,BEAUTIFUL ,LOS]S 
,?IS ,HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N 

,9 ! DISAPPROV+ WORDS ( A POLICY HI/ORIAN1 ,MORTON ,KELL]1 0MU* -- 9DE$ OV]MU* -- ATT5TION HAS BE5 PAID TO ! SYNDICALI/ ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD10 .<#a.> & 9 FACT A L>GE LIT]ATURE ON ! LEG5D>Y RADICAL UNION HAS ACCUMULAT$1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! #a#i#fS & S9CE4 ,A #aihf BIBLIOGRAPHY LI/$ OV] #e1 TEXTS MORE OR LESS RELAT$ TO ! ,I,W,W1 9CLUD+ #bce BOOKS :I* 0REPRES5T SIGNIFICANT WORKS DEAL+ ) ! ,I,W,W40 .<#b.> ,:E!R ?IS IS TOO MU* ATT5TION IS A HEAVILY VALUE-LAD5 OP9ION4 ,! ,I,W,W S\<T ATT5TION &1 = BETT] OR = WORSE1 IT GOT IT -- FROM CONTEMPOR>IES & ALSO1 AFT] DECADES ( NEGLECT1 FROM HI/ORIANS4 ,! HI/ORIANS HAVE USUALLY BE5 MORE SYMPA!TIC ?AN ! CONTEMPOR>IES1 EXCEPT = C\RT HI/ORIANS LIKE ,KELL] :O NATURALLY DISLIKE ! RADICALLY ANTI-POLITICAL ,WOBBLIES AS MU* AS ! ,WOBBLIES W\LD HAVE DESPIS$ !M4 ,9 P>T ! JUDGM5T DEP5DS ON :AT C\NTS AS IMPORTANT2 9 P>T IT DEP5DS ON ! F9D+S ( AN EXT5SIVE BUT 9COMPLETE BODY ( S*OL>%IP4 

,! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD -- ! ,I,W,W -- WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT RADICAL ORGANIZATION1 & ! MO/ RADICAL IMPORTANT ORGANIZATION1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,AL?\< ITS MEMB]%IP PROBABLY NEV] EXCE$$ #a11 ITS NOTORIETY WAS = TWO DECADES \T ( ALL PROPORTION TO ITS SIZE1 & WORK]S :O AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R JO9$ ! ,I,W,W OR CAME UND] ITS 9FLU5CE MU/ HAVE NUMB]$ 9 ! MILLIONS4.<#c.> ,AL?\< ITS ORGANIZ+ EF=TS MO/LY 5D$ 9 FAILURE SOON] OR LAT] -- USUALLY SOON] -- !Y 9TRODUC$ TRADE-UNIONISM TO /RATA ( ! WORK+ CLASS %UNN$ BY EXI/+ UNIONS4 ,! ,I,W,W PUT 9DU/RY-WIDE OR HORIZONTAL UNIONISM ON ! AG5DA ( A RELUCTANT UNION MOVEM5T1 PAV+ ! WAY = ! ,C,I,O'S ORGANIZ+ SUCCESSES 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,IT DEMON/RAT$ ! ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITIES ( CATEGORIES ( WORK]S PREVI\SLY DISMISS$ AS UNORGANIZABLE4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ LABOR UNION UNCONDITIONALLY COMMITT$1 9 !ORY & 9 PRACTICE1 TO RACIAL & SEXUAL EQUALITY4 ,IRONICALLY1 GIV5 ITS CYNICISM AB\T POLITICAL ACTIVITY & ! LAW1 IT DRAMATIZ$ & ADVANC$ ! CAUSE ( FRE$OM ( SPEE*4 ,! ,I,W,W SUPPLI$ LEAD]S TO LAT] RADICAL T5D5CIES AS WELL AS SONGS & LEG5DS4 ,ITS COLORFUL P]SONALITIES1 CREATIVE TACTICS1 & -- P]HAPS MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y -- ITS S5SE ( HUMOR NOT ONLY HE>T5$ A G5]ATION ( WORK]S BUT 9SPIR$ AU?ORS AS V>I\S AS ,C>L ,S&B]G1 ,JACK ,LONDON1 ,JOHN ,DOS ,PASSOS1 ,EUG5E ,O',NEILL1 ,JAMES ,JONES & ,E4,L4 ,DOCTOR[4 

,9 ! ,I,W,W'S HEYDAY1 :I* HAPP5$ TO CO9CIDE ) ! RISE ( PR(ESSIONAL HI/ORY & SOCIAL SCI5CE1 IT CAU<T ! ATT5TION ( CONTEMPOR>Y ACADEMICS :O LEFT A GREAT DEAL ( S*OL>%IP TO PO/]ITY4 ,! EPITOME ( ?IS FIR/ PHASE WAS ,PAUL ,F4 ,BRISS5D51 ,! ,I4,W4,W43 ,A ,/UDY 9 ,AM]ICAN ,SYNDICALISM1.<#d.> AU?OR$ BY A ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY 9/ITUTIONAL ECONOMI/ & FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,AL?\< ,BRISS5D5 DID NOT %>E ! ,I,W,W'S IDEOLOGY1 HE MADE HIMSELF WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ITS LIT]ATURE & HAD EXT5SIVE CONTACT ) ITS LEAD]%IP4 ,HIS MONOGRAPH -- ESPECIALLY CONSID]+ ?AT IT APPE>$ AT ! HEI<T ( ! ,R$ ,SC>E ANTI-RADICAL HY/]IA -- WAS A MODEL ( DISPASSIONATE EXPLICATION4 ,P>TLY = ITS M]IT1 & P>TLY BECAUSE ! ,I,W,W %ORTLY EXP]I5C$ A P]MAN5T DECL9E 9 IMPORTANCE & 9 POPUL> ATT5TION1 ,BRISS5D5'S BOOK REMA9$ = OV] =TY YE>S ! DEF9ITIVE WORK ON ! ,I,W,W4 ,HI/ORIANS ( LABOR ASSUM$ ?AT ,BRISS5D5 HAD RELIABLY PROVID$ AT LEA/ AS MU* AS !Y W\LD EV] WANT TO KN[ AB\T A VIRTUALLY DEFUNCT ANA*RONISM :I* BELONG$ TO A VANI%$ PA/4 ,REVOLUTION>Y UNIONISM WAS BY !N P]CEIV$ AS AN HI/ORICAL ANOMALY & DEAD 5D4 ,FROM ! #a#i#cS UNTIL ! #a#i#fS1 ! ONLY SUB/ANTIAL DIRECT CONTRIBUTION TO ,I,W,W HI/ORY1 EXCEPT = A FEW AUTOBIOGRAPHIES1 WAS PRODUC$ BY ! VE/IGIAL ,I,W,W ITSELF4 ,9 #aiee ! ORGANIZATION PUBLI%$ A HI/ORY BY A LONGTIME ,WOBBLY ACTIVI/1 ,F]D ,?OMPSON4.<#e.> ,= AN 9-H\SE HI/ORY BY AN AMATEUR1 ,?OMPSON'S BOOK IS QUITE GOOD1 & BY NO MEANS UNCRITICAL ( ITS SUBJECT4 ,:AT ! READ] ) O!RWISE ACQUIR$ KN[L$GE ( ! ,I,W,W IS 9CL9$ TO M>VEL AT IS ! SMOO? FL[ ( ! N>RATIVE FROM #aie TO REC5T TIMES AS IF ! ,I,W,W S9CE ! #a#i#bS W]E /ILL AN HI/ORICAL ACTOR ( ANY CONSEQU5CE4 ,BUT PR(ESSIONAL HI/ORIANS HAVE EXPRESS$ RESPECT = ,?OMPSON'S BOOK AS WELL AS APPRECIATION = ! G5]\S HELP HE HAS P]SONALLY EXT5D$ TO !IR [N RESE>* ON ! ,I,W,W4 ,/ILL1 ,?OMPSON'S BOOK MI<T WELL BE TAK5 AS AN EPITAPH = ITS TOPIC4 ,:5 ,BRISS5D5 P5N$ A 0,PREFACE TO ! ,SECOND ,PR9T+ ( ! ,SECOND ,$ITION0 ( HIS [N BOOK 9 #a#i#e#f1.<#f.> HE REF]R$ TO ,?OMPSON'S BOOK & A FEW O!R PO/-#a#i#b WORKS )\T ANY H9T ?AT !Y NECESSITAT$ ANY IMPORTANT REVISION ( HIS FACTS OR 9T]PRETATION4 ,& IF ?AT WAS :AT HE ?\<T1 HE WAS RI<T4 

,HI/ORIOGRAPHY IS NOT ONLY AB\T HI/ORY1 IT IS ONE ( ITS EFFECTS4 ,! #a#i#fS CONVULS$ ! ACADEMY & *ALL5G$ ! PREVAL5T CONS5SUS HI/ORY BY ITS V]Y EXI/5CE AS A C\NT]-EXAMPLE4 ,SOCIAL SCI5TI/S 9 ! #a#i#eS HAD PREMATURELY ANN\NC$ -- & 7TO BE FAIR7 NOT AS UNALLOY$ GOOD NEWS1 H[EV] O!RS RECEIV$ IT -- ! 5D ( IDEOLOGY 7,DANIEL ,BELL7 & ! SOLUTION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 7,SEYM\R ,M>T9 ,LIPSET74 ,) IRONIC JU/ICE1 CONFLICT RESURG$ 9 !IR [N FACES1 ON CAMPUS1 AS WELL AS 9 MORE IMPORTANT PLACES4 ,CO9CID5TALLY1 FRE% W9DS BLEW ?R\< ! HI/ORY PR(ESSION1 SOME FROM (F%ORE -- FROM ! ,ANNALES GR\P1 ! ,CAMBRIDGE ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY GR\P -- AS SOME LONG-SUPPRESS$ 9DIG5\S DISSATISFACTIONS WELL$ UP ?ANKS TO ! RELATIVE TOL]ANCE ( ! PO/-,MC,C>?YI/ P]IOD4 ,HI/ORIANS BECAME MORE 9T]E/$ 9 POPUL> 0FROM ! BOTTOM UP0 HI/ORY1 ON ! ONE H&1 & 9 ! SUBM]G$ HI/ORY ( ,AM]ICAN DISSID5CE & RADICALISM1 ON ! O!R4 ,9DE$1 !Y LIK$ TO EXPLORE1 & OCCASIONALLY EXAGG]ATE1 ! OV]LAP BETWE5 ! 9CL9ATIONS4 ,FROM BO? P]SPECTIVES ! ,I,W,W HAD NATURAL APPEAL4 ,UNLIKE ! FAT-CAT ,A,F,L-,C,I,O UNIONS ( ! #a#i#fS1 ! ,I,W,W EMBRAC$ ! HUMBLE/ WORK]S & -- ?IS C\NT$ = A LOT 9 ! HEYDAY ( ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T -- )\T REG>D = RACE OR SEX4 ,& ! ,I,W,W WAS UNABA%$LY RADICAL4 ,!RE >E EV5 SOME RESPECTS 9 :I*1 AT LEA/ 9 V]Y G5]AL WAYS1 ! ,I,W,W =E%AD[$ ! NEW RADICAL MOVEM5T1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,LIKE ! ,YIPPIES & O!R POLITICIZ$ HIPPIES1 ! ,WOBBLIES CREAT$ A C\NT]-CULTURE ( POETRY1 SONGS1 C>TOONS1 & 0HAPP5+S40 ,9 #a#i#f#d1 ,JOYCE ,KORNBLUH PUBLI%$ A WIDELY & WELL-RECEIV$ AN?OLOGY (1 9 EFFECT1 ,WOBBLY CULTURE.<#g.> :I* MAY HAVE IMP>T$ TO SOME ACTIVI/S A S5SE ( H]ITAGE4 ,= !SE OR SOME ( !SE OR O!R REASONS1 A LOT ( ,I,W,W HI/ORY WAS WRITT5 9 ! #a#i#fS -- MORE ?AN ANYTIME BE=E OR S9CE -- & SUBSEQU5T S*OL>%IP HAS BE5 CONDUCT$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ]ECT$ !N OR 9 SELF-CONSCI\S REACTION AGA9/ IT4 ,! G5]AL N>RATIVE HI/ORIES DAT+ FROM ?AT DECADE REMA91 ) ,BRISS5D51 ! ONLY G5]AL HI/ORIES ( ! ORGANIZATION4 

,HI/ORIANS ( ,AM]ICAN LABOR ID5TIFY ?REE -- OR1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/1 ?REE-&-A-HALF -- PHASES 9 ! HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( !IR SUBJECT4 ,S*OL>%IP ON ! ,I,W,W R\<LY RECAPITULATES !SE /AGES4 ,! FIR/ IS SO-CALL$ 9/ITUTIONAL HI/ORY & 7! ONE-&-A-HALF /AGE7 ITS ,M>XI/ V>IANT.<#h.>2 ! SECOND IS WORK] HI/ORY AS SOCIAL HI/ORY1 FROM ! BOTTOM UP2 ! ?IRD IS ! CULTURAL TURN 9 LABOR HI/ORY4 ,& F9ALLY1 !RE'S A T5D5CY TO N>R[ ! SCALE TO REGIONAL OR LOCAL HI/ORIES ( ! ,I,W,W1 :I* MI<T USE ANY OR MORE ?AN ONE ( ! O!R APPROA*ES4 

,9,/,I,T,U,T,I,O,N,A,L ,H,I,/,O,R,Y 

,! FIR/ PHASE1 !N1 IS 9/ITUTIONAL HI/ORY1 ! 0,COMMONS S*OOL0 ( ,JOHN ,R4 ,COMMONS & HIS ASSOCIATES1 NOTABLY ,SELIG ,P]LMAN1 AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WISCONS94 ,BY TRA9+ !SE S*OL>S W]E USUALLY ECONOMI/S1 NOT HI/ORIANS1 BUT !Y W]E 9 REVOLT AGA9/ ! REC5TLY CONSOLIDAT$ NEO-CLASSICAL ECONOMIC OR?ODOXY :I* EXCLUD$ FROM ANALYSIS :AT !IR MICRO-ECONOMIC SUCCESSORS CALL 0EXT]NALITIES10 SU* AS ! 9FLU5CE ( GOV]NM5T OR UNIONS4 ,AS W\LD-BE SCI5TI/S !Y F\ND ?IS WILDLY UNREALI/IC2 AS 9TELLECTUALS ) ,PROGRESSIVE SYMPA?IES !Y ALSO F\ND ?IS ATTITUDE IMPOLITIC IF NOT IMMORAL1 AL?\< !Y F\ND IT PRUD5T NOT TO SAY SO EXPLICITLY 9 PUBLIC4 ,!Y W]E PRO-UNION1 BUT ! SORT ( UNIONISM !Y FAVOR$ WAS ! PURE-&-SIMPLE UNIONISM ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR4 ,?AT IS1 WORK]S ?R\< !IR REPRES5TATIVES %\LD /RIVE = IMPROVEM5TS 9 WAGES1 H\RS & WORK+ CONDITIONS1 BUT NOT ASPIRE TO [N]%IP OR CONTROL ( 9DU/RY4 ,ACCORD+ TO !IR IDEOLOGUE ,P]LMAN1 UNCONTAM9AT$ WORK+-CLASS CONSCI\SNESS WAS :AT ,L59 CALL$ TRADE-UNION CONSCI\SNESS3 WORK]S :O S\<T TO BE & %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ 9 UNIONS1 UNIONS :I* BUS9ESS %\LD ACCEPT AS P]MAN5T NEGOTIAT+ P>TN]S1 ALBEIT JUNIOR P>TN]S1 9 A RATIONALIZ$ ECONOMIC ORD]4.<#i.> ,9/ITUTIONAL ECONOMI/S ) LIB]AL SYMPA?IES C\LD & DID 5DORSE 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM1 BUT !Y DISCONNECT$ HORIZONTAL UNIONISM FROM REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY1 :I* IS EXACTLY H[ ?+S WORK$ \T 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,AS S*OL>S1 !Y TOOK !IR SUBJECT-MATT] TO BE ! /RUCTURE & FUNCTION ( TRADE-UNIONS ORGANIZ$ TO PURSUE 9CREM5TAL IMPROVEM5TS )9 ! 9DU/RIAL ORD]1 NOT TO LAY CLAIM TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

,! ,I,W,W DIDN'T FULLY FIT ?IS PATT]N4 ,ON ! ONE H& ITS UNIONISM WAS EV5 MORE PURE-&-SIMPLE ?AN ?AT ( ITS >*-RIVAL ! ,A,F,L1 BECAUSE ! ,I,W,W TOTALLY %UNN$1 & HE>TILY D5\NC$1 POLITICS 9 ! S5SE ?AT POLITICS MEANT VOT+ OR ANY O!R 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ELECTORAL SY/EM4 ,! ,A,F,L V]Y OCCASIONALLY DABBL$ 9 ELECTORAL POLITICS1 BUT ! ,I,W,W NEV] DID4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,I,W,W WAS -- DEP5D+ H[ Y\ LOOK AT UNIONS & H[ Y\ LOOK AT ! ,I,W,W -- LESS ?AN1 MORE ?AN1 OR SOME?+ ELSE ?AN A UNION4 ,/RIKES & ! IMPROVEM5TS !Y SOMETIMES BR\<T W]E GOOD 9 !MSELVES BUT EV5 BETT] AS REHE>SALS = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! ,I,W,W WAS NONPOLITICAL NOT 9 A PASSIVE BUT 9 AN ACTIVE WAY4 ,AL?\< IT NEV] (FICIALLY ESP\S$ AN>*ISM1 !RE WAS NO SPACE = ! POLITICAL /ATE 9 ITS IDEOLOGY1 :]EAS ! ,WISCONS9 9/ITUTIONALI/S VIEW$ ) FAVOR ! SEP>ATION ( WORK+-CLASS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 NOT ! ABOLITION ( ! LATT]4 ,! GREAT M]IT ( ,BRISS5D5 IS ?AT HE PRODUC$ A DETAIL$ 9/ITUTIONAL HI/ORY ( ! ,I,W,W AL?\< ! ORGANIZATION DID NOT BEHAVE AS A UNION %\LD ACCORD+ TO 9/ITUTIONALI/ !ORY4 ,! ,I,W,W R>ELY S\<T UNION RECOGNITION & R>ELY SIGN$ TIME CONTRACTS4 ,IT VIEW$ /RIKES NOT AS NECESS>Y EVILS & M]E MEANS TO AN 5D BUT AS POSITIVE GOODS1 AS VIVIFY+ TRIALS ( /R5G? ) CAPITAL1 AS OCCASIONS = EXPRESS+ & CEM5T+ CLASS SOLID>ITY1 & AS REHE>SALS = ! /RIKE TO 5D ALL /RIKES1 ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,MANY ( !IR CONTEMPOR>IES1 9CLUD+ SOME CRAFT UNIONI/S & RE=MI/ SOCIALI/S1 CONSID]$ ! ,WOBBLIES IRRATIONAL & IRRESPONSIBLE4 ,BRISS5D51 :O WAS NO SYNDICALI/ HIMSELF1 WAS H[EV] WELL ACQUA9T$ ) MANY ( ! ,I,W,W LEAD]S1 & HE SET =? !IR IDEOLOGY AS CALMLY & CL9ICALLY AS HE DID !IR ORGANIZATIONAL =MS4 

,BRISS5D5'S BOOK IS ( 5DUR+ 9T]E/ = MANY ASPECTS ( ! ,I,W,W1 P>TLY -- BUT NOT ONLY -- BECAUSE HE DREW ON S\RCES BO? ORAL & WRITT5 :I* >E NO LONG] AVAILABLE4 ,?US HIS BOOK W\LD POSSESS SOME LA/+ UTILITY IF ONLY AS A SORT ( SURROGATE = LO/ PRIM>Y S\RCES4 ,BUT IT IS MORE VALUABLE ?AN ?AT4 ,AS AN 9/ITUTIONALI/ HE NATURALLY TOOK S]I\SLY ! ,I,W,W AS AN 9/ITUTION1 AN ORGANIZATION1 :I*1 AFT] ALL1 IS H[ IT REG>D$ ITSELF & 9T5D$ TO BE4 0,ORGANIZATION0 WAS ! ,I,W,W'S TALISMANIC WORD4 ,& ,BRISS5D5 PAID SOME ATT5TION TO H[ ,I,W,W IDEOLOGY PROJECT$ ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! PO/-CAPITALI/ FUTURE1 9CLUD+ ! FAM\S 0,:EEL0 OR S*EME ( 9DU/RY-WIDE ORGANIZATION :I* ,SAMUEL ,GOMP]S MOCK$ AS 0,FA!R ,HAG]TY'S ,:EEL ( ,=TUNE40 ,SOME LAT] & LESS] HI/ORIANS HAVE DISP>AG$ ,BRISS5D5 = DEVOT+ EV5 AS LITTLE ATT5TION1 & H[EV] DETA*$1 AS HE DID TO ! ,I,W,W'S PAP] UTOPIA 7:I* PROBABLY DID NOT MEAN A LOT TO ! AV]AGE ,WOBBLY74 ,?AT IS1 9 H9DSI<T1 AN EASY PO/URE TO ASSUME1 S9CE WE N[ KN[ ?AT ! ,I,W,W NEV] ORGANIZ$ 5\< WORK]S 9 5\< 9DU/RIES TO APPROXIMATE A %AD[ ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY 9 G5]AL AS DID SU* O!R SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS AS ! ,FR5* ,C,G,T &1 LAT]1 ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T4 ,ACADEMICS W\LD TAKE S]I\SLY AN ORGANIZATIONAL *>T ( ! ,A,F,L-,C,I,O AL?\< IT MI<T NOT BE MU* LESS ELABORATE ?AN ! ,I,W,W :EEL4 ,:5 ,BRISS5D5 WAS WRIT+ ,I,W,W HI/ORY1 ! ,I,W,W WAS NOT YET 7JU/7 HI/ORY4 ,ITS ORGANIZATIONAL S*EMES MI<T HAVE HAD A FUTURE4 

,BRISS5D5'S BOOK BEG9S ) A BRISK REVIEW ( ,I,W,W 0=]UNN]S0 RANG+ FROM ELEM5TS ( ! E>LY ,EUROPEAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T TO ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR &1 ) 9CREAS+ SPECIFICITY1 TO P>TICUL> MILITANT UNIONS DIRECTLY ANTEC$5T TO ! ,I,W,W1 SU* AS ! ,UNIT$ ,BREW]Y ,WORKM5 & ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S4 ,BRISS5D5 EMPHASIZES1 & POSSIBLY OV]EMPHASIZES ANTAGONISM T[>D ! ,A,F,L AS MOTIVATION = ! =MATION ( ! ,I,W,W & A MA9 IMPETUS = ITS EF=TS4 ,NO ONE D\BTS ?AT ! F\ND]S ( ! ,I,W,W CONSCI\SLY CREAT$ A UNION F$]ATION ON PR9CIPLES OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( ! ,A,F,L4.<#a.> ,BUT ) RESPECT TO ORGANIZ+1 !RE WAS SOME BUT NOT A LOT ( DIRECT COMPETITION1 BECAUSE ! ,I,W,W SPECIALIZ$ 9 ORGANIZ+ UNSKILL$ WORK]S ! ,A,F,L %UNN$ ANYWAY4 ,I,W,W PUBLICATIONS ASSAIL$ ! CRAFT EXCLUSIVISM ( ! 0,AM]ICAN ,SEP>ATION ( ,LABOR10 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT ! ,I,W,W TRI$ TO ORGANIZE WORK]S 9 :OM ! ,A,F,L HAD LITTLE 9T]E/4 ,9DU/RIAL UNIONISM WAS SOME?+ ! ,I,W,W WAS BETT] AT PREA*+ ?AN PRACTIC+1 SIMPLY BECAUSE ONLY OCCASIONALLY DID IT SUCCE$ 9 ORGANIZ+ 5\< WORK]S TO =M G5U9E 9DU/RIAL OR CRAFT UNION LOCALS1 & (T5 NOT = LONG4 ,MO/ ,I,W,W LOCALS W]E 0MIX$ LOCALS0 ( :ATEV] SORTS ( WORK]S IT HAD MANAG$ TO RECRUIT4 ,SOME MI<T SAY -- SOME HAVE SAID -- ?AT ! ,I,W,W WAS = ! MO/ P>T NOT REALLY A UNION AT ALL1 BUT RA!R A RADICAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!RE IS AT LEA/ SOME TRU? TO ?IS1 AL?\< IT IS ONLY FAIR TO NOTE ?AT SOME ,A,F,L & 9DEP5D5T UNIONS ALSO HAD BRIEF LIFESPANS1 A MA9LY PHANTOM EXI/5CE OR BO?4 ,:ATEV] ! ,I,W,W WAS1 EMPLOY]S & (FICIALS HAT$ & FE>$ IT1 IF NOT = :AT IT WAS !N = :AT IT ?REAT5$ TO BECOME4 ,! ACTIVE HO/ILITY ( ITS CONTEMPOR>IES IS ! BE/ EVID5CE AGA9/ ,KELL]'S CLAIM ?AT HI/ORIANS HAVE GIV5 ! ,WOBBLIES MORE ATT5TION ?AN !IR IMPORTANCE JU/IFIES4 

,JOHN ,S4 ,GAMBS1 ,! ,DECL9E ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 7#a#i#c#b7.<#a#a.> IS AV[$LY A SEQUEL TO ,BRISS5D51 COV]+ :AT WAS !N ! SECOND HALF ( ! ORGANIZATION'S HI/ORY1 FROM #aiag TO #a#i#c#a4 ,BUT ,GAMBS1 UNLIKE ,BRISS5D51 IS HI<LY ANTAGONI/IC TO ! ,I,W,W1 SO MU* SO ?AT HE RAISES AS A REAL QUE/ION1 ULTIMATELY UNANSW]ABLE1 :E!R ! ,I,W,W SUFF]$ 0P]SECUTION0 DUR+ & AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,EV5 S*OL>S ) NO SYMPA?Y AT ALL = ,I4,W4,W4 GOALS & ME?ODS1 SU* AS ,H>RY ,N4 ,S*EIB]1.<#a#b.> RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ,I,W,W EXP]I5C$ :AT CAN ONLY BE CALL$ P]SECUTION1 9CLUD+ LEGAL & EXTRALEGAL VIOL5CE1 ON A L>GE SCALE ONCE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 5T]$ ! W>4 ,GAMBS IMPLIES ?AT IF ! REPRESSION ( ! ,I,W,W REFLECT$ PUBLIC OP9ION1 IT WASN'T REALLY REPRESSION1 :I* IS NONS5SE1.<#a#c.> EV5 AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT W>TIME PUBLIC OP9ION IS NOT EXACTLY AN 9DEP5D5T V>IABLE BUT RA!R A PRODUCT AT LEA/ 9 P>T ( GOV]NM5T POLICY4 ,)9 A FEW YE>S1 AT A TIME :5 SCORES ( ,WOBBLIES /ILL LANGUI%$ 9 PRISON1 MO/ ,AM]ICANS PROBABLY BELIEV$1 AS MO/ ,WOBBLIES HAD1 ?AT 5T]+ ! W> WAS A MI/AKE4 

,! EVID5TI>Y BASE ( ,GAMBS' BOOK IS N>R[] ?AN ,BRISS5D5'S4 ,ASIDE FROM A MODE/ AM\NT ( CORRESPOND5CE1 ,GAMBS 1 UNLIKE ,BRISS5D51 SEEMS TO HAVE HAD LITTLE DIRECT CONTACT ) ,WOBBLIES OR EX-,WOBBLIES 1 AL?\< HE MAKES REF]5CE1 USUALLY VAGUELY1 TO 0CONV]SATIONS ) MEMB]S40.<#a#d.> ,HE DOES1 H[EV]1 ID5TIFY ! MA9 CAUSES ( ,I,W,W DECL9E1 ALL ( :I* W]E APP>5T AT ! TIME TO ! ,WOBBLIES !MSELVES4 ,=EMO/ AMONG !SE1 ( C\RSE1 WAS SAVAGE GOV]NM5T REPRESSION1 BE IT 0P]SECUTION0 OR SOME?+ ELSE4 ,BY ! TIME SY/EMATIC REPRESSION COMM5C$ 9 #a#i#a#g1 ALSO1 MO/ ( ITS TOP LEAD]S HAD DROPP$ \T 7SEV]AL MORE HAD BE5 LYN*$71 O!RS W\LD BE IMPRISON$1 & SOME W\LD DEFECT TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 NOTABLY ,BIG ,BILL ,HAYWOOD1 :O 9DE$ JUMP$ BAIL & DEFECT$ TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,AL?\< ,GAMBS CONCLUD$ ?AT NEI!R ! ,WOBBLIES NOR ! ,COMMUNI/S W\LD EV] HAVE MU* APPEAL TO ,AM]ICAN WORK]S1 HE ?\<T ?AT P>TY DISCIPL9E GAVE ! $GE TO ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,:E!R OR NOT ?AT IS ALL !RE WAS TO IT -- :AT US$ TO BE CALL$ 0,MOSC[ GOLD0 WAS ALSO 9VOLV$ -- WE N[ KN[ ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DID GR[ 9 NUMB]S & 9FLU5CE :ILE ! ,I,W,W DECL9E PROV$ TO BE P]MAN5T4 ,GAMBS PROVIDES ! MO/ DETAIL$ ACC\NT ( ! GR[+ CONFLICT BETWE5 PRO- & ANTI-,COMMUNI/ ,WOBBLIES & ITS CLIMAX 9 ! S*ISM ( #a#i#b#d4.<#a#e.> 

,GAMBS ALSO NOTIC$1 AS DID CONTEMPOR>Y ,WOBBLIES1 ?AT ! CLASS BASE ( ! ,I,W,W WAS ]OD+4 ,TO OV]SIMPLIFY1 ,WOBBLIES W]E EI!R ,EA/]N IMMIGRANT WORK]S OR ,WE/]N MIGRATORY WORK]S4 ,FIR/ ! W> & !N ! #aibd RE=M ( ! IMMIGRATION LAW %UT (F ! FL[ ( IMMIGRANTS4 ,EV5 MORE IMPORTANT1 ! ,WE/]N MIGRATORY WORK] -- ! QU9TESS5TIAL ,WOBBLY1 ! TRAMP OR HOBO1 A HOMELESS S+LE MAN -- WAS RAPIDLY BECOM+ AN ANA*RONISM4.<#a#f.> ,BY ! #a#i#b'S & /ILL MORE SO BY ! #a#i#c'S1 ! MIGRATORY F>M-WORK]1 USUALLY ( ,MEXICAN BIR? OR DESC5T1 WAS A FAMILY MAN ) AN AUTOMOBILE :O TYPICALLY HAD A P]MAN5T (F-SEASON URBAN HABITATION4.<#a#g.> ,AS POOR & EXPLOIT$ AS HE WAS1 HE HAD SOME?+ TO LOSE BESIDES HIS *A9S4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T DOES NOT FULLY EXPLA9 ! ,I,W,W DECL9E1 = !RE W]E ,WOBBLIES ON BO? SIDES ( ! BORD] & SOME ,AM]ICAN ,WOBBLIES HAD EV5 F\<T 9 ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ! DECIMAT$ & DEMORALIZ$ ,I,W,W :I* EM]G$ FROM ! GREAT SPLIT ( #aibd WAS A RIGIDLY1 IF UN(FICIALLY1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION ) NO CAPACITY TO COPE CREATIVELY ) A *ANG+ SOCIAL SITUATION4 ,COMMUNI/S1 NOT ,WOBBLIES1 W\LD ORGANIZE SOME ,HISPANIC F>M-WORK]S 9 ! #a#i#c'S4 

,! ,/,A,L,9 ,S,*,O,O,L ,( ,9,/,I,T,U,T,I,O,N,A,L ,H,I,/,O,R,Y 

,AFT] ,GAMBS1 HI/ORIANS ALL BUT COMPLETELY LO/ 9T]E/ 9 ! ,I,W,W4 ,A DECADES-LONG DR\<T SET 9 AFT] ! ,I,W,W CEAS$ TO BE A ?REAT & BE=E IT BECAME A SUBJECT ( LEFTI/ NO/ALGIA4 ,ONE SMALL FLAP ]UPT$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#d'S :5 NOVELI/ ,WALLACE ,/EGN] PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE 9 ! ,NEW ,REPUBLIC SUGGE/+ ?AT ! ,I,W,W SONGWRIT] & M>TYR ,JOE ,HILL1 EXECUT$ = MURD] 9 ,UTAH 9 #a#i#a#e1 MAY HAVE BE5 GUILTY AS *>G$4.<#a#h.> ,/EGN] HAD FICTIONALIZ$ ! CASE 9 HIS #aide NOVEL ,! ,PREA*] & ! ,SLAVE 7ALSO ! TITLE ( ONE ( ,HILL'S BE/-KN[N REVOLUTION>Y BALLADS74.<#a#i.> ,?IS >\S$ ! RI<TE\S 9DIGNATION ( :AT WAS LEFT ( ! ,I,W,W & A FEW O!R LEFTI/S AS WELL1.<#b.> BUT ! CONTROV]SY DID NO?+ TO REVIVE 9T]E/ 9 ! ,I,W,W OR 9FLU5CE H[ HI/ORIANS 9T]PRET$ IT4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ONCE HIS POLITICAL AFFILIATION BECAME KN[N1 ,HILL GOT A TRIAL UNFAIR EV5 BY ! /&>DS ( ! DAY1 BUT NOBODY N[ LIV+ CAN SAY = SURE IF HE W]E GUILTY OR 9NOC5T4 ,HE WAS PICK$ UP 9ITIALLY1 NOT BECAUSE HE WAS A ,WOBBLY1 BUT BECAUSE HE WAS AN UNEMPLOY$ DRIFT] ) NO EXPLANATION = A GUN%OT W\ND RECEIV$ ! NI<T ( ! MURD]4 ,HE DIDN'T TAKE ! /&1 & HIS ABSURD PUBLIC POSITION WAS ?AT HIS LIPS W]E SEAL$ 9 ORD] TO PROTECT A LADY'S HONOR4 ,! ,I,W,W MADE ,HILL ! ORGANIZATION'S MO/ FAM\S M>TYR4 ,9 ! #a#i#fS1 A NEW G5]ATION =M$ A TA/E = COMB9+ POLITICS1 HUMOR & SONG AS ,HILL HAD DONE1 SP>K+ A MODE/ REVIVAL ( 9T]E/ 9 HIS CASE4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! MA9 S*OL>LY MANIFE/ATION ( ! R5EWAL ORIG9AT$1 NOT 9 ! ,NEW ,LEFT OR ! C\NT]-CULTURE1 BUT ) ! PROLIFIC ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HI/ORIAN ,PHILIP ,S4 ,FON]4 ,9 ,! ,CASE ( ,JOE ,HILL 7#a#i#f#e7.<#b#a.> ,FON] AFFIRM$ ,HILL'S 9NOC5CE BUT )\T F9D+ ! SMOK+ GUN 9 SOMEONE ELSE'S H& EI!R4 ,BY N[ IT SEEMS UNLIKELY WE WILL EV] KN[ MU* MORE AB\T ! CASE ?AN ,FON] RELATES4 

