,BETWE5 ! #cS & ! #fS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,I /RONGLY D\BT IF WE WILL EV] UND]/&--& FULLY EVALUATE--! #fS )\T PLAC+ IT AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ANO!R RADICAL DECADE1 ! #cS4 ,HAV+ LIV$ \T BO? P]IODS UP TO ! HILT1 ,I F9D ?AT MY OLD] CONTEMPOR>IES AS WELL AS ! Y\NG] PEOPLE ) :OM ,I WORK$ TW5TY YE>S AGO HAVE SELDOM BE5 ABLE TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES SUFFICI5TLY FROM !IR TIME TO DRAW !SE CRUCIAL COMP>ISONS ADEQUATELY4 ,REC5T BIOGRAPHIES BY OLD ,NEW ,YORK SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S :O LIV$ ) SU* NO/ALGIC EXHIL>ATION 9 ! ]A CLIMAX$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ,C,I,O ORGANIZ+ DRIVES SEEM UTT]LY E/RANG$ & UNCOMPREH5D+ 9 !IR ATTITUDES T[>D ! 0NEW LEFT0 & C\NT]CULTURE4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! Y\NG] PEOPLE ( '#f#h & ( ,NEW ,YORK'S ,L[] ,EA/SIDE & ,SAN ,FRANCISCO'S ,HAI<T-,A%BURY HAVE EI!R ROMANTICIZ$ ! ]A ( !IR ELD]S OR DISDA9$ IT AS COMPLETELY IRRELEVANT4 

,NONE ( !SE VIEWPO9TS & ATTITUDES DOES JU/ICE TO ! ISSUES ?AT RELATE !SE TWO DECADES 9 A /RANGELY SYMBIOTIC 9T]ACTION4 ,WE GET MU* CLOS] TO ! TRU?1 ,I ?9K1 IF WE RECOGNIZE ?AT ! #fS >E P>TICUL>LY SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE !Y TRI$ TO DEAL ) PROBLEMS ?AT #cS' RADICALISM LEFT COMPLETELY UNRESOLV$4 ,& BO? DECADES LACK$ A CLE> CONSCI\SNESS ( H[ !SE PROBLEMS W]E ROOT$ 9 ! NE$ TO CREATE A RADICAL MOVEM5T = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,LET ME EMPHASIZE MY REM>KS ON ! NE$ = AN ,AM]ICAN MOVEM5T--A MOVEM5T ?AT C\LD DEAL ) UNIQUELY ,AM]ICAN PROBLEMS & FUNCTION )9 A DI/9CTIVELY ,AM]ICAN CONTEXT4 ,! FAILURE ( #cS' RADICALISM TO MEET ?IS NE$ PLAY$ A MAJOR1 IF NEGATIVE1 ROLE 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! 0NEW LEFT0 & ! C\NT]CULTURE ( ! #fS--?IS1 TO BE SURE1 & ! SPECIAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS ?AT M>K$ ! PO/W> ]A4 ,IRONICALLY1 NEI!R G5]ATION FULLY UND]/OOD ! DYNAMICS ( ITS [N DEVELOPM5T 9 !SE T]MS4 ,9 BO? DECADES1 0! MOVEM5T0 COLLAPS$ 9 L>GE P>T = LACK ( ?IS UND]/&+1 EA* G5]ATION MALICI\SLY BACK-BIT+ ! O!R1 DRIFT+ 9 L>GE NUMB]S 9TO ! 0SY/EM0 OR SPL9T]+ 9TO A V>IETY ( DOGMATIC SECTS & EXOTIC ACADEMIC CONCLAVES ?AT LIVE A L>GELY CAMPUS-B\ND EXI/5CE4 

