Y IMPLI$ ! NECESSITY ( KEEP+ ?IS REPORT ,S,E,C,R,E,T4 ,IF ! ,RUSSIAN & ,SPANI% ,/AL9I/S W]E TO F9D \T AB\T ! BL9D DET]M9ATION ( ! ,C,N,T TO SUBMIT TO ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 AT ANY PRICE1 !N ! ,C,N,T W\LD RUN ! RISK ( BECOM+ A PUPPET 9 ! H&S ( ITS POLITICAL RIVALS4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 H[EV]1 DID NOT HESITATE TO ,P,U,B,L,I,% ?IS ,S,E,C,R,E,T REPORT3 !RE WAS NO?+ NEW AB\T ! 9COMPET5CE1 NAIVETE & POLITICAL IMMATURITY ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 BY PUBLI%+ ?IS PAMPHLET 9 #a#i#c#h1 ,RUDIG]'S SECRET REPORT C\LD ONLY HAVE SC&ALIZ$ ?OSE FEW SIMPLE S\LS :O1 9 #a#i#c#h1 /ILL BELIEV$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ! ,C,N,T4 

.<#a#a#e.> ,HELMUT ,RUDIG]1 ,EL AN>COS9DICALISMO 5 LA ,REVOLUCION ,ESPANOLA1 ,C,N,T1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#c#h4 

.<#a#a#f.> ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI1 0,AL ,CONSEJO DE LA ,G5]ALIDAD DE ,CATALUNA01 ,FR5TE DE ,OS]A1 ,NOVEMB] #a1 #a#i#c#f4 ,SEE ,APP5DIX4 

.<#a#a#g.> 0,C\NCIL0 WAS ! WORD US$ TO AVOID US+ ! WORD 0,GOV]NM5T01 :I* WAS TABOO = ! AN>*I/S4 

.<#a#a#h.> ,! SPEE* IS RECON/RUCT$ FROM V>I\S FRAGM5TS PUBLI%$ 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A & ,ACRACIA4 

.<#a#a#i.> 0,ACTA DE LA REUNIO CELEBRADA SOTA LA PRESID5CIA DE ,S4,E4 EL PRESID5T DE LA ,G5]ALITAT PELS CONSELL] I REPRES5TANTS DELS P>TITS I S9DICATS QUE T55 REPRES5TACIO 5 EL ,CONSELL1 ELS DIES #e I #f DE NOVEMBRE DE #a#i#c#f40 

.<#a#b.> ,M>IANET REPLAC$ ! OLD & EXP]I5C$ AN>*I/ ,LIB]TO ,CALLEJAS ) ! Y\NG BUREAUCRAT ,JAC9TO ,TORYHO AS $ITOR 9 *IEF ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 :I* !N PUBLI%$ A C5SOR$ V]SION ( ,DURRUTI'S SPEE*4 

.<#a#b#a.> ,A /RAY BULLET WAS ALSO BLAM$ = ! DEA?1 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#g1 ( ,ANTONIO ,M>T91 ! AN>*I/ LEAD] FROM ,PUIGC]DA4 ,! MEMOIRES ( ,PONS ,G>L&I DISCLOSE ?AT HIS DEA? WAS ACTUALLY ! RESULT ( A PREM$ITAT$ ASSASS9ATION1 OR*E/RAT$ BY HI< LEVEL (FICIALS ( ! ,],C 9 ! ,G5]ALITAT'S POLICE =CE1 :O HAD CONTRACT$ ! S]VICES ( TWO SNIP]S1 ONE ( :OM WAS KN[N AS 0P5JA ROBES01 WELL KN[N 9 ,LA ,C]DANA = HIS M>KSMAN%IP4 ,PO/$ 9 ! BELL T[]1 ) ! BRIDGE ?AT LEADS TO ,BELLV] 9 !IR SI<TS1 !Y HAD NO O!R OBJECTIVE ?AN TO ASSASS9ATE ,ANTONIO ,M>T94 

.<#a#b#b.> ,CONC]N+ ,DURRUTI'S FUN]AL1 SEE ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 7,NOVEMB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f7 & ! BOOKS BY ,H4 ,E4 ,KAM9SKI1 ,LOS DE ,B>CELONA .<#a#i#c#g.>1 ,$4 ,COTAL1 ,B>CELONA1 #aigg .<A P>TIAL ,5GLI% TRANSLATION CAN BE F\ND ONL9E--9 ,OCTOB] #b#a#c--AT3 MI/]SCRUFFLES4FILES4WORDPRESS4COMF.> & BY ,M>Y ,L[ & ,JUAN ,BREA1 ,R$ ,SPANI% ,NOTEBOOK3 ,! ,FIR/ ,SIX ,MON?S ( ! ,REVOLUTION & ,CIVIL ,W> .<#a#i#c#g.>1 ,CITY ,LI<TS ,BOOKS1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 #a#i#g#i4 