,FON] SPUN ! BOOK (F FROM HIS L>G] ,HI/ORY ( ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( :I* ! F\R? VOLUME1 ALSO PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#f#e1 IS DEVOT$ TO ! ,I,W,W1 #a#i#e-#a#i#a#g4.<#b#b.> ,9 OV] #f PAGES ( PROSE HE W\LD PROBABLY BE FLATT]$ TO HAVE CALL$ WORKMANLIKE1 ,FON] N>RATES ! HI/ORY ( ! ORGANIZATION1 = ! YE>S COV]$1 9 MORE DETAIL ?AN ANY O!R BOOK4 ,NO O!R VOLUME1 = 9/ANCE1 COLLECTS )9 ITS COV]S ACC\NTS ( NE>LY AS MANY ( ! ,I,W,W 0FREE SPEE* FI<TS10 ITS EF=TS TO SPREAD ITS MESSAGE 9 PUBLIC PLACES1 MEET+ >RE/ & REPRESSION ) MASSIVE NONVIOL5T CIVIL DISOB$I5CE4 ,IF IT HAPP5$1 & IF HE CAN F9D \T ANY?+ AB\T IT1 ,FON] REPORTS IT4 ,& 0REPORTS0 IS ! RI<T WORD = IT4 ,! BOOK READS LIKE SOLID 9VE/IGATIVE J\RNALISM1 ONLY A FEW DECADES AFT] ! FACT4 ,NOT ?AT IT LACKS A !ORETICAL1 OR AT LEA/ AN IDEOLOGICAL ORI5TATION3 ,FON] WRITES LIKE :AT HE IS1 AN UNRECON/RUCT$ ,/AL9I/4 

,! RESULT MAKES = AN OCCASIONALLY DISCONC]T+ MISMAT* BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,9 !ORY1 ,FON] WRITES AS A DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/1 BUT HIS ME?ODOLOGY IS POSITIVI/1 & ! RESULT COMES (F AS QUA9T4 ,AS = HIS MANY O!R BOOKS1 HIS S\RCES >E RESOLUTELY TRADITIONAL4 ,HE HAS AN 5ORM\S APPETITE = DIGE/+ PUBLI%$ S\RCES1 ESPECIALLY NEWSPAP]S & MAGAZ9ES4 ,! PRES5TATION IS MA9LY *RONOLOGICAL4 ,AS A ,M>XI/1 HE MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO PROBE DEEPLY 9TO DEVELOPM5TS ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM TO :I* ! ,I,W,W WAS A REACTION1 & EXPLORE 9 SOME DETAIL ! ORGANIZATION'S CLASS BASE1 BUT HE DOES LESS ( ?IS ?AN ! AU?ORS ( ANY O!R G5]AL ,I,W,W HI/ORIES4 ,9/EAD HE TELLS TWO /ORIES3 ONE IS AB\T H[ ,I,W,W-L$ WORK]S CONFRONT$ CAPITAL & ! /ATE1 ! O!R IS AB\T ! 9T]NAL POLITICS ( ! ORGANIZATION1 ! CONFLICTS AMONG IDEOLOGUES TO DET]M9E ITS 0L9E40 ,! =M]LY 9V>IABLY COMES (F AS MORE H]OIC1 AL?\< ,FON]1 AS A ,L59I/1 CANNOT HELP BUT BE KE5LY CONC]N$ ) ! LATT]4 ,?IS IS :]E ,FON]'S ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LOYALISM COMES 94 

,! ,COMMUNI/S ADOPT$ A RA!R CONVOLUT$ ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,I,W,W4 ,9 ITS HEYDAY ! ,I,W,W WAS ALMO/ ! ONLY GAME 9 T[N = ANTI-CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,ITS GOAL ( WORK+-CLASS SOLID>ITY ?R\< 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM 9 A S5SE PRES]V$ 1 ?R\< ,PROGRESSIVE RE=M & CONS]VATIVE REACTION1 ELEM5TS ( ,M>XISM & A CONT9UITY ) E>LI] LABOR MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR :I* MI<T O!RWISE HAVE BE5 SUND]$4 ,IMPORTANT E>LY LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 SU* AS ,BIG ,BILL ,HAYWOOD & ,HEL5 ,GURLEY ,FLYNN -- ,FON]'S VOLUME IS D$ICAT$ TO ! 0REBEL GIRL0 -- HAD BE5 PROM95T ,WOBBLIES1 & A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( RANK-&-FILE ,WOBBLIES SEEM TO HAVE 5D$ UP 9 ! NEW] ORGANIZATION :I*1 JUDG+ FROM DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA1 KNEW ! WAY TO ! REVOLUTION>Y FUTURE4.<#b#c.> ,! ,I,W,W HAD1 9 ! WORDS ( ONE ( ITS FAVORITE SONGS1 0HELD ! =T0 = ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,I,W,W WAS NOT ,L59I/4 ,IT WAS NOT1 & IT W\LD NOT SUPPORT1 A POLITICAL P>TY4 ,! ,I,W,W REJECT$ ,L59'S !ORY ?AT IT REQUIR$ AN 9TELLECTUAL VANGU>D ( B\RGEOIS ORIG9S TO CONVEY CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS TO ! B5I<T$ WORK]S4 ,& !RE WAS A SIGNIFICANT IF M9ORITY PRES5CE )9 ! ,I,W,W ( ! AN>*I/S1 ANCI5T RIVALS & 5EMIES ( ! ,M>XI/S1 & MANY MORE ,WOBBLIES HAD SOME AN>*I/ T5D5CIES4 ,BUT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ,U,S,A C\LD AF=D TO LOOK ) 9DULG5CE ON ! ,I,W,W AS IT WAS BE+ DE/ROY$ DUR+ ! ,R$ ,SC>E3 IT WAS NO S]I\S RIVAL1 9DE$1 ! ,P>TY C\LD PICK UP SOME ( ! PIECES4 ,! #aibd SPLIT LO/ ! ,I,W,W MANY ( ITS NOT SO NUM]\S REMA9+ MEMB]S TO ! ,C,P2 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E LEFT 9 POSSESSION 7!Y /ILL >E7 ( AN ALMO/ EMPTY %ELL4 ,IT S]V$ ! ,P>TY'S PURPOSES CONDESC5D+LY TO CA/ ! PRE-,C,P ,I,W,W AS ITS VALOR\S & WELL-MEAN+ IF SOME:AT MISGUID$ PRECURSOR4 ,SO IT APPE>S 9 ,FON]'S BOOK4 ,! ,C,P IS TO ! ,I,W,W :AT ,JESUS WAS TO ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/1 ! GREAT] ONE :O FOLL[S4 ,! TITLE ( A #aief PAMPHLET BY ,COMMUNI/ ,JAMES ,P4 ,CANNON CONFIRMS ! PO9T3 ,! ,I4,W4,W43 ,! ,GREAT ,ANTICIPATION4.<#b#d.> ,SPACE LIMITATIONS C]TA9LY SUGGE/$ CONCLUD+ ,FON]'S N>RATIVE :5 IT DID1 IF NOT SOON]1 BUT IT WAS ALSO CONV5I5T TO U%] ! ,I,W,W (F ! /AGE BE=E ! GREATE/ H]O MADE A DEBUT4.<#b#e.> 

,! ,S,I,X,T,I,E,S1 ,O,R1 ,H,I,/,O,R,Y ,F,R,O,M ,! ,B,O,T,T,O,M ,U,P 

,AL?\< ,FON]'S ,I,W,W HI/ORY CAME \T 9 ! #a#i#f'S1 & = ?AT REASON PROBABLY 5JOY$ A L>G] AUDI5CE ?AN IT W\LD HAVE HAD E>LI]1 ITS K9D ( HI/ORY WAS AS \T-(-DATE AS ITS POLITICS4 ,A NEW G5]ATION ( HI/ORIANS1 9CLUD+ SOME ,M>XI/S1 BEGAN TO WRITE LABOR HI/ORY 9 A NEW WAY4 ,FOLL[+ ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON1 !Y RECONCEIV$ CLASS AS SOME?+ MORE COMPLICAT$ ?AN OCCUPY+ A C]TA9 SLOT AT WORK4 ,:]E ,M>X1 ,5GELS & ,L59 HAD DI/+UI%$ ! 0CLASS 9 ITSELF10 DEF9$ 9 ECONOMIC T]MS AS PROP]TYLESS WAGE-LABORS1 FROM ! 0CLASS = ITSELF0 -- ! CLASS CONSCI\S ( ITSELF AS A CLASS ) ITS [N ECONOMIC 7& POLITICAL7 9T]E/S -- ,?OMPSON & LIKEM9D$ HI/ORIANS BELIEV$ ?AT ! DI/9CTION HAD CO/ MORE 9 MEAN+ ?AN IT WAS WOR? 9 ANALYTIC CL>ITY4 ,CLASS WAS 9 IMPORTANT P>T CON/ITUT$ BY CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?AT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT PEOPLE CAN WI% !MSELVES 9TO OR \T ( ! B\RGEOISIE OR ! PROLET>IAT BY CREATIVE VISUALIZATION OR BY CLICK+ !IR HEELS TOGE!R ?REE TIMES4 ,CLASS1 ACCORD+ TO ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON & ,H]B]T ,GUTMAN1 DOES HAVE AN ESS5TIAL SUBJECTIVE COMPON5T -- BUT IT IS MA9LY NOT A PRIVATE PSY*OLOGICAL EXP]I5CE BUT A COLLECTIVE %>$ S5SE ( ID5TITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! MAK+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS V]Y MU* A MATT] ( ! MAK+ ( WORK+-CLASS CULTURE4 ,& ?IS IMPLIES ?AT 9 SOME DEGREE ! WORK+ CLASS IS ITS [N MAK]4 

,) RESPECT TO ! ,I,W,W1 H[EV]1 & 9DE$ = MO/ ( ! NEW ,AM]ICAN WORK+-CLASS HI/ORY ( ! #a#i#f'S1 ?IS IS RUNN+ AHEAD ( ! /ORY4 ,! ?OR\<GO+ CULTURALI/ CONCLUSIONS :I* W\LD LAT] BE DRAWN BY SOME HI/ORIANS W]E = A TIME MASK$ BY ! P]CEPTION ?AT ! MA9 LESSONS ( ! LABOR HI/ORY V]SION ( ! NEW NON-9/ITUTIONAL1 FROM-!-BOTTOM-UP HI/ORY W]E DIFF]5T4 ,!RE WAS FIR/ ! OV]COM+ ( ! 9/ITUTIONALI/ EQUATION ( ! HI/ORY ( WORK]S ) ! HI/ORY ( UNIONS4 ,AT NO TIME 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY HAVE MO/ WORK]S BELONG$ TO UNIONS4 ,TO CONF9E LABOR HI/ORY TO UNION HI/ORY IS AT ONE /ROKE TO DISMISS ! EXP]I5CE ( MO/ ,AM]ICAN WORK]S1 PA/ & PRES5T1 AS B5EA? NOTICE4 ,AS IF ?AT W]E NOT BAD 5\<1 ! DISMISSAL IS SY/EMATICALLY DISCRIM9ATORY 9ASMU* AS IT SY/EMATICALLY UND]/ATES ! IMPORTANCE ( /RATA ( WORK]S :O HAVE ALWAYS BE5 UND]REPRES5T$1 IF NOT UNREPRES5T$1 BY ! UNIONS3 WOM51 *ILDR51 NON:ITES1 ! =EIGN-BORN 1 ! UNM>RI$1 ! TRANSI5T1 & ! UNSKILL$4 ,9 ! #a#i#f'S !SE CRITICAL FAIL+S 9 LABOR HI/ORY W]E NOTIC$ & BEGAN TO BE CORRECT$1 & !RE W]E ?OSE :O ALSO NOTIC$ ?AT ! ,I,W,W WAS BY #f'S /&>DS ! MO/ RADICALLY EGALIT>IAN ORGANIZATION ( ANY CONSEQU5CE 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY4 ,& IT WAS A TIME TO 0DO Y\R [N ?+0 BO? 9DIVIDUALLY & COLLECTIVELY4 ,/ONEFAC$ SACRIFICIAL ,/AL9ISM LO/ :AT LITTLE ATTRACTION IT EV] HAD = IDEALI/IC Y\? OR = IDEALI/IC ACADEMICS1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ) LEFTI/ PRET5SIONS4 ,! ,WOBBLY BOA/ -- 0,LEAD]S8 ,WE GOT NO LEAD]S60 -- WAS NOT REALLY TRUE1 EXCEPT BY COMP>ISON ) ! ,OLD ,LEFT1 BUT IT WAS 9 TUNE ) ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN TEMP] ( ! DECADE4 ,JOYCE ,KORNBLUH'S #aifd ,I,W,W AN?OLOGY C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 BETT] TIM$4 

,JOHN ,HI<AM WROTE 9 #aife ?AT 0IT IS REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT A C\NTRY GETS1 = ! MO/ P>T1 ! SORT ( HI/ORY ?AT IT WANTS40.<#b#f.> ,IF SO1 ,AM]ICA WANT$ HI/ORY ) A SOCIAL & CULTURAL FLAVOR1 SYMPA!TIC TO POPUL> MOVEM5TS1 & :AT C\LD BE MORE CONG5IAL ?AN AN E?NICALLY & SEXUALLY 9CLUSIVE C\NT]-MOVEM5T1 NOT ONLY HO/ILE TO AU?ORITY BUT IRREV]5T T[>D IT1 :OSE GOAL WAS P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY8 ,9 #a#i#f#i1 RADICAL HI/ORIAN ,/AU<TON ,LYND MADE ! ANALOGY EXPLICIT3 LIKE ! ,WOBBLIES1 ! /UD5T LEFT S\<T TO BUILD 0! NEW SOCIETY )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD40.<#b#g.> ,= A:ILE1 SOME ,S,D,S !ORI/S CALL$ = 0/UD5T SYNDICALISM10 A PHRASE :I* W\LD HAVE BAFFL$ ! OLD-TIME ,WOBBLIES4 ,& S9CE ! /UD5T MOVEM5T WAS ABOVE ALL AN ANTIW> MOVEM5T1 IT WAS EASY = ITS MORE ]UDITE P>TICIPANTS TO LIK5 ! GOV]NM5T REPRESSION ( ANTIW> ,WOBBLIES :I* COMM5C$1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! PRO-W> ,A,F,L1 9 #a#i#a#g1 TO ! GOV]NM5T REPRESSION ( !IR [N MOVEM5T OPPOS+ ! ,VIETNAM ,W> -- A W> SUPPORT$ BY ! ,A,F,L-,C,I,O4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! ,I,W,W H]ITAGE 9FLU5C$ EV5TS 9 ! #f'S -- OR ?AT IT DID NOT4 ,?AT IS ONE ( ?OSE SUBJECTS AB\T :I* TOO MU* HAS NOT BE5 WRITT51 9DE$1 NOT NE>LY 5\<1 NO MATT] :AT ,MORTON ,KELL] ?9KS4 ,BUT !RE W]E GOOD REASONS = 9T]E/ 9 ! ,I,W,W TO REVIVE 9 ! #f'S4 

,TWO G5]AL N>RATIVE HI/ORIES ( ! ,I,W,W APPE>$ 9 ! #a#i#f'S4 ,! LESS IMPORTANT ONE WAS ,PATRICK ,R5%AW1 ,! ,WOBBLIES3 ,! ,/ORY ( ,SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7#a#i#f#g71.<#b#h.> A SYMPA!TIC #c-PAGE POPUL> HI/ORY BY AN ,5GLI% J\RNALI/4 ,IT'S NOT AT ALL BAD = BE+ :AT IT IS1 & IT DOES NOT PRET5D TO BE ANY?+ MORE4 ,SEV]AL SUBSEQU5T ACADEMIC HI/ORIANS HAVE FAULT$ HIM = ]RORS ( FACT1 SU* AS ]RONE\SLY PUTT+ C]TA9 ,WOBBLIES 9 TIMES & PLACES !Y W]E NOT1 BUT NOBODY CLAIMS ?AT !SE ]RORS 9 DETAIL S]I\SLY DEVALUE ! BOOK4 ,IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO KN[ H[ WELL IT SOLD 7!RE WAS ALSO A PAP]BACK $ITION74 ,ITS 0,PO/SCRIPT3 ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD0.<#b#i.> DISCUSSES BRIEFLY1 BUT LESS BRIEFLY ?AN ANY O!R G5]AL N>RATIVE1 ,I,W,W PRES5CE OR 9FLU5CE 9 O!R C\NTRIES SU* AS ,CANADA1 ,MEXICO1 ,AU/RALIA1 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ,BRITA91 & ,NORWAY AS WELL AS AMONG ,MEXICANS ON BO? SIDES ( ! BORD] ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,BY G5]AL AGREEM5T1 ! =EMO/ G5]AL HI/ORY ( ! ,I,W,W IS ,MELVYN ,DUB(SKY1 ,WE ,%ALL ,BE ,ALL3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7SECOND $ITION #a#i#h#h71.<#c.> :OSE FIR/ $ITION APPE>$ 9 #a#i#f#i4 ,9 #efa PAGES IT TELLS ! /ORY ( ! ,I,W,W FROM ITS ORIG9S AMONG ,WE/]N H>D ROCK M9]S TO ! #aibd SPLIT4 ,9 F> MORE DETAIL ?AN ANYONE ELSE1 ,DUB(SKY RELATES ! F\ND+ ( ! ,I,W,W 9 #aie TO ! PREC$+ FIFTE5 YE>S ( (T5 VIOL5T CLASS CONFLICT 9 ! ,WE/]N M9ES4 ,BY F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT ORGANIZATION 9VOLV$ 9 ! F\ND+ ( ! ,I,W,W1 ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S1 WAS A PRODUCT ( ?AT /RUGGLE4 7,AL?\< ! ,W,F,M SOON TOOK A CAUTI\S1 EV5 CONS]VATIVE TURN & PULL$ \T ( ! ,I,W,W1 NE>LY ABORT+ ! 9FANT ORGANIZATION47 ,DUB(SKY'S 9SI/5CE ON ! 09DU/RIAL FRONTI]0 ORIG9S ( ! ,I,W,W HAS BE5 CRITICIZ$ AS AN ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE ! ,I,W,W ) AN IMMACULATELY ,AM]ICAN P$IGREE1 AS ,BRISS5D5 HAD DONE 9 A P]IOD ( NATIVI/ X5OPHOBIA4 ,BUT NOT EV]Y EVOCATION ( ! FRONTI] COMMITS ! ,TURN]I/ H]ESY4.<#c#a.> ,GRANT$ ?AT AT ?IS LATE DATE ! ,AM]ICANISM ( ! ,I,W,W %\LD NOT BE CRITICAL TO UND]/&+ IT1 SOME ( ! CR$IT BELONGS TO HI/ORIANS LIKE ,BRISS5D5 & ,DUB(SKY :O1 BY D[NPLAY+ ! =EIGN *>ACT] ( ! ,I,W,W1 D[NPLAY$ ! ISSUE ITSELF4 

,IF ONLY -- BUT NOT ONLY -- BECAUSE ( ! *RONOLOGICAL LIMITS ( ! G5]AL HI/ORIES BY ,BRISS5D5 & ,FON]1 ,DUB(SKY PROVIDES ! MO/ DETAIL$ AS WELL AS ! MO/ UP-TO-DATE ACC\NT ( ! REPRESSION ( ! ,I,W,W FROM #aiag TO #a#i#b#d4 ,! NEXT BE/ ACC\NT IS BY ,GAMBS1 BUT MANY MORE S\RCES W]E AVAILABLE TO ,DUB(SKY4 7,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 ! MO/ DETAIL$ ACC\NT IS ,WILLIAM ,PRE/ON1 ,ALI5S & ,DISS5T]S1.<#c#b.> BUT IT IS CONF9$ TO ! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T'S ROLE4 ,SO IS ,PAUL ,L4 ,MURPHY1 ,WORLD ,W> ,I & ! ,ORIG9 ( ,CIVIL ,LIB]TIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7#a#i#g#i71.<#c#c.> :I* EXAM9ES ! W>TIME REPRESSION AS ! CONTEXT 9 :I* JUDICIAL 5=CEM5T ( CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES ( FREE EXPRESSION & ASSOCIATION ORIG9AT$1 AL?\< ! E>LY DECISIONS W]E USUALLY NOT V]Y LIB]T>IAN47 ,! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T1 ! /ATES1 & PRIVATE P[]S RANG+ FROM ! ,AM]ICAN ,LEGION TO ! ,A,F,L ALL ASSAIL$ ! ,I4,W4,W4 ,HUNDR$S ( ,WOBBLIES W5T TO PRISON1 (T5 = M]E MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,I,W,W1 :I* VIOLAT$ ! NEWLY M9T$ 0CRIM9AL SYNDICALISM0 /ATUTES :OSE V]Y NAME ANN\NC$ !IR PURPOSE TO T>GET ! ORGANIZATION4.<#c#d.> ,JU/ICE ,DEP>TM5T (FICIALS SEIZ$ ALL ! RECORDS & CORRESPOND5CE AT ! ,*ICAGO HEADQU>T]S 9 #aiag & !Y W]E BURN$ BY C\RT ORD] 9 #aibc -- A S]I\S LOSS TO HI/ORIANS4.<#c#e.> 

,9 ! SECOND $ITION ( HIS BOOK1 ,DUB(SKY RECANTS ONE ( HIS ORIG9AL !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVES4 ,HE WAS AT FIR/ MU* TAK5 ) AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,OSC> ,LEWIS' CONCEPT ( A 0CULTURE ( POV]TY0 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,LEWIS1 EXPLA9$ ! SELF-DEFEAT+ FECKLESSNESS & P[]LESSNESS ( POOR PEASANTS 9 PLACES LIKE ,MEXICO & ,PU]TO ,RICO REC5TLY RELOCAT+ TO URBAN SLUMS4 ,DUB(SKY ORIG9ALLY ?\<T ?AT ?IS CONCEPT ILLUM9AT$ ! SOCIAL BASE ( ! ,I,W,W4 ,WOBBLIES1 ESPECIALLY ,WE/]N ,WOBBLIES1 W]E ROOTLESS1 FOOTLOOSE PEOPLE1 PEOPLE ) NO?+ TO CALL !IR [N & NO PLACE TO CALL HOME4 ,SO SOME HOBOS & MIGRANT WORK]S NOTIC$ ?AT !Y HAD NO?+ TO LOSE BUT !IR *A9S & DREW FROM ?IS 9SI<T ! POLITICAL CONCLUSIONS ! ,WOBBLIES SUGGE/$4 ,! ,LEWIS !SIS DREW A /ORM ( CRITICISM1 AS ,DUB(SKY SOON SAW1 & ACKN[L$G$ 9 ! #aigc PAP]BACK $ITION4.<#c#f.> ,! MA9 CRITICISM WAS ?AT ! ADV]SE EFFECTS ,LEWIS ATTRIBUT$ TO A 0CULTURE ( POV]TY0 W]E MORE PLAUSIBLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO POV]TY ITSELF4 ,DUB(SKY CONFESS$ TO ?IS S9 & ALSO TO ANO!R4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY WAS NOT AN UND]DEVELOP$ OR DEVELOP+ ,?IRD ,WORLD C\NTRY1 IT WAS ! WORLD'S GREATE/ 9DU/RIAL P[]4 ,EV5 IF ! CULTURE-(-POV]TY !ORY HAD SOME M]IT AS APPLI$ TO ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 IT WAS UNLIKELY TO CONTRIBUTE V]Y MU* TO ! UND]/&+ ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,DUB(SKY NONE!LESS CONCLUD$ ?AT HE HAD NOT L$ HIS READ]S 0D[N AN 9TELLECTUAL DEAD 5D40 ,LIKE TODAY'S POOR1 ! WORK]S TO :OM ! ,I,W,W APPEAL$ HAD TO CONTE/ A HEGEMONIC IDEOLOGY :I* BLAM$ !IR DEPRIVATION ON !IR [N %ORTCOM+S4 ,! ,WOBBLIES W]E NOT CULTURALLY DEPRIV$3 !Y OP5LY >TICULAT$ OPPOSITIONAL VALUES4.<#c#g.> ,H]E1 AS ELSE:]E 9 ! BOOK1 ,DUB(SKY COMES TANTALIZ+LY CLOSE TO A CULTURAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,WOBBLIES1 BUT NEV] QUITE GETS !RE4 ,HE DOES SOME?+ MORE TO REVEAL ! SOCIAL ROOTS ( ! ,I4,W4,W41 BUT DOES NOT REALLY ADD MU* TO :AT LABOR ECONOMI/ ,C>LETON ,H4 ,P>K] WROTE DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I AB\T MIGRATORY WORK]S & !IR RELATION%IP TO ! ,I4,W4,W4.<#c#h.> ,BASICALLY ,DUB(SKY CONFIRMS ! TRADITIONAL PORTRAIT ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 AS CONSI/+ ( AN ,EA/]N W+ ( IMMIGRANT FACTORY WORK]S & A ,WE/]N W+ ( M9]S & MIGRATORY WORK]S1 MO/LY NATIVE-BORN4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO ?9K ?AT ANY HI/ORIAN WILL EV] *ALL5GE ! SUB/ANTIAL ACCURACY ( ?IS PORTRAIT4 

,AL?\< IT IS NOT A HI/ORY ( ! ,I,W,W AS A :OLE1 ,ROB]T ,L4 ,TYL]1 ,REBELS ( ! ,WOODS 7#a#i#f#g7.<#c#i.> IS A N>RATIVE HI/ORY ( ! UNION 9 ONE ( ITS MAJOR REGIONS ( ACTIVITY1 ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/4 ,!RE ITS APPEAL WAS PRIM>ILY TO LUMB]JACKS & SECOND>ILY TO LUMB] MILL WORK]S1 AL?\< IT WAS ALSO 9VOLV$ ) O!R WORK]S1 SU* AS SEAM54 ,! 0OV]ALLS BRIGADE0 FROM ?IS REGION PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 EJECT+ ,DANIEL DE ,LEON & HIS PRO-POLITICAL FACTION FROM ! ,I,W,W 9 #aih 7,DE ,LEON !REAFT] REF]R$ TO ?IS /RATUM ( WORK]S AS 0! BUMM]Y074 ,TYL] CONT5DS ?AT ?IS M>K$ ! ONSET ( ,WE/]N PR$OM9ANCE 9 ! ORGANIZATION 7HE %\LD HAVE SAID3 ITS RE/ORATION1 S9CE ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S DOM9AT$ ! F\ND+ CONV5TION74 .<#d.> ,! FREE-SPEE* FI<TS :I* = SEV]AL YE>S PREOCCUPI$ ! ,I,W,W W]E ALMO/ 5TIRELY ,WE/]N PH5OM5A1 AL?\< NOT JU/ ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ PH5OM5A4 ,A R>E VICTORY 9 ,SPOKANE1 ,WA%+TON NOT ONLY SECUR$ ! ,WOBBLIES' FRE$OM ( PUBLIC SPEE*1 IT SUB/ANTIALLY A*IEV$ :AT !Y W]E SPEAK+ =1 REVOCATION ( ! LIC5SES ( MO/ ( ! LABOR 0%>KS0 :O SOLD NONEXI/5T JOBS TO MIGRATORY WORK]S4.<#d#a.> ,LAT] ?IS WAS ! SC5E ( A GREAT ,PYRRHIC VICTORY BY ! ,I,W,W1 A #aiag /RIKE WON AGA9/ ! LABOR 9DU/RY -- EMPLOY]S AS REACTION>Y1 EXPLOITATIVE & VIOL5T AS ANY 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 IT CO9CID$ ) ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 5TRY 9TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 & ! LUMB] 9DU/RY WAS CONSID]$ A CRITICAL W> 9DU/RY4 ,LUMB]M5 & !IR ALLIES 9 /ATE & LOCAL GOV]NM5T BADG]$ ! ,F$]AL ,GOV]NM5T TO SUPPRESS ! ,I,W,W AS A M5ACE TO NATIONAL SECURITY1 AL?\< !IR MOTIVES W]E CLE>LY NOT 5TIRELY DIS9T]E/$ & PATRIOTIC4 ,! ,WOBBLIES ( ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ SUFF]$ PROBABLY ! MO/ SEV]E REPRESSION ( ANY ,WOBBLIES4.<#d#b.> 

,TYL] V5TURES AN 9TRIGU+ PO9T ( 9T]PRETATION4 ,LIKE ,DUB(SKY1 HE APPRECIATES ! ,I,W,W AS A RADICAL RESPONSE TO L>GE-SCALE1 RAPID SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,9 ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/1 ! TRANS=MATION FROM FRONTI] TO FACTORY1 & FROM MANY SMALL 5TREPR5EURS TO NE>-OLIGOPOLY1 WAS SPE$Y EV5 BY ! HEADY TIMETABLE ( ! ,GILD$ ,AGE4 ,BUT !RE WAS ALSO A CONS]VATIVE REACTION TO 9DU/RIALIZATION BY ! ,I,W,W'S 5EMIES1 ! 9DU/RIALI/S !MSELVES1 ) E]IE SIMIL>ITIES TO ! ,I,W,W CRITIQUE4 ,BO? DREW UPON AN AGR>IAN & EGALIT>IAN H]ITAGE :OSE VALUES W]E ?REAT5$ BY 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,WORK]S & BOSSES BO? CRAV$ ! ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE SUPPOS$LY 5JOY$ BY ! FRONTI]SM5 & YEOMAN F>M]S ( OLD2 UN=TUNATELY1 = EA* SIDE ?AT C\LD ONLY COME AT ! O!R SIDE'S EXP5SE4 ,& BO? BOSSES & WORK]S1 ESPECIALLY ,WOBBLY WORK]S1 9 ?IS ALL-MALE ECONOMIC SECTOR ASS]T$ ! RI<TS !Y CLAIM$ ) MANLY TRUCUL5CE & SWAGG]4.<#d#c.> ,TYL] IS SUGGE/+ ?AT !RE WAS AN ELEM5T ( ! AGONI/IC ,WILD ,WE/ REACTION TO AN AFFRONT TO HONOR :I* HON$ :AT WAS ALREADY1 ON PURELY ECONOMIC GR\NDS1 A %>P CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR4 

,A SURE SIGN ?AT ! ,I,W,W HAD >RIV$ AS A TOPIC = HI/ORIANS WAS ! PUBLICATION 9 #aifi ( ,JOSEPH ,ROB]T ,CONL9'S ,BREAD & ,ROSES ,TOO1.<#d#d.> NOT ANO!R N>RATIVE HI/ORY BUT A TOPICAL1 0AN ANALYTICAL /UDY40.<#d#e.> ,9S(> AS ! ESSAYS HAVE A G5]AL !ME1 IT IS ?AT HI/ORIANS HAVE NOT SUFFICI5TLY APPRECIAT$ ! ,I,W,W = :AT IT PR(ESS$ TO BE3 A LABOR UNION4 7,AL?\< ,FON]1 :ATEV] HIS O!R LIMITATIONS1 CANNOT BE CRITICIZ$ ON ?IS GR\ND47 ,! ,I,W,W CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD AS A CONSCI\S ALT]NATIVE TO ,A,F,L CRAFT UNIONISM4 ,?AT WAS ! FELT NE$ :I* DREW O!RWISE DISP>ATE TRADE-UNIONI/S & RADICALS TO ! F\ND+ CONV5TION 9 #a#i#e4 ,! PRIM>Y DEM& WAS 0BREAD0 -- ! 0ROSES TOO0 W]E SECOND>Y4 ,! IMPLICATION IS ?AT EMPHASIS %\LD %IFT FROM ! MORE COLORFUL1 MORE VIOL5T1 MORE ALI5AT$ ,WE/]N]S TO ! ,EA/]N FACTORY WORK]S :OSE /RIKES W]E MORE LIKE ORD9>Y UNION /RIKES 79S(> AS ANY /RIKES AT ?AT TIME C\LD BE SAID TO BE ORD9>Y7 ?AN ! M9I-9SURRECTIONS 9 ! ,WE/]N FIELDS & =E/S4 ,CONL9 BELIEVES ?AT >\ND #a#i#a#f1 AFT] YE>S ( FALSE />TS & 9T]NAL /RIFE1 ! ,I,W,W WAS SETTL+ 9TO ! PRIM>Y ROLE ( A1 SO TO SPEAK1 CONGRESS ( 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS -- POLITICALLY RADICAL TO BE SURE1 BUT 9 ?AT RESPECT NOT FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM ITS ,C,I,O SUCCESSORS1 9DU/RIAL UNIONS SOME ( :I* W]E ,SOCIALI/ OR ,COMMUNI/ 9 !IR POLITICS4 ,! W>TIME & PO/W> REPRESSION1 H[EV]1 ACKN[L$G$ NO SU* EVOLUTION OR DI/9CTIONS3 IT FELL HEAVILY ON ! ,I,W,W EV]Y:]E4 