,LET ME />T ?IS COMP>ISON BY EMPHASIZ+ TWO FEATURES AB\T ! 0R$ #cS40 #cS' RADICALISM WAS NEI!R AN ,AM]ICAN MOVEM5T NOR A MOVEM5T :OSE 0REVOLUTION HAD FAIL$40 ,! WORD 0BETRAYAL0 SPR+S MU* TOO EASILY 9TO RADICAL ACC\NTS ( A MOVEM5T :OSE FATE WAS ALREADY PR$E/9$ BY ! NATURE ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,= ! MOM5T1 IT SUFFICES TO PO9T \T ?AT ! SIZABLE COMMUNI/ & SMALL] SOCIALI/ P>TIES ?AT GAVE !IR IMPR9T TO ! #cS W]E ROOT$ 9 ,EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS :O HAD BR\<T ?OR\<LY EXOG5\S IDEAS ( SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! RADICAL P]IODICALS ( ! #a#i#cS ) ! L>GE/ CIRCULATIONS W]E PUBLI%$ 9 =EIGN LANGUAGES & REFLECT$ EXP]I5CES1 (T5 PRE9DU/RIAL & >TISAN 9 NATURE1 ?AT W]E N\RI%$ BY C5TRAL1 EA/]N1 & S\!RN ,EUROPEAN PROBLEMS--PROBLEMS DISCUSS$ ) CONSID]ABLE 9SI<T 9 ,/ANLEY ,>ON[ITZ'S ,FALSE ,PROMISES4 ,A CURI\S MIX ( ISSUES ?AT HAD BE5 =M$ BY HI<LY /RATIFI$1 QUASI-FEUDAL SOCIETIES & A HI<LY 9CE/U\S COMMUNITY LIFE WAS SIMPLY TRANSF]R$ TO ,ANGLO-,SAXON ,AM]ICA ) ITS MORE FLUID1 LIB]T>IAN1 & 9DIVIDUALI/IC TRADITIONS4 ,!SE TWO TRADITIONS NEV] FUZ$4 ,9 FACT1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 !Y W]E DEEPLY HO/ILE TO EA* O!R4 ,NOR DID ! ,AM]ICAN-BORN (FSPR+ ( ! ,EUROPEAN RADICALS SUCCE$ 9 MELD+ ! TWO4 ,!Y SIMPLY PRES]V$ ! DUALITIES )9 !MSELVES )\T COM+ TO T]MS ) ! FAIRLY CONSOLIDAT$ \TLOOK ( !IR P>5TS ON ! ONE H& & ! /RANGELY 0PRIMITIVE0 ,AM]ICAN TRADITION ON ! O!R4 ,DRIFT+ 9TO ! ACADEMY OR 9TO LABOR UNIONS1 !Y BECAME A SELF-5CLOS$ CLIQUE AFT] ! ,SECOND ,W>--BASICALLY SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC1 9DULG5TLY 0PLURALI/IC0 7:I* CONCEAL$ A DEEP-SEAT$ SOCIAL S*IZOPHR5IA7 OR COLD W>RIORS1 FOLL[+ 9 ! T[ ( ! ,JAY ,LOVE/ONES1 ,MAX ,S*A*TMANS1 & P]HAPS ! MO/ P]CEPTIVE ( ! LOT1 ,B]TRAM ,D4 ,WOLFE--ALL1 L>G] OR SMALL] LI<TS 9 ! F\ND+ YE>S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,:AT HELP$ TO CONCEAL ?IS CULTURAL FAILURE ( #cS' RADICALISM FROM ITSELF W]E ! LA/ GREAT UPSURGES ( ! CLASSICAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,EUROPE1 :I* ALWAYS HAD =M$ ! FOCAL PO9T ( ?IS #cS' RADICALISM1 WAS PLAY+ \T ! LA/ /AGE ( AN ]A ?AT BEGAN ) ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 UNFURL$ ITSELF ) ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S' B>RICADES ( ,JUNE1 #a#h#d#h1 REA*$ ITS HI<PO9T 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK & C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONS ( #a#i#a#g-#b#a1 & P]I%$ 9 ! T]RIFY+ BLOODBA? ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#i4 ,9 ! YE>S DIRECTLY FOLL[+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I--A W> :I* DID NOT 5D 9 A ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION AS ! #cS' RADICALS HAD SO DEV\TLY HOP$--0! MOVEM5T0 WAIT$ PATI5TLY1 TO NO AVAIL1 = ! #cS TO RECUR4 ,! /AGG]+ >MAM5TORIUM & ! RE/OR$ VITALITY ( CAPITALISM1 P>TICUL>LY AS REVEAL$ BY ITS ABILITY TO DISSOLVE ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ( ITS MY?IC 0HI/ORIC ROLE0 AS