.<#a#b#c.> ,ILYA ,EHR5BURG1 ,CORRESPONSAL 5 LA ,GU]RA CIVIL ESPANOLA1 ,JUC>1 ,MADRID1 #a#i#g1 P4 #b#d4 

.<#a#b#d.> ,9 ,APRIL #ai* ,NEGR9 PO/HUM\SLY AW>D$ ?IS MILIT>Y RANK TO ,DURRUTI4 

.<#a#b#e.> ,SEE ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 0,HABLA ,DURRUTI01 9 ,LA ,B>CELONA ,REBELDE1 ,OCTA$RO1 #b#c4 ,SEE ALSO ! 9T]VIEW ) ,PABLO ,RUIZ 9 ,LA ,NO*E1 ,NO4 #c$e 7,M>* #b#d1 #a#i#c#g74 

.<#a#b#f.> 0,NOT ONLY DO !Y REFUSE MILIT>IZATION1 BUT !Y WILL NOT ABIDE BY ! REQUE/S ( EI!R ,COMMITTEE .<! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I.> & 9/EAD CA/ D[N !IR WEAPONS & AB&ON ! FRONT4 .<444.> SEE+ ?AT IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO H>MONIZE ! DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN .<444.> S9CE !RE WAS SO MU* T5SION ?AT IT WAS FE>$ ?AT ! DISPUTE W\LD DEG5]ATE 9TO A BLOODY CLA% .<444.> ! MAJORITY ( ! COMRADES ( ! ,GELSA GR\P HAVE AB&ON$ ! FRONT AGA9/ ALL REGULATIONS & 9 CONFLICT ) ! AGREEM5TS UND]TAK5 BY BO? ! SPECIFIC & ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATIONS40 ,F,A,I1 ,9=ME QUE E/E ,COMITE DE ,RELACIONES DE ,GRUPOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,CATALUNA PRES5TA A LOS CAM>ADAS DE LA ,REGION1 ,M>* #a#i#c#g7874 

.<#a#b#g.> ,?IS *APT] PROVIDES NEW 9=MATION1 & REVISES & CORRECTS ! ACC\NT 9 A PREVI\S WORK1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI%3 ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 ,A,K ,PRESS1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 #a#i#i#f4 ,! LATT] BOOK IS A TRANSLATION ( ! CONT5TS ( ISSUE NUMB] #c ( ,BALANCE4 

.<#a#b#h.> ,L',OBRA NORMATIVE DE LA ,G5]ALITAT DE ,CATALUNYA4 ,EL ,PLA ,T>RADELLAS1 ,$ICIO DEL ,COMISS>IAT DE ,PROPAG&A DE LA ,G5]ALITAT DE ,CATALUNYA1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#c#g4 

.<#a#b#i.> ,ANNA ,MONJO1 0,L'ECONOMIA 5TRE REVOLUCIO I GU]RA01 9 ,HI/ORIA1 ,POLITICA1 SOCIETAT I CULTURA DEL ,PAISOS ,CATALANS 7,VOL4 #i71 ,DE LA GRAN ESP]ANCA A LA GRAN 5SULSIADA #a#i#c-#a#i#c#i1 ,5CICLOP$IA ,CATALANA1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#i#i4 

.<#a#c.> ,TRADE ,UNION ( ! ,IRON & ,/EEL ,9DU/RY ( ,B>CELONA1 ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ,COLECTIVACION8 ,NACIONALIZACION8 ,NO3 ,SOCIALIZACION1 ,IMP4 ,PRIM]O DE ,MAYO1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#c#g4 

.<#a#c#a.> ,WE %ALL NOT PRES5T A COMPLETE ACC\NT ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 BUT ONLY ( ?OSE ASPECTS ?AT 9VOLVE ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P2 9 ANY CASE1 ! READ] MAY CONSULT ! ,APP5DIX = MORE 9=MATION4 