,! NOTION ?AT1 BUT = ! UNPLEASANTNESS ( ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 9/EAD ( ! ,A,F,L-,C,I,O WE W\LD N[ HAVE ! ,A,F,L-,I,W,W IS CALCULAT$ TO TITILLATE ?OSE *>M$ BY C\NT]FACTUALS 7:AT IF ! ,S\? HAD WON ! ,CIVIL ,W> OR1 AS 9 ! ,?URB] /ORY1 :AT IF ,GRANT HAD BE5 DR9K+ AT ,APPOMATOX874 ,ONE CONSID]ATION :I* L5DS SOME CR$5CE TO ! ,CONL9 SC5>IO IS ?AT 9 SOME RESPECTS !RE WAS MORE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,A,F,L & ! ,I,W,W 9 !ORY ?AN 9 PRACTICE4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! LEGITIMACY ( ANY K9D ( UNION MOVEM5T WAS BY NO MEANS A P>T ( ANY ,AM]ICAN CONS5SUS4 ,! ,I,W,W HAD A REPUTATION = VIOL5CE -- :I*1 AS ,?OMPSON1 ,CONL91 ,DUB(SKY & O!RS HAVE NOTIC$1 IS L>GELY UNDES]V$ -- BUT 9 FACT ,A,F,L & 9DEP5D5T UNIONI/S W]E AT LEA/ AS LIKELY TO RESORT TO VIOL5CE AS ! ,WOBBLIES4.<#d#f.> ,ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS1 ,I,W,W COMPETITION GOAD$ ! ,A,F,L 9TO ORGANIZ+ DRIVES & ! F\ND+ ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONS4.<#d#g.> ,!RE IS EV5 A C]TA9 P>ALLELISM 9 ! ORGANIZATIONS' AV]SION TO ELECTORAL POLITICS & !IR ASSIGNM5T ( PRIMACY TO ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,! 0PURE & SIMPLE UNIONISM0 ( ! ,A,F,L ( ,GOMP]S1 LIKE ! ANTI-POLITICAL 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM ( ! ,I,W,W1 HELD ?AT WORK]S %\LD RELY UPON !IR [N P[]1 ! 9DEP5D5T P[] !Y WIELD$ AT ! WORKPLACE1 NOT ON DIVISIVE1 COMPROMIS+ & SUBORD9AT+ ALLIANCES ) P>TIES OR POLITICIANS4 ,! ,A,F,L MAY NOT HAVE S\<T TO SMA% ! /ATE1 BUT IT S\<T TO KEEP IT AT A SAFE DI/ANCE -- UNTIL #a#i#a#g1 :5 IT JO9$ GOV]NM5T & BIG BUS9ESS 9 W>TIME CORPORATI/ COLLABORATION4 ,IF ! ,A,F,L'S HOPE ?AT ?IS EPISODE W\LD 9AUGURATE A NEW ]A ( UNION RESPECTABILITY & 9FLU5CE W5T UNFULFILL$ 9 ! #a#i#bS1 IT AT LEA/ PRES]V$ ! ,A,F,L FROM ! DE/RUCTION :I* BEFELL ITS ,I,W,W RIVAL4 

,9 SOME RESPECTS1 ,CONL9'S AV[$ REVISIONISM WAS ILL-TIM$4 ,HE ANN\NC$ HIS 9T5TION TO CORRECT C]TA9 MIS9T]PRETATIONS COMMON TO PREVI\S ,I,W,W HI/ORY UP TO & 9CLUD+ ,FON]4 ,BUT ,DUB(SKY'S BIG BOOK CAME \T 9 ! SAME YE> &1 AS ,CONL9 HAS S9CE ACKN[L$G$1 IT TOO MADE SOME ( ! REQUISITE REVISIONS4.<#d#h.> ,DUB(SKY'S BOOK ALSO 9DUC$ ,CONL9 TO CORRECT ONE ( HIS [N CORRECTIONS4 ,CONL9 HAD E>LI] >GU$ = RETIR+ ! WORD 0SYNDICALISM0 FROM DISCUSSION ( ! ,I,W,W 7HIS FIR/ *APT] IS TITL$ 0,A ,NAME ,?AT ,LEADS TO ,CONFUSION074 ,SOME ,WOBBLIES HAD REPUDIAT$ ! T]M1 O!RS NEV] US$ IT1 & !RE IS SOME REASON TO D\BT :E!R IT ALWAYS MEANT TO ,WOBBLIES :AT IT MEANT TO ,EUROPEAN SYNDICALI/S4 ,& TOO (T5 ! >GUM5T :E!R ! ,WOBBLIES W]E REALLY SYNDICALI/S GOT CAU<T UP 9 ! >GUM5T OV] H[ ,AM]ICAN !Y W]E4 ,UNLIKE1 SAY1 09DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY0 -- ANO!R ,I,W,W CAT*PHRASE ) NO PRECISE S+LE MEAN+ -- 0SYNDICALISM0 HAS A =EIGN S\ND TO IT4 ,BY #a#i#h#a1 ,CONL9 ADMITT$ ?AT ?IS HAD BE5 ONE ( HIS [N MOTIVES = %UNN+ ! WORD1 BUT ,DUB(SKY HAD P]SUAD$ HIM ?AT 9SI/5CE ON ! 0PECULI>LY ,AM]ICAN ORIG9S & *>ACT] ( ! ,I4,W4,W40 -- A CONCLUSION HE %>$ ) ,DUB(SKY -- WAS COMPATIBLE ) ,DUB(SKY'S 0LATITUD9>IAN0 CONCEPTION ( SYNDICALISM AS UNIONS AS ! VEHICLES ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ! EMBRYONIC =MS ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY4.<#d#i.> ,AS ,LUDWIG ,WITTG5/E9 PUT IT1 ! MEAN+ ( A WORD IS ITS USE4 ,SYNDICALI/S MAY BE CONC]N$ TO DI/ILL ! ESS5TIAL MEAN+ ( !IR IDEOLOGY1 BUT HI/ORIANS HAVE NO URG5T NE$ TO DO SO4 ,S*OL>S FROM ,BRISS5D5 TO ,R5%AW :O PUT ! WORD 0SYNDICALISM0 9 ! SUBTITLES ( !IR BOOKS AB\T ! ,I,W,W W]E NOT JU/ IMPOS+ AN AB/RACT WORD ON ! ,WOBBLIES1 !Y SPOKE A WORD :I* WAS ALREADY 9 ! ,I,W,W VOCABUL>Y4 ,IF IT HAD1 & HAS1 NO C]TA9 S+LE MEAN+1 IT IS LIKE MO/ WORDS = MATT]S ?AT MATT]4 

,F,R,O,M ,I,D,E,O,L,O,G,Y ,T,O ,C,U,L,T,U,R,E 

,ACCORD+ TO AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,EV]ETT ,C4 ,HU<ES1 0,:]EV] SOME GR\P ( PEOPLE HAVE A BIT ( COMMON LIFE ) A MODICUM ( ISOLATION FROM O!R PEOPLE1 A COMMON CORN] 9 SOCIETY1 COMMON PROBLEMS & P]HAPS A C\PLE ( COMMON 5EMIES1 !RE CULTURE GR[S40.<#e.> ,! ,WOBBLIES SATISFI$ ALL !SE CONDITIONS1 & AMONG !M CULTURE GREW4 

,! ?IRD AGE ( ,AM]ICAN LABOR HI/ORY IS CULTURAL HI/ORY4 ,AL?\< IT IS ALWAYS EASY TO PR$ICT EV5TS AFT] !Y HAVE HAPP5$1 !RE IS NONE!LESS SOME?+ ALL TOO PR$ICTABLE1 9DE$ SOME?+ OV]DET]M9$1 AB\T H[ ! NEW SOCIAL LABOR HI/ORY ( ! #fS & #gS MUTAT$ 9TO ! NEW] CULTURAL LABOR HI/ORY ( ! #hS & #iS4 ,! PROPHETS1 ,?OMPSON & ,GUTMAN1 HAD ALREADY 9S]T$ WORK+-CLASS CULTURE 9TO WORK+-CLASS HI/ORY4.<#e#a.> ,CULTURE 9T]E/$ !M MA9LY AS A FIELD = RESI/+ ! 5CROA*M5TS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,WORK]S 9SI/$ UPON !IR TRADITIONAL PR]OGATIVES1 EV5 9 V]Y UNTRADITIONAL NEW 9DU/RIES1 TO PRES]VE SOME CONTROL OV] !IR WORK+ TIME & ! CONDITIONS ( !IR TOIL4 ,9 AN >TICLE FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#g#d1 HI/ORIAN 7& =M] UNION ACTIVI/7 ,DAVID ,MONTGOM]Y EXPLICITLY ID5TIFI$ ! ,I,W,W AS ONE MANIFE/ATION ( ! 0,NEW ,UNIONISM0 ( ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY :OSE G5]AL AIM WAS WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY4.<#e#b.> ,?IS APPROA* SATISFI$ ! 9TELLECTUAL & EMOTIONAL NE$S ( ! *A/5$ ,M>XI/ HI/ORIANS4 ,WORK]S W]E 9 P>T ! MAK]S ( !IR [N LIVES & WAYS ( LIFE1 NOT JU/ RAW MAT]IAL WORK$ UPON BY DET]M9+ OBJECTIVE =CES4 ,!Y W]E 5GAG$ 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 AL?\< NOT ALWAYS 9 FAMILI> =MS4 ,!Y W]E NOT1 9 !IR RESI/ANCE TO CAPITAL OR ! /ATE1 ! DUPES ( ALI5 IDEOLOGIES1 !Y ACT$ ON ! BASIS ( !IR [N HEAL?Y 9DIG5\S PLEBEIAN TRADITIONS4 .<#e#c.> 

,!RE WAS ONE FATAL FLAW 9 ?IS O!RWISE SO SATISFY+ & SO #fS A SC5>IO4 ,! NEW /ORY 5D$1 IT HAD TO 5D1 ! SAME WAY ! OLD /ORY HAD3 ! WORK]S LO/4 ,!RE IS NO GETT+ >\ND ?AT4 ,SOON] OR LAT]1 RADICAL LABOR WAS EV]Y:]E DEFEAT$1 & USUALLY SO WAS NONRADICAL LABOR4 ,CULTURE MI<T HAVE RET>D$ BUT IT NEV] AV]T$ LABOR'S DEFEAT4 0,SA9T ,MONDAY0 IS NOT JU/ HI/ORY1 IT IS JU/ HI/ORY4 ,LABOR HI/ORIANS >E 9V>IABLY PRO-LABOR HI/ORIANS4 ,!Y W\LD LIKE TO REPORT GOOD NEWS AB\T1 & MAYBE EV5 TO1 ! WORK]S1.<#e#d.> BUT ! NEWS IS NOT V]Y GOOD BY ANY HI!RTO ACCEPT$ PROGRESSIVE /&>D4 ,EV5 ! ,COMMONS-S*OOL LIB]ALS1 W]E ANY /ILL >\ND1 W\LD BE DISMAY$ BY ! CURR5T /ATE ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR4 ,?OMPSON & ,GUTMAN W\LD BE EV5 MORE UNHAPPY4 ,! ONLY WAY TO MAKE ! ANSW] COME \T RI<T IS TO *ANGE ! QUE/ION4 ,CULTURALISM CAN DO ?AT4 ,AS A MEANS TO AN 5D1 SU* AS SOCIAL *ANGE1 WORK+-CLASS CULTURE HAS BE5 A RES\ND+ FLOP1 BUT IF WORK+-CLASS CULTURE IS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 IT IS SELF-VALIDAT+4 ,! WORK]S1 ESPECIALLY ! RADICAL WORK]S1 MAY HAVE BE5 LOS]S1 BUT AT LEA/ !Y W]E 7BORR[+ A PHRASE FROM ,LEON>D ,COH57 BEAUTIFUL LOS]S4 ,! MEANS JU/IFY ! 5DS IF !Y >E ONE & ! SAME4 ,! ,WOBBLIES MAY HAVE NO?+ LA/+ TO %[ = !IR /RUGGLES EXCEPT !IR CULTURE1 BUT NO ONE CAN TAKE ?AT AWAY FROM !M4 ,I DREAM$ ,I SAW ,JOE ,HILL LA/ NI<T1 ALIVE AS Y\ & ME 4 4 4 

,?AT IS SURELY NOT ! ONLY S\RCE ( ! REC5T ALLURE ( CULTURAL HI/ORY1 :I* IS NOT ALWAYS OR EV5 USUALLY A GLOSS ON WORK+-CLASS HI/ORY4 ,HI/ORIANS >E ALSO RECOV]+ ! CULTURES ( ABOLITIONI/S1 ,PROHIBITIONI/S1 LESBIANS1 ,COMMUNI/S & MANY MORE4 ,WID] 9TELLECTUAL FA%IONS HAVE PLAY$ UPON ! WRIT+ ( HI/ORY 9 A P]IOD ( PR(ESSIONAL SELF-D\BT & ?US VULN]ABILITY4 ,IF ! PR(ESSIONALIZ+ HI/ORIANS ( ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY HAD A RA!R %AKY CLAIM TO ! ME?ODS ( SCI5CE1 !Y ALL ! MORE /RID5TLY AFFIRM$ !IR DEVOTION TO ITS OBJECTIVITY4 ,BUT BY ! #a#i#fS1 EV5 ! REFLECTIVE PORTION ( ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY WAS CAT*+ UP ) :AT PHILOSOPH]S ( SCI5CE AT LEA/ S9CE ,MA* HAD DONE TO ! NOTION ( AN OBJECTIVE REALITY 0\T !RE0 ABSOLUTELY 9DEP5D5T ( !ORY OR P]SPECTIVE4.<#e#e.> ,?AT IS JU/ NOT H[ PRACTIC+ SCI5TI/S WORK1 NO MATT] :AT !Y ?9K !Y'RE DO+4 ,EV5 ! SOCIAL SCI5TI/S HAVE RELUCTANTLY P>T$ ) ! CLAIM TO OBJECTIVITY :I* !Y TOOK FROM ! NATURAL SCI5CES = ! SAME REASON ! HI/ORIANS TOOK IT3 TO LEGITIMATE !IR DISCIPL9ES4.<#e#f.> ,A DOGMA ! HI/ORIANS HAD LONG PROCLAIM$ TO AFFIRM !IR LOYALTY TO SCI5CE N[ ?REAT5$ TO REVEAL !IR BACKW>DNESS1 !IR EPI/EMOLOGICAL NAIVETE1 R$UC+ !M TO ! 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL ( J\RNALI/S4.<#e#g.> 

,ONLY #bc YE>S SEP>ATE TWO RESPECT$ HI/ORIES ( ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 ,JOHN ,HI<AM'S ,HI/ORY 7#a#i#f#e7.<#e#h.> & ,PET] ,NOVICK'S ,?AT ,NOBLE ,DREAM 7#a#i#h#h71.<#e#i.> BUT !Y >E AGES AP>T 9 !IR JUDGM5TS & EV5 9 MOOD4 ,SURVEY+ ! SC5E 9 ! E>LY #f'S -- AS YET APP>5TLY UNAFFECT$ BY ! TURMOIL ( ! TIMES -- ,HI<AM F\ND REASON = QUALIFI$ SATISFACTION 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PR(ESSION4 ,IF !RE WAS NOT MU* G5IUS 9 EVID5CE1 !RE WAS NONE!LESS PL5TY ( TAL5T4 ,!RE W]E MORE HI/ORIANS WRIT+ MORE HI/ORY1 & MORE K9DS ( HI/ORY1 ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,! ASSIMILATION ( SELECT SOCIAL SCI5CE ME?ODOLOGIES PROCE$$ APACE1 & MO/ HI/ORIANS NO LONG] FE>$ ?AT ?IS ?REAT5$ HI/ORY AS A DI/9CT DISCIPL9E1 :E!R OR NOT !Y US$ ! NEW TOOLS !MSELVES4 ,NO GR& SYN!SES APPE>$ IMM95T -- & NONE EV] DID APPE> -- BUT !RE WAS NO URG5TLY FELT NE$ = !M4 ,!RE WAS PL5TY ( DETAIL WORK TO BE DONE4 ,! SITUATION RESEMBL$ :AT HI/ORIAN ( SCI5CE ,?OMAS ,S4 ,KUHN HAS CALL$ 0NORMAL SCI5CE03 ! LONG /RET* AFT] ! ADOPTION ( A GUID+ P>ADIGM 9 :I* RESE>* IS DIRECT$ TO WORK+ \T ITS IMPLICATIONS4.<#f.> ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE IS ?AT HI/ORIANS W]E ELABORAT+ A P>ADIGM )\T HAV+ ONE1 AT LEA/1 NONE ?AT WAS EXPLICIT4 ,DO+ 0NORMAL HI/ORY0 MEANT APPLY+ NOT A !ORY SO MU* AS AN APPROV$ ME?ODOLOGY4.<#f#a.> 

,EV5 AS ,HI<AM WAS WRIT+ HIS OV]VIEW1 ! ACADEMY CAME UND] ASSAULT FROM )\T & )94 ,S*OL>LY CLAIMS TO OBJECTIVITY FELL SUBJECT TO ! SAME SKEPTICISM AS ,E/ABLI%M5T CLAIMS TO UPHOLD LIB]TY1 EQUALITY & DEMOCRACY4 ,9DE$ IT DREW NOTICE ?AT PROM95T HI/ORIANS1 AMONG O!R ACADEMICS1 W]E PU%+ BO? CAUSES4.<#f#b.> ,!RE WAS A WIDESPREAD LOSS ( TRU/ 9 AU?ORITIES & EXP]TS1 :O MI<T HAVE O!R ?AN OBJECTIVE GR\NDS = PROMOT+ OBJECTIVITY &1 9 SO DO+1 PROMOT+ ITS PRESUMPTIVE GU>DIANS1 !MSELVES4 ,SUBJECTIVITY REASS]T$ ITSELF 9 ! G5]AL CULTURE1 AS 9 S*OL>%IP1 AS ONE ( ! LEGITIMATE DOORS ( P]CEPTION1 & FEEL+S GA9$ RESPECT = !IR [N SAKE4 ,IT WAS A NEO-,ROMANTIC DECADE & A PSY*OLOGIZ+ DECADE1 AMONG MANY O!R ?+S4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ REP]CUSSIONS = HI/ORY1 0PSY*OHI/ORY10 WAS M]CIFULLY %ORT-LIV$4 ,BUT ! NEW LABOR HI/ORY1 ) ITS CULTURE-CONSCI\S CONCEPTION ( CLASS1 SWEPT ! SUBFIELD & W5T F> T[>D LEAD+ ! NEW SOCIAL HI/ORY1 ( :I* IT =M$ ! VANGU>D1 9TO PRIMACY OV] ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY G5]ALLY4 ,?OMPSON1 ,GUTMAN & !IR FOLL[]S BR\<T ! SUBJECT BACK 9TO LABOR HI/ORY1 BUT NOT BY HIMSELF4 ,! SUBJECTIVITY ?AT 9T]E/$ !M WAS NOT SO MU* 9DIVIDUAL PSY*OLOGY -- AL?\< ,GUTMAN DID NOT 5TIRELY =EGO BIOGRAPHY.<#f#c.> -- AS ! SOCIALLY %>$ ATTITUDES & VALUES ( PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY 9T]PRET+ & COP+ ) A COMMON EXP]I5CE ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4.<#f#d.> ,ANO!R WORD = ?AT -- ,GUTMAN'S WORD = IT -- IS CULTURE4 

,CULTURE WAS SO CONSPICU\S A DIM5SION ( ! NEW LABOR HI/ORY ?AT 0CULTURALISM0 APPE>S TO HAVE ORIG9AT$ AS A 0T]M ( ABUSE0 = IT4.<#f#e.> ,BUT !RE'S A =K 9 ! ROAD ( ! NEW LABOR HI/ORY4 ,AS PRACTIC$ BY1 SAY1 ,H]B]T ,GUTMAN1 ! NEW LABOR HI/ORY WAS NOVEL = FOCUS+ ON SOCIAL RELATIONS AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 ESPECIALLY WORK] /RUGGLES TO ASS]T SOME COLLECTIVE AUTONOMY !RE1 & = FOCUS+ ON ! CULTURAL RES\RCES :I* WORK]S DREW UPON TO SU/A9 !IR SOLID>ITY ON ! JOB & !IR CLASS COMMUNITY AFT] H\RS4 ,!IR COMMON !MES >E WORK+-CLASS AG5CY1 AUTONOMY & AU!NTICITY4 ,BO? IMPLY ?AT WORK+-CLASS HI/ORY IS MU* MORE ?AN JU/ UNION HI/ORY4.<#f#f.> ,BUT ! RELATION BETWE5 WORKPLACE RESI/ANCE & CULTURAL AUTONOMY MAY BE CONT+5T1 NOT NECESS>Y4 ,CULTURE MI<T BE COMP5SATORY1 NOT EMP[]+4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ?AT IS H[ ,M>XI/S HAVE TRADITIONALLY 9T]PRET$ RELIGION1 A ?OR\<LY CULTURAL PH5OM5ON4 ,EV5 IF ! REALITY IS MORE COMPLEX1 AS IT SURELY IS1 !RE IS AMPLE EVID5CE ?AT RELIGION CAN BE A H9DRANCE TO OR A DI/RACTION FROM CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4.<#f#g.> ,IT MU/ BE POSSIBLE TO WRITE WORKPLACE-ORI5T$ NEW LABOR HI/ORY )\T DEVOT+ MU* ATT5TION TO CULTURE1 S9CE SOME HAS BE5 WRITT5 -- = EXAMPLE1 ,DAVID ,MONTGOM]Y'S ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,CONV]SELY1 !RE IS CULTURAL HI/ORY ( WORK]S :5 !Y >E NOT WORK+1 SU* AS ,ROB]T ,E4 ,WEIR'S BOOK ON ! CULTURE ( ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR4.<#f#h.> ,?IS PURE CULTURALISM HAS N[ BE5 APPLI$ TO ! ,I,W,W 91 AMONG O!R PLACES1 TWO MONOGRAPHS3 ,DONALD ,E4 ,W9T]S1 ,JR41 ,! ,S\L ( ! ,WOBBLIES 7#a#i#h#e7.<#f#i.> & ,SALVATORE ,SAL]NO1 ,R$ ,NOVEMB]1 ,BLACK ,NOVEMB] 7#a#i#h#i74.<#g.> 

,PURE CULTURALISM IS NOT SO COMPLETELY ORIG9AL AS ITS ADVOCATES & DETRACTORS SEEM TO ?9K1 NOT EV5 ) RESPECT TO AS SPECIALIZ$ A TOPIC AS ! ,I,W,W4 ,ONE COMPON5T ( CULTURE IS IDEOLOGY1 & ALMO/ EV]Y MAJOR HI/ORIAN ( ! ,I,W,W EXCEPT = ,GAMBS1 BEG9N+ ) ,BRISS5D51 HAS DEVOT$ A *APT] OR MORE TO ! ORGANIZATION'S IDEOLOGY4.<#g#a.> ,AN UNPUBLI%$ #aifb DISS]TATION BY ,DONALD ,M4 ,B>NES.<#g#b.> WAS 5TIRELY DEVOT$ TO ,I,W,W IDEOLOGY AS A *APT] 9 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY4 ,B>NES MADE SEV]AL POSITIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOME /ILL-UNGO+ CONTROV]SIES RESPECT+ ! ,I,W,W4 ,A FEW YE>S LAT]1 ,CONL9 W\LD >GUE ?AT CALL+ ! ,I,W,W 0SYNDICALI/0 WAS MORE CONFUS+ ?AN 5LI<T5+1 BAS+ HIS CASE ON ! DISP>ATE WAYS ,WOBBLIES SEEM$ TO USE ! WORD & ! V>Y+ ATTITUDES !Y ADOPT$ T[>D :ATEV] !Y ?\<T IT MEANT4.<#g#c.> ,B>NES F\ND 5\< COH]5CE 9 ,I,W,W IDEOLOGY TO CONCLUDE ?AT IT WAS BROADLY SYNDICALI/1 ! ONLY S]I\S DIFF]5CE FROM ,EUROPEAN SYNDICALISM BE+ ! ,I,W,W'S REJECTION ( ! /RATEGY ( 0BOR+ FROM )90 EXI/+ UNIONS1 AN EX]CISE 9 FUTILITY 9 ,AM]ICAN CONDITIONS4.<#g#d.> ,= MO/ ( ! K9DS ( WORK]S ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,I,W,W1 !RE W]E NO EXI/+ UNIONS TO BORE 9TO4 ,CONL9 LAT] REPUDIAT$ :AT BY !N SEEM$ TO HIM TO BE HIS 0FUTILE LITTLE CAMPAIGN40.<#g#e.> 

,B>NES ALSO WEI<$ 9 ON ! ONCE-RAG+ QUE/ION ( =EIGN 9SPIRATION & 9FLU5CE3 HE ?\<T ?AT !Y MA9LY SUPPLI$ A RADICAL VOCABUL>Y1 AL?\< IF ONE C>ES TO *>ACT]IZE ! BIOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM ( ,D>W9 & ! ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM ( ,M>X AS =EIGN 9FLU5CES1 !N ,WOBBLY IDEOLOGY WAS V]Y MU* UND] ALI5 SWAY4.<#g#f.> 7,:Y IS IT ?AT NOBODY EV] FRETS OV] :E!R ! ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM SO 9FLU5TIAL 9 LAT] N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,AM]ICA REPRES5T$ =EIGN 9FLU5CE8 ,& :Y IS ,K>L ,M>X A =EIGN 9FLU5CE BUT ,ADAM ,SMI? IS NOT87 ,B>NES V5TUR$ ! FIR/ S]I\S ACADEMIC CRITICISM ( ! QUASI-,TURN]IAN FRONTI] ACTIVISM !ORY ( ,I,W,W ORIG9S -- & ?IS BE=E ,DUB(SKY PRES5T$ ! !SIS 9 ITS MO/ P]SUASIVE =M4 ,AS HE PURPORT$ TO BE DO+ NO?+ MORE ?AN 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY1 ,B>NES C\LD NOT ACTUALLY *ALL5GE ! !SIS ON SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC GR\NDS1 BUT HE D5I$ ITS PLAUSIBILITY3 H>% EXPLOITATION 9 ! ,WE/]N M9ES TIMES FRONTI] ,WE/]N RUGG$ 9DIVIDUALISM EQUALS ORGANIZ$ RADICAL WORK+-CLASS RESI/ANCE4 ,:E!R TAK5 /RAI<T UP AS ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM OR MIX$ ) PSY*OLOGICAL DET]M9ISM1 ! EXPLANATION 0PRESUPPOSES A DET]M9I/IC EPI/EMOLOGY40.<#g#g.> 

,IT W\LD BE EASY1 ?\<1 TO *>GE ?IS 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORIAN ) HIS [N DET]M9ISM3 IDEALISM4 ,! BASIC FAILURE ( ! ,I,W,W1 HE MA9TA9S1 WAS ITS DOCTR9AL RIGIDITY1 ITS REFUSAL TO COMPROMISE ) 0ANY MORE /ABLE LEFTI/ GR\P40.<#g#h.> ,SU* AS8 ,IT TAKES TWO TO COMPROMISE4 ,! ,A,F,L1 :I* WAS NOT LEFTI/ ANYWAY1 HAD NO MORE 9T]E/ 9 COMPROMIS+ ) ! ,I,W,W ?AN ! ,I,W,W HAD 9 COMPROMIS+ ) ! ,A,F,L1 & IS DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E :AT ! T]MS ( SU* A COMPROMISE MI<T BE4 ,NOT EV5 ! NONREVOLUTION>Y ,C,I,O1 AFT] ALL1 =M$ BY 9DU/RIAL UNIONS EXPELL$ BY ! ,A,F,L1 REUNIT$ ) IT UNTIL TW5TY YE>S HAD PASS$1 & ! ,I,W,W NEV] HAD ?AT MU* TIME4 ,IT WAS ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY :I* EXPELL$ ,BILL ,HAYWOOD = BELONG+ TO ! ,I,W,W1 NOT ! ,I,W,W :I* EXPELL$ ,HAYWOOD = BELONG+ TO ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,EUG5E ,DEBS WAS NOT EXPELL$ FROM ! ,I,W,W1 HE RESIGN$4 ,!RE IS REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT AT C]TA9 TIMES & PLACES !RE WAS SUB/ANTIAL OV]LAP 9 ,I,W,W & ,S,P MEMB]%IP4 ,! ,I,W,W DID1 IT IS TRUE1 EXPEL ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON 9 #a#i#h1 BUT HE WAS NOTORI\SLY ! MO/ RIGID DOGMATI/ ON ! ,AM]ICAN LEFT1 & HE MADE SURE ?AT HIS M9USCULE ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY NEV] COMPROMIS$ OR COOP]AT$ ) ANY O!R ORGANIZATION2 ITS RECORD ( IMPOT5T IDEOLOGICAL PURITY REMA9S UNSULLI$ TO ?IS DAY4 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 ) NO >GUM5T = DO+ SO1 ,B>NES VIRTUALLY IGNORES ! IMPACT ( GOV]NM5T1 BUS9ESS & VIGILANTE REPRESSION1 ABETT$ BY ! PRESS1 ! ,A,F,L & PRO-W> ,PROGRESSIVES1 9 SMA%+ ! ,I,W,W4 ,ALSO IGNOR$ >E /RUCTURAL *ANGES 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY :I* >E 9CREAS+LY COM+ TO ! =E 9 EXPLANATIONS ( ! ,I,W,W'S DEMISE4 ,! FEEBLE POSITION ( ,A,F,L UNIONS 9 ! #a#i#bS SUGGE/S ?AT EV5 TAK+ ! C\RSE ( ABJECT EXP$I5CY W\LD NOT HAVE MADE A SUCCESS ( ! ,I,W,W1 IT W\LD ONLY HAVE /RIPP$ ! ,WOBBLIES ( ! ONLY ?+ NO ONE ELSE C\LD EV] TAKE FROM !M1 !IR HONOR & PRIDE4 

,EV5 ASIDE FROM CONSID]ATION ( ITS IDEOLOGY1 ! ,I,W,W DID NOT HAVE TO AWAIT ! CULTURAL TURN 9 LABOR HI/ORY = ITS CULTURE TO BE NOTIC$4 ,MORE CONSPICU\SLY & SELF-CONSCI\SLY ?AN ANY ,AM]ICAN LABOR MOVEM5T BE=E1 & MAYBE ANYONE S9CE1 ! ,WOBBLIES APPRECIAT$ :AT ,H]B]T ,?OMPSON1 ,GUTMAN & ! CULTURALI/S HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 ! USE ( CULTURE AS A RES\RCE1 EV5 A WEAPON4.<#g#i.> ,!IR CONTEMPOR>IES1 EV5 ?OSE ) NO SYMPA?Y = !IR IDEAS & ACTIONS1 W]E FASC9AT$ BY ! ,WOBBLIES' SONGS1 SLOGANS1 C>TOONS1 QUIPS & 0SIL5T AGITATORS0 7T9Y GUMM$ PAP] /ICK]S *EAP TO PRODUCE & EASY TO /ICK UP EV]Y:]E74.<#h.> ,IT WAS ESPECIALLY ! SONGS :I* W]E HE>D4 ,AL?\< ! TYPICAL ,WOBBLY WAS MORE (T5 AN AVID READ] ?AN AN ILLIT]ATE1.<#h#a.> & ,I,W,W HALLS W]E LIBR>IES AS WELL AS MEET+-PLACES 7& SOMETIMES CRA% PADS7 -- NONE!LESS1 ! POPUL> CULTURE ( :I* ! ,WOBBLIES P>TOOK WAS MORE AURAL & ORAL ?AN \R MORE VISUALLY-ORI5T$ CULTURE1 & ALSO MORE P>TICIPATORY4 ,9 #a#i#g1 A Y\NG ,CANADIAN >RIV$ 9 ,SPOKANE1 ,WA%+TON1 :]E -- AS HE RECALL$ #fa YE>S LAT] -- 0,:AT FIR/ ATTRACT$ ME TO ! ,I4,W4,W4 WAS ITS SONGS & ! GU/O ) :I* ITS MEMB]S SANG !M40 ,RI*>D ,BRAZI] SOON BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! PREP>ATION ( ! FIR/ $ITION ( ! ,I,W,W ,LITTLE ,R$ ,SONGBOOK1 :I* HAS GONE ?R\< MORE ?AN =TY $ITIONS4 ,IT 9CLUD$ A FEW DITTIES SUNG BY ,AM]ICAN WORK]S AT LEA/ S9CE ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR1 SU* AS ! 0,9T]NATIONALE0 & 0,HOLD ! ,=T0 7ORIG9ALLY 0,/ORM ! ,=T071 AUGM5T$ BY NEWLY WRITT5 LYRICS SET TO ! MUSIC ( CURR5T POP TUNES OR FAMILI> HYMNS4 ,)9 A FEW YE>S1 O!R ,WOBBLIES CONTRIBUT$ CLASSICS LIKE ,JOE ,HILL'S 0,! ,PREA*] & ! ,SLAVE0 7:I* ADD$ TO ! LANGUAGE ! EXPRESSION 0PIE 9 ! SKY07 & ,RALPH ,*APL9'S 0,SOLID>ITY ,=EV]0 7/ILL ! NATIONAL AN!M ( ,AM]ICAN LABOR74.<#h#b.> ,EV5 >*-9/ITUTIONALI/S ,PAUL ,BRISS5D5 & ,JOSEPH ,GAMBS1 PRESUMABLY ! POL> OPPOSITE ( ! CULTURALI/S1 APP5D$ SELECTIONS FROM ! ,SONGBOOK TO !IR BOOKS4.<#h#c.> ,& EV5 ,DONALD ,B>NES1 ! MO/ HO/ILE HI/ORIAN ( ! ,WOBBLIES 9 ! LA/ SIXTY YE>S1 GRUDG+LY GRANT$ ?AT 0ON ! POSITIVE SIDE1 SONGS1 LEG5DS1 P]SONALITIES & ! IDEA ( SOLID>ITY PRACTICALLY SUM UP !IR MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS40.<#h#d.> 

,A /ILL MORE IMPORTANT PROTO-CULTURALI/ S\RCE IS ,JOYCE ,L4 ,KORNBLUH'S #aifd ,WOBBLY AN?OLOGY ,REBEL ,VOICES4 ,?IS OV]SIZE VOLUME ( #dai PAGES IS /ILL1 AS :5 PUBLI%$1 BY F> ! RI*E/ S+LE ACCESSIBLE COLLECTION ( PRIM>Y S\RCES ON :AT WE W\LD N[ REF] TO AS ! CULTURE ( ! ,WOBBLIES1 #aia TEXTS 9T]SP]S$ ) SCORES ( C>TOONS & EQUIPP$ ) CONCISE BUT HELPFUL COMM5T>Y4 ,ONE *APT] REPR9TS SONGWRIT] ,JOE ,HILL'S GREATE/ HITS4 ,O!RS COMMEMORATE ! FREE SPEE* FI<TS1 ! GREAT ,LAWR5CE VICTORY1 ! GREAT ,PAT]SON DEFEAT1 ! M9]S1 ! F>M-LABOR]S1 ! LUMB]JACKS -- & ! ,WOBBLIES PUT BEH9D B>S 9 W>TIME & = LONG AFT]W>DS4 ,AL?\< %E WAS APP>5TLY NEV] A ,WOBBLY H]SELF1 ,KORNBLUH HAD BE5 A UNION ACTIVI/ 9 ,DETROIT1 & %E DISDA9$ TO CONCEAL H] ADMIRATION = ! ,I,W,W4 