A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS1 SOON MADE IT EVID5T ?AT AN 5TIRE HI/ORICAL ]A HAD PASS$4 ,! DW9DL+ ( ! OLD RADICAL IMMIGRANT POPULATION M]ELY REMOV$ ! BODY POLITIC ( ?AT ]A & LEFT ITS *ILDR5 /R&$--9DE$1 BITT]LY RES5TFUL ( A LOSS ( IDEALS1 ORGANIZATIONS1 CON/ITU5CIES1 & A S5SE ( SELF-IMPORTANCE ?AT WAS TO SURFACE 9 ! =M ( 9CR$IBLE >ROGANCE :5 ! #fS MOVEM5TS EM]G$4 ,?IS S5SE ( 0BETRAYAL0 BY HI/ORY1 EV5 MORE ?AN ! 0BETRAYALS0 ( ,/AL91 EXPLA9S 9 GREAT P>T ! DI/EMP]S ( ! 0OLD LEFT0 & ITS 9NUM]ABLE DEFECTIONS TO LIB]ALISM & REACTION ?AT PREC$$ ! EM]G5CE ( ! 0NEW LEFT40 

,ALMO/ UNKN[+LY1 ! Y\NG PEOPLE :O 5T]$ ,S,N,C,C1 ,S,D,S1 ! C\NT]CULTURE1 & MANY LESS CONSPICU\S & LONG-=GOTT5 GR\PS W]E DEAL+ ) ! B>ELY VISIBLE PROBLEM :I* #cS' RADICALS HAD FAC$ BUT NEV] CONFRONT$4 ,TWICE REMOV$ FROM ! OLD LEFTI/ IMMIGRANTS--& COMPOS$ NUM]ICALLY ( MANY Y\NG ,AM]ICANS ( OLD E?NIC BACKGR\NDS--!Y BEGAN TO WEAVE A UNIQUELY ,AM]ICAN POPULI/ 0AG5DA0 ( !IR [N--AN 0AG5DA0 ?AT C\LD 9FLU5CE ,AM]ICANS AS A :OLE 9 ! 0AFFLU5T0 ]A ( ! SIXTIES4 ,?IS 0AG5DA0 /RESS$ ! UTOPIAN ASPECTS ( ! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM0 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ITS ECONOMIC ASPECTS3 ! ES*ATOLOGICAL IDEAL ( A 0,NEW ,WORLD10 ( FRONTI] MUTUALISM1 ( DEC5TRALIZ$ P[] & 0P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY10 ( REPUBLICAN VIRTUE & MORAL IDEALISM4 ,! ,AM]ICAN L&SCAPE WAS TO BE PLANT$ ) FL[]S1 NOT PAV$ ) GOLD4 ,9TUITIVELY1 !SE Y\NG PEOPLE KNEW ?AT A DIFF]5T SOCIAL CONFIGURATION1 L>GELY POPULI/ 9 *>ACT] & PROMIS+ 9 ITS ABUNDANCE ( ! MAT]IAL AS WELL AS SPIRITUAL MEANS ( LIFE1 HAD REPLAC$ ! H>D1 LABOR-ORI5T$1 SELF-D5Y+ VISION ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,P]HAPS NO ]A 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY SEEM$ MORE RI* ) ! PROMISE ( FRE$OM ?AN ! E>LY & MID-#fS4 ,ITS GL[ ( OPTIMISM1 MORE MORAL ?AN ECONOMIC & MORE CULTURAL ?AN POLITICAL1 F\ND ITS MO/ REM>KABLE EXPRESSION 9 ! F\ND+ DOCUM5TS ( ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T & ,S,D,S1 P>TICUL>LY ,! ,PORT ,HURON ,/ATEM5T1 :I* ,I FRANKLY REG>D AS ! MO/ AU!NTICALLY ,AM]ICAN EXPRESSION ( A NEW RADICALISM4 

,ONE CAN ADDUCE MANY REASONS1 N[ CONV5TIONAL FEATURES ( ! RETROSPECTIVE SOCIOLOGY ON ! #fS' 0PH5OM5ON10 TO EXPLA9 :Y ?IS MOVEM5T DECL9$3 ! 5D ( ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 ! DES]TION BY ! BLACK LEAD]%IP ( ! BLACK 0MASSES10 ! !ORETICAL & 9TELLECTUAL NAIVETE ( ! 0FL[] *ILDR510 ! 9EVITABLE DEGRADATION ( ! DRUG CULTURE FROM AN IDEOLOGY ( 0M9D EXPANSION0 9TO 0M9D NUMBNESS10 ! COMM]CIALIZATION ( EV]Y FACET ( ! C\NT]CULTURE1 & ! 0,L59IZATION0 ( ! 