.<#a#c#b.> ,CRONICA DEL ,DEP>TAM5T DE ,PRESID5CIA DEL #c DE MAIG DE #a#i#c#g4 

.<#a#c#c.> ,AS ,GORK9 /ATES3 0,9 REALITY ! MOVEM5T WAS TOTALLY SPONTANE\S4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS SPONTANEITY WAS QUITE RELATIVE1 & MU/ BE EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES HAVE EXI/$ S9CE ,JULY #a#i1 SCATT]$ EV]Y:]E1 9 ,B>CELONA & ,CATALUNA1 :I* W]E PRIM>ILY ORGANIZ$ BY RANK & FILE ELEM5TS ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I4 ,= A :ILE !SE ,COMMITTEES W]E MO/LY 9ACTIVE1 BUT IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ON ,MAY #c !Y W]E ! ONES :O MOBILIZ$ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!Y W]E ! ACTION GR\PS ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,WE KN[ ?AT NO G5]AL /RIKE ORD] HAD BE5 ISSU$ BY ANY ( ! TRADE UNION F$]ATIONS40 ,SEE ,JULIAN ,GORK91 0,REUNION DU S\S-SECRET>IAT 9T]NATIONAL DU ,P,\,M--#a#d MAI #a#i#c#g04 

.<#a#c#d.> ,! SECOND ,T>RADELLAS GOV]NM5T WAS 9 (FICE FROM ,DECEMB] #a#f1 #aicf TO ,APRIL #c1 #a#i#c#g4 

.<#a#c#e.> ,ISGLEAS RESIGN$ BECAUSE ( ! PROPOSAL ?AT ! ,C>LOS ,M>X ,DIVISION1 CONTROLL$ BY ! ,P,S,U,C1 %\LD BE TRANSF]R$ FROM ! ,>AGON ,FRONT TO ! ,MADRID ,FRONT1 & NOT1 AS SOME HI/ORIANS CLAIM1 DUE TO YET ANO!R 9 A S]IES ( DIS>MAM5T DECREES PROMULGAT$ = ! RE>GU>D ?AT NOBODY TOOK S]I\SLY4 ,ISGLEAS WAS OPPOS$ TO ! WEAK5+ ( ! ,>AGON ,FRONT1 & DEM&$ ?AT1 9 ANY EV5T1 ! M5 ( ! ,M>X ,DIVISION %\LD BE REPLAC$ BY TWO ?\S& M5 FROM ! POLICE =CES 9 ! RE>GU>D4 ,?IS WAS 9T5D$ AS A C\NT]MEASURE 9 RESPONSE TO ! ATTEMPTS ON ! P>T ( ,COMPANYS TO DIS>M & CONTROL ! RE>GU>D4 

.<#a#c#f.> 0,ACTAS DE LAS REUNIONES DE ,COMPANYS CON ,H]R]A Y ,ESCORZA DEL #aa Y #ac DE ABRIL DE #a#i#c#g04 

.<#a#c#g.> ,9 ?IS GOV]NM5T 79 (FICE FROM ,APRIL #af TO ,MAY #d71 ! ,C,N,T ,M9I/]S W]E ,ISGLEAS 7,DEF5SE71 ,CAPDEVILA 7,PUBLIC ,S]VICES7 & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ 7,HEAL? & ,WELF>E74 

.<#a#c#h.> ,ACCORD+ TO ! MEMOIRES ( ,JOAN ,PONS ,G>L&I1 BE=E ,MAY1 9 A MEET+ ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9T]NAL ,SECURITY1 9 ! (FICE ( ! ,COMMISS> ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD] ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 9 ! ,PALACIO DE ,GOB]NACION ON ,PLAZA ,PALACIO1 ,>TEMI ,AGUADE P]SUAD$ ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ1 :O HAD PUT HIS PI/OL TO ! HEAD ( ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 NOT TO %OOT4 ,?IS ANECDOTE REFLECTS ! GREAT T5SION ?AT EXI/$ BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]S & ! APPO9TEES ( ! ,],C :O HAD POSITIONS ( AU?ORITY 9 ! POLICE =CES4 

.<#a#c#i.> ,H]R]A & ,ESCORZA ADVOCAT$ ! =MATION ( ,9SPECTION ,COMMISSIONS 9 ALL ! ,M9I/RIES ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* W\LD ALL[ !M TO CONTROL :AT WAS DONE & :AT WAS PLANN$ 9 ALL ! DEP>TM5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ESPECIALLY 9 ?OSE DIRECT$ BY ! ,P,S,U,C1 AS A SAFEGU>D TO AVOID FUTURE CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T ANTIFASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IT W\LD BE MODEL$ ON ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY & ! ,COMMISSION ( ,W> ,9DU/RIES1 :I* HAD PROV5 SO EFFECTIVE1 ACCORD+ TO ,ESCORZA & ,H]R]A4 