,! FIR/ FULL-L5G? MONOGRAPH ON ! ,I,W,W 9 :AT ,I CALL ! PURE CULTURALI/ MODE IS ,DONALD ,E4 ,W9T]S' ,! ,S\L ( ! ,WOBBLIES1 :I* ATTEMPTS TO REPRES5T ! RELATION%IP ( ! ,I,W,W TO ! ,*RI/IANITY ( ITS TIME 7#a#i#e-#a#i#a#g7 AS SOME?+ MORE COMPLEX ?AN REFLEXIVE HO/ILITY4 ,HE DISCLAIMS :AT HE CALLS ! 0R$UCTIONI/ FALLACY0 ( EQUAT+ ! REVOLUTION>Y UNION MOVEM5T ) RELIGION1 BUT CLAIMS ?AT ! RELIGI\S *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,I,W,W W5T BEYOND M]E FELL[%IP & %>$ VALUES4.<#h#e.> ,BUT IF HE IS PREP>$ TO CONC$E ! OBVI\S -- ?AT ! ,I,W,W WAS NOT A *UR* -- ,W9T]S DOES MA9TA9 ?AT ,I,W,W IDEOLOGY WAS1 BY A 0FUNCTIONAL0 DEF9ITION1 A RELIGION :OSE FUNDAM5TAL T5ET WAS CLASS SOLID>ITY4 ,HE SUPPOSES ?AT MO/ SOCIOLOGICAL DEF9ITIONS ( RELIGION >E WANT+ BECAUSE !Y ASS]T ?AT IT IS NECESS>ILY CONNECT$ TO A *UR*4 ,:E!R OR NOT ?AT IS TRUE -- IT ISN'T.<#h#f.> -- ALL ?IS DOES = ,W9T]S IS E/ABLI% ?AT ! ,I,W,W1 S9CE IT WAS NOT A *UR*1 WAS NOT BY DEF9ITION NON-RELIGI\S4.<#h#g.> ,BUT ! SAME C\LD BE SAID AB\T O!R NON-*UR*ES SU* AS ! ,LITTLE ,LEAGUE OR ! ,BETT] ,BUS9ESS ,BUREAU )\T DO+ MU* TO SUB/ANTIATE CLAIMS ?AT !Y >E 0FUNCTIONALLY0 RELIGI\S3 0,IF ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD IS TO BE VIEW$1 9 ANY S5SE1 AS RELIGI\S1 ! C5TRAL T5ET ( ITS FAI? MU/ BE SE5 AS SOLID>ITY 4 4 4 ,! WORK+ DEF9ITION ( RELIGION1 !N1 ?AT WILL S]VE = ?IS /UDY IS AS FOLL[S3 A SY/EM ( BELIEFS & SYMBOLS :I* SEEKS TO DEVELOP 9 ! WORK+ CLASS A S5SE ( SOLID>ITY & CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 & A MOTIVATION TO 5GAGE 9 A CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EVIL =CE ( CAPITALISM T[>D ! 5D ( CREAT+ A NEW ORD]1 A 'COMMONWEAL? ( TOIL1' 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD40.<#h#h.> 

,?IS IS A PRI/9E EXAMPLE ( :AT LOGICIANS CALL AFFIRM+ ! CONSEQU5T4 ,W9T]S DIDN'T NOTICE ?AT HE ASSUM$ 7?AT'S :AT 0IF0 MEANS7 :AT HE PURPORTS TO PROVE1 ?AT ! ,I,W,W WAS 09 ANY S5SE0 RELIGI\S4 ,NOR DOES HIS 0WORK+ DEF9ITION ( RELIGION0 WORK1 S9CE IT IMPLIES1 NOT ONLY ?AT ,I,W,W IDEOLOGY IS RELIGION1 BUT ?AT BELIEF-SY/EMS UNIV]SALLY AGRE$ TO BE RELIGIONS -- ,*RI/IANITY1 ,JUDAISM1 ,ISLAM1 ,H9DUISM1 ,BUDDHISM1 ETC4 -- >E NOT RELIGIONS BECAUSE NONE ( !M SEEK TO DEVELOP 9 ! WORK+ CLASS A S5SE ( SOLID>ITY & CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 ETC41 ETC4 ,! READ] MI<T SUSPECT ?AT ,I HAVE LEFT \T SOME M9OR PREMISE 9 ,W9T]S' SYLLOGISM -- SU* AS A G5]AL DEF9ITION ( :AT RELIGION IS 7NOT :AT IT IS NOT7 :I* DOES NOT DEF9E RELIGION AS ,I,W,W IDEOLOGY -- 9 ORD] TO MAKE HIM LOOK LIKE A FOOL4 ,I DIDN'T3 HE DID4 ,SO IT H>DLY EV5 MATT]S ?AT1 AFT] DEM&+ A FUNCTIONAL DEF9ITION ( RELIGION1 ,W9T]S NEV] PROVIDES ONE4 ,:AT IS ! DEF9+ FUNCTION OR FUNCTIONS ( RELIGION8 ,9ASMU* AS HE NEV] SAYS1 !RE IS NO WAY ( EVALUAT+ HIS CLAIM ?AT ! ,I,W,W WAS 9 ANY S5SE RELIGI\S4 ,IT SEEMS ONLY FAIR & REASONABLE TO ADH]E TO ! RECEIV$ VIEW1 ALSO VOCIF]\SLY AFFIRM$ BY ! ,WOBBLIES !MSELVES & BY !IR CONTEMPOR>IES1 ?AT ! ,I,W,W WAS 7FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! GODLY7 AT BE/ NON-RELIGI\S1 AT WOR/ ANTI-RELIGI\S4 ,SOMETIMES ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM IS RI<T AFT] ALL4 

,SO CONCEPTUALLY & LOGICALLY FLAW$ IS ! ,W9T]S BOOK ?AT IF ! VALIDITY ( ITS !SIS W]E ITS ONLY CLAIM TO ATT5TION1 NO ONE %\LD BO!R TO READ IT4 ,H[EV]1 ,W9T]S DID DELVE 9TO ,I,W,W S\RCES -- ESPECIALLY ITS ,WE/ ,COA/ NEWSPAP]1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK] -- ) QUE/IONS NO O!R HI/ORIAN HAD ASK$4 ,FRANKLY1 ! BOOK IS NOT MU* BETT] 9 DETAIL ?AN 9 ITS OV]ALL ANALYSIS1 BUT SOME ( ITS 9ADEQUATELY ADDRESS$ TOPICS >E NOT )\T 9T]E/4 ,BETT] HI/ORIANS MI<T FOLL[ UP ON !M LAT]4 

,W9T]S' EVID5CE = ATTRIBUT+ A RELIGI\S *>ACT] TO ! ,WOBBLIES IS V]Y SCATT]$ & MISCELLANE\S1 AS IT W\LD HAVE TO BE4 ,HE BEG9S ) A *APT] ON AN 9DIVIDUAL REM>KABLE EV5 BY ,WOBBLY /&>DS3 ,FA!R ,?OMAS ,J4 ,HAG]TY1 A SUSP5D$ BUT NOT UNFROCK$ ,CA?OLIC PRIE/1 A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ :O HAD BE5 A POPUL> /UMP SPEAK] 9 ! ,WE/ DUR+ ! BRUTAL CLASS CONFLICTS 9 ! M9ES4 ,HAG]TY DID NOT REG>D HIS RELIGION & HIS REVOLUTIONISM AS 9COMPATIBLE1 AL?\< HIS ECCLESIA/ICAL SUP]IORS NOT SURPRIS+LY ?\<T O!RWISE4 ,HAG]TY'S IMPORTANCE TO ,I,W,W HI/ORY IS ?AT1 AS A DELEGATE TO ! F\ND+ CONV5TION 9 ,*ICAGO1 HE WAS ! PR9CIPAL AU?OR ( ! CELEBRAT$ ,PREAMBLE TO ITS ,CON/ITUTION1 !N & EV] S9CE ! S+LE MO/ WIDELY READ ,I,W,W TEXT4 ,& HE WAS ALSO ! CREATOR ( ! 0,:EEL10 A PIE *>T ( ALL SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY 9T5D$ TO DESCRIBE BO? ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION BY 9DU/RY :I* ! ,I,W,W ASPIR$ TO BE & ! BLUEPR9T = ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY AS A COOP]ATIVE COMMONWEAL? ( ! PRODUC]S4.<#h#i.> ,SAMUEL ,GOMP]S RIDICUL$ 0,FA!R ,HAG]TY'S ,:EEL ( ,=TUNE0 AS A UTOPIAN PIPE-DREAM1 & LAT] HI/ORIANS HAVE SOMETIMES CRITICIZ$ !IR 9/ITUTIONALI/ PR$ECESSORS1 SU* AS ,BRISS5D51 = ACCORD+ IT TOO MU* ATT5TION4 ,C]TA9LY ! ,I,W,W NEV] ORGANIZ$ ANY:]E NE> 5\< WORK]S 9 5\< 9DU/RIES TO PUT ANY FLE% ON ,HAG]TY'S SKELETON4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! ,:EEL WAS WIDELY DISSEM9AT$ & MAY WELL HAVE CONCRETIZ$ = SOME ,WOBBLIES ! AB/RACTIONS ( SYNDICALISM4 ,& ?IS SUGGE/S ?AT !RE WAS SOME?+ RECOGNIZABLY SYNDICALI/ AB\T ! ,I,W,W FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 

,:AT IT DOES NOT SUGGE/ IS ?AT !RE WAS ANY?+ RECOGNIZABLY RELIGI\S AB\T ! ,I,W,W FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 ,FA!R ,HAG]TY WAS MOM5T>ILY PROM95T1 BUT NO?+ HE SAID OR DID AT ! CONV5TION1 OR ANY:]E ELSE1 EVID5C$ ANY RELIGI\S 9FLU5CE ON HIS POLITICS1 OR ! POLITICS ( ! ,I,W,W4 ,%ORTLY AFT] ! CONV5TION HE DISAPPE>$1 NEV] TO BE SE5 AGA91 UNLESS POSSIBLY AS A SKID R[ ALCOHOLIC 9 ,*ICAGO MANY YE>S LAT]4.<#i.> 

,9 A *APT] ON ,WOBBLY 0HYMNODY10 ,W9T]S SEES A 0/RIK+ P>ALLEL BETWE5 ! ,WOBBLIES' USE ( MUSIC & ?AT ( ,AM]ICAN ,PROTE/ANTISM40.<#i#a.> ,WOBBLIES LOV$ TO S+4 ,RI*>D ,BRAZI] RECALL$3 0,:AT FIR/ ATTRACT$ ME TO ! ,I4,W4,W4 WAS ITS SONGS & ! GU/O ) :I* ITS MEMB]S SANG !M4 ,SU* S++1 ,I ?\<T1 WAS GOOD PROPAG&A1 S9CE IT HAD ORIG9ALLY ATTRACT$ ME & MANY O!RS AS WELL2 & ALSO USEFUL1 S9CE IT HELD ! CR[D = ,WOBBLY SPEAK]S :O FOLL[$40.<#i#b.> ,WOBBLIES (T5 PUT !IR [N WORDS TO ! TUNES ( FAMILI> HYMNS1 ESPECIALLY ! SIMPLE1 EMOTIONALLY DIRECT GOSPEL SONGS :I* HAD BECOME AN IMPORTANT EXPRESSION ( POPUL> ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 ! #a#h#gS4 ,EV5 ,W9T]S CANNOT D5Y ?AT P>ODY WAS P>T ( ! PURPOSE ( !SE EXPROPRIATIONS3 9 O!R WORDS1 !Y EVID5CE NOT ! RELIGI\S BUT ! ANTI-RELIGI\S ORI5TATION ( ! ,WOBBLIES4 ,BUT HE PREF]S TO DWELL UPON ! 0COMMON PURPOSE0 ( GOSPEL SONGS & ,WOBBLY SONGS3 0DEVELOP+ GR\P CONSCI\SNESS & COHESIV5ESS10 A PO9T 0:I* IS1 P]HAPS1 EXTREMELY OBVI\S40.<#i#c.> ,?AT IT IS4 ,ALSO OBVI\S IS ,W9T]S' LAPSE 9TO ! R$UCTIONI/ FALLACY HE PROMIS$ TO AVOID4 ,( C\RSE :5 PEOPLE S+ TOGE!R !Y >E EXPRESS+ SOLID>ITY1 :E!R !Y >E S++ ! ,DOXOLOGY 9 *UR*1 ! NATIONAL AN!M AT A POLITICAL CONV5TION1.<#i#d.> 0#i#i ,BOTTLES ( ,BE] ON ! ,WALL0 ON A BUS 5 R\TE TO SUMM] CAMP1 OR ! *ORUSES AT A ,GRATEFUL ,DEAD %[4 ,IF ! COLLECTIVE EXPRESSION ( SOLID>ITY IS RELIGI\S1 !N !RE IS LITTLE IF ANY?+ SOCIAL :I* IS NOT RELIGI\S4 ,:5 BASEBALL FANS DO 0! WAVE0 9 ! /&S1 OR PUNK ROCK]S SLAM-DANCE 9 ! MO% PIT1 !Y ACT AS RELIGI\S CELEBRANTS :E!R !Y KN[ IT OR NOT4 ,TO DEF9E RELIGION SO BROADLY IS TO EMPTY ! WORD ( SPECIFIC MEAN+ & R5D] IT USELESS AS A TOOL = UND]/&+ :AT IS NON-RELIGI\S1 S9CE !RE IS NO 9DEP5D5T PH5OM5ON TO :I* IT MI<T BE COMP>$4 ,:5 Y\ COMP>E SOME?+ TO ITSELF1 IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ TO DISCOV] /UNN+ P>ALLELS4 

,MORE MUNDANE1 NON-CIRCUL> EXPLANATIONS = ,WOBBLY HYMNODY HAVE BE5 PROVID$ BY ! ,WOBBLIES !MSELVES & BY ?OSE :O KNEW !M AT FIR/ H&4 ,AS SOCIOLOGI/ & EX-TRAMP ,NELS ,&]SON WROTE3 0,!RE >E MANY TYPES ( TRAMP SONGS BUT MO/ CONSPICU\S >E ! SONGS ( PROTE/4 ,! ,I4,W4,W4 HAVE DONE MU* TO /IMULATE SONG WRIT+1 MO/LY SONGS ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! MASSES & ! CLASSES4 ,MO/ HOBO SONGS >E P>ODIES ON C]TA9 POPUL> AIRS OR ON HYMNS4 ,ONE CAN EASILY DET]M9E :5 C]TA9 SONGS W]E WRITT5 IF HE KN[S :5 C]TA9 POPUL> AIRS1 TO :I* !Y >E FITT$1 W]E ! RAGE4 ,! TUNES MO/ US$ BY ! TRAMP SONGWRIT]S >E ?OSE ?AT >E SO WELL KN[N ?AT ! SONG MAY BE SUNG BY ANY GR\P ( TRANSI5TS4 ,:5 ! SONGS >E P>ODIES ON HYMNS !RE IS USUALLY A NOTE ( IRONY RUNN+ ?R\< !M40.<#i#e.> ,H]E WE HAVE ! MAK+S ( A SUB-CELE/IAL EXPLANATION4 ,WOBBLIES APPROPRIAT$ GOSPEL TUNES = ! SAME REASON !Y APPROPRIAT$ POP TUNES3 EV]YBODY ALREADY KNEW !M4 ,& :5 IT WAS GOSPEL TUNES ?AT !Y BORR[$1 !IR NEW LYRICS W]E USUALLY 0IRONIC10 I4E41 ANTI-RELIGI\S4 

,A S]I\S DEFICIT 9 ,I,W,W S*OL>%IP1 ESPECIALLY ( A CULTURAL TURN1 IS ! ALMO/ TOTAL ABS5CE ( QUANTIFICATION4 ,AL?\< ! DE/RUCTION ( SO MANY RECORDS1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ( ! NATIONAL HEADQU>T]S1 DOES IMP$E QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS1 !RE HAVE BE5 FEW EF=TS TO APPLY IT EV5 TO :AT EVID5CE SURVIVES4 ,IT W\LD NOT SEEM TO BE AN UNDULY DAUNT+ RESE>* PROJECT1 = 9/ANCE1 TO UND]TAKE CONT5T ANALYZES ( ,I,W,W SONGS1 C>TOONS1 EV5 $ITORIALS & PAMPHLETS4 ,NO ONE HAS EV] EV5 BO!R$ TO DET]M9E H[ MANY ( ! MELODIES 9 ! SUCCESSIVE $ITIONS ( ! ,LITTLE ,R$ ,SONGBOOK W]E GOSPEL TUNES1 POP TUNES OR ORIG9AL COMPOSITIONS4 ,!RE IS LIKEWISE NO WAY ( KN[+ H[ REPRES5TATIVE >E ! SAMPLES ( ,I,W,W CULTURE :I* HI/ORIANS HAVE PREVI\SLY REF]R$ TO1 9CLUD+ ! SELECTIONS 9 ! MO/ EXT5SIVE AN?OLOGY ( ,I,W,W CULTURE1 ,JOYCE ,KORNBLUH'S ,REBEL ,VOICES4 ,W9T]S1 = 9/ANCE1 PR$ICTABLY TRIES TO MAKE MU* ( A FEW REF]5CES 9 ,I,W,W LIT]ATURE TO ,JESUS AS A WORK+ MAN1 A C>P5T]1 A POOR MAN1 A HOMELESS MAN4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,GOSPEL MOVEM5T HAD ALREADY MADE CLI*ES ( !SE RHETORICAL GAMBITS BY ! TIME ! ,I,W,W GOT GO+4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IF P]SECUT$ ,WOBBLIES OCCASIONALLY LIK5$ !MSELVES TO ,JESUS1 ?AT IS ONLY TO BE EXPECT$ 9 A CULTURAL CONTEXT 9 :I* ,*RI/IANITY WAS /ILL AMBI5T & ! ANALOGY WAS 9/ANTLY & UNIV]SALLY MEAN+FUL4 ,! BACK W>DS >E FULL ( P>ANOIDS :O ID5TIFY ) ,JESUS1 BUT ,*RI/IAN HI/ORIANS LIKE ,W9T]S -- IF ,W9T]S IS A HI/ORIAN.<#i#f.> -- >E NOT RU%+ =W>D ) VOLUMES ON ! RELIGI\S ESS5CE ( M5TAL ILLNESS4 ,FREUD LONG AGO MADE ! CONNECTION 9 ,! ,FUTURE ( AN ,ILLUSION4.<#i#g.> 

,EV5 ,W9T]S ACKN[L$G$ A V]Y PRACTICAL FUNCTION ( ,I,W,W HYMNODY3 IT WAS A WEAPON 9 ! ,I,W,W'S PUBLIC /RUGGLE AGA9/ 0ITS DESPIS$ ANTAGONI/1 ! ,SALVATION ,>MY40 ,BO? ORGANIZATIONS W5T \T 9TO ! /REETS TO SEEK ! SUPPORT ( ! D[N-&-\T4 ,! ,I,W,W PREA*$ REVOLUTION1 ! 0,/>VATION ,>MY0 7AS ! ,WOBBLIES REF]R$ TO IT7 PREA*$ SUBMISSION4 ,B& MUSIC & HYMN-S++ W]E PROM95T ASPECTS ( ,SALVATION ,>MY \TREA*1 & W]E US$ = ! SPECIFIC PURPOSE ( DR[N+ \T ,I,W,W SOAPBOX SPEAK]S4.<#i#h.> ,AS ,RALPH ,BRAZI] REMEMB]$1 ,J4,H4 ,WAL%1 0! ',FA!R ( ! ,LITTLE ,R$ ,SONGBOOK1'0 PROPOS$ A BATTLE ( ! B&S3 0WE HAVE AS MANY TUNES & SONGS AS !Y HAVE HYMNS2 & :ILE WE MAY BORR[ A HYMN TUNE FROM !M1 WE WILL USE \R [N WORDS4 ,IF !Y DO NOT QUIET D[N A LITTLE WE WILL ADD SOME BAGPIPES TO ! B&1 & ?AT WILL QUIET !M40.<#i#i.> 

,W9T]S CANNOT SEEM TO IMAG9E ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE = A C\NT]-CULTURE 0TO TURN ! SY/EM'S IMAGES AGA9/ IT10 TO DET\RNE 70DIV]T07 !M1 AS ! ,SITUATIONI/S US$ TO SAY4 ,RA!R HE SUPPOSES ?AT ONLY ! OPPOSITE IS POSSIBLE1 RECUP]ATION -- TO AGA9 EMPLOY ,SITUATIONI/ T]M9OLOGY -- ! SY/EM'S 0RECOV]Y0 OR COOPTATION ( 9SURG5T T5D5CIES4.<#a.> ,BUT IF1 = ! ,*RI/IAN1 ALL ROADS LEAD TO ,ROME1 ! HI/ORIAN %\LD BE OP5 TO FOLL[+ O!R TRAILS TOO4 ,USUALLY1 :5 A HI/ORIAN ASCRIBES A RELIGI\S *>ACT] TO A SECUL> MOVEM5T1 HE IS TRY+ TO DISCR$IT IT1 AS ,C>L ,BECK] S\<T TO DISCR$IT ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ASSORT$ ,COLD ,W>RIORS HAVE S\<T TO DISCR$IT ,COMMUNISM4 ,W9T]S IS UNUSUAL AMONG ?OSE TAK+ ?IS TACK 9 ?AT HE MEANS NO DISRESPECT -- HIS BOOK IS D$ICAT$ TO ! ,WOBBLIES -- HE MU/ BELIEVE 7AS FEW ( !M W\LD HAVE7 ?AT 9 DISCLOS+ !IR SUPPOS$ SPIRITUAL DIM5SION HE IS HUMANIZ+ !M1 OR AT LEA/ ,AM]ICANIZ+ !M4 ,BUT ?\< ! SPIRIT IS WILL+1 ! FLE% -- ! EVID5CE & >GUM5T -- IS WEAK4 ,*RI/IANIZ+ ! ,WOBBLIES IS REALLY TOO HEAVY A CROSS = ANYONE TO BE>4 

,! LATE/ CULTURALI/ MONOGRAPH ON ! ,I,W,W1 ,SALVATORE ,SAL]NO'S ,R$ ,NOVEMB]1 ,BLACK ,NOVEMB] 7#a#i#h#i71 RESEMBLES 9 =M ! BOOKS ( ,CONL9 & ,W9T]S -- A FAIRLY BRIEF COLLECTION ( 9T]PRETIVE ESSAYS4 ,SAL]NO IS QUITE CONV9C$ ?AT ALL PREVI\S HI/ORIES ( ! ,I,W,W >E FUNDAM5TALLY FLAW$1 ESPECIALLY 9 EXAGG]AT+ ! 9DIG5\S ,AM]ICAN ORIG9S ( ! ,I,W,W3 0,CONC]N$ *IEFLY ) E/ABLI%+ ! 9DIG5\S *>ACT] ( ! ,I4,W4,W1 HI/ORIANS HAVE UNI=MLY >GU$ ?AT ! ,I4,W4,W4 [$ ITS BIR? TO AN 9T]ACTION BETWE5 EXCEPTIONAL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONDITIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! RESPONSES ( ,AM]ICAN LABOR ACTIVI/S40.<#a#a.> ,N[ ?IS IS MANIFE/LY UNTRUE1 IF ONLY BECAUSE NONE ( ! MAJOR HI/ORIANS ( ! ,I,W,W MADE ITS ORIG9S HIS *IEF CONC]N4 ,A *APT] ON ! 0=]UNN]S0 (1 PLUS A *APT] ON ! 0BIR?0 ( ! ,I,W,W OCCUPY #eb PAGES ( ,BRISS5D5'S #ce PAGES4 ,FON] DEVOTES ONE *APT] \T ( #bd TO ! F\ND+1 & HE DISPLAYS NO 9T]E/ 9 H[ ,AM]ICAN ! ,I,W,W WAS4 ,F]D ,?OMPSON 7HIMSELF =EIGN-BORN7 DEVOTES PROPORTIONATELY P]HAPS ! GREATE/ ATT5TION TO ,I,W,W ORIG9S -- JU/ OV] #b#e.0 ( ! PAGES ON ! HI/ORY ( ! ORGANIZATION TO #aiba -- BUT NO ATT5TION TO ITS NATIONAL ORIG9S4 .<#a#b.> ,R5%AW DEVOTES A LITTLE OV] #b.0 ( HIS PAGES TO ! ANTEC$5TS & F\ND+ ( ! ,I,W,W4.<#a#c.> ,9 ABSOLUTE T]MS1 ,DUB(SKY HAS WRITT5 MORE ?AN ANY N>RATIVE HI/ORIAN ON ,I,W,W ORIG9S1 BUT ?AT ONLY OCCUPIES AB\T ONE-SIX? ( HIS BOOK4 ,& HE SOON CAME TO ?9K ?AT HE HAD NOT /RESS$ 5\< ! 9DIG5\S ORIG9S ( ! ,I,W,W3 0,?OSE :O READ ?IS BOOK = ! FIR/ TIME %\LD ALSO BE> 9 M9D A PO9T NOT EMPHASIZ$ SUFFICI5TLY 9 ! ORIG9AL $ITION4 ,! ,I,W,W WAS A MOVEM5T 9 ! ,AM]ICAN MA9/REAM1 NEV] AN ALI5 AB]RATION40.<#a#d.> ,HE MI<T BE WRONG & ,SAL]NO RI<T AB\T :]E HIS EMPHASIS FELL1 BUT ,DUB(SKY'S [N JUDGM5T ( ! DIRECTION ( HIS BIAS1 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ,SAL]NO'S1 C>RIES SOME WEI<T4 

,9 /RATEGY1 ,SAL]NO RESEMBLES ,W9T]S 7:OM HE UNEXPLA9ABLY FAILS TO REF]5CE -- UNLESS ! RESEMBLANCE IS ! EXPLANATION74 ,EA* PROP\NDS A MAJOR REVISIONI/ !SIS BUT PROVIDES ONLY POT %OTS BY WAY ( SUB/ANTIATION4 ,W9T]S FLITS FROM SCRAP TO SCRAP1 FROM ,FA!R ,HAG]TY'S CL]ICAL CR$5TIALS TO ,I,W,W BORR[+ ( GOSPEL MELODIES1 = %R$S & PAT*ES ( RELIGION TO RELATE TO ! ,WOBBLIES4 ,SAL]NO DOES ! SAME 9 HIS QUE/ TO OV]?R[ A NONEXI/5T S*OL>LY PREOCCUPATION ) 9DIG5\S ORIG9S4 ,IT MAY WELL BE TRUE ?AT MANY HI/ORIANS ASSIGN LESS WEI<T TO =EIGN 9FLU5CES ON ! ,I,W,W ?AN ,SAL]NO DOES1 BUT IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT !Y ATTA* ! IMPORTANCE TO ! PO9T ?AT ,SAL]NO DOES4 ,LIKE ,W9T]S1 ,SAL]NO ONLY COBBLES TOGE!R MISCELLANE\S DETAILS1 & NOT EV5 A LOT ( !M1 TO ILLU/RATE AN >GUM5T !Y >E 9SUFFICI5T TO PROVE EV5 IF ! >GUM5T HAD M]IT4 ,& ?IS ADDITIVE APPROA* -- EV5 IF IT ADD$ 1 OR ADD$ UP TO1 MU* -- IS ! ANTI!SIS ( :AT ! CONCEPT ( CULTURE WAS SUPPOS$ TO PROVIDE TO HI/ORY1 A HOLI/IC P]SPECTIVE 9 :I* ! FACTS RECEIVE MEAN+ FROM1 & PROVIDE MEAN+ TO1 ONE ANO!R )9 A MORE COMPREH5SIVE FRAME ( REF]5CE4 

,SAL]NO'S ,EXHIBIT ,A = =EIGN 9FLU5CE IS HIS REPORT -- RELY+ EXCLUSIVELY UPON AN 0UNPUBLI%$ MANUSCRIPT0 BY ,GEORGE ,C>EY :OSE LOCATION IS NOT 9DICAT$ -- ?AT 9 ! ?REE YE>S BE=E ! ,I,W,W F\ND+ CONV5TION 9 #a#i#e1 A GR\P ( ,ITALIAN & ,SPANI% AN>*I/S ) SYNDICALI/ LEAN+S 9 ,PAT]SON1 ,NEW ,J]SEY 7! 0,RI<T TO ,EXI/5CE0 GR\P7 MADE CONTACT ) ! EMBATTL$ M9]S ( ,COLORADO4 ,! GR\P REPORT$LY PUBLICIZ$ BO? ! M9]S' /RUGGLES & SYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY ITS 0ORGAN0 :I* HAD SOME DI/RIBUTION AMONG ! ,WE/]N M9]S4 ,C>EY1 ACCORD+ TO ,SAL]NO1 CLAIMS ?AT MEMB]S ( ! GR\P W5T ,WE/ TO ASSI/ ! ORGANIZ+ EF=TS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,M9E ,WORK]S & ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S4.<#a#e.> ,AS IS WELL KN[N1 ! ,W,F,M 7BUT NOT ! ,U,M,W7 PLAY$ A ROLE1 & AN IMPORTANT ONE1 9 ! F\ND+ ( ! ,I,W,W1 BUT SOON BROKE AWAY4 ,SAL]NO FAILS TO DEMON/RATE ! ,PAT]SON AN>*I/S' 9FLU5CE ON ! ,W,F,M1 MU* LESS ! TRANSMISSION ( ?AT 9FLU5CE ON TO ! ,I,W,W4 ,NOR DOES HE CLAIM ANY DIRECT CONTACT BETWE5 ! ,RI<T TO ,EXI/5CE GR\P & ! ,I,W,W ITSELF1 AL?\< ?AT %\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE4 ,! ,PAT]SON GR\P APP>5TLY LA/$ UNTIL #a#i#h1 ! YE> 9 :I* ! ,I,W,W EXPELL$ ! PRO-POLITICAL ,DE ,LEONI/S & REWROTE ! ,PREAMBLE TO EXCISE AN AMBIGU\S REF]5CE TO WORK+-CLASS POLITICAL ACTION -- MOVES :I*1 )\T MAK+ ! ,I,W,W AN>*I/1 C]TA9LY MADE IT MORE AN>*O-FRI5DLY4 ,NO O!R PUBLI%$ HI/ORIAN ( ! ,I,W,W M5TIONS ! ,PAT]SON AN>*I/ GR\P4 

,SAL]NO'S ,EXHIBIT ,B IS ,JOHANN ,MO/1 A ,G]MAN-BORN SOCIALI/ :O1 9 ,LONDON EXILE1 TURN$ HIS NEWSPAP] ! ,FREIHEIT 9TO AN AN>*I/ J\RNAL BETWE5 #ahgi & #ahh &1 AFT] A S]V+ A T]M 9 PRISON1 HE MOV$ IT TO ,NEW ,YORK 9 #a#h#h#b4 ,SAL]NO SAYS ?AT 0,MO/ PLAY$ A SEM9AL ROLE 9 ! ORIG9S & DEVELOPM5T ( ,AM]ICAN SYNDICALISM0 ONE PAGE BE=E ACKN[L$G+ EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE4 ,MO/ DRAFT$ ! 0,PITTSBUR< ,MANIFE/O0 ( ! EPHEM]AL ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSOCIATION 7#a#h#h#c71 BUT ! ,*ICAGO AN>*I/S L$ BY ,ALB]T ,P>SONS & ,AUGU/ ,SPIES SECUR$ ! REMOVAL ( ?OSE P>TS ( ,MO/'S TEXT :I* REJECT$ TRADE-UNIONISM4 ,BY ! #a#h#iS1 ?\<1 ,MO/ WAS AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ :O 9 #aie 0EXPRESS$ 5?USIASM = ! ,I4,W4,W41 BUT DI$ BE=E ! ,I4,W4,W4 HAD GONE ?R\< ITS FIR/ YE>40.<#a#f.> ,BUT ,MO/'S 9FLU5CE DECL9$ AFT] #a#h#h#f1.<#a#g.> NOT)/&+ HIS LAT] CONV]SION TO SYNDICALISM4 ,MANY BLAM$ ! ,HAYM>KET BOMB+ ( ?AT YE>1 ) ITS DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES = ! AN>*I/ & LABOR MOVEM5TS1 ON HIS VIOL5T RHETORIC4.<#a#h.> ,:5 ,MO/ WAS 9FLU5TIAL HE WAS NOT A SYNDICALI/1 & :5 HE WAS A SYNDICALI/ HE WAS NOT 9FLU5TIAL4 ,AS ) ,EXHIBIT ,A1 ) HIS ,EXHIBIT ,B ,SAL]NO EQUATES 9FLU5CE ) ! M]E OPPORTUNITY = 9FLU5CE4 ,JU/ BECAUSE SOMEBODY IS TALK+ DOES NOT PROVE ?AT SOMEBODY ELSE IS LI/5+1 MU* LESS BELIEV+4 