0NEW LEFT40 ,YET1 IRONICALLY1 IT MAY HAVE BE5 ! ,VIETNAM W> ITSELF1 SO (T5 REG>D$ AS ITS MO/ IMPORTANT /IMULUS1 ?AT MORE SIGNIFICANTLY ?AN ANY O!R FACTOR PREV5T$ ! #fS' MOVEM5TS FROM DEVELOP+ SL[LY1 ORGANICALLY1 & 9DIG5\SLY 9TO LA/+1 DEEPLY ROOT$ ,AM]ICAN PH5OM5A1 *>G$ BY A DEEP] S5SE ( CONSCI\SNESS & A MORE HI/ORIC S5SE ( MISSION ?AN IT WAS TO A*IEVE4 ,SET AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ! #cS1 ! #fS HAD CONFRONT$ PROBLEMS &1 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 BEGUN TO RESOLVE ISSUES ?AT A DY+ ]A ) ITS DY+ CON/ITU5CIES C\LD NEV] DEAL )4 ,UNTIL ! ,VIETNAM W> HAD CREAT$ A #cS-LIKE IMAGE ( VIOL5T 9SURG5CY1 POL>IZATION1 & %OPWORN IDEOLOGICAL DOGMATISM1 ! #fS WAS FULLY 9DIG5\S 9 *>ACT]4 ,GIV5 TIME & A DEEP5+ ( CONSCI\SNESS1 IT MI<T HAVE SPOK5 TO ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE 9 COMPREH5SIBLE T]MS & GREATLY ALT]$ ! ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL CLIMATE4 ,?AT WAS NOT TO BE4 ,GUILT-RIDD51 LIT]ALLY ANTI-,AM]ICAN RA!R ?AN ANTI-IMP]IALI/1 0?IRD-WORLD0 ORI5T$ )\T ANY S5SE ( ! R$EEM+ FEATURES ( ! LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN TRADITION1 ! 0NEW LEFT0 WAS LIT]ALLY /RAIT-JACKET$ BY ITS IDEOLOGUES 9TO A SLEAZY ,L59ISM4 ,IF ?IS SEEMS LIKE A SIMPLIFICATION ( AN ACC\NT ( ! DECL9E ( ! #fS1 WE W\LD DO WELL TO PLACE IT AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ! #cS4 ,IT !N BECOMES EVID5T ?AT :AT SUBV]T$ ! #fS DECADE WAS PRECISELY ! P]COLATION ( TRADITIONAL RADICAL MY?S1 POLITICAL /YLES1 A S5SE ( URG5CY1 & ABOVE ALL1 A HEI<T5$ METABOLISM SO DE/RUCTIVE 9 ITS EFFECTS ?AT IT LOOS5$ ! V]Y ROOTS ( 0! MOVEM5T0 EV5 AS IT FO/]$ ITS RANK GR[?4 ,HAV+ ALREADY S\ND$ ITS DEA?-KNELL ) '#f#h & AFT]1 ! ,AM]ICAN CULTURE :I* ! #fS OPPOS$ TO ! ,EUROPEAN MOVEM5TS ( ! #cS C\LD N[ BECOME FADDI/1 EPHEM]AL1 & CO-OPTABLE1 MU* TO ! DELI<T1 ,I SUSPECT1 ( MY [N DE> #cS COMRADES4 

,IF !RE >E LESSONS TO BE LE>N$1 ASIDE FROM ?OSE ?AT MAY BE RAIS$ BY ! VA/ SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT LIE BE=E US1 !Y >E ! NE$ = ORGANICITY ( GR[?1 PATI5CE 9 COMMITM5T1 LOCALISM 9 SCALE1 CONSCI\SNESS 9 PRACTICE--& ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ,AM]ICAN RADICALISM1 L>GELY WOV5 FROM 9DIG5\S TRADITIONS RA!R ?AN ,EUROPEAN1 ,ASIAN1 ,AFRICAN1 & ,LAT9 IMPORTATIONS4 ,WE DO ! 0?IRD WORLD0 NO S]VICE BY IGNOR+ ! 0FIR/10 & WE DO ,EUROPE1 RE/LESS ) ANXIETY1 NO S]VICE BY IGNOR+ ,AM]ICA & ITS UTOPIAN TRADITIONS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,BETWE5 ! #cS & ! #fS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,BETWE5 ! #cS & ! #fS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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