.<#a#d.> ,JOSEP ,T>RADELLAS1 0,LA CRISI POLITICA PREVIA ALS ,FETS DE ,MAIG4 #bf DIES DE DESGOV]N A LA ,G5]ALITAT04 

.<#a#d#a.> ,ESCORZA WAS BORN 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#a#b1 ! SON ( A ,C,N,T MILITANT 9 ! ,WOODWORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION4 ,HE SUFF]$ FROM POLIO AS A *ILD1 :I* LEFT HIM P]MAN5TLY P>ALYZ$4 ,( V]Y %ORT /ATURE AS A RESULT ( ! ATROPHY ( HIS LEGS1 HE US$ 5ORM\S LIFTS 9 HIS %OES ?AT1 9 ADDITION TO HIS CRUT*ES1 GAVE HIM A PA!TIC APPE>ANCE & EXTREMELY LIMIT$ HIS MOBILITY4 ,( AN EXTREMELY S\R & SEV]E DISPOSITION1 HE WAS V]Y WELL $UCAT$ & WILLFUL & W\LD NOT ALL[ ANYONE TO HELP HIM MOVE AB\T4 ,HE WAS A MILITANT 9 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? & BECAME A MEMB] ( ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! CIVIL W> HE ADDRESS$ AN ASSEMBLY ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ON ,JULY #b1 #a#i#c#f1 ADVOCAT+ A ?IRD WAY1 AS OPPOS$ TO ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S HALF-HE>T$ ADVOCACY ( ! 0GO = BROKE0 /RATEGY & ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY POSITION ( ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y 9 FAVOR ( LOYAL COLLABORATION ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,ESCORZA ADVOCAT$ ! USE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT AS A TOOL TO SOCIALIZE ! ECONOMY1 & !N DISPOSE ( IT :5 IT CEASES TO BE USEFUL TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,ESCORZA WAS ! HI<E/ RANK+ (FICIAL ( ! ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :I* HAD S9CE ,JULY #aicf BE5 EXECUT+ ALL K9DS ( REPRESSIVE TASKS1 AS WELL AS ESPIONAGE & 9TELLIG5CE4 ,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9VE/IGATION WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 TWO SECTIONS3 ,M9UE WAS 9 *>GE ( =EIGN ESPIONAGE & ,ESCORZA HIMSELF WAS 9 *>GE ( 9T]NAL 9TELLIG5CE4 ,REPRESSION WAS DIRECT$ NOT JU/ AT REBEL ORGANIZATIONS & 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ALSO AGA9/ ,C,N,T MILITANTS4 ,ESCORZA WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! EXECUTION ( ,JOSE ,G>D5AS1 ( ! CON/RUCTION F$]ATION1 & ,F]N&EZ1 PRESID5T ( ! ,FOOD ,SUPPLY ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION1 AT ! ORD] ( ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION1 ) ! KN[L$GE & CONS5T ( ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y & ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] /AT$ ?AT ,ESCORZA'S 9TELLIG5CE & ESPIONAGE WORK W]E EXCELL5T4 ,HIS POLICE WORK1 9TELLIG5CE ACTIVITIES & REPRESSIVE MEASURES RELAT+ TO FIF? COLUMNI/S1 AS WELL AS FASCI/ ELEM5TS & PRIE/S1 & !IR ACTIVITIES1 AS WELL AS ?OSE RELAT+ TO ! SO-CALL$ 0UNCONTROLLABLES0 )9 ! ANTIFASCI/ CAMP ITSELF1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 CONF]R$ UPON ,ESCORZA A S9I/] REPUTATION ?AT1 COMB9$ ) HIS H&ICAP & HIS >RE/+ APPE>ANCE1 TRANS=M$ HIM 9TO A FIGURE ( REVULSION & HORROR1 FE>$ = HIS P[] OV] LIFE & DEA? ( O!RS1 RADIAT+ A MY?ICAL AURA ?AT WAS HALF CONTEMPT & HALF T]ROR1 L$ HIM TO BE KN[N AS 79 ! WORDS ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]7 0A CRIPPLE 9 BODY & 9 S\L04 ,IT CANNOT BE D5I$1 H[EV]1 ?AT HE WAS EXTRAORD9>ILY EFFECTIVE 7& ?IS WAS ACKN[L$G$ BY ,G>CIA ,OLIV] HIMSELF7 ) RESPECT TO HIS RESPONSIBILITIES 9 ! MATT] ( ESPIONAGE1 9TELLIG5CE & REPRESSION1 :I* HE ALWAYS C>RI$ \T /RICTLY UND] ORD]S FROM ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION4 ,DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #aicf HE MADE \T/&+ CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! CONV]SATIONS BETWE5 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALUNA 7,C,C,M,A,C7 & ! ,MOROCCAN ,ACTION ,COMMITTEE 7,C,A,M71 :OSE REPRES5TATIVES PROPOS$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC GRANT 9DEP5D5CE TO ,MOROCCO AS A MEANS TO UND]M9E ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! ,MOROCCAN TROOPS ?AT HAD BE5 RECRUIT$ BY ,FRANCO'S >MY4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #b#b1 #a#i#c#f1 ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA & ,DIONISIO ,]OLES1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 & ,P$RO ,H]R]A1 = ! ,F,A,I1 SIGN$ ! UNITY PACT BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I & ! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,U,G,T1 :I* WAS EXPLA9$ TO & SUBMITT$ = ! APPROVAL ( A MASS MEET+ HELD 9 ! ,MONUM5TAL ,PLAZA DE ,TOROS1 AT :I* ,ANTONIO ,SESE1 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 ,JOAN ,COMOR]A Y ,VAZQUEZ1 AS WELL AS ! ,SOVIET CONSUL 9 ,B>CELONA1 ,ANTONOV ,OVSE5KO1 SPOKE4 