,SAL]NO'S O!R EVID5CE = =EIGN 9FLU5CES ON ,I,W,W IDEOLOGY IS ALSO FLIMSY4 ,HE ID5TIFIES SEV]AL PROM95T FIGURES AT ! F\ND+ CONV5TION :O W]E =EIGN-BORN1 SU* AS ,BREW]S' ,UNION LEAD] ,WILLIAM ,TRAUTMANN & ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY LEAD] ,DANIEL DE ,LEON4.<#a#i.> ,!IR BIR?PLACES 7,NEW ,ZEAL& & ,V5EZUELA1 RESPECTIVELY7 H>DLY PROVE !M TO BE VECTORS ( ALI5 IDEOLOGIES1 ANY MORE ?AN W]E =EIGN-BORN ,ALEX&] ,HAMILTON1 ,?OMAS ,PA9E & ,JAMES ,WILSON4 ,NOR DOES ! FACT ?AT !Y HAD SOME FAMILI>ITY ) CURR5T ,EUROPEAN IDEOLOGICAL FA%IONS3 SO DID SOME NATIVE-BORN F\ND]S4 ,SAL]NO ALSO DEVOTES A *APT] TO ! CLOSELY-RELAT$ ISSUE ( ! ,I,W,W'S SYNDICALISM1 >GU+ = AN 0E>LI]0 & 0MORE COMPLEX0 9FLU5CE ON ! ,I,W,W ( ! ,FR5* SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,C,G,T1 ?AN HIS PR$ECESSORS REPORT4 ,TRAUTMANN1 = EXAMPLE1 9VIT$ ,C,G,T ATT5DANCE AT ! F\ND+ CONV5TION2 ,EMILE ,P\GET DECL9$ = REASONS ( DI/ANCE & EXP5SE BUT EXT5D$ HIS SYMPA?Y4 ,?IS MAY BE 0E>LI]0 ?AN ! #aih DATE :I* ,PAUL ,BRISS5D5 ASSIGN$ TO ! ONSET ( ,C,G,T 9FLU5CE1 BUT DOES NOT SEEM TO BE T]RIBLY 0COMPLEX40 ,! ,I,W,W PRESS SUGGE/$ ?AT KN[L$GE ( ! ,FR5* EXP]I5CE MI<T AV]T SOME MI/AKES4 ,REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM WAS HOMEGR[N4 ,! WORD 0SABOTAGE0 WAS A REC5T IMPORT BUT ! PRACTICE WAS NOT4.<#a#a.> ,SAL]NO PRET5DS TO BE RADICALLY REVIS+ ! REGNANT HI/ORY ( ! ,I,W,W1 BUT REALLY JU/ QUIBBLES ) IT4 ,HIS ASSESSM5T ( =EIGN 9FLU5CE ON ! ,I,W,W IS 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?AT ( ,B>NES1.<#a#a#a.> & NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( ,BRISS5D51 ,DUB(SKY & EV]YBODY ELSE4 

,NOT = ITS 9TR9SIC 9T]E/ -- NO P>T ( ?IS BOOK HAS MU* ( ?AT -- BUT AS A CASE /UDY 9 ,SAL]NO'S %ORTCOM+S1 LET ME REVIEW 9 MU* MORE DETAIL ?AN IT DES]VES HIS *APT] ON 0,AN>*I/S AT ! ,F\ND+ ,CONV5TION40 ,H]E IS HIS MO/ ( HIS CASE = SIGNIFICANTLY RAIS+ PREVAIL+ E/IMATES ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE ON ! ,I,W,W4 ,HE FIR/ CITES ! EXPRESSIONS ( SOLID>ITY ) ! ,HAYM>KET AN>*I/S M>TYR$ TWO DECADES BE=E :I* ISSU$ FROM ! PODIUM2 !RE WAS EV5 A PILGRIMAGE TO !IR GRAVES4 ,9DE$ 1 ONE ( ! OP5+ SPEAK]S WAS ,LUCY ,P>SONS1 WID[ ( EXECUT$ ,HAYM>KET DEF5DANT ,ALB]T ,P>SONS4.<#a#a#b.> ,MRS4 ,P>SONS1 H[EV]1 WAS SO F> FROM SPEAK+ AS AN AN>*I/ ?AT %E ACTUALLY APOLOGIZ$ = US+ ! WORD 0AN>*Y40 ,AS ,JOSEPH ,CONL9 DESCRIB$ ! SC5E1 0:ILE ALMO/ ALL ! DELEGATES CLAIM$ TO BE SOCIALI/S1 !RE WAS ALSO PRES5T A SMALL GR\P ( AN>*I/S1 ! REMNANTS ( ! ,*ICAGO GR\P4 ,LUCY ,P>SONS WAS HONOR$ BY A PROM95T SEAT & SPOKE SEV]AL TIMES4 ,BUT %E FUNCTION$ PRIM>ILY AS PLAT=M DECORATION & HAD LITTLE 9FLU5CE ON ! PROCE$+S4 ,H] IGNOM9I\S ROLE *>ACT]IZ$ ! DILEMMA ( ! LESS EM95T AN>*I/S3 TOL]AT$ 9 ATT5DANCE1 !Y W5T ALL BUT UNHE>D4 ,MRS4 ,P>SONS %EEPI%LY APOLOGIZ$ = EMPLOY+ ! T]M 'AN>*Y' 9 A SPEE*1 & ! FEW AV[$LY AN>*I/ PROPOSALS ?AT REA*$ ! FLOOR W]E SUMM>ILY REJECT$40.<#a#a#c.> 

,NONE ( ?IS IS EVID5CE ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE AT ! F\ND+ CONV5TION4 ,! ,HAYM>KET LABOR M>TYRS HAD BE5 AN>*I/S -- AL?\< EV5 ?AT HAS BE5 CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION.<#a#a#d.> -- BUT !Y W]E COMMEMORAT$ 9 ,*ICAGO1 NOT AS AN>*I/S1 BUT AS LABOR M>TYRS4 ,BY !N1 !IR AN>*ISM LONG S9CE 9T]R$ ) !M1 !Y W]E REMEMB]$ AS H]OIC LEAD]S ( ! EI<T-H\R MOVEM5T1 A L[E/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR CAUSE ANY UNIONI/ C\LD RALLY >\ND AT A CONV5TION B5T ON =G+ UNITY4 .<#a#a#e.> ,?AT !Y ASSEMBL$ 9 ,*ICAGO MADE IT ONLY ?AT MU* MORE OBLIGATORY AS A MATT] ( COMMON C\RTESY TO PAY HOMAGE TO ! LOCAL H]OES4 ,! PRES5CE ( ,LUCY ,P>SONS ON ! PLAT=M HAD EXACTLY1 & ONLY1 ! HONORIFIC SIGNIFICANCE ( ! PRES5CE (1 SAY1 ,CORETTA ,K+ ON ! PLAT=M ( A ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY CONV5TION4 ,CORETTA ,K+ HAS NO 9FLU5CE ON ! ,DEMOCRATS & ,LUCY ,P>SONS HAD NONE ON ! ,WOBBLIES4 

,SAL]NO ID5TIFIES BY NAME FIVE AN>*I/ DELEGATES TO ! F\ND+ CONV5TION 7!RE MI<T HAVE BE5 SEV]AL MORE7 -- \T ( #ahf DELEGATES4 ,!Y 9CLUD$1 9 ADDITION TO ,LUCY ,P>SONS1 ,JAY ,FOX 70:O DID NOT PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! PROCE$+S071 ,JOSEF ,PEUK]T1 ,FLORECIA ,BAZORA &1 MO/ IMPORTANTLY -- ,FA!R ,HAG]TY6.<#a#a#f.> ,LIKE ,W9T]S1 ,SAL]NO CONSCRIPTS ,HAG]TY = HIS [N POLEMIC PURPOSES1 BUT S9CE !IR PURPOSES >E SO DISP>ATE1 SO >E ! WAYS !Y TAKE ! MEASURE ( ! MAN4 ,SAL]NO CLAIMS ,HAG]TY AS AN AN>*I/ )\T EV] M5TION+ ?AT HE WAS A PRIE/4 ,W9T]S CLAIMS ,HAG]TY AS A PRIE/ )\T EV] M5TION+ ?AT HE WAS AN AN>*I/4 ,?AT ,HAG]TY WAS A PRIE/ NOBODY D5IES4 ,?AT ,HAG]TY WAS AN AN>*I/ IS1 IF TRUE1 ! ONLY NEW FACT ( ANY 9T]E/ :I* ,SAL]NO HAS DR$G$ UP \T ( ALL ! >*IVES HE CLAIMS TO HAVE DELV$ 9TO4 ,BUT IS IT TRUE8 

,AS ,SAL]NO & O!R HI/ORIANS HAVE RELAT$1 ,HAG]TY =M$ TIES ) ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S >\ND #aib & BRIEFLY IT9]AT$ AS A ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY SPEAK] UNTIL HIS 9CREAS+LY REVOLUTION>Y & ANTI-POLITICAL RHETORIC PLAC$ HIM \TSIDE EV5 ! RELATIVELY BROAD IDEOLOGICAL B\NDS ( ! P>TY AT ?AT TIME4 ,HE W5T ON TO $IT TWO LABOR J\RNALS4 ,AT ! ,*ICAGO CONV5TION HE REPRES5T$ A %AD[Y ORGANIZATION AB\T :I* NO?+ IS KN[N1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ,CLUB ( ,*ICAGO4.<#a#a#g.> ,ITS MEMB]S 9CLUD$ BO? SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S1 SO ! AFFILIATION IMPLIES NO?+ AS TO ,HAG]TY'S [N IDEOLOGY4 ,HAG]TY SPOKE FREQU5TLY AT ! CONV5TION1 BUT SAID NO?+ EXPLICITLY AN>*I/4 ,SAL]NO W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE ?AT ?IS CIRCUMSPECTION WAS DELIB]ATE DEF]5CE TO ! UNITY !ME1 BUT ?AT'S JU/ SELF-S]V+ SPECULATION4 

,SAL]NO PRES5TS EXACTLY ONE PIECE ( H>D EVID5CE ( ,HAG]TY'S AN>*ISM3 A LETT] HE WROTE TO ,JOSEPH ,LABADIE DAT$ ,M>* #c#a1 #ahhi -- FIFTE5 YE>S BE=E ! F\ND+ CONV5TION4 ,HAG]TY SAYS HE HAD BE5 ACTIVE 9 ,HAYM>KET DEF5SE WORK BUT 09ACTIVE0 S9CE ! EXECUTION ( F\R ( ! DEF5DANTS4 ,HE EXPLA9S ?AT HIS AN>*ISM D]IV$ FROM READ+ ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK]'S ,LIB]TY 7:I* IS A BIT ODD1 S9CE ,TUCK] WAS AN 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/7 & HIS [N S5SE ( JU/ICE4 ,HE D\BT$ HE WAS EQUAL TO ,LABADIE'S REQUE/ ?AT HE WRITE A PAMPHLET EXPOSITION ( AN>*ISM1 & APP>5TLY HE NEV] DID4.<#a#a#h.> ,EV5 ASSUM+ ?AT ?IS WAS ! SAME ,HAG]TY1 FIFTE5 YE>S CAN *ANGE A MAN & CLE>LY DID4 ,! AN>*I/ ( #ahhi WAS LAT] ORDA9$ AS A ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC PRIE/1 A BIZ>RE &1 SO F> AS ,I KN[1 UNIQUE TRANSIT4 ,SAL]NO DOES NOT EV5 M5TION IT1 AN OMISSION :I* V]GES ON S*OL>LY MALPRACTISE4 ,AN>*ISM & ,CA?OLICISM W]E BITT] 5EMIES 9 ?OSE DAYS4.<#a#a#i.> ,CONCEIVABLY A PRIE/ C\LD BE AN EX-AN>*I/1 BUT = A PRIE/ TO CONT9UE TO BE AN AN>*I/ IS SO IMPROBABLE ?AT ,SAL]NO JU/ DUCKS ! ISSUE4 ,?AT ,HAG]TY MAY HAVE ONCE BE5 AN AN>*I/ DOES NOT C>RY EV5 A PRESUMPTION ?AT HE /ILL WAS ONE 9 #a#i#e4 ,BRUCE ,NELSON'S HI/ORY ( ,*ICAGO AN>*I/S 7:I* DOES NOT M5TION ,HAG]TY7 DEVOTES AN 5TIRE *APT]1 ! F9AL *APT]1 TO 0,EX-,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,GAY ,N9ETIES0.<#a#b.> 3 !Y W]E NUM]\S1 MAYBE ,HAG]TY WAS ONE ( !M4 

,! ,I,W,W PRESS (T5 DISP>AG$ AN>*ISM4.<#a#b#a.> ,! ,I,W,W C>TOON PR9T$ ON ! V]Y COV] ( ,SAL]NO'S BOOK DOES SO4 ,HEADS-9-!-CL\DS VISION>IES ) SU* LABELS AS 0,COMMUNI/10 0,SOCIALI/10 0,SKY-,PILOT0 -- & 0,AN>*I/0 -- RAISE !IR >MS HEAV5W>DS4 ,A WORK] 9 OV]ALLS PO9TS TO A FACTORY LABEL$ 0,9DU/RIES0 & RO>S1 0,ORGANIZE60 7,REM>KABLY1 ALL >E LEFT-H&$47 ,ON ?IS AS ON O!R TOPICS1 ,SAL]NO WRITES AS IF DESP]ATE TO MAKE A NAME = HIMSELF BY DEBUNK+ SOME?+1 ANY?+4 

,& HE WRITES BADLY1 PRODUC+ J>GON-RIDDL$ V]BIAGE HE MAY NOT EV5 UND]/&4 ,HE COMPLA9S ?AT 0LITTLE .<EVID5CE.> HAS SURVIV$ TO PROVIDE A S5SE ( ! LIV$ ACTIVITY & CULTURE ( ! ,WOBBLY40 ,IF SO1 HIS [N BOOK ON ,I,W,W 0,CULTURE & ,COMMUNITY0 MU/ BE AN EX]CISE 9 FUTILITY1 BUT MY PRES5T PO9T IS ?AT ,SAL]NO IS P>ROT+ CAT*PHRASES )\T NOTIC+ !IR MEAN+LESSNESS4 0,LIV$ ACTIVITY0 -- AS OPPOS$ TO :AT1 UNLIV$ ACTIVITY8 ,9 ! LA/ S5T5CE ( HIS BOOK1 HE ASS]TS ?AT ,I,W,W >T 0ACTIVELY %AP$ A DYNAMIC & REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTION ( WORK]S' CULTURE40 ,%AP+ IS ALWAYS ACTIVE4 ,& DOES ,SAL]NO REALLY MEAN TO SAY ?AT ,WOBBLY >T %AP$ A 0CONCEPTION0 ( WORK]S' CULTURE1 OR RA!R ?AT IT %AP$ WORK]S' CULTURE ITSELF8 ,HE PROVIDES SOME SCANTY EVID5CE ?AT ! ,WOBBLIES HAD A CULTURE1 BUT NO EVID5CE ?AT !Y HAD A CONCEPTION ( CULTURE4 ,!Y HAD NOT1 AFT] ALL1 READ ,GRAMSCI OR EV5 ,LUKACS4 ,! BOOK IS LITT]$ ) PRET5TI\S S5T5CES LIKE ?IS ONE3 0,WOBBLIES REPLAC$ ! 9/ITUTIONAL BASE ( UNIONISM ) A CONCEPTION .<?AT WORD AGA96.> ( CULTURE & COMMUNITY ?AT WAS PRIM>Y & CON/ITUTIVE40 ,TAK5 LIT]ALLY1 ?IS SAYS ?AT ,WOBBLIES 0REPLAC$0 ORGANIZ+ ) PHILOSOPHIZ+ AB\T CULTURE1 :I* IS RIDICUL\S4 ,& AGA91 HE SAYS 0CONCEPTION ( CULTURE0 :5 HE SEEMS TO MEAN CULTURE1 AL?\< IT IS DIFFICULT TO BE SURE & H>DLY WOR? PUZZL+ OV]4 ,:AT ,DWI<T ,MACDONALD WROTE AB\T ,RAYMOND ,WILLIAMS IS EV5 MORE TRUE ( ,SAL]NO3 HE HAS AN 0APPALL+ PROSE /YLE0 & HIS 0PROSE IS ?AT ( A PROPAG&I/2 IT IS FUZZY ON PR9CIPLE1 SWA!D 9 CIRCUMLOCUTIONS1 EMITT+ MULTISYLLABIC WORDS AS ! CUTTLEFI% DOES CL\DS ( 9K1 & = V]Y MU* ! SAME PURPOSE40.<#a#b#b.> 

,SAL]NO'S SUBTITLE IS 0,CULTURE & ,COMMUNITY 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD10 BUT !RE IS LITTLE ON CULTURE & LESS ON COMMUNITY 9 HIS SLIM VOLUME4 ,AB\T IT MI<T BE SAID1 AS ,I HAVE SAID ( ANO!R BOOK ON LEFT CULTURE1 ?AT1 0MU* TOO %ORT TO DO JU/ICE TO ITS SUBJECT1 CONSID]+ ITS CONT5T ONE WI%ES IT W]E %ORT]40.<#a#b#c.> ,IT IS MA9LY AB\T IDEOLOGY1 :I* IS ONLY ONE DIM5SION ( CULTURE1 & ONE :I* HI/ORIANS ( ! ,I,W,W HAVE ALWAYS DEALT )4 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE *APT] SPECIFICALLY DEVOT$ TO 0,>T & ,POLITICS10 :]E9 ! AU?OR USES SOME BIG WORDS TO SAY NOT V]Y MU* BESIDES ! OBVI\S AB\T ! IDEOLOGY EXPRESS$ 9 ,WOBBLY SONGS & C>TOONS4.<#a#b#d.> ,SAL]NO >GUES ?AT ! CONT5T ( !SE >TIFACTS1 :I* >E NOT QUOT$ OR REPR9T$ 9 ANY QUANTITY1 REVEALS ! ,I,W,W TO BE 9 A BROAD S5SE SYNDICALI/1 BUT 9 A PLURALI/IC1 NONDOCTR9AIRE WAY4 ,! EMPHASIS IS ON CONVEY+ SIMPLE FUNDAM5TALS LIKE CLASS SOLID>ITY4 ,?AT'S TRUE 5\<1 BUT OBVI\SLY EXPRESSIVE =MS LIKE SONGS & C>TOONS NECESS>ILY SIMPLIFY MEAN+4 ,! ,I,W,W'S IMM5SE P]IODICAL & PAMPHLET LIT]ATURE C\LD BE1 & WAS1 MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ & SPECIFIC4 ,BUT 9 ANY EV5T1 ONCE AGA9 CULTURE TURNS \T TO BE JU/ IDEOLOGY1 NOT ! WID]-RANG+ DISCLOSURE ( ATTITUDES1 VALUES & WORLD-VIEWS PROMIS$ BY CULTURALI/ HI/ORIANS4 ,AS = 0COMMUNITY10 ,SAL]NO MAKES ONLY P]FUNCTORY REF]5CES TO SU* SETT+S ( SOLID>ITY AS HOBO JUNGLES & ,I,W,W HALLS1 ADD+ NO?+ TO ! S\RCES HE CITES4 ,!SE >E AMONG ! PLACES 7JAILS.<#a#b#e.> & WORKPLACES >E SOME ( ! O!RS7 TO F9D ,WOBBLY COMMUNITY & TO AN*OR ,I,W,W CULTURE4 

,MAHATMA ,G&HI WAS ONCE ASK$ :AT HE ?\<T AB\T ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION4 0,I ?9K IT W\LD BE A GOOD IDEA10 HE REPLI$4 ,SIMIL>LY1 CULTURALI/ HI/ORY ( ! ,I,W,W W\LD BE A GOOD IDEA4 ,! ,I,W,W IS AN IDEAL SUBJECT4 ,IT WAS RI* ) SONGS1 POETRY1 C>TOONS1 SLOGANS1 P>ADES1 LEG5DS1 S\ND-BITES1 & PUBLICITY /UNTS4 ,IT CONSCI\SLY CREAT$ CULTURE & DEPLOY$ IT = ITS PURPOSES4 ,& !RE WAS SO MU* ( ?IS MAT]IAL ?AT1 DESPITE MU* ?AT WAS LO/ OR DE/ROY$1 F> MORE REMA9S ?AN ANY HI/ORIAN HAS YET EXPLOIT$4 ,MILES' ,I,W,W BIBLIOGRAPHY1 :I* IS C]TA9LY 9COMPLETE1 ESPECIALLY AS REG>DS =EIGN-LANGUAGE PUBLICATIONS1 LI/S #db ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE P]IODICALS & ANO!R #di 9 O!R LANGUAGES4.<#a#b#f.> ,IT'S UN=TUNATE ?AT ! FIR/ SELF-CONSCI\SLY CULTURALI/ MONOGRAPHS ON ! ,I,W,W1 BY ,W9T]S & ,SAL]NO1 >E SO WRET*$4 ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y BETT] WORK 9 ?IS VE9 CANNOT BE DONE4 

,EV] S9CE ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON & ,H]B]T ,GUTMAN1 HI/ORIANS HAVE USUALLY RELAT$ WORK+-CLASS CULTURE TO WORK+-CLASS COMMUNITY4 ,:ILE ,W9T]S & ,SAL]NO HAVE ADD$ LITTLE TO ! UND]/&+ ( ,I,W,W COMMUNITY1 SEV]AL OLD] WORKS PROVIDE AT LEA/ PROLEGOM5A TO ,I,W,W SOCIOLOGY1 SU* AS ,C>LETON ,P>K]'S ,! ,CASUAL ,LABOR] & ,O!R ,ESSAYS &1 ESPECIALLY1 ,NELS ,&]SON'S ,! ,HOBO4 ,NEI!R DEALS EXCLUSIVELY ) ,WOBBLIES1 BUT BO? RELATE !M TO ! AMBULATORY COMMUNITY & CULTURE ( ! MIGRATORY WORK]S ( ! LATE N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES FROM :OM ! ,I,W,W DREW MU* SUPPORT1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,WE/4 ,9TRODUC+ A #aihd AN?OLOGY ON TRAMPS1.<#a#b#g.> ,]IC ,H4 ,MONKONN5 DISCUSSES ! SOCIAL COMPOSITION & ECONOMIC ROLE ( !SE TRANSI5T WORK]S4 ,!RE W]E MANY ( !M2 9 AN E>LI] MONOGRAPH1 ,MONKONN5 E/IMAT$ ?AT #a-#b.0 ( FAMILIES 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY 9CLUD$ AT LEA/ ONE MEMB] :O HAD AT SOME TIME BE5 LODG$ 9 ! ,GILD$ ,AGE EQUIVAL5T ( HOMELESS %ELT]S1 LOCAL POLICE /ATIONS4.<#a#b#h.> ,PRIOR TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 MO/ TRAMPS W]E 0NEI!R \TCA/S NOR DEVIANTS10 !Y W]E JU/ WORK]S GO+ :]EV] WORK C\LD BE F\ND4 ,!Y W]E ! MO/ MOBILE1 & MO/ CONSPICU\SLY MOBILE1 MEMB]S ( AN ,AM]ICAN WORK+ CLASS :I* WAS 9 G5]AL REM>KABLE = ITS SPATIAL MOBILITY4.<#a#b#i.> ,!SE TRAMPS 7OR HOBOS.<#a#c.> 7 W]E USUALLY Y\NG1 S+LE1 ,AM]ICAN-BORN 7BUT NOT ,S\!RN-BORN7 :ITE MALES1 & MO/ ( !M TRAMP$ = ONLY P>T ( !IR LIVES4 ,!Y W]E BO? ! PRODUCTS & AMONG ! PRODUC]S ( ! MO/ ACCEL]AT$ PHASE ( ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,! COMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES ( CITIES & ! LONG-DI/ANCE TRANSPORTATION MADE POSSIBLE BY ! RAILROADS 7:I* USUALLY W9K$ AT TRAMPS 0RID+ ! RAILS0 )\T PAY+7 MADE IT POSSIBLE = TRAMPS TO LOCATE & TRAVEL TO %ORT-T]M EMPLOYM5T OPPORTUNITIES4 ,AT A TIME :5 9DU/RY WAS 9 G5]AL RAPIDLY EXP&+1 BUT ALSO SUBJECT TO SEV]E FLUCTUATIONS1 TRANSI5T WORK]S =M$ A CRUCIAL COMPON5T ( ! WORK=CE4.<#a#c#a.> 

,ONE >TICLE 9 ! ,MONKONN5 AN?OLOGY1 BY ,JOHN ,C4 ,S*NEID]1 TAKES AN EXPLICITLY 0SUBCULTURAL VIEW0 ( TRAMP+ BETWE5 #ahi & #a#i#b4.<#a#c#b.> ,BY HIS DEF9ITION1 0MEMB]S ( A SUBCULTURE %>E RELATIVELY DI/9CT P]SONAL TRAITS1 5GAGE 9 RELATIVELY UNCONV5TIONAL BEHAVIOR1 & ASSOCIATE ) ONE ANO!R ON A RELATIVELY SEGREGAT$ BASIS40.<#a#c#c.> ,TRAMP+ WORK]S MET ! DEF9ITION4 ,AS TO %>$ P]SONAL TRAITS1 !Y W]E MO/LY MALE1 S+LE1 HOMELESS1 :ITE1 Y\NG 7#bS TO #cS71 NATIVE- OR ,CANADIAN- OR ,BRITI%-BORN MANUAL LABOR]S4 ,!Y W]E UNCONV5TIONAL 9 BE+ UNSETTL$1 \TSIDE TRADITIONAL HOMES1 & LIV+ 9 A SAME-SEX MILIEU 7:I*1 TO AN UNDET]M9$ BUT NOT 9SIGNIFICANT EXT5T1 WAS ALSO A HOMOSEXUAL MILIEU74 ,& !Y W]E SEGREGAT$ FROM ! L>G] SOCIETY NOT ONLY BY G5D] & TRANSI5CE BUT EV5 9 ! W9T] (F-SEASON :5 !Y HOL$ UP 9 :AT ! TRAMPS CALL$ 0! MA9 /EM10 NEI<BORHOODS :]E !Y F\ND 0ALL ! PLACES !Y NE$$1 NOT ONLY *EAP HOTELS & LODG+ H\SES BUT ALSO SECONDH& CLO?+ /ORES1 EMPLOYM5T AG5CIES1 SALOONS1 9EXP5SIVE CAFES & RE/AURANTS1 & BRO!LS40.<#a#c#d.> 

,S*NEID] CLE>LY PROVES ?AT TRAMPS =M$1 BY HIS DEF9ITION1 A SUBCULTURE1 BUT HE BEGS (F E/ABLI%+ TO :AT EXT5T 0SU* AN 9>TICULATE GR\P0 %>$ ATTITUDES OR BELIEFS4 ,HE DOES NOT M5TION ! ,I,W,W4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y OBS]V]S ,P>K] & ,&]SON ASSIGN$ A PROM95T PLACE TO ! ,I,W,W 9 !IR ACC\NTS ( TRANSI5T WORK]S1 & IT IS PLAUSIBLE1 9DE$ TEMPT+1 TO REG>D ! ,WOBBLY AS ! CLASS-CONSCI\S TRAMP4 ,TO CALL TRAMPS 0AN 9>TICULATE GR\P0 BEGS ! QUE/ION :E!R !Y >TICULAT$ !IR ATTITUDES & ASPIRATIONS ?R\< ! ,I,W,W4 ,/ILL1 CONSID]$ ALONG ) ! O!R >TICLES 9 ! AN?OLOGY1 ! ,DAVIS >TICLE RAISES AN IMPORTANT *ALL5GE TO ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM AB\T ! RELATION ( MOBILITY TO CULTURE & COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS ALMO/ AXIOMATIC = MO/ SOCIAL SCI5TI/S & HI/ORIANS ?AT CULTURE IS GR\ND$ 9 COMMUNITY1 & COMMUNITY IS GR\ND$ 9 RELATIVELY /ABLE1 SPATIALLY CONC5TRAT$ PRIM>Y RELATIONS4 ,GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY 7IMMIGRATION1 = 9/ANCE7 !RE=E DISRUPTS COMMUNITY1 & GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY AS A WAY ( LIFE VIRTUALLY PRECLUDES IT4.<#a#c#e.> ,?IS EXPLA9S ! 9ITIAL ATTRACTION ( ! CULTURE-(-POV]TY !SIS TO ,DUB(SKY4 ,! PEOPLE ,LEWIS BAS$ ! !SIS ON W]E NOT JU/ POOR1 !Y W]E REC5T MIGRANTS TO ! CITY1 UPROOT$ FROM !IR TRADITIONAL PEASANT CULTURES4 ,P]MAN5TLY MIGRATORY WORK]S )\T K9 %\LD REPRES5T AN EV5 MORE EXTREME =M ( LOSS ( COMMUNITY & CULTURE4 ,BUT ! EVID5CE IS AMPLE ?AT TRAMPS 9 G5]AL1 & ,WOBBLY TRAMPS 9 P>TICUL>1 TOOK !IR CULTURE & COMMUNITY ) !M4 ,:]EV] HE W5T1 A TRAMP KNEW :]E TO LOOK =1 & C\LD EXPECT TO F9D1 ! MA9 /EM OR A HOBO JUNGLE4 ,!RE1 AS :5 WORK+1 HE CONSORT$ ) M5 LIKE HIMSELF :O T5D$ TO ?9K AS HE DID4 ,TRAMPS CLE>LY HAD A S5SE ( GR\P ID5TITY :I* C\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 RE9=C$ BY ! ANXIETY & HATR$ !Y 9SPIR$ 9 SETTL$ SOCIETY4 ,IT MAY WELL BE TRUE ?AT COMMUNITY & CULTURE >E MORE FRAGILE & PREC>I\S AMONG ! GEOGRAPHICALLY MOBILE1 BUT ?AT NE$ NOT MAKE !M ANY LESS PRECI\S4 ,NO WOND] ! FUNDAM5TAL ,I,W,W VALUE -- CLASS SOLID>ITY -- HAD SU* A /RONG APPEAL TO !M4.<#a#c#f.> 

,IT IS TOO SOON TO JUDGE ! CULTURALI/ CONTRIBUTION TO ! UND]/&+ ( ! ,I,W,W4 ,W]E ONE TO BASE ! JUDGM5T ONLY ON ! AV[$LY CULTURALI/ /UDIES ( ,W9T]S & ,SAL]NO1 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE NEGATIVE4 ,9 !IR FAULTS !SE BOOKS -- ?\< SO DIFF]5T 9 CONT5T -- >E PA9FULLY SIMIL>1 :I* MI<T SUGGE/ !RE IS SOME?+ 9H]5TLY FLAW$ AB\T CULTURALI/ HI/ORY1 AT LEA/ AS APPLI$ TO ! ,I,W,W4 ,BO? VULG>IZE & MISAPPLY HALF-DIGE/$ FRAGM5TS ( SOCIAL !ORIES4 ,BO? >E BLATANTLY T5D5TI\S1 DRIV5 BY EXTRANE\S IDEOLOGICAL COMMITM5TS -- 9 ,W9T]S' CASE TO SOCIALLY PROGRESSIVE ,*RI/IANITY1 9 ,SAL]NO'S TO SOME MELANGE ( AN>*ISM1 SYNDICALISM & 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,BO? BETRAY ! PROMISE ( ! CONCEPT ( CULTURE = HI/ORIANS4 ,GRANT$ ?AT1 AS ,PET] ,BURKE SAYS1 0',CULTURE' IS A CONCEPT ) AN EMB>RASS+ V>IETY ( DEF9ITIONS10.<#a#c#g.> MO/ ( !M %>E AN ORI5TATION T[>D COMPREH5D+ SOCIAL LIFE AS A MEAN+FUL :OLE4 ,W9T]S & ,SAL]NO1 9 CONTRA/1 D>T FROM DETAIL TO DETAIL1 REFUT+ ONE H]E1 ASS]T+ ONE !RE1 EA* 5D+ UP ) A %ORT COLLECTION ( ESSAYS EXHIBIT+1 AT BE/1 A V]Y LOOSE !MATIC UNITY4 ,& H[ IS IT ?AT !SE CULTURALI/S COME TO SU* DRAMATICALLY DIFF]5T CONCLUSIONS1 NOT ONLY AB\T ,I,W,W CULTURE 9 G5]AL1 BUT EV5 AB\T ! SIGNIFICANCE 9 P>TICUL> ( SOMEONE LIKE ,HAG]TY1 TO :OM !Y BO? ASSIGN GREAT IMPORTANCE AS EVID5CE = !IR UTT]LY DISP>ATE !SES8 

,IF1 H[EV]1 ONE LOOKS BEYOND ! DUBI\S FIR/ PRODUCTIONS ( ! OV]T CULTURALI/S1 !RE IS A SUB/ANTIAL IF SCATT]$ CORPUS ( CULTURAL EVID5CE & 9T]PRETATION RELAT+ TO ! ,WOBBLIES TO BE GA!R$ FROM ,P>K]1 ,&]SON1 ,B>NES1 ,KORNBLUH1 ,CONL91 ,DUB(SKY1 ! ,MONKONN5 AN?OLOGY & O!R S\RCES4 ,9S(> AS IDEOLOGY IS AN ASPECT ( CULTURE1 = 9/ANCE1 ?IS DIM5SION ( ,I,W,W CULTURE HAS BE5 WELL & C>EFULLY SCRUT9IZ$ BY S*OL>S FROM SEV]AL DISCIPL9ES4 ,MEMOIRS & AUTOBIOGRAPHIES BY ONE-TIME ,WOBBLIES AB\ND4 .<#a#c#h.> ,ADMITT$LY !IR AU?ORS >E USUALLY LEAD]S OR LONGTIME MILITANTS1 NOT RANK-&-FILE ,WOBBLIES1 & SU* S\RCES >E NOTORI\SLY SELF-S]V+1 BUT HI/ORIANS ( ! ,I,W,W HAVE LONG MADE SUB/ANTIAL IF CAUTI\S USE ( !M4 ,IF ANY?+1 !Y MAY BE EV5 MORE USEFUL TO CULTURAL HI/ORIANS ( ! ,I,W,W ?AN TO ,I,W,W HI/ORIANS ) O!R ORI5TATIONS1 BECAUSE :AT !SE AU?ORS SAY 7& DON'T SAY7 DISCLOSES MORE1 9 RETROSPECT1 ?AN ! AU?ORS 9T5D$ 7IF !Y EV5 UND]/OOD7 AB\T !IR [N ASSUMPTIONS1 IDEAS & PURPOSES4 ,DECOD+ SU* COV]T MEAN+S IS ONE ( ! ?+S 9 :I* GOOD CULTURALI/ HI/ORY EXCELS4 ,& !RE >E ALSO SOME PUBLI%$ ORAL HI/ORIES TAK5 FROM LESS ILLU/RI\S EX-,WOBBLIES 9 !IR S5IOR YE>S4.<#a#c#i.> ,DESPITE ! DE/RUCTION ( MANY RECORDS1 0L>GE HOLD+S0 FROM ! ,I,W,W HEADQU>T]S SURVIVE & W]E DEPOSIT$ 9 #aifc 9 ! ,REU!R ,LIBR>Y AT ,WAYNE ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY1.<#a#d.> & !RE >E ALSO EXT5SIVE COLLECTIONS 9 O!R LIBR>IES4 ,!RE >E AMPLE ACCESSIBLE S\RCES = FUR!R EXPLORATIONS ( ,I,W,W CULTURE4 

,C,O,N,C,L,U,S,I,O,N 

,IF !RE IS ANY DISC]NIBLE TR5D1 ASIDE FROM CULTURALISM1 9 REC5T ,I,W,W HI/ORIOGRAPHY1 IT IS A TURN T[>D LOCAL HI/ORY4 ,! =M] MAY EV5 5C\RAGE ! LATT]4 ,?US ,ROB]T ,E4 ,WEIR'S /UDY ( ! CULTURE ( ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR TURN$ \T TO BE1 TO AN UN=ESE5 DEGREE1 A /UDY ( ! SEV]AL CULTURES ( ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR4 ,?IS1 9 FACT1 IS A /OCK CRITICISM ( CULTURALISM3 ?AT ITS 9H]5T T5D5CY IS TO P>TICUL>IZE & ?US FRAGM5T WORK] HI/ORY TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! BROAD] UND]/&+ ( WORK]S AS A CLASS =M$ BY A COMMON EXP]I5CE4 ,AS YET IT HAS NOT WORK$ \T ?AT WAY 9 ,I,W,W HI/ORIOGRAPHY1 BUT !N1 ! SELF-CONSCI\SLY CULTURALI/ /UDY ( ! ,WOBBLIES IS /ILL 9 ITS 9FANCY4 ,!RE >E O!R SPURS TO ! LOCALI/ TURN4 ,9TRODUC+ ,AT ! ,PO9T ( ,PRODUCTION1 AN IMPORTANT #aiha AN?OLOGY ( LOCAL ,I,W,W HI/ORIES1 $ITOR ,JOSEPH ,R4 ,CONL9 ID5TIFIES ONE ( !M3 ! EFFECT ( ,DUB(SKY'S BOOK 0IS TO CLOSE ! G5]AL SUBJECT ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 = A :ILE1 JU/ AS ,BRISS5D5'S BOOK DID 9 #a#i#a#i40.<#a#d#a.> ,BUT PL5TY ( DETAILS REMA9 TO BE FILL$ 94 ,EV5 ASIDE FROM CULTURALISM1 COMMUNITY /UDIES >E ! GR[? SECTOR 9 LABOR HI/ORY -- RELATIVELY COMPACT 9 SCOPE & CONV5I5T TO RESE>*1 !Y >E IDEAL TOPICS = ! DISS]TATIONS FROM :I* SO MANY MONOGRAPHS EM]GE4 ,& -- AN IMPORTANT CONC]N AT ! \TSET ( AN ACADEMIC C>E] -- !Y >E UNLIKELY TO GIVE (F5SE4 ,IF A LOCAL /UDY CONFIRMS ! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ 9T]PRETATION1 ?AT ALONE V]IFIES ITS M]IT4 ,IF IT DOES NOT1 IT IS M]ITORI\S = QUALIFY+ ! G5]AL 9T]PRETATION1 :I* IS ALWAYS APPROPRIATE 9 ! PRACTICE ( HI/ORY1 ! SCI5CE ( ! P>TICUL>4 

,! ,CONL9 AN?OLOGY BEG9S TO R$RESS ! IMBALANCE ,CONL9 COMPLA9$ ( 9 ,BREAD & ,ROSES ,TOO1 ! OV]EMPHASIS ON ! MORE PICTURESQUE ,WE/]N ,WOBBLIES4 ,ACTUALLY1 HAD !RE NEV] BE5 ANY ,WE/]N ,WOBBLIES1 ! ,EA/]N ,WOBBLIES AT ,LAWR5CE & ,PAT]SON & ! ,S\!RN ,WOBBLIES 9 ,L\ISIANA W\LD HAVE SUFFIC$ TO 9SCRIBE ! ,I,W,W 9 LABOR HI/ORY AS ! MO/ RADICAL & ROMANTIC ( ALL ,AM]ICAN UNIONS4 ,IT IS ONLY BY COMP>ISON ) ! WILD ,WE/]N]S ?AT O!R ,WOBBLIES SEEM /AID4 ,! AN?OLOGY COMM5CES ) F\R >TICLES ON ,I,W,W /RIKES 9 ,NOR!RN 9DU/RIAL CITIES -- ,AKRON1 ,PAT]SON1 ,PITTSBUR<1 & ,LITTLE ,FALLS1 ,NEW ,YORK -- ONLY ONE ( :I* 7! ,PAT]SON /RIKE7 FIGUR$ PROM95TLY 9 E>LI] ,I,W,W HI/ORIES4 ,! NEXT ?REE >TICLES AB\T ! ,I,W,W 0ON ! EXTRACTIVE FR+E0 DEAL ) ACTIVITY 9 ! ,S\?1 9 ,NEBRASKA & 9 ,KANSAS1 NOT 9 ! F> ,WE/4 ,! LA/ ?REE >TICLES DO ADDRESS P>TICUL> ,I,W,W /RUGGLES 9 ,WA%+TON & ,COLORADO1 BUT UND] ! RUBRIC 0,! ,I4,W4,W4 ,AFT] ! ,FALL0 -- ?AT IS1 !Y DEAL ) LOCAL /RIKES 7ALL UNSUCCESSFUL7 CONDUCT$ 9 A FEW POCKETS ( LOCAL ,I,W,W /R5G? :I* = A:ILE \TLIV$ ! ORGANIZATION'S G5]AL DEMISE4 7,BY !N ,I,W,W MEMB]%IP WAS CONC5TRAT$ MA9LY 9 ! ,EA/ & ,MIDWE/4.<#a#d#b.> 7 

,UNLIKE ! CULTURALI/ APPROA*1 ! LOCALI/ APPROA* GOT (F TO A GOOD />T ) ,ROB]T ,TYL]'S ,REBELS ( ! ,WOODS 7#a#i#f#g71 A C>EFUL1 DETAIL$ & ?\<TFUL N>RATIVE ( ! TRAJECTORY ( ! ,I,W,W 9 ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/4 ,A REC5TLY PUBLI%$ >TICLE BY ,RI*>D ,A4 ,RAJALA IMPROVES UPON ,TYL] BY FOLL[+ ! HI/ORY ( ! LOGG]S ?R\< ! #a#i#b'S4 ,BY !N1 /ATE REPRESSION ( ! ,I,W,W WAS M9IMAL4 ,ECONOMIC CAUSES1 ACCORD+ TO ,RAJALA1 W]E MU* MORE IMPORTANT 9 ! DECL9E ( ! ,I,W,W 9 ?IS REGION :]E IT WAS ONCE SO =MIDABLE4 ,AL?\< ! #b'S1 LIKE ! LATE #i'S1 W]E G5]ALLY A PROSP]\S P]IOD1 LIKE ! LATE #i'S !Y CONTA9$ POCKETS ( ECONOMIC DECL9E1 & ! ,NOR?WE/ LUMB] 9DU/RY WAS ONE ( !M4 ,UNLESS 7AS 9 ! #c'S7 GOV]NM5T PROMOTES UNIONS1 UNIONS DECL9E DUR+ DEPRESSIONS1 & DEPRESSION WAS ! NORMAL CONDITION ( ! ,NOR?WE/ LUMB] 9DU/RY 9 ! #b'S4 

,ANO!R DEVELOPM5T -- SOME?+ ,DUB(SKY & ,TYL] HAD E>LI] ID5TIFI$ AS A CAUSE ( ,I,W,W DECL9E -- WAS ! IMPLEM5TATION 9 SOME SAWMILLS & LOGG+ CAMPS ( ! RUDIM5TS ( :AT LABOR HI/ORIANS CALL WELF>E CAPITALISM4 ,DUR+ ! W>1 ! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T HAD IMPOS$ SOME IMPROVEM5T 9 WAGES & H\RS ON ! 9DU/RY :I* IT F\ND TO BE NOT SO 9TOL]ABLE AFT] ALL4 ,SOME EMPLOY]S BELAT$LY PROVID$ !IR WORK]S ) DEC5T %ELT]1 B$D+ & FOOD1 & SOMETIMES O!R AM5ITIES1 & EXP]IM5T$ ) COMPANY UNIONISM4 ,9 #aibc !Y IMPROV$ ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ! BLACKLI/+ ( ,WOBBLIES4 ,BUT MO/ IMPORTANT1 ACCORD+ TO ,RAJALA1 W]E ! YE>S ( L[ DEM& = LABOR4 ,WORK]S HAD LITTLE *OICE BUT TO ACCEPT ! EMPLOY]S' T]MS OR SEEK !IR LIVELIHOODS ELSE:]E4.<#a#d#c.> 

,ONE IMPLICATION ( ,RAJALA'S >TICLE IS ?AT ! CAUSES ( ,I,W,W DECL9E MAY NOT HAVE BE5 UNI=M EV5 IF !IR EFFECTS SEEM TO BE4 ,EV5 ! NATIONWIDE CAUSES :I* HAVE DOM9AT$ PREVI\S EXPLANATIONS1 SU* AS REPRESSION & 9T]NAL S*ISM1 MAY NOT HAVE OP]AT$ ) EQUAL =CE EV]Y:]E4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! ORGANIZATION HAD SURVIV$ E>LI] S*ISMS & B\TS ( REPRESSION4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ALL REC5T HI/ORIANS CONF9E !MSELVES TO ! PRE-W> ,I,W,W 7,FON]1 ,CONL91 ,W9T]S1 ,SAL]NO7 OR ELSE CONCLUDE ! /ORY1 AS ,DUB(SKY1 ,R5%AW & ,TYL] DO1 BY #a#i#b#d4.<#a#d#d.> ,IT MAY BE NECESS>Y TO FOLL[ UP ON ! ,I,W,W 9TO ! LATE #b'S & EV5 ! #c'S1 AS DO ,RAJALA & ?REE CONTRIBUTORS TO ! ,CONL9 AN?OLOGY1 IF NOT = ! SPECIFIC SIGNIFICANCE ( LAT] ,I,W,W ACTIVISM !N AT LEA/ = ! LI<T IT MI<T %$ ON ! CAUSES ( ,I,W,W DECL9E4 ,MORE RESPECTABLE UNIONS ALSO LANGUI%$ 9 ! #a#i#b'S1 AL?\< !Y W]E NOT UNDULY AFFLICT$ ) REPRESSION OR SPLITS4 ,LEFT-W+ RADICALISM WAS C]TA9LY UNPOPUL> 9 ?AT DECADE1 BUT ?AT CANNOT EXPLA9 :Y1 AS ,JOSEPH ,GAMBS NOTIC$1 ! MOVEM5T ( MEMB]S BETWE5 TWO UNPOPUL> LEFTI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,I,W,W & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 WAS COMPLETELY ONE-WAY4.<#a#d#e.> ,CLE>LY ! ,I,W,W WAS SE5 AS A RELIC ( ! PA/1 & ! ,C,P SE5 AS ! WAVE ( ! FUTURE4 

,IRONICALLY1 :5 L>GE-SCALE LABOR MILITANCE RESUM$ 9 ! #a#i#c'S1 IT WAS UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,COMMUNI/S1 ,SOCIALI/S1 9DEP5D5T RADICALS & NONRADICALS :O1 ?R\< ! ,CONGRESS ( ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATIONS1 IMPLANT$ A V]SION ( ! 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM ESP\S$ BY ! ,I,W,W 9 ! HE>T ( ,AM]ICA'S HEAVY 9DU/RIES4 ,TO BE SURE1 ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T SUPPORT WAS CRUCIAL TO ! SUCCESS ( 0LABOR'S GIANT /EP10 & ! /ATI/ LEFTI/S W]E OBVI\SLY MORE AM5ABLE TO /ATE 9VOLVEM5T 9 LABOR RELATIONS ?AN W]E ! VE/IGIAL ,WOBBLIES1 :O W]E BY !N AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S :O AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE REJECT$ DEFIL+ DEAL+S ) ! /ATE4 ,BUT ,I,W,W ANTI-/ATISM MAY NOT BE ! FULL EXPLANATION = ! ORGANIZATION'S FAILURE TO REVIVE ON ANY SIGNIFICANT SCALE DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION4 ,AT NO TIME1 AFT] ALL1 HAD !RE EV] BE5 MU* LOVE LO/ BETWE5 ! ,I,W,W & ! /ATE4 ,& :ILE ! ,WOBBLIES' ,COMMUNI/ RIVALS1 = 9/ANCE1 HAD 7TO SAY ! LEA/7 NO OBJECTION TO ! /ATE AS SU*1 !Y W]E AS HO/ILE TO ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/ =M ( ! /ATE AS IT WAS TO !M4 ,YET ! ,COMMUNI/S & O!R LEFT-W+ /ATI/S PLAY$ A PROM95T P>T 9 ! TRIUMPH ( ! UNION MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i#c'S1 ! ,WOBBLIES PLAY$ ALMO/ NONE4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 REVOLUTIONISM & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM PROV$ TO BE CONT+5T4 ,I,W,W REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM WAS A FAILURE1 ,C,I,O RE=MI/ 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM WAS A SUCCESS4 

,OR SO IT SEEM$ UNTIL REC5TLY4 ,IT IS NOT SO OBVI\S ANY MORE ?AT LABOR GOT ! BETT] ( ! DEAL :5 IT ACCEPT$ LEGAL LIMITATIONS 9 RETURN = LEGAL LEGITIMATION4.<#a#d#f.> ,:AT ! /ATE GIVES1 ! /ATE CAN TAKE AWAY -- & IT TOOK A LOT BACK1 = 9/ANCE1 ) ! ,TAFT-,H>TLEY ,ACT4 ,BY ! #a#i#g'S1 WORK] MILITANCE WAS NOT ONLY 9CREAS+LY EXPRESS$ \TSIDE ( UNION *ANNELS1 UNIONS W]E (T5 9 ! =EFRONT ( ITS REPRESSION4.<#a#d#g.> ,NOR DID IT 5HANCE ! 9FLU5CE OR IMAGE ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR :51 9 ! #f'S1 ! ,A,F,L-,C,I,O /RONGLY SUPPORT$ ! ,VIETNAM ,W> :ILE ! ONCE-MILITANT ,TEAM/]S 9 EFFECT M]G$ ) ! ,MAFIA4 ,/RUCTURAL *ANGES 9 ! ECONOMY1 :I* PLAY$ AN 9CREAS+LY RECOGNIZ$ ROLE 9 ! DECL9E ( ! ,I,W,W1 HAVE EV5 MORE CONSPICU\SLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DECL9E ( BUS9ESS UNIONISM FROM ! #g'S ONW>D4 ,UNIONS >E MO/LY ABS5T FROM ! GR[? SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY -- EXCEPT GOV]NM5T1 :OSE EMPLOYES >E =BIDD5 TO /RIKE & :O HAVE ECONOMIC 9T]E/S 9H]5TLY AT V>IANCE ) ?OSE ( ! TAXPAY]S4 ,TWELVE YE>S ( ,REPUBLICAN ADM9I/RATIONS MORE ANTI-LABOR ?AN ANY S9CE ! #a#i#b'S REVEAL$ H[ WEAK ! UNIONS REALLY >E )\T ! GOV]NM5T SUPPORT !Y'D BE5 TAK+ = GRANT$4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! SOPHI/ICAT$ >GUM5TS ( HI/ORIANS ( 0CORPORATE LIB]ALISM10.<#a#d#h.> IT TURNS \T ?AT MANY SOPHI/ICAT$ ,AM]ICAN BUS9ESSM5 DO NOT REALLY VALUE ! S]VICES ( CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ UNIONS AS !IR JUNIOR P>TN]S AFT] ALL4 ,!Y W\LD JU/ AS SOON DISP5SE ) UNIONS -- ANY SORT ( UNIONS -- ALTOGE!R4 ,! ANTI-/ATISM & CLASS-/RUGGLE ORI5TATION ( ! ,I,W,W NO LONG] LOOK SO SILLY4 ,! >GUM5T ?AT NO?+ SUCCE$S LIKE SUCCESS REFUTES ITSELF :5 SUCCESS TURNS TO FAILURE4 ,! ,WOBBLIES LO/1 BUT !Y W]E BEAUTIFUL LOS]S4 ,! BUS9ESS UNIONS >E LOS+ TOO1 BUT !Y >E NOT BEAUTIFUL4 

,:I!R ,I,W,W HI/ORIOGRAPHY8 ,T[>D ! RECOV]Y ( ! 0MANY ,I4,W4,W4'S10 :I* 9 ! %ORT RUN CAN ONLY COMPLICATE1 OR EV5 CONFUSE1 SU* COH]5CE AS ,DUB(SKY REIMPOS$ ON ,I,W,W HI/ORIOGRAPHY4.<#a#d#i.> ,?IS IS NOT A BAD ?+1 JU/ ONE ( ?OSE ?+S4 ,! CONV5TIONAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! ,WOBBLIES ( ,EA/ & ,WE/ IS A /&+ 9VITATION TO COMP>ATIVE HI/ORY4 ,! ,CONL9 AN?OLOGY 9CLUDES AN #h#a-PAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY ON S\RCES = ! LOCAL HI/ORY ( ! ,I,W,W4.<#a#e.> ,SOME LOCAL /UDIES1 AMONG O!RS1 WILL UND\BT$LY BE CULTURALI/ 9 ORI5TATION1 AN APPROA* :I* HOLDS GREAT PROMISE ) RESPECT TO ! ,WOBBLIES4 

,A /RANGELY NEGLECT$ ASPECT ( ,I,W,W HI/ORY1 CONSID]+ CURR5T HI/ORICAL FA%IONS1 IS ! ROLE ( WOM5 9 ! ,I,W,W & ! ,I,W,W'S CONCEPTION ( WOM5'S ROLES4 ,! ,I,W,W /OOD = EQUALITY BETWE5 MALE & FEMALE WORK]S2 ,LUCY ,P>SONS & ,MO!R ,JONES SPOKE FROM ! PODIUM AT ! F\ND+ CONV5TION2 ,ELIZABE? ,GURLEY ,FLYNN WAS = A TIME A LEAD+ ,I,W,W AGITATOR2 & SEV]AL MAJOR ,I,W,W /RIKES1 SU* AS ! ,LAWR5CE & ,PAT]SON /RIKES1 9VOLV$ ?\S&S ( FEMALE WORK]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 MO/ ,I,W,W /RIKES 9VOLV$ MALE WORK]S ONLY1 ALL ITS MO/ IMPORTANT LEAD]S W]E MALE1 & ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ,WOBBLIES MU/ HAVE BE5 M54 ,9 ,I,W,W ICONOGRAPHY1 ITS C>TOONS = 9/ANCE1 ! ,WOBBLY WORK] IS ALWAYS MALE1 USUALLY :ITE1 & EI!R A HUMBLY-DRESS$ HAYSE$ OR A BURLY1 B>E-*E/$ SUP]-H]O4 ,!RE >E C]TA9LY UNEXPLOR$ OPPORTUNITIES H]E = HI/ORIANS ( G5D] & CULTURE ALIKE4 

,I HAVE SUGGE/$ ?AT IT IS ALSO WOR?:ILE TO PU% PA/ ! TRADITIONAL #aibd T]M9US ( ,I,W,W HI/ORY BY A DECADE OR SO TO IMPROVE UPON EXI/+ EXPLANATIONS ( ,I,W,W DECL9E4 ,A FEW ( ! UNION'S TWILI<T /RUGGLES >E ALSO IMPORTANT 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,SEV]AL >E REC\NT$ 9 ! ,CONL9 AN?OLOGY4 ,ONE :I* IS NOT IS ! BRUTAL TWO-YE> ,H>LAN ,C\NTY COAL-M9]S' /RIKE 9 :I* ,WOBBLIES W]E HEAVILY 9VOLV$4 ,! PATT]N ( G5]AL DECL9E %\LD NOT OBSCURE EPISODES ( LOCAL VITALITY4 

,9 HIS NOVEL ,FROM ,H]E TO ,ET]NITY1 ,JAMES ,JONES HAS AN OLD SOLDI] TELL A Y\NG ONE AB\T ! ,WOBBLIES3 0,!RE HAS NEV] BE5 ANY?+ LIKE !M BE=E OR S9CE40.<#a#e#a.> ,?AT IS AN EM95TLY RESE>*ABLE PROPOSITION4 ,HI/ORIANS HAVE NEV] SY/EMATICALLY COMP>$ ! ,I,W,W ) ITS PR$ECESSOR ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR OR ITS SUCCESSOR ! ,CONGRESS ( ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!RE MI<T BE MORE CONT9UITY ?AN HI/ORIANS SPECIALIZ+ 9 P>TICUL> ORGANIZATIONS >E 9 A GOOD POSITION TO APPRECIATE4 ,SOME ,WOBBLIES HAD BE5 ,KNI<TS & SOME ,C,I,O UNIONI/S HAD BE5 ,WOBBLIES4 ,! SONG TRADITION FROM ! ,KNI<TS TO ! ,I,W,W TO ! ,C,I,O & =W>D TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y UNION MOVEM5T IS DIRECT4 

,BUT NO AM\NT ( RESE>* & NO REVISIONI/ 9T]PRETATION IS LIKELY TO EV] QUALIFY BY MU* ! DI/9CTIV5ESS ( ! ,I,W,W4 ,! NOVELI/ EXPRESS$1 MAYBE NOT ! LIT]AL TRU?1 BUT ! ESS5TIAL TRU?4 ,! ,I,W,W WAS BY ANY /&>D AS REM>KABLE & RADICAL AN ORGANIZATION ( ANY IMPORTANCE AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS EV] PRODUC$4 ,! ,WOBBLIES KNEW IT & SO DID !IR 5EMIES1 :O REG>D$ ! ,WOBBLIES ) FE> & LOA?+ NOT UNMIX$ ) A C]TA9 FASC9ATION & GRUDG+ RESPECT4 ,! HI/ORIAN ( ! CULTURE ( ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR1 ,ROB]T ,WEIR1 >GUES ?AT ! ,K,O,L C\NT]-CULTURE WAS SWAMP$ BY ! EM]G5T G5]AL CULTURE ( MASS CONSUMPTION4 ,! ,I,W,W C\NT]-CULTURE1 9 CONTRA/1 SUCCESSFULLY )/OOD ?OSE TIDES :5 !Y W]E EV5 /RONG]4 ,9DE$1 ,I,W,W CULTURE HAS = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES \TLA/$ ! ORGANIZATION4.<#a#e#b.> 

,NOBODY EV] HAD TO ROMANTICIZE ! ,WOBBLIES4 ,!Y REALLY W]E ROMANTIC4 ,!IR H]OES & M>TYRS W]E ! REAL ?+4 ,!IR UNDO+ WAS 9 P>T AN IRONIC ASPECT ( !IR [N SUCCESS 9 =C+ !MSELVES UPON PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,!Y MADE !MSELVES SEEM MORE P[]FUL1 MORE ORGANIZ$1 & MORE VIOL5T ?AN !Y EV] W]E4 ,! TIME CAME :5 IT S]V$ ! PURPOSES ( !IR 5EMIES TO PRET5D TO TAKE ,I,W,W PRET5SIONS AT FACE VALUE4 ,AS ,ROB]T ,TYL] PUT IT1 ! ,WOBBLIES FELL VICTIM TO !IR [N MY?OLOGY4.<#a#e#c.> ,?AT WAS F> FROM ! ONLY ?+ !Y FELL VICTIM TO1 BUT IT DID CONTRIBUTE TO !IR D[NFALL4 

,! ,I,W,W WAS AT ONCE ALL-,AM]ICAN & ANTI-,AM]ICAN1 9DIVIDUALI/ & COLLECTIVI/1 RE=MI/ & REVOLUTION>Y4 ,IT DEM&$ BREAD & ROSES TOO4 ,JAMES ,JONES GOT IT AB\T RI<T3 !RE WAS NEV] ANY?+ QUITE LIKE ! ,I,W,W4 ,BUT EXACTLY :AT ! ,I,W,W WAS1 & :AT IT WAS LIKE1 IS SOME?+ WELL WOR? FUR!R HI/ORICAL 9VE/IGATION4 

,B,I,B,L,I,O,G,R,A,P,H,Y 

,ADAMIC1 ,L\IS4 ,DYNAMITE1 ! ,/ORY ( ,CLASS ,VIOL5CE 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,REVIS$ ,$ITION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,VIK+ ,PRESS1 #a#i#c#d4 

,AM]ICAN ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY ,PROJECT4 ,:O ,BUILT ,AM]ICA8 #b VOLS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#i4 

,AM]+]1 ,OSC>4 ,IF ,Y\ ,DON'T ,WEAK53 ,! ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY ( ,OSC> ,AM]+]4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H4 ,HOLT @& ,CO41 #a#i#d4 

,&]SON1 ,NELS4 ,! ,HOBO3 ,! ,SOCIOLOGY ( ! ,HOMELESS ,MAN4 ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L @& ,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 ,PH5IX ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#a4 

,B>NES1 ,DONALD ,M4 0,! ,IDEOLOGY ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 #a#i#e-#a#i#b#a40 ,PH4,D DIS41 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WA%+TON1 #a#i#f#b74 

,B>ON1 ,AVA1 $4 ,WORK ,5G5D]$3 ,T[>D A ,NEW ,HI/ORY ( ,AM]ICAN ,LABOR4 ,I?ACA1 ,N,Y @& ,LONDON3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#a4 

,BEAL1 ,F]D4 ,PROLET>IAN ,J\RNEY3 ,NEW ,5GL&1 ,GA/ONIA1 ,MOSC[4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,HILLMAN-,CURL1 #a#i#c#g4 

,BECK]1 ,H[>D ,S4 ,\TSID]S3 ,/UDIES 9 ! ,SOCIOLOGY ( ,DEVIANCE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,FREE ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#c4 

,BIRD1 ,/EW>T1 ,DAN ,GEORGAKAS1 & ,DEBORAH ,%AFF]4 ,SOLID>ITY ,=EV]3 ,AN ,ORAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,I,W,W4 ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,LAKE ,VIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e4 

,BLACK1 ,BOB4 ,AN>*Y ,AFT] ,LEFTISM4 ,COLUMBIA1 ,M,O3 ,C4,A4,L4 ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#g4 

-----4 ,B5EA? ! ,UND]GR\ND4 ,PORTL&1 ,O,R3 ,F]AL ,H\SE1 #a#i#i#d4 

,BLACK1 ,ROB]T ,C4 0,! ,REALIZATION & ,SUPPRESSION ( ,SITUATIONISM40 ,J\RNAL ( ,UNCONV5TIONAL ,HI/ORY #g 7,FALL #a#i#i#e73 #c#i-#e#c4 

,BR&5BURG V4 ,OHIO4 #cii ,U4,S4 #ddd 7#a#i#f#i7 7P] CURIAM74 

,BRAZI]1 ,RI*>D4 0,! ,/ORY ( ! ,I4,W4,W4'S ',LITTLE ,R$ ,SONGBOOK40 ,LABOR ,HI/ORY #i 7,W9T] #a#i#f#h73 #i#a-#a#e4 

,BRISS5D51 ,PAUL ,F4 ,! ,I4,W4,W43 ,A ,/UDY 9 ,AM]ICAN ,SYNDICALISM4 ,SECOND ,$ITION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#b4 

-----4 ,! ,I4,W4,W43 ,A ,/UDY 9 ,AM]ICAN ,SYNDICALISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,RUSSELL @& ,RUSSELL1 #a#i#e#g4 

,BUHLE1 ,PAUL1 $4 ,LABOR'S ,JOKE ,BOOK4 ,/4 ,L\IS1 ,M,O3 ,W,D ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f4 

,BURKE1 ,PET]4 ,HI/ORY & ,SOCIAL ,!ORY4 ,I?ACA1 ,N,Y3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#b4 

,CANNON1 ,JAMES ,P4 ,! ,I4,W4,W43 ,! ,GREAT ,ANTICIPATION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#e#f4 

,*APL91 ,RALPH4 ,WOBBLY3 ,! ,R\<-&-,TUMBLE ,/ORY ( AN ,AM]ICAN ,RADICAL4 ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#d#h4 

,COH51 ,P]CY ,S4 ,MOD]N ,SOCIAL ,!ORY4 ,LONDON3 ,HE9EMANN1 #a#i#f#h4 

,CONL91 ,JOSEPH ,R41 $4 ,AT ! ,PO9T ( ,PRODUCTION3 ,! ,LOCAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 ,WE/PORT1 ,C,T @& ,LONDON3 ,GRE5WOOD ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#a4 

-----4 ,BREAD & ,ROSES ,TOO3 ,/UDIES ( ! ,WOBBLIES4 ,WE/PORT1 ,C,T3 ,GRE5WOOD ,PUBLI%+ ,CORPORATION1 #a#i#f#i4 

,DAWSON1 ,&Y4 0,HI/ORY & ,IDEOLOGY3 ,FIFTY ,YE>S ( ',JOB ,CONSCI\SNESS4'0 ,LIT]ATURE & ,HI/ORY #d 7,AUTUMN #a#i#g#h73 #b#b#c-#b#d#a4 

,DE ,CAUX1 ,L54 ,LABOR ,RADICAL3 ,FROM ! ,WOBBLIES TO ! ,C,I,O1 A ,P]SONAL ,HI/ORY4 ,BO/ON1 ,M,A3 ,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#g4 

,DELL1 ,FLOYD4 ,HOMECOM+3 ,AN ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,F>R> & ,R9EH>T1 #a#i#c#c4 

,DONELLY1 ,ELDRIDGE ,FO/]4 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,CRIM9AL ,SYNDICALISM ,LEGISLATION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BALTIMORE1 ,M,D3 ,! ,JOHNS ,HOPK9S ,PRESS1 #a#i#c#i4 

,DUB(SKY1 ,MELVYN4 ,9DU/RIALISM & ! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]1 #a#h#f#e-#a#i#b4 ,SECOND ,$ITION4 ,>L+TON ,HEI<TS1 ,I,L3 ,H>LAN ,DAVIDSON1 #a#i#h#e4 

-----4 ,WE ,%ALL ,BE ,ALL3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD4 ,SECOND ,$ITION4 ,URBANA1 ,I,L @& ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h4 

,F>B]1 ,DAVID1 $4 ,! ,SIXTIES3 ,FROM ,MEMORY TO ,HI/ORY4 ,*APEL ,HILL1 ,N,C @& ,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d4 

,F9K1 ,LEON4 0,CULTURE'S ,LA/ ,/&8 ,G5D] & ! ,SE>* = ,SYN!SIS 9 ,AM]ICAN ,LABOR ,HI/ORY40 ,LABOR ,HI/ORY #cd 7,SPR+-,SUMM] #a#i#i#c73 #a#g#h-#a#h#i4 

,FLYNN1 ,ELIZABE? ,GURLEY4 ,REBEL ,GIRL3 ,AN ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY4 ,?IRD ,REVIS$ ,$ITION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#g#c4 

,FON]1 ,PHILIP ,S4 ,! ,CASE ( ,JOE ,HILL4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#e4 

-----1 $44 ,FELL[ ,WORK]S & ,FRI5DS3 ,I4,W4,W4 ,FREE-,SPEE* ,FI<TS AS ,TOLD BY ,P>TICIPANTS4 ,WE/PORT1 ,C,T @& ,LONDON3 ,GRE5WOOD ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#a4 

-----4 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,VOL4 ,I,V3 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 #a#i#e-#a#i#a#g4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#e4 

,FO/]1 ,WILLIAM ,ZEBULON4 ,FROM ,BRYAN TO ,/AL94 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#c#g4 

,! ,F\ND+ ,CONV5TION ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 -- ,PROCE$+S4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,M]IT ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#i4 

,FREUD1 ,SIGMUND4 ,! ,FUTURE ( AN ,ILLUSION4 ,$IT$ BY ,JAMES ,/RA*EY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,NORTON1 #a#i#g#e4 

,FRI5DS ( ,JOE ,HILL ,COMMITTEE4 0,JOE ,HILL3 ,I,W,W ,M>TYR40 ,NEW ,REPUBLIC #aai 7,NOVEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#d#h71 #a#e-#b4 

,GAMBS1 ,JOHN ,S4 ,! ,DECL9E ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#c#b4 

,G]/LE1 ,G>Y4 ,WORK+-,CLASS ,AM]ICANISM3 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,LABOR 9 A ,TEXTILE ,CITY1 #a#i#a#d-#a#i#f4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA4 ,LIV+ ,MY ,LIFE4 #b VOLS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#c#a4 

,GUTMAN1 ,H]B]T ,G4 ,P[] @& ,CULTURE3 ,ESSAYS ON ! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK+ ,CLASS4 ,$IT$ BY ,IRA ,B]L94 ,NEW ,PRESS3 #a#i#h#g4 

-----4 ,WORK1 ,CULTURE @& ,SOCIETY 9 ,9DU/RIALIZ+ ,AM]ICA3 ,ESSAYS 9 ,AM]ICAN ,WORK+-,CLASS & ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#g4 

,H>DY1 ,GEORGE4 ,?OSE ,/ORMY ,YE>S3 ,MEMORIES ( ! ,FI<T = ,FRE$OM ON ,FIVE ,CONT95TS4 ,LONDON3 ,LAUR5CE & ,WI%>T1 #a#i#e#f74 

,HA/RUP1 ,KIR/51 & ,PET] ,H]VIK1 $S4 ,SOCIAL ,EXP]I5CE & ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,KN[L$GE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#i#d4 

,HAYWOOD1 ,WILLIAM ,D4 ,BILL ,HAYWOOD'S ,BOOK3 ,! ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY ( ,WILLIAM ,D4 ,HAYWOOD4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#b#i4 

,H5NACY1 ,AMMON4 ,! ,BOOK ( ,AMMON4 ,SALT ,LAKE ,CITY1 ,U,T3 ! ,AU?OR1 #a#i#f#e4 

,HI<AM1 ,JOHN1 ) ,LEON>D ,KRIEG] & ,FELIX ,GILB]T4 ,HI/ORY4 ,5GLEWOOD ,CLIFFS1 ,N,J3 ,PR5TICE-,HALL1 #a#i#f#e4 

,HU<ES1 ,EV]ETT ,*>R+TON4 ,/UD5TS' ,CULTURE & ,P]SPECTIVES3 ,LECTURES ON ,M$ICAL & ,G5]AL ,$UCATION4 ,LAWR5CE1 ,K,S3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,KANSAS ,LAW ,S*OOL1 #a#i#f#a1 

,HUNT1 ,LYNN1 $4 ,! ,NEW ,CULTURAL ,HI/ORY4 ,B]KELEY1 ,C,A3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i74 

,ISS]MAN1 ,MAURICE4 0',GOD ,BLESS ,\R ,AM]ICAN ,9/ITUTIONS'3 ,! ,LABOR ,HI/ORY ( ,JOHN ,R4 ,COMMONS40 ,LABOR ,HI/ORY #ag 7,SUMM] #a#i#g#f73 #c#i-#c#b#h4 