.<#a#d#b.> ,SEE ,W4 ,SOLANO1 0,LA ,JUV5TUD ,COMUNI/A ,IB]ICA 7,P,\,M7 5 LAS JORNADAS DE MAYO DE #aicg 5 ,B>CELONA01 9 ,LOS SUCESOS DE MAYO DE #a#i#c#g4 ,UNA REVOLUCION 5 LA ,REPUBLICA1 ,FUNDACION ,N9 Y ,FUNDACION ,SEGUI1 ,P&ORA ,LIBROS1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#i#i1 PP4 #a#e#h-#a#f4 

.<#a#d#c.> ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 0,JOSEP ,REBULL DE #aicg A #a#i#c#i4 ,LA CRITICA 9T]NA A LA POLITICA DEL ,C,E DEL ,P,\,M SOBRE LA ,GU]RA DE ,ESPANA01 ,BALANCE1 ,ISSUES #ai & #b 7,MAY & ,OCTOB] #b74 

.<#a#d#d.> 0,P$RO0 7,G]O71 9 HIS REPORTS TO ,MOSC[1 ID5TIFI$ ,LOS ,ESCOLAPIOS AS ! CONTROLL+ C5T] ( ! 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 ,SEE ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 0,LA ,N,K,V,D Y EL ,S,I,M 5 ,B>CELONA4 ,ALGUNOS 9=MES DE ,G]O SOBRE LA ,GU]RA DE ,ESPANA01 ,BALANCE1 NO4 #bb 7,NOVEMB] #b#a74 

.<#a#d#e.> ,JUAN ,GIM9EZ ,>5AS1 ,DE LA ,UNION A ,BANAT1 ,FUNDACION ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 ,MADRID1 #a#i#i#f1 P4 #e#i4 

.<#a#d#f.> ,?IS IS :]E ! ,BRITI% AU?OR ,GEORGE ,ORWELL WAS /ATION$4 

.<#a#d#g.> ,! NEPHEW ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] ,GU>DIA WAS MURD]$ BY A ,P,S,U,C PATROL AT ONE ( !SE *ECKPO9TS1 BECAUSE HE RESI/$ BE+ DIS>M$4 

.<#a#d#h.> ,!SE >E HIS EXACT WORDS3 0,I DECL>E ?AT ! GU>DS :O HAVE DI$ TODAY1 >E LIKE MY [N BRO!RS3 ,I B[ D[N BE=E !M & KISS !M40 70DECL>O QUE LOS GU>DIAS QUE HOY HAN MU]TO1 P>A MI SON H]MANOS3 ME 9CL9O ANTE ELLOS Y LOS BESO074 ,SEE ,EL ECO4441 P4 #d#b#g4 

.<#a#d#i.> ,TE/IMONY ( ,ALB]T ,MASO ,M>* 7A ,P,\,M MILITANT71 FROM CORRESPOND5CE ) ! AU?OR4 

.<#a#e.> ,ACCORD+ TO ! ACC\NT ( ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,POR QUE P]DIMOS LA GU]RA1 ,PLAZA Y ,JANES1 ,B>CELONA1 #a#i#g#g1 P4 #b#a#a4 

.<#a#e#a.> ,! ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,B>CELONA .<( ! ,P,\,M.>1 0,9=ME DE LA ACTUACION DEL ,COMITE LOCAL DURANTE LOS DIAS DE MAYO QUE E/E PRES5TA A DISCUSSION DE CELULAS DE ,B>CELONA01 MIMEOGRAPH$ TEXT4 

.<#a#e#b.> ,CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ! AU?OR & ,JOSE ,QUESADA ,SU>EZ4 

.<#a#e#c.> ,RIC>DO ,SANZ1 ,EL S9DICALISMO Y LA POLITICA4 ,LOS 0SOLID>IOS0 Y 0NOSOTROS01 ,$ICION DEL AUTOR1 ,T\L\SE1 #a#i#f#f1 P4 #c#f4 ,! B>RACKS ( ! ,DOCKS 7R5AM$ 0,ESP>TACO07 WAS ATTACK$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S FROM ! NE>BY ,C>LOS ,M>X ,B>RACKS1 BUT ! TROOPS UND] ! COMM& ( ,RIC>DO ,SANZ LIMIT$ !IR ACTIVITIES TO PASSIVE DEF5SE1 )\T GO+ 9TO ! /REETS4 ,AT ?IS SAME B>RACKS1 MILITIAM5 FROM ! ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD ,COLUMN1 :O HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! /REET BATTLES1 OBEY$ ! ORD]S ISSU$ BY ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T ON ! EV5+ ( ,MAY #e TO HALT ALL (F5SIVE OP]ATIONS4 ,ONLY A GR\P ( ,ITALIANS 7:O HAD BR\<T F\R TANKS TO DEF5D ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ON ,MAY #d & ON ,MAY #e HAD DELIV]$ SIX >MOR$ C>S TO ! ,GRAN ,VIA TO DEF5D ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS & ! ,FOOD ,SUPPLY ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION7 CONT9U$ TO FI<T AT ! B>RICADE ]ECT$ ON ,IC>IA ,AV5UE4 

.<#a#e#d.> ,MUNIS1 9 ! SECOND ISSUE ( ,LA ,VOZ ,L59I/A 7,AUGU/ #b#c1 #a#i#c#g7 SUBJECT$ ! CONCEPT ( ! 0REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA0 ?AT WAS ELABORAT$ 9 ! SIX? ISSUE ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE 7,AUGU/ #a#b1 #a#i#c#g7 TO CRITIQUE4 ,= ,MUNIS1 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI W]E SUFF]+ FROM A PROGRESSIVE !ORETICAL DET]IORATION1 & A DIM9I%+ PRACTICAL CAPACITY TO EX]CISE 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,C,N,T1 :I* L$ !M TO AB&ON C]TA9 !ORETICAL POSITIONS ?AT ! EXP]I5CE ( ,MAY HAD ALL[$ !M TO 5COMPASS4 ,MUNIS CLAIM$ ?AT 9 ,MAY #aicg ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI HAD SIMULTANE\SLY LAUN*$ ! SLOGANS ( 0REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA0 & 0ALL P[] TO ! PROLET>IAT02 :ILE 9 ! SIX? ISSUE1 DAT$ ,AUGU/ #a#b1 ( ,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE1 ! SLOGAN ( 0REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA0 WAS PROPOS$ AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! 0FAILURE ( ALL /ATE =MS04 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MUNIS ?IS IMPLI$ A !ORETICAL REGRESSION 9S(> AS IT REFLECT$ ! ASSIMILATION BY ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ( ! EXP]I5CES ( ,MAY1 :I* DI/ANC$ !M FROM ! ,M>XI/ CONCEPT ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ONCE AGA9 DRAGG$ !M 9TO ! AMBIGUITY ( ! /ATI/-AN>*I/ !ORY4 

.<#a#e#e.> ,REPUBLI%$ BY ,ETCET]A 7,AP>TADO #a#c#f#c7 & ,AT5EU ,5CICLOP$IC ,POPUL> 7,AP>TADO #b#b#b#a#b7 .<BO? #hh ,B>CELONA.> 9 #a#i#i#g1 AL?\< ACCOMPANI$ BY AN 9ADEQUATE PREFACE CONTA9+ ]RONE\S 9=MATION4 .<,= AN ,5GLI% LANGUAGE TRANSLATION ( ?IS TEXT1 9CLUD+ ! #ai< ,9TRODUCTION BY ,BALIUS1 SEE ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 ,T[>DS A ,FRE% ,REVOLUTION1 ,ZABALAZA ,BOOKS1 ,JOHANNESBURG1 N4D42 AVAILABLE ONL9E 9 ,OCTOB] #bac AT3 ZABALAZABOOKS4FILES4WORDPRESS4COM4.> 

.<#a#e#f.> ,ANNA ,MONJO1 ,MILITANTS1 ,LA]TES1 ,B>CELONA1 #b#c1 PP4 #d#f#e-#d#g#a4 

.<#a#e#g.> ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS *APT]4 

.<#a#e#h.> ,MO/ REVOLUTION>IES W]E 9 PRISON OR 9 HID+4 ,?OSE :O HAD NOT YET SUFF]$ ! IMPACT ( REPRESSION FL$ TO ! FRONT TO F9D REFUGE4 ,! FEW :O WANT$ TO CONT9UE ! FI<T = SOCIALIZATION 9 ! FACTORIES 5C\NT]$ 9DIFF]5CE OR SUSPICION1 OR ELSE W]E R$UC$ TO IMPOT5CE BY ! NEW BUREAUCRATS1 :O OBTA9$ ! SUPPORT ( ! FLOOD ( NEW MEMB]S AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f4 