,KELL]1 ,MORTON4 ,REGULAT+ A ,NEW ,ECONOMY3 ,PUBLIC ,POLICY & ,ECONOMIC ,*ANGE 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,CAMBRIDGE @& ,LONDON3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i4 

,KNABB1 ,K51 $4 ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN?OLOGY4 ,B]KELEY1 ,C,A3 ,BUREAU ( ,PUBLIC ,SECRETS1 #a#i#h#a4 

,KORNBLUH1 ,JOYCE1 $4 ,REBEL ,VOICES3 ,AN ,I4,W4,W4 ,AN?OLOGY4 ,ANN ,>BOR1 ,M,I3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#d4 

,KUHN1 ,?OMAS ,S4 ,! ,/RUCTURE ( ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTIONS4 ,SECOND ,$ITION1 ,5L>G$4 ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#g4 

,LEMIS*1 ,JESSE4 ,ON ,ACTIVE ,S]VICE 9 ,W> & ,PEACE3 ,POLITICS & ,IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORICAL ,PR(ESSION4 ,TORONTO1 ,CANADA3 ,NEW ,HOGT[N ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#e4 

,LIM]ICK1 ,PATRICIA ,NELSON4 ,! ,LEGACY ( ,CONQUE/3 ,! ,UNBROK5 ,PA/ ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,WE/4 ,NEW ,YORK @& ,LONDON3 ,W4,W4 ,NORTON @& ,COMPANY1 #a#i#h#h4 

,MACDONALD1 ,DWI<T4 ,AGA9/ ! ,AM]ICAN ,GRA93 ,ESSAYS ON ! ,EFFECTS ( ,MASS ,CULTURE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DA ,CAPO ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c4 

,MILES1 ,DIONE1 COMP4 ,SOME?+ 9 ,COMMON -- ,AN ,I,W,W ,BIBLIOGRAPHY4 ,DETROIT1 ,M,I3 ,WAYNE ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f4 

,MEGILL1 ,ALLAN1 $4 ,RE?9K+ ,OBJECTIVITY4 ,DURHAM1 ,N,C3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d4 

,MONKONN51 ,]IC ,H4 ,POLICE 9 ,URBAN ,AM]ICA1 #a#h#f-#a#i#b4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#a4 

-----1 $4 ,WALK+ TO ,WORK3 ,TRAMPS 9 ,AM]ICA1 #a#g#i-#a#i#c#e4 ,L9COLN1 ,N,E @& ,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEBRASKA ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d4 

,MONTGOM]Y1 ,DAVID4 ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 9 ,AM]ICA3 ,/UDIES 9 ! ,HI/ORY ( ,WORK1 ,TE*NOLOGY1 & ,LABOR ,/RUGGLES4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#i4 

,?OMPSON1 ,F]D1 & ,PATRICK ,MURPH94 ,! ,I4,W4,W43 ,ITS ,FIR/ ,SEV5TY ,YE>S1 #a#i#e-#a#i#g#e4 ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 #a#i#g#f4 

,MURPHY1 ,PAUL ,L4 ,WORLD ,W> ,I & ! ,ORIG9 ( ,CIVIL ,LIB]TIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,NEW ,YORK @& ,LONDON3 ,W4,W4 ,NORTON @& ,COMPANY1 #a#i#g#i4 

,NELSON1 ,BRUCE ,C4 ,BEYOND ! ,M>TYRS3 ,A ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY ( ,*ICAGO'S ,AN>*I/S1 #a#h#g-#a#i4 ,NEW ,BRUNSWICK1 ,N,J @& ,LONDON3 ,RUTG]S ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h4 

,NOVICK1 ,PET]4 ,?AT ,NOBLE ,DREAM3 ,! 0,OBJECTIVITY ,QUE/ION0 & ! ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORICAL ,PR(ESSION4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h4 

,P>K]1 ,C>LETON ,H4 ,! ,CASUAL ,LABOR] & ,O!R ,ESSAYS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>C\RT1 ,BRACE & ,H[E1 #a#i#b4 

,POPE1 ,LI/ON4 ,MILLH&S & ,PREA*]S3 ,A ,/UDY ( ,GA/ONIA4 ,NEW ,HAV51 ,C,T3 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#d#b4 

,PRE/ON1 ,WILLIAM4 ,ALI5S & ,DISS5T]S3 ,F$]AL ,SUPPRESSION ( ,RADICALS1 #a#i#c-#a#i#c#c4 ,SECOND ,$ITION4 ,URBANA1 ,I,L @& ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d4 

,RAJALA1 ,RI*>D ,A4 0,A ,D&Y ,BUN* ( ,WOBBLIES3 ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ ,LOGG]S & ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 #a#i-#a#i#c40 ,LABOR ,HI/ORY #cg 7,SPR+ #a#i#i#f73 #b#e-#b#c#d4 

,R5%AW1 ,PATRICK4 ,! ,WOBBLIES3 ,! ,/ORY ( ,SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,G>D5 ,CITY1 ,N,Y3 ,D\BL$AY @& ,COMPANY1 #a#i#f#g4 

,RUBY1 ,JAY4 0,OBJECTIVITY ,REVISIT$40 ,AM]ICAN ,AN?ROPOLOGI/ #ih 7,JUNE #a#i#i#f73 #c#i#h-#d4 

,SAL]NO1 ,SALVATORE4 ,R$ ,NOVEMB]1 ,BLACK ,NOVEMB]3 ,CULTURE & ,COMMUNITY 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD4 ,ALBANY1 ,N,Y3 ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i4 

,S*A*T1 ,JOHN4 0,LABOR ,HI/ORY 9 ! ,ACADEMY3 ,A ,LAYMAN'S ,GUIDE TO A ,C5TURY ( ,S*OL>%IP40 ,LABOR'S ,H]ITAGE 7,W9T] #a#i#i#d73 #d-#b#a4 

,S*EIB]1 ,H>RY ,N4 ,! ,WILSON ,ADM9I/RATION & ,CIVIL ,LIB]TIES1 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4 ,I?ACA1 ,N,Y3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f4 

,/EGN]1 ,WALLACE4 0,JOE ,HILL1 ! ,WOBBLY ,TR\BAD\R40 ,NEW ,REPUBLIC #aah 7,JANU>Y #e1 #a#i#d#h713 #b-#b#d1 #c#h4 

-----4 ,! ,PREA*] & ! ,SLAVE4 ,G>D5 ,CITY1 ,N,Y3 ,D\BL$AY1 #a#i#d#e4 

,WEB]1 ,DEVRA4 ,D>K ,SWEAT1 ,:ITE ,GOLD3 ,CALI=NIA ,F>M ,WORK]S1 ,COTTON1 & ! ,NEW ,DEAL4 ,B]KELEY1 ,C,A3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d4 

,TOML9S1 ,*RI/OPH] ,L4 ,! ,/ATE & ! ,UNIONS3 ,LABOR ,RELATIONS1 ,LAW1 & ! ,ORGANIZ$ ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 9 ,AM]ICA1 #a#h#h-#a#i#f4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e4 

,TYL]1 ,ROB]T ,L4 ,REBELS ( ! ,WOODS3 ,! ,I4,W4,W4 9 ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/4 ,EUG5E1 ,O,R3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,OREGON ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#g4 

,WE9/E91 ,JAMES4 ,! ,CORPORATE ,IDEAL 9 ! ,LIB]AL ,/ATE4 ,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#h4 

,WEIR1 ,ROB]T ,E4 ,BEYOND ,LABOR'S ,VEIL3 ,! ,CULTURE ( ! ,NI<TS ( ,LABOR4 ,UNIV]SITY ,P>K1 ,P,A3 ,P5NSYLVANIA ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#f4 

,W9T]S1 ,DONALD ,E4 ,JR4 ,! ,S\L ( ! ,WOBBLIES3 ,! ,I4,W4,W41 ,RELIGION1 & ,AM]ICAN ,CULTURE 9 ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,]A1 #a#i#e-#a#i#a#g4 ,WE/PORT1 ,C,T @& ,LONDON3 ,GRE5WOOD ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e4 

,WOODCOCK1 ,GEORGE4 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS4 ,CLEVEL&1 ,O,H @& ,NEW ,YORK3 ,M]IDIAN ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#b4 

,Z]ZAN1 ,JOHN4 ,ELEM5TS ( ,REFUSAL4 ,SEATTLE1 ,W,A3 ,LEFT ,BANK ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#h4 

,5,D,N,O,T,E,S 

.<#a.> ,MORTON ,KELL]1 ,REGULAT+ A ,NEW ,ECONOMY3 ,PUBLIC ,POLICY & ,ECONOMIC ,*ANGE 9 ,AM]ICA1 #a#i-#a#i#c#c 7,CAMBRIDGE @& ,LONDON3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i71 #a#a#f4 

.<#b.> ,DIONE ,MILES1 COMP41 ,SOME?+ 9 ,COMMON -- ,AN ,I,W,W ,BIBLIOGRAPHY 7,DETROIT3 ,WAYNE ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f71 #d#a1 #e#b#e4 

.<#c.> ,MELVYN ,DUB(SKY1 ,9DU/RIALISM & ! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]1 #a#h#f#e-#a#i#b1 #a#h#f#e-#a#i#b 7#bD $42 ,>L+TON ,HEI<TS1 ,I,L3 ,H>LAN ,DAVIDSON1 #a#i#h#e71 #a#h4 

.<#d.> ,PAUL ,F4 ,BRISS5D51 ,! ,I4,W4,W43 ,A ,/UDY 9 ,AM]ICAN ,SYNDICALISM 7#bD $42 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#b74 

.<#e.> ,F]D ,?OMPSON @& ,PATRICK ,MURPH91 ,! ,I4,W4,W43 ,ITS ,FIR/ ,SEV5TY ,YE>S1 #a#i#e-#a#i#g#e 7,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 #a#i#g#f74 ,IT IS TO ?IS 0CORRECT$0 $ITION ( ,?OMPSON'S #aiee BOOK1 AUGM5T$ ) AN UPDAT+ *APT] BY ,MURPH91 TO :I* REF]5CE WILL SUBSEQU5TLY BE MADE4 

.<#f.> ,PAUL ,BRISS5D51 ,! ,I4,W4,W43 ,A ,/UDY 9 ,AM]ICAN ,SYNDICALISM 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,RUSSELL @& ,RUSSELL1 #a#i#e#g71 VII-XI4 

.<#g.> ,REBEL ,VOICES3 ,AN ,I4,W4,W4 ,AN?OLOGY 7,ANN ,>BOR1 ,M,I3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#d74 ,I ATT5D$ ,U ( ,M 9 #a#i#f#i-#a#i#g#c & MY RECOLLECTION IS ?AT ?IS BOOK WAS ASSIGN$ READ+ 9 A NUMB] ( C\RSES & WAS RA!R WIDELY READ BY /UD5TS &_/OR LEFTI/S1 AL?\< ,I DIDN'T READ IT BACK !N4 ,POSSIBLY ?IS WAS A LOCAL PH5OM5ON2 ,I'M ONLY PASS+ ALONG MY RECOLLECTION = :AT1 IF ANY?+1 IT'S WOR?4 

.<#h.> 0,CONCEIV$ SOME ?REE DECADES AP>T & ! PRODUCTS ( DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ IDEOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVES1 ! TWO HI/ORIES .<BY ,COMMONS ET AL4 & BY ! ,M>XI/ ,PHILIP ,FON].> IRONICALLY RESEMBLE EA* O!R 9 MANY WAYS40 ,MALVYN ,DUB(SKY1 ,9DU/RIALISM & ! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]1 #a#h#f#e-#a#i#b 7#bD $42 ,>L+TON ,HEI<TS1 ,I,L3 ,H>LAN ,DAVIDSON1 #a#i#h#e71 #a#d#d4 

.<#i.> ,&Y ,DAWSON1 0,HI/ORY & ,IDEOLOGY3 ,FIFTY ,YE>S ( ',JOB ,CONSCI\SNESS1'0 ,LIT]ATURE & ,HI/ORY #d 7,AUTUMN #a#i#g#h73 #b#b#c-#b#d#a2 ,MAURICE ,ISS]MAN1 0',GOD ,BLESS ,\R ,AM]ICAN ,9/ITUTIONS'3 ,! ,LABOR ,HI/ORY ( ,JOHN ,R4 ,COMMONS10 ,LABOR ,HI/ORY #ag ,SUMM] #a#i#g#f73 #c#i-#c#b#h2 ,JOHN ,S*A*T1 0,LABOR ,HI/ORY 9 ! ,ACADEMY3 ,A ,LAYMAN'S ,GUIDE TO A ,C5TURY ( ,S*OL>%IP10 ,LABOR'S ,H]ITAGE 7,W9T] #a#i#i#d73 #d-#b#a4 

.<#a.> ,! ,A,F,L WAS =MALLY CONDEMN$ AT ! ,I,W,W'S F\ND+ CONV5TION4 ,! ,F\ND+ ,CONV5TION ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 -- ,PROCE$+S 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,M]IT ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#a#a.> ,JOHN ,S4 ,GAMBS1 ,! ,DECL9E ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#c#b74 

.<#a#b.> ,H>RY ,N4 ,S*EIB]1 ,! ,WILSON ,ADM9I/RATION & ,CIVIL ,LIB]TIES1 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a 7,I?ACA1 ,N,Y3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f74 

.<#a#c.> ,GAMBS1 *4 #a4 

.<#a#d.> ,IBID41 #a#b#e4 

.<#a#e.> ,GAMBS1 *S4 #c-#d4 ,F]D ,?OMPSON WRITES ?AT 0MO/ ,I,W,W OLDTIM]S0 -- PRESUMABLY 9CLUD+ HIMSELF -- 0CONSID] ?IS #aibd SPLIT ! DEF9ITELY WOR/ ?+ ?AT EV] HAPP5$ TO IT40 ,IT IS !RE=E AMAZ+ ?AT HE DEVOTES ALL ( ONE P>AGRAPH TO ! SPLIT & DOES NOT M5TION ITS IDEOLOGICAL CAUSE6 ,?OMPSON1 #aea 7QUOT$71 #a#e-#a#e#a4 ,?OMPSON HIMSELF IS PLAY+ POLITICS H]E4 ,S9CE #a#i#b#d1 ! (FICIAL ,I,W,W IDEOLOGY HAS BE5 ?AT ! ,I,W,W HAS NO (FICIAL IDEOLOGY2 9 FACT1 ITS UNACKN[L$G$ BUT DOGMATICALLY UPHELD IDEOLOGY HAS BE5 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 

.<#a#f.> ,NELS ,&]SON1 0,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,PH5IX ,$ITION10 ,! ,HOBO3 ,! ,SOCIOLOGY ( ! ,HOMELESS ,MAN 7,*ICAGO1 ,I,L @& ,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 ,PH5IX ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#a71 XIV 7ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#b#c72 ,]IK ,H4 ,MONKONN51 0,9TRODUCTION10 ,WALK+ TO ,WORK3 ,TRAMPS 9 ,AM]ICA1 #a#g#i-#a#i#c#e1 $4 ,]IK ,H4 ,MONKONN5 7,L9COLN1 ,N,E @& ,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEBRASKA ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d71 #b-#c1 #f-#h4 

.<#a#g.> ,DEVRA ,WEB]1 ,D>K ,SWEAT1 ,:ITE ,GOLD3 ,CALI=NIA ,F>M ,WORK]S1 ,COTTON1 & ! ,NEW ,DEAL 7,B]KELEY1 ,C,A3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d71 #f#c-#f#f4 

.<#a#h.> ,WALLACE ,/EGN]1 0,JOE ,HILL1 ! ,WOBBLY ,TR\BAD\R10 ,NEW ,REPUBLIC #aah 7,JANU>Y #e1 #a#i#d#h713 #b-#b#d1 #c#h4 

.<#a#i.> ,WALLACE ,/EGN]1 ,! ,PREA*] & ! ,SLAVE 7,G>D5 ,CITY1 ,N,Y3 ,D\BL$AY1 #a#i#d#e74 

.<#b.> ,FRI5DS ( ,JOE ,HILL ,COMMITTEE1 0,JOE ,HILL3 ,I,W,W ,M>TYR10 ,NEW ,REPUBLIC #aai 7,NOVEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#d#h71 #a#e-#b4 

.<#b#a.> ,PHILIP ,S4 ,FON]1 ,! ,CASE ( ,JOE ,HILL 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#e74 

.<#b#b.> ,PHILIP ,S4 ,FON]1 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,VOL4 ,I,V3 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 #a#i#e-#a#i#a#g 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#e74 

.<#b#c.> ,GAMBS E/IMAT$ ?AT ! ,I,W,W HAD LO/ UP TO #b1 MEMB]S TO ! ,COMMUNI/S1 & ?AT #a-#b.0 ( ! ,C,P WAS BY #aicb 0COMPOS$ ( =M] ,I44,W4'S OR =M] ACTIVE SYMPA?IZ]S40 ,GAMBS1 #h#i4 

.<#b#d.> ,JAMES ,P4 ,CANNON1 ,! ,I4,W4,W43 ,! ,GREAT ,ANTICIPATION 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#e#f74 

.<#b#e.> ,9 ! #a#i#b'S ! ,C,P 5G9E]$ AN EV5 MORE EGREGI\S HIJACK+ ( M>TYRS TO O!R CASES4 ,IT EXPROPRIAT$ ! POLITICO-LEGAL DEF5SE ( ! AN>*I/S ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI1 CONVICT$ ( MURD] 9 ,MASSA*USETTS 4 ,! ,C,P REPRES5T$ ! DEF5DANTS AS G5]IC WORK+-CLASS RADICALS TO LEFTI/S & LIB]ALS1 AMONG !M ,FELIX ,FRANKFURT]1 NOT AS :AT !Y W]E1 BECAUSE ! PRO/RATE ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T LACK$ ! ORGANIZATION & RES\RCES TO LEAD ! FI<T = ITS [N4 

.<#b#f.> ,JOHN ,HI<AM1 ) ,LEON>D ,KRIEG] & ,FELIX ,GILB]T1 ,HI/ORY 7,5GLEWOOD ,CLIFFS1 ,N,J3 ,PR5TICE-,HALL1 #a#i#f#e71 #f#h4 

.<#b#g.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,ALICE ,E*OLS1 0,NO?+ ,DI/ANT AB\T ,IT3 ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION & ,SIXTIES ,RADICALISM10 9 ,! ,SIXTIES3 ,FROM ,MEMORY TO ,HI/ORY1 $4 ,DAVID ,F>B] 7,*APEL ,HILL1 ,N,C @& ,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d71 #a#e#i4 

.<#b#h.> ,PATRICK ,R5%AW1 ,! ,WOBBLIES3 ,! ,/ORY ( ,SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,G>D5 ,CITY1 ,N,Y3 ,D\BL$AY @& ,COMPANY1 #a#i#f#g74 

.<#b#i.> ,IBID41 #b#g#e-#b#i#c4 

.<#c.> ,MELVYN ,DUB(SKY1 ,WE ,%ALL ,BE ,ALL3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7#bD $42 ,URBANA @& ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h74 

.<#c#a.> ,NO ONE C\LD SAY SO1 = 9/ANCE1 AB\T ,PATRICIA ,NELSON ,LIM]ICK'S ,! ,LEGACY ( ,CONQUE/3 ,! ,UNBROK5 ,PA/ ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,WE/ 7,NEW ,YORK @& ,LONDON3 ,W4,W4 ,NORTON @& ,COMPANY1 #a#i#h#h74 

.<#c#b.> ,WILLIAM ,PRE/ON1 ,ALI5S & ,DISS5T]S3 ,F$]AL ,SUPPRESSION ( ,RADICALS1 #a#i#c-#a#i#c#c 7#bD $42 ,URBANA1 ,I,L @& ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d74 

.<#c#c.> ,PAUL ,L4 ,MURPHY1 ,WORLD ,W> ,I & ! ,ORIG9 ( ,CIVIL ,LIB]TIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,NEW ,YORK @& ,LONDON3 ,W4,W4 ,NORTON @& ,COMPANY1 #a#i#g#i74 

.<#c#d.> ,ELDRIDGE ,FO/] ,DONELLY1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,CRIM9AL ,SYNDICALISM ,LEGISLATION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,BALTIMORE1 ,M,D3 ,! ,JOHNS ,HOPK9S ,PRESS1 #a#i#c#i74 ,SU* LEGISLATION WAS HELD TO BE UNCON/ITUTIONAL 9 #a#i#f#i4 ,BR&5BURG V4 ,OHIO1 #cie ,U4,S4 #ddd 7#a#i#f#i7 7P] CURIAM74 

.<#c#e.> ,DUB(SKY1 0,A ,NOTE ON ,S\RCES10 #e#c#a4 

.<#c#f.> ,DUB(SKY1 0,PREFACE TO ! #aigc ,PAP]BACK ,$ITION10 V4 

.<#c#g.> ,IBID41 V-VI4 

.<#c#h.> ,C>LETON ,H4 ,P>K]1 ,! ,CASUAL ,LABOR] & ,O!R ,ESSAYS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>C\RT1 ,BRACE & ,H[E1 #a#i#b74 

.<#c#i.> ,ROB]T ,L4 ,TYL]1 ,REBELS ( ! ,WOODS3 ,! ,I4,W4,W4 9 ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ 7,EUG5E1 ,O,R3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,OREGON ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#g74 

.<#d.> ,IBID41 #e1 #b#c-#b#d4 

.<#d#a.> ,IBID41 #c#c-#c#i4 

.<#d#b.> ,IBID41 *4 #e4 

.<#d#c.> ,IBID41 *4 #a1 ESP4 AT P4 #c4 

.<#d#d.> ,JOSEPH ,ROB]T ,CONL91 ,BREAD & ,ROSES ,TOO3 ,/UDIES ( ! ,WOBBLIES 7,WE/PORT1 ,C,T3 ,GRE5WOOD ,PUBLI%+ ,CORPORATION1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#d#e.> ,IBID41 XIV4 

.<#d#f.> ,L\IS ,ADAMIC1 ,DYNAMITE1 ! ,/ORY ( ,CLASS ,VIOL5CE 9 ,AM]ICA 7REV4 $42 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,VIK+ ,PRESS1 #a#i#c#d71 *4 #ah @& PASSIM4 ,OCCASIONALLY ! ,A,F,L RESORT$ TO TACTICS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,I,W,W4 ,9 #aia ! LOCAL ,A,F,L TRADE C\NCIL L$ A #b-DAY G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,PHILADELPHIA 9VOLV+ UP TO #a#d#f1 WORK]S4 ,MONTGOM]Y1 #i#c4 

.<#d#g.> ,JACQUELYN ,D[D ,HALL1 0,PRIVATE ,EYES1 ,PUBLIC ,WOM53 ,IMAGES ( ,CLASS & ,SEX 9 ! ,URBAN ,S\?1 ,ATLANTA1 ,GEORGIA1 #a#i#a#c-#a#i#a#e10 9 ,WORK ,5G5D]$3 ,T[>D A ,NEW ,HI/ORY ( ,AM]ICAN ,LABOR1 $4 ,AVA ,B>ON 7,I?ACA1 ,N,Y @& ,LONDON3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#a71 #b#d#h-#b#e4 

.<#d#h.> ,JOSEPH ,R4 ,CONL91 0,9TRODUCTION0 TO ,AT ! ,PO9T ( ,PRODUCTION3 ,! ,LOCAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,I4,W4,W1 $4 ,JOSEPH ,R4 ,CONL9 7,WE/PORT1 ,C,T @& ,LONDON1 ,5GL&3 ,GRE5WOOD ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#a71 #a#i4 

.<#d#i.> ,IBID41 #a#i-#b4 

.<#e.> ,EV]ETT ,*]R+TON ,HU<ES1 ,/UD5TS' ,CULTURE & ,P]SPECTIVES3 ,LECTURES ON ,M$ICAL & ,G5]AL ,$UCATION 7,LAWR5CE1 ,K,S3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,KANSAS ,LAW ,S*OOL1 #a#i#f#a71 #b#h1 QUOT$ 9 ,H[>D ,S4 ,BECK]1 ,\TSID]S3 ,/UDIES 9 ! ,SOCIOLOGY ( ,DEVIANCE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,FREE ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#c71 #h4 

.<#e#a.> ,LYNN ,HUNT1 0,9TRODUCTION3 ,HI/ORY1 ,CULTURE1 ,TEXT10 9 ,! ,NEW ,CULTURAL ,HI/ORY1 $4 ,LYNN ,HUNT 7,B]KELEY1 ,C,A3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i71 #d-#e4 

.<#e#b.> ,DAVID ,MONTGOM]Y1 ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 9 ,AM]ICA3 ,/UDIES 9 ! ,HI/ORY ( ,WORK1 ,TE*NOLOGY1 & ,LABOR ,/RUGGLES 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#i71 #i#a-#i#c4 

.<#e#c.> ,H]B]T ,G4 ,GUTMAN1 ,WORK1 ,CULTURE @& ,SOCIETY 9 ,9DU/RIALIZ+ ,AM]ICA3 ,ESSAYS 9 ,AM]ICAN ,WORK+-,CLASS & ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#g71 ESP4 *4 #a4 

.<#e#d.> ,AS ,GUTMAN & HIS PROTEGES ATTEMPT$ 9 ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY ,PROJECT1 ,:O ,BUILT ,AM]ICA8 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#i74 

.<#e#e.> ,?OMAS ,S4 ,KUHN1 ,! ,/RUCTURE ( ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTIONS 7#bD $41 5L>G$2 ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#g71 #b#f4 

.<#e#f.> ,REVIEW+ TWO REC5T AN?OLOGIES1 AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,JAY ,RUBY WRITES ?AT NO CONTRIBUTOR TO EI!R VOLUME CONT5DS ?AT 0AN OBJECTIVE REALITY EXI/S \TSIDE ( HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS ?AT IS UNIV]SAL40 0,OBJECTIVITY ,REVISIT$10 ,AM]ICAN ,AN?ROPOLOGI/ #i#h7#b7 7,JUNE #a#i#i#f71 #c#i#i4 ,! AN?OLOGIES W]E ,SOCIAL ,EXP]I5CE & ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,KN[L$GE1 $4 ,KIR/5 ,HA/RUP @& ,PET] ,H]VIK 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#i#d7 & ,RE?9K+ ,OBJECTIVITY1 $4 ,ALLAN ,MEGILL 7,DURHAM1 ,N,C3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d74 

.<#e#g.> ,JAY ,RUBY -- IRONICALLY1 ,I SUSPECT -- CLAIM$ TO REGRET ?AT ONE ( ! AN?OLOGY $ITORS HAD NOT S\<T \T A BELIEV] 9 ABSOLUTE OBJECTIVE REALITY 0= !Y CAN EASILY BE F\ND AMONG J\RNALI/S -- PR9T & BROADCA/1 DOCUM5T>Y FILMMAK]S1 ,M>XI/S1 & ! POLITICAL & RELIGI\S RI<T40 0,OBJECTIVITY ,REVISIT$10 #c#i#i4 ,?IS IS ! HI/ORIAN'S HAUNT+ FE>3 ?AT HE IS ONLY A J\RNALI/ :O HAS MISS$ HIS DEADL9E OR1 AS ,K>L ,KRAUS DEF9$ HIM1 SOMEONE :O DOESN'T WRITE WELL 5\< TO WORK = A DAILY4 

.<#e#h.> ,OP4 CIT41 NOTE -----4 

.<#e#i.> ,PET] ,NOVICK1 ,?AT ,NOBLE ,DREAM3 ,! 0,OBJECTIVITY ,QUE/ION0 & ! ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORICAL ,PR(ESSION 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h74 

.<#f.> ,?OMAS ,S4 ,KUHN1 ,! ,/RUCTURE ( ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTIONS 7#bD $41 5L>G$2 ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#g74 ,IT MI<T BE SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,HI<AM NEV] M5TIONS ! FIR/ $ITION ( ?IS BOOK1 AL?\< IT WAS TO EX]T IMM5SE 9FLU5CE ON ! PRACTICE ( HI/ORY & ! SOCIAL SCI5CES4 

.<#f#a.> ,IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT ?IS IS TRUE ( NATURAL SCI5CE TOO -- ?AT ! NORMAL C\RSE ( RESE>* IS GUID$ MORE BY E/ABLI%$ ME?ODS ( 9VE/IGATION ?AN BY :AT HI< !ORY DIRECTS 9VE/IGATION 9TO8 ,!RE'S AN OLD JOKE AB\T A DRUNK :O LO/ HIS KEYS & WAS F\ND LOOK+ = !M UND] A LAMP-PO/4 ,:Y WAS HE LOOK+ = !M !RE1 S9CE !RE WAS NO REASON TO ?9K ?AT'S :]E HE LO/ !M8 0,BECAUSE ! LI<T WAS BETT]40 ,:Y NOT LOOK :]E ! LI<T IS BETT]8 ,IT MI<T NOT BE ! LIKELIE/ PLACE TO F9D ANY?+1 BUT !RE'S NO PO9T LOOK+ :]E Y\ CAN'T SEE ANY?+ EV5 IF IT'S !RE4 

.<#f#b.> ,JESSE ,LEMIS*1 ,ON ,ACTIVE ,S]VICE 9 ,W> & ,PEACE3 ,POLITICS & ,IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORICAL ,PR(ESSION 7,TORONTO1 ,CANADA3 ,NEW ,HOGT[N ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#e74 

.<#f#c.> ,GUTMAN1 ,WORK1 ,CULTURE @& ,SOCIETY1 *4 #c 7AB\T BLACK ,UNIT$ ,M9E ,WORK]S LEAD] ,RI*>D ,L4 ,DAVIS72 ,H]B]T ,G4 ,GUTMAN1 ,P[] @& ,CULTURE3 ,ESSAYS ON ! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK+ ,CLASS1 $4 ,IRA ,B]L9 7,NEW ,PRESS3 #a#i#h#g71 *4 #b 7AB\T ,PAT]SON UNION ACTIVI/ ,JOSEPH ,P4 ,MC,DONNELL74 

.<#f#d.> 0,?OMPSON'S UND]/&+ ( CLASS AS ! PRECIPITATE ( COMMON EXP]I5CES )9 A SY/EM ( PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS1 & ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS AS ! CULTURAL >TICULATION ( ?OSE EXP]I5CES1 WAS ALSO ,GUTMAN'S40 ,IRA ,B]L91 0,9TRODUCTION3 ,H]B]T ,G4 ,GUTMAN & ! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK+ ,CLASS10 9 ,GUTMAN1 ,P[] @& ,CULTURE1 #a#i4 

.<#f#e.> ,LEON ,F9K1 0,CULTURE'S ,LA/ ,/&8 ,G5D] & ! ,SE>* = ,SYN!SIS 9 ,AM]ICAN ,LABOR ,HI/ORY10 ,LABOR ,HI/ORY #cd 7,SPR+-,SUMM] #a#i#i#c71 #a#g#h-#a#g#i4 

.<#f#f.> ,AVA ,B>ON1 0,G5D] & ,LABOR ,HI/ORY3 ,LE>N+ ,FROM ! ,PA/1 ,LOOK+ TO ! ,FUTURE10 9 ,B>ON1 $41 ,WORK ,5G5D]$3 ,T[>D A ,NEW ,HI/ORY ( ,AM]ICAN ,LABOR1 #b-#c4 

.<#f#g.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,G>Y ,G]/LE1 ,WORK+-,CLASS ,AM]ICANISM3 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,LABOR 9 A ,TEXTILE ,CITY1 #a#i#a#d-#a#i#f 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i71 SUGGE/S ?AT ! P]SI/5T RELIGIOSITY ( ,FR5*-,CANADIAN WORK]S 9 A ,RHODE ,ISL& MANUFACTUR+ CITY PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 D]ADICALIZ+ ITS HI<LY EFFECTIVE LABOR MOVEM5T4 

.<#f#h.> ,ROB]T ,E4 ,WEIR1 ,BEYOND ,LABOR'S ,VEIL3 ,! ,CULTURE ( ! ,NI<TS ( ,LABOR 7,UNIV]SITY ,P>K1 ,P,A3 ,P5NSYLVANIA ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#f74 

.<#f#i.> ,DONALD ,E4 ,W9T]S1 ,JR41 ,! ,S\L ( ! ,WOBBLIES3 ,! ,I4,W4,W41 ,RELIGION1 & ,AM]ICAN ,CULTURE 9 ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,]A1 #a#i#e-#a#i#a#g 7,WE/PORT1 ,C,T @& ,LONDON3 ,GRE5WOOD ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e74 

.<#g.> ,SALVATORE ,SAL]NO1 ,R$ ,NOVEMB]1 ,BLACK ,NOVEMB]3 ,CULTURE & ,COMMUNITY 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,ALBANY1 ,N,Y3 ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i74 

.<#g#a.> ,E4G41 ,BRISS5D51 *4 #c2 ,FON]1 *S4 #e @& #f3 ,DUB(SKY1 *4 #g4 

.<#g#b.> ,DONALD ,M4 ,B>NES1 0,! ,IDEOLOGY ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 #a#i#e-#a#i#b#a0 7,PH4,D DIS41 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WA%+TON1 #a#i#f#b74 

.<#g#c.> ,CONL91 *4 #a 70,A ,NAME ,?AT ,LEADS TO ,CONFUSION074 

.<#g#d.> ,B>NES1 *4 #f4 

.<#g#e.> ,CONL91 0,9TRODUCTION10 ,AT ! ,PO9T ( ,PRODUCTION1 #a#i-#b4 

.<#g#f.> ,B>NES1 #e1 #i#i-#a2 ,KORNBLUH1 0,PREFACE10 V4 

.<#g#g.> ,B>NES1 #a#i#h4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS IS NOT SELF-EVID5TLY WRONG1 BUT NOT MANY HI/ORIANS EMPLOY A DET]M9I/IC EPI/EMOLOGY1 & FEW] /ILL ADMIT IT4 ,?AT IS ALMO/ AS %AMEFUL AS ADMITT+ TO BE PRES5T-M9D$ OR ,:IGGI%4 

.<#g#h.> ,B>NES1 #a#c4 

.<#g#i.> ,PET] ,BURKE1 ,HI/ORY & ,SOCIAL ,!ORY 7,I?ACA1 ,N,Y3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#b71 #a#a#i-#a#b4 