.<#a#e#i.> ,9 ! CITY ( ,B>CELONA ! #bd ,S9DICATOS ,UNICOS W]E ORGANIZ$ 9TO #ab ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONS4 ,! ,F,A,I UND]W5T A DEVELOPM5T SIMIL> TO ! ONE ?AT AFFECT$ ! ,C,N,T3 AFT] ,JULY #a#i#c#g1 IT WAS ORGANIZ$ T]RITORIALLY 9TO ,GR\PS1 :I* REPLAC$ ! TRADITIONAL AFF9ITY GR\PS4 ,?IS REORGANIZATION ( BO? ! ,C,N,T AS WELL AS ! ,F,A,I1 WAS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 & IMPLI$ ! TRANS=MATION ( ! CLASS TRADE UNIONS 7S9DICATOS UNICOS7 9TO 9/ITUTIONS ( ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T & = 5=C+ ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR 79DU/RIAL UNIONS72 & ?IS WAS P>ALLEL$ BY ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ,F,A,I 9TO AN ANTIFASCI/ POLITICAL P>TY4 

.<#a#f.> ,! HORIZONTAL & F$]ATIVE FUNCTION+ ( ! ,C,N,T DID NOT P]MIT ITS MILITANTS TO ORGANIZE DISSID5T POLES 9 ORGANIZ$ T5D5CIES1 ) !IR [N LEAD]S & PROGRAMS DI/9CT FROM ?OSE ( ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES4 

.<#a#f#a.> ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,ASCASO & ,DURRUTI W]E ! PROTOTYPICAL 0M5 ( ACTION04 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y & ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN W]E PROTOTYPICAL 09TELLECTUALS04 

.<#a#f#b.> ,ACCORD+ TO ! TE/IMONY ( ,JAIME ,ANTON ,AGUADE I ,CORTES1 WRITT5 & DAT$ BE=E WITNESSES 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY ON ,AUGU/ #i1 #a#i#d#f3 0,DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT REQUE/$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T ( ,SPA9 S5D AIRPLANES TO BOMB ! ,C,N,T /RON<OLDS & ?IS REQUE/ WAS D5I$4 ,COMPANYS !N ASK$ :AT HE WAS SUPPOS$ TO DO TO GET ! SITUATION UND] CONTROL & HE WAS TOLD ?AT !RE WAS NO O!R SOLUTION BESIDES SURR5D]+ JURISDICTION OV] ,PUBLIC ,ORD] 9 ,CATALUNA TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 & ,COMPANYS SURR5D]$ IT40 ,!SE /ATEM5TS >E CONFIRM$ BY ! TELETYPES EX*ANG$ BETWE5 ,COMPANYS & ! GOV]NM5T ( ,VAL5CIA1 9 ! FRAGM5T ?AT CONFIRMS ! REQUE/ BY ,COMPANYS TO BOMB ,B>CELONA3 0,! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 COMMUNICATES TO ! SUBSECRET>Y ( ! ,C\NCIL1 ?AT ! REBELS HAVE BR\<T >TILL]Y 9TO ! /REETS4 ,IT IS REQUE/$ ?AT ORD]S BE CONVEY$ TO ,S&9O TO PLACE HIMSELF AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT40 

.<#a#f#c.> ,TELETYPE FROM ,JOSE DEL ,B>RIO3 0,TO ,COMRADE ,VIDIELLA4 ,ORD] FROM ,COMRADE DEL ,B>RIO4 ,SAY ! FOLL[+3 ',SITUATION ,B>CELONA V]Y S]I\S4 ,MU/ WORK TO PREP>E AIR =CE & BOMB :5 WE ADVISE1 ! ,ESCOLAPIOS1 ,PLAZA DE ,TOROS ,MONUM5TAL1 ! ,CAMPOS ,SAGRADO RAIL DEPOT1 ! ,B>RACKS AT ,SAN ,&RES1 ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO & ! ,HOTEL DEL ,RELOY AT NUMB] #a ,PLAZA DE ,ESPANA4 ,! MISSION ( ! AIR >M IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y BY TOMORR[ MORN+ 7IT IS N[ ALREADY SEV57'40 ,SEE ,APP5DIX4 

.<#a#f#d.> 0,REVOLUTIONS >E TOTALIT>IAN NO MATT] :AT ANYONE SAYS4 .<444.> ,9 ,JULY A COMMITTEE ( ANTIFASCI/ MILITIAS WAS =M$4 ,IT WAS NOT A CLASS 9/ITUTION4 ,B\RGEOIS & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y FRACTIONS W]E REPRES5T$ 9 IT4 ,IT MI<T SEEM ?AT ?IS COMMITTEE >OSE TO CONFRONT ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,BUT IT WAS A SC5E 9 A COM$Y4 .<444.> ,NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 MUNICIPAL COMMITTEES1 SUPPLY COMMITTEES W]E CREAT$4 ,SIXTE5 MON?S HAVE PASS$4 ,:AT REMA9S8 ,( ! SPIRIT ( ,JULY1 A MEMORY4 ,( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,JULY1 A PA/4 ,BUT ! :OLE NE/ ( POLITICIANS & PETTY B\RGEOIS >E /ILL /&+4 ,9 ! ,PLAZA DE LA ,REPUBLICA ( ! ,CATALONIAN CAPITAL !RE IS /ILL ?AT CR[D ( ELEM5TS ?AT ONLY 9T5D TO LIVE ON ! BACKS ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,FROM ! PAMPHLET ( ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 0,T[>DS A ,NEW ,REVOLUTION01 WRITT5 BY ,BALIUS4 

.<#a#f#e.> ,!SE SUP]IOR COMMITTEES AT ! HI<E/ LEVELS ( ! ORGANIZATION W]E R$UC$ TO A H&FUL ( BUREAUCRATS1 :O1 AFT] ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 W]E PR(\NDLY HO/ILE TO ONE ANO!R DUE TO P]SONAL GRUDGES1 PITT+ ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,CATALUNA1 ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I & ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T AGA9/ EA* O!R4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! W>1 AFT] OBSCURE VACILLATIONS & MIS]ABLE REV]SALS ( POSITION ON ! P>T ( ! V>I\S FACTIONS1 ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! BUREAUCRATS1 :O W]E TOTALLY 9DIFF]5T TO ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS :O W]E PREOCCUPI$ ) HUNG] & BOMBS1 HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO ! CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! ,NEGR9I/AS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 CONTROLL$ BY ,M>IANET & ,HORACIO ,PRIETO1 & ! ,ANTI-,NEGR9I/AS ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,ISGLEAS1 ,ESGLEAS1 ,PEIRO1 ,MONTS5Y & ! ,N]VIO ,GR\P3 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,P$RO ,H]R]A1 ,RAFAEL ,NEVADO1 ,FIDEL ,MIRO & ,G]M9AL DE ,S\ZA4 ,O!RS1 SU* AS ,JOAQU9 ,ASCASO & ,ANTONIO ,ORTIZ1 CONDEMN$ TO HELL BY SL&]1 F\<T TO SURVIVE4 

.<#a#f#f.> ,SEE ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 0,JOSEP ,REBULL DE #aicg A #a#i#c#i01 ,BALANCE1 ISSUES NUMB] #ai & #b 7#b74 

.<#a#f#g.> ,! COMMITTEES W]E BUREAUCRATIC RA!R ?AN DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 9 :I* ! DELEGATES W]E NOT DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS RANK & FILE 9 MASS ASSEMBLIES1 BUT W]E APPO9T$ BY ! TRADE UNION OR POLITICAL BUREAUCRACIES4 ,?IS IMPLIES1 ON ! ONE H&1 A SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! COMMITTEES & ! RANK & FILE WORK]S1 & ON ! O!R H&1 !IR DEP5D5CE ON ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,?IS WAS ! REASON = !IR 9ABILITY TO COORD9ATE AMONG !MSELVES & TO CREATE C5TRALIZ$ & UNIT>Y CLASS 9/ITUTIONS2 COORD9ATION WAS C>RI$ \T BY ! V>I\S TRADE UNIONS & P>TIES1 & ! PROBLEMATIC ( UNITY & C5TRALIZATION 7) REG>D TO MILIT>Y1 ECONOMIC1 PRODUCTIVE1 SUPPLY ISSUES1 ETC47 BECAME A K9D ( JIGSAW PUZZLE ( MULTIF>I\S DISCUSSION CIRCLES1 ON ALL SCALES & 9 EV]Y FIELD1 9VOLV+ ! V>I\S ANTIFASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 BO? WORK+ CLASS & B\RGEOIS & ,/AL9I/4 

.<#a#f#h.> ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga TRANS=M$ ALL PUBLIC (FICES 9TO ELECT$ & REVOCABLE POSITIONS1 PAID ! AV]AGE WAGE ( ! WORK]S4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,B>RICADES 9 ,B>CELONA -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,B>RICADES 9 ,B>CELONA -- ,UPDAT$4 

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