.<#h.> ,DUR+ ! #a#i#gS1 AN ELD]LY ,I,W,W TYPESETT]1 ,DICK ,ELL+TON ( ,OAKL&1 ,CALI=NIA1 WAS /ILL REPRODUC+ !SE /ICK]S4 ,I PUT UP SCORES ( !M >\ND ! ,WA%+TON ,PO/ BUILD+ 9 D[NT[N ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C4 DUR+ A LONG & BITT] /RIKE1 F9ALLY DEFEAT$1 AGA9/ ?AT LIB]AL DAILY4 ,I LAT] HAD A *ANCE TO MEET ,ELL+TON1 :O HAS S9CE PASS$ AWAY1 AT A SCI5CE FICTION CONV5TION4 ,! TR\BLE ) !SE /ICK]S IS ! TR\BLE ) ! ,I,W,W S9CE #a#i#b#d3 !Y >E ! SAME /ICK]S 9 A DIFF]5T WORLD4 

.<#h#a.> ,REG>D+ ! TYPE ( WORK] MO/ DRAWN TO ! ,I,W,W1 ! TRANSI5T WORK] -- ! HOBO OR TRAMP -- SOCIOLOGI/ ,NELS ,&]SON 7:O HAD BE5 A HOBO7 WROTE ?AT HE 0IS AN EXT5SIVE READ]0 9 ! FIR/ S5T5CE ( A *APT] TITL$ 0,! ,9TELLECTUAL ,LIFE ( ! ,HOBO40 ,&]SON1 ,! ,HOBO1 *4 #ac 7QUOTATION AT P4 #a#h#e74 ,TO ! EXT5T ! AV]AGE ,WOBBLY WAS MORE POLITICIZ$ ?AN ! AV]AGE NON-,WOBBLY 1 HE WAS PROBABLY ?AT MU* MORE AVID ( A READ]4 

.<#h#b.> ,RI*>D ,BRAZI]1 0,! ,/ORY ( ! ,I4,W4,W4'S ',LITTLE ,R$ ,SONGBOOK10 ,LABOR ,HI/ORY #i 7,W9T] #a#i#f#h73 #i#a-#a#e 7QUOTATION AT P4 #i#a74 

.<#h#c.> ,BRISS5D51 ,APP4 ,X1 #c#g-#c#h2 ,GAMBS1 ,APP4 #e1 #b#c#c-#b#d4 

.<#h#d.> ,B>NES1 #a4 

.<#h#e.> ,W9T]S1 #g-#h4 ,W9T]S ACCUSES ,WALLACE ,/EGN] ( COMMITT+ ! FALLACY 9 WRIT+1 9 #a#i#e1 ?AT 0NO ?OR\<LY ADEQUATE HI/ORY ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 EXI/S10 9 P>T BECAUSE EXI/+ HI/ORIES >E 0LACK+ 9 ! K9D ( POETIC UND]/&+ :I* %\LD 9VE/ ANY HI/ORY ( A MILITANT *UR*40 ,W9T]S1 #g1 #a 7QUOT+ ,/EGN]1 ,PREA*]1 VII74 ,?IS IS LIKE SAY+ ?AT :5 ,K>L ,M>X REF]R$ TO RELIGION AS ! OPIATE ( ! PEOPLE1 HE MEANT ?AT RELIGION IS LIT]ALLY A PHYSIOLOGICALLY ADDICT+ DRUG4 ,EV5 MORE OBVI\SLY ?AN ,M>X1 ,/EGN] -- A NOVELI/ P5N+ :AT WAS1 AFT] ALL1 ! 9TRODUCTION TO A WORK ( FICTION -- WROTE METAPHORICALLY4 ,HE MEANT ?AT !RE W]E RESPECTS1 HI!RTO NEGLECT$ BY HI/ORIANS1 9 :I* ! ,I,W,W WAS LIKE A MILITANT *UR* -- :I* IS ! 5TIRE BURD5 ( ,W9T]S' [N MONOGRAPH4 ,W9T]S SETS UP ,/EGN] AS HIS /RAW MAN TO MAKE IT LOOK AS IF HE1 ,W9T]S1 WAS NOT ! ONE :O COMES AS CLOSE AS ANYONE EV] HAS TO COMMITT+ ! R$UCTIONI/ FALLACY4 

.<#h#f.> ,W9T]S' [N EXAMPLE ( :AT HE CALLS 0*UR*-ORI5T$ ANALYSIS0 7P4 #i7 REFUTES HIM3 ,RONALD ,L4 ,JOHN/ONE'S DEF9ITION ( RELIGION AS A 0SY/EM ( BELIEFS & PRACTICES BY :I* A GR\P ( PEOPLE 9T]PRETS & RESPONDS TO :AT !Y FEEL IS SUP]NATURAL & SACR$40 ,A 0GR\P0 IS NOT NECESS>ILY A =MAL ORGANIZATION SU* AS A *UR* OR A CORPORATION4 ,!RE HAVE C]TA9LY BE5 RELIGIONS PREVI\S TO !IR 9/ITUTIONALIZATION1 !RE W]E ,*RI/IANS1 = 9/ANCE1 BE=E !RE WAS A ,*RI/IAN ,*UR*4 ,= ,W9T]S ! PROBLEM ) ! DEF9ITION IS NOT ! GR\P *>ACT] ( RELIGION BUT ITS ORI5TATION T[>D ! SUP]NATURAL & SACR$1 :I* EMPHATICALLY RULES \T ! ,I,W,W AS RELIGI\S4 ,DURKHEIM WAS ! MA9 9SPIRATION = SOCIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONALISM1 AL?\< HE DID NOT USE ! F-WORD4 ,P]CY ,S4 ,COH51 ,MOD]N ,SOCIAL ,!ORY 7,LONDON3 ,HE9EMANN1 #a#i#f#h71 #c#e-#c#g4 

.<#h#g.> ,AS IF ?IS W]E NOT CONFUSIONI/ 5\<1 ,W9T]S GOES ON TO *>ACT]IZE ! ,I,W,W AS A *UR* AFT] ALL -- OR RA!R1 AS A 0SECT40 ,W9T]S1 #h#i1 #a#a1 #a#e4 ,W9T]S IS MAK+ A HI<LY SELECTIVE USE ( ! SECT_/*UR* DI/9CTION DRAWN BY ,LI/ON ,POPE1 ,MILLH&S & ,PREA*]S3 ,A ,/UDY ( ,GA/ONIA 7,NEW ,HAV53 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#d#b71 *4 #g1 :O HAD 9 TURN BORR[$ IT FROM ,]N/ ,TROELTS*4 ,W9T]S BADLY ABUSES IT4 ,IT WAS NEV] 9T5D$ AS A TYPOLOGY ( ANY?+ BUT ,*RI/IAN D5OM9ATIONS1 SO SEV]AL ( ! DI/+UI%+ CRIT]IA >E NONS5SICAL AS APPLI$ TO ! ,I,W,W1 SU* AS 0ADH]5CE TO /RICT ,BIBLICAL /&>DS0 V]SUS 0ACCEPTANCE ( G5]AL CULTURAL /&>DS AS A PRACTICAL DEF9ITION ( RELIGI\S OBLIGATION40 ,POPE1 #a#b#c4 ,( ! #b#aDIFF]5CES BETWE5 SECTS & *UR*ES ID5TIFI$ BY ,POPE1 #a#b#b-#a#b#d1 ,W9T]S SPECIFICALLY CLAIMS ONLY A FEW :I* APPLY TO ! ,I,W,W3 A MEMB]%IP DRAWN FROM ! POOR2 A 0PSY*OLOGY ( P]SECUTION02 A S5SE ( ALI5ATION FROM ! MA9/REAM2 A SPIRIT ( PROTE/2 & A /ANCE ( CONFLICT1 NOT RECONCILIATION4 ,W9T]S1 #h#i-#i#b1 #a#a4 ,ALMO/ ANY ORGANIZATION SEEK+ POLITICAL OR SOCIAL *ANGE CAN SATISFY 5\< ( !SE CRIT]IA TO QUALIFY AS A SECT4 ,W9T]S DOES NOT M5TION AN IMPORTANT CRIT]ION :I* R5D]S HIS >GUM5T RIDICUL\S4 ,A *UR* ASPIRES TO BE AN ALL-EMBRAC+ SOCIAL 9/ITUTION1 :]EAS A SECT IS AN EXCLUSIVI/ FELL[%IP ( ! WOR?Y4 ,BY ?AT MEASURE ! ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION WAS A *UR* & ! ,A,F,L WAS A SECT4 

,:E!R OR NOT ,W9T]S HAS MISAPPLI$ ! *UR*_/SECT DI/9CTION1 :AT IS MORE IMPORTANT IS ?AT IT REPRES5TS A COV]T DEF9ITIONAL %IFT :I* L5DS SPURI\S SUPPORT TO HIS E>LI] CLAIM ?AT ! ,I,W,W WAS RELIGI\S4 ,:5 HE MADE ?AT CLAIM1 ,W9T]S TRI$ TO PRECLUDE ! 9EVITABLE REACTION ?AT ?IS IS RIDICUL\S BY DEF9+ RELIGION 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT DID NOT IMPLY ANY NECESS>Y CONNECTION TO A *UR*4 ,!RE HE MEANT BY 0*UR*0 ANY ORGANIZ$ GR\P ( BELIEV]S1 A SECT OR 79 ,POPE'S S5SE7 A *UR* -- A DI/9CTION IRRELEVANT 9 ?AT CONTEXT4 ,BUT EV5 IF !RE CAN BE RELIGION )\T A *UR* 9 ! BROAD S5SE1 !RE CANNOT BE A *UR* 9 ANY S5SE )\T RELIGION4 ,TO ASK :E!R ! ,I,W,W WAS A SECT OR A *UR* BEGS ! QUE/ION :E!R IT WAS A RELIGI\S ORGANIZATION AT ALL4 

.<#h#h.> ,W9T]S1 #a#a4 

.<#h#i.> ,W9T]S1 *4 #b4 

.<#i.> ,DUB(SKY1 #i#c4 

.<#i#a.> ,W9T]S1 *4 #c 7QUOTATION AT P4 #c#g74 

.<#i#b.> ,BRAZI]1 #i#a-#i#b4 

.<#i#c.> ,W9T]S1 #d#a4 

.<#i#d.> ,! ,I,W,W SONG 0,! ,BANN] ( ,LABOR0 WAS SET TO ! TUNE ( 0,! ,/>-,BANGL$ ,BANN]10 ,KORNBLUH1 #a#c-#a#d1 BUT ?AT EVID5CES ! CYNICISM1 NOT ! NATIONALISM1 ( ! ,I,W,W4 

.<#i#e.> ,&]SON1 #b#g-#b#h4 ,CURI\SLY1 ,W9T]S NEV] CITES ,&]SON & OMITS HIM FROM HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY4 

.<#i#f.> ,W9T]S IS ID5TIFI$ AS A FACULTY MEMB] 9 ,HUMANITIES AT ! ,COLLEGE = ,WORK+ ,ADULTS ( ,M9NEAPOLIS ,COMMUNITY ,COLLEGE4 ,HIS BOOK IS A VOLUME 9 ! 0,CONTRIBUTIONS 9 ,AM]ICAN ,/UDIES0 S]IES PUBLI%$ BY ,GRE5WOOD ,PRESS4 ,!RE IS NO 9DICATION :]E 7IF ANY:]E7 OR 9 :AT FIELD HE E>N$ HIS ,PH4,D4 

.<#i#g.> ,SIGMUND ,FREUD1 ,! ,FUTURE ( AN ,ILLUSION1 $4 ,JAMES ,/RA*EY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,NORTON1 #a#i#g#e74 

.<#i#h.> ,W9T]S1 #d#h-#e#f 

.<#i#i.> ,BRAZI]1 #i#e1 #i#d1 QUOT$ 9 ,W9T]S1 #e#a4 

.<#a.> ,ROB]T ,C4 ,BLACK1 0,! ,REALIZATION & ,SUPPRESSION ( ,SITUATIONISM10 #g7#a7 ,J\RNAL ( ,UNCONV5TIONAL ,HI/ORY 7,FALL #a#i#i#e71 #d#c4 ,= SOME ( ! ,SITUATIONI/S' [N EXPOSITIONS ( DET\RNEM5T1 SEE ,GUY ,DEBORD & ,GIL ,J4 ,WOLMAN1 0,ME?ODS ( ,DET\RNEM5T10 9 ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN?OLOGY1 $4 ,K5 ,KNABB 7,B]KELEY1 ,C,A3 ,BUREAU ( ,PUBLIC ,SECRETS1 #a#i#h#a71 #h-#a#d2 0,DET\RNEM5T AS ,NEGATION & ,PRELUDE10 IBID41 #e#e-#e#f2 ,MU/APHA ,KHAYATI1 0,CAPTIVE ,WORDS3 ,PREFACE TO A ,SITUATIONI/ ,DICTION>Y10 IBID41 #a#g-#a#g#e4 

.<#a#a.> ,SAL]NO1 #a4 

.<#a#b.> ,BRISS5D51 *S4 #a-#b2 ,FON]1 *4 #a2 ,?OMPSON1 *S4 #a-#b4 ,GAMBS1 REC\NT+ ! DECL9E ( ! ,I,W,W1 NATURALLY HAS NO?+ TO SAY AB\T ITS ORIG9S4 

.<#a#c.> ,R5%AW1 *S4 #a-#b4 

.<#a#d.> ,DUB(SKY1 *S4 #a-#d2 0,PREFACE TO ! #aigc ,PAP]BACK ,$ITION10 VI4 

.<#a#e.> ,SAL]NO1 #d#i-#e4 

.<#a#f.> ,SAL]NO1 #e-#e#a1 #e#c4 

.<#a#g.> ,?OMPSON1 #h#b4 0,IT WAS ONLY ) GREAT DIFFICULTY ?AT ,MO/ KEPT ALIVE ,DIE ,FREIHEIT1 :I* VANI%$ AFT] HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#f40 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK1 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS 7,CLEVEL&1 ,O,H @& ,NEW ,YORK3 ,M]IDIAN ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#b71 #d#f#e4 ,LIKE O!R HI/ORIANS ( AN>*ISM1 ,WOODCOCK IS EI!R UNAW>E ( ,MO/'S CONV]SION TO AN>*O-SYNDICALISM OR ELSE ADJUDGES IT1 CONSID]+ HIS WAN+ 9FLU5CE1 NOT IMPORTANT 5\< TO M5TION4 

.<#a#h.> ,WOODCOCK1 #d#f#a-#d#f#b4 ,MO/'S /OCK ) AN>*I/S FELL EV5 FUR!R 9 #ahib :5 AN>*I/ ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN TRI$ TO ASSASS9ATE 9DU/RIALI/ ,H5RY ,CLAY ,FRICK4 ,MO/1 HI!RTO ! MO/ VEHEM5T EXPON5T ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$10 N[ F\ND IT EXP$I5T TO REPUDIATE IT4 ,B]KMAN'S LOV] ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN WAS SO 9FURIAT$ BY ,MO/'S AB\T-FACE ?AT %E HORSE:IPP$ HIM4 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,LIV+ ,MY ,LIFE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#c#a71 #a3 #a#e-#a#f4 

.<#a#i.> ,SAL]NO1 #e#h-#f#b4 

.<#a#a.> ,SAL]NO1 *4 #d4 

.<#a#a#a.> ,B>NES1 #e4 

.<#a#a#b.> ,SAL]NO1 *4 #c1 ESP4 #g#a-#g#c4 

.<#a#a#c.> ,CONL91 ,BREAD & ,ROSES ,TOO1 #dc 7CIT$ BUT NOT QUOT$ BY ,SAL]NO1 PP4 #gb @& #aga N4 #i AS AN UNCONV9C+ >GUM5T ,SAL]NO DOES NOT1 H[EV]1 DIRECTLY ADDRESS74 

.<#a#a#d.> ,BRUCE ,C4 ,NELSON1 9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! ,*ICAGO AN>*I/S FROM #ahg TO #a#i1 >GUES ?AT !SE SELF-/YL$ AN>*I/S1 DESPITE H[ !Y REF]R$ TO & REG>D$ !MSELVES1 W]E REALLY P>T ( A G5]IC RADICAL SOCIALI/ TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T :I* TOOK LITTLE 9T]E/ 91 = 9/ANCE1 ! EM]G5T CONFLICT BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S4 ,! ,HAYM>KET DEF5DANTS1 AFT] ALL1 W]E NOT JU/ AN>*I/S1 !Y W]E ! LEAD]S ( ! ,*ICAGO TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T 9 ITS /RONG DRIVE = A LEGISLAT$ RE=M1 ! EI<T-H\R DAY4 ,BRUCE ,C4 ,NELSON1 ,BEYOND ! ,M>TYRS3 ,A ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY ( ,*ICAGO'S ,AN>*I/S1 #a#h#g-#a#i 7,NEW ,BRUNSWICK1 ,N,J @& ,LONDON3 ,RUTG]S ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h74 ,SAL]NO DOES NOT REF]5CE ,NELSON'S BOOK1 :I* CAME \T ! YE> BE=E HIS [N -- MAYBE !RE WAS NOT 5\< TIME TO DO SO1 BUT !RE WAS TIME TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! >TICLES ,NELSON PUBLI%$ 9 #aihf 9 TWO J\RNALS & AN AN?OLOGY1 >TICLES :I* W]E SUB/ANTIALLY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ,NELSON'S BOOK4 ,NELSON1 XII4 

.<#a#a#e.> ,UNITY BETWE5 =M] 7&1 AS IT TURN$ \T1 FUTURE7 ANTAGONI/S WAS ! PRE>RANG$ !ME ( ! F\ND+ CONV5TION1 BUT 0! PLEAS = UNITY EV9C$ A RECOGNITION ( DISUNITY AS MU* AS ( ANY?+40 ,CONL91 ,BREAD & ,ROSES ,TOO1 #d#b4 

.<#a#a#f.> ,SAL]NO1 #h#a-#h#c4 

.<#a#a#g.> ,SAL]NO1 #g#c-#g#g4 

.<#a#a#h.> ,SAL]NO1 #g#c-#g#e4 ,! LETT] IS 9 ,LABADIE'S PAP]S 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN LIBR>Y4 ,SAL]NO1 #aga N4 #a#c4 

.<#a#a#i.> ,MA9/REAM AN>*ISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 A!I/IC & VEHEM5TLY ANTICL]ICAL -- MORE SO ?AN ,M>XISM4 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 & ,JOHANN ,MO/ ALL PRODUC$ ANTI-RELIGI\S DIATRIBES4 ,9 ,HAG]TY'S TIME ! ONLY SIGNIFICANT EXCEPTION WAS ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 BUT -- EV5 ASIDE FROM ! FACT ?AT ,TOL/OY DECL9$ TO ID5TIFY HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/ -- !IR VIEWS ON TWO FUNDAM5TAL ISSUES W]E 9COMPATIBLE4 ,TOL/OY1 AL?\< A ,*RI/IAN1 WAS ANTI-CL]ICAL2 ,HAG]TY WAS A CL]IC4 ,& ,TOL/OY AFFIRM$ NONVIOL5CE1 :]EAS ,HAG]TY HAD RANT$ TO A ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY RALLY ?AT 0WE MU/ HAVE REVOLUTION1 PEACEABLE IF POSSIBLE1 BUT1 TO TELL ! TRU?1 WE C>E NOT H[ WE GET IT40 ,SAL]NO1 #g#c4 ,9 LAT] YE>S !RE W]E A H&FUL ( ,CA?OLIC AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,DORO?Y ,DAY & ,AMMON ,H5NACY 7A =M] ,WOBBLY71 BUT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( AN>*I/S CONSID]$ !M FREAKS4 0,NO ,GOD1 ,NO ,MA/]0 IS A TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ SLOGAN4 ,AT ! \TSET ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! AN>*I/S TOR*$ HUNDR$S ( *UR*ES & EXECUT$ EV]Y PRIE/ !Y C\LD GET !IR H&S ON4 

,A ,FA!R ,S*NEID]1 RECTOR ( ,/4 ,ALPHONSUS ,*UR* 9 ,MANHATTAN1 IS MORE TYPICAL ?AN ,HAG]TY ( ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,CA?OLIC CL]GY T[>D ! ,I,W,W4 ,9 #aiad ! ,I,W,W WAS ORGANIZ+ AMONG ! UNEMPLOY$4 ,L$ BY ! ,WOBBLY ,FRANK ,TANN5BAUM 7LAT] A PROM95T S*OL>71 A PROCESSION ( ! UNEMPLOY$ W5T TO ! *UR* ASK+ = FOOD & %ELT]4 ,! PRIE/ REFUS$ ?IS REQUE/ = ,*RI/IAN *>ITY4 ,S9CE !RE WAS NO ROOM 9 ! 9N -- NOT = !M1 ANYWAY -- ! M5 7:O HAD BE5 SITT+ QUIETLY 9 ! PEWS7 GOT UP TO LEAVE1 BUT DETECTIVES /OPP$ !M UNTIL #b PADDY-WAGONS >RIV$ TO C>T (F ,TANN5BAUM & #ai ( ! UNEMPLOY$4 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,SUN PRAIS$ ! PRIE/ = REFUS+ TO DISP5SE FALSE PHILAN?ROPY3 0,A PRIE/ HAS PUT 9TO OP]ATION ! MA*9]Y TO SUPPRESS ?IS PORT5T\S & C>EFULLY CONTRIV$ ONSLAU<T ON ! 9/ITUTIONS ( LAW & ORD]40 ,FON]1 #d#d#e-#d#d#g4 

.<#a#b.> ,NELSON1 *4 #a4 

.<#a#b#a.> ,B>NES1 #a#h#a-#a#h#c4 

.<#a#b#b.> ,DWI<T ,MACDONALD1 ,AGA9/ ! ,AM]ICAN ,GRA93 ,ESSAYS ON ! ,EFFECTS ( ,MASS ,CULTURE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,DA ,CAPO ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c71 #b#c#a4 ,ONE ( ,MACDONALD'S QUOTATIONS FROM ,WILLIAMS S\NDS LIKE ,SAL]NO3 0,! EXT5SION ( CULTURE HAS TO BE CONSID]$ )9 ! REAL SOCIAL CONTEXT ( \R ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE0 -- AS OPPOS$ TO1 SAY1 ! FAKE POLITICAL CONTEXT ( \R ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE40 ,IBID4 

.<#a#b#c.> ,BOB ,BLACK1 ,B5EA? ! ,UND]GR\ND 7,PORTL&1 ,O,R3 ,F]AL ,H\SE1 #a#i#i#d71 #ge -- REF]R+ TO ,LABOR'S ,JOKE ,BOOK1 $4 ,PAUL ,BUHLE 7,/4 ,L\IS1 ,M,O3 ,W,D ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f74 

.<#a#b#d.> ,SAL]NO1 *4 #e4 

.<#a#b#e.> ,MO/ ( ! MAJOR ,I,W,W POETS 0PRODUC$ A GOOD DEAL ( !IR WORK :ILE CONF9$ 9 PRISON40 ,W9T]S1 #a4 

.<#a#b#f.> ,MILES1 #d#h#f-#d#i#e4 ,!RE W]E ,I,W,W P]IODICALS 9 EV]Y MAJOR ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGE & ALSO O!R LANGUAGES SU* AS ,BULG>IAN1 ,LI?UANIAN1 ,HUNG>IAN1 ,F9NI%1 ,CROATIAN1 ,PORTUGUESE1 ,SLAVONIAN1 ,YIDDI%1 ,FLEMI%1 ,ROMANIAN1 ,POLI%1 ,CZE*1 & ALL ! ,SC&9AVIAN LANGUAGES EXCEPT ,ICEL&IC4 

.<#a#b#g.> ,]IC ,H4 ,MONKONN51 $41 ,WALK+ TO ,WORK3 ,TRAMPS 9 ,AM]ICA1 #a#g#i-#a#i#c#e 7,L9COLN1 ,N,E @& ,LONDON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEBRASKA ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d74 

.<#a#b#h.> ,]IC ,H4 ,MONKONN51 ,POLICE 9 ,URBAN ,AM]ICA1 #a#h#f-#a#i#b 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#a71 #i#f4 ,!SE PEOPLE W]E NOT UND] >RE/3 !Y VOLUNT>ILY S\<T OV]NI<T %ELT] ON ! FLOORS ( POLICE /ATIONS4 ,IBID41 *4 #c4 ,MONK5N5 IS ! FIR/ HI/ORIAN ( ,AM]ICAN POLIC+ TO HAVE NOTIC$ ?IS ONCE-IMPORTANT POLICE S]VICE FUNCTION1 :AT HE CALL$ 0POLICE WELF>E40 

.<#a#b#i.> ,DUB(SKY1 ,9DU/RIALISM & ! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]1 #a#h#f#e-#a#i#b1 #a#c-#a#d4 

.<#a#c.> ,SOME HAVE ATTEMPT$ DEF9ITIONS DI/+UI%+ TRAMPS & HOBOS1 SU* AS ,&]SON1 *4 #f1 BUT JUDG+ FROM ! ,MONKONN5 AN?OLOGY1 PRES5T-DAY HI/ORIANS >5'T DO+ SO4 

.<#a#c#a.> ,]IC ,H4 ,MONKONN51 0,9TRODUCTION0 TO ,MONKONN51 ,WALK+ TO ,WORK1 #a-#a#g4 

.<#a#c#b.> ,JOHN ,C4 ,S*NEID]1 0,TRAMP+ ,WORK]S1 #a#h#i-#a#i#b3 ,A ,SUBCULTURAL ,VIEW10 9 ,MONKONN51 ,WALK+ TO ,WORK1 #b#a#b-#b#c#d4 

.<#a#c#c.> ,IBID41 #bab -- A DEF9ITION ( SUBCULTURE :I* IS V]Y CLOSE TO ,H[>D ,BECK]'S DEF9ITION ( A SUBCULTURE AS A DEVIANT CULTURE4 ,BECK]1 ,\TSID]S1 #g#i-#h#b4 

.<#a#c#d.> ,S*NEID]1 #b#a#c-#b#b#f 7QUOT$ AT P4 #b#b#e74 

.<#a#c#e.> ,]IC ,H4 ,MONKONN51 0,AFT]WORD10 9 ,MONKONN51 ,WALK+ TO ,WORK1 #b#c#e-#b#d#g4 

.<#a#c#f.> ,SOCIOLOGI/S HAD ALREADY ID5TIFI$ 7DEVIANT7 SUBCULTURES :I* W]E NOT NECESS>ILY GEOGRAPHICALLY LOCALIZ$1 SU* AS ?OSE ( M>IJUANA SMOK]S & DANCE MUSICIANS1 ,BECK]1 *S4 #d-#g4 ,BECK] & HIS S*OOL1 PREOCCUPI$ ) PROMOT+ !IR [N !ORY 7?AT SOCIETY1 NOT ! DEVIANTS1 DEF9ES & SO CREATES DEVIANCE71 NEV] NOTIC$ ?AT SOME ( !IR RESE>* CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION SOME IMPLICATIONS ( ! MA/] !ORY ( SOCIOLOGY4 

.<#a#c#g.> ,BURKE1 #a#h#h4 

.<#a#c#h.> ,E4G41 ,OSC> ,AM]+]1 ,IF ,Y\ ,DON'T ,WEAK53 ,! ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY ( ,OSC> ,AM]+] 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H4 ,HOLT @& ,CO41 #a#i#d72 ,F]D ,BEAL1 ,PROLET>IAN ,J\RNEY3 ,NEW ,5GL&1 ,GA/ONIA1 ,MOSC[ 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,HILLMAN-,CURL1 #a#i#c#g72 ,RALPH ,*APL91 ,WOBBLY3 ,! ,R\<-&-,TUMBLE ,/ORY ( AN ,AM]ICAN ,RADICAL 7,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#d#h72 ,L5 ,DE ,CAUX1 ,LABOR ,RADICAL3 ,FROM ! ,WOBBLIES TO ! ,C,I,O1 A ,P]SONAL ,HI/ORY 7,BO/ON1 ,M,A3 ,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#g72 ,FLOYD ,DELL1 ,HOMECOM+3 ,AN ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,F>R> & ,R9EH>T1 #a#i#c#c72 ,ELIZABE? ,GURLEY ,FLYNN1 ,REBEL ,GIRL3 ,AN ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY 7#cD4 REV4 $42 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#g#c72 ,WILLIAM ,ZEBULON ,FO/]1 ,FROM ,BRYAN TO ,/AL9 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#c#g72 ,GEORGE ,H>DY1 ,?OSE ,/ORMY ,YE>S3 ,MEMORIES ( ! ,FI<T = ,FRE$OM ON ,FIVE ,CONT95TS 7,LONDON3 ,LAUR5CE & ,WI%>T1 #a#i#e#f72 ,WILLIAM ,D4 ,HAYWOOD1 ,BILL ,HAYWOOD'S ,BOOK3 ,! ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY ( ,WILLIAM ,D4 ,HAYWOOD 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#b#i72 ,AMMON ,H5NACY1 ,! ,BOOK ( ,AMMON 7,SALT ,LAKE ,CITY1 ,U,T3 ! ,AU?OR1 #a#i#f#e74 ,A M9OR CONTROV]SY SWIRLS >\ND ,HAYWOOD'S BOOK1 ! PRODUCT ( HIS EXILE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R3 SOME CLAIM ?AT IT WAS <O/-WRITT5 BY ,/AL9I/S4 ,POSSIBLY ! ANSW] MAY BE F\ND 9 ! >*IVES ( ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,EV5 ,PHILIP ,FON]1 :O -- TO HIS CR$IT -- DOES TRY TO CAT* UP ) ADVANCES 9 LABOR HI/ORY1 ASSEMBL$ AN AN?OLOGY ( MO/LY FIR/-P]SON ACC\NTS ( SOME ( ! ,I,W,W FREE-SPEE* FI<TS1 AL?\< HE WAS NOT SO UP-TO-DATE AS NOT TO MISDESCRIBE ! COLLECTION AS 0AN E>LY =M ( :AT1 MAY BE CALL$ ',ORAL ,HI/ORY4' 0 ,PHILIP ,S4 ,FON]1 $41 ,FELL[ ,WORK]S & ,FRI5DS3 ,I4,W4,W4 ,FREE-,SPEE* ,FI<TS AS ,TOLD BY ,P>TICIPANTS 7,WE/PORT1 ,C,T @& ,LONDON3 ,GRE5WOOD ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#a71 VIII4 ,HIS S\RCES HAD ALL BE5 PREVI\SLY PUBLI%$ & NONE HAD ORIG9AT$ AS 9T]VIEWS4 

.<#a#c#i.> ,/EW>T ,BIRD1 ,DAN ,GEORGAKAS1 @& ,DEBORAH ,%AFF]1 ,SOLID>ITY ,=EV]3 ,AN ,ORAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,I,W,W 7,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,LAKE ,VIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e74 

.<#a#d.> ,MILES1 #i4 

.<#a#d#a.> ,CONL91 0,9TRODUCTION0 TO ,AT ! ,PO9T ( ,PRODUCTION1 #b#c4 

.<#a#d#b.> ,R5%AW1 #b#f#c4 

.<#a#d#c.> ,RI*>D ,A4 ,RAJALA1 0,A ,D&Y ,BUN* ( ,WOBBLIES3 ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ ,LOGG]S & ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 #a#i-#a#i#c10 ,LABOR ,HI/ORY #cg 7,SPR+ #a#i#i#f73 #b#e-#b#c#d4 

.<#a#d#d.> ,CONL91 0,9TRODUCTION0 TO ,AT ! ,PO9T ( ,PRODUCTION1 #a#e4 

.<#a#d#e.> ,GAMBS1 #h#i4 

.<#a#d#f.> ,*RI/OPH] ,L4 ,TOML9S1 ,! ,/ATE & ! ,UNIONS3 ,LABOR ,RELATIONS1 ,LAW1 & ! ,ORGANIZ$ ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 9 ,AM]ICA1 #a#h#h-#a#i#f 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS74 

.<#a#d#g.> ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN1 ,ELEM5TS ( ,REFUSAL 7,SEATTLE1 ,W,A3 ,LEFT ,BANK ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#h71 ESP4 *S4 #a#b1 #ac @& #a#f4 

.<#a#d#h.> ,E4G41 ,JAMES ,WE9/E91 ,! ,CORPORATE ,IDEAL 9 ! ,LIB]AL ,/ATE 7,BO/ON3 ,X,X,X,X,X1 #a#i#f#h74 

.<#a#d#i.> ,CONL91 0,9TRODUCTION10 #b#d4 

.<#a#e.> ,DIONE ,MILES1 0,S\RCES = ! ,LOCAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,I4,W4,W410 9 ,CONL91 ,AT ! ,PO9T ( ,PRODUCTION1 #b#c#g-#c#a#h4 

.<#a#e#a.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,DUB(SKY1 X4 

.<#a#e#b.> ,CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORIANS ( ! ,I,W,W1 ALL ( :OM >E MORE OR LESS RESPECTFUL ( ! CLASSICAL ,I,W,W1 >E CONDESC5D+ IF NOT CONTEMPTU\S AB\T ! REMA9+ REMNANT ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,TYL]1 = 9/ANCE1 CALLS IT AN ANA*RONISM1 A 0RELIC40 ,TYL]1 #b#a#h4 ,! ,I,W,W ( #aiih IS1 9 EFFECT1 ! DW9DL+ CONS]VATIVE W+ ( SOCIAL AN>*ISM4 ,AN>*ISM EXP]I5C$ A MODE/ RESURG5CE BEG9N+ 9 ! #a#i#gS1 DRIV5 9 P>T BY ITS ADOPTION BY ELEM5TS ( ! PUNK ROCK SUBCULTURE1 BUT ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE 9 ! MOVEM5T ( ,WOBBLIES & O!R AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S HAS /EADILY DECL9$4 ,! ,I,W,W'S PROLET>IAN PO/UR+ HAS BECOME A SUBJECT ( RIDICULE3 0,A SYNDICALI/ IS MORE LIKELY TO BE A PR(ESSOR ?AN A PROLET>IAN1 MORE LIKELY TO BE A FOLK S+] ?AN A FACTORY WORK]40 ,BOB ,BLACK1 ,AN>*Y ,AFT] ,LEFTISM 7,COLUMBIA1 ,M,O3 ,C4,A4,L4 ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#g71 #a#d#h4 ,ONE WAG HAS *>ACT]IZ$ SYNDICALISM AS 0FASCISM M9US ! EXCITEM5T40 

.<#a#e#c.> ,TYL]1 #f-#f#a1 #f-#f#a4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #a#h1 #bb 3 ,BEAUTIFUL ,LOS]S -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,BEAUTIFUL ,LOS]